Maryland Democrats are moving forward with emergency legislation to allow federal employees forced to work without pay during a government shutdown to collect unemployment insurance in the state.
Although a 35-day partial federal shutdown ended Friday, state lawmakers say they are eager to correct what they call an anomaly in the law that disqualifies exempted workers from applying for benefits if another shutdown were to occur.
States across the country saw an uptick in unemployment claims from federal workers and contractors as the shutdown extended beyond a month.
Both Virginia Gov. Ralph Northam (D) and D.C. Mayor Muriel E. Bowser (D) tried to make the case to the U.S. Department of Labor that federal workers compelled to work during the shutdown should be able to collect unemployment insurance.
The Labor Department, however, sent guidance to local governments explaining that exempt employees — those who worked during the shutdown — were ineligible for benefits.
Sponsors of the Maryland legislation — Del. Jessica Feldmark (D-Howard County) and Sen. Brian Feldman (D-Montgomery) — are challenging the Trump administration's position, arguing that states can determine eligibility because they administer the federal unemployment program. They plan to introduce their bill on Monday.
Meanwhile, Rep. Anthony G. Brown (D-Md.) filed a bill that would permit all federal workers during a shutdown to apply for unemployment compensation, which would be reimbursed once those employees receive back pay.
State Democratic lawmakers want to move as quickly as possible to pass a measure ahead of another possible federal shutdown on Feb. 15, when current funding for the government runs out.
Feldman said he expects to debate the bill as early as Tuesday and consult with Attorney General Brian E. Frosh (D) about challenging the Labor Department's ruling.
As it is written, the bill requires confirmation from federal labor officials that the state is complying with the unemployment insurance program.
Opening the program to people such as Department of Homeland Security officers, airport security screeners and FBI employees, who worked during the shutdown, is about fairness, lawmakers said.
If it passes, exempt federal employees could access benefits but will be expected to reimburse the state once they receive their back pay.


text:
God Himself in His Very Substance
The Reformed Reception of the Beatific Vision: Zwingli, Calvin, and the Westminster Standards
Carl Mosser · December 6, 2022 · Volume 13, Issue 3
Michael Allen laments, "A survey of the vast terrain of modern Protestant divinity evinces a deep abyss: the doctrine of the beatific vision has dropped into oblivion."[1] Furthermore, he observes, "While eschatology has moved front and center in twentieth-century Protestant theology, the beatific vision appears to have exited stage right."[2] Hans Boersma similarly laments the fact that "the notion of the beatific vision has increasingly come to be regarded as curious and unconvincing" within Catholic and Protestant theology.[3] Convinced departure from traditional Christian teaching about humanity's chief end is adverse to healthy spirituality, Boersma and Allen seek to retrieve the doctrine for the sake of renewal. They are especially concerned for its recovery within the Reformed tradition.
To Shun or Embrace? The Westminster Standards
Owen Anderson expresses a very different view. He claims "the Reformed Tradition and especially the Westminster Confession of Faith affirm that God is only known in his works, in that way in which he determines to reveal Himself. This rules out the possibility of a beatific vision. The essence of God cannot be seen."[4] (Although, Anderson recently expressed openness to the possibility that a Christological construal of the beatific vision may be compatible with Reformed theology.) Expressing a related sentiment, R. Carlton Wynne insists Christians ought to shun rather than embrace Boersma's retrieval of patristic and medieval concepts "as harboring unbiblical Neoplatonic influences and to hold firmly to biblical theism as expounded in Reformed confessionalism."[5]
These claims are curious since The Westminster Confession clearly and explicitly affirms the beatific vision and alludes to the originally Neoplatonic notion that all things come from God (exitus) and return to him (reditus).The Westminster Confession clearly affirms the beatific vision and alludes to the originally Neoplatonic notion that all things come from God (exitus) and return to him (reditus). Click To Tweet "The bodies of men, after death, return to dust, and see corruption; but their souls (which neither die nor sleep), having an immortal subsistence, immediately return to God who gave them. The souls of the righteous, being then made perfect in holiness, are received into the highest heavens, where they behold the face of God in light and glory, waiting for the full redemption of their bodies" (WCF 32.1).
Question 86 of the Westminster Larger Catechism uses similar language. And Question 90 goes further, teaching the righteous will be "filled with inconceivable joys (Ps. 16:11), made perfectly holy and happy both in body and soul, in the company of innumerable saints and holy angels (Heb. 12:22–23), but especially in the immediate vision and fruition of God the Father, of our Lord Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit, to all eternity (1 John 3:2; 1 Cor. 13:12; 1 Thess. 4:17–18)" (emphasis added). This is a traditional formulation of the beatific vision of the sort that permeates medieval theological and mystical literature back to Augustine. Like the exitus-reditus theme, "fruition of God" is an originally Neoplatonic concept Christians appropriated to express biblically-grounded convictions about humanity's ultimate end.[6] The Confession itself mentions this concept: "The distance between God and the creature is so great [that]… they could never have any fruition of Him as their blessedness and reward, but by some voluntary condescension on God's part" (WCF 7.1).[7]
The Westminster divines confessed the hope of beatific vision in continuity with their patristic and medieval forbears. Click To Tweet The Westminster divines confessed the hope of beatific vision in continuity with their patristic and medieval forbears. Any doubt about their intent is readily dispelled by consulting the divines' individual writings. Therein one encounters many approving citations on the topic from the Cappadocian Fathers, Augustine, Bernard of Clairvaux, Aquinas, Bonaventure and other figures sometimes alleged to have been unduly influenced by Neoplatonism. Furthermore, in the seventeenth century the beatific vision was not a doctrine familiar only to ivory tower theologians. Rather, as Joshua Schendel shows, "the doctrine seems to have been common enough in the theological discourse of the time that pastors and scriptural exegetes could reference it without feeling the need to expound it in great detail."[8]
Deification and the Beatific Vision
Andrew Louth observes that some Christian traditions today speak of the beatific vision in terms of deification and transfiguration "while other traditions shun these terms, fearful of eliding in some way the fundamental distinction between Creator and creature."[9] Most Reformed theologians in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries fell squarely in the second camp. They typically eschewed deification or theosis for two reasons. First, influential histories of dogma erroneously equated deification with the kind of pantheism or undifferentiated union with God sometimes taught by radical sects and certain forms of German idealism. it comes as no surprise that Reformed theologians who eschewed deification tended to also neglect the beatific vision or, at most, affirm a minimalist version of the doctrine. Click To Tweet Second, the same histories caricature patristic teaching about deification as a crude, physical theory of redemption that represents the apex of the Hellenization of Christianity. It was portrayed by Protestant Liberals as an exotic, Eastern doctrine largely absent from and incompatible with the Western theological tradition, especially its Protestant expressions.[10] "Historically, the doctrine of the beatific vision went hand in hand with theologies of deification and participation with God."[11] So, it comes as no surprise that Reformed theologians who eschewed deification tended to also neglect the beatific vision or, at most, affirm a minimalist version of the doctrine.
In the last two decades, Reformed theologians have begun to talk about the beatific vision in hand with deification and participation in God.[12] Michael Horton, for example, concludes an edited volume in Reformed dogmatics saying, "in Reformed theology, deification and the beatific vision converge in the glorification-resurrection that leads us into God's Sabbath rest."[13] Whereas modern Reformed theologians were once almost universally leery of deification, today one increasingly finds it affirmed as a distinct doctrinal locus within their systematic theologies.[14] Four developments in scholarship lie behind this shift.
Four Developments towards a Reformed affirmation of the Beatific Vision
First, it has been shown that patristic and medieval theologians almost always affirmed deification in ways that firmly maintain the creator-creature distinction. Most of the medieval mystical writers did as well, florid hyperbole notwithstanding.[15]
Second, the theory of patristic theology's fall into Hellenistic philosophy has not withstood careful scrutiny from first-rate historians of doctrine like Jaroslav Pelikan and classicists like C.J. de Vogel.[16] Scholars have also shown its shortcomings with respect to other discrete doctrines that supposedly prove Hellenism corrupted the gospel.[17]
Third, numerous studies now exist which unequivocally show the presence of deification in the theologies of influential patristic, medieval, and early Protestant figures in the West. It is now clear that deification is – and always has been – an ecumenical doctrine of the universal church.[18]
Fourth, scholars have shown that the origins of the patristic doctrine are to be found not in Hellenistic philosophy but in scripture and certain interpretive traditions early Christians inherited from Second Temple Judaism.[19] While patristic writers appropriated Hellenistic conceptual language to express it, the doctrine rests upon a firm biblical foundation.
When theologians like Hans Boersma and Michael Horton unpack humanity's chief end in terms of the beatific vision and deification, they are not importing exotic doctrines into the garden of Reformed theology. Rather, they are recovering a biblical vision of ultimate salvation taught by Huldrych Zwingli, Johannes Oecolampadeus, Martin Bucer, John Calvin, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and other foundational figures within the Reformed tradition. Consider the following from Zwingli and Calvin.[20]
God Himself in His Very Substance: Huldrych Zwingli
Three months before his death in 1531, Huldrych Zwingli prepared what turned out to be the final exposition of his Reformed convictions. Heinrich Bullinger posthumously published it in 1536 as A Short and Clear Exposition of the Christian Faith. In this work, Zwingli describes the beatific vision as the hope of seeing "God Himself in His very substance, in His nature and with all His endowments and powers, and to enjoy all these, not sparingly but in full measure, not with the cloying effect that generally accompanies satiety, but with that agreeable completeness which involves no surfeiting."[21] Zwingli depicts the experience of beatific vision like an appetite that is completely filled, but not to the unpleasant excess of gluttony. It is like perpetually feeling just right after a scrumptious meal served in the perfectly right proportions. This experience will never end because "The good which we shall enjoy is infinite and the infinite cannot be exhausted; therefore no one can become surfeited with it, for it is ever new and yet the same."[22]
Zwingli describes the beatific vision in terms of an experience of perpetual progress and ever-surpassing enjoyment of God that never grows old. Click To TweetZwingli describes the beatific vision in terms of an experience of perpetual progress and ever-surpassing enjoyment of God that never grows old. Zwingli's description of the eternal state probably reflects the influence of Gregory of Nyssa who referred to this idea as epectasis (ἐπέκτασις). Epectasis is one of the ways Gregory expounds the common patristic teaching that believers will be deified by virtue of their union with Christ. In a similar manner, Zwingli's description of epectasis expounds a doctrine of deification that he earlier inscribed in the first formal statement of Reformed theology, the Sixty-Seven Articles (1523). Article XIII affirms: "Where this (the head) is hearkened to one learns clearly and plainly the will of God, and man is attracted by his spirit to him and changed into him."[23] Six months later Zwingli published an exposition of the Articles in which he explains what this means.
Elaborating on Article XIII, Zwingli alludes to 2 Corinthians 3:18, saying, "that a person is drawn to God by God's Spirit and deified, becomes quite clear from scripture." "Deified" is the modern translator's attempt to capture the sense of Zwingli's German which can be more literally rendered as transformed, changed, or converted into God (in got verwandlet). The Swiss Reformer continues: "one must be drawn to God and deified (in inn verwandlet) so that we might be fully emptied, cleaned and able to deny ourselves, no longer trusting in our own mind, heart and works but putting all our confidence in God our sole hope to which we cling. For thus we are being transformed into God (in gott verwandlet)."[24] Writing in Latin a few years later, Zwingli similarly described the apex of human perfection as transformative union with God in his Commentary on True and False Religion (1525).[25]
Zwingli does not suggest believers become deities, lose their identity in God's being, or otherwise compromise the distinction between Creator and creature. Even so, Zwingli's language is daring. His German and Latin phrases echo formulas that were sometimes subject to controversy in Meister Eckhart, Matthew of Aquasparta, Henry of Ghent, John Gerson, Nicholas of Cusa, and others. Zwingli was well-read in medieval theology, so he undoubtedly knew that. Nonetheless, he used this language to articulate a bold doctrine of beatific vision, epectasis, and deifying transformation which he inscribed into the foundations of the Reformed tradition.
The Complete and Perfect Glory of God: John Calvin
John Calvin's reputation in the popular mind is such that one might expect objection to the idea that believers will be "transformed into God." To the contrary, Calvin twice went out of his way to affirm it. When preparing the second edition of the Institutes in 1539, Calvin added a passage near the beginning wherein he indicates Plato rightly understood "the highest good of the soul is likeness to God, where, when the soul has grasped the knowledge of God, it is wholly transformed into him (in ipsum tota transformatur)."[26] This statement was retained in all subsequent editions. In 1543, Calvin added a paragraph to the preface of Pierre Robert Olivétan's translation of the New Testament. In it he says, "What more would we ask for, as spiritual doctrine for our souls, than to know God, to be converted to him (transformez in luy), and to have his glorious image imprinted in us, so that we may partake of his righteousness, to become heirs of his Kingdom and to possess it in the end in full?"[27] Calvin even spoke this way when preaching to laity.[28]
John Calvin said Plato rightly understood "the highest good of the soul is likeness to God, where, when the soul has grasped the knowledge of God, it is wholly transformed into him." Click To TweetCalvin's most extensive discussion of the beatific vision is found in the Psychopannychia. The first draft of this important but often overlooked book was written before the Institutes. On the advice of Martin Bucer and Wolfgang Capito, Calvin delayed publication in order to make revisions. By the time he returned to this project, Calvin had published two editions of the Institutes, his commentary on Romans, and various shorter works. The Psychopannychia presents a doctrine of beatific vision that breaks from the typical Latin teaching that the faithful immediately experience the full beatific vision upon death (or release from purgatory). Rather, following the Greek Fathers, Augustine, and Bernard of Clairvaux, Calvin says the souls of the righteous are led into a "place of peace, where, while wholly intent on beholding God, they have nothing better to which they can turn their eyes or direct their desire."[29] They do not experience impatience but their rest is not yet full and perfect because "something is wanting which they desire to see, namely, the complete and perfect glory of God, to which they always aspire."[30] The faithful do, nonetheless, enjoy the presence of God and see him in some measure while resting in the hope of resurrection.[31] However, the resurrection will bestow even richer blessings.
The richer blessings Calvin has in mind are those that patristic writers refer to as deification. He says "participation in the glory of God" will exalt the bodies of departed saints "above nature" (supra naturam evehet).[32] The elect will not be as Adam was before sin but will be "renewed by Christ to a better nature" in which they experience "the highest degree of immortality."[33] They will not merely experience the created immortality natural to the soul but will be, body and soul, "partakers of the Divine glory" and "partakers of a Divine immortality."[34]
Calvin bequeathed the Reformed tradition a pervasively Trinitarian doctrine of beatific vision and deification that is grounded in Scripture and which stands in continuity with patristic theology. Click To TweetCalvin similarly pairs the beatific vision with deification in several of his other writings. A concise example appears in his commentary on Roman 5:2. Calvin writes: "The hope of the glory of God has shone upon us by the Gospel, which testifies that we shall be partakers of the divine nature, for when we shall see God face to face, we shall be like him (II Pet. 1.4; I John 3.2)."[35] Later, commenting on 8:3, Calvin employs a variation of the patristic exchange formula: "Christ took to Himself what was ours in order that He might transfer what was His to us, for He took upon Himself our curse, and has given us His blessing."[36] Several variations on the exchange formula are found across Calvin's corpus, reflecting the deep influence patristic writers like Irenaeus, Cyril of Alexandria, and Augustine had on his soteriology. In these patristic writers, the exchange formula "teaches deification without actually employing the word."[37] There can be little doubt Calvin meant it the same way.
According to 2 Peter 1:4, God's divine power "has granted to us his precious and very great promises, so that through them you may become partakers of the divine nature." Commenting on this verse, Calvin says, "We should notice that it is the purpose of the Gospel to make us sooner or later like God; indeed it is, so to speak, a kind of deification."[38] The older translation conveys the verbal idea more adequately: "Let us then mark, that the end of the gospel is, to render us eventually conformable to God, and, if we may so speak, to deify us (quasi deificari)."[39] Calvin's comments on the previous verse link deification with the faithful being clothed with God's glory, endowed with his power, restored in his glorious image, and God himself being possessed by the faithful in such a way that what is his becomes theirs by grace.
Calvin goes on to distinguish the kind of deification he finds in 2 Peter 1:4 from two alternatives. First, he insists the word "nature" does not denote God's essence but kind. Therefore, this verse does not mean "we cross over into God's nature so that His nature absorbs ours" as some "fanatics" assert. The distinction between Creator and creature is inviolable. What the apostles were concerned to teach, he insists, is that "when we have put off all the vices of the flesh we shall be partakers of divine immortality and the glory of blessedness, and thus we shall be in a way one with God so far as our capacity allows."[40] Second, Calvin acknowledges the similarity between Christian deification and Plato's teaching that the highest human good is conformity to God (Theaetetus 176b). The similarity does not bother Calvin. He acknowledges "this teaching was not unfamiliar to Plato," but the venerable philosopher was "wrapped up in the fog of errors, and afterward he slipped away into his own invented ideas."[41]
Calvin was not concerned with expunging every trace of Platonic influence from Christian theology in an effort to be "biblical," as if pagan philosophers were incapable of getting anything right. Click To TweetIn the Institutes Calvin likewise affirmed that "Plato recognized man's highest good as union with God." However, Plato "could not even dimly sense its nature. And no wonder, for he had learned nothing of the sacred bond of that union."[42] What is that bond? Calvin never tires of telling readers that the bond of our union with God is Jesus Christ and the bond of our union with Christ is the Holy Spirit. Commenting on 1 Peter 2:4, Calvin refers to Plato's doctrine of beatific vision in order to make an argument from lesser to greater. "Now, it must be the case that the grace of God draws us all to Himself and inflames us with the love of Him by whom we obtain a real perception of it. If Plato affirms this of his Beautiful, of which he saw only a shadowy idea from afar off, this is much more true with regard to God."[43] What Plato recognized but could only see dimly is fully revealed in Christ; only in union with Christ can it be obtained.
A pervasively Trinitarian doctrine
Calvin bequeathed the Reformed tradition a pervasively Trinitarian doctrine of beatific vision and deification that is grounded in Scripture and which stands in continuity with patristic theology. He did not deny similarities between Platonic and Christian teaching about the beatific vision and deification, but he also identified crucial points of difference. Nor was he concerned with expunging every trace of Platonic influence from Christian theology in an effort to be "biblical," as if pagan philosophers were incapable of getting anything right. He knew that to be the deficient theological method employed by antitrinitarians like Michael Servetus. The nineteenth-century historians of dogma could have learned a lesson from Geneva's Reformer.
[1] Michael Allen, Grounded in Heaven: Recentering Christian Hope and Life on God (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2018), 59.
[2] Allen, Grounded in Heaven, 61.
[3] Hans Boersma, Seeing God: The Beatific Vision in Christian Tradition (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2018), 27. Though historically a minority position within the Reformed tradition, Allen and Boersma both incline toward a Christological understanding of the beatific vision indebted to John Owen and Jonathan Edwards.
[4] Owen Anderson, Reason and Faith in the Theology of Charles Hodge (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 127.
[5] R. Carlton Wynne, review of Seeing God by Hans Boersma and Interpreting Scripture with the Great Tradition by Craig A. Carter, Themelios 44/1 (2019): 171.
[6] "Fruition" is derived from the Latin verb frui, often translated "enjoyment." The theological concept of enjoyment or fruition is a thicker notion than the colloquial sense of enjoyment familiar to modern readers. The Westminster divines chose this terminology informed by medieval usage and discussion, on which, see Severin Valentinov Kitanov, Beatific Enjoyment in Medieval Scholastic Debates (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2014).
[7] The Shorter Catechism probably has the concept of fruition in view as well in its famous opening line: "Man's chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy him forever."
[8] Joshua Schendel, "The Reformed Orthodox and the Visio Dei," Reformed Theological Review 77/1 (2018): 32.
[9] Andrew Louth, Foreword to Boersma, Seeing God, xiii.
[10] This caricature was popularized by Albrecht Ritschl, Wilhelm Herrmann, Adolf von Harnack, and others associated with the Ritschlian school of theology. The Ritschlian caricature of deification served as the linchpin of an elaborate apologetic for a distinctively Germanic Christianity emancipated from the dogmas of the Incarnation and Trinity. See further Carl Mosser, "An Exotic Flower? Calvin and the Patristic Doctrine of Deification," in Reformation Faith: Exegesis and Theology in the Protestant Reformations, ed. Michael Parsons (Milton Keynes: Paternoster, 2014), 40-44; idem, "Orthodox–Reformed Dialogue and the Ecumenical Recovery of Theosis," The Ecumenical Review 73/1 (2021): 134-39; and Mark McInroy, "How Deification Became Eastern: German Idealism, Liberal Protestantism, and the Modern Misconstruction of the Doctrine," Modern Theology 37/4 (2021): 934-58.
[11] Boersma, Seeing God, 31. For this reason it is odd that deification is nowhere discussed in Allen, Grounded in Heaven.
[12] For an accessible explanation of this doctrine designed for laypersons and ministers who are unfamiliar with it or may find its terminology jarring, see Carl Mosser, "Deification: A Truly Ecumenical Doctrine," Perspectives: A Journal of Reformed Thought 30/4 (2015): 8-14. Online: https://reformedjournal.com/deification-truly-ecumenical-concept/.
[13] Michael Horton, "Kingdom of God," in Christian Dogmatics: Reformed Theology for the Church Catholic, ed. Michael Allen and Scott R. Swain (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2016), 391.
[14] E.g., Oliver D. Crisp, Analyzing Doctrine: Toward a Systematic Theology (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2019), 199-216; Robert Letham, Systematic Theology (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2019), 751-89; Michael Horton, Covenant and Salvation: Union with Christ (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2007), 181-215, 267-307; idem, The Christian Faith: A Systematic Theology for Pilgrims on the Way (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2011), 689-708.
[15] Deification is typically affirmed with qualifiers like "as far as possible, "by grace," "by adoption," and "if we may so speak." When expressed in terms of participation in God, it is understood that participation (methexis) is a relation that obtains between ontologically diverse entities. That which is participated in (God) is uncreated and ontologically superior to that which is created and participates (the redeemed). Additional ways the creator-creature distinction is maintained include the sunbeam and mirror analogy, the fired iron analogy, and the essence/energies distinction. I discuss these devices and a few others in Carl Mosser, "Deification and Union with God," in T&T Clark Handbook of Analytic Theology, ed. James M. Arcadi and James T. Turner, Jr. (London: T&T Clark, 2021), 271-73, 276-77.
[16] Jaroslav Pelikan, The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, 5 vols (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971-91); idem, Christianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in The Christian Encounter with Hellenism(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993); C.J. de Vogel, "Platonism and Christianity: A Mere Antagonism or a Profound Common Ground?" Vigiliae Christianae 39 (1985): 1-62.
[17] The most notable example is Paul L. Gavrilyuk, The Suffering of the Impassible God: The Dialectics of Patristic Thought (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
[18] This is nicely illustrated by the essays collected in Jared Ortiz, ed., With All the Fullness of God: Deification in Christian Tradition(Lanham: Lexington Books / Fortress Academic, 2021).
[19] See, e.g., Norman Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 53-89; Carl Mosser, "The Earliest Patristic Interpretations of Psalm 82, Jewish Antecedents, and the Origin of Christian Deification," Journal of Theological Studies 56/1 (2005): 30-74; and Ben C. Blackwell, Christosis: Pauline Soteriology in Light of Deification in Irenaeus and Cyril of Alexandria (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2011). It should go without saying that in one sense Christianity was Hellenized from the start. After all, the New Testament was written in Greek!
[20] What follows draws from more detailed discussion found in Carl Mosser, "Recovering the Reformation's Ecumenical Vision of Redemption as Deification and Beatific Vision," Perichoresis 18/1 (2020): 3-24 and "John Calvin and Early Reformed Theology," in The Oxford Handbook of Deification, ed. Paul Gavrilyuk, Andrew Hofer, and Matthew Levering (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).
[21] Huldrych Zwingli, A Short and Clear Exposition of the Christian Faith in William John Hinke, ed., The Latin Works of Huldreich Zwingli, vol. 2. (Philadelphia: The Heidelberg Press, 1922), 271.
[22] Zwingli, A Short and Clear Exposition, 271.
[23] Huldrych Zwingli, "The Sixty-Seven Articles" in Samuel Macauley Jackson, ed., Selected Works of Huldreich Zwingli (1484-1531), the Reformer of German Switzerland (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1901), 112.
[24] Huldrych Zwingli, The Defense of the Reformed Faith, trans. E.J. Furcha (Allison Park, PA: Pickwick 1984), 57.
[25] Huldrych Zwingli, Commentary on True and False Religion in Clarence Nevin Heller, ed., The Latin Works of Huldreich Zwingli, vol. 3 (Philadelphia: The Heidelberg Press, 1929), 208.
[26] Inst. 1.3.3 in John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, ed. J.T. McNeill and trans. F.L. Battles (Louisville: Westminster John Knox), 46-47 (corrected). Battles paraphrases Calvin's Latin as "wholly transformed into his likeness."
[27] John Calvin, Preface to Olivétan's New Testament in Calvin: Commentaries, trans. J. Haroutunian (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1958), 70.
[28] In a sermon on 2 Timothy 2:16-18, Calvin says "we must lie buried in this world, knowing that Jesus Christ is not our resurrection until we are transformed into him (transformez en luy)." John Calvin, Sermons on 2 Timothy, trans. Robert White (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 2018), 196 paraphrases the French clause as "changed fully into his image."
[29] John Calvin, Psychopannychia in Calvin's Tracts Relating to the Reformation, vol 3, trans. Henry Beveridge (Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society, 1851), 435-36; cf. 468-69.
[30] Calvin, Psychopannychia, 436.
[34] Calvin, Psychopannychia, 465, 466.
[35] John Calvin, The Epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Romans and to the Thessalonians, trans. R. Mackenzie (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1960), 105.
[36] Calvin, Romans, 160.
[37] Gerald Bonner, "Augustine's Conception of Deification," Journal of Theological Studies 37 (1986): 369.
[38] John Calvin, The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews and The First and Second Epistles of St Peter, trans. W.B. Johnston (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1963), 330.
[39] John Calvin, Commentaries on the Catholic Epistles, trans. John Owen (Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society, 1855), 371.
[40] Calvin, First and Second Epistles of St Peter, 330.
[42] Inst. 3.25.2
Carl Mosser
Carl Mosser (Ph.D., University of St. Andrews) has served as Professor of Christian Theology at Gateway Seminary in Ontario, California, Visiting Research Professor and Analytic Theology Fellow at the University of Notre Dame, and Associate Professor of Biblical Studies at Eastern University.
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Montpellier start European campaign with comfortable win
GROUP D REVIEW: Montpellier HB start their campaign in group D with a high scoring win over HC Metalurg.
»HC Metalurg
After having considerable success last season, the French powerhouse began their VELUX EHF Champions League campaign this season with a convincing win over Lino Cervar's enthusiastic side.
Montpellier confirm their status as group D favourite.
Montpellier have defeated Metalurg in each of the last three encounters between the teams.
A total of 13 outfield players scored for Montpellier.
Montpellier HB (FRA) vs HC Metalurg (MKD) 32:22 (19:11)
The French Group D favourites claimed a convincing 32:22 win in their first match against HC Metalurg.
A one man show
It took a few minutes for Montpellier to settle into the match and grab the lead against the young and determined Metalurg side. Indeed, it took a little less than twelve minutes for anyone from the French team to join their teammate Michael Guigou on the score card.
The 35-year-old Montpellier legend on the left wing was deadly accurate, especially from counter attacks. He had his biggest influence on the game in the first half, where he scored six goals.
A dominant start
Montpellier stepped into the new season with the right foot. After a convincing win over Chambery Savoie in their domestic championship, they showed in Round 1 against Metalurg why experts think they will do well this season, even without Jure Dolenec.
The value of experience
Montpellier's quality prevailed over time, as they found gaps in the away defence, especially in the central areas. Metalurg paid the price for their lack of experience, and they lost far too many balls in attack.
Patrice Canayer, Montpellier's Coach, was pleased with his teams performance:
"We are very satisfied, we put in a solid performance against a young team of quality. We defended well and our fast breaks were good.
It's a good start to the season, the team have reacted well and we must continue in the same way."
TEXT: Tomas Cuncik/kc


text:
Eastpointe Accused of Violating Voting Rights Act
01/11/2017 3:07 PM EST
The U.S. Justice Department is saying Eastpointe violated the Voting Rights Act. ... Eastpointe Accused of Violating Voting Rights Act (910 Media Group)
The U.S. Justice Department is saying Eastpointe violated the Voting Rights Act.
Eastpointe is accused of not giving black residents an equal opportunity to elect city council reps of their choice.
Eastpointe borders 8 Mile Road on the northern edge of Detroit.
The lawsuit says no black candidate has ever served on the city council and that white voters have consistently opposed and defeated the preferred candidates of black voters.
The legal action seeks a court order forcing Eastpointe to change how the city council is elected.
The city says it's looking to enter into a consent agreement with the Justice Department to settle the lawsuit.
Northern Michigan in Focus: Frankfort Car Ferries
Man Arrested for Shooting at Couple, Taking Off Into the Cold
MI Farm Co-op Brings Fresh, Healthy Food To The Community
Billion Dollar Spending Bill Marks First of new Legislature


Oh yes, this is yummy! Quick weeknight meal using thin strips of steak and fresh broccoli. The marinade is simple, and the recipe equally easy to do. I hope you enjoy it.
In the morning, marinate beef strips in wine, pepper, soy sauce, garlic, ginger, course-ground black pepper and beef stock; cover and set aside in the refrigerator until evening (you can also do this a day ahead if preferred).
When ready to prepare, steam, or cook rice until done; cover and keep warm.
In large skillet over medium heat (sprayed with cooking spray) saute' onion. Reserving marinade, remove beef and stir fry in skillet with onion approximately 3-4 minutes.
Add marinade and bring to a boil, stirring and allowing to reduce some. Add broccoli florets and cook just until al dente.
Serve immediately over hot cooked rice.


We've always heard "Love makes the world go 'round," but is that statement true?
Seems to me the world goes 'round with or without love.
With all the disappointments and oftentimes-shady events life often offers, I have to agree with Elizabeth Browning.
Whether your love is for another human being or simply for the ideals, abilities or events you're passionate about, we're all riding through this thing called life.


How to ask a question on a Page – Looking for a little help?
If you are wanting to leave a comment, only the owner of a group is capable of doing so.
1. Click on the Page where you'd like to ask a question.
2. Once the Page is opened, scroll to the bottom. You may need to click "Show Questions," which leads to a drop down box to ask your questions.
3. Once the box is open, click inside the box "Ask your question to the author" and type your question. When finished click "Ask Question" and it is submitted to the author.
The author of the Page controls the visibility settings of the question asked and it won't appear on the Page automatically.


The ancient Greeks were the first people to build extensively using what we now call Classical Architecture. Their extensive temples and other public buildings allowed them to hone these forms. The Romans, particularly Vitruvius, appreciated these principles.
Vitruvius wrote Ten Books on Architecture in about 20 B.C. This book was to influence not only Roman emperors, but was copied by scribes and used during the Renaissance as a textbook for how to build these forms. Today, Stromberg Architectural Products has borrowed a page from this ancient text to manufacture some of the world's finest classical columns in GFRC.
The Doric order is the simplest of the forms. The oldest preserved Doric columns are in the Temple to Hera in Olympia, built around 600 B.C. Doric columns are somewhat squat compared to the other forms. The columns have plain capitals and no individual base, resting directly on the stylobate. Stromberg offers classic Doric GFRC columns for your building.
The Ionic order is slightly more ornate than Doric columns. They are considered more feminine, being distinguished by tall, slim columns with flutes. These rest on molded bases and are crowned by distinctive double scroll capitals. They also have an architrave, a continuous sculpted frieze, and a cornice. If you seek to project classical feminine beauty, the sleek Ionic GFRC column is what you want.
The Tuscans took the Doric column and simplified it. This yielded the third of the classical forms, the Tuscan order. This plain, unadorned shaft looks the most solid of all the orders. The simple capital, base, and frieze contrast with the other orders, as well. If solid simplicity is what you seek, Stromberg GFRC offers it in the Tuscan order.
Corinthians, in contrast to the Tuscans, chose to adapt the Greek orders by increasing the amount of ornamentation on them. The Corinthian order is a slender, fluted column similar to the Ionic order, but with an ornate, bell-shaped capital decorated with two rows of acanthus leaves and four scrolls. This order works well for delicate scroll-work and intricate detailing is required. Stromberg excels at this type of GFRC work and is happy to create your Corinthian order columns.
The Composite order mixes the spiral-like scrolls of the Ionic order with the leaves of the Corinthian order. It was considered a subclass of the Corinthian order until the Renaissance, when it was elevated to an order. If you require precise detailing, Stromberg GFRC will out perform many traditional materials.


If you're looking to help yourself or someone you love struggling with drug or alcohol abuse in Santa Maria, CA, Rehabs.com maintains a huge Internet database of exclusive private programs, as well as an array of alternatives. We can help you locate substance abuse care centers for a variety of drug addictions to alcohol, crystal meth, Klonopin or other addictive substance. Search for a perfect rehab program in Santa Maria now, and get moving on the road to a better life.
Good Samaritan Shelter Project P.R.E.M.I.E.
Achieving sobriety from Seconal, Subutex, alcohol or any other addictive drugs you or your loved one is addicted to takes an specifically-tailored treatment arrangement. Two options of substance treatment programs in Santa Maria can help you succeed: either Inpatient or Out-patient Rehabilitation. Inpatient treatment offers long term benefits with extended residence in a highly-rated rehabilitation facility. From-home plans may be more suitable, but lack the constancy and assets of one-month programs to get clean. Ultimately, you make the decision, and we are here to help you pick the best fit.
Withdrawing yourself from the conditions of the substance problem can help get rid of diversions and temptations that prevent you from recovering. When viewing rehab as a therapeutic haven, addicts will find exclusive private centers in cities outside of Santa Maria, California. Offering high-end hotel-like features, the best-rated facilities help achieve a state of physical, psychological and emotional recovery. However, those looking for outpatient regimen may find a clinic close to your home is an easier choice to make.
Selecting Santa Maria Rehabilitation Centers People sometimes assume that all clients of Santa Maria drug rehab programs are users of illegal drugs such as heroin. The fact is, however, that many people enter programs like this because they're addicted to other drugs, including prescription medications. These drugs are incredibly easy for users to find, with news reports suggesting that some doctors in California are known for writing prescriptions for almost anyone who requests them.
If you're addicted to drugs of any sort, now might be a good time to enroll in a Santa Maria treatment center. Here, you'll get the help you'll need to control your addiction for the rest of your life.
Pulling together paperwork before you head to a Santa Maria drug treatment center might be the best way to ensure that the process goes smoothly.
The enrollment process is designed to be quick and easy. Most therapists know that they should capitalize on your motivation to change your life, so they won't delay you with long interviews or mountains of paperwork.
Finding the right Santa Maria drug rehab program is key to your success.
There are many different types of facilities available, and some might be better suited to you and your addictions than others might be. If you'd like help sorting through the options available, in order to make an informed choice, we're just a phone call away. Our experts can run a customized search for you, based on your answers to a few simple questions.
A co-occurring disorder refers to a person who is simultaneously coping with both a drug or alcohol abuse problem and behavioral or mental issues. For instance, an addiction to heroin, marijuana, OxyContin or opioids combined with compulsive gambling or ADHD. For these people, a residential rehab center is often imperative, incorporating quality inpatient treatments with group support, such as one might see in Alcoholics Anonymous. Luxury drug rehabs in Santa Maria, California will provide the latest treatment with upscale amenities for anyone requiring the very best drug rehab experience, just as Santa Maria alcohol rehab centers will help those battling alcohol addiction to attain sobriety.
Note About Insurance for Addiction Treatment: Magellan Health Services, MultiPlan and ComPsych usually cover at least some of your inpatient stay, and you can find out more about your own carrier or benefit status here.


As featured in the Sunday Times "Ultimate Gift Guide" and on BBC Breakfast News.
ACE THE GUINEA PIG SHOWS US HOW IT'S DONE!
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(314) 487-5204 or email us at office@gdstour.com.
The documents are in Adobe PDF format. PDF files can be read using Adobe Reader; if you don't already have it, you can download it for free here. If you need assistance reading our form and price list, please let us know and we will provide you with these forms in a different format.


These pretty autism ribbon pins have a multi colored puzzle piece design. Each pin is 3.8 cm tall by 2 cm wide and comes in a bag or optional gift box with cotton insert. This is a wholesale pack that contains 25 pins.


Joy Jennissen has been named Senior Vice President and the General Manager for Hill & Knowlton Canada for their British Columbia office.
Since joining the public relations firm in 2001 Joy has built an impressive career with the firm to drive revenue and build a strong team in Vancouver. She has worked with a number of clients including the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games.
Joy has worked for Hill & Knowlton Canada for nine years and prior to that was co-owner of Roberts Jennissen Communications, an H&K affiliate, in Halifax, Nova Scotia. When Jennissen moved to Ottawa she accepted a role as a communications group leader in the H&K Ottawa office where she spent six years.


An overwhelming majority of Americans are worried that the United States will become engaged in a major war in the next four years during the presidency of Donald Trump, according to a new poll.
According to the survey, released on Tuesday by NBC News|SurveyMonkey, 76 percent of people in the US said they were worried about military conflict, an increase on 10 points since February.
The poll found that 41 percent believe that North Korea currently poses the greatest immediate danger to the United States, emerging as a more urgent concern than ISIL or Russia, which stood at 28 percent and 18 percent respectively.
The US military study defines Washington's strategic objectives during a period of "post-US primacy" to include securing US access to "strategic regions, markets and resources" and extending "US military advantage and options." In other words, the relative decline of US imperialism's worldwide dominance is to be countered by means of military force.
It admits that this strategy "will expose substantial US military capability to serial 'capacity tests' that are bound to either fail or result in substantial losses or costs." In other words, the wars being prepared will entail American casualties on a scale not seen since the end of the Second World War.
But the USA will lose more than the pride of its power, it will lose its military and economic power (cf. Leviticus 26:19-20) according to biblical prophecies.
Those reporting about this "post-primacy" of the US military have seemed to overlook the international power that is prophesied to takeover the USA.
It is NOT Russia or China.
While Psalm 83 points to Arab involvement, the power prophesied to takeover the USA will rise up in Europe.
So, a power that appears to be gone, will again rise up and become strong militarily. So strong, the world will marvel. The world will marvel when Europe rises up and takes over the USA and its Anglo-Saxon descended allies. How do we know that this is a European power? Well, the "beast of the sea" of Revelation 13:1 fits with the beasts from the "great sea" of Daniel 7:2–and that sea is the Mediterranean Sea according to the Old Testament (Numbers 34:6-7; Joshua 1:4; 9:1; 23:4; Ezekiel 47:13-16). This could, thus, only be a European power, with some assistance with North Africa.
27 Both these kings' hearts shall be bent on evil, and they shall speak lies at the same table; but it shall not prosper, for the end will still be at the appointed time. 28 While returning to his land with great riches, his heart shall be moved against the holy covenant; so he shall do damage and return to his own land.
The two kings in Daniel 11:27 is a reference to the King of the Northand the King of the South (cf. Daniel 11:25;40). The King of the Northis a European power. It is not Russia or China as they get mentioned as a threat to that king in Daniel 11:44-45 (see also Is Russia the King of the North?).
How do we know that Daniel 11:39 is predicting the destruction of the USA?
Because in the 21st century, it is the USA that has the "strongest fortresses" (see also USA in Prophecy: The Strongest Fortresses).
Will this destruction come in the first term of a Donald Trump presidency?
Too many other prophetic events must happen first. See also When Will the Great Tribulation Begin? 2017, 2018, or 2019?
But, the USA is starting to lose its military primacy, while also encouraging the Europeans to arm. While Barack Obama's Administration was doing that, the Trump Administration has pushed the Europeans harder to arm. This will not turn out well for the USA per Daniel 11:39. Biblical prophecies are coming to pass.
Radio News Reporter: Bill Wedekind.


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In this video we will show you one of our favorite angles to use in action sports. GoPro Specialist Cory Rudolph shows you step by step how to build your very own mouth mount less than $3! This angle is the best way to give the viewer a true POV experience… Way better than a helmet mount!Shot and edited by Cory Rudolph. Shot 100% on GoPro.


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Judge rules no new hearing over Remington rifle complaints
The Remington 700 trigger mechanism
Brandon Ancil | CNBC
The judge who approved a landmark class action settlement in 2017 involving Remington's most popular bolt-action rifle is refusing to reopen the case despite complaints that some guns are continuing to malfunction even after they have been repaired.
The case involves Remington's iconic Model 700 rifle, which CNBC has been investigating since 2010. Lawsuits have alleged the company covered up a design flaw that allows the guns to fire without the trigger being pulled, leading to dozens of deaths and hundreds of serious injuries.
Remington has always maintained that the guns are safe and free of defects. But the company agreed in the class action settlement to replace the triggers on millions of guns, free of charge, to put an end to the litigation.
As the deadline to file a claim under the settlement approached in April, CNBC reported that several customers had complained to the company that retrofitted guns were continuing to malfunction. That prompted two Remington customers who had objected to the original settlement to go back to court and ask the judge to hold a hearing based on CNBC's reporting.
But in a three-page ruling late Friday, U.S. District Judge Ortrie D. Smith in Kansas City, Missouri, declined.
"If an individual has a claim related to the replacement trigger mechanism, this lawsuit is not the proper avenue for such a claim," Smith wrote.
Remington had argued against reopening the case, saying that the replacement trigger mechanism known as the XMark Pro (XMP) is safe.
"The Court already has addressed the efficacy of the XMP trigger mechanism, and (CNBC)'s article provides no reason to revisit those findings," wrote Remington attorney Amy Crouch.
Multiple complaints
CNBC reviewed nearly a dozen Remington product service reports documenting similar complaints.
"I am now afraid to use this gun because of the safety issue involved," one customer wrote, saying his rifle fired when he closed the bolt after putting a round in the chamber.
Another customer noted that his gun malfunctioned only after the repairs were done.
"I never had any problem before the trigger was replaced," he wrote.
Among the customers who complained was William Cook of Columbus, Montana, who said he had his Model 700 retrofitted at a Remington authorized repair center in the summer of 2015. When he took it on a hunting trip later that year, he said the gun fired when he switched off the safety to target an elk. He said the round narrowly missed a hunting companion.
"I'm lucky I didn't blow his liver out," he said.
Crouch noted that Cook had his rifle repaired under a recall of the XMP that was announced in conjunction with the class action settlement, but he had not filed a claim under the settlement itself. She also said that the company replaced the trigger again, returned the rifle to Cook, and never heard from him again.
"If the trigger retrofit done by Remington had failed, certainly Mr. Cook would have contacted Remington, but Mr. Cook did not do so," she wrote.
But Cook had told CNBC in April that he did not want to take any more chances with the gun, so he traded it to a local gun dealer.
Attorneys for the class action plaintiffs, who shared $12.5 million in legal fees under the settlement, also argued against reopening the case. They said they had received hundreds of calls since the settlement was announced in 2014, but none involving the alleged malfunctions.
In fact, attorney Eric Holland said, the only complaints they were aware of were those cited in the CNBC report.
"To date, not one class member has contacted any of Class Counsel's firms regarding any allegations of retrofitted firearms discharging," Holland wrote.
Remington has refused to say how many complaints it has received. Its court filing only acknowledges the complaint by Cook, and it notes the company "could not duplicate Mr. Cook's concern."
And neither Remington nor plaintiffs' attorneys will say how many customers ultimately filed claims under the settlement. The last time the figure was reported to the court—in 2017—only about 22,000 claims had been filed out of some 7.5 million guns affected.
Attorneys also dismissed concerns about repairs being delayed because of the Covid-19 pandemic. In April, CNBC contacted all 21 Remington authorized repair centers and found several either closed, operating under reduced hours, or not offering walk-in service because of local stay-at-home orders. But attorneys argued that customers were only required to file a claim by the April 23 deadline. That process, which occurred online, was unaffected by the pandemic. The judge agreed.
"The closures only prevented class members from personally delivering their firearms to the repair centers," Smith wrote.
In addition to the Model 700, the settlement covered Remington bolt-action rifle models Seven, Sportsman 78, 673, 710, 715, 770, 600, 660, 721, 722, 725, and the XP-100 bolt action pistol.


The Global Revolution is Here!
Since my last post Building The Revolution for Fun and Profit the price of Bitcoin has increased almost 100%, Ethereum has gone up 1200%, and Monero has increased 50%.
A new economy is being built on top of cryptocurrencies, and a whole new asset class is being born. One which no state government or banking cartel can stop.
Our new forms of money are fair and transparent, they are available for everyone to use. They are fundamentally better than any form of fiat money and are superior to them in almost every way. Through this new kind of money, we are going to change the world.
What we are witnessing is the creation of an economic base for the coming Revolution. One in which our totalitarian corporate statist nightmare will be annihilate without a drop of blood being shed. We are on the brink of a new global society being born.
Through the destruction of state capitalism and the implementation of crypto-anarchism we can change anything.


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Thank You For A Successful 2015!!
The year 2016 has been taunted by some optimists, as a watershed in the Nigerian Economy due to the new Government's resolve to create over 2m jobs in the next 4 years.
The Nigerian Youth, over the years has been maligned into chasing several less lucrative options in pursuit of their dreams. Firstly. we all need to understand that the dreams of the average Nigerian Youth are relative to the opportunities that face them on a regular basis. As a recruiter, I noted that the average young graduate wants to engage in just "any job" as far as it pays money and it makes him/her busy. This now leads to a big question, HOW ARE JOBS CREATED?
According to the just presented budget for 2016, Capital expenditures stands at 3.8 Trillion Naira , which means a lot of funds will be channeled into Infrastructural development, Mining and Power generation which sounds like music to the ears of graduates in Engineering, Mining and Geological Sciences. At this point, more efforts need to be made by the Government to discourage the excessive influx of of foreigners termed as expatriate workers in order to win the war against lowered per capita income among the citizenry. This also brings to mind the need to for Government to sort out the need of the NLC in order for Peace to reign and for Productivity to prevail.
In the year 2016, we expect the creation of Quality Jobs along the lines of these industries, not also forgeting the Government's resolve to create additional 500,000 teaching jobs before the end of the year 2016. However, I view this move by the Govt with a lot of skeptimism and Chagrin because at this time and age, Teaching should not be viewed as "just any other job" out there that can be picked by never do wells. A lot has to be done to ensure that those to be considered for this job are the "elite crop" of performing graduates in their respective fields of training. Proper professional certificates must be issued by the National Teachers Institute to ensure they chose to stay on the long term and adequate promotion structure must be put in place for them.
The readiness of the Government to also open up the SME structure to young graduates will not only increase their potential, it will boost the country's capacity in terms of production especially in the Agricultural sector.
At this point, where do Human Resources Professionals play their role? This is a point at which a comprehensive database of graduates (both in the Private & Public Universities) has to be acquired yearly by the Ministry of Labour & Productivity to ensure they are properly placed in the careers of their choices and not just placed on any job. in the coming year, VGS Recruitment Solutions will be coming out with a novel product to administer test on fresh graduates on their proposed career path in order to help them make quality decisions on their future. We believe building the capacity of the Nigerian Youth is a necessary step that needs to be taken towards a successful Nation Building.
God bless the Nigerian Youth!


Fix doAction with custom functions.
When calling invokeMethod, pass the function name without parentheses.
// Look for and call the accessible[actionName]Action() function on the item.
// This allows for overriding the default action handling.


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Berry Boosters
Acai, Maqui And Many Other Popular Berries That Will Change Your Life And Health. Berries have been demonstrated to be some of the healthiest foods on the planet. Each month or so it seems fresh research is being brought out and new berries are being exposed and analyzed for their health giving attributes.
Forest Structure and Species
Last Updated on Mon, 15 Jul 2019 | Population Dynamics
Because many hardwood trees are both sensitive to low winter temperatures and require a long and warm summer, the true boreal forest begins where the few remaining hardwoods become a minor part of the forest. Four coniferous genera dominate a major part of the taiga Picea (spruce), Abies (fir), Pinus (pine), and Larix (larch). The hardwoods, which largely occur in dwarf form, include Alnus (alders), Populus (poplars), Betula (birches), and Salix (willows). The hardwoods tend to be early successional species following disturbances such as fires or erosion deposition processes on riverbanks, which are eventually shaded out by slower-growing spruces and firs. Much of the main boreal forest is dominated by a few spruce species. These form a dense canopy in the central and southern taiga, with a ground cover of dwarf shrubs, such as cranberries and bilberries, and mosses and lichens. In northern Siberia, huge areas are covered almost solely by larch, and the canopy is much less dense. Pine...
The Cumberland Escarpment Landscape And Its Resources
Last Updated on Sat, 13 Jul 2019 | Food Production
And lowland landforms are illustrated schematically in Figure 3.4. Ridgetops support pine oak forests with an understory that includes Vac-cinium sp. (blueberries), Gaylussacia sp. (huckleberries), and Hamamelis virginiana (witch hazel). Beneath the ridgetops lie the sandstone cliffs in which rock shelters form. Steep slopes below the cliff zone become less rugged, as they approach the valley bottoms, which may be narrow benches or broader floodplains, such as that of the Red River, with alluvial terraces. The upper slopes just above and below the cliffs are dominated by
Identifying And Interpreting Weasel Diets
Last Updated on Wed, 24 Oct 2018 | Common Weasels
The list of potential food items to be identified in a weasel gut is relatively short, since they have evolved as specialist predators of small vertebrates (mammals, birds, and lizards). In their native habitats they eat insects, worms, or vegetable matter (usually only berries) only when extremely hungry. Moreover, since it is fair to assume that weasels never eat hair or feathers except in the course of eating the animal to which they were attached, one can make a rough estimate of the total number of individual prey eaten.
Species concepts in taxa with little or no sex
Last Updated on Sat, 02 Jan 2016 | Carbon Dioxide
As noted in Chapter 2, many species can reproduce without sex simply through the production of unfertilized eggs (parthenogenesis), budding, and a range of other mechanisms. How on earth does one define species in these so-called 'uniparentals' or 'asexuals' First, it is important to note that not all recognized asexual species are obligatorily asexual (Chapter 2). For example, in most well-known asexual plants (such as dandelions and blackberries) and animals (such as some lizards and aphids), the recognized species either have sexual forms at some times of year or in some places, or they have arisen as a consequence of crossing two different sexual species. Therefore, in these particular cases, the traditional BSC approach may continue to help define what a species is.
Grazing by wild pigs and bears
Last Updated on Mon, 10 Dec 2018 | Rain Forests
Though many grizzly bears still live in Alaska and north-west America, their range and numbers have been greatly reduced since 1900 when they occurred as far south as Mexico. Life for the polar bear has also become more difficult. Global warming is reducing the extent of the Arctic ice cap and the annual period of extensive sea ice is diminishing. Even the polar bear, which is the largest carnivore now existing and travels further than any other bear, spending much of its time hunting seals on the polar ice, makes long journeys over land in summer during which time it eats small rodents such as lemmings as well as berries and leaves from the tundra and the taiga. Its size is very different from that of the Malaysian sun bear, which is smaller than a wolf. Though it is the world's second largest carnivore, most individuals of the grizzly avoid direct human contact. Nevertheless, it causes at least a few deaths every year. The cardinal rule is never to run from a wild bear not only will...
Foraging in a patchy environment
Last Updated on Sat, 02 Jan 2016 | Species Richness
Laden with berries is a patch for a fruit-eating bird a leaf covered with aphids is a patch for a predatory ladybird. Alternatively, a 'patch' may only exist as an arbitrarily defined area in an apparently uniform environment for a wading bird feeding on a sandy beach, different 10 m2 areas may be thought of as patches that contain different densities of worms. In all cases though, a patch must be defined with a particular consumer in mind. One leaf is an appropriate patch for a ladybird, but for a larger and more active insectivorous bird, 1 m2 of canopy or even a whole tree may represent a more appropriate patch.
Irruptive migrations boreal seedeaters
Last Updated on Fri, 07 Jun 2019 | Breeding Areas
Among the specialist seed- and fruit-eaters, most individuals stay in the north in years when food is plentiful there, wintering within, or just south of, their breeding areas, but moving further south in years when food is scarce. Their so-called invasions or irruptions, in which they appear in large numbers well beyond their usual range, follow periodic widespread crop failures. Irruptive migrations therefore occur in response to annual, as well as to seasonal, reductions in food supplies. The effect of food shortage is often accentuated because the birds themselves tend to be numerous at such times, as a result of good breeding and survival in previous years when food was plentiful (Lack 1954, Keith 1963, Berndt & Henss 1967, Koenig & Knops 2001). The greater the imbalance between the birds and their food, the greater the proportion of individuals that leaves, presumably as a result of competition (for Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus, see Siivonen 1941, Cornwallis 1961,...
Impacts of Acorns and Oaks on Bear Populations
Last Updated on Wed, 24 Oct 2018 | Acorn Production
Carolina, were found to be small when fall production of acorns was great and large when production was small (Powell et al. 1997). Powell et al. (1997, pp. 96-105) tested hypotheses concerning the relationship between three important food groups of bears (squaw root, berries, and acorns) and home range size. Acorn production explained 76 of the variation in fall home range size of females and 49 for males. Neither of the other food groups affected fall home ranges. Powell et al. also found a close relationship between fall acorn production and annual home range size, highlighting the importance of fall production of this fruit to the annual movement patterns of bears.
Demographic Response of Bears
Last Updated on Wed, 16 Mar 2016 | Landscape Structure
Using a temporal extent of 22 years and 103 summer home ranges, we found our observations matched our predictions. Females preferred 2-9-year-old clear-cuts, avoided 10-49-year-old clear-cuts, and used 50-year-old clear-cuts randomly during summer (Reynolds and Mitchell, unpublished data). Clearly, using annual home ranges to evaluate the importance of 2-9-year-old clear-cuts represented a confounding of seasonal patterns relative lack of use during the portion of the year when berries were not produced obscured the seasonal importance of clear-cuts to black bears revealed in the demographic analyses. Whereas clear-cuts provide few if any resources important to bears throughout most of the year and most of their successional lives, the seasonal productivity in soft mast in the years immediately following clear-cutting appears to be important to successful reproduction of the bear population. The difference between our results and those of Mitchell and Powell (2003) suggests the...
The nature of crop depredation
Last Updated on Sat, 02 Jan 2016 | Elephant Populations
All cultivated legumes (such as beans) are potential food for elephants. A large number of legume species that are specific to different regions can be listed. Elephants often target cultivated palms such as coconut (Cocos nucifera), usually grown in homestead gardens, and the commercially planted oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). In southern India, elephants are known even to feed on ripe berries of coffee (Coffea arabica). A variety of vegetables (potato, tomato, carrot, spinach, pumpkin) and fruits (mango, banana, orange, melon, jackfruit) are consumed. A list of all cultivated plants consumed by elephants would run
Rates of decomposition
Last Updated on Sat, 02 Jan 2016 | Rain Forests
Different types of litter will, of course, have their own k values which contribute to the overall forest k value. Vogt et al. (1983) record that the 99 disappearance time in a fir stand in Washington state was 2.2 years for species of Allectoria lichen and leaves of blueberries Vaccinium species, 33 years for Pacific silver fir Abies amabalis cone scales and 38 years for mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana cones. Similarly, different soil horizons have their cumulative k value. In the Vogt et al. (1983) study the mean residence time for
Water Uptake in Deserts Animals
Last Updated on Fri, 17 Jan 2020 | Population Dynamics | 2 comments
Cells that can withstand osmotic imbalance. Animals living in more mesic environments (including humans) would destroy their red blood cell at such high water content in their blood. Much of the free available water has high salinity, and so it is not a surprise that many desert animals show high salt tolerance, for instance by employing salt-excreting glands. Other animals, mostly the ones that are restricted in their mobility (e.g., mammals, reptiles, and insects), rely on water obtained from their food. Carnivorous and insectivorous animals typically receive enough water from their prey. Herbivores do so as well, as long as the moisture content of the consumed plant material is relatively high ( 15 of fresh weight fresh shoots and leaves, fruits, and berries). The ultimate desert-adapted method however is the extraction of metabolic water. Especially seed-eating (granivorous) animals are able to metabolically oxidize fat, carbohydrate, or protein. Rodents and some groups of desert...
Energy Equations And A Weasels Choice Of Prey
Last Updated on Sat, 27 Jan 2018 | Common Weasels | 1 comment
The main problem about this approach is that specializing on small rodents in general, and on northern voles in particular, commits the weasels as a group to dependence on a very unreliable food resource. The population densities of rodents in the far north fluctuate across a huge range, so that, every few years, weasels can catch far more than they need, while in the intervening years they go hungry, or have to find other food. The least weasels and stoats of the northern forests and tundra have little else to turn to, except perhaps a few berries, or a bit of frozen carrion, when the voles and lemmings disappear (Nasimovich 1949). Larger mammals such as rabbits and hares are absent or too big to tackle pikas and ground squirrels hibernate, and birds migrate south, for more than half the year.
Wall cladding with plants
Wed, 12 Jul 2017 | Thermal Insulation
Planting has to be done during spring or autumn. The plants can be either bought or collected from the wild (e.g. honeysuckle, ivy, hops and blackberries). Most will need to be planted at intervals of 30-50 cm and about 15 cm from the wall. The roots must have space to grow out from the building. Certain climbing plants are sensitive to high earth temperatures and prefer a shady root zone, which can be achieved by planting grass or small plants over them.
Plant Phenolics as Antioxidants
Last Updated on Thu, 22 Aug 2019 | Population Dynamics
Teas would not be much good without natural phenolics, and volumes have been written about the antioxidant properties of phenolics in teas, grapes (especially the skins), cranberries, and blueberries, and vegetables such as broccoli, onions, spinach, and kale. Dietary supplements of plant-derived phenolics are prevalent, and reported to function at least in part as antioxidants. In this capacity, they are presumed to react with, and deactivate, free radicals (a molecule containing an unpaired electron). Free radicals can cause cellular damage by oxidizing lipid, protein, and nucleic acids. Thus, the neutralization of free radicals by natural phenolics that have antioxidant properties is presumed to be the molecular basis for at least some of their health benefits.
Plant Phenolics as Pigments and Flavors
Condensed tannins account for the astringent tastes of many fruits and wines. Many plants have fruits, leaves, or roots that are rich in flavorful phenolics. Consider, for example, the tastes of grapes, teas, cranberries, grapefruit, coffee, cinnamon, ginger, and vanilla.
Patch Choice
Last Updated on Wed, 24 Oct 2018 | Food Production
In the diet breadth model, we envision a resource that is harvested as a unit with a fixed value (e.g., a steenbok). By contrast, a patch is a resource or set of resources which is harvested at a diminishing rate, either because it is depleted in such a way that makes continued harvesting more difficult the densest and ripest berries are picked first, or because the continuing presence of the forager disperses or increases the wariness of remaining resource opportunities as in the second or third shot at
Reducing expenditure
Last Updated on Wed, 06 Apr 2016 | Breeding Areas
Switch from insects to berries, for example, may lead to reduction in the energy spent on foraging movements. Birds may also lower their metabolic rates and body temperatures when sleeping at night, as a means of conserving energy, and migrant hummingbirds usually become torpid at night, even when very fat for migration (Carpenter & Hixon 1988). Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis show a progressive reduction in mean daily abdominal temperature (down to 4.4 C below usual), which begins just before the birds embark on their migration and continues, on average, for about three weeks (Butler et al. 2003).
History and Scope
Last Updated on Mon, 03 Sep 2018 | Population Dynamics
Outdoor releases of several species of predators and parasitoids developed independently of the indoor applications described above and mainly focused on egg parasitoids in the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae). These parasitoids are released to suppress pest weevils and caterpillars in cotton, corn and sugarcane, especially in China, Russia, and tropical sugar-producing countries. Predators of mealybugs for release on citrus crops in parts of California have been reared by a growers' cooperative since 1926. Several species of predatory phytoseiid mites are released for control of pest spider mites in strawberries, outdoor foliage plant production, and other high value crops.
Outdoor crops
Last Updated on Sat, 02 Jan 2016 | Population Dynamics
The scientific use of augmentative natural enemy releases in outdoor crops is best established in Northern Europe for control of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner ) in corn. Use is greatest in Germany and France, with about 11 000 acres being protected annually in Germany with Trichogramma releases. This is, however, only a small fraction of the total corn acreage in Europe, and use of biological control is concentrated principally where pesticide use is not allowed because of concern for health of people living near corn fields and is supported by a government subsidy. Natural enemy releases for mite control has been successful in strawberries in California, Florida, and the northeastern United States, and in outdoor shade houses used for production of foliage plants in Florida. In Mexico,
Last Updated on Fri, 04 Oct 2019 | Wildlife Management
Members of many species in the Carnivora exhibit intrasexual territoriality and maintain territories only with regard to members of their own sex (Powell 1979, 1994 Rogers 1977, 1987). These species exhibit large sexual dimorphism in body size and males of these species are polygynous (and females undoubtedly selectively polyandrous). Females raise young without help from males and the large body sizes of males may be considered a cost of reproduction (Seaman 1993). For species that affect food supplies mostly through resource depression (i.e., have rapidly renewing food resources such as ripening berries and nuts or prey on animals that become wary when they perceive a predator and later relax), intrasexual territoriality appears to have a minor cost compared to intersexual territoriality because the limiting resource renews. This cost may be imposed on females by males (Powell 1993a, 1994).
Fable for Tomorrow
Last Updated on Sat, 02 Jan 2016 | Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Along the roads, laurel, viburnum and alder, great ferns and wildflowers delighted the traveler's eye through much of the year. Even in winter the roadsides were places of beauty, where countless birds came to feed on the berries and on the seed heads of the dried weeds rising above the snow. The countryside was, in fact, famous for the abundance and variety of its bird life, and when the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and fall people traveled from great distances
Blister Rust
Last Updated on Mon, 15 Jul 2019 | Forest Service
The infamous white pine blister rust, caused by Cronartium ribicola and having members of the Ribes genus as alternate hosts, is not as serious in the Southern Appalachians as in woodlands of the North. In the South, diseased trees are seldom found below 3500 feet, and few stands of white pine occur above that elevation. On the other hand, Ribes species, the gooseberries and currants, grow mostly at higher elevations, particularly in narrow belts along the main mountain ranges. In the geographic range of Ribes, infection of white pine is more common on moist sites and in dense, unthinned stands. Under these conditions, micro-climate is optimum for spore infection. Open, park-like stands have higher air temperatures, more air circulation, and lower relative humidity, the combination of which is not conducive to sporulation. Ribes seeds, remaining viable in the soil for many years until logging or fire allow germination, produce a brushy vegetative cover unless shaded by hardwood trees.
Last Updated on Mon, 03 Sep 2018 | Infectious Diseases
Fruit and vegetable crops in the developing world may be grown and harvested under conditions quite different from those for produce grown in the United States. Consumption of imported contaminated foods has caused illness with common pathogens such as salmonella, or exotic pathogens such as Cyclospora (Herwaldt et al., 1997) or Vibrio cholerae (Taylor et al., 1993). Even insubstantial exposures can result in illness when the infectious dose of a pathogen is low and there is little pre-existing immunity in the population. In the outbreaks of cyclo-sporiasis associated with imported raspberries, the berries often were only used as a garnish yet attack rates were often greater than 80 percent (Herwaldt et al., 1997). Currently there are no regulatory standards for microbiological criteria for fresh produce in the United States. Many of these, such as salad items and fruits, are consumed raw, offering immediate opportunity for ingestion of pathogenic organisms distinctly...
Reindeer and Caribou
Last Updated on Sat, 13 Jul 2019 | Natural History
At the time of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident in the Soviet Union, some 7,000 Saami people in Finland and Scandinavia still made their living by herding a half-million reindeer. This traditional ecology and mode of economic life was already threatened when the windborne release of radioactive elements over northern Europe created a catastrophic situation in the hardest hit areas of central Sweden and Norway, contaminating berries, fish, animals, and milk. Lichens, the rootless organisms that are the main fodder of grazing reindeer, are entirely fed by airborne nutrients and therefore especially absorbent of radiation. Reindeer herds were relocated to safer
Mutual antagonism
A protective covering of compost, paper, bark chippings, cocoa shells, etc. spread over the ground to reduce evaporation, control weeds, enrich the soil, and protect against temperature fluctuations. Straw is used to keep soft fruits such as strawberries (Fragaria ananassa) clean and dry.
State legislature, in the 1978 Subsistence Act, defined subsistence as customary and traditional uses of fish and game for food, clothing, and other specific needs. Whether the term is used in the broad or narrow sense, the fruits of subsistence labor go to meet the needs of the family or community, rather than entering a local trade or larger market economy. Continued access to territory for the purpose of acquiring foods, medicines, raw materials, and other goods is necessary in order for a community to maintain a subsistence way of life. Hunter-gatherer societies past and present have lived off the land by tracking wild herds, picking berries, and catching fish. Shifting cultivation, also known as swidden or slash-and-burn agriculture, is a principal means of subsistence in many parts of the world clearing and burning fields, planting genetically diversified crops in rotation, and allowing fields to lie fallow in rotation, in order for the soil to replenish its fertility. The...
Xeric Habitats
Last Updated on Thu, 25 Jul 2019 | Cockroach Species
Many of the ground-dwelling, wingless cockroaches of Australia are important in leaf litter breakdown. This is particularly true in stands of Eucalyptus, where litter production is high relative to other forest types, leaves decompose slowly, and more typical decomposers such as earthworms, isopods, and millipedes are uncommon (Matthews, 1976). The beautiful Striped Desert Cockroach Desmozosteria cincta, for example, lives among twigs and branches at the base of eucalypts (Rentz, 1996). In hummock grasslands and spinifex, genera such as Anamesia feed on the dead vegetation trapped between the densely packed stems (Park, 1990). The litter-feeding, soil-burrowing Geoscapheini are associated with a variety of Australian vegetation types ranging from dry scle-rophyll to rainforest, and have perhaps the most potential ecological impact. First, they drag quantities of leaves, twigs, grass, and berries down into their burrows, thus moving surface litter to lower soil horizons. Second, they...
Tue, 12 Jun 2018 | Natural History
Nectar-producing flowers support pollinating insects, birds, and small mammals such as rodents, bats, and marsupials. Fruits and seeds are an important food source for many birds, mammals, and some fish. Angiosperms are as important a food source to humans as they are to other animals, either through the consumption of grazing herbivores or through the direct consumption of fruits, seeds, and vegetables. The most important angiosperm families are the Poaceae (cereals, forage grasses, and bamboo), the Solanaceae (potato, eggplant, tomato, and chili and sweet peppers), Brassicaceae (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, turnip, and other vegetables), Rosaceae (apples, cherries pears, plums, and many berries), Cucurbitaceae (melons, squashes, gourds, and the like), and Fabaceae (legumes and beans). Fruits are a ripened carpel or, in the case of fused carpels, a ripened gynoecium. There are many types of fruits, and fruit classification is highly...
Effect on Carbon Cycle Organic
Phylogenetic allometric
Skull Teeth Common Weasels
Biotic Resistance Hypothesis
Compartmentalization Species
Energy Subsidy Population Dynamics
Alteration Community Composition
Bioweathering by Fungi Population
Positive Interactions Natural
Foundercontrolled
Reef Communities Mollusca Bivalvia
The type 2 functional response
Species Diagnoses Common Weasels
The population projection matrix
Specialized Sciences 1800s
Common Weasels
Mollusca Bivalvia
Insect Sounds
Elephant Populations
Norway Spruce


text:
1995 National Football League season by team, Kansas City Chiefs seasons, AFC West championship seasons
1995 Kansas City Chiefs season
Head Coach Marty Schottenheimer
Home Field Arrowhead Stadium
Place 1st AFC West
Playoff Finish Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs(Colts)
The 1995 Kansas City Chiefs season ended with the team recording a 13–3 record and AFC West division championship. The Chiefs suffered a painful loss in the 1996 playoffs when Placekicker Lin Elliot missed three crucial field goals, which eventually led to an upset win by the Indianapolis Colts.
The Chiefs' 1995 season began promising on September 3 with a convincing 34–10 win over the Seattle Seahawks in Seattle. New Chiefs' quarterback Steve Bono would have a great season as he passed for 3,121 yards and 21 touchdowns. Kimble Anders led the team in pass receptions with 55.
Anemic and stifled, the Chiefs rose from their self-inflicted doldrums and battled back from a 2 touchdown deficit in the fourth quarter to clip the New York Giants in overtime, 20–17 on September 10.
A costly interception, penalties, and an ineptness on third down all lead to a 17–3 Giants lead. The Chiefs didn't score a touchdown until 5:03 remained in the game. On the Chiefs' following possession, Bono hit Danan Hughes with the game-tying score after a 67-yard, 14-play drive that took just 2 minutes and 32 seconds.
Lin Elliott booted the game-winning field goial with 7:11 remaining in overtime to give the Chiefs the win. Marcus Allen led the Chiefs with 86 yards rushing and Bono passed for 187 yards.
The win improved the Chiefs record to 2–0. This was the first of three overtime wins for Kansas City at Arrownead Stadium during the 1995 season, and it set the tone for the team's ability to win tight,close games throughout the regular season.
On September 17, James Hasty picks off a Jeff Hostetler pass and return it for a touchdown in overtime as the Chiefs' beat the Oakland Raiders, 23–17 to go 3–0. The defense would play a key role in Kansas City's great season. the team hold its opponenets to 241 points and recorded 47 sacks. Cornerback Dale Carter led the team with 4 interceptions. Rookie kick returner Tamarick Vanover was also spectacular, retrurning two kickoffs and one punt for scores. Derrick Thomas, Neil Smith, and Dan Saleaumua also shined for the Chiefs' defense.
On October 9, Tamarick Vanover returns a punt 86 yards in overtime to give the Chiefs a 29–023 victory over the San Diego Chargers on Monday Night Football. It is the Chiefs' third overtime win at Arrowhead Stadium during the 1995 season.
On October 22, the Chiefs beat the Denver Broncos at Mile High Stadium, 21–7. Marcus Allen was again a standout for the offense, gaining 890 yards rushing and scoring 5 touchdowns for the season.
On November 19, the Chiefs win their seventh game in a row, beating the Houston Oilers at Arrowhead Stadium, 20–13 to go 10–1.
On December 24, Tamarick Vanover runs the opening kickoff 89 yards for a touchdown, and the Chiefs defeat the Seahawks, 26–3. They win the AFC West title and finish the regular season with a 13–3 record.
Personnel Edit
Staff Edit
1995 Kansas City Chiefs staff
Founder – Lamar Hunt
President/General Manager/Chief Executive Officer – Carl Peterson
Chairman of the Board – Jack Steadman
Assistant General Manager – Dennis Thum
Head Coach – Marty Schottenheimer
Assistant Head Coach/Receivers – Al Saunders
Offensive coaches
Offensive Coordinator – Paul Hackett
Quarterbacks – Mike McCarthy
Running Backs – Jimmy Raye
Tight Ends/Offensive Assistant – Jim Erkenbeck
Offensive Line – Art Shell
Defensive coaches
Defensive Coordinator – Gunther Cunningham
Defensive Line – Carl Hairston
Linebackers – John Bunting
Defensive Backs – Kurt Schottenheimer
Defensive Assistant/Assistant Special Teams – Woodrow Lowe
Defensive Assistant/Quality Control – Darvin Wallis
Special teams coaches
Special Teams – Mike Stock
Strength and Conditioning – Dave Redding
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Russ Ball
1 September 3, 1995 at Seattle Seahawks W 34–10 47,564
2 September 10, 1995 New York Giants W 20–17 77,962
3 September 17, 1995 Oakland Raiders W 23–17 78,696
4 September 24, 1995 at Cleveland Browns L 35–17 74,280
5 October 1, 1995 at Arizona Cardinals W 24–3 50,211
6 October 9, 1995 San Diego Chargers W 29–23 79,288
7 October 15, 1995 New England Patriots W 31–26 77,992
8 October 22, 1995 at Denver Broncos W 21–7 71,044
10 November 5, 1995 Washington Redskins W 24–3 77,821
11 November 12, 1995 at San Diego Chargers W 22–7 59,285
12 November 19, 1995 Houston Oilers W 20–13 77,576
13 November 23, 1995 at Dallas Cowboys L 24–12 64,901
14 December 3, 1995 at Oakland Raiders W 29–23 53,930
15 December 11, 1995 at Miami Dolphins L 13–6 70,321
16 December 17, 1995 Denver Broncos W 20–17 75,061
17 December 24, 1995 Seattle Seahawks W 26–3 75,784
view · talk · edit
Kansas City Chiefs 13 3 0 .813 358 241
San Diego Chargers 9 7 0 .563 321 323
Seattle Seahawks 8 8 0 .500 363 366
Denver Broncos 8 8 0 .500 388 345
Oakland Raiders 8 8 0 .500 348 332
Divisional January 7, 1996 Indianapolis Colts L 10–7 77,594
v · d · eKansas City Chiefs
* Formerly the Dallas Texans
Based in Kansas City, Missouri
Logos and Uniforms
Quarterbacks (List)
Municipal Stadium
Owner: Clark Hunt
President: Mark Donovan
General Manager: Scott Pioli
Head Coach: Romeo Crennel
Offensive Coordinator: Brian Daboll
Defensive Coordinator: Romeo Crennel
Special Teams Coach: Tom McMahon
Lamar Hunt
Carl Peterson
H. Roe Bartle
Kevin Harlan
Mitch Holthus
Missouri Governor's Cup
K. C. Wolf
Lamar Hunt Trophy
Thanksgiving Classic
Marty Ball
Rock and Roll, Part Two
St. Louis Rams/St. Louis Cardinals
Wiggin
Bettis
Mackovic
Gansz
Schottenheimer
Playoff Appearances
Division Championships
Super Bowl Appearances
League: National Football League
Conference: American Football Conference
Division: West Division
v · d · eList of Kansas City Chiefs seasons
1960 • 1961 • 1962 • 1963 • 1964 • 1965 • 1966 • 1967 • 1968 • 1969 • 1970 • 1971 • 1972 • 1973 • 1974 • 1975 • 1976 • 1977 • 1978 • 1979 • 1980 • 1981 • 1982 • 1983 • 1984 • 1985 • 1986 • 1987 • 1988 • 1989 • 1990 • 1991 • 1992 • 1993 • 1994 • 1995 • 1996 • 1997 • 1998 • 1999 • 2000 • 2001 • 2002 • 2003 • 2004 • 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 • 2009 • 2010 • 2011
Bold indicates AFL Championship or Super Bowl victory
East Central West East Central West
Buffalo Cincinnati Denver Arizona Chicago Atlanta
Indianapolis Cleveland Kansas City Dallas Detroit Carolina
Miami Houston Oakland NY Giants Green Bay New Orleans
New England Jacksonville San Diego Philadelphia Minnesota St. Louis
NY Jets Pittsburgh Seattle Washington Tampa Bay San Francisco
1995 NFL Draft • NFL Playoffs • Pro Bowl • Super Bowl XXX
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Kansas City Chiefs seasons
AFC West championship seasons