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Экономика общественного сектора
Экономика развития
Международная экономика
Международная торговля
Международная макроэкономика и международные финансы
Финансовая экономика
Банки и банковская деятельность
Поведенческая и экспериментальная экономика
Новая политическая экономия
Экономика фирмы
Экономика и менеджмент инноваций
Журнал "TERRA ECONOMICUS" (До 2009 г. - Экономический вестник Ростовского государственного университета), (аннотации и тексты статей): 2021. № 4.
Журнал "Journal of Institutional Studies" (Журнал институциональных исследований), (аннотации и тексты статей): 2021. № 4.
Статьи из сборника трудов
Сборники методических материалов
Препринт
Экономика » Международная экономика » Международная макроэкономика и международные финансы
Международная макроэкономика и международные финансы – это две смежные дисциплины, изучающие экономические законы перемещения капитала между странами, а также связанные с ними макроэкономические процессы. К настоящему моменту обе дисциплины практически слились в единый фрагмент, объединенный макроэкономической методологией и ключевым политическим вопросом: какой курс иностранной валюты необходим стране в определенной ситуации. (подробнее...)
Всего публикаций в данном разделе: 17
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Fear of Floating [книги]
Опубликовано на портале: 13-08-2007
Guillermo A. Calvo, Carmen M. Reinhart
In recent years, many countries have suffered severe financial crises, producing a staggering toll on their economies, particularly in emerging markets. One view blames fixed exchange rates-- soft pegs'--for these meltdowns. Adherents to that view advise countries to allow their currency to float. Authors analyze the behavior of exchange rates, reserves, the monetary aggregates, interest rates, and commodity prices across 154 exchange rate arrangements to assess whether official labels' provide an adequate representation of actual country practice. Authors find that, countries that say they allow their exchange rate to float mostly do not--there seems to be an epidemic case of fear of floating.' Since countries that are classified as having a free or a managed float mostly resemble noncredible pegs--the so-called demise of fixed exchange rates' is a myth--the fear of floating is pervasive, even among some of the developed countries. Paper presents an analytical framework that helps to understand why there is fear of floating.
Chang R. Financial fragility and the exchange rate regime [Текст] / R. Chang, A. Velasco. Cambridge : National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998. 37 p. (NBER working paper series ; 6469). [книга]
Authors study financial fragility, exchange rate crises and monetary policy in an open economy model in which banks are maturity transformers as in Diamond-Dybvig. The banking system, the exchange rate regime, and central bank credit policy are seen as parts of a mechanism intended to maximize social welfare; if the mechanism fails, banking crises and speculative attacks become possible. Authors compare currency boards, fixed rate and flexible rates, with and without a lender of last resort. A currency board cannot implement a socially optimal allocation; in addition, under a currency board bank runs are possible. A fixed exchange rate system may implement the social optimum but is more prone to bank runs and exchange rate crises than a currency board. Larger capital inflows enhance welfare if the no-run equilibrium occurs, but may also render the economy more vulnerable to self-fulfilling runs. A flexible exchange rate system implements the social optimum and eliminates runs, provided the exchange rate and central bank lending policies of the central bank are appropriately designed.
Drazen A. Political contagion in currency crises / A. Drazen. Cambridge : National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999. 31p. (NBER working paper series ; 7211). [книга]
Existing models of contagious currency crises are summarized and surveyed, and it is argued that more weight should be put on political factors. Towards this end, the concept of political contagion introduced, whereby contagion in speculative attacks across currencies arises solely because of political objectives of countries. A specific model of membership' contagion is presented. The desire to be part of a political-economic union, where maintaining a fixed exchange rate is a condition for membership and where the value of membership depends positively on who else is a member, is shown to give rise to potential contagion. We then present evidence suggesting that political contagion may have been important in the 1992-3 EMS crisis.
Capital Controls, Exchange Rates, and Monetary Policy in the World Economy [книги]
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995
The essays collected in this volume, written by well-known academics and policy analysts, discuss the impact of increased capital mobility on macroeconomic performance. The authors highlight the most adequate ways to manage the transition from a semi-closed economy to a semi-open one. Additionally, issues related to the measurement of openness, monetary control, optimal exchange rate regimes, sequencing of reforms, and real exchange rate dynamics under different degrees of capital mobility are carefully analyzed.
The book is divided into four parts after the editor's introduction. The first part contains the general analytics of monetary policy in open economies. Parts two to four deal with diverse regional experiences, covering Europe, the Asian Pacific region, and Latin America. The papers on which the essays are based were originally presented at a conference on Monetary Policy in Semi-Open Economies, held in Seoul, Korea, in November 1992.
The Responsiveness of Consumer Prices to Exchange Rates And the Implications for Exchange-Rate Policy: A Survey Of a Few Recent New Open-Economy... [книги]
Charles M. Engel
The traditional case for flexibility in nominal exchange rates assumes that there is nominal price stickiness that prevents relative prices from adjusting in response to real shocks. When prices are sticky in producers' currencies, nominal exchange rate changes can achieve the relative price change that is required between home and foreign goods. The nominal exchange rate flexibility provides the desired 'expenditure-switching' effect of relative price changes. But if prices are fixed ex ante in consumers' currencies, nominal exchange rate flexibility cannot achieve any relative price adjustment. In fact, nominal exchange rate fluctuations are undesirable because they lead to deviations from the law of one price. So, fixed exchange rates are optimal. The empirical literature appears to support the notion that prices are sticky in consumers' currencies. This paper surveys the approaches taken in the new open economy macroeconomic literature to formalize the role of optimal monetary policy. The survey explores how this literature has dealt with the empirical evidence on pass-through of exchange rate changes to consumer prices.
Frankel J. A. No single currency regime is right for all countries or at all times [Текст] / J. A. Frankel. Cambridge : National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999. 41 p. (NBER working paper series ; 7338). [книга]
This essay considers some prescriptions that are currently popular regarding exchange rate regimes: a general movement toward floating, a general movement toward fixing, or a general movement toward either extreme and away from the middle. The whole spectrum from fixed to floating is covered (including basket pegs, crawling pegs, and bands), with special attention to currency boards and dollarization. One overall theme is that the appropriate exchange rate regime varies depending on the specific circumstances of the country in question (which includes the classic optimum currency area criteria, as well as some newer criteria related to credibility) and depending on the circumstances of the time period in question (which includes the problem of successful exit strategies). Latin American interest rates are seen to be more sensitive to US interest rates when the country has a loose dollar peg than when it has a tight peg. It is also argued that such relevant country characteristics as income correlations and openness can vary over time, and that the optimum currency area criterion is accordingly endogenous.
Global Transmission of Interest Rates: Monetary Independence and Currency Regime [книги]
Jeffrey A. Frankel, Sergio L. Schmukler, Luis Serven
Using a large sample of developing and industrialized economies during 1970-1999, this paper explores whether the choice of exchange rate regime affects the sensitivity of local interest rates to international interest rates. In most cases, we cannot reject full transmission of international interest rates in the long run, even for countries with floating regimes. Only large industrial countries can benefit, or choose to benefit, from independent monetary policy. However, short-run effects differ across regimes. Dynamic estimates show that interest rates of countries with more flexible regimes adjust more slowly to changes in international rates.
A Cure Worse Than the Disease? Currency Crises and the Output Costs of IMF-Supported Stabilization Programs [книги]
Michael M. Hutchison
This paper investigates the output effects of IMF-supported stabilization programs, especially those introduced at the time of a severe balance of payments/currency crisis. Using a panel data set over the 1975-97 period and covering 67 developing and emerging-market economies (with 461 IMF stabilization programs and 160 currency crises), authors find that currency crises even after controlling for macroeconomic developments, political and regional factors significantly reduce output growth for 1-2 years. Output growth is also lower (0.7 percentage points annually) during IMF-stabilization programs, but it appears that growth generally slows prior to implementation of the program. Moreover, programs coinciding with recent balance of payments or currency crises do not appear to further damage short-run growth prospects. Countries participating in IMF programs significantly reduce domestic credit growth, but no effect is found on budget policy. Applying this model to the collapse of output in East Asia following the 1997 crisis, we find that the unexpected (forecast error) collapse of output in Malaysia where an IMF-program was not followed-- was similar in magnitude to those countries adopting IMF programs (Indonesia, Korea, Philippines and Thailand).
Is Foreign Exchange Intervention Effective?: The Japanese Experiences in the 1990s [книги]
This paper examines Japanese foreign exchanges interventions from April 1991 to March 2001 based on newly disclosed official data. All the yen-selling (dollar-purchasing) interventions were carried out when the yen/dollar rate was below 125, while all the yen-purchasing (dollar-selling) interventions were carried out when the yen/dollar was above 125. The Japanese monetary authorities, by buying the dollar low and selling it high, have produced large profits, in terms of realized capital gains, unrealized capital gains, and carrying (interest rate differential) profits, from interventions during the ten years. Profits amounted to 9 trillion yen (2% of GDP) in 10 years. Interventions are found to be effective in the second half of the 1990s, when daily yen/dollar exchange rate changes were regressed on various factors including interventions. The US interventions in the 1990s were always accompanied by the Japanese interventions. The joint interventions were found to be 20-50 times more effective than the Japanese unilateral interventions. Japanese interventions were found to be prompted by rapid changes in the yen/dollar rate and the deviation from the long-run mean (say, 125 yen). The interventions in the second half were less predictable than the first half.
Are Financial Assets Priced Locally or Globally? [книги]
G. Andrew Karolyi, Rene M. Stulz
Authors review the international finance literature to assess the extent to which international factors affect financial asset demands and prices. International asset pricing models with mean-variance investors predict that an asset's risk premium depends on its covariance with the world market portfolio and, possibly, with exchange rate changes. The existing empirical evidence shows that a country's risk premium depends on its covariance with the world market portfolio and that there is some evidence that exchange rate risk affects expected returns. However, the theoretical asset pricing literature relying on mean-variance optimizing investors fails in explaining the portfolio holdings of investors, equity flows, and the time-varying properties of correlations across countries. The home bias has the effect of increasing local influences on asset prices, while equity flows and cross-country correlations increase global influences on asset prices.
Odious Debt [книги]
Michael Kremer, Seema Jayachandran
Some argue that sovereign debt incurred without the consent of the people and not for their benefit, such as that of apartheid South Africa, should be considered odious and not transferable to successor governments. We argue that an institution that truthfully announced whether regimes are odious could create an equilibrium in which successor governments suffer no reputational loss from failure to repay odious debt and hence creditors curtail odious lending. Equilibria with odious lending could be eliminated by amending creditor country laws to prevent seizure of assets for failure to repay odious debt and restricting foreign assistance to countries not repaying odious debt. Shutting down the borrowing capacity of illegitimate regimes can be viewed as a form of economic sanction and has two advantages over most sanctions: it helps rather than hurts the population, and it does not create incentives for evasion by third parties. However, an institution empowered to assess regimes might falsely term debt odious if it favored debtors, and if creditors anticipate this, they would not make loans to legitimate governments. An institution empowered only to declare future lending to a particular government odious would have greater incentives to judge truthfully. A similar approach could be used to reduce moral hazard associated with World Bank and IMF loans.
Martin P. Financial globalization and emerging markets [Текст]. With or without crash? / P. Martin, H. Rey. Cambridge : National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002. 36 p. (NBER working paper series ; 9288 ). [книга]
Authors analyze the impact of financial globalization on asset prices, investment and the possibility of crashes driven by self-fulfilling expectations in emerging markets. In a two-country model with one emerging market (intermediate income level) and one industrialized country (high income level), they show that liberalization of capital flows increases asset prices, investment and income in the emerging market. However, for intermediate levels of international financial transaction costs, authors find that pessimistic expectations can be self-fulfilling, leading to a financial crash. The crash is accompanied by capital flight, a drop in income and investment below the financial autarky level and more market incompleteness. Authors show that emerging markets are more prone to financial crashes simply because they have a lower income level and not because of the existence of market failures (moral hazard or credit constraints), bad monetary policies or exchange rate regimes.
Why Should Emerging Economies Give up National Currencies: A Case for "Institutions Substitution" [книги]
Enrique Gabriel Estrada Mendoza
Financial contagion and Sudden Stops of capital inflows experienced in emerging-markets crises may originate in an explosive mix of lack of policy credibility and world capital market imperfections that afflict emerging economies with national currencies. Hence, this paper argues that abandoning national currencies to adopt a hard currency can significantly reduce the emerging countries' vulnerability to these crises. The credibility of their financial policies would be greatly enhanced by the implicit subordination to the policy-making institutions of the hard currency issuer. Their access to international capital markets would improve as the same expertise and information that global investors gather already to evaluate the monetary policy of the hard currency issuer would apply to emerging economies. Yet, adopting a hard currency does not eliminate business cycles, rule out all forms of financial crises, or solve severe fiscal problems that plague emerging economies, and it entails giving up seigniorage and potential benefits of conducting independent monetary policy. However, these disadvantages seem dwarfed by the urgent need to enable emerging countries to access global capital markets without exposing them to the risk of recurrent Sudden Stops.
What Hurts Most? G-3 Exchange Rate or Interest Rate Volatility [книги]
Carmen M. Reinhart, Vincent R. Reinhart
With many emerging market currencies tied to the U.S. dollar either implicitly or explicitly, movements in the exchange values of the currencies of major countries have the potential to influence the competitive position of many developing countries. According to some analysts, establishing target bands to reduce the variability of the G-3 currencies would limit those destabilizing shocks emanating from abroad. This paper examines the argument for such a target zone strictly from an emerging market perspective. Given that sterilized intervention by industrial economies tends to be ineffective and that policy makers show no appetite to return to the controls on international capital flows that helped keep exchange rates stable over the Bretton Woods era, a commitment to damping G-3 exchange rate fluctuations requires a willingness on the part of G-3 authorities to use domestic monetary policy to that end. Under a system of target zones, then, relative prices for emerging market economies may become more stable, but debt-servicing costs may become less predictable. We use a simple trade model to show that the resulting consequences for welfare are ambiguous. Our empirical work supplements the traditional literature on North-South links by examining the importance of the volatilities of G-3 exchange-rates, and U.S. interest rate and consumption on capital flows and economic growth in developing countries over the past thirty years.
Razin A. A Brazilian debt-crisis model / A. Razin, E. Sadka. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2002. (NBER Working Paper; No. 9211). [книга]
Authors develop a model that captures important features of debt crises of the Brazilian type. Its applicability to Brazil lies in the fact that (1) in Brazil the macro fundamentals were sound (e.g., a primary surplus, a relatively low debt/GDP ratio, etc.); and (2) in the Brazilian case the trigger appears to be the forthcoming elections, with an expected regime change.


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05August/2014
SHE NEEDED A HERO
SHE NEEDED A HERO, SO SHE BECAME ONE
By Olivia Amourgis | Images by Jason Ellis
It's difficult to imagine growing up between family and foster care. The permanence of a single childhood home with family is often taken for granted by those who were lucky enough to experience it; the sense of unconditional love, security and care is merely expected. So what happens when you spend your younger years enduring the instability of shuffling back and forth between homes? According to Paige, you can let it make or break you.
"A lot of people who have gone through child abuse, foster care or any type of hardship at a young age make excuses in their adult life instead of using their trials to make them strong and individualistic," Paige says.
It's clear Paige hasn't chosen the 'excuses' path – how can you when you're in the shape she is? Instead of letting her "broken" childhood hold her back, Paige has used her experiences to build a strong, confident, successful woman she can be proud of.
"Just because you come from nothing doesn't mean you will amount to nothing," Paige says in a Facebook post on Christmas Day last year. "You have the power of choice. I chose to not let it ruin me but to flip it and use it to make me strong; use it to shape my future. I can look at who I am today and be proud of the woman I have become."
If you're one of Paige's half-a-million Facebook followers or one million Instagram followers, you're no doubt familiar with the daily fitspiraton she provides – not simply for her strong and healthy body, but also for her optimistic view on life. But how familiar are you with her rise to success?
Two years ago Paige would have probably been unrecognisable to most who know of her today; she was slim with little muscle tone and uncomfortable in her own skin. Having been asked to consider competing by a trainer she took her first steps to becoming a fitness model: a bikini competition. After four months of what she describes as the hardest she had ever pushed her body, Paige placed second at the Ronnie Coleman Classic, cementing the exposure that would catapult her into social media success.
"It's humbling how many people I have been able to inspire and motivate through social media; who live in different places all around the world," Paige says. "I believe I have been able to successfully do this by practising what I preach and leading by example."
Paige hopes to lead the way to a revolution in health and fitness. She hopes the days of 'eat less and exercise more' are put to rest and the fat loss and transformation ploys that neglect the importance of a healthy lifestyle are brought to an end. After all, maintaining a healthy body and mind should be a permanent lifestyle change – what it comes down to is balance.
For the full article, weekly workout and diet, check out the latest issue of Oxygen Australia in all good newsagents, or you can click here to subscribe.
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Hit Your Back From Top To Bottom 4/05/2016
No Time To Cook? 15/12/2015
Oral Hygiene and Your Fitness Level 29/12/2015
Stay fit on the go 1/03/2018
"I want to teach my son how to WORK HARD FOR YOUR GOALS" 6/07/2015
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Recently when delivering some wood for the perpetual camp-fire at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy I asked one of the caretakers. But 16 and 17-year-olds are not yet able to drink, probably only on lear.
A teenage boy who allegedly drove around Melbourne last year in a truck he's. posing as an emergency vehicle driver as he.
Feb 9, 1997. FOR a parent of a new, young driver, perhaps the only thing more agonizing than. Your insurance company probably won't tell you this, but under most. The lawyers argued that rates could not increase until the one-year or.
Graduated driver licensing (GDL) laws reduce this risk by making sure teens gradually. Some states make teens wait a little longer before they get their learner. 11 p.m.-6 a.m. for 16 year-olds; 1 a.m.-5 a.m. for 17 year-olds, none, until age 18. ©1996-2018, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Highway Loss Data.
One of the first things that you'll want to do is to check on the driving laws in your state. Your local Erie Insurance agent will add a young driver with a learner's. Every year, studies show that young drivers between the ages of 16 and 19 are.
There are far more benefits which can be explained over the phone by one of our Learner Driver Insurance specialist team members. Give them a call today to find out more. ANNUAL LEARNER POLICY 03303 331 256. Learner Driver Scenarios. There are many situations you may be faced with as a learner driver, whereby Learner Driver Insurance.
Our learner driver policy offers comprehensive insurance covering learner drivers whilst accompanied, driving a vehicle specified on the policy. After an inital policy of 28 days or greater, further cover can be purchased for periods of 7 days up to 24 weeks. Fields marked with an asterisk (*) are mandatory.
May 15, 2017. Car insurance for learner drivers and all you need to know to keep. policies ( provided they are driving the same car and not a new one).
A learner driver who did a one handed U-turn. stopped and after the police discovered he had no insurance for the car aske.
Learner driver insurance Learner driver insurance Choose your insurance Learning in my car Learning in. 17 to 29-year-olds Our policies cover learner drivers from.
Their rates are higher because statistically new drivers are more likely to file. However, drivers over 70 years old often experience loss in mobility, reflexes. Thus, it is one of the reasons that international drivers pay more for insurance even.
DRIVERS. £400 a year, while those aged 70 and older will see the cost of their car insurance rise again to an average of £559. Here, we explain how to use technology to your advantage — and slash d.
YOU MUST READ pages 1 to 3 of the Learner Log. then complete a one year P1 probationary licence period. car insurance will cover a learner driver.
Data from the MIB Police Helpline showed that one in every two uninsured learners is also driving without proper supervision.
Developed and funded by the Arbella Insurance Foundation, Distractology was one of. 16,000 new drivers, meaning those that.


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Clay Studio Tour
Find by …
Michael Ray Thornton
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Click an image to see larger view and descriptions.
Michael Ray Thornton is a master potter and educator whose artwork expresses an affinity with Oriental aesthetics and ceramic traditions. In high school, his interest in Japanese ceramics began to take root after reading a book on the Mingei potter Shoji Hamada. At BSU Michael studied with ceramics professor John Takehara, becoming studio assistant and apprentice, while concurrently studying sculpture with professor Alfred Kober. During his MFA studies at UNM, Michael developed an interest in ancient ceramics of the Americas – chiefly Mimbres and Moche pottery. At UNM he also studied Arita Porcelain with professor Jim Srubek.
From the painstaking craftsmanship demanded by the Arita porcelain technique, to the Wabi-Sabi aesthetic of stoneware tea ceremony vessels, to the seductive depth of a classic celadon glaze, Michael taps a well of knowledge and inspiration found in the ceramic traditions of Japan, China and Korea as he expresses his own creative vision in clay. Through artist residencies in Japan, he has honed his craft and deepened his appreciation for the culture and its ceramic legacy. Decades of practice, and a career in teaching art have brought Michael to a singular focus on his art.
"My ceramic work reflects an abiding interest in Eastern aesthetic philosophy. In particular, I'm often exploring the concept of Wabi-Sabi. It is a view of artistic expression in which a quiet beauty is found in the imperfect; in the weathered; in the forlorn and the accidental. I seek to embrace these aesthetic elements in the process, and also to reflect them in my work. Making each piece individually by hand, spontaneous decisions made in the moment guide each piece's birth, as I design pieces which I would enjoy using myself.
More and more, I find myself employing wood burning kilns. The wood-firing process is at once atavistic and contemporary. It lends itself to the Wabi-Sabi aesthetic by its inherently unpredictable contribution to the final product. The vagaries of the flame's path; the uneven intensity of the fire; the random deposition of ashes, and the ash's subtle chemistry are all variables which the potter manipulates to some degree. But the potter relinquishes absolute control – accepting and even inviting the imprint of the primal forces at work in the kiln.
My ceramic work ranges from the primarily visual to functional pieces of intimate scale. As these tangible products resulting from my work go out into the world, they symbolically connect my spirit to the users' – serving to enhance and elevate the common experiences of eating, drinking and living."
Represented by: Weyrich Gallery, Albuquerque
Weyrichgallery.com
Thesaurus Studio/Gallery is Michael's workshop and display gallery.
Visitors are welcome by appointment.
Thesaurus Studio/Gallery
115 Griegos Rd. NW, Albuquerque, NM 87107
Categories: Albuquerque & area, All Artists, Cone 10 Reduction, Functional, Greater Albuquerque Area, Handbuilt, Wheel, Wood Fired
Content Key Words: Arita Method, Ash Glaze, Japanese, Japanese tea, porcelain, sake, Stoneware
Artists are members of the New Mexico Potters and Clay Artists. © 2021 all images and artist statements by respective artists.
Instructions for Participation in the Studio Tour


Start taking good care of your baby´s gums even before his teeth pop through!
While your baby might still be toothless, that doesn´t mean that dental care is not already necessary.
Try to wipe your baby´s gums with a wet washcloth often or after some milk feedings to remove any milk residue. Once his first tooth pops through, use a brush or finger brush with a little bit of kids non-fluoridated toothpaste twice a day.
If your infant clamps his jaws together and it seems impossible to open his mouth, try brushing your own teeth in front of your baby while showing your own enthusiasm for brushing.
The earlier you implement a brushing routine and dental care for your baby, the easier and more natural it will become for your child.
You might also think, why should I take care of his first teeth if they fall out at some point anyway? Taking care of your baby´s first teeth and his permanent teeth are equally important. Although your baby´s first teeth will fall out at some point, in the meantime, they serve a very important function by reserving space for the permanent teeth. If your baby loses his first tooth too early it can cause the permanent tooth to shift, which causes orthodontic problems in the future for your child. Babies teeth are also important for biting and chewing his food, but also for learning to speak correctly.


Let's look at some trends involving the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Green Bay Packers as they prepare for Super Bowl XLV and we prepare to make some money betting on the game.
Steelers are 4-0 ATS in their last 4 games overall.
Steelers are 9-1 ATS in their last 10 playoff games.
Steelers are 5-1 ATS in their last 6 games following a S.U. win.
Steelers are 5-1 ATS in their last 6 games after allowing less than 90 yards rushing in their previous game.
Steelers are 4-1 ATS in their last 5 games following a ATS win.
Steelers are 4-1 ATS vs. a team with a winning record.
Steelers are 4-1 ATS in their last 5 playoff games as an underdog.
Steelers are 16-5-1 ATS in their last 22 games as an underdog of 0.5-3.0.
Steelers are 34-16-1 ATS in their last 51 games as an underdog.
Steelers are 2-5 ATS in their last 7 games after accumulating more than 150 yards rushing in their previous game.
Steelers are 2-5 ATS in their last 7 games after accumulating less than 150 yards passing in their previous game.
Packers are 4-0 ATS in their last 4 games after accumulating more than 350 total yards in their previous game.
Packers are 5-1 ATS vs. a team with a winning record.
Packers are 5-1 ATS in their last 6 games overall.
Packers are 19-6-1 ATS in their last 26 games after allowing less than 15 points in their previous game.
Packers are 6-2 ATS in their last 8 games as a favorite.
Packers are 9-3-1 ATS in their last 13 games after allowing less than 90 yards rushing in their previous game.
Packers are 8-3-1 ATS in their last 12 games on fieldturf.
Packers are 12-5-1 ATS in their last 18 games following a ATS win.
Packers are 2-5 ATS in their last 7 playoff games as a favorite.
Over is 4-0 in Steelers last 4 games after allowing less than 90 yards rushing in their previous game.
Over is 4-0 in Steelers last 4 games following a S.U. win.
Over is 4-0 in Steelers last 4 games following a ATS win.
Over is 4-0 in Steelers last 4 playoff games as an underdog of 0.5-3.0.
Under is 4-0 in Steelers last 4 games as an underdog.
Under is 4-0 in Steelers last 4 games as an underdog of 0.5-3.0.
Under is 4-0 in Steelers last 4 games after accumulating more than 150 yards rushing in their previous game.
Over is 5-1 in Steelers last 6 playoff games as an underdog.
Over is 4-1 in Steelers last 5 games overall.
Over is 16-5 in Steelers last 21 playoff games.
Over is 20-7 in Steelers last 27 games after accumulating less than 150 yards passing in their previous game.
Under is 6-1 in Packers last 7 games following a S.U. win.
Under is 8-3 in Packers last 11 games following a ATS win.
Over is 18-7 in Packers last 25 games after accumulating more than 350 total yards in their previous game.
Under is 5-2 in Packers last 7 games as a favorite of 0.5-3.0.
Under is 5-2 in Packers last 7 games on fieldturf.
Under is 9-4 in Packers last 13 vs. a team with a winning record.


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ü Preamble is the introduction to the Constitution.
ü This is the modified version of the 'Objectives Resolution' that was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru on December 13, 1946 and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on January 22, 1947.
ü Note: Please remember the dates.
We, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to Constitute India into a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, Social, Economic and Political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all;
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
ü So far Preamble has been amended only once in the year 1976 through 42nd amendment.
ü The42nd amendment added 3 new words to the Preamble.
ü SOCIALIST
ü SECULAR
ü INTEGRITY
Note: Underlined
ü The Constitution derives authority from the people (We the people...).
ü Is preamble a part of the Constitution? (Read carefully, many times there were questions from this area).
ü 1960 – In the Berubari case the Supreme Court ruled that Preamble is not a part of Constitution.
ü 1973 – In the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case the Supreme Court rejected the earlier opiniCOnstitution.ad carefully, many times there were questions from this area). o 18 in the year 1989 throon and held that Preamble is a part of the Constitution. The Court said that the Constitution could not be amended so as to alter the basic elements.
ü 1995 – In LIC of India v. Consumer Education and Research centre case the Supreme Court again held that the Preamble is an integral part of the Indian Constitution.
ü Note: (Please remember Preamble is non-justifiable).
THE COMPONENTS OF THE PREAMBLE:
ü The people of India are the source of the Constitution.
ü The Preamble declares India to be of a
ü Sovereign
ü Democratic
ü Republic
ü The preamble specifies the objectives of the Constitution.
ü Justice
ü Liberty
ü Equality
ü Fraternity
ü The date of adoption is mentioned in the Preamble is November 26, 1949.
ü Note: Not the date on which the constitution came into force.
ü The Preamble indicates the source from which the Constitution derived its authority.
ü The Preamble also states the objects which the Constitution seeks to establish and promote.
SOVEREIGN:
ü Sovereign means independent authority of a state.
ü This is the absolute and supreme power.
ü This means that India has the power to legislate on any subject.
ü India is not subject to the control of any external authority.
ü India is neither dependency nor a dominion of any other nation but an independent state.
REPUBLIC:
ü It means the head of the state is elected.
ü What is state?
ü This is explained by the Constitution under Articles 12 and 36.
ü ARTICLE 12: In this Part (Part III), unless the context otherwise requires, "the State'' includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India.
ü ARTICLE 36: In this Part (Part IV), unless the context otherwise requires, "the State" has the same meaning as in Part III.
ü India has an elected President at the head for a fixed term of 5 years.
ü NOTE: The President is elected indirectly through the method of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote.
ü Every citizen with the qualifications mentioned in the constitution is eligible to contest in the election of the President. All offices including that of the President will be open to all citizens.
SOCIALIST:
ü This is added through the 42nd amendment act of 1976.
ü The word socialism means placing means of production and distribution in the hands of public control. (state).
ü Socialism also means elimination of inequalities in income and status and standard of living.
ü In India this is the Democratic Socialism.
ü Here there is an existence of both Public and Private sectors. This is called mixed economy.
ü The socialism strives to end inequality of opportunity.
SECULAR:
ü The term secular was added through the 42nd amendment in the year 1976.
ü This means the state has no official religion.
ü All religions in the country have the same status and support.
DEMOCRATIC:
ü (Demos = People; Kratia = Rule)
ü Democracy means rule by the people.
ü The people of the country elect their own representatives.
ü In India it is a representative democracy.
ü One man one vote is the concept in democracy.
JUSTICE:
ü Justice is harmonizing the interests between the individuals and between the individuals and groups and the interest of the community.
ü This is not just confined to the legal justice.
ü Social justice implies that all citizens are treated equally irrespective of their status in society as a result of the accident of birth, race, caste, religion, sex, title etc.
ü Article 38 says that the state should strive to promote the welfare of the people.
ECONOMIC JUSTICE: Rich and poor are treated alike.
ü Article 39: Certain principles of policy to be followed by the state. (equal pay for equal work)
POLITICAL JUSTICE:
ü Every citizen is given equal priority in the political sphere.
ü Because of this irrespective of propriety or educational qualifications, every citizen is allowed to participate in the political system.
ü All citizens have the right to participate in the political process.
ü Articles 325 and 326 provide for the equal rights to all adults to participate in elections.
ü ARTICLE 325: No person to be ineligible for inclusion in or to claim to be included in a special, electoral rolls on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
ü ARTICLE 326: Elections to the House of People (Lok Sabha) and to the legislative assemblies of states to be on the basis of adult franchise.
LIBERTY:
ü It is the Liberty of though, expression, belief, faith and worship.
ü Article 19 guarantees the freedom of speech, expression etc.
ü Articles 25 to 28 (right to religion) of the constitution the freedom of religion including the belief, faith and worship.
ü Note: All Fundamental Rights rights are granted with the reasonable restrictions.
EQUALITY:
ü All citizens are equal before the law and enjoy equal protection of the law of the land.
ü NOTE:
1. Equality before law – borrowed from UK
2. Equal protection of Laws – borrowed from the USA.
ü There can be no discrimination between one person and another on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth in matters related to access to public places and public employment.
ü All citizens enjoy equal political rights.
ü Article 14 TO 18 of the Indian Constitution talks about right to equality.
FRATERNITY:
ü This means promoting brotherhood among all the citizens.
ü Single citizenship is directed towards promoting the fraternity.
ü The fundamental rights that are guaranteed also promote the fraternity.
ü The Directive Principles of State Policy talks about the promotion of harmony.
ü The objective of the Dignity of the individual was to improve the quality of life for the individuals.
ü The unity and integrity of the nation is possible through the dignity of the individual.
ü ARTICLE 51 A (Fundamental Duties) makes it the duty of every citizen to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India and promote harmony and brotherhood.


YES I SO identify! I wonder if it is genetic? When I started needing reading glasses I told the optometrist that I needed trifocals. That way I put them on in the morning when I get up and I leave them on my face until I go to bed and put them on the table next to the bed. And I don't buy prescription sunglasses – disaster waiting to happen, I just get the clip-on kind that clip to my glasses. Of course they cost $12 and I lose at least 2 per summer.A few years ago I lost 3 flashdrives at once – one for images, one for text files, one for transferring stuff. I mourned them for a while and then got one larger capacity and started over. Then a year or more later I found a little bag somewhere… with my lost flashdrives! But if this is genetic or part of our family environmental dynamics, then it means that this is actually something God gave us, that he wants us to have, that is in some way a gift, or the by-product of a gift he wants to give to others through us….. of course I'm 62 which makes you 42? and I've not really found the "gift" part of this yet!! Let's just hope God is able to use it since I certainly don't see how I am!!
Whether nature or nurture, we obviously got it from mom. One upside is that we are very good at problem solving because we have created for ourselves 5 times as many problems as most folks have. We can finagle, jerry-rig, and basically find our way home in the dark using just a toothpick and pocket lint. Our lives look like a Rube Goldberg contraption. But the real upside is simply our deficiency, because deficiencies create deep bonds with others.
ok so my math skills are really really bad! you are 52 – give or take a year.
Such an imrsispeve answer! You've beaten us all with that!
I think you are considering some ionprtamt questions. How feasible is it for pastors to shepherd communities of people that learn to care for and be present to one another. Could this help relieve the pastor from feeling he or she needs to be the one to hang out with every person in crisis?


This is a sweet collection of social media icons, with which to make tasty your personal or commercial projects.
Please read other terms os use in readme-leerme.PDF file.
Enjoy, they are freshly baked!
Girl these are adorable. If you made program ones I'd cover my desktop in them. Or just makes tons of different cupcakes and i'll use them for folders and things.
Aw! I'm glad if you like, for the programs... Mhh You gave me an idea!
I haven't used them yet but these are absolutely adorable.
Awww! Thanks for appreciate it!


If you've passed 17th and Carpenter streets recently, you may have noticed activity on the eight vacant lots waiting to be transformed into Carpenter Green, a new neighborhood park. While that transformation is still in the cards, the bulldozers are not starting construction just yet. Instead, they have been conducting a site survey and preliminary geotechnical work.
Before the South of South Neighborhood Association (SOSNA) can move forward and "plop rain gardens on the plan," they need to know how water infiltrates through the site. This site survey and geotechnical work will determine if the basements from the eight homes that once stood on the site remain and if those basements might prevent stormwater from draining properly.
When it comes to green space, "unfortunately, our neighborhood is woefully underserved," said Lauren Vidas, SOSNA board member and a Carpenter Green leader.
According to Vidas, around 2008, neighborhood residents approached then-Council-president Anna Verna and asked if they could acquire the vacant lots for use as a park. Verna denied the request, but neighbors tried again after Councilman Kenyatta Johnson took office. Johnson worked with neighbors to approve a deal.
"The deal we cut with him is, give us the land for free, and we'll build the park and then just kind of give it back to the city," Vidas said.
So far Maser Consulting, PA has contributed free design work, and Blocktoberfest donated $25,000 to the park.
The current vision for Carpenter Green includes a diagonal path that will allow people to cut through on their commutes, a "dog friendly area" that is not a dog park per se, a central plaza with a spray ground, plenty of lawn space and rain gardens with native plant species. Part of the idea is to avoid formality in the design. Whereas Rittenhouse Park has a more formal design that matches its more formal setting, the neighborhood around Carpenter Green is more casual. Vidas said the park design will reflect that.
In addition to the site survey, SOSNA put a fence around the perimeter of the lots and took down some of the trees that were climbing up the neighboring houses.
Next, SOSNA is working to apply for grants and raise project funds. The team does not know how much the project will cost, but once the site survey and final design are complete, they will be able to pinpoint a price tag.
"Our hope is to raise all of the money and do this in one fell swoop," Vidas said.


text:
MOVING IMAGE WORK
PROJECT - WHEN ICE BURNS
ARCHIVE - PAINTINGS
ARCHIVE - DRAWINGS
DIANE BEST
Diane Best was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and studied in the San Francisco area (Stanford & the San Francisco Art Institute) before moving to Los Angeles.
In L.A. she created commercial artwork for the entertainment industry and commissioned portraits while pursuing and showing her original artwork.
Best left Los Angeles in 1995 and settled in Joshua Tree, California, where her focus shifted towards capturing the intense drama of the desert landscape that surrounded her through painting, photography and moving-image work.
"Seeking more and more remote, uninhabited and overlooked corners of the desert, I am interested in preserving or recording a single incredible moment of converging light and landscape."
"It has become harder and harder to have this kind of experience in southern California, so I have been diving deeper into the West and also exploring the ice desert regions of the Arctic and Antarctic," said Best in a 2019 interview.
Working in the tradition of American conservationist artists of the 19th century, Best strives to modernize landscape painting and film making using contemporary theories of perception— influenced by deep ecology, photography, cinema, digital imaging and animation.
Diane moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 2018 so she could be closer to the wilds of the bigger southwest & west. She now divides her time between Santa Fe and Joshua Tree, CA. Her work has been profiled in publications including Lifescapes: West Coast Art & Design, Palm Springs Life Art & Culture Magazine, Art Patron Magazine (Palm Springs), a KCET Artbound documentary (on PBS) in LA and Telluride Inside.
"It never ceases to amaze me — as heavily populated and built up as Southern California is—that there remain vast areas of open wilderness and desert where you can drive miles and miles of dirt roads, and see no one for days if you choose to. The importance of keeping this kind of experience (being alone, in a meditative state, in unpopulated oceans of desert, actually being able to see and 'ride off into the distance') protected and available to the public is an overriding motivation in my work."
Taylor Junction Gallery, Joshua Tree, CA
Porch Gallery, Ojai, CA
Bunny Gunner Gallery, Claremont, CA
Telluride Gallery of Fine Art, Telluride, CO
group shows (select)
Salton Sea Show, Marks Art Center, Palm Desert, CA
Open Desert, Palm Springs Museum, Palm Springs, CA
Palm Springs Art Fair, Boxo Projects, Palm Springs, CA
Melissa Morgan Fine Art, Palm Desert, CA
Joshua Treenial 2015
Joshua Treenial 2017 (a parallel project to Desert X, Palm Springs), Joshua Tree, CA
Objective Painting, Telluride Gallery of Fine Art, Telluride, CO
LAX, Virgin America lobby
Desert Icons, Yucca Valley, CA
Timelapse Film Festival, Joshua Tree, CA
Exploratorium, San Francisco, CA 2013
No Destination, 3-screen video piece shown at Furstworld, Joshua Tree, CA 2014
Eco Lab, USC curated show,Los Angeles, CA 2014
AM FM Fest Flagstaff Arizona, 2015
Joshua Tree International Film Festival Joshua Tree, CA 2015
Best Shorts Competition, award of merit for No Destination and Ubehebe 2014-2015
UCSD Film Event, San Diego, CA 2015
Joshua Treenial 2015 Wonder Valley, CA
Joshua Treenial 2017 Joshua Tree, CA
Timelapse Film Festival 2017, Los Angeles, CA
Timelapse Film Festival 2018, Joshua Tree, CA
Music Video for Son of the Velvet Rat, CD/video release, Furstworld, Joshua Tree 2017
Video work for Reverend Screaming Fingers CD release show, Furstworld, Joshua Tree, CA
Oz Arts, Nashville, TN
Representation BoxoPROJECTS, Joshua Tree, CA
Desert Institute at Joshua Tree National Park: 2007 - 2011
Waterville Valley Cultural Arts Center, Visiting Artist and Painting Workshops, Waterville Valley, NH
ANIMATION WORK
Nickelodeon Animation Studios
Rich Animation, feature film
Riverstar Entertainment
COMMERCIAL CLIENTS (select)
NBC Television, artwork for corporate headquarters
CBS Records, album cover artwork, Patti LaBelle
Warner Brothers Records, album cover artwork, Madonna
Dell Publishing, book cover, The Last of the Crazy People
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, poster design
PBS special Creation of the Universe, artwork
Mayan Night Club, painting installation
Private Music, album cover artwork, Bounce the Ocean
HBO comedy special, Taylor Negron, paintings for music video
NBC TV, Shannons Deal, paintings
Stanford University, Palo Alto CA
San Francisco Art Institute, BFA, San Francisco, CA
Associates in Art, Van Nuys, CA animation background painting
American Animation Institute, N. Hollywood, CA
Commissioned Portraits for numerous private clients, US & Europe
© 2023 by Agatha Kronberg. Proudly created with Wix.com


text:
Q: Excel VBA crashes after a larger number of rows I have created an Excel macro to run an analysis for a larger dataset (~24,000 lines). The macro is working well for the first c. 2,000 requests/lines but thereafter generally crashes. The request/line number, at which the crash occurs, thereby varies.
The debugger, which is appearing at that point, highlights that the code line leading to the crash is:
Cells(i, 7).Value = var1.innerText

I have already checked other threads and solutions on this topic, including a suggested change from 'Int' to 'Long' etc - none of these worked however. Can anyone help why the macro is working well for smaller requests but failing after a certain number of lines?
The code I am using is pasted below. Many thanks in advance.
Sub Gethits()
Dim url As String, lastRow As Long
Dim XMLHTTP As Object, html As Object, objResultDiv As Object, objH3 As Object, link As Object
Dim start_time As Date
Dim end_time As Date
Dim var As String
Dim var1 As Object

lastRow = Range("A" & Rows.Count).End(xlUp).Row

Dim cookie As String
Dim result_cookie As String

start_time = Time
Debug.Print "start_time:" & start_time

For i = 1654 To lastRow

url = "https://www.google.com/search?q=" & Cells(i, 4) & "&source=lnt&tbs=cdr%3A1%2Ccd_min%3A" & Cells(i, 5) & "%2Ccd_max%3A" & Cells(i, 6) & "&tbm=nws"

Set XMLHTTP = CreateObject("MSXML2.serverXMLHTTP")
XMLHTTP.Open "GET", url, False
XMLHTTP.setRequestHeader "Content-Type", "text/xml"
XMLHTTP.setRequestHeader "User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0"
XMLHTTP.send

Set html = CreateObject("htmlfile")
html.body.innerHTML = XMLHTTP.responseText
Set objResultDiv = html.getElementById("rso")
Set var1 = html.getElementById("resultStats")
Cells(i, 7).Value = var1.innerText

DoEvents
Next

end_time = Time
Debug.Print "end_time:" & end_time

Debug.Print "done" & "Time taken : " & DateDiff("n", start_time, end_time)
MsgBox "done" & "Time taken : " & DateDiff("n", start_time, end_time)

End Sub

A: Thanks for your feedback. The restriction indeed seems to be driven by Google limiting the number of requests in a given time period. When visiting the Google webpage after the error occurs, I am asked to run trough a captcha process due to unsually high request activity.
The idea of submitting multiple requests at a time seems very interesting in any case, as it would save a lot of time collecting the data. Is there, however, a simplified approach to the example by TinMan (codereview.stackexchange.com/a/196922/171419)? I have checked for other threads but have not found anything helpful thus far.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Cumberland Lodge
We empower people, through dialogue, to tackle the causes of social division.
About Cumberland Lodge
Cumberland Lodge is a charity that brings together people of all ages and perspectives, to tackle pressing issues facing society, through open and inclusive dialogue. Our work is supported by the individuals and organisations who book our facilities for conferences, meetings and special events.
www.cumberlandlodge.ac.uk
enquiries@cumberlandlodge.ac.uk
Cumberland Lodge Registered charity number 1108677
"I look forward to becoming a 'friend' of Cumberland Lodge and continuing to be inspired and energised by the fabulous events you run! "
Georgia Chisnall donated
"It is pleasure to support Cumberland Lodge, in fond memory of the late John Laws. "
Nigel Pleming donated
"Many thanks for your work Joint annual membership Tricia Bruce and Rob Evans "
Tricia Bruce donated
"It's an honour to be a part of such a worthy cause."
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"Thank you for another wonderful debate this morning on life post-Brexit"
Mary Thomas donated