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DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 502, 8 April 2013
Welcome to this year's 14th issue of DistroWatch Weekly! Much of the spotlight this week fell on Ubuntu and Ubuntu derivatives as Canonical released a beta for the upcoming launch of Ubuntu 13.04. Ubuntu is frequently a source of experimental changes and controversy and the latest beta will provide insight into the direction Canonical is taking their popular distribution. This week we will hear the opinion of Matt Harley as he compares the upcoming Ubuntu release against the latest version of openSUSE and discusses which may serve its users better. Jesse Smith will be comparing two other technologies, specifically the Btrfs and ZFS advanced file systems. Read on to find out which file systems is better suited to your storage needs. We will also be taking a look at Linux Mint's Debian Edition, a popular distribution with a semi-rolling release approach to package management. How does the Debian Edition of Linux Mint compare with the project's other editions? Open source projects are constantly evolving and this week we hear from the FreeBSD Foundation as they search for new ideas on how to improve the powerful FreeBSD operating system. We also talk about a company which is switching to Linux and taking open source into the final frontier. Later in this issue we will cover the releases, podcasts and newsletters of the past week and look ahead to exciting new releases to come. We wish you all a pleasant week and happy reading!
Reviews: Exploring Linux Mint's "Debian" edition
News: Ubuntu vs openSUSE, the FreeBSD Foundation calls for project ideas, PC-BSD rolling-release update, Linux prepares for blastoff
Questions and answers: Comparing file systems - ZFS and Btrfs
Released last week: Pear Linux 7, OS4 13.4
Site news: Random distribution button, new news filtering option, questions about Pisi Linux and Ubuntu GNOME
New distributions: MakuluLinux
Exploring Linux Mint's "Debian" edition
Linux Mint is a project which is probably best known for taking the Ubuntu distribution and altering the graphical interface in order to appeal to desktop users. Mint combines traditional desktop environments with a collection of convenient end-user utilities to create a distribution which is beginner friendly. While most of Mint's editions are based upon the Ubuntu distribution there is a branch of the Mint project which combines Mint's practical desktop approach with a Debian GNU/Linux base. This Debian-based flavour of Mint uses software packages from Debian's Testing branch. To counter the potential stability problems caused by using a rolling release repository the Mint team maintains a series of upgrade packs which are tested prior to being released to the community. This places a safety valve between possible software regressions and the community of Mint users.
Linux Mint's "Debian" edition is offered in two desktop flavours, MATE and Cinnamon, and both offerings are available in 32-bit and 64-bit builds. The download images for each build are approximately 1.2GB in size. Some of the highlights of the latest release include an updated graphical installer, newer versions of most packages and a device driver manager. The device driver manager attempts to detect hardware which may not be supported by default and assists users in downloading the software required to support their hardware. The Mint website makes it clear that while Mint's Debian Edition looks and behaves in a similar fashion to Mint's Main Edition there are some important differences. The Debian-based and the Ubuntu-based flavours are not binary compatible with each other and the Debian branch of the project does not include support for EFI or Secure Boot technology.
I opted to download the 32-bit build of the MATE edition. Booting from the Mint disc brings up the MATE desktop with Mint's branding in the background. Icons sit on the desktop for navigating the file system and launching the system installer. At the bottom of the screen we find the application menu and the task switcher. The application menu is displayed using Mint's custom menu layout. This menu gives us an all-in-one approach to exploring the MATE environment as applications, system tools and file system places are all displayed together in the single menu. At the bottom of the menu is a search box which lets us locate menu items by name. I always find adjusting to the way the Mint menu works takes a while as the menu system is presented in a slightly different way from other application menus. However, once I get used to it, I find the Mint menu is convenient and pleasant to navigate.
Linux Mint 201303 "Debian" - the application menu and installer
The system installer for Linux Mint's Debian edition is a graphical application. The installer is a custom application developed by the Mint team and it appears to be designed to look similar to Ubuntu's installer. We are walked through selecting our preferred language and then asked to select our time zone from a map of the world. We confirm our keyboard layout and there is a text box on the keyboard mapping screen to let us test our configuration. The next screen asks us to create a user account. Partitioning the hard drive is handled by GParted which can be launched from within the Mint installer. Once we have divided up the hard disk we can assign mount points to our partitions. We then have the option of installing the GRUB boot loader and we can specify the boot loader's location. The installer pauses to show us a summary of actions it will take and we are asked to confirm the settings we have provided. The installer then copies files to the local drive and, when it is finished, it offers to reboot the machine for us. The installer is fairly novice-friendly and I didn't encounter any problems while using it. I'm hoping other Debian-based distributions consider adopting Mint's installer. There are a lot of Debian derivative projects out there and many of them lack a nice, graphical installer.
Upon booting the locally installed copy of Linux Mint we are brought to a graphical login screen. The first time we sign in we are shown a welcome screen. This welcome window contains many links which will open a web browser and connect us with key parts of the Mint website. We can use the welcome screen to quickly reach the project's forum, documentation, the community website and the hardware database, among other pages. Shortly after logging in an icon appeared in the system tray letting me know software updates were available for the system. Clicking this icon opens the Mint update application. The update app shows us a list of packages which can be upgraded. The information shown includes the package's name, the package's size, the version we currently have installed and the latest version available in the repositories. Throughout the week I installed several updates and encountered no problems with the upgrade process.
Linux Mint comes with a useful collection of popular applications. Browsing through the application menu we find the Firefox web browser, the Thunderbird e-mail client, the Pidgin instant messenger software and the XChat IRC chat client. The Transmission bittorrent client is installed for us along with a PDF viewer, the LibreOffice suite and the GNU Image Manipulation Program. The Brasero disc burner is installed for us as is the Banshee audio player and the Totem video player. Mint comes with several administration utilities which assist us in configuring the firewall, adding or removing user accounts, managing printers and creating backups. Network Manager is available to help us get on-line. There is a useful little app for uploading files via a drag-n-drop interface which will copy files to remote FTP or secure shell servers. There is an application for profiling the system, getting hardware information and running benchmarks. There are small apps for editing text files, working with archives and taking notes. Mint Debian Edition comes with the GNU Compiler Collection, the Flash web browser plugin and codecs for playing popular multimedia formats. Under it all sits the Linux kernel, version 3.2.
Linux Mint 201303 "Debian" - Control Center
One application which I feel deserves special mention is the Device Driver Manager. This program attempts to detect hardware on our system which may not be well supported by our existing kernel or drivers. The Manager will assist us in detecting wireless cards, video cards and our CPU and offer to fetch packages which may give us better hardware support. For instance, the 32-bit build of Mint Debian Edition can use one of two kernels. The first is designed to work with 486-compatible machines and has no PAE or multicore support. The other is a 686-compatible kernel with both PAE and SMP support. I found the 486 version of the kernel was installed by default, but the Device Driver Manager properly detected that my CPU could work with the 686 version of the kernel and benefit from its additional features. With a button click the manager downloaded and installed the more appropriate kernel. I like this approach as it means Mint is taking the safer, more conservative option by default while making it easy for users to upgrade to a kernel which better fits their needs.
Linux Mint 201303 "Debian" - Device Driver Manager
The distribution comes with two graphical package managers. The first is Mint Install, a modern-looking application which allows users to browse categories of software navigating via a web-like interface. Applications are presented in lists and are displayed with their user-supplied rating. Clicking on a package brings up a screen which shows a detailed description of the package, a screen shot and user reviews. Software packages can be installed or removed with the click of a button and the user can continue to browse for additional software while Mint Install processes requests in the background. I found Mint Install to be a responsive and easy to use package manager. The second package manager is Synaptic, which will appeal to the more traditional crowd. Synaptic is a no nonsense package manager which allows users to create batch jobs of actions to be performed. The interface is a bit more complex while giving a more package-oriented view of the system compared with Mint Install's application-centric view of the operating system. I used both graphical front-ends and found they both performed well and I encountered no problems while using either one.
Linux Mint 201303 "Debian" - software management
I tried running Linux Mint on two machines, my HP laptop (dual-core 2 GHz CPU, 4 GB of RAM, Intel video card, Intel wireless card) and on a desktop machine (dual-core 2.8 GHz CPU, 6 GB of RAM, Radeon video card, Realtek network card). I found Mint ran well on the laptop. Boot times were short, my screen was set to its maximum resolution and wireless networking worked out of the box. Sound worked and the desktop was very responsive. On the other hand, Mint's Debian Edition refused to boot on my desktop machine, an issue I wasn't able to resolve. In addition to these two test environments I ran Mint inside VirtualBox and found the distribution worked well in the virtual machine. In the virtual environment Mint still had short boot times, the desktop was quick to respond and I encountered no problems. Memory usage was generally low, typically between 160 MB and 190 MB when logged into the MATE desktop.
Running Linux Mint's "Debian" edition was a very pleasant experience for me. While the distribution wouldn't run on my desktop machine, it performed flawlessly on the laptop. The MATE desktop which ships with Mint is fast, polished and easy to navigate. Package management is both intuitive and quick and the various Mint configuration utilities make administering a Mint desktop quite easy. A good deal of software is included out of the box and there is a huge repository of Debian packages available along with some third-party software provided by the Mint team. Having a distribution based on Debian's Testing repository gives the user a relatively stable rolling release experience with the added benefit of having major upgrades vetted by the Mint team.
All in all Mint's Debian branch offers a pleasant experience with a friendly graphical installer, useful tools and lots of software all in a convenient package. The one detractor Mint's Debian Edition may have is, oddly enough, Mint's own Main Edition. While the Debian branch of Mint is a fine distribution its technology base prevents users from having access to certain helpful features available in other Mint editions. For example Mint's Debian Edition isn't able to use Ubuntu PPAs, it is missing some third-party software packages built for Ubuntu, and One storage & store support is missing. It would also appear as though the kernel which ships with Mint's Debian Edition doesn't have all the hardware support available in the Main Edition. These features tend to be edge cases and many people will probably get along fine without them, but I still suspect the strongest competitors to Mint Debian Edition are Mint's other flavours.
Ubuntu vs openSUSE, the FreeBSD Foundation calls for project ideas, PC-BSD rolling-release update, Linux prepares for blastoff
The diversity of the Linux ecosystem gives birth to a lot of speculation and debate as to which distribution is the best and, more importantly, best for what purpose. Matt Harley recently set out to compare two popular distributions, openSUSE and Ubuntu, and explore what makes these two distributions attractive to different types of users. He discusses user friendliness, configuration, hardware support and software management among other points. He suggests: "For newer users, Ubuntu is still the best distribution choice overall. There's less stuff to get lost with, discovering new software is easier, and keeping the system in good working order is a no-brainer." Fans of openSUSE will appreciate his closing comment: "If you're an advanced user, you'll want openSUSE. For anyone who has a firm understanding of how the Linux desktop works, wants to get things done quickly and wants a ton of GUI control over their desktop, openSUSE is the distribution you will want to use. I can't state this enough."
Many open source projects are made up of volunteers, people who work on software in their spare time for fun, out of curiosity or in order to improve the tools they use on a daily basis. The FreeBSD Foundation would like to give developers the opportunity to work on the FreeBSD operating system for all of those reasons and, possibly, get paid for their work. The Foundation is currently accepting proposals for projects which would be of benefit to the FreeBSD community. Development projects which are accepted by the Foundation will be able to receive funding in order to compensate developers for their time and expenses. Proposals will be accepted through to April 26, 2013 and accepted submissions will be announced on May 17, 2013.
The PC-BSDi project has recently adopted an optional rolling-release approach to package management for users who wish to keep up-to-date with the latest available open-source software. This new rolling-release approach introduces binary package management to PC-BSD which works much the same way as binary package management on most Linux distributions. As PC-BSD is completely compatible with FreeBSD and TrueOS this means that users of all three projects will be able to make use of the new package repositories. The PC-BSD blog reports: "This package repository is frequently updated, usually bi-weekly, with the latest and greatest from the FreeBSD ports tree. We will be using this repository for the PC-BSD rolling release edition, but it can also be used anywhere else you need packages on a PC-BSD or FreeBSD 9.1-RELEASE system. This can include FreeBSD, TrueOS, PC-BSD, Jails and more. Getting setup to use this new repository is easy, and only requires minimal configuration." For instructions on how to access the new repositories on FreeBSD, PC-BSD and TrueOS visit the PC-BSD wiki.
Linux based operating systems have achieved great success in many markets. The open-source kernel powers operating systems running on millions servers, desktops, laptops and mobile devices. Now Linux will be voyaging into a new frontier: space. United Space Alliance, a NASA contractor which is involved with operations on the International Space Station (ISS), is migrating many of their key systems from Windows to Linux. This migration to open source includes the world's first "robonaut", a humanoid robot which will assist astronauts on the space station with mundane or dangerous tasks. The robot, named R2: "can be manipulated by onboard astronauts with ground controllers commanding it into position and performing operations. The Linux training from the Linux Foundation will help NASA developers ensure that R2 can be a productive addition to the ISS." This move not only expands Linux's influence out of this world, but will also provide feedback to the community as Linux distributions get tested in a new and challenging environment. It is an exciting new chapter in Linux use and development.
Comparing file systems -- ZFS and Btrfs
Looking-for-a-new-file-system asks: With ZFS support on Linux reaching a new milestone which is the better choice for Linux users, Btrfs or ZFS? Why might I choose one over the other?
DistroWatch answers: A good deal of what separates the two file systems, Btrfs and ZFS, has less to do with technical merit and more to do with communities and licensing. I suspect many people make their decision as to which file system technology to use based on which community they are in rather than the benefits of using one advanced file system or the other. Which isn't to say the choice is entirely political, but rather different communities will have better (or worse) support for one technology or the other.
ZFS first appeared in OpenSolaris back in 2005 and was licensed under the Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL). This fairly liberal licensing allowed ZFS technology to spread from OpenSolaris to FreeBSD, OS X, PC-BSD, FreeNAS, NetBSD, OpenIndiana and other liberally licensed operating systems. The technology has had seven years to mature, developers have had time to shake out the bugs and just about anywhere you go in the Solaris/BSD communities you can find ZFS support and documentation. However, ZFS support hasn't gained as much of a foothold in Linux circles because the CDDL, under which ZFS is licensed, isn't entirely compatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL) which is used by the Linux kernel. This means the source code for ZFS cannot be merged with the Linux kernel and distributed. Instead Linux distributions need to find another way to support ZFS, either using add-on kernel modules (as supplied by the ZFS on Linux project) or they can supply a ZFS userspace driver. Neither solution is ideal and it tends to make Linux administrators uneasy about adopting ZFS.
Btrfs, on the other hand, was developed specifically to work with Linux and is licensed under the GNU General Public License. Both the origin of Btrfs and its license suggest it is unlikely to see wide spread usage outside of the Linux communities. At the same time the fact that Btrfs was designed to work specifically with the Linux kernel meant that it could be adopted into the Linux source code early on in its development and lots of people have been able to work on Btrfs without worrying about changes to the kernel's interfaces which might cause incompatibilities. Having Btrfs built into the kernel makes it a more attractive file system for Linux distributions which means we are more likely to find support for Btrfs in Linux installers and in the documentation of various distributions. One of the few drawbacks to adopting Btrfs on Linux at this stage is Btrfs is still fairly young. The technology was introduced into the Linux kernel in 2009 and the code is still under "heavy development", which means it's risky to use Btrfs on production systems. Choosing to use either ZFS or Btrfs on Linux carries a small amount of risk as ZFS is rarely given official support by distributions and Btrfs is still developing fast enough so most distributions aren't ready to treat it as a first-class file system.
On the technical side of things both Btrfs and ZFS have a good deal in common. They both allow administrators to manage huge amounts of data spread out across multiple storage devices. Both file systems allow for snapshots, restores and transferring the complex file system to another machine. For many people the features offered by either file system will be suitable. There are some differences which may tip the balance in favour of one technology or the other. For instance Btrfs is compatible with the ext4 family of file systems. This means we can convert an ext4 file system to Btrfs and then convert Btrfs back to ext4. This makes it easy to experiment with Btrfs or grow a Btrfs implementation out of an existing Linux installation. As mentioned earlier ZFS has gained widespread usage on other platforms and administrators should be able to export ZFS pools from other operating systems to Linux or from Linux to another operating system, which can be convenient. Btrfs has a really nice "diff" feature which allows users to compare the contents of a file as it currently exists against the contents of a previous version of the file. This is especially ideal for developers as they can track changes to code or documentation using the file system's snapshots. In my opinion the ZFS command line utilities have a nicer syntax and I find the manual pages easier to read.
I think the issue of which technology to use comes down to this question: Do you want to use a file system which has been around long enough to become stable and work consistently across multiple operating systems, or do you want a younger technology which is specific to Linux and will likely receive support from your distribution? Personally I would recommend trying both file systems on a test machine, load them up with data, make snapshots, perform restores, intentionally attempt to corrupt the data and then try to rescue the file system. See which technology you feel is best suited to your situation.
Slackel 3.0 "Openbox"
Less than two weeks since the release of 2.0, the developers of Slackel, a lightweight Slackware-based distribution, have announced the release of version 3.0: "Slackel 3.0 Openbox has been released. Slackel is based on Slackware Linux and Salix OS. This is an update release. Changes are: Linux kernel 3.4.8 and lots of updates from Slackware's 'Current' tree. Slackel 3.0 Openbox includes the Midori 0.4.9 web browser, Claws-Mail 3.8.1, Transmission, SpaceFM, OpenJRE 7u9, Rhino, Icedtea-web, Pidgin, gFTP, wicd. AbiWord, Gnumeric and ePDFviewer office applications are included. Whaawmp is the default movie player, Exaile 3.3.0 is the application to use for managing your music collection, Asunder CD ripper, Brasero for writing CD/DVDs and more. In the graphics section Viewnior 1.3, GIMP 2.8.4 and Scrot the snapshot utility." Here is the brief release announcement with a screenshot.
Emmabuntüs 12.04.2-1.04
Patrick d'Emmabuntüs has announced the availability of an updated version of Emmabuntüs, a Xubuntu-based distribution with the Xfce desktop and a large number of pre-installed applications: "The Collective Emmabuntüs is pleased to announce the availability of the third maintenance release of Emmabuntüs 2 1.04 based on Xubuntu 12.04.2. This distribution was designed to facilitate the refurbishing of computers given to humanitarian organizations, especially Emmaüs communities (where the name comes from), and to promote the discovery of Linux by beginners, but also to extend the life of the equipment and to reduce waste caused by over-consumption of raw materials. This update is delivered to improve the use of Emmabuntüs 2 in digital public spaces, and in organizations using Emmabuntüs." Read the rest of the release announcement for further information.
Pear Linux 7
David Tavares has announced the release of Pear Linux 7, a highly customised Ubuntu-based desktop Linux distribution with GNOME 3.6: "Pear Linux 7 is available. You will find in this version: Linux kernel 3.5, LibreOffice 4.0.1, Pear OS software center, MyPear 4, Pear Cleaner 2.1; based on Ubuntu 12.10 without Unity and the GNOME panel; new Pear Linux Shell (7.0) based on Wingpanel and plank; new Pear Linux and icon theme, splash and login screen; new desktop notifications with notification center; new Pear OS software center; new mission control; new virtual desktop switcher; based on Linux kernel 3.5, but you kernels 3.7.10 and 3.8.5 are available in the repository; CleanMyPear - a cleaning system...." See the full release announcement for further information and screenshots.
Pear Linux 7 - an Ubuntu-based distribution with a custom GNOME 3 desktop user interface
OS4 13.4
Roberto Dohnert has announced the release of OS4 13.4, an updated release of the user-friendly, Xubuntu-based Linux distribution: "Today we are pleased to announce the release of OS4 OpenDesktop 13.4. With this releases we bring in a lot of updates as well as some new functionality to enhance one of the most popular Linux distributions around. OS4 OpenDesktop 13.4 comes in a 32-bit release as well as 64-bit release. Since the 32-bit release is still somewhat popular we decided to keep producing the 32-bit release. With this release we bring in over 200 updates to applications and as well as the core system. With this release we include: Linux kernel 3.2 which provides new drivers as well as stability enhancements to the kernel; Firefox 20.0; Thunderbird 17.0.4; Google Maps replacing Nokia Maps...." Read the rest of the release announcement for more details.
Ubuntu, Kbuntu, Lubuntu, Xubuntu, Edubuntu, Ubuntu Studio and UbuntuKylin 13.04-beta2, the release nnouncement
Cinnarch 2013.04.05, the release announcement
Parsix GNU/Linux 5.0-20130331
Scientific Linux 6.4-rc1 (LiveDVD)
2013-04-19: Mageia 3 RC
2013-04-19: DEFT 8 (see roadmap and features)
2013-05-03: Mageia 3 (see release schedule)
2013-05-16: Tails 0.18 (see what's coming up)
2013-05-31: OS4 14 Beta
2013-06-15: OS4 14 (see roadmap)
2013-07-25: OS4 14.1 (see roadmap)
2013-08-05: Frugalware 1.9 (see roadmap)
Around The Web (by Jesse Smith)
openSUSE 12.3 (de)
Linux For The Rest Of Us 128 (mp3)
Everyday Linux 89 (mp3)
The Linux Link Tech Show 499 (ogg)
mintCast 154 (ogg)
Ubuntu UK s06s06 (ogg)
Linux Outlaws 305 (ogg)
Sunday Morning Linux Review 78 (ogg)
Linux Action Show 255 (ogg)
ROSA Planet 6
Debian Project News 2013/07
Random distribution button, new news filtering option, questions about Pisi Linux and Ubuntu GNOME
Just a couple of notes about some of the recent changes on DistroWatch.com. Firstly, as many correctly concluded (although some did not), last week's news about removing most of the distributions from the DistroWatch database was indeed an April Fool's joke.
Secondly, many of you have noticed a new addition to the site's navigation bar - a "Random Distribution" button. This was requested by Ryan, a devote DistroWatch reader and distro hopper: "I love to go on DistroWatch to find new distros to use in VirtualBox and to put on old computers, but I have one problem. Well, it's not very much a problem, but it's something I wish there was. I wish there was a button you could press to take you to a random active distribution, because I get very lost in there sometimes.". The new button does exactly that - it will take you to a random active distribution's page on DistroWatch. So far the "toy" has been very popular - it received over 32,000 clicks in the first five days of its existence!
Another addition to the front page is an option to display news about stable distribution releases ONLY (i.e. hide all news items that deal with development, alphas, betas, release candidate, milestones, etc.). This is useful when you are researching a popular distribution or want to look up information about an older release - now you don't need to wade through dozens of development news items to find what you are looking for. Just choose "Release: Stable" from the drop-down box in the News Filtering Options rectangle (just above the first news item on the main page).
We have removed Pisi Linux from DistroWatch. This is a distribution that intends to succeed the "old" Pardus Linux (when it was an independent distribution with its own package management called "Pisi", rather than the current Debian-based variant). Unfortunately, we have found the project still rather immature at this stage - it has changed name three times already and the communication with the distribution developers have been rather unpleasant, with many conflicting requests and confusing emails. Also, the project's SourceForge page continues to claim that "as of 2013-03-14, this project is no longer under active development," which has been denied by the project's official website. All in all, adding Pisi Linux to DistroWatch so early was perhaps a little premature so we would like to give it a bit more time to mature and settle down. We'll revisit the decision in the future once things start to improve - until that happens we are sorry to say that you won't see any announcements on DistroWatch. If you are interested in this project please visit their official English-language website for news and information.
Finally, an answer to questions by a number of readers who wanted to know why the new Ubuntu GNOME (an official Ubuntu subproject featuring GNOME Shell, rather than Unity as the default user interface) had not been added to DistroWatch. The reason is that, unlike other Ubuntu subprojects, including the recently-added UbuntuKylin, Ubuntu GNOME doesn't have its own project infrastructure (web site, logo, support options, etc.). On DistroWatch, such a distro is considered an "edition" of its parent, rather than a distribution in its own right. Yes, it's an arbitrary rule, but we had to draw a line somewhere because periodically there are calls to list even editions (e.g. Linux Mint "Debian" edition and many others) as separate distributions. As always, there will be opposing views on this issue and since it's not possible to please everybody, we'll have a-distro-must-have-its-website rule. Good news for those who wish to see Ubuntu GNOME listed as a "distribution" (and bad news for those who don't) - the project's leaders tell us that they are planning to set up their own website in the near future.
MakuluLinux. MakuluLinux is a custom Linux Mint remix which features multiple desktop environments, multimedia codecs, WINE's compatibility layer and Steam.
This concludes this week's issue of DistroWatch Weekly. The next instalment will be published on Monday, 15 April 2013. To contact the authors please send email to:
AsianLinux
AsianLinux was an Indian Linux distribution which aims to promote Linux and open source. Based on Fedora Core, it comes with several enhancements, as well as additional multimedia and development tools; these include Firefox with Flash, Java Runtime, Kaffeine and Real Player plugins, various graphics manipulation applications, and CAD design software.
Tips and tricks: File encryption and cloud backup
Questions and answers: Simple command-line tricks
Questions and answers: SELinux
Tips and tricks: Simple rsync examples
Tips and tricks: Tools for rescuing the operating system and data files
Questions and answers: Restoring GRUB
Tips and tricks: Advanced file systems, network traffic, running a script at login/logout
Questions and answers: A look behind the curtain, part 2


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The Robber Barons
The Classic Account of the Influential Capitalists Who Transformed America's Future
Matthew Josephson
"The best, the liveliest and most illuminating" account of Rockefeller, Morgan, and the other men who seized American economic power after the Civil War (The New Republic).
John D. Rockefeller, J. P. Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, E. H. Harriman, Jay Gould, Henry Clay Frick . . . their names carry a powerful historical ring, still echoing today in the countless institutions that are part of their legacy, from universities to museums to banks. But who were the people behind the legends, and how did they rise to their positions of vast wealth and influence in the latter half of the nineteenth century?
The Robber Barons is a classic work on the financiers and industrialists of the Gilded Age, who shaped their own era as well as the future of the United States—"not a mere series of biographies but a genuine history" (The New York Times Book Review).
More Books by Matthew Josephson
Edison: A Biography
Al Smith: Hero of the Cities (A Political Portrait Drawing on the Papers of Frances Perkins)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


First Creations First Painting Kit is backordered and will ship as soon as it is back in stock.
Australian made, non-toxic paints in red, blue, yellow and green, a set of 3 Easi-Grip Paint Brushes that have been especially designed for little hands to grip. Along with the large Mini Artist Pad a 6 well paint palette and Toddler Smock made from protective material, ideal for messy play.


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Home/Entertainment/Rome sent off Gina Lollobrigida with applause
Rome sent off Gina Lollobrigida with applause
flashcardtree7 days ago
Rome said goodbye to the famous Italian actress Gina Lollobrigida, who died on January 16 at the age of 95. The funeral took place in the Church of Santa Maria in Montesanto in Piazza del Popolo, known as the "Church of Artists", TASS reported, referring to the first channel of the state television RAI.
Before the well-attended ceremony, Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni visited the hall in Rome's town hall where the farewell was held to pay tribute to the memory of one of the most famous film stars of the 20th century. Meloni called Lollobrigida "the face of Italy to the world" and noted her "strength and determination" that had become the personification of the post-war period in the country.
The mourning ceremony was attended by relatives of the actress – her son Andrea Milko from her marriage to the Yugoslav doctor Milko Skofic and her grandson Dimitri Skofic. Among those present was Lollobrigida's ex-husband, Spanish Javier Rigau, 34 years her junior, with whom her marriage has been declared invalid. Even younger is the assistant of the actress Andrea Piazzola, who spent the last years with her and whom her relatives accuse of fraud and trying to embezzle her property.
The star was sent off with applause from all present. Among them were a group of elite light infantrymen, the Bersalieri archers, who consider Gina Lollobrigida their patron saint. In the film "Bread, Love and Fantasy" (1953), she played a boisterous and rebellious proud girl known by the nickname "Bersaliera".
Photo: BTA
Venets presented another icon of Italian cinema – Sophia Loren, with whom Lollobrigida was often compared, and contemporaries tried to present them as rivals. After Lollobrigida's passing, Loren wrote: "Dear Gina, your body is gone, but the light of your star will always shine on us and our hearts. I love you Gina. Sophia."
Most of Lollobrigida's life is associated with Rome, and after retiring from the big screen, she turned to sculpture and photography. In a house on the ancient Appian Way, next door to that of Franco Zeffirelli (1923-2019), she spent her last decades.
According to her wishes, Gina Lollobrigida will be buried in her hometown of Subiaco, 70 kilometers from Rome. City officials plan to name a square in her honor.
Krasi Avramov to Life: There is chemistry between me and Velina Uzunova, but nothing is known yet
Matthew Perry spent $9 million to recover from his addictions
"The way they took advantage of my trauma is disgusting"
Bruce Willis has sold the rights to use his digital double in video productions
The mansion where Johnny Depp cut off his finger was sold for $40 million


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Псевдовипадкові послідовності (числа) — послідовності, що отримуються за цілком невипадковим алгоритмом, але мають властивості, дуже подібні до властивостей реалізацій випадкових чисел.

Псевдовипадкове число — елемент отриманої за певним алгоритмом числової послідовності, властивості якої наближаються до випадкової. Негативною особливістю псевдовипадкових чисел (як імітаційної моделі випадкових чисел) є періодичність отриманої послідовності.

Отримання
Реалізація статистичних моделей за допомогою обчислювальних машин передбачає можливість отримання у достатній мірі випадкових показників (що є нетривіальним завданням, оскільки електронно-обчислювальна машина працює на основі чітко прописаної логіки та детерміністичного підходу), а також імітацію законів розподілу, що часто використовуються на практиці.

Зазвичай генерування псевдовипадкової послідовності передбачає два етапи. На першому генерують псевдовипадкові числа, що мають рівномірний розподіл на відрізку від нуля до одиниці. На другому цю послідовність перетворюють у послідовність, що має заданий закон розподілу.

Генерація рівномірно розподілених чисел

Існує ряд методів, які задовільняють критеріям перевірки «випадковості» побудови таких чисел з розподілом близьким до рівномірного (хоча ці числа взаємозалежні).

Зазвичай використовують деяке рекурентне співвідношення. Це значить, що кожне наступне число αk+1 утворюють із попереднього αk (або групи попередніх чисел), використовуючи деякий алгоритм, який використовує арифметичні та логічні операції.

Часто застосовується метод остач, який відноситься до так званих аналітичних методів і полягає в побудові послідовності {αn} згідно із рекурентним співвідношенням αn+1 = Kαn (mod M), де К та M — деякі константи.

Для генерування псевдовипадкових чисел, що мають рівномірний розподіл на відрізку від нуля до одиниці використовують методи:
 метод остач (лінійний конгруентний метод);
 метод середніх квадратів (метод фон Неймана);
 метод трикутного відображення;
 метод логістичного відображення.

Перетворення в послідовність з заданим розподілом

Для перетворення отриманої послідовності у послідовність псевдовипадкових чисел із заданим законом розподілу використовують загальні та спеціальні методи. Серед загальних можна зазначити методи, що базуються на аналітичному перетворенні елементів вихідної послідовності; метод остач та метод, що базується на заміні заданого закону розподілу східчастою функцією. Ці методи придатні для отримання послідовностей з різними типами законів розподілу. До спеціальних належать алгоритми, що дають змогу перетворити вихідну послідовність у послідовність з конкретним законом розподілу. Кожний з таких алгоритмів придатний лише для отримання псевдовипадкових послідовностей із заданим типом розподілу.

Обов'язковим етапом генерування псевдовипадкових чисел є перевірка періодичності й випадковості отриманої послідовності та її відповідності заданому закону розподілу.

Дивись також

 Генератор псевдовипадкових чисел
 Список криптографічних алгоритмів

Примітки

Посилання
 Енциклопедія кібернетики, А. И. Березовський, т. 2, ст. 254.

Алгоритмічна теорія інформації
Криптографія

Теоретична інформатика

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The DX EPOXY-POTTED NEMA 3R enclosure control transformers are specially designed for indoor and outdoor use. Ideal for corrosive, damp, humid or dusty environments. Recommended for applications in mechanically hazardous locations such as conveyors, elevators, extruders, etc. Approved for export markets.


text:
First picture of 28-year-old neighbour charged with double murder in Kent after mum and daughter kni
A neighbour and bodybuilder charged with the murder of two women after an alleged dispute over a shared driveway has appeared in court.
Jack Ralph, 28, is alleged to have attacked an elderly man and his wife and daughter in the commuter village of Hadlow near Tonbridge, Kent.
Jack Ralph, 28, is alleged to have attacked an elderly man and his wife and daughter in the commuter village of Hadlow
He appeared at Medway Magistrates Court via video link this morning to face two charges for murder and one of attempted murder.
Cops called to a house on a quiet street found David Harris, 78, seriously injured with stab wounds. His wife, Margaret, 78 and their daughter, Sharon, 55, were dead.
It was claimed they were attacked by a man who chased Mr Harris inside the house following an altercation outside.
Locals say Ralph and the Harrises had rows over access to the drive
Locals say Ralph and the Harrises had rows over access to the drive in Hadlow, Kent.
Last night Margaret's sister Doris Pope told the Mail on Sunday: "It's just a big shock and obviously we hope that the person who did this is brought to justice.
"We are shocked and devastated and just cannot believe something like this can happen."
It is understood that is where the two women were stabbed to death and Mr Harris was wounded.
He was airlifted to hospital in London where he was said to be stable today.
Neighbours described their shock of the tragedy that happened in their "quiet and friendly" town.
One forensics officer was seen carrying a bag of Winalot and cans of dog food into the house
A police officer at the scene as forensics gets underway
It is believed that the family had been involved with ongoing disputes with their neighbours over a driveway.
Another resident from the quiet neighbourhood in Hadlow, said: "The dad is in a London hospital but I don't know his condition."
Neighbour Sophie Moorey-Brown, 31, said: 'The first we knew about it was when there was an air ambulance very low over the houses.
"There was a heavy police presence and forensic teams.
"We've lived here for five years and never heard anything bad happen.
"It has always been so quiet and a lovely place to be. We are very shocked and saddened by what we have heard and are trying to shield our boys from hearing too much.
Neighbours have spoken of their shock after police and forensics descended on the quiet village of Hadlow
Forensics officers were seen examining a property yesterday morning after police found two women dead
Ralph is alleged to have killed Margaret Harris, 78 and her daughter, Sharon, 55
A neighbour said: "I know the family very well. They have a shared driveway. They have a motorhome and are always leaving it on the road. It's a nuisance.
"It's parked on a slight bend and is hard to see past.
"A few years ago I heard them saying one neighbour couldn't get his car up the drive.
"The daughter lives there as well as their son. I don't know where he was. He may have been at work."
Another resident added: "It is such an awful thing to hear anywhere, but in our lovely, friendly little village it's bound to rock us residents even more."
Nigel Keogh, a 51-year-old plasterer who lives across the street, described Mr and Mrs Harris as a "nice couple", adding: "They kept themselves to themselves."
The victims' family said on Monday: "We have lost two members of our family and are focusing on the recovery of another.
Work colleagues of the family have already paid their respects by leaving flowers and heartfelt messages outside their house.
A group of forensics officers huddle outside the home in Hadlow
One well-wisher wrote: "Sharon, we wished each other a good weekend at 4:30 on Friday.
"I can't believe I am writing these words, there will be a big gap at work without you. All our love Clare and Danni"
Ralph will next appear at Maidstone Crown Court on October 3.
My view: This is terrible, such a deranged lunatic, why kill people over a shared drive.


NEW YORK (AP) — Actress Juliette Binoche has long been fascinated by war photography, she says, and often wonders about the people who risk their lives to capture such photos. Who are they, and what are they like?
She got a crash course when preparing for her new movie, "1,000 Times Good Night," in which she plays a photojournalist and mother whose personal risks wreak havoc on her family.
Known for her intensive preparation for films — for "The Lovers on the Bridge," for example, she slept in the streets of Paris to experience life as a homeless person, angering her own mother — Binoche interviewed war photojournalists to get a sense of what drives them. "The passion they have for their work can become an obsession," she says. "You want to have a family, and yet you can't live without your passion. How is it possible to live with both?"
Norwegian director Erik Poppe says he based the film on his own experiences as a photojournalist. But he decided to make the central character a woman, he says, because he felt it would intensify the sense of conflict between one's profession and one's family. Binoche's character, Rebecca, has a husband and two daughters, all of whom suffer in various ways from what she puts them through.
It's not lost on either the director or his leading lady that this is a particularly apt time to focus on the dangers of being a war journalist, with the recent beheadings of journalists in Syria at the hands of Islamic State militants — and other deaths in the past few years. "It's going to be harder and harder for people to do this work," Poppe notes.
The film begins in Afghanistan, where Rebecca is documenting the last hours of a Taliban suicide bomber — in this case, a woman. No male photographer would be allowed to see such intimate preparations as the dressing of the bomber, ending with the fitting of her suicide vest.
But Rebecca wants even better photos, so she asks to ride in the bomber's car into Kabul. Exiting the car, she snaps yet a few more, and in doing so, inadvertently attracts the attention of the police. The ensuing struggle results in the premature detonation of the bomb. Rebecca is seriously wounded, but is luckier than the civilians nearby who are killed.
"We talked about that scene a lot," Binoche says. "Rebecca tries to warn people nearby — but yet, she pushes it. It's always this question of how far can you go as a human being. Why didn't she say to the police, 'It's a suicide bomber.' It's hard. You're working with your instinct, trying to cause as little harm as possible and yet getting information to the world."
Poppe notes that the film tries not to judge Rebecca. "It's not black and white," he says. "She's trying to tell a story. The fact is they were going out to kill people, maybe many more. But a situation like this can break you apart. "
Indeed, when Rebecca arrives home to recuperate, she is broken and wracked with guilt. She promises that she'll stop. But when an opportunity arises again, this time in Africa, her photographer's instincts kick in yet again, with still more harrowing results for her family.
The ending, which brings her back to Afghanistan where she began, isn't totally clear. "It's not really about the answer, it's about the questioning," Binoche says. "Definitely she cannot carry on the way she did, because it went really too far. But what I love about art is that it's not for answering, it's for raising questions."
It's a busy time for Binoche, a 1996 Oscar winner for "The English Patient," who at 50 is still one of France's most glamorous actresses. She's also getting attention for "Clouds of Sils Maria," in which she appears with Kristen Stewart , playing an older actress reviving a play that made her famous 20 years earlier.
Binoche is known for working outside the studio system — both the Hollywood system and in her own country, she points out. "Very quickly I felt the need to be an outsider of ANY system," she says. "I knew that speaking English was the medium I had to travel with — I got that very early on."
"To do a few commercial films so that then I can then do this many independent films — for me it doesn't work that way," she adds. "I only go for what I really love. I'm not against commercial if it interests me. But the choice has to come not from fear. That's the key. Choosing from fear, you are not connected to your root. Who doesn't want to have success? But the real success at the end of the day is (doing something) I care for, and learning something while doing it."


text:
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<workingSet aggregate="true" factoryID="org.eclipse.ui.internal.WorkingSetFactory" id="1429079372349_0" label="Window Working Set" name="Aggregate for window 1429079372348"/>
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


 Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1 volume (unpaginated) : color illustrations ; 27 cm.
 Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 32 unnumbered pages : color illustrations ; 26 cm.
 Simon & Schuster, 28 unnumbered pages : chiefly color illustrations ; 27 cm.
2001. Scholastic, 1 volume (unpaged) : color illustrations ; 26 cm.
Huff, Scotty., Lewin, Betsy,, Lewin, Betsy., Travis, Randy,, Travis, Randy.
Huff, Scotty., Lewin, Betsy,illustrator., Lewin, Betsy., Travis, Randy,narrator., Travis, Randy., hoopla digital.
Overdrive (CMC):ODN0000720803|eBook|eBook||English||2012.|1 online resource, hoopla:MWT10740110|eAudiobook|Audio Books|Unabridged.|English|Weston Woods,|2001.|1 online resource (1 audio file (9 min.)) : digital., hoopla:MWT11897222|eAudiobook|Audio Books|Unabridged.|Spanish|Weston Woods Studios Inc ,|2002.|1 online resource (1 audio file (7 min.)) : digital., ils:.b24596516|Book|Books||English|Scholastic,|2001.|1 volume (unpaged) : color illustrations ; 26 cm., ils:.b26859968|CD|Audio Books||English|Weston Woods :|2001.|1 audio disc (approximately 14 min.) : digital ; 4 3/4 in. + 1 book ( pages : color illustrations), ils:.b27125415|Book|Books||English|Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers,||32 unnumbered pages : color illustrations ; 26 cm., ils:.b37625342|Book|Books|Little Simon board book ed.|English|Little Simon,|2010.|1 volume (unpaged) : color illustrations ; 19 cm., ils:.b41601063|CD|Audio Books|1st Little Simon book and CD ed.|English|Simon & Schuster,||1 audio disc : digital ; 4 3/4 in. + 1 book., ils:.b46120683|Book|Books||English|Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers,||1 volume (unpaginated) : color illustrations ; 27 cm., ils:.b50882375|Book|Books||English|Simon Spotlight,|2016.|, ils:.b53643823|Book|Books|Simon Spotlight edition.|English|Simon Spotlight,||1 volume (unpaged) : color illustrations ; 24 cm., ils:.b57284398|Book|Books||English|Simon & Schuster,||28 unnumbered pages : chiefly color illustrations ; 27 cm.


text:
Q: How to Aggregate timestamp Values to 15 MIns? I have some values for some particular timestam like
  Time                          Value
  18/10/2016 00:00:00           10
  18/10/2016 00:05:00           20
  18/10/2016 00:10:00           30
  18/10/2016 00:15:00           40
  18/10/2016 00:20:00           50
  18/10/2016 00:25:00           60
  18/10/2016 00:30:00           70

I want to aggregate it to 15 Mins data. My aggregation should be like at 18/10/2016 00:15:00 it should take the average of 5mins,10Mins and 15Mins to give 15th Min data.
My output should be like
  Time                          value
  18/10/2016 00:15:00           30
  18/10/2016 00:30:00           60

Is there any way to get this in oracle?

A: Here is one method:
select (trunc(time, 'HOUR') + 15 * trunc(extract(minute from time) / 15) / (60 * 24)) as time,
       sum(value)
from t
group by (trunc(time, 'HOUR') + 15 * trunc(extract(minute from time) / 15) / (60 * 24));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Each year we're pleased to see a number of our alumni recognised with Australia Day Honours. This year was no exception, and we extend our congratulations to the following people.
For eminent service to the judiciary, and to the law, to criminal and civil appeals reform, to legal education, and to professional standards.
For eminent service to the community through professional involvement in, and philanthropic support for, the performing and visual arts, and to Australia-Asia cultural exchange.
For significant service to sports administration, particularly with the Australian Olympic Committee.
For significant service to the community of Canberra, and to the broadcast media as a radio presenter.
For significant service to the Anglican Church of Australia, and to theological education.
For service to children through charitable initiatives.


Police in India have been accused of "roughing up" people taking part in a peaceful protest against the persecution of Christians.
The allegations were made by a Catholic priest who described being thrown into security vans alongside women, children and religious Sisters.
Fr Dennis George, of the Archdiocese of New Delhi, said police arrived after 500 people gathered at the gate of the city's Sacred Heart Cathedral to protest against anti-Christian violence.
He said the police grabbed him when he tried to intervene on behalf of Christians being physically threatened by security officials.
The protest last month came in response to attacks on five churches in the Indian capital within two months and a string of other acts of violence and intimidation against Christians all over the country.
The protestors were demonstrating against alleged government inaction to curb growing persecution of Christians in India.
Extremist Hindu radicals are being blamed for increased violence and harassment of Christians over the past months and have been emboldened by the nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) triumph in the 2014 election which brought Mr Modi to power.


In "The BlackBerry accord of 2009," the Los Angeles Times explains how President Obama has been allowed to keep his Blackberry to stay in contact with distant friends, keep current on online culture, and do Internet research independent of his advisors. Many who study digital culture see this as a very good sign for the new administration, given how the Bush White House far too frequently used national security as an excuse for excessive secrecy and justified bizarre e-mail practices and a hermetically sealed deliberative sphere on those grounds.
Former President George W. Bush gave up personal e-mail upon entering office, fearing he would create a public record with every touch of the "send" button. Bill Clinton has been reported to avoid e-mail even today.
However, security officials did voice some legitimate concerns about the vulnerabilities of this third-party commercial device to malicious external activities by hackers, including "malicious software" that "can transform the device into a miniature radio transmitter, allowing eavesdroppers to hear conversations near it" and a program that "can detect the phone's location by way of signals it sends to nearby cellular towers, turning it into a homing device." As the LA Times explains, "According to a database maintained by the Department of Homeland Security, at least 16 potential chinks in the BlackBerry's security armor have come to light since 2004."
Nonetheless, like many of his age and education, Obama apparently told reporters that he would be unwilling to part with a device to which he was so intimately connected on a minute-by-minute basis: "I'm still clinging to my BlackBerry. They're going to pry it out of my hands."


Capon Bridge, WV (West Virginia), a community in Hampshire County, was incorporated in 1902 and named for a bridge over the Cacapon River there. The town is the site of Fort Edwards archaeological site and visitor center, where the remains of a 1750s frontier fortress are being studied and interpreted.
The following parks and public recreation areas are located within 20 miles of Capon Bridge.
The community is on highway US-50 approximately 25 miles east of Romney, West Virginia, 26 miles northeast of Wardensville, West Virginia, and 20 miles west of Winchester, Virginia.
Capon Bridge is located in the Potomac Branches Region in eastern West Virginia.


text:
import { InputArray, Rect, RectLike, SizeLike } from '../core';

export type MouseEventFlags = number;
export type MouseEventTypes = number;
export type QtButtonTypes = number;
export type QtFontStyles = number;
export type QtFontWeights = number;
export type WindowFlags = number;
export type WindowPropertyFlags = number;

export const EVENT_FLAG_LBUTTON: MouseEventFlags;
export const EVENT_FLAG_RBUTTON: MouseEventFlags;
export const EVENT_FLAG_MBUTTON: MouseEventFlags;
export const EVENT_FLAG_CTRLKEY: MouseEventFlags;
export const EVENT_FLAG_SHIFTKEY: MouseEventFlags;
export const EVENT_FLAG_ALTKEY: MouseEventFlags;

export const EVENT_MOUSEMOVE: MouseEventTypes;
export const EVENT_LBUTTONDOWN: MouseEventTypes;
export const EVENT_RBUTTONDOWN: MouseEventTypes;
export const EVENT_MBUTTONDOWN: MouseEventTypes;
export const EVENT_LBUTTONUP: MouseEventTypes;
export const EVENT_RBUTTONUP: MouseEventTypes;
export const EVENT_MBUTTONUP: MouseEventTypes;
export const EVENT_LBUTTONDBLCLK: MouseEventTypes;
export const EVENT_RBUTTONDBLCLK: MouseEventTypes;
export const EVENT_MBUTTONDBLCLK: MouseEventTypes;
export const EVENT_MOUSEWHEEL: MouseEventTypes;
export const EVENT_MOUSEHWHEEL: MouseEventTypes;

export const QT_PUSH_BUTTON: QtButtonTypes;
export const QT_CHECKBOX: QtButtonTypes;
export const QT_RADIOBOX: QtButtonTypes;
export const QT_NEW_BUTTONBAR: QtButtonTypes;

export const QT_STYLE_NORMAL: QtFontStyles;
export const QT_STYLE_ITALIC: QtFontStyles;
export const QT_STYLE_OBLIQUE: QtFontStyles;

export const QT_FONT_LIGHT: QtFontWeights;
export const QT_FONT_NORMAL: QtFontWeights;
export const QT_FONT_DEMIBOLD: QtFontWeights;
export const QT_FONT_BOLD: QtFontWeights;
export const QT_FONT_BLACK: QtFontWeights;

export const WINDOW_NORMAL: WindowFlags;
export const WINDOW_AUTOSIZE: WindowFlags;
export const WINDOW_OPENGL: WindowFlags;
export const WINDOW_FULLSCREEN: WindowFlags;
export const WINDOW_FREERATIO: WindowFlags;
export const WINDOW_KEEPRATIO: WindowFlags;
export const WINDOW_GUI_EXPANDED: WindowFlags;
export const WINDOW_GUI_NORMAL: WindowFlags;

export const WND_PROP_FULLSCREEN: WindowPropertyFlags;
export const WND_PROP_AUTOSIZE: WindowPropertyFlags;
export const WND_PROP_ASPECT_RATIO: WindowPropertyFlags;
export const WND_PROP_OPENGL: WindowPropertyFlags;
export const WND_PROP_VISIBLE: WindowPropertyFlags;

export type TrackbarCallback = (position: number) => void;
export type MouseCallback = (event: MouseEventTypes, x: number, y: number, flags: number) => void;

export function createTrackbar(trackbarname: string, winname: string, value: number, count: number, onChange?: TrackbarCallback /* = 0 */): number;
export function destroyAllWindows(): void;
export function destroyWindow(winname: string): void;
export function getMouseWheelDelta(flags: number): number;
export function getTrackbarPos(trackbarname: string, winname: string): number;
export function getWindowProperty(winname: string, prop_id: number): number;
export function imshow(winname: string, mat: InputArray): void;
export function moveWindow(winname: string, x: number, y: number): void;
export function namedWindow(winname: string, flags?: number /* = WINDOW_AUTOSIZE */): void;
export function resizeWindow(winname: string, width: number, height: number): void;
export function selectROI(windowName: string, img: InputArray, showCrosshair?: boolean /* = true */, fromCenter?: boolean /* = false */): Rect;
export function selectROI(img: InputArray, showCrosshair?: boolean /* = true */, fromCenter?: boolean /* = false */): Rect;
export function selectROIs(windowName: string, img: InputArray, showCrosshair?: boolean /* = true */, fromCenter?: boolean /* = false */): Rect[];
export function setMouseCallback(winname: string, onMouse: MouseCallback): void;
export function setTrackbarMax(trackbarname: string, winname: string, maxval: number): void;
export function setTrackbarMin(trackbarname: string, winname: string, minval: number): void;
export function setTrackbarPos(trackbarname: string, winname: string, pos: number): void;
export function setWindowProperty(winname: string, prop_id: number, prop_value: number): void;
export function setWindowTitle(winname: string, title: string): void;
export function startWindowThread(): number;
export function waitKey(delay?: number /* = 0 */): number;
export function waitKeyEx(delay?: number /* = 0 */): number;

export interface TrackerBar {
    getPos(): number;
    setMax(maxval: number): void;
    setMin(minval: number): void;
    setPos(pos: number): void;
}

export class NamedWindow {
    public constructor(name: string, flags?: number);

    public createTrackerbar(name: string): TrackerBar;

    public destroy();

    public getProperty(propId: number): number;

    public show(mat: InputArray): void;

    public showImage(mat: InputArray): void;

    public move(x: number, y: number): void;

    public resize(width: number, height: number): void;

    public selectROI(img: InputArray, showCrosshair?: boolean, fromCenter?: boolean): Rect;

    public selectROIMulti(img: InputArray, showCrosshair?: boolean, fromCenter?: boolean): Rect[];

    public setMouseCallback(onMouse: MouseCallback): void;

    public setProperty(propId: number, value: number): void;

    public setTitle(title: string): void;
}


text:
Q: change date format mm-dd-yy and mm-dd-yyyy in same dataset my data set contains a birth date column where som dates are mm-dd-yy and mm-dd-yyyy. e.g 11/24/87 and 11/24/1987
how can I change it to a correct format in mm-dd-yyyy?
i try this code
mutate(DOB = as.Date(DOB, format="%m/%d/%y"))

my goal in the end it to calculate the age of a person
thanks in advance

A: You can use lubridate's mdy :
lubridate::mdy(c('11/24/87', '11/24/1987'))
#[1] "1987-11-24" "1987-11-24"

If your dataframe is called df, you can do :
library(dplyr)
library(lubridate)

df %>% mutate(DOB = mdy(DOB))

A: We can use as.Date from base R
df <- transform(df, DOB = as.Date(DOB, "%m/%d/%y"))