This DVD is probably unique! It shows you how to start working your border collie on a variety of livestock – cattle, sheep and ducks.
There's much good sense and insight packed into 90 entertaining minutes, and the training methods are kind and easily understood.
An introduction to training the all-round livestock dog or specialist.
"Starting your Border Collie" doesn't just cover working the dog, it also includes assessing your dog for livestock, as well as explaining the best housing for your dog, general care and obedience.
There's a slightly different approach needed to work with cattle, sheep or poultry, but we're still working with the dog's natural instinct. This DVD demonstrates how to harness and nurture that precious instinct to develop a practical, adaptable, working relationship with your dog.
"Starting your Border Collie on Cattle, Sheep or Ducks" covers a range of training options, illustrated by five young dogs.
Glen is started during the summer, on three steers. Jill is started in the fall on five ducks, for just one week, and then moves onto working dry cows during the winter months. Spot starts on sheep and stays on sheep, while Moss starts on sheep and then is put onto cows.
Finally, Tess is started on dry cows in the winter and then onto three steers in the summer. You will follow each of these dogs through their progress.
However, before any of these pups start training, you are led through a simple approach to keeping your pup out of trouble, and rearing it correctly to its working age. The importance of this early training should never be under-estimated.
Animated graphics used throughout this video will help the viewer to understand the process.
An invaluable DVD for anyone who needs a useful, all-round farm dog.


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ImmigrationProf Blog
Deportation worries fuel anxiety, poor sleep, among U.S.-born Latinx youth
By Immigration Prof
News from UC Berkeley!
President Trump long has directed harsh words and policies at immigrants. Consider his threat of mass deportations last week. Such rhetoric has impacts, threatens and scares immigrants. Fear understandably has increased among many immigrant, Latinx, and Asian students on college campuses.
The rise of anti-immigration rhetoric and policies in the United States in the wake of the 2016 elections may be taking its toll on the health of California's Latinx youth, including those who are U.S. citizens. These are the findings of a new study led by University of California, Berkeley, researchers.
The study tracked the mental and physical health of U.S.-born children of Mexican and Central American immigrants in California in the years before and after the 2016 election. It also asked about their sleep quality and their degree of worry about the personal consequences of U.S immigration policies.
Nearly half of the youth reported worrying at least sometimes about the impacts of U.S. immigration policy on their families. Those with more worries also experienced higher anxiety and poorer sleep quality than their peers.
When the researchers compared the youth's well-being before and after the election, they found that anxiety symptoms increased more markedly among individuals who reported more worry about immigration policies.
The paper describing the results of the study appears in the June 24 in the Journal of the American Medical Association: Pediatrics. Here the "Conclusions and Relevance" from the Abstract:
"Fear and worry about the personal consequences of current US immigration policy and rhetoric appear to be associated with higher anxiety levels, sleep problems, and blood pressure changes among US-born Latino adolescents; anxiety significantly increased after the 2016 presidential election."
https://lawprofessors.typepad.com/immigration/2019/06/deportation-worries-fuel-anxiety-poor-sleep-among-us-born-latinx-youth.html
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Stuart Hurlbert on Anti-immigrant leader Dr. John Tanton dies
Tech Team on Immigrants from New Origin Countries in the United States
Carl Hamad-Lipscombe on Promised ICE Raids Never Materialize, Fear Remains
Gulf Kuwait on Does due process require termination of proceedings where a detained respondent is forcibly separated from his family with identical claims for asylum? -YES By: Geoffrey A. Hoffman
Rahul Sharma on Immigration Article of the Day: Borderland attachments: citizenship and belonging along the U.S.–Mexico border by Heidy Sarabia
'Go Back Where You Came From': The Roots Of Trump's Tweets
Debut author wins 2019 Harper Lee Prize for Legal Fiction with refugees' story
Immigration Article of the Day: Civil Servant Alarm by Bijal Shah
Anti-immigrant leader Dr. John Tanton dies
Please Select \ Books \ Conferences and Call for Papers \ Current Affairs \ Film & Television \ Food and Drinks \ Immigration Law Clinics \ Jobs and Fellowships \ Law Review Articles & Essays \ Music \ Photos \ Religion \ Sports \ Teaching Resources The Archives
Kevin R. Johnson
Professor of Law and Chicana/o Studies, and Mabie-Apallas Public Interest Law Chair
Univ. of California, Davis, School of Law
Bill O. Hing
Univ. of San Francisco School of Law
Kit Johnson
Ming Hsu Chen
Courtesy Appointment in Political Science
Ethnic Studies Faculty Affiliate
Director, Immigration Law and Policy Program

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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COVID-19 - Keeping you safe on our events
Tom's Trust Project 3: Southside Young Leaders Academy
This month, we're highlighting another project that has been supported and funded by the Tom ap Rhys Pryce Memorial Trust (Tom's Trust) with the help of Club Peloton donations since September 2018. Over the past 12 years, Club Peloton riders have raised over £360,000 for Tom's Trust, which has made an enormous difference to the various projects that do vital work in their field.
Project 3 - Southside Young Leaders Academy
Southside Young Leaders Academy (SYLA) provides a disciplined framework to enhance self-esteem and to encourage boys to pursue their ambitions. SYLA exists to develop leadership potential in boys aged 8 to 16 of African and Afro-Caribbean heritage and prioritizes children who live in deprived areas who are vulnerable, disadvantaged, and at risk of social and academic exclusion. SYLA provides a programme of activities on Saturdays, throughout the holidays and on some weekday evenings. Through personal development, teamwork and skills training, SYLA seeks to inspire boys to be agents of change in their own lives and to become the next generation of young black leaders, providing a positive alternative to gangs and gang-related crime.
Pupils from schools in Lambeth and Southwark are referred to SYLA. 30 boys take part in the weekly after-school programme funded by Tom's Trust and SYLA wish to run a second such programme (there is a large waiting list). The number benefitting from SYLA as a whole is much greater than this. There are 6 permanent staff, and SYLA welcomes volunteers to assist with various aspects of its work.
Services delivered by SYLA to boys (and their families) in Southwark and Lambeth during the 2018-19 academic year include the following:
30 boys have been taking part in the weekly after-school programme covering English and Maths. This is the part of SYLA's work that Tom's Trust helps fund specifically. The programme was delivered in partnership with Tutors United and Team-Up, who were able to offer the boys increased levels of support with a 1:4 or better ratio between tutors and students. Team-Up is a social venture charity also supported by Tom's Trust.
35+ boys attended the Saturday Leadership Academy focusing on two key projects. 'Let's Talk About Knives' was designed to provide an understanding of the law, develop emotional intelligence and resilience, and provide the boys with the tools to deal with conflict resolution and make positive lifestyle choices. The second project 'Remembrance: What Black Britons did during WW1' aimed to provide the boys with an understanding of the role black servicemen played in WW1.
40 boys took part in the Active Lives! Making a difference through sports programme. The project led to SYLA becoming part of the Sports & Serious Youth Violence Steering Group set up by the London Mayor's Office. The aim is to promote the view that an active lifestyle, which is essential to mental and emotional well-being, needs to sit alongside academic attainment and skills development if it aims to tackle the rise of serious youth violence.
Four of SYLA's Young Leaders have received full boarding school bursaries through SYLA's partnership with Royal National Children's Springboard Foundation, meaning SYLA will have a total of 20 boys at seven boarding schools this September. One of the Young Leaders has been made School Prefect for 2019/20. SYLA will continue to support new applicants, as well as existing boarders, to harness the transformational experience on offer from Royal Springboard.
Find out more at http://www.syla.org.uk
©SYLA
In summary: In the peloton with... Mike Axon
22 Jun In the Peloton with... — Membership
Commuting: how to start and stick with it
17 Jun In the saddle with...
Club Peloton
Coram Campus, 41 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AZ
charlotte@clubpeloton.org


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Chaebol generosity takes a hit
Conglomerates in Korea have become stingier about making donations. In the wake of the Choi Soon-sil scandal, companies are scared of being criticized for seeking favors or offering bribes, leading to a massive drop in the amount of money given away.
The companies fear that they might get criticized for making implied favors with the donated money, let alone getting credited for doing good deeds.
Korea's top 20 companies by market cap donated significantly less in the first half of this year compared to the last year, according to data from the Financial Supervisory Service.
The top 20 companies donated 275.5 billion won ($243.6 million) from January to June this year, a 12.2 percent drop compared to the same period last year. It is also a 41.2 percent decrease compared to the second half of last year.
Experts believe that the Choi Soon-sil scandal, and in particular the allegation that chaebol made donations to Choi's nonprofit foundations as a form of bribery, is the reason that leading conglomerates have apparently become less generous.
Samsung Electronics, Hyundai Motor, SK Group and Posco, all of which have been associated with the scandal for making allegedly ill-intentioned donations, have downsized their donations this year.
Samsung Electronics, the country's most valuable company, donated 116 billion won in the first half of this year, 19 percent less compared to the same period last year. Considering the fact that Samsung Electronics' revenue has been posting a continuous rise, it is obviously not cash flow that has caused the electronics giant to reduce its donations.
"The social opinion of companies making donations has deteriorated. The public don't see it for pure purposes," one industry insider said.
"Conglomerates don't want to be criticized for making donations," the insider added.
The newly legislated antigraft law, also known as the Kim Young-ran Act, which took effect last September, also factored into the phenomena. The legislation bans companies from making improper solicitations or giving money or services for illegal purposes.
The lack of donations is also impacting the upcoming 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics as well. The organizing committee estimated its operation fees will amount to 2.8 trillion won, but said it is currently short 300 billion won. No private companies are voluntarily making donations so public companies like Korea Electric Power Corporation have decided to throw in 80 billion won at the last minute. Even this only came after President Moon Jae-in publicly asked the public companies to volunteer to fund the games.
With the Seoul Central District Court recently sentencing Samsung Electronics de facto leader Lee Jae-yong to a five-year prison term, citing the company's decision to fund Choi's daughter Chung Yoo-ra's horse-riding training as making "implied favors," funding for sports figures and events is likely to be scarce for some time.
Activities related to corporate social responsibility have been hit as well. In early August, villages in North Chungcheong suffered severely from flooding. Generally, conglomerates that care about their social images quickly offer donations and dispatch volunteer groups to help the region, but there were no offers on this occasion.
"Ordinary funds can be easily mistaken as bribes these days," said one of the executives at a company who asked for anonymity. "It is very tricky to execute the planned budget. It seems like the amount of donations will increase in the latter half, but in terms of the full year, I believe the donations made in 2017 will be the smallest in the last two to three years," the insider added.
In addition to giving less, Korean companies are also tightened policies on making donations.
Samsung and SK Group have decided to get approval from their board members when making donations of more than one billion won. Hyundai Motor and LG Group are also considering implementing a similar policy.
Even if a company makes a donation using methods other than offering cash, it is also their responsibility to pay up an excessive amount of tax that comes afterward.
"The government has to stop luring in companies to their own public-run events," said Lee Young-jo, a professor at Kyunghee International College who has expertise in political science. "Companies have to also be able to reject such offers, citing regulations and policies in order to prevent unnecessary misunderstandings," he added.
BY SOHN HAE-YONG [jin.eunsoo@joongang.co.kr]


all taxpayers who believ tha4 federn.
during the current civil rights drive.
in Mississippi to suspect very strongly that these events are directly related.
Certainly everyone in. Mississippi understands why the Deams were told to move.
.7o urge you to re-examine Mr. "Ioniser.' s qua3.ii'ications for the Job of postmaster.  Federal officials, in our opinion, should display an attitude which allows 3I1 people lo hS.'° o-..ri"'..:"'ncf in him and in the government which he serves.
informed of any action tjKon.
Folder Description All of the documents in this folder document ways in which some white Mississippians encroached on the property of blacks, unfairly withheld their wages, and/or evicted sharecroppers who attempted to register to vote. Some of the documents are by Michael Lipsky, some by Larry Rubin. Included is a great letter from Michael Lipsky to the U.S. Postmaster General detailing comprehensive retaliation by a local postmaster/landowner/general store owner against a sharecropper whose wife tried to register to vote.


Data protection is one of the fastest growing industries in today's network society. Personal data is used increasingly to derive business insights and to improve services. Simultaneously, organizations involved in personal data processing face challenges of increasing customer demands and decreased trust, changing regulation, lack of tools, best practices as well as experts, and implementation of privacy programs.
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Privaon provides a set of solutions to help overcome practical privacy challenges organization face in their operations. New managed services solutions are developed and tested continuously, and the following services have been formed around the best practices in data protection.


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Home » Supplementary Materials for Motivational Interviewing: Third Edition
We are pleased to offer the following downloadable files to accompany Motivational Interviewing: Third Edition: Helping People Change, by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick.
Supplementary Resources
The Case of Julia
An Expanded Bibliography of Motivational Interviewing
Glossary of Motivational Interviewing Terms
Is That Motivational Interviewing?: A Case Example
Personal Values Card Sort
Reflection Questions for Motivational Interviewing: Third Edition
Additional Motivational Interviewing Resources
Browse books in the Applications of Motivational Interviewing Series, edited by Stephen Rollnick and William R. Miller.
Sign up for e-alerts on new titles on Motivational Interviewing from Guilford Press, including exclusive offers.


Innovating the application of hazard science.
Our SAFRR team focuses on building partnerships to improve the use of natural hazards information. We identify information needs and gaps and develop new products that make our science more available to users such as emergency managers, community members, or decision-makers. These efforts increase public safety and reduce economic losses caused by natural hazards.
The HayWired scenario resources prepare the San Francisco Bay area.
SAFRR tackles a variety of multidisciplinary hazards.
Seal Beach, Calif.— A new collaborative study shows evidence of prior abrupt sinking of the wetlands near Seal Beach, caused by ancient earthquakes that shook the area at least three times in the past 2,000 years, according to researchers.


Recognized as a telecommunications technology and Internet pioneer, Al Subbloie brings a visionary approach to Tangoe.
In 1984, after leaving Andersen Consulting, Al co-founded and served as CEO of Information Management Associates (IMA). Al was among the first to develop and market both call center voice and data solutions for integrated sales, marketing, telemarketing, and customer service activities. He guided the growth of this market-leading company to more than $50M in sales, and more than 300 customers in seven offices worldwide. In 1997, Al co-founded Buyersedge.com and later founded Freefire, a web enabled e-CRM customer interaction software, supporting email response, chat, and remote telephony in an ASP model involving complex data distribution requirements (Freefire was subsequently acquired by Teletech Holdings). As an innovator and visionary, Al is credited with numerous patents.


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Q: couchbase cbtransfer hangs at 75% while processing 4 million documents I am currently facing a problem while trying to to do cbtransfer from a node to the filesystem (this is to backup the existing data). The total number of documents in the bucket is 4387914. Out of these the cbtransfer process always stops after writing 3289800 documents to the file. The file size stands at 1.5 GB and the progress of the cbtransfer is always shown as 75%.
I have already tried to use the cbb_max_mb and batch_max_size by setting them to lower values 10 and 10 respectively but the freeze happens at the same point.
The couchbase version is 3.0.1 community edition.
Has someone run into this error before? If yes, how do I fix it?
Thanks in advance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Incidence rates of immune-related adverse events and their correlation with response in advanced solid tumours treated with NIVO or NIVO+IPI: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Puyuan Xing1,
Fan Zhang2,
Guoqiang Wang3,
Yu Xu3,
Chengcheng Li3,
Shouzheng Wang1,
Yiying Guo1,
Shangli Cai3,
Yan Wang1 &
Junling Li ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-325X1
Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer volume 7, Article number: 341 (2019) Cite this article
Deciphering the correlation between immune-related adverse events (irAEs) categorized by organ system class and clinical benefit of immunotherapy is critical for clinical practice. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence rates of irAEs and their correlations with objective response rate (ORR) in patients with advanced solid tumours treated with nivolumab (NIVO) or nivolumab plus ipilimumab (NIVO+IPI).
PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library were searched for eligible studies from January 1st, 2000 to May 1st 2019. Published clinical trials on NIVO or NIVO+IPI with reported irAEs were included. Logit transformation of the irAE incidences was applied for the generation of pooled estimate and Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to evaluate the correlation between irAE and ORR.
48 clinical trials involving 7936 patients treated with NIVO or NIVO+IPI were included. Compared to NIVO, NIVO+IPI led to more all-grade and grade 3 or higher irAEs categorized by system organ class (P < 0.05). The ORR of NIVO was positively correlated with the incidence rate of skin (r = 0.79, P < 0.001), gastrointestinal (r = 0.56, P = 0.006) and endocrine irAEs (r = 0.44, P = 0.05), but not hepatic, pulmonary and renal irAEs. The ORR of NIVO+IPI was positively correlated with the incidence rate of skin (r = 0.54, P = 0.04), and gastrointestinal irAEs (r = 0.60, P = 0.02), but not endocrine, hepatic, pulmonary and renal irAEs.
This meta-analysis summarizes the incidence rates of irAEs in patients with advanced solid tumours treated with NIVO or NIVO+IPI, and uncovers their correlations with ORR across multiple neoplasms. These findings highlight the potential of irAE to reflect response to NIVO or NIVO+IPI.
For the past decades, immunotherapy by targeting programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), or cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) has revolutionized the treatment of cancer. Among these regimens, nivolumab monotherapy (NIVO) or nivolumab plus ipilimumab (NIVO+IPI) have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for indications including advanced lung cancer, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), urothelial carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Despite the impressive anti-tumour activity by removing the barrier of immune checkpoint, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 reactivate the T cell-mediated anti-tumour immunity, and meanwhile, inevitably break the innate immuno-homeostasis via facilitating the loss of immune tolerance to autoantigens [1], which is associated with the generation of adverse events, known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs).
IrAEs are varied in terms of tissues affected, the severity, and the time of onset relative to the initiation of treatment [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Numerous clinical trials have outlined a crude profile of irAEs, including skin, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, hepatic, endocrine and renal toxicities [1, 9]. The most common irAEs include pruritus, rash, nausea, diarrhea and thyroid disorders [9]. The vast majority of these irAEs develop within the first few weeks to months after treatment initiation, while others like liver toxicity or hypophysitis appear later [1, 10]. Most irAEs are mild to moderate, except some are potentially fatal, e.g., colitis, pneumonitis, hepatitis, myocarditis, and neurotoxic effects [11]. Hence, there is an urgent need to be acquainted with the toxicological profile. A recent meta-analysis including 125 clinical trials, provides a comprehensive profile for the irAEs of single-agent immunotherapy [12]. However, this meta-analysis merely provided the pooled estimate of irAEs from all anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy, without announcing the specific data for each one and comparing the difference among these agents. In addition, severer irAEs owing to the combination with anti-CTLA-4 worth more awareness [12], and thus the incidence rates of irAEs for NIVO and NIVO+IPI are of great vitality and remain to be studied.
Not only do irAEs belong to side effects that require intensive care, they also serve as windows into the anti-tumour response of ICIs. The association between irAEs and survival of patients treated with NIVO was first reported in melanoma. In 148 patients with melanoma treated with NIVO, irAEs were associated with better OS using a 12-week landmark [13]. Recent studies have also demonstrated that in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with NIVO, the patients with irAE occurring within 6 weeks post treatment, reached longer progressive-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) than those without irAE [14]. However, irAEs of different organs vary in severity and time of onset [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. The irAEs of grade 3 or 4 according to CATAE v4.0 demand extra usage of prednisone and reduction of ICI dose (or even cessation) [15, 16], relative to poorer prognosis of ICIs [12, 15,16,17,18]. Several irAEs are late-onset [3,4,5,6,7,8], appearing after the confirmation of objective response, which might result in lower relativity. Whether the irAEs of different organs contribute equally in the association with ICI benefit needs to be explored. Besides, whether the association between irAEs and survival benefit can be applied to other tumour types needs to be further studied.
In order to address these issues above, we did this meta-analysis to depict the landscape of irAE incidence rates and to investigate their correlations with the response in patients with advanced solid tumours treated with NIVO or NIVO+IPI.
Search strategy and study selection
The present review was prepared according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) [19]. A systematic search of the literature was conducted to identify published clinical trials of nivolumab with or without ipilimumab that reported treatment-related irAEs and objective response rate (ORR). The search was performed using Embase, PubMed, and Central Register of Controlled Trials of the Cochrane Library. The following free language terms and medical subject headings (MeSH) were used as the specific search strategy: "nivolumab", "ipilimumab" and "clinical trial". The last search was updated on May 1st, 2019. Studies eligible for inclusion met all of the following criteria: (1) clinical trials of solid tumours (2) participants were treated with single-agent NIVO or NIVO+IPI, (3) reported tabulated data on treatment-related irAEs, and (4) published in English. The studies published online ahead of print were eligible, but meeting abstracts were excluded. When multiple publications reporting on the same study population were identified, the one with most updated and/or comprehensive adverse event data was selected.
The information of the first author's names, the year of publication, the name of journal and trial, cancer type, the phase of trial, dosing schedule, the number of patients, the percentage of patients according to age and sex, the number of irAEs, the criteria for adverse events reported in the publication, ORR and the criteria for ORR evaluation were extracted from each included study. The data of both all-grade (severity) and grade 3 or higher irAEs were extracted. Commonly select treatment-related AEs of a possible immunologic etiology were categorized by system organ class (according to common terminology criteria adverse events, version 4.0 [CATAE v4.0]), including skin irAEs (rash, pruritus, vitiligo, dry skin, dermatitis acneiform, erythema, rash maculopapular, dermatitis, rash acneiform, skin hypopigmentation, eczema, rash popular, generalized rash, urticarial, and palmar-plantar erythrodysasthesia syndrome), endocrine irAEs (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hyperglycemia, blood TSH increased, adrenal insufficiency, thyroiditis, hypophysitis and diabetes mellitus), gastrointestinal irAEs (diarrhea and colitis), hepatic irAEs (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] increased, aspartate aminotransferase [AST] increased, amylase increased, transaminases increased, blood AP increased, Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase [GGT] increased, blood bilirubin increased and hepatitis), pulmonary irAEs (lung infection, pneumonitis, lung infiltration and interstitial lung disease) and renal irAEs (blood urea increased, blood creatinine increased, acute kidney failure, renal failure, acute renal failure and tubulointerstitial nephritis). If the ORRs evaluated by blind independent central review or investigators were both available, the former was preferred because of the low risk of detection bias [20]. Two researchers independently extracted the data. Any discrepancy was resolved by discussion.
After logit transformation (logit(z) = log(z)-log(1-z)) on the incidence probability, we tested whether the transformed data are subject to normal distribution. The pooled estimates of the incidence rates of organ-classified irAEs were then generalized by package meta in R and the random model was used. The correlation between irAE incidence and ORR was tested by Pearson correlation test. Sensitivity analyses were performed by the exclusion of included trials by one cancer type each time. We set the nominal level of significance 5% and all 95% CIs were 2-sided. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 8 or R, version 3.6.0 (packages meta, R foundation).
Eligible studies and characteristics
In total, 3326 records were identified via electronic searching. Of these, 478 duplicates and 2705 studies with irrelevant title and abstract were removed. With further reading of the full-text, 98 articles were excluded. The remaining 48 studies of 7936 patients with solid tumours treated with NIVO or NIVO+IPI were included in our meta-analysis. The procedure of the study selection is shown in Fig. 1.
PRISMA flow diagram of the study selection
The characteristics of the included studies are listed in Additional file 1: Table S1. There were 37 studies of 41 arms evaluating NIVO, and 19 studies of 25 arms evaluating NIVO+IPI, among which 8 studies evaluated both NIVO and NIVO+IPI. The trials involved the treatment of NSCLC (n = 13), melanoma (n = 12), renal clear cell carcinoma (n = 5), malignant pleural mesothelioma (n = 3), HNSCC (n = 3), urothelial carcinoma (n = 2), DNA mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer (n = 2), esophagogastric cancer (n = 2), anal cancer (n = 1), glioblastoma (n = 1), HCC (n = 1), ovarian cancer (n = 1), sarcoma (n = 1), and small cell lung cancer (n = 1). Of the included studies, more than half (30 of 48, 62.5%) reported both the incidence rates of select irAE (e.g., rash, pruritus) and the categorical incidence rates of a series of irAEs (e.g., skin).
Incidence of immune-related adverse events
We first analyzed the incidence rates for each select irAE. The irAE profiles for NIVO and NIVO+IPI are similar. The most common all grade irAEs were pruritus (12.13, 95% CI, 9.88–14.80%), diarrhea (11.16%; 95% CI, 9.24–13.42%) and rash (11.06%; 95% CI, 9.27–13.15%) for NIVO and diarrhea (27.95%; 323.69–32.65%), pruritus (23.94%; 95% CI, 20.33–27.97%) and rash (22.43%; 95% CI, 17.53–28.23%) for NIVO+IPI. The most common grade 3 or higher irAEs were lung infection (2.63%; 95% CI, 0.99–6.8%), amylase increased (1.69%; 95% CI, 0.54–5.09%) and hyperglycemia (0.99%; 95% CI, 0.41–2.36%) for NIVO and ALT increased (6.26%; 95% CI, 4.32–9.00%), colitis (5.21%; 95% CI, 3.24–8.26%) and AST increased (5.07%; 95% CI, 3.46–7.37%) for NIVO+IPI. The incidence rates of other irAEs are displayed in Figs. 2 and 3.
Incidence rates of the select immune-related adverse events of nivolumab. TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase
Incidence rates of the select immune-related adverse events of nivolumab plus ipilimumab. AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase
Overall incidence of irAEs according to system organ class
IrAEs transpire in a large scale of organs, including skin, hepatic, renal, endocrine, gastrointestinal and pulmonary toxicities. The irAEs in different organs might derive from distinct autoantigens and manifest in varied severity and time of onset [3,4,5,6,7,8]. Here, we also summarize the incidence rates of irAEs according to system organ class. As for NIVO, the most common all-grade irAEs were skin (24.28%; 95% CI, 20.84–28.52%), gastrointestinal (10.73%; 95% CI, 8.85–12.97%) and endocrine toxicities (10.09%; 95% CI, 8.59–11.81%), and the most common grade 3 or higher irAEs were hepatic (1.26%; 95% CI, 10.84–1.89%), gastrointestinal (1.20%; 95% CI, 0.81–1.76%) and skin toxicities (0.99%; 95% CI, 0.66–1.49%) (Additional file 1: Table S2). For combination therapy of NIVO+IPI, the most common all-grade irAEs were skin (50.56%; 95% CI, 42.52–58.57%), gastrointestinal (33.55%; 95% CI, 27.18–40.58%) and endocrine toxicities (27.55%; 95% CI, 22.70–33.01%), and the most common grade 3 or higher irAEs were hepatic (10.06%; 95% CI, 7.12–14.03%), gastrointestinal (9.93%; 95% CI, 6.83–14.22%) and endocrine toxicities (4.07%; 95% CI, 3.03–5.43%) (Additional file 1: Table S2). Patients treated with NIVO+IPI had higher incidence rates of all grade and grade 3 or higher irAEs categorized by system organ class than NIVO (Additional file 1: Table S2).
Correlation between the incidence of irAEs and ORR in patients treated with NIVO or NIVO+IPI
The occurrence of irAE might be related to the enhancement of T cell-mediated immunoreaction, possibly indicating a better response to ICIs. Here, we investigated the correlation between ORR and the incidence rates of different irAEs in patients treated with NIVO or NIVO+IPI. For NIVO, 20 studies involving 23 arms reported both incidence rates of irAEs categorized by system organ class and ORR. The trials involved the treatment of NSCLC (n = 9), melanoma (n = 6), urothelial carcinoma (n = 2), RCC (n = 1), anal cancer (n = 1), and HNSCC (n = 1). As shown in Fig. 4, the ORR was positively correlated with the incidence rates of skin (r = 0.79, P < 0.001), gastrointestinal (r = 0.56, P = 0.006) and endocrine irAEs (r = 0.44, P = 0.05), while the ORR was negatively correlated with incidence of pulmonary irAEs (r = − 0.47, P = 0.02). These results suggested that the skin, gastrointestinal and endocrine irAEs might be positively associated with the clinical benefit of single-agent nivolumab, while the pulmonary irAEs might be negatively associated with the clinical benefit of NIVO.
Correlation between response and immune-related adverse events by system organ class in nivolumab
For NIVO+IPI, 12 studies involving 15 arms with both incidence rates of irAEs categorized by system organ class and ORR were included in the analysis. The trials involved the treatment of melanoma (n = 6), NSCLC (n = 3), RCC (n = 1), CRC with dMMR-MSI-H (n = 1) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (n = 1). Consistent with the results in single-agent nivolumab, the ORR was positively correlated with skin (r = 0.54, P = 0.04) and gastrointestinal (r = 0.60, P = 0.02) (Fig. 5). Borderline significance was also observed in endocrine irAEs (r = 0.44, P = 0.11) and hepatic irAEs (r = 0.55, P = 0.05) (Fig. 5).
Correlation between response and immune-related adverse events by system organ class in nivolumab plus ipilimumab
Apart from the arms of administrating NIVO or NIVO+IPI, 6 control arms undergoing chemotherapy from 6 trials were included to explore whether irAEs are relative to non-immunotherapeutic treatment. As a result, no correlation was observed between the incidence rates of irAEs and chemotherapeutic ORR (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
Sensitivity analysis of the correlation between irAEs and ORR
In order to exclude the possibility that the correlations between the incidence rates of irAEs and ORR are mainly contributed by a single cancer type, we performed a sensitivity analysis by omitting studies of a cancer type at each time. For NIVO, the correlation between ORR and the incidence rates of skin, gastrointestinal or endocrine irAEs remained significant or borderline significant in all the sensitivity analysis (Additional file 1: Table S3), further confirming the clinical value of these irAEs. The negative correlation between ORR and incidence rates of pulmonary irAEs was not observed when studies of melanoma were excluded (Additional file 1: Table S3). While in NIVO+IPI, the correlation between ORR and the incidence rates of skin and gastrointestinal and hepatic irAEs were not significant when studies of NSCLC or melanoma were omitted (Additional file 1: Table S4), which may due to the limited numbers of included studies.
We completed the largest and most comprehensive meta-analysis to our knowledge concerning the incidence rates of irAEs induced by NIVO and NIVO+IPI, and firstly investigated their correlations with ORR in a pan-cancer setting. From the data of 48 trials including 7936 patients treated with NIVO or NIVO+IPI, we unmasked the positive associations between ORR and the incidence rates of skin and gastrointestinal irAEs. This meta-analysis provides an insight that skin and gastrointestinal irAEs might be potential indicators for the response to NIVO or NIVO+IPI.
This meta-analysis firstly summarizes the irAE profiles of NIVO and NIVO+IPI published to date. The irAE profiles of these two regimens are analogous, of which the most common all-grade irAEs occurred in skin, gastrointestinal and endocrine systems, and the most common grade 3 or higher irAEs took place in hepatic, gastrointestinal and skin systems. Despite this similarity in the relative order, the incidence rates of categorical irAEs were markedly higher when combined with ipilimumab. The deleterious effects of severe irAEs might outweigh the benefit from the addition of ipilimumab, which requires further evaluation on the cost-effective issue. As for clinical practice, close monitoring of the high-incidence irAEs might enable the early diagnosis and treatment, which thereby potentially reduce the usage of steroids and the irAE-related death.
In the present study, we elucidated the positive correlation between ORR and the incidence rates of skin, gastrointestinal and endocrine irAEs in NIVO and/or NIVO+IPI treatments in solid tumours. Autoimmune reactions contribute greatly to the induction of irAEs. Shared T-cell receptor repertoire was revealed in tumour and other tissues appearing irAE [21, 22], partially due to the tumour-tissue similarity [21]. In a recent study of NSCLC, skin ranked 2nd after lung itself and colon ranked 4th across multiple tissues in the tumour-tissue similarity score [21]. T-cells recognize shared antigens of tumour and skin and therefore target both organs, which is associated with the development of skin irAEs and likely with tumour regression as well [23]. Besides the identical T-cell clones within tumour and normal tissue, the mechanism underlying irAEs might include the pre-existing autoimmunity liberated after the successful blockade of immune checkpoint. NSCLC subjects with positive thyroid antibody at baseline before the initiation of ICIs are significantly at the risk of getting thyroid dysfunction as irAE [24, 25], and these preexisting antibodies are associated with better response to ICIs [24, 25]. Thus far, previous studies were almost implemented in NSCLC cohorts, while in our results, despite the omission of NSCLC trials, the correlation between the incidence rates of skin or gastrointestinal irAEs and ORR remained significant among other solid tumours. This result indicates that the principles for the association between irAEs and ORR in NSCLC patients discussed above, could be conceivably extended to other neoplasms. Future discoveries are needed to further elaborate the mechanism underlying this correlation.
Lead time bias critically contaminates the predictive efficacy of irAEs to better response to ICIs as patients who progress either switch to other therapies, while those who respond to immunotherapies have longer treatment duration and more time to develop autoimmune toxicities, especially in studies without a landmark design [23]. However, if all the occurrence of irAEs were on account of the longer period of immunotherapy, then we would expect the same positive correlation between ORR with the incidence rates of all kinds of irAEs, especially for those irAEs with low incidences. However, we didn't observe the correlation between ORR and renal, hepatic and pulmonary toxicities. In addition, the median time of onset for skin and gastrointestinal irAEs was within 2 months [3,4,5,6,7,8], indicating that above half of these irAEs occurred before the first evaluation of response. Altogether, these enable skin and gastrointestinal irAEs to be a potential candidate for monitoring the response of NIVO or NIVO+IPI, even before the first CT scan.
We also observed a negative correlation between the incidence rates of pulmonary irAEs and ORR. According to a previous meta-analysis, immune-related pneumonitis accounted for 28.0% of death in clinical trials [9]. In severe cases of potentially fatal irAEs, systemic administration of steroid and discontinuation of ICI treatment will be performed [15, 16] and in most of the clinical trials, steroid use was allowed to manage irAEs. In a retrospective study of NSCLC patients receiving PD-1 checkpoint blockade, patients receiving > 10 mg/day of the steroid prednisone exhibited poorer outcomes (decreased PFS and OS) than patients taking < 10 mg/day [18]. These results might explain the negative correlation between the incidence rates of pulmonary irAEs and ORR in patients treated with NIVO. However, the incidence of steroid use was seldom reported, making it difficult to further analysis the interference of steroid use. The underlying mechanism needs to be further studied.
Our findings may provide important implications for the clinical practice in immunotherapy. Firstly, compared to NIVO, extensive irAEs were observed when combining with ipilimumab, which requires intensive monitoring to prevent the deterioration of lethal irAEs, e.g., pneumonia, and fulminant myocarditis. Secondly, our study indicates the existence of skin and gastrointestinal irAEs might be associated with favorable response to NIVO or NIVO+IPI. Early prediction of responses to NIVO or NIVO+IPI is of great clinical value. Compared with other irAEs, the skin and gastrointestinal irAEs may be used to predict the response to NIVO or NIVO+IPI in clinic.
Several limitations of this meta-analysis need to be stated. First, the possibility of lead time bias cannot be ruled out based on the data extracted from published articles, especially for those irAEs with low incidence rates. However, we didn't observe the positive correlation between ORR and hepatic, pulmonary and renal irAEs. The median time of onset for skin and gastrointestinal irAEs is within 2 months in most trials [3,4,5,6,7,8]. The early-onset of these irAEs suggests that this correlation is not simply related to patients who remain on therapy longer being at greater risk to toxicity. Whether these two categories of irAEs can be applied to predict the response to NIVO and NIVO+IPI needs to be further studied with a land-mark analysis. Second, we only performed the meta-analysis in studies of NIVO or NIVO+IPI, where AEs were often reported according to system organ class. Clinical trials of other agents seldom reported irAEs categorized by system organ class, which make it hard to explore the correlation. Third, small-study effects might influence the correlation analysis when included studies with smaller sample sizes and relatively deviated irAE incidence rates. Forth, the number of clinical trials for NIVO+IPI was relatively limited. The correlation between irAEs and ORR was no longer significant if studies of melanoma (n = 9) or NSCLC (n = 4) were omitted. More clinical trials are needed to study the correlation between irAEs and ORR of NIVO+IPI.
This is the first meta-analysis to our knowledge to summarize the incidence rates of irAEs in patients with advanced solid tumours treated with NIVO or NIVO+IPI. The detriment of severe irAEs from the addition of ipilimumab might outweigh the benefit, which requires further comparative studies on the cost-effectiveness. Following correlation analysis uncovers the association between irAEs and ORR in NIVO and/or NIVO+IPI trials across multiple neoplasms, which highlights the potential of predictive value of irAEs to favorable response of immunotherapy. Such an understanding might help in auxiliary distinguishing pseudo-progression and determining whether resuming immunotherapy after the recovery from manageable irAEs, thereby fostering the clinical application of ICIs in patients with advanced solid tumours.
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in the published article.
Colorectal carcinoma
CTLA-4:
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4
Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase
irAE:
Immune-related adverse event
NIVO:
Nivolumab
NIVO+IPI:
Nivolumab plus ipilimumab
NSCLC:
Objective response rates
PD-1:
Programmed cell death-1
PD-L1:
Programmed cell death-ligand 1
Progressive-free survival
RCC:
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Weber JS, D'Angelo SP, Minor D, Hodi FS, Gutzmer R, Neyns B, et al. Nivolumab versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma who progressed after anti-CTLA-4 treatment (CheckMate 037): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(4):375–84.
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The work was supported by CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine (2017-I2M-2-003 to Junling Li).
Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Pan-jia-yuan South Lane, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
Puyuan Xing, Shouzheng Wang, Yiying Guo, Yan Wang & Junling Li
The Department of Oncology, Chinse PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
Guoqiang Wang, Yu Xu, Chengcheng Li & Shangli Cai
Puyuan Xing
Guoqiang Wang
Chengcheng Li
Shouzheng Wang
Yiying Guo
Shangli Cai
Yan Wang
Junling Li
All authors had full access to the data in the study and can take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Concept and design: PX, JL and YW. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: CL, GW, FZ, SW and YG. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Junling Li.
Additional file 1: Method.
Search strategy. Table S1. Characteristics of the included studies. Table S2. Incidences of Categorical irAEs according to system organ class. Table S3. Sensitivity analysis of the correlation between irAEs and ORR in NIVO. Table S4. Sensitivity analysis of the correlation between irAEs and ORR in NIVO+IPI. Figure S1. Correlation between irAEs and ORR of chemotherapy-contained regimen. References (DOCX 276 kb)
Xing, P., Zhang, F., Wang, G. et al. Incidence rates of immune-related adverse events and their correlation with response in advanced solid tumours treated with NIVO or NIVO+IPI: a systematic review and meta-analysis. j. immunotherapy cancer 7, 341 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-019-0779-6
Immune-related adverse events


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Lego Maniacs' Guide: Reviews: Castle : King's Catapult
1480 - King's Catapult
Pros: The mini-fig is armed to the teeth with a sword, spear, lance, and catapult; the structure design is very nice looking; a weapon rack was a very nice thought
Cons: The structure is a bit too small.
Contents: 20 pieces including 1 mini-fig
Price: Discontinued
Reviewed: 23-Jul-1999
Reviewed by: G. M.
The war between the Crusader and Black Falcon clans might soon be over. The Falcons have nearly been defeated and most of their outposts and fortresses have been destroyed. So, in a vain attempt to bring themselves back into the fight, construction of multiple forts has started. Little did the Falcons know that the Crusaders have also been doing some construction work as well.
Near the site of the future black Falcon headquarters, a catapult has been constructed in an outcropping of rocks. A knight has carefully been watching the construction process over the past days, and now has decided that the "critical time" is now.
At least seventy workers and knights are working when all of a sudden a flaming boulder is hurled through the sky at them. There is no time for anyone to escape as the walls of the half-built fort erupt into flames.
This extremely small castle set was included in a value pack alongside two unnamed Space vehicles, one from M:Tron, the other from Blacktron II. A small Pirate island and a race car were also included in the pack, making it the largest ever.
The King's Catapult is my smallest Castle set, and also my first and oldest. It belongs to the Crusaders subtheme, although it is frequently listed under classic Castle. It is a small grey structure that houses a good sized catapult that is fired using mini-fig power.
The catapult is made of a 1x6 plate with hinges at each end, and one end is attatched to a weird little scoop found in many Town construction kits and a few classic Space sets. Attatched to the catapult is a 2x1x1 brick with a hole in it. A small flag pole goes through the center and attaches to clips on the main structure to keep the firing mechanism in place.
The main structure is composed of 2x1x3 slope bricks and 1x3x1 arch bricks. It has a nice looking design, but it seems too small. It is nearly as big -- or as small -- as the mini-fig. To the side of the structure is a weapon rack made of a 2x1x1 brick and some veritcal clips. A spear and dark grey lance with red and yellow flags are attatched to the rack.
The mini-fig has a red torso with chainmail printing and black legs. He/she also sports a grey tapering helmet, dark grey sword, and a Crusader shield with a yellow lion on a blue field.
The set lists no alternate models, but I have made a very tiny fort out of the pieces included. I reccomend this set to any Castle fanatic. If you are not a castle fan, you probably wouldn't want to pick this one up, unless you wanted the very cool Crusader shield.
25 readers have rated this set as 3.76 out of 5 stars.
What do you think? Rate This Set
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Karl-Heinz Fezer (* 16. April 1946 in Heidelberg) ist ein deutscher Rechtswissenschaftler und emeritierter Professor für Bürgerliches Recht, Recht der Wirtschaftsordnung und Recht der internationalen Wirtschaftsbeziehungen an der Universität Konstanz.

Leben
Karl-Heinz Fezer studierte von 1966 bis 1970 Rechtswissenschaft an der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg und war Teilnehmer am ständigen Seminar für Wirtschaftsrecht bei Wolfgang Hefermehl (seit 1968). Sein Studium schloss er 1970 mit der Ersten juristischen Staatsprüfung in Heidelberg ab. Bei Hefermehl wurde Fezer im Jahre 1973 mit dem Thema Der Benutzungszwang im Markenrecht promoviert. 1973 legte er zudem sein zweites juristisches Staatsexamen ab und war von 1980 bis 1982 Hochschulassistent. Es folgte seine Habilitation bei Wolfgang Hefermehl über Die Teilhabe und Verantwortung – Die personale Funktionsweise des subjektiven Privatrechts.

Während des Sommersemesters 1982 war er Vertreter des Lehrstuhls für Römisches und Bürgerliches Recht an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main. Von 1982 bis 1983 war er Professor für Bürgerliches Recht mit Nebengebieten an der Juristischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Seit 1983 ist er Ordinarius (C4) für Bürgerliches Recht, Recht der Wirtschaftsordnung und Recht der internationalen Wirtschaftsbeziehungen an der Juristischen Fakultät bzw. seit 1999 im Fachbereich Rechtswissenschaft der Sektion Politik-Recht-Wirtschaft der Universität Konstanz.

Weitere Tätigkeiten

 1987–1988: Dekan der Juristischen Fakultät der Universität Konstanz
 1987–1989: Richter im Nebenamt am Landgericht Konstanz
 seit 1989: Richter im Nebenamt am Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart, 2. Zivilsenat (Wettbewerbssenat)
 1989–1998: Arbeitsbereich Internationales Immaterialgüter- und Technologierecht am Zentrum für Internationale Wirtschaft an der Universität Konstanz
 Wintersemester 1989/1990: Professeur suppléant à l'Université de Genève
 1990–1996: Lehrauftrag an der Juristenfakultät der Universität Leipzig
 1990–1997: Mitglied des Vorstands der Deutsch-Deutschen Juristischen Vereinigung e.V. (DDJV)
 1991–1993: Mitglied der Gründungskommission der Juristenfakultät der Universität Leipzig
 1996: Honorarprofessor für Gewerblichen Rechtsschutz an der Juristenfakultät der Universität Leipzig
 1996–2012: Mitglied und seit 1999 Vorsitzender des Verwaltungsrats der Stiftung Warentest, Berlin
 1997–2005: Ständiges Mitglied der Sachverständigenkommission für Gewerblichen Rechtsschutz am Bundesministerium der Justiz
 seit 1997: Dozent an der Universität St. Gallen (Schweiz) für europäisches und internationales Markenrecht im Nachdiplomstudium im Europäischen und Internationalen Wirtschaftsrecht
 2000–2003: Interdisziplinäres DFG-Forschungsprojekt zur Europäisierung des Gewerblichen Rechtsschutzes (gemeinsam mit Wolfgang Seibel)
 2000–2003: Mitglied der Arbeitsgruppe "Unlauterer Wettbewerb" des Bundesministeriums der Justiz zur Modernisierung des UWG; Rechtsgutachten zur "Modernisierung des Rechts gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb" im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums der Justiz
 seit 2001: Mitglied im Gesamtvorstand und im Ausschuss für Wettbewerbs- und Markenrecht der Vereinigung für gewerblichen Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht e.V. (GRUR)
 seit 2005: Mitglied im DIN-Ausschuss Markenwert-Messung
 2005: Mitglied der Arbeitsgruppe "Unlauterer Wettbewerb" des Bundesministeriums der Justiz zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie 2005/29/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 11. Mai 2005 über unlautere Geschäftspraktiken im binnenmarktinternen Geschäftsverkehr zwischen Unternehmen und Verbrauchern
 seit 2005: Mitglied der Verbraucherkommission Baden-Württemberg
 WS 2009/2010–SS 2010: Studiendekan des Fachbereichs Rechtswissenschaft an der Universität Konstanz

Publikationen
 Repräsentatives Dateneigentum: ein zivigesellschaftliches Bürgerrecht. Studie im Auftrag der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. zum Thema "Einführung eines besonderen Rechts an Daten". Hrsg. von Pencho Kuzev, Tobias Wangermann, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Sankt Augustin/Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-95721-416-4.

Herausgeber
 Lauterkeitsrecht: Kommentar zum Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb (UWG). 2 Bände. Beck, München 2005; 2. Auflage 2010.
 Handbuch der Markenpraxis. 2 Bände, Beck, München 2007; 2. Auflage 2012.

Kommentare
 Markenrecht: Kommentar zum Markengesetz, zur Pariser Verbandsübereinkunft und zum Madrider Markenabkommen. Beck, München 1997; 4. Auflage 2009.
 Handbuch der Markenpraxis. Bearbeitet: Einleitung zum Markenverfahrensrecht und Markenvertragsrecht, Dokumentation und Register. Beck, München 2007.
 Lauterkeitsrecht: Kommentar zum Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb (UWG). Bearbeitet: Einleitung, §§ 1 bis 3; Dokumentation, Register. Beck, München 2005; 2. Auflage 2010.
 J. von Staudingers Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz und Nebengesetzen. Bearbeitet (gemeinsam mit Stefan Koos): Einführungsgesetz zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuche/IPR. Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht (IPR des KartellR, LauterkeitsR, MarkenR, PatentR und UrheberR). Sellier, Berlin 2010.

Auszeichnungen

 Wintersemester 1992/1993: Platz 1 in der Lehre im bundesweiten Ranking "Prüf' den Prof!" des RCDS in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Bundesministerium für Bildung und Wissenschaft
 Wintersemester 1993/1994: Platz 2 in der Lehre im bundesweiten Ranking "Prüf' den Prof!" des RCDS in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Bundesministerium für Bildung und Wissenschaft
 Juli/August 2005: Aufnahme in die Jahresliste 2005 der weltweit 50 bedeutendsten Personen auf dem Gebiet des Intellectual Property (IP) der Zeitschrift Managing Intellectual Property (MIP)

Literatur
 Axel Birk: Der kritische Rationalismus und die Rechtswissenschaft. Bernd Rüthers und Karl-Heinz Fezer – ein Ausgangspunkt, unterschiedliche Folgerungen. In: Rechtstheorie, Jg. 48 (2017), S. 43–75.

Weblinks

 Karl-Heinz Fezer auf der Website der Universität Konstanz

Einzelnachweise

Wirtschaftsrechtler (21. Jahrhundert)
Wirtschaftsrechtler (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Konstanz)
Hochschullehrer (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität)
Person (Stiftung Warentest)
Deutscher
Geboren 1946
Mann
Absolvent der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
Privatrechtler (21. Jahrhundert)
Privatrechtler (20. Jahrhundert)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It depends what field the scientists are in and how eminent – I would expect most physicists at elite universities to be in this ballpark. Other hard sciences and engineering a little lower.
Social sciences would vary considerably more.
Yes, perhaps Nobel prize winning physicists would average IQs above 150. But I doubt it. Outstanding people seldom live up to their greatness when confronted by the cold objective empiricism of an official IQ test.
Educational meritocracy don't select people who have the best ideas, but those who have a combination of "best grades+ best social network".
Like "iq", "education" don't mean ( the whole) concept of intelligence, specially the genius.
But you like "simple" ( istic) explanation.
It's both. Some people get ahead through merit, others get ahead through social networking; and most get ahead through some combination of both and more.
Lends credence to my belief that full scale IQs above 170 or so are basically meaningless.


Scattered all around the floor.
I can't fight it anymore.
For me it happens all the time.
I'm all alone and I need you now.
but I lost all control and I need you now.
can't stop looking at the door.
in the way you did before.
And I wonder if I ever cross your mind.
Yes, I'd rather hurt than feel nothing at all.
but I'm a little drunk and I need you now.
Oh, baby I need you now.


text:
Aonuma reveals more Zelda details after Nintendo Direct conference
Nintendo hosted another Direct conference this morning (check out Brent's full roundup here), and while the video didn't announce anything new, we got plenty of details on the upcoming Zelda titles, The Wind Waker HD and A Link Between Worlds. Of course, Eiji Aonuma, producer for the series since the late-nineties, has provided the gaming world with more details about the soon-to-be-released games.
For The Wind Waker HD, due out in October, Mr. Aonuma says the new Swift Sail will allow your ship to go faster. We've known this since E3, but he says that "not only will this sail make the ship go faster, but it will always be full of wind, meaning you're now able to control the ship to any direction you want, without having to use the Wind Waker to change direction of the wind."
Apparently this, coupled with the GamePad map that "works like a car nav", will make it much easier to traverse the islands of the seas. Mr. Aonuma hopes that "you'll have a blast exploring the great sea once more," even if you struggled with it the first time around.
On the 3DS front, referring to A Link Between Worlds, of course, Mr. Aonuma shared some details about both the dark world and the shops in the game.
The dark world is entered to by becoming drawn Link and attaching yourself to a wall, then slipping between what we can only assume is an inter-dimensional crack in a cliff or rock face. There is also said to be a kingdom in the other world, not unlike Hyrule Castle and the guards that secure it. He says "the story will revolve around the events that will unfold in that kingdom, and I think you'll have fun experiencing the game's distinctive world that is like no other in the series."
We were also treated to a new screenshot, one that depicts the new shop in the game. In this shop, Mr. Aonuma mentions, the keeper offers up items like the bow and arrow and boomerang for sale. He is quick to note that shops in Zelda titles have never carried items that don't need replenishing, opting only for consumable items such as bombs and magic powder.
This means that, in at least one place in the game, Link will lose his items or they will be taken from him in battle. We must also assume that these items have pretty high prices and that they're only available for purchase once you've earned the item in a dungeon in the game. Of course, Mr. Aonuma didn't explain much more, just saying, "I hope you'll use your imagination wondering what this shop is all about." What a tease.
Mr. Aonuma unleashed all these comments on Miiverse, so of course, you can see them all for yourself at the community page for The Legend of Zelda.
3dsa link between worldsa link to the pastaonumaeiji aonumanintendo 3dsnintendo directthe legend of zeldathe wind waker hdwii uzelda
Nintendo Direct Roundup: August 2013
Pacific Rim Review
Christopher Kalanderopoulos founded Eggplante in 2009 to cover one event in Los Angeles. It never occurred to him that it would make him the Editor of an online magazine for the next decade. He spends most of his time gaming, backing cool Kickstarter projects, and hanging out with his wicked cool nieces and nephews.
Nintendo sets Fall release dates for Wii U and 3DS
Activision announces Guitar Hero Live


text:
Home Lifestyle NBCUniversal Ups Jennifer Geisser To EVP Communications & Talent Relations For Lifestyle Group; Promotes 3 others – Deadline
NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment has promoted Jennifer Geisser to EVP, Communications and Talent Relations for the Lifestyle Group, effectively immediately. Geisser's promotion was announced today by Frances Berwick, President, Lifestyle Networks, amid a continuing reorganization as it consolidates its Lifestyle Networks operations.
Additionally, Geisser announced three other promotions for executives who will be reporting into her. Chloe Ellers Bremner has been elevated to Senior Vice President, Communications for Bravo, Oxygen & Universal Kids; Julia Nietsch has been upped to Vice President, Communications, Lifestyle Networks; and Ryan McCormick has been promoted to Vice President, Communications, E! All positions are effective immediately.
Berwick revealed Geisser's promotion in an internal note to staff (you can read it in full below the story). In her new role, Geisser is responsible for internal and external communications, developing and executing publicity campaigns, talent management and corporate communications for the brands including E!'s international networks. She continues to report to Berwick.
Geisser has been with NBCUniversal since 2011, starting as SVP Communnications for Bravo. During that time, she led and managed the program publicity plans for some of the network's most successful series and franchises including The Real Housewives, Million Dollar Listing, Top Chef and Watch What Happens Live With Andy Cohen. She added Oxygen to her responsibilities in 2013, following with oversight for Universal Kids the following year, and most recently E!.
Bremner now adds Universal Kids to her oversight, along with Bravo and Oxygen. Over the past eight years, Bremner has managed the West Coast Communications team and now expands her role to also include management of the East Coast team. Her executive oversight includes program publicity campaigns, TCA, BravoCon, Award submissions, Emmy events as well as working closely with development, production, program strategy and marketing.
As VP, Communications, Lifestyle Networks, Nietsch will lead corporate communication strategies for the four Lifestyle brands (Bravo, E!, Oxygen, Universal Kids). During her 12 years at NBCUniversal, Nietsch's experience has ranged from handling publicity for The Real Housewives and Below Deck franchises to Murder For Hire and The Disappearance of… to Bravo and Oxygen's digital initiatives.
In McCormick's expanded role, he will now oversee the E! Communications staff along with the day-to-day activities, publicity campaigns and brand messaging. For the last three years, McCormick has overseen campaign strategies for the E! People's Choice Awards, Keeping Up with the Kardashians, Botched, Live from the Red Carpet, as well as the network's daytime news expansion of E! News and Pop Of The Morning.
Berwick's internal note to staff below:
I am very happy to announce that Jennifer Geisser is promoted to Executive Vice President Communications and Talent Relations for the Lifestyle group (Bravo, E!, Oxygen, Universal Kids and Hayu), effective immediately. In this role, she is responsible for internal and external communications, developing and executing publicity campaigns, talent management and corporate communications for the brands including E!'s international networks, and continues to report to me. She is the principal press spokesperson for the Lifestyle Group and works closely with Ad Sales, Distribution, Digital, Marketing, Production and Research on strategy and brand messaging.
Jenn joined NBC Universal in 2011 as Senior Vice President, Communications for Bravo where she led and managed the program publicity plans for some of the network's most successful series and franchises including "The Real Housewives," "Million Dollar Listing," "Top Chef" and "Watch What Happens Live With Andy Cohen". She added Oxygen to her responsibilities in 2013 and was part of the team that successfully rebranded the network to all true crime in 2017. The following year, she added Universal Kids to her oversight and most recently added E! to her purview.
Prior to NBCUniversal, Jenn held leadership positions in Communications at Hallmark Channel, Court TV ( tru TV), AMC Networks/WE tv. She began her career at CBS and Dan Klores Communications.
Jenn sits on the executive board of NephCure Kidney International, the only organization dedicated to raising awareness and finding a cure for two chronic Kidney diseases as well as helping coordinate the last 16 Countdown To A Cure galas in NYC.
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So I'm reluctant to do the soapy water, but completely baffled as to why these two letters (not keys) are affected.
if I remap the letter "N" to (for example) the "Y" key, then I get the "NNNNNNNN...." repeat whenever I push the "Y" key.
Ah! I misunderstood that part, didn't read carefully enough. It would appear that the problem is electronic, then. All I can suggest is to re-do the Ctrl-Alt-SuspendMacro function a few more times, and hope that it makes things better. That has fixed things for me more than once.
Yeah, that, and/or a full hard reset/reinit of the keyboard firmware back to square-1, if that is possible.
Yes I'm inclined to think it is electronic, in the "impulse" (probably the wrong term) that the Anykey sends to the computer. Tried multiple Ctrl-Alt-Suspend Macro maneuvers with and without disconnections (effectively "powering off" the keyboard), but no luck. It may be difficult if I don't replace the electronics entirely. Anyway if there are any "eureka" flashes please tell me, and I will update if I find a fix. Thx.
hold down the suspend macro key and while keeping suspend macro pressed hit the reset button. Keep holding the suspend macro button until Windows finishes booting. Now you can carefully reprogram your keyboard. Hint: backup your anykey personality file from time to time. Best will to you all, JL_Cog.
Way to go, for a first post.
It's been a long time since you posted on this topic and I wonder if you still read this Forum! I too have a need to use the 'anykey' functionality indefinitely – I think we are a dying breed!
1.	Have you found a way to run Anykey30.exe under Windows and I don't mean DOSBOX, it is too clumsy?
2.	Have you heard of anyone rewriting Anykey30.exe such as to run under a Windows OS?
3.	I have compromised my choice of replacement PC because I wanted 'native PS2' functionality for my keyboard and thus needed a PS/2 connection. I may not be able to find what I want when I next upgrade. Do you know exactly what I need (software/hardware) to a 'augment USB' connector so as to achieve the required results using USB connection?
The Anykey30 utility won't run on anything except a 16-bit computer. I have a newer version (Anykey34) but it is still 16-bit only.
Now that I am running 64-bit Windows 8.1, there is no chance.
Have you heard of anyone rewriting Anykey30.exe such as to run under a Windows OS?
No. We have people on this bbs with the talent and skills that they could do so, but the likelihood of taking on that task to hep the dozen or so people in the world who still use the AnyKey is not high.
I wanted 'native PS2' functionality for my keyboard and thus needed a PS/2 connection. ... Do you know exactly what I need (software/hardware) to a 'augment USB' connector so as to achieve the required results using USB connection?
No. At this time, I don't know whether the AnyKey will work through a USB adapter, but can think of no reason why it wouldn't. Nonetheless, I had my new computer built with a PS2 connection, and the computer shop had to look long and hard to find a 64-bit motherboard to meet the requirement.
I would be interested in finding out if the AnyKey will work through a USB adapter. Hmmm... I guess I could find that out for myself by purchasing an adapter and plugging the AnyKey into it.
Would the backup utility run in a VM? I don't know how it communicates with the keyboard but I'm guessing it's fairly low level to talk via a PS/2 port and is probably hitting the hardware directly?
Edit: Seems highly unlikely... I'm just a bit of a fan of VMs lately.
What about AutoHotKey and run the macros on the PC itself. It should be capable. I use a very simple one to generate middle mouseclicks on my two button laptop mouse pad.
What about AutoHotKey and run the macros on the PC itself.
The "on-the-PC" macro storing programs I have seen have such a clumsy interface as to make them unusable except for very complex macros that will be run many times.
The beauty of the AnyKey is that it is so quick and easy to make a simple macro that even if the macro will only be used three or four times ever and then discarded, it is worth the trouble.
"In-PC" macro programs are too complex, where you find the macro program, start it up, tell it to start recording, save the keystrokes, tell it to stop recording, then give the macro a filename and save it, exit the macro program. To run the macro, you find the program, start it up, and tell it to find the macro you want to run, execute the macro, finally exit the macro program. Now, it has been a few years since I last looked at macro recorders, maybe they've gotten a lot better since then. But as long as I can keep my AnyKeys working, I think they are a better solution.
I had the Northgate OmniKey equivalent of this keyboard for ages. Until my (then) wife spilled a coke in it, anyway. I didn't think to wash it out with soapy water, alas!
I agree the recording method on something like AutoHotkey is a bit more geared towards permanent macros but I'd be 99% sure there is a way to implement what you have currently in it or some other macro program without the rigmarole you mention, some of which I don't think is realistic ("find", "start", "exit" for example - it should always run in your system tray - you're just being difficult ).
Saving/loading etc should be doable on any fixed key with just need a special keystroke to start the recording needed to replace your special macro key.
Thank you for the comprehensive answers to my previous questions - very kind of you!
I feel I may be exposing myself to ridicule in asking the question which follows regarding the 'washing of the keyboards'. (Gateway2000 Anykey with the dreaded melted plastic rivets). I can't see, in the posts, a definitive statement of exactly what is swished around in warm soapy water! It goes against all instincts to even allow 'dampness' near electrical components - even if one takes the drying out very seriously. I have to ask because the cause of the fault is unidentified and the remedial action, while sometimes sucessful, not being completely understood, it just might be the case that unusual and apparently contra-conventional action is required?
What is washed? Is it what remains after removing the printed circuit board or does it include the printed circuit board?
Electrical components are not harmed by water, IF you can get them completely dry before putting power to them. They don't melt or dissolve in water; the potential for damage is that if there is power to them while still wet, the water will conduct electricity to places you don't want it to go.
I have disassembled a "Gateway2000 Anykey with the dreaded melted plastic rivets" and successfully reassembled it. I don't recall what I did about the drilled-out rivets, it was years ago, but it wasn't anything high-tech. Possibly a few dabs of RTV Silicone or something, or maybe even some good quality strapping tape.
In the case of the riveted keyboard, I wouldn't wash it without disassembling it, because it would be difficult to get it completely dry while it was all sealed up.
Don't do what a fellow I ran into at the local computer shop did... he spilled soda pop into the keyboard of his Macbook Pro, wiped it off and then powered it up to see if it had been damaged. It probably hadn't been -- until he hit that power button. It made a few bad sounds (not from the speakers) and that was the end of it.
The AnyKey doesn't have any transformers or other difficult to dry components in it. You can wash it as much as you want as long as you get it completely dry afterwards.
Thank You again for taking the time to explain everything. I hate myself for being so pedantic, but . . .
When you said you would not wash the Gateway 2000 Anykey keyboard without disassemling it, did you mean without drilling out the 'dreaded rivets' (as you had done in the past) so as to open things up as far as is possible or wash it without removing the rivets?
I can imaging the washing working on boards which have dirt between contacts etc, but have you any idea what process could take place in order to get 'magical' results from including the Printed Circuit Board in the wash?
I will try never to trouble you again - I sincerely Thank You for your patience!
did you mean without drilling out the 'dreaded rivets' (as you had done in the past) so as to open things up as far as is possible or wash it without removing the rivets?
I think if you washed it without drilling out the rivets so as to enable complete disassembly it might prove difficult to get it completely dry.
What failure mode is the keyboard operating in? If it is groups of keys that are not responding, then the problem is almost certainly the interface between the circuit board and the Mylar sheet with the circuit traces on it. This must be very carefully cleaned without rubbing so hard that the black carbon traces are damaged. These can be refreshed with a soft pencil. But, to do so you have to take out the rivets to get to them. Proper alignment of this interface upon reassembly is absolutely crucial.
Generated in 0.013 seconds in which 0.005 seconds were spent on a total of 15 queries. Zlib compression enabled.


text:
A gifted and rather complicated performer who became one of the biggest stars in the world, only to struggle with legal and anger issues, actor-director Mel Gibson rode the wave of his 20-plus years of popularity to become one of the industry's most bankable stars. After finding fame in Australia with only his second film, "Mad Max" (1979), Gibson vaulted onto the international scene with the superior sequel, "The Road Warrior" (1981). Following an excellent performance in "The Year of Living Dangerously" (1982), Gibson staked his claim in Hollywood by starring in "Lethal Weapon" (1987), a highly successful buddy comedy by which all others would be measured. Gibson actively sought to usurp his action hero image with a wider range of roles, including playing the titular "Hamlet" (1990) and a reclusive burn victim in "The Man without a Face" (1993). He transformed himself from action star to Oscar-winning director with the historical epic "Braveheart" (1995) and sparked controversy for his "The Passion of the Christ" (2003), an intense look at the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Following a handful of small acting roles, Gibson's comeback film, World War II drama "Hacksaw Ridge" (2016), received positive reviews and a handful of Academy award nominations, including one for Best Director, completing his rise and fall and rise story.
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Q: How to cast string to date? Date 1190502 indicates 02/05/2019 :

DT

1190502

1190503

1190504

1190505

1190506

1190507

I want to cast this to a date format. Following query fails:
SELECT CAST(SUBSTRING(DT,6,2)+'/'+SUBSTRING(DT,4,2)+'/'+'20'+SUBSTRING(DT,2,2) AS DATE) FROM table

A: You may use TRY_CONVERT here if your version of SQL Server support it:
SELECT TRY_CONVERT(datetime, SUBSTRING('1190502', 2, 6));  -- 2019-05-02 00:00:00.000

Or, you could use the older CONVERT function, with the correct format mask:
SELECT CONVERT(datetime, SUBSTRING('1190502', 2, 6), 112);  -- 2019-05-02 00:00:00.000

A:
SQL0402 SQLCODE -402
SQLSTATE 42819 Explanation: &1 use not valid.

This is a DB/2 Error Message, so try to use concat:
SELECT CAST(SUBSTRING(DT,6,2) concat '/' concat SUBSTRING(DT,4,2) concat '/20' concat SUBSTRING(DT,2,2) as DATE)
FROM table

db-fiddle

A: Try this:
SELECT C, DATE(TO_DATE(SUBSTR(C, 2), 'YYMMDD')) D
FROM
(
VALUES
  '1190502'
, '1190503'
, '1190504'
, '1190505'
, '1190506'
, '1190507'
) T (C);

|C      |D         |
|-------|----------|
|1190502|2019-05-02|
|1190503|2019-05-03|
|1190504|2019-05-04|
|1190505|2019-05-05|
|1190506|2019-05-06|
|1190507|2019-05-07|


text:
GM Kicks Off Program to Install 40,000 EV Chargers in the U.S.
The program aims to nearly double the current number of public Level 2 charging stations.
IEN Staff
GM celebrated the official launch of its Dealer Community Charging Program with the installation of the first community charging stations in Wisconsin and Michigan. Since the program was announced in late 2021, nearly 1,000 GM dealers have enrolled — representing almost a quarter of all GM dealers in North America. The program initially opened to Chevrolet dealers earlier this year and will expand to Buick, GMC and Cadillac dealers in January 2023.
Through the Dealer Community Charging Program, GM and its dealers are working together to expand charging access in communities, including underserved rural and urban areas where EV charging is often limited or non-existent. Participating dealers are eligible to receive up to 10 19.2-kilowatt Level 2 charging stations. GM then connects dealers with installation providers as needed to place the charging stations at key community locations.
Ultimately, GM aims to install up to 40,000 Level 2 charging stations across the U.S. and Canada through the program, nearly doubling the current number of public Level 2 charging stations. These charging stations will be available to all EV drivers — not just GM EV customers — and will deliver the most power available to a Level 2 charger.
"Nearly 90% of the U.S. population lives within 10 miles of a GM dealership. Our dealers are deeply involved and trusted in their communities and are well positioned to determine locations that expand access to EV charging, including at small businesses, entertainment venues, schools and other popular destinations," said Hoss Hassani, vice president of GM EV Ecosystem. "Our dealers are an important enabler of our all-electric future and in many cases will be the catalyst for EV adoption in communities that would otherwise have limited EV infrastructure. Combined with their exceptional ability to service EV drivers across North America, our dealers are now helping to make charging possible across much of the continent."
FLO has been selected as the charging station provider for the program and supplied the initial charging stations. The company's first U.S. manufacturing facility in Auburn Hills, Michigan, will serve as the primary production location for the program's charging stations, supporting the development of a North American EV charging supply chain.
"We are proud to support this extraordinary effort to grow access to public EV charging in thousands of local communities across North America," said Louis Tremblay, FLO president and CEO. "Together, FLO, GM and GM dealerships will bring reliable charging to drivers from curbside to countryside."
Wheelers Chevrolet GMC was the first dealer to participate in the program and recently installed its first charging stations at several locations in Marshfield, Wisconsin, including two parks, a library and a sports complex. Young Chevrolet Cadillac was next to install its first charging stations at Memorial Healthcare Wellness Center in Owosso, Michigan. Dealers in Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Ohio and Washington state are expected to install their first chargers in the weeks and months ahead.
"We're excited to be the first dealership in the nation to have these chargers," said Mary Jo Wheeler-Schueller, owner of Wheelers Chevrolet GMC. "This will help put Marshfield on the map in terms of EV leadership. This is a great stop for commuters to check out our community and see all that Marshfield has to offer."
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A new video series from Manufacturing.net - Security Breach, looks to offer the insight and tools needed to ready your company's defenses. Stay up-to-date on today's vital cybersecurity topics by subscribing here.
The Detroit automaker made $1.99 billion from October through December.
Self-Driving Semis Focus of California Rules, Legislation
This is the start of a debate that could shape the future of the nation's nearly $900 billion trucking industry.
Sulzer Delivers Bespoke Motor Redesigns for National Grid
Helping National Grid secure gas supply to homes and businesses nationwide.
The final plane is the 1,574th built by Boeing
Boeing Awarded U.S. Air Force Contract for 15 Aerial Refuelers
The KC-46A Pegasus delivers crucial fuel and data for the fleet, as well as cargo, personnel and aeromedical transportation.
EV Startup Arrival Cuts Its Workforce by Half
The layoffs will take the company's headcount down to about 800.
Simplifying Oil and Gas Predictive Modeling
Chemometrics and Raman spectroscopy streamlines turnaround, throughput and real time test results.
This comes on top of a reduction of 4,000 staff the company announced in October.
Renault, Nissan Even Out Partnership
Up until now, Renault held a much larger stake in Nissan than the reverse.
The vehicles provide critical indirect firepower capabilities in the mechanized brigades.


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Our ethical business practices complement us in achieving our goals, at par with current industry trends and developments.


text:
You are at:Home»Records»Review: Lonely The Brave – 'Diamond Days'
Credit: https://www.musicglue.com/lonelythebrave/
Review: Lonely The Brave – 'Diamond Days'
By Oli Polhill	on	 May 15, 2016 Records, Singles
Neither well-crafted nor exciting, 'Diamond Days' is a surprisingly second-rate track for such a promising band.
British alternative rock quintet Lonely The Brave have had their second studio album, Things Will Matter, in the works for the last few months, teasing fans with video and audio snippets via social media. Several singles have been released in full, including 'Radar', 'Black Mire', 'What If You Fall In' and 'Rattlesnakes'.
In comparison to its siblings 'Diamond Days' is relatively sedate. Not necessarily a bad thing at all, especially if the band contrast it with some more upbeat songs. It's too early to say if it moves to the same rhythm as the rest of the album: we won't know that for another week.
But as a standalone piece of music it's flaccid and lacklustre. In the music video every single band member either appears to be falling asleep or trying to bore holes in the floor with their eyes. The vocals have a slippery hillbilly twang that is dreadfully out of place, and the lyrics are uninspiring; thankfully, they're virtually inaudible beneath David Jakes' monotonous droning. The mellow guitars redeem the track to a degree, but they're spoiled by percussive off-beats that are just confusing. After the huge success of The Day's War this is a disappointing single.
Things Will Matter will be released via Hassle Records on 20th May. Pre-order here.
Oli Polhill
MA English student at the University of Southampton and alternative music correspondent for The Edge.


text:
Q: Where do you keep your own scripts on OSX? As I write my bash scripts for my OS X that do general things, I am wondering where is a good place to keep them. Is there a directory I can put them all in where they will be picked up automatically?  Or should I create my own directory and then reference this directory from .profile or something?

A: Usually /usr/local/bin, unless you don't want other users to have access to them, in which case $HOME/bin.
/usr/local/bin may be in the default PATH, but $HOME/bin will certainly need to be added to PATH.

Adding $HOME/bin to PATH:
PATH=${PATH}:$HOME/bin
export PATH

A: I have my PATH set as:

*

*/usr/local/bin

*/usr/bin

*/bin

*/usr/sbin

*/sbin

*$HOME/bin
I use /usr/local/bin for commands that I have that override the default commands. For example, I have Subversion 1.7.7 installed, and the OS X comes with 1.6.18. The version 1.7.7 of svn is in /usr/local/bin while the default 1.6.18 version of svn is in /usr/bin. When I type svn, I get the version I installed instead of the version that comes with OS X. I've done this with Java, Git, Python, and several other binaries where I need a different version that what came on my Mac. Most of these are symbolic links. For example:
$ ls -l /usr/local/bin/ant
lrwxr-xr-x  1 root  wheel       16 Jun 12 11:01 ant -> /opt/ant/bin/ant

Ant 1.9.1 is installed in /opt/ant (actually, /opt/apache-ant-1.9.1, but it's symbolically linked to /opt/ant). I linked all the stuff under /opt/ant/bin to /usr/local/bin, so it's in my path.
I use $HOME/bin for my personal shell scripts and other scripts. Traditionally, you make this the last entry in your PATH, so you don't accidentally override a built in command. If I made a shell script command called cp, I wouldn't override the /bin/cp command.

A: I use ~/bin for executables and scripts I wrote myself and /usr/local/bin for executables and scripts I didn't write myself.
/usr/local/bin is used by Homebrew, pip (and gem and npm installed by Homebrew), as the default target for make install, and by some .pkg installers.
I used to have a separate directory for executables and scripts I didn't write myself and that weren't placed in /usr/local/bin by default. But it contained so few files that I moved all files in it to /usr/local/bin.
I can find the non-Homebrew stuff in /usr/local/bin with find /usr/local/bin ! -lname '../Cellar/*'.
I don't use /usr/local/bin for scripts I wrote myself, because /usr/local/bin already contains about 1000 other files, and ~/bin (or bin) is often easier to type.
I have added setenv PATH ~/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/libexec:/usr/texbin to /etc/launchd.conf. Having /usr/local/bin before the other directories is potentially dangerous, and for example some TextMate commands stopped working because of it, but it's also convenient to have newer versions of commands before the system-installed versions and to use the same path everywhere.

A: In my mind, you can put your scripts where you want. It dosen't really matters unless you used system specefic folders. I do keep mine in /scr with root only permission on that folder. It's conviniant because all the script in this folder needs root access to perform correctly and I don't want end users to peek into that folder.


The 2020 OGS conference will be held at the Kalahari Resort and Convention Center in Sandusky, Ohio April 29 - May 2.
The 2021 OGS Conference will be held at the Nationwide Hotel and Conference Center in Lewis Center, Ohio April 14-17.
The 2022 OGS Conference will be held at the Great Wolf Lodge in Mason, Ohio April 27-30.


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Published in: Agardh, J.G. (1889). Species Sargassorum Australiae descriptae et dispositae. Accedunt de singulis partibus Sargassorum, earumque differentiis morphologicis in diversis speciebus observationes nonnullae; nec non dispositionis specierum omnium generis, his differentiis fundatae, periculum. Öfversigt af Konglige Vetenskaps-Adademiens Förhandlingar, Stockholm, series 4 23(3): 1-133, pls I-XXXI.
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