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Fund Individual Research
By Robert C. Cowen
UNITED STATES policy to promote basic science seems to be in conflict with itself. The Bush administration wants to spend more money for research and development - including basic science. This implies that it wants more talented young people to pursue scientific careers. Yet the funding for individual researchers - as opposed to teams of scientists on large projects - has become too skimpy to support all the workers who seek money for worthwhile research.
This has created a situation where university students who would like to take up science professionally can't be sure what career opportunities await them. That sort of discouragement could lead to a serious shortage of at least some kinds of scientists in the not too distant future.
Consider AIDS research. There is still much to learn about the AIDS viruses. So it remains largely a field for basic scientific study, which is carried out mainly by individual scientists and their associates including graduate students. AIDS research has top priority today. But the specialists who do it were there when needed because of strong support for small-scale, individualistic science in the 1960s and '70s. Will other specialists be available in future emergencies if such support now is neglected?
The National Institutes of Health is the main supporter of basic biomedical scientists. It is unable to fund most of the worthwhile grant applications it receives. Some of the institutes can fund only one application in four. Moreover, last fall the agency as a whole began reducing the number of grants even further in order to put money into the remaining awards.
Reviewing this situation, the Scientist - a weekly newspaper for professional scientists - noted, as an example, that Joe Coulter of the University of Iowa should benefit from the new policy. His grants had been cut 10 percent in each of the past two years. That should stop now. But the Scientist went on to quote Dr. Coulter's concern for the future: ``Right now, we can get by with some belt tightening and fewer new grants. But what about 10 years down the road? If doing medical science becomes sufficiently unattractive to draw in new talent, the next time an AIDS epidemic comes along there may not be anybody in the lab to do the work.''
Many other fields of basic science are in the same situation. President Bush is asking for a 14 percent increase in the budget of the National Science Foundation. Some 60 percent of that $2.15 billion budget would fund individual research projects and their facilities. Yet the foundation turns down many good proposals also.
It, too, is talking about giving fewer awards and using any budget increase to put more money into grants it does fund. Foundation director Erich Block points out that the average grant has lost ground to inflation. He would like to raise it to $110,000 or $120,000 from its present $75,000 level.
Somehow, the need to nurture the scientists who do the research eludes the budget process. Much of the new money the administration wants is for big-ticket items such as NASA's space station or the Department of Energy's Gippertron particle accelerator. Even the Congressional Budget Office, in recommending cuts, suggests that the National Institutes of Health could fund fewer grants or trim another 10 percent off its awards.
Science is something people do. If the federal government truly wants to strengthen basic science, it should adequately support individual scientists themselves. A Tuesday column
Climate Science Climate science slashed in Trump budget. Why does that matter?
How Trump's budget could affect basic research
Breakthroughs Voices The assault on federally supported science

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Rembrandt | His First Break
Rembrandt: His First Break
Today we don't give much thought to how the great masters of art found their way to becoming successful. With an artist like Rembrandt we just assume he was born knowing how to create good art, but that just wasn't the case. Rembrandt was lucky because during the time period in which he lived business was thriving. The Dutch Golden Age of the seventeenth century was a period of great prosperity in Holland that led to an enormous production of art by a large number of painters. It was a time when technical standards were very high, forcing painters to become specialized in genre scenes, landscapes, still-lifes, portraits, mythological or history paintings. Unlike the prior century there was far less demand for religious paintings as the Catholic Church was going through a period of reform. This was the time when Protestantism was born, dividing the Roman Catholic Church into distinct branches. In addition, there were fewer large aristocratic houses to fill due to a shift from the few holding all the wealth to the general population having enough income to purchase artwork to decorate their homes. It was a time when Dutch trade, science, military and art were among the most acclaimed in the world.
"The Stoning of Saint Stephen," 1625, collection of Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon
Born in Leiden, Netherlands, Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-69) was the ninth child of a well-to-do family. From 1620 to around 1625, Rembrandt trained as an artist under two masters. His first was painter Jacob van Swanenburgh (1571–1638), with whom he studied for about three years, learning basic artistic skills. His second teacher was Amsterdam's Pieter Lastman (1583–1633), who was a well-known history painter and likely helped Rembrandt master the genre, which included placing figures from biblical, historical and allegorical scenes in complex settings.1 In 1624, at the age of eighteen, Rembrandt opened his own studio in Leiden and three years later began accepting students. During this period we can see the influence of Lastman in Rembrandt's work. In several instances Rembrandt deconstructed his former master's compositions then recreated them into his own, a practice that would be carried out by Rembrandt's own pupils later on. One such example is The Stoning of Saint Stephen (1625), which is believed to be Rembrandt's first painting, which he painted at the age of nineteen. In this immature work the figures are rendered very stiffly, as if they were wooden mannequins. The composition is also elementary as the figures are stacked next to each other. We can see the beginning of Rembrandt's use of light and dark values, which he would become known for in years to come. Rembrandt's paintings created at this time were predominantly small religious and allegorical themes that were rich in detail. By the age of twenty-three, Rembrandt received his first court commission in 1629 from Prince Frederik Hendrik (1584–1647), who continued to purchase Rembrandt's work throughout his life.
"Old Warrior," 1629-1630, oil on canvas, collection of the State Hermitage Museum
The 1630s was a decade of tremendous success for Rembrandt's career, combined with great personal loss. The subject matter of his work during this decade was primarily portraiture and narrative painting. In 1631, at the age of twenty-five, he moved his studio to Amsterdam, the business capital of the Netherlands. That same year Rembrandt partnered with Hendrick Uylenburgh (1587–1661), an art dealer who had a workshop that created portraits and restored paintings. This partnership, along with Rembrandt's "energetic" painting style, helped him receive numerous portrait commissions. Unfortunately, Rembrandt was criticized for his inability to create an exact likeness of his subject. These early portraits exhibit a generic quality where everyone's face is very similar. During this period he painted one of his most famous portraits, Old Warrior (1629-30). Rembrandt painted many versions of this portrait throughout his life; the original version is part of the collection of the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. The actual person in the original version is believed to have been Rembrandt's father. Rembrandt continued to paint portraits throughout his career. By the 1640s we start to see a higher level of sophistication in capturing his subject's likeness.
"Flora," 1634, oil on canvas, collection of the State Hermitage Museum
In 1634 Rembrandt married Saskia van Uylenburg (1612-1642), whose father had been a successful lawyer and mayor of Leeuwarden. It is believed Saskia met Rembrandt at the home of his business partner and her uncle, Hendrick van Uylenburgh. Orphaned by age twelve, Saskia was raised by her sister Hiskje and her husband, Gerard van Loo. Saskia fell in love with an artist who was socially no match for the daughter of a patrician, which caused issues on both sides of their families. The same year that Saskia and Rembrandt married, he painted Flora, a stylized portrait of a pregnant Saskia with a garland on her head. The use of garlands in paintings became popular in the early 1600s when Flemish artists Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568–1625) and Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) began using them to symbolize the Catholic Reformation. Whether or not Rembrandt was making a religious statement is unknown. We do know that although his mother was Roman Catholic, his father belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, and all five of Rembrandt's children were christened in Dutch Reformed churches in Amsterdam. Rembrandt's use of the head garland combined with a pregnant young woman as the goddess of plants and fertility in Roman mythology would have been a contemporary take on an ancient theme. Saskia is dressed in luxurious garments worn by the Dutch Jews, which shows the focus of the painting was on Rembrandt's clientele and not a portrait of Saskia. Rembrandt was very familiar with members of the Jewish community of Amsterdam and often added Jewish artifacts to his paintings.2 Though the painting was criticized because Saskia's face is too idealized and not an exact likeness, it's doubtful Rembrandt's goal was to paint a portrait. Rembrandt's workshop executed another Flora the following year, using an older female patron as the model. That Flora now hangs at the National Gallery in London.
"Descent from the Cross," 1634, oil on canvas, collection of the State Hermitage Museum
Rembrandt gained tremendous financial success during the 1630s and decided to buy a house in the Jodenbreestraat in 1639, next to the place where he worked. Jodenbreestraat was an up-and-coming Jewish neighborhood in Amsterdam during this time. Rembrandt asked his brother-in-law, Ulricus van Uylenburgh, a lawyer, to help them out by confirming he was successful and able to pay for the house.3 The mortgage to finance the 13,000 guilder purchase would be a primary cause for Rembrandt's later financial difficulties. Rembrandt should easily have been able to pay the house off with his large income, but his spending always kept pace with his income. He amassed a huge collection of art and antiquates, often buying his own paintings to drive up the prices.
"Sacrifice of Isaac," 1635, oil on canvas, collection of the State Hermitage Museum
During the later half of the 1630s Rembrandt began painting dramatic, large-scale biblical and mythological scenes, such as Descent from the Cross (1634), Sacrifice of Isaac (1635) and Danaë (1636). It is during this period that we see Rembrandt developing his own voice as an artist. Descent from the Cross is one of his first paintings that show the beginning of his sophisticated use of light. Painted at the age of twenty-nine, Sacrifice of Isaac is one of Rembrandt's most successful and mature works in his career up to this point. Compared to the rigid centered composition of Descent from the Cross, in Sacrifice of Isaac we see a flowing composition starting with the angel's raised hand down to Isaac's arched body. The circular motif is seen in the physical gestures of the three characters; even the abandoned knife is curved. Note the importance of hands in this painting: the angel's left hand is pointing to heaven, while his right hand holds back Abraham's left hand forcing him to drop his knife. Abraham's right hand holds down Isaac's head, concealing his identity. Isaac's helplessness is further reinforced by having both his hands bound behind his back, unseen. The theme of the painting centers around "the hand of God," which Rembrandt has orchestrated masterfully. Directly under the knife, slightly above Isaac's body, in the folds of the garments, we can read in Hebrew the name of Jehovah and a letter that signifies it is part of a quotation. Rembrandt did not know Hebrew, but many of his assistants and advisors did.2 The subtle insertion of Hebrew was probably done to speak to the original owner of this piece. There is a copy of this painting in Munich, which was made by Rembrandt's workshop. The original painting ended up in the collection of Sir Robert Walpole in England and was purchased by Catherine the Great in 1779.
"Danae," 1636, oil on canvas, collection of the State Hermitage Museum
Painted when Rembrandt was just thirty years old, Danaë (1636) was inspired by Lastman's The Wedding Night of Tobias and Sara (1611). Rembrandt continues to employ the circular motif with the composition of this painting. From the base of the golden Zeus at Danaë's head, our eye is led down her nude body to the dimly lit opening where her father, King Acrisius, hides. At this point we see a masterful control of light and value contrasts in this work. The white sheets on the bed frame Danaë's nude body making it stand out in an otherwise dark environment. The model for this painting, Geertje Dircx (c.1610/1615 – c.1656), was the wet nurse for Rembrandt's fourth and only surviving child, Titus (1641-1668). Geertje was hired during Saskia's illness, which was most likely with tuberculosis from of which she died the following year. Rembrandt's drawings of Saskia on her sick and deathbed are among his most moving works. After Saskia's death Geertje became Rembrandt's lover for several years. In 1649 she expected him to marry her, but if Rembrandt remarried he would no longer have access to his son's inheritance from Saskia. The relationship broke up acrimoniously, leading to a lengthy court case for "breach of promise," in which Geertje was awarded alimony of two-hundred guilders a year. After learning Geertje had pawned jewelry that had once belonged to Saskia, Rembrandt had her committed to an asylum for twelve years, which put an end to the alimony payments. After her release she tried to sue Rembrandt for wrongful imprisonment. Perhaps Rembrandt's Danaë carried with it a "bad juju," because on June 15, 1985 it was attacked by Bronius Maigys, who threw sulfuric acid on the canvas and cut it twice with his knife. The entire central part of the composition was turned into a mixture of spots with a conglomerate of splashes and areas of dripping paint. The worst damage was to the face and hair of Danaë, as well as her right arm and legs.
In the decade beginning in 1630 we see a meteoric jump in Rembrandt's skills, style and compositions. Gone are the awkwardly staged characters seen in The Stoning of Saint Stephen. Rembrandt's Flora shows us the beginning of his creation of fashionable paintings that are stylized using the latest trends. The paintings that follow get more and more sophisticated with their use of light and dark value contrast, subject matter, styling and composition. We can see that Rembrandt isn't just reconstructing his former master's compositions, but instead he is really thinking out the themes of his paintings to make his own statement. This decade was the foundation for his later work when he produced some of the greatest masterpieces the art world has ever seen.
1. https://www.biography.com/people/rembrandt-9455125
2. Mikhail Piotrovsky, My Hermitage: How the Hermitage Survived Tsars, Wars, and Revolutions to Become the Greatest Museum in the World; SkiraRizzoli, 2015; page 316.
3. Driessen, Christoph (2012): Rembrandts vrouwen, p 116.
Cathy Locke is an award-winning fine art painter, professor, and published writer, specializing in Russian art of the 19th and 20th centuries. She organizes annual art excursions to Russia every summer and is the editor of Musings-on-art.org.
Russian Art Tours – www.russianarttour.com
Ninth Wave
The Penitent Mary Magdaline
Hermitage Museum: How the Hermitage Survived
Rembrandt: His Life & Works in 500 Images
Rembrandt's Paintings Revisited - A Complete Survey


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Home » Disorders » Patient & Caregiver Education » Fact Sheets
Bell's Palsy Fact Sheet
What causes Bell's Palsy?
What is the prognosis?
Bell's palsy, also known as idiopathic facial palsy, is a form of temporary facial paralysis or weakness on one side of the face. It results from dysfunction of cranial nerve VII (facial nerve) which directs the muscles on one side of the face, including those that control eye blinking and closing and facial expressions such as smiling. (There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, identified by Roman numerals.) The facial nerve also carries nerve impulses to the tear glands, the saliva glands, and the muscles of a small bone in the middle of the ear. The facial nerve also transmits taste sensations from the tongue.
Bell's palsy is the most common cause of facial paralysis, although its exact cause is unknown. Generally, Bell's palsy affects only one side of the face; however, in rare cases, it can affect both sides. Symptoms appear suddenly over a 48 - 72-hour period and generally start to improve with or without treatment after a few weeks, with recovery of some or all facial function within six months. In some cases, residual muscle weakness lasts longer or may be permanent.
Because the facial nerve has so many functions and is so complex, damage to the nerve or a disruption in its function can lead to many problems. Symptoms of Bell's palsy can vary from person to person and range in severity from mild weakness to total paralysis. The most common symptom is sudden weakness of one side of the face. Other symptoms may include drooping of the mouth, drooling, inability to close eye (causing dryness of the eye), and excessive tearing in one eye. Individuals may also have facial pain or abnormal sensation, altered taste, and intolerance to loud noise. Most often these symptoms lead to significant facial distortion.
The cause of Bell's palsy is unknown. Swelling and inflammation of the cranial nerve VII is seen in individuals with Bell's palsy.
Most scientists believe that reactivation of an existing (dormant) viral infection may cause the disorder. Impaired immunity from stress, sleep deprivation, physical trauma, minor illness or autoimmune syndromes are suggested as the most likely triggers. As the facial nerve swells and becomes inflamed in reaction to the infection, it causes pressure within the Fallopian canal (a bony canal through which the nerve travels to the side of the face), leading to the restriction of blood and oxygen to the nerve cells. In some mild cases where recovery is rapid, there is damage only to the myelin sheath (the fatty covering that acts as insulation of nerve fibers).
Several other conditions can also cause facial paralysis, for example, brain tumor, stroke, myasthenia gravis, and Lyme disease. If no specific cause can be identified, the condition can be diagnosed as Bell's palsy.
Bell's palsy affects about 40,000 people in the United States every year. It can affect anyone of any gender and age, but its incidence seems to be highest in those in the 15- to 45-year-old age group. Risk factors for Bell's palsy include pregnancy, preeclampsia, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and upper respiratory ailments.
A diagnosis of Bell's palsy is made based on clinical presentation—acute facial nerve weakness or paralysis on one side of the face with onset in less than 72 hours—and by ruling out other possible causes of facial paralysis. There is no specific laboratory test to confirm diagnosis of the disorder.
Generally, a physician will examine the individual for upper and lower facial weakness. In most cases this weakness occurs to both upper and lower facial muscles, including the forehead, eyelid, and/or mouth. Routine laboratory or imaging studies are not necessary for most cases, but sometimes they can help to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other diseases that can cause facial weakness. A test called electromyography (EMG, which uses very thin wire electrodes that are inserted into a muscle to assess changes in electrical activity that occur during movement and when the muscle is at rest) can confirm the presence of nerve damage and determine the severity and the extent of nerve involvement. Blood tests can sometimes help in diagnosing other concurrent problems such as diabetes and certain infections. Diagnostic imaging using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or a computed tomography (CT) scan can rule out other structural causes of pressure on the facial nerve (such as an artery compressing the nerve) and also check the other nerves.
For individuals with new-onset Bell's palsy, steroids are highly likely to be effective and can increase the probability of recovery of facial nerve function. In most instances, oral steroids should be started within 72 hours of symptom onset if possible, to increase the probability of good facial functional recovery. Some individuals with co-existing conditions may not respond well to or be able to take steroid drugs. Antiviral agents (in addition to steroids) might increase the probability of recovery of facial function, although their benefit has not been clearly established. Analgesics such as aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen may relieve pain. Because of possible drug interactions, individuals taking prescription medicines should always talk to their doctors before taking any over-the-counter drugs.
Another important factor in treatment is eye protection. Bell's palsy can interrupt the eyelid's natural blinking ability, leaving the eye exposed to irritation and drying. Keeping the eye moist and protecting it from debris and injury, especially at night, is important. Lubricating eye drops, such as artificial tears or eye ointments or gels, and eye patches are also effective.
Other therapies such as physical therapy, facial massage, or acupuncture may provide a potential small improvement in facial nerve function and pain.
In general, decompression surgery for Bell's palsy—to relieve pressure on the nerve—is controversial. On rare occasions, cosmetic or reconstructive surgery may be needed to reduce deformities and correct some damage such as an eyelid that will not fully close or a crooked smile.
The prognosis for individuals with Bell's palsy is generally very good. Clinical evidence of improvement occurs spontaneously within three weeks in 85 percent of cases, and most individuals eventually recover normal facial function. Some individuals may be left with mild residual facial weakness or show moderate to severe deficits. Bell's palsy can have consequences from a previous injury or condition, such as involuntary mouth movements when trying to blink the eyes or incomplete recovery of facial muscle weakness resulting in trouble speaking or forming words (dysarthria).
The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use the knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the leading supporter of biomedical research in the world.
The NINDS conducts and supports an extensive research program of basic science to increase understanding of how the nervous system works and what causes the system to sometimes go wrong, leading to dysfunction. Part of this research program focuses on learning more about the circumstances that lead to nerve damage and the conditions that cause injuries and damage to nerves.
For example, in one research project, scientists are studying two genes to identify the molecular mechanisms involved in the regeneration of nerve projections (axons) to their original targets. An understanding of how to regenerate peripheral nerves may lead to ways to prevent nerve damage and injuries from occurring. Additional projects seek to identify the mechanisms and consequences of neuroinflammation on peripheral nerve function.
Knowledge gained from this research may help scientists find the definitive cause of Bell's palsy, leading to the discovery of new effective treatments for the disorder.
Information also is available from the following organizations:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
55 Kenosia Avenue
orphan@rarediseases.org
Tel: 203-744-0100; Voice Mail: 800-999-NORD (6673)
National Institutes of Health/DHHS
"Bell's Palsy Fact Sheet", NINDS, Publication date June 2018.
NIH Publication No. 18-NS-5114
Back to: Bell's Palsy Information Page
See a list of all NINDS disorders
Parálisis de Bell
Office of Communications and Public Liaison
NINDS health-related material is provided for information purposes only and does not necessarily represent endorsement by or an official position of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke or any other Federal agency. Advice on the treatment or care of an individual patient should be obtained through consultation with a physician who has examined that patient or is familiar with that patient's medical history.
All NINDS-prepared information is in the public domain and may be freely copied. Credit to the NINDS or the NIH is appreciated.
Date last modified: Fri, 2020-10-02 13:08


VonDohren, Follweiler, Brennan and Geesaman earn victories Friday Evening at Big Diamond Speedway.
The Savage 61 Roadrunners would be brought to the green flag by TJ Fitzpatrick and Elvin Brennan. Brennan would jump out in front of the field with TJ Fitzpatrick waiting and hoping for his chance to overcome Brennan and visit Victory Lane. Brennan and Fitzpatrick would battle it out. Brennan would never look back and earned another visit to Victory Lane, followed by TJ Fitzpatrick, Chris Holland, Jim Kost and Jim Kost.
The USS Achey Sportsman were brought to the green by Mike Mammana and AJ Gerhart. Mammana would waste no time jumping out into the front spot and pull away from the field. as well as the second place car AJ Gerhart Mammana would be able to lead the entire event and the end he would have to hold off the hard charger, Brett Kressley. Despite his hardest efforts, Kressley would have to settle the for the runner up position followed by AJ Gerhart, Doug Hendricks and Tim Fitpatrick JR. The heat events were won by Tim Fitzpatrick and Mike Mammana.
The Slifko Fabrications Street Stock feature was led on the first lap by Chris Derr until Jeremy Becker would take over the lead of the race on the second lap, but by lap four it was Jasen Geesaman who would once again find himself in the top spot and pulling away from the field. Geesaman would just dominate the class and despite how hard Becker tried, he was unable to make the pass for the lead and would be passed by Jeff Haag for the runner up spot on the final lap, pushing Becker back to third place. Rounding out the top were Rich Bossinger and Chris Derr. The heats were won by Chris Derr and Jeremy Becker.
July 17 - ARDC Midgets, USS Achey Sportsman, Savage 61 Roadrunners, Excel 600 Modifieds, Slifko Fabrications Street Stocks and the Kids Big Wheel Race.
General Admission for regular Friday evening events is $15, Senior Citizens are $12 and children 12 and under and active military with ID are admitted for free.
ACTIVE military members receive FREE admission into every race, but all Veterans of our military who have military ID, will receive a FREE meal ticket at each race. Veterans will need an official military ID to receive their meal ticket, which is good for one hot dog, one slice of pizza AND one drink. The Veteran Meal Ticket will be given to them when they purchase their admission tickets as long as proper ID is provided.
For more information, please visit the tracks Facebook Fan Page at www.facebook.com/bigdiamondspeedway or on the web at www.bigdspeedway.com. Live time scoring is now available on Friday evenings through the Race Monitor application that is available for both the IOS and Android operating systems.
Savage 61 Roadrunners Feature Results - 1. Elvin Brennan 2. TJ Fitzpatrick 3. Chris Holland 4. Jim Kost 5. Devin Trexler 6. Tim Fitzpatrick 7. Shon Elk 8. Terry Kramer 9. Jesse Krasnitsky 10. Chris Natale 11. Kris Ney 12. Tim Spisak 13. Jon Schlauch 14. Kyle Wingle 15. Bryan Buchinski 16. TJ Kennedy 17. Andrew Fayash III DNS - Dave Long Jr.


It's usually fairly difficult to get approved for a business loan when you don't have any money in the bank. This is fairly ironic of course, because it means that you pretty much have to already have some money in order to get approved for a loan that would provide you with more money.
Irony aside, there are some things you can do to secure business financing without having a strong bank account.
Some of your business expenses can be very large, for instance rent and payroll, and these will require some hefty funds in order to be satisfied. Even these types of expenses can be managed with a business credit card, and it will have the added effect of improving your credit score when you make all these payments on time. The creditworthiness of your business is one of the most crucial factors in obtaining business financing, so using a business credit card can be very helpful.
Equipment financing is very much like a business loan which requires no collateral, because in this case the equipment itself serves as collateral. You'll be able to obtain an equipment loan based on your time in business, your creditworthiness, and and the degree of fit for the equipment in your overall business plan. It won't really be necessary to demonstrate strong positive cash flow to secure this kind of business financing.
The beauty of invoice financing is that when you have a high volume of unpaid invoices, that's almost as good as money in the bank, except for the fact that you don't yet have that money. However, there are plenty of alternative lenders who will be willing to purchase those invoices from you, in exchange for upfront cash which you can use to keep your business running smoothly, and possibly to help your business grow.
Does your new business need startup capital?
If all you need to get your business off the ground is startup capital, we may be able to help. Contact us at Avery James, and we'll be glad to consider some options with you for providing the needed startup funding, so you can launch your new business.


I know the consensus is that you do not need to worry about sparge water Ph, only the Ph of the runoff. But here is my question, IF you match the Ph of the sparge water with the Ph of your mash, then you do not need to worry about the mash run off Ph nor the need to try to adjust if if goes off track.
Does this process not seem easier?
Your strategy of acidifying the sparge water to the mash pH will work some of the time. When this really won't work is when you're brewing styles with more acidic malts like porter or stout that have a naturally low pH. Acidifying sparge liquor any more than necessary (which often it is not) with these types of brews will give you a low pH in the kettle which will give you a very poor hot break during your boil. Of course, some will argue that a good hot break is not essential with such beers because clarity isn't that important. But do remember that a poor hot break affects fermentation and taste profiles as well.
I find that the easiest strategy for dealing with runoff pH is either to stop the runoff when the pH creeps too high. If your water supply is very hard, this may not be an option. Alternatively, experiment with acidifying all of your sparge water just enough to have the pH hit 5.8 when you stop running off the mash.
Thanks for the information. At this time, I only brew lagers so the a good hot break is necessary. Since I am going to be moving to a double decoction, I am looking for any simplified processes that I can take.
The goal in acidifying is to knock down the alkalinity of the sparge water.
Alkalinity is what keeps the pH up, not the pH of the sparge water. Alkalinity is the buffering capacity of the water or how difficult it is to lower the pH of the water.
If you lower ph to your desired running pH, you are over treating you water. This will cause other negative changes associated with low wort pH (i.e. accelerated staling of finished beer, increased chill haze, decreased hop utilization and the above mentioned decrease in protein coagulation).
Your grain bill will also help…darker grain is more acidic and will lower alkalinity more...therefore to achieve the same desired pH less acid will be needed.
There are always more opinions than brewers, but I like to keep final running pH below 6.0. I feel that this keeps undesirable malt flavors from becoming soluble in the wort.


Discount store wars: Did Kmart kill BIG W?
A retail expert has revealed the possible reason behind the shutting down of 30 BIG W stores around the country, saying that those in the industry expected double the number of doors to close.
David Kindl, chairman of Retail Doctor Group, said that Wesfarmers-owned Kmart has placed immense pressure on other discount department stores as they fail to keep up.
"Kmart has really created a point of difference for themselves – low cost, own brands, fun advertising and great product response," Mr Kindl told 9Finance.
"Retailers like Kmart have moved along in the past 10 years and retailers like BIG W maybe haven't," he said.
According to Mr Kindl, experts believed the number of BIG W stores to shut down would be close to 60, and the fact that it was half that shows the company is still fighting to remain in the business.
"This will probably set them up to focus on their remaining 150 stores," he said.
Woolworths announced on Monday that it will suffer a loss of $370 million after making the decision to close 30 BIG W stores and two distribution centres across Australia over the next three years.
While it is yet to be announced which stores will be affected, the company did confirm that the distribution centres in Monarto, South Australia and Warwick, Queensland will be shut down.
The question also remains as to how many jobs will be affected, however Woolworths Group CEO, Brad Banducci, said that the business will try and provide alternate employment options where possible.
There are currently 186 BIG W stores around the country that have been operating for over 40 years.
Do you regularly shop at BIG W? Tell us in the comments below.


Minimus is both the distillation of Chad Stock's winemaking experience at sites across the Pacific Northwest as well a testing ground for new ideas that he may or may not employ down the road. Chad is a strident believer in organic farming and sources a diverse array of fruit from friends and colleagues in Oregon and Washington in creating Minimus offerings.
This Rockwell is a blend of 40% Tempranillo, 25% Syrah, 20% Blaufrankisch, 10% Viognier, 5% Sauvignon Blanc aged in barriques and puncheons (a bit more than twice the size of barriques) from a mix of Austrian, French oak and accacia. This wine is about as natural as 'natural wine' can get! Stay tuned, because Chad's offering seems to be more and more interesting with every new harvest.
Notes of honeysuckle, violets, ripe raspberry, blackberry, candied cherry, melted chocolate and creamy vanilla on the nose then super sleek and silky in the mouth with bold flavors of ripe black cherry, raspberry, blackberry, toffee, mocha and espresso balanced but some fresh acidity and supple tannin.


Alistair Begg presents another study on the life of Nehemiah. At a critical time in Israel's history, this courageous leader began his project, first on his knees in prayer. And then Nehemiah took action. Consider this thought-provoking story of leadership and humility and its implication for your life.


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Home Technology Alibaba Cloud Showing Impressive Growth But No Match To AWS Yet
Alibaba Cloud Showing Impressive Growth But No Match To AWS Yet
TheDev
Alibaba is not very popular for its cloud computing services worldwide, but it surely wants to be among the top options. In 2009, the e-commerce giant took its first step into the cloud computing market, just three years after Amazon added its cloud division dubbed AWS.
Alibaba's cloud segment growing but still no match for AWS
The Chinese giant started taking the cloud part of its business more seriously two years ago and expanded the business outside China with a billion-dollar investment in Alibaba Cloud, or Aliyun. At that time, Simon Hu, president of Aliyun, made a huge prediction. Hu told Reuters that their aim is to supersede "Amazon in four years, whether that's in customers, technology, or worldwide scale."
Alibaba's cloud unit has been increasing at an amazing pace with triple-digit y-o-y growth for the past seven quarters. In December, the online retailer reported 115% growth. Based on this brisk growth, it may be a quarter or two away from reaching profits or at least a break-even point, notes TechCrunch.
Alibaba's cloud business has already exceeded the $1 billion mark thanks to the $254 million revenue recorded in its latest quarter. Of course, that is not even close to AWS, which grew at a 47% rate for overall income of $3.53 billion for the quarter. AWS, the biggest cloud business in the world, had $11 billion in sales last year.
How it plans to narrow the gap
To narrow the gap with AWS, Alibaba is boosting its cloud computing efforts and pursuing the cloud business aggressively. Alibaba Cloud doubled its data center capacity this year in Hong Kong.
The Chinese firm is also taking inspiration from its U.S. rival to grow its own business. Since its launch, AWS has dropped prices 52 times, and the rates it charges are now half of those charged by smaller competitors. Similarly, in October, Alibaba almost halved its core product prices, notes the Financial Times.
Elinor Leung of CLSA's Asia internet research team told the FT that the potential for the Chinese e-commerce giant in cloud is the same as it is for AWS.
"It's about scale and technology. The bigger you are, the less costs you pass on to the customer," said Leung.
Another thing in favor of the Chinese firm is the growing spending on the cloud in the region. Though it is still minute compared to the growth in the U.S., it is growing rapidly. According to research firm Gartner, total spending in China on public cloud services is expected to increase to $14.2 billion (one-tenth of the $141 billion anticipated to be spent this year in the U.S.) from $11.2 billion in 2016 this year.
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Supervisor Certificate Program Kicks Off August 22!
The next Career Connection will be held on August 9 from Noon to 4 pm at the Kentucky Career Center, in Bowling Green. You will be able to interview applicants during the event. If you are hiring and want to participate, please contact Workforce Coordinator Ra Pok.
SCK LAUNCH Experience Needs You!
Are you comfortable working with and interacting with students? SCK LAUNCH Experience Group Leaders are vital facilitators for Experience. As a group leader, you will interact with and guide students through the Experience event - from start to finish. Click here to view the two-page detail information packet that outlines the 'day-in-the-life' of a SCK LAUNCH Experience Group Leader. The most important part to remember about being a Group Leader is HOW EXCITED the students are to be participating in the Experience hands-on career expo.
Would you rather volunteer elsewhere for the Experience event? Please contact Director of Programs and Events Katie Dykes for additional information about other volunteer opportunities.
Over a period of four months, cohorts meet twice a month for a full-day of supervisor training including courses on basic business practices, time management, problem solving and customer service. The model outlines three key area where supervisors have the most influence within the workplace: improving others, improving processes and improving self. The corresponding courses are designed to the build the supervisor competencies in these areas in order to increase an organization's productivity, improve efficiency and enhance employee morale. This course will be held at the Knicely Conference Center. The cost is $1,200.
As of June 2018, 2,200 of the 4,700+ administrative regulations have been reviewed.
For 2018, the Bowling Green Area Chamber of Commerce has announced 10 economic development projects totaling $56.89 million in capital investment and 320 new jobs. For the second year in a row, Bowling Green was ranked second in Site Selection magazine's list of high-performing metros among communities with populations less than 200,000 based on total economic development projects for 2017.
Incorporated in 1935, the Bowling Green Area Chamber of Commerce is a 5-Star Accredited Chamber by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and was named the 2009 Chamber of the Year by the American Chamber of Commerce Executives. As the fourth largest chamber in Kentucky, the Chamber serves as a premier business advocate for its more than 1,350 partners and is the driving force for economic development in South Central Kentucky. Its primary goals are to promote growth and success in the business community, reaching its small business partners and those in large industries alike. With leadership programs, governmental relations projects, educational initiatives and involvement opportunities, the Chamber aims to support the community and its neighbors in order to enhance the business climate and continue to grow the region.


• Undergo training in the protocol, trial procedures, and GCP.
• Travel to trial clinic sites and conduct patient home visits in Karachi.
• Carry out home visits for endTB patients in order to educate the family on the trial and TB regimen, to provide psychosocial support if needed, to identify close contacts at high risk of DR-TB, and to identify and address infection control concerns in the home.
• Carry out home visits in case of medical or adherence problems and to take necessary actions to retrieve non adherent and potential lost to follow up patients.
• Assist in tracing patients following treatment interruption and returning them to care.
• Identification of appropriate treatment supporter for the patient.
• Coordinate all MDR TB ambulatory activities.
• Coordinate with Provincial MDR TB Coordinator of respective district to retrieve lost to follow up cases (if needed).
• Identify and address socioeconomic problems.
• Provision of training to treatment supporter.
• Supervise DR TB supporter and ensure Directly observed treatment (DOT) forms are filled on a daily basis by the supporter.
• Coordinate with clinical, data and pharmacy staff.
• Handing over weekly blister packs (treatment supply) to treatment supporter with the support of the pharmacist and maintaining records per guidelines.
• Complete all recording documents as required by endTB trial SOPs.
• To provide emotional, psychosocial, and educational support (during working hours) as required throughout the treatment journey for patients enrolled onto the endTB trial.
• Assist the team with collection of specific missing data for individual endTB patients if possible.


"Nothing but pleasant and competent, I look forward to going back."
"He takes his time, really listens to your concerns and makes sure you feel your best."
"This place is amazing. The minute you walk in you will be changed for the better."
Welcome to Greater Lowell Chiropractic & Rehabilitation where our chiropractors and the rest of our friendly team are committed to finding you chiropractic solutions to meet your unique physical needs.
Are you suffering from neck pain, back pain, headaches or maybe some muscular tightness or tension? Maybe you were in an accident and need immediate pain relief? Or perhaps you suffer from a chronic back or spinal condition that needs attention? Our staff here at Greater Lowell Chiropractic & Rehabilitation can help you relieve pain without the need for drugs and reach your wellness goals.
The purpose of our clinic is to support as many people as possible in their quest for health and to educate them about chiropractic so they may, in turn, educate others. Our priority is to understand your specific health concerns and help you stay well.
Please give us a call at 978-452-1466 if you have any questions about what chiropractic care can do for you or you would like to make an appointment. We look forward to helping you reach your wellness goals!
In the United Kingdom the use of aspirin in children under 12 has been banned since 1986.
Several recent studies have shown the benefits of chiropractic care for children suffering from "Nocturnal Enuresis" more commonly known as bedwetting.
Published in the January 2003 issue of the peer-reviewed periodical, Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics (JMPT), is the results of a study on lower back pain in children.
"First off, the staff is amazing here. They are very flexible when working around your schedule. I would highly recommend them to anyone who needs some back work!"
"I can't say enough about these great people at Greater Lowell Chiropractic! These people really care about their patients! Thank you again!"
"Definitely recommend this office for any of your chiropractor needs. I am really grateful for your hard work. I know I will be completely back to myself in no time!"


text:
NASCAR enjoys seeing influx of young women holding their own on track
By Edgar Thompson
| Orlando Sentinel |
| DAYTONA BEACH
NASCAR K&N Pro Series East driver Hailie Deegan, left, shares a laugh with her father, Brian Deegan, at the New Smyrna Speedway. She is pushing to be known for her racing skills and is driven to reach the Cup series. (Chris Garrison/AP)
Up-and-coming NASCAR driver Hailie Deegan wants to be one of the boys, not one of the girls.
She is turning heads and holding her own with her grit behind the wheel to lead a growing number of promising female drivers jockeying to fill the void left by trailblazer Danica Patrick, who retired last year.
"Now all us girls are looking to fill that position, for sure," said driver Brittney Zamora, Deegan's new teammate. "We want to be the next female up in the Cup series."
Deegan, Zamora and Natalie Decker arrived at the Surf Coast last week to begin the 2019 season and continue their steady rise up the ranks of a male-dominated sport.
Though just 17 years old, Deegan learned about her male counterparts long ago: If you can't join 'em, beat 'em.
To reach Victory Lane, Deegan has underplayed her feminine side and focused on her racing.
"I don't have many friends at the track," she said. "I'm not here to hang out. I'm here to win races."
Patrick's beauty, brand and business portfolio eventually would make her popular and prosperous, at times outshining her racing résumé. Deegan wants to open doors by reaching the finish line first.
"Just being a girl, you have to see yourself as one of the guys, you have to treat yourself the same, you have to act the same," Deegan said. "You can't act like a total girly girl out there or else you don't earn the respect of the guys. Let's be real here: There are a lot of older men who race and they don't want to see a 17-year-old girl who wears all pink and totally loves butterflies and unicorns. That's not how it is.
"To win in racing, you have to come in and be aggressive."
Hailie Deegan climbs out of her car in the pits before the Clint Newell Toyota 150 presented by NAPA Auto Parts at the Douglas County Speedway on June 30, 2018. (Steve Dykes / Getty Images)
In a sport not for the faint of heart, Zamora and Decker are no shrinking violets, either.
To reach this point in their careers, each young woman had to endure backbiting, accusations of cheating and on-track intimidation.
"I definitely got a lot of bad comments and a lot of hatred for just going out there and doing my thing," the 19-year-old Zamora said. "That was kind of tough."
Decker said the key to survival is to be tougher than her competition. She learned this lesson when she was 12 during her first year racing stock cars.
"I remember passing someone for the lead to win the race and I got a little rough with him, and he yelled at me for it," Decker recalled. "And I was like, 'That's how we race; just because I'm a girl doesn't mean I can't do that.' "
Decker, Zamora and Deegan each has earned scores of checkered flags. In fact, none can remember how many races she has won.
But all three readily recall their roots, having been raised in a world where racing — in one form or another — was a way of life.
Deegan's father, Brian, is the most-decorated freestyle motocross rider in the history of the X Games and a world champion in off-road racing. Haile Deegan was raised in the Southern California dirt.
"I was around it 24-7," Deegan said. "I've been around it ever since I can remember."
Zamora's start came even earlier. She was just five days old during her first trip to the track to see her father, Mike, race super late-model cars.
"I feel like this is what I was born to do," Brittany Zamora said.
Decker's road was one less traveled by stock-car racers. The 21-year-old's family owned a snowmobile track in Eagle River, Wis., where he father, Chuck, won the World Championship Snowmobile Derby.
At age 4, Natalie Decker looked to follow her father's path but she quit just seconds into her first snowmobile race.
"I practiced for weeks and there weren't these other sleds out here, so I only went 10 feet and took my helmet off," she recalled. "I told my dad I was done."
Natalie Decker suits up before a practice run Thursday at Daytona International Speedway She is among a wave of women pushing to move up in the Cup series. (Chris O'Meara / AP)
As a young girl, Decker also watched NASCAR with her father during the sport's heyday. Once she got behind the wheel of a go-cart at the age of 6, Decker had found her calling.
"I was like, that's how I can start," Decker recalled. "That's when I knew I wanted to race NASCAR."
Growing up in Washington watching her dad race and work on cars, Zamora was just 4 when she experienced a similar epiphany driving go-carts.
"Once you get the behind the wheel and actually take a few laps for yourself, you realize what it's all about," she said.
A thousand miles south, Deegan learned to love racing on the off-road tracks of California. The first of three children, Hailie received a mini off-road truck for her eighth birthday and would go on to develop her skills in the rough-and-tumble world of off-road racing.
Deegan transitioned to asphalt in 2016 but maintains the edge and mentality she developed on the dirt-track circuit as she begins her second season in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series.
"I'm probably one of the most aggressive out there," Deegan said. "You do something to me on the track, just know it's coming back twice as hard to you. Off-road racing was so tough and so aggressive, you'd have people flipping, you would flip … 'Go get back on the track, go hit the guy who hit you.'
"It was just crazy racing. I was like, I have to bring this over here if I'm going to do good."
Sometimes, holding your lane and giving no quarter can be victory enough for a teenage girl going up against grown and grizzled men.
Recognition among her peers ultimately is earned by winning.
"It took a little bit longer to get respect. You kind of had to do it in a little different way," Decker said. "I could see little things change here and there. But as I started winning and excelling and moving to the next level, they all started taking me serious and saw that this is what I wanted to do and wasn't doing it just for fun."
Decker, Deegan and Zamora each has captured multiple championships, awards and track records in various series. Each step up the ladder, though, is yet another restart.
During back-to-back race weeks last season, Deegan was near the front of the lead pack late. Each time, a car that had been lapped wrecked her.
"That's something guys wouldn't do to each other," Deegan said. 'If you do that to a guy out here, he's not going to be happy about it. They saw, like, 'What's she going to do about it?'
"That's when I started throwing some elbows up and was, 'Hey, I'm not gonna take it anymore.'"
Brittney Zamora, right, is among the female rising stars pushing to follow in Danica Patrick's footsteps to the Cup series. (Courtesy of Toyota Racing)
From there, Deegan would go on to become the first female to win a race in the K&N series while capturing two poles. She ended the year as the series Rookie of the Year and one of the more intriguing drivers in NASCAR's feeder system. She was among the drivers — and the only woman — showcased during Daytona 500 Media Day on Wednesday.
Zamora, a K&N rookie, hopes to follow up on the success of her new teammate with Bill McAnally Racing.
"People have expectations for her to meet," Zamora said of Deegan. "But we're both here to go out and win."
Deegan and Zamora got off to disappointing starts to open the 2019 season at New Smyrna Speedway Monday night. Deegan, the race pole-sitter, did not finish the 175-lap event due to electrical problems with her car. Zamora crashed on Lap 156.
Two days earlier, Deegan was at Daytona International Speedway for the ARCA Racing Series, where Decker finished a respectable sixth during the Menards Lucas Oil 200.
"I was like, 'Hey, this is something that I'm going to want to do forever if I get to race at Daytona,'" Deegan said.
Decker faced a setback during the NASCAR Truck Series race at Daytona Friday, ending just two laps into the race when a flat left front tire caused her truck to catch fire. She drove it to pit road as flames shot from under her hood and crew members helped pull Decker from the truck. She was not hurt.
The young female drivers are all accustomed to the dealing with adversity, which has not dampened their enthusiasm for the sport.
The day is coming when more women join Patrick, Shawna Robinson and Janet Guthrie as female drivers competing in the Daytona 500.
Even though Patrick failed to win during a combined 252 tries in the Cup and Xfinity series, she recorded 14 top-10 finishes and made history by winning the pole at the 2013 Daytona 500. Her popularity and staying power showed sponsors that a woman is worth the multi-million-dollar investment to race stock cars at the highest level.
"I think we definitely could see more than one woman racing at the Daytona 500," said Fox Sports reporter Jamie Little, who has covered motorsports for nearly 20 years. " 'When' is the big question mark. But I would say five to 10 years because there are some tremendous, talented women just climbing the ladder that are three or four steps away from the top level.
"If they keep climbing the ladder and doing it right, they are going to get there."
Deegan hopes to lead the way.
"I think there's still so much room in NASCAR for a girl to come in and dominate," she said. "I want to be that person."
Whatever the future holds, Deegan, Decker and Zamora want to impact future generations of aspiring female drivers. Inspiring young girls to chase their dreams and stand up to the boys would be a win to celebrate.
"I hope that if young girls see me on social media or TV or racing or wherever they see me, they take a chance on what their dream is," Decker said. "If it's racing, if it's hockey, if it's soccer, if it's going to school to become a doctor, whatever it is, to take a chance and just believe in themselves."
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Nazareth IndyCar Series driver Sage Karam secures a ride for this weekend's race


The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the Association of Rheumatology Professionals (ARHP) invite you to submit a session proposal for the 2018 ACR/ARHP Annual Meeting.
Each year, the Annual Meeting provides exceptional learning opportunities for over 16,000 professionals from every segment of rheumatology. ACR's education program covers a wide variety of diverse and timely topics to make your rheumatology practice thrive.
Join the conversation and share your noteworthy idea by submitting a thought-provoking proposal for the 2018 ACR/ARHP Annual Meeting, October 19 - 24, 2018 in Chicago, IL, USA.
Visit http://www.acrarhp2018.com/# for more information related to the meeting.


Wichita Falls Area Community Foundation and the Burkburnett Legacy Foundation we have many moments filled with memories.
I think I was in sixth grade before I knew my Granny's name was Mabel.
One day in Sunday School, our teacher was helping us make a family tree. When teacher saw that I had written "Granny" as my mom's mother's name, she couldn't believe I didn't know my grandmother's name.
Later that day I learned my Granny's given name. That was also the day I learned my Granny's age. I remember thinking that was pretty old.
Granny was only 66 (my age now) when she died from a heart attack.
Four-year-old, Mama and Grammy were playing in the silly sprinkler hose. Four-year-old set up the obstacle course, recited the very specific rules for encountering the course through the silly sprinkler.
Don't you love it when you can see patterns of life and things/happenings coming full circle? The Sunday I learned my Granny's name and her age ... and my granddaughter telling me I was OLD.
At the Wichita Falls Area Community Foundation and the Burkburnett Legacy Foundation we have many moments filled with memories, realizations, celebrations, losses, and all that foundation life encounters.
I once told a non-profit board while making a presentation about WFACF and BLF that my job wasn't a job but a God-given mission field…that I didn't come to work, I came to do God's work and was lucky to be able to do that.
There were a couple of smirks in the audience so I went on to tell touching stories about how charitable dollars had helped. By the end of my presentation, the two smirks were now shaking their heads in agreement.
As my time here at WFACF and BLF comes closer to being finished, I can embrace my granddaughter's moniker of "old." I still have "stuff" left to do in my lifetime. It's just time to pass on this mission field to another leader. It's time for new energy and new ideas.
I liken this leaving of something I so truly love to sharing my children with their spouses. I loved those kids dearly and when it was time for their weddings, it was time to let go as they moved on to this next phase of their lives without me in their daily presence.
So, my kids aka WFACF and BLF are ready for a new leadership partner and I am happy for all involved. Just like watching my children's lives grow with spouses, adding children to their families, pets, houses, celebrations, tears, and hope, I will watch WFACF and BLF grow, prosper, and flourish.
I cried at my children's weddings and I just bet I might cry a bit in mid-September!
Teresa Caves is the president of the Wichita Falls Area Community Foundation.


text:
Teseo Taddia (Italia, 20 de abril de 1920-1983) fue un atleta italiano especializado en la prueba de lanzamiento de martillo, en la que consiguió ser subcampeón europeo en 1950.

Carrera deportiva

En el Campeonato Europeo de Atletismo de 1950 ganó la medalla de plata en el lanzamiento de martillo, llegando hasta los 54.73 metros, tras el noruego Sverre Strandli (oro con 55.71 metros) y por delante del checoslovaco Jirí Dadák (bronce con 53.64 m).

Referencias

Atletas de Italia
Nacidos en Bondeno
Fallecidos en Milán

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The study of primates comes to life in this BBC nature series bringing viewers up close to the world's most fascinating monkeys. Learn about the diversity of this extraordinary population and discover the unique behaviors that mark them as very special members of the family of living creatures. Includes the episodes "Meet the Family," "Family Matters," and "Master Minds." 150 min. total. Widescreen (Enhanced); Soundtrack: English.


The position of Team Manager has become available in Luton to lead and manage an experienced team of managers, practitioners, professionals within the Neighbourhood Team aimed at supporting the best possible outcomes for children and young people.
Enable children and young people to remain safely within their home and /or community environment, wherever possible, including appropriate provisions identified by the LA, and ensure they achieve good outcomes through effective social work intervention. Where this is not possible to ensure that the children and young people are safeguarded via statutory routes including Care Proceedings and alternative permanent care.
Ensure the team provides effective services, employing best professional practice and standards, which have measurable benefit for service users.


Widows, like orphans, are acceptable in APA Type manuscripts.
However, if you're a pupil producing a course paper or a dissertation, your professor or university may perhaps have benchmarks that varyfrom APA Design and style. They could prohibit widows and orphans. Universities have especially precise requirements for dissertations and theses that generally address widows and orphans-occasionally even specifying the least quantity of strains of text that can look on the very same webpage as a table. Your professor or a dissertation committee will be the kinds evaluating your work, not APA, so their standards supersede those in the Publication Guide .
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You should therefore ask your professor or dissertation advisor about no matter whether widows and orphans are satisfactory. You may be questioning why the Publication Guide would not explore widows and orphans. This is mainly because the rules in the guide have been developed with draft journal article content in brain.
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when you choose essentially the most acceptable sort is definitely a difficult, but interesting process 06 (pp. Although some areas of a draft manuscript carry above into the typeset edition-the reference checklist follows the very same APA Style rules, for example-the overall look and composition of the posting will alter substantially. The font sort and measurement, the margins, and the line spacing are all normally extremely different soon aftertypesetting.
Some content will also be formatted so that the text is break up into two columns. And, the tables and figures that show up at the end of the manuscript will be embedded shut to their to start with mention in the text. All this rearranging and redesigning suggests that what were once widows and orphans in a draft manuscript will probably be in fully unique destinations in the closing edition. There is certainly no motive to be also worried about these lonely lines of text during the draft phase if they will , . be reunited with their dropped family members during typesetting and surface with each other in the remaining posting.
If you are a scholar, your schoolwork would not go through this total procedure prior to it really is finalized. Your paper is regarded as "remaining" when you submit it to your professor. For case in point, a dissertation, the moment submitted, turns into the closing, released variation of history. Therefore, it can be crucial to consider the last appearance of your paper in the course of the draft phase.
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April 19, 2018. How to Edit, Repair, and Polish. Imagine this circumstance: Your supervisor e-mails you with a message that says "Be sure to edit the attachment.