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The Climate Conferences - Deepening action through public and private investment and regulation
Lessons from the 6th session
Pierre Calame, Armel Prieur, mars 2021
In the face of global warming, how can we move towards an obligation of result? This is what is at stake in this series of public debates, which will allow us to become familiar with the idea of an obligation to achieve results, to explore the various possible ways of meeting this obligation and to question the public authorities on how to assume their responsibilities in this respect.
This sixth session of the Assises is devoted to examining the second family1 of solutions for dealing with global warming, the one that combines a fairly complete set of sectoral policies, public investments, regulations, bank commitments and technical innovations. This is the oldest family of solutions, dating back to the national Agendas 21 resulting from the 1992 Earth Summit, but also the one that remains dominant today in state and European policies.
À télécharger : edouardbouin_si_le_climat_etait_une_banque.pdf (410 Kio), quirion_providing_decent_living_with_minimum_energy.pdf (2,2 Mio), under_reporting_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_in_us_cities.pdf (1,1 Mio)
Traditionally, for the reasons mentioned in the previous sessions, these policies have focused on « territorial » emissions, on national or European soil, but more recently they are opening up to take into account imported energy and the whole of our societies' ecological footprint.
The speakers were very varied and time was given to interventions from the floor.
Main speakers :
Antoine Colombani, former ENA student, adviser to the Vice-President of the European Commission in charge of the Green Pact, Frans Timmermans;
Édouard Bouin, representative of the association Agir pour le climat ;
Benoît Lebot, former president and member of the association NégaWatt, engineer, with a long experience of accompanying energy efficiency policies in G20 countries ;
Philippe Quirion, President of the Climate Action Network (RAC - France), researcher at the CIRED, research director at the CNRS ;
Anne Rostaing, President of the Coopérative Carbone de la Rochelle ;
Alexis Normand, founder of Greenly ;
Denis Bonnelle, retired professor and member of Observ'ER
Also speaking from the floor :
Raymond Zaharia, former CNES engineer, very involved with the Citizens' Climate Convention ; #Ref. err: person/1250#Denis Bonnelle, retired professor and member of Observ'ER.
Murielle Raulic and Guy Kulitza, members of the Citizens' Climate Convention
Michel Cucchi, hospital director
and Denis Pechin, retired engineer from the automobile industry.
This session, like the previous one, examined the scope and limits of this family of solutions, based on four questions, common to sessions 4, 5, 6 and 7 :
A/ Capping and obligation to achieve results : how can the total carbon footprint of society be reduced at a defined annual rate, which implies rationing the fossil energy corresponding to this footprint ?
B/ How can we take into account, as part of the responsibility of our societies with regard to climate change, the total footprint of society and not only the footprints emitted on our soil (the latest report of the Ministry of Ecological Transition, dated December 2020, estimates that the GHG footprint of the French is about ten tons of CO2 equivalent per inhabitant, 54% of which are « imported » emissions)?
C/ How can we reconcile the fight against global warming with social justice; how can we ensure the decoupling of the well-being of all from fossil energy consumption?
D/ How to mobilise all actors around common objectives ?
Given that these solutions have been put forward for a long time without ever having achieved the objectives assigned to them, Pierre Calame asked everyone to say what made them think that, this time, the results would be up to the task.
The lessons of the session are classified by question, after briefly recalling the general perspective presented by each of the speakers.
Antoine Colombani recalled that the European Union was in the final stages of drafting and adopting a climate law, currently being debated within the institutions, which sets a target of carbon neutrality by 2050 and a reduction of at least 55% of emissions by 2030. The preferred tools are investments, allowances allocated to high-emitting companies (extension of the EU ETS) and a wide range of regulatory measures.
Benoît Lebot outlined the energy transition scenario drawn up by the association NégaWatt for the period 2017 - 2050. It has the advantage of dividing the efforts to be made, and therefore the means to be implemented, into four categories : a sober lifestyle ; an improvement in the energy efficiency of equipment; the change of energy system by substituting renewable energy for fossil fuels ; industrial manufacturing processes, their carbon content and carbon sequestration, notably through the evolution of agricultural models. Four pillars of any energy policy, he said, four pillars like a table. Nevertheless, he insisted above all on the upstream: that each actor, starting with the citizens themselves, have the necessary information to truly understand the issues.
Édouard Bouin developed the theses of Agir pour le climat : the urgency of mobilising massive financial resources on a European scale to meet the climate challenge. The slogan of his association is: «  if the climate were a bank… ": during the 2008 financial crisis, a thousand billion were invested by the European Union to save the banks, let's put the same amounts for the climate. As regards the actions to be taken, he stressed the importance of having a dedicated financial tool, the European Climate Bank, to organise a set of direct green investment policies, loans, subsidies and support for more sober lifestyles.
Anne Rostaing presented the original experience of the Coopérative Carbone de la Rochelle, a tool for mobilising all actors around common projects.
Denis Bonnel underlined the importance of initial public investments to achieve technological breakthroughs and massive industrialisation of processes that allow electricity production by photovoltaic panels to compete victoriously with the use of fossil energy.
Alexis Normand showed the possibility of mobilising digital tools to enable everyone to be aware of their own carbon footprint.
Summary of the interventions of session 6 : What public and tax funding ?
A/ Capping and performance requirements
How can we achieve a year-by-year performance obligation based on reducing the footprint at a fixed rate?
In this family of policies, the question of the obligation of result has in fact rarely been asked for three reasons :
the scenarios are often established with a rather distant horizon (ten to thirty years) ;
the diversity of sectoral policies rarely allows their effects to be added up ;
the evolution of the different actors, the citizens themselves, the companies, the banks, the territories, is considered in parallel, so that the idea of an overall ceiling, and therefore of rationing, of the quantity of fossil energy used in total is in a way outside the scope of the reasoning.
Even Édouard Bouin, who places the greatest emphasis on the importance of the financial means to be mobilised, recognises that the central question is the efficiency of the different modes of investment and not their amount.
Even if the obligations of result that the European Union has set itself are distant objectives, Antoine Colombani tells us that the European Commission is, this time, determined to set a trajectory for the various Member States, with a progress report every two years and the desire, in the image of what happens in other areas, public deficits or human rights, to take graduated initiatives with regard to States that do not respect the trajectory : recommendations ; litigation before the Court of Justice.
It also recalls that the European Union, because of its competence over the single market, has direct levers to maintain this trajectory, with the ETS system, carbon adjustments at borders and the development of a European regulatory framework to move towards sustainable products : repairable, reusable, recyclable, in accordance with the precepts of the circular economy, and low-carbon for both their production and their use.
How can we avoid every measure envisaged being distorted by lobbies ?
This point was not really discussed during the session. It is nevertheless crucial, as shown by the previous sessions which cited the maintenance of free quotas for certain economic activities exposed to international competition in the case of the ETS, or the absence of in-depth reform of agriculture, whose current emissions play a large role in GHG emissions.
Antoine Colombani recalled the scale of the recovery plan adopted by the European Union. It is a major tool for financing the transition. It is planned that 37 % of national recovery plans will go to the transition and that the rest of the investments must not harm it. (In the past, public action has often been schizophrenic, supporting the transition with one hand and the use of fossil fuels with the other, to the extent that since the 1992 Earth Summit the international community has not really succeeded in limiting subsidies to fossil fuels, which for a long time outweighed the funding invested in combating them.)
Philippe Quirion nevertheless points out the two limitations of this approach to the recovery plan. First of all, it is not easy, in his opinion, to avoid the fact that in the European and national recovery plans, governments are smearing « green paint » on investments that are in fact aimed at other objectives. This is all the more true given that after the pandemic, governments will be under emergency pressure. Secondly, public aid and subsidies do not help to support the most virtuous actions: it is difficult, he says, to subsidise sobriety! And the same problem arises with the ETS: we certainly penalise the most emitting factories but to subsidise the least emitting ones : rather than encouraging cement factories to improve their energy efficiency, should we not rather encourage them to use less cement ?
This brings us back to the debate of the fifth session on the limits of actions aimed at companies : they can, of course, to take up the four pillars of NegaWatt, improve their performance, and possibly « change fuel » by switching from fossil fuels to renewable energies, but they are unable to bring about radical transformations of the economic system, which Christian Gollier reminded us in the third session were inevitable. As a result, they remain, as the fifth session illustrated, on the surface of things, not to mention the ability of industrial lobbies to invoke international competitiveness to avoid measures that are too restrictive towards them.
How to guarantee the continuity of the process beyond political changes?
Benoît Lebot pointed out that for the past thirty years there has been nothing but « stop and go ». It was clear from the previous sessions that, unless there are real transparent pacts (Bettina Laville spoke of two five-year periods), this stop-and-go approach is likely to continue with this family of solutions.
The European Union's firm commitment to an annual trajectory and the multi-annual nature of European budgets and commitments may indeed provide an element of response, as European commitments cushion, to a certain extent, the political fluctuations of each Member State. However, this trajectory would have to be a real legal obligation engaging the responsibility of the leaders. We return to the debate of the second session: «  who is responsible for what  » and the need to move towards a European Charter of Responsibilities that complements the Convention on Human Rights.
What can be the role of technical innovations? Can they disrupt the strategy of the actors }}
Denis Bonnelle shows the need to open the way to what the historian of science and technology Bertrand Gille called the «  change of technical system  » by developing two major ideas : ltechnologies do not develop independently of each other but form at any moment in history a coherent and interrelated system; and there comes a time when societies are faced with a blocked technical system, imposing a «  systemic  » break.
Can we consider the current technical system, based since the industrial revolution on the substitution of fossil energy for human and animal energy, as such a blocked system, and under what conditions, particularly in terms of public action, can we rapidly switch to another technical system? This is what Denis Bonnelle mentions in connection with the production of renewable electrical energy, through solar energy, thanks to photovoltaic solar panels.
He points out that any change in technical system begins with a vicious circle: in the absence of significant markets, we are left with costly prototypes that are supported at arm's length by the public authorities and, as they are costly, no market opens up that would allow economies of scale. In order to move from a vicious circle to a virtuous spiral in which lower costs give rise to an increasingly large market, which in turn contributes to making the new technique increasingly competitive, initial public aid is needed, as the 'price signal' is not enough. This shift, he says, was made possible by the German government's promotion of electricity production using solar panels. The German government has invested massively to create the market for these panels. It made a double sacrifice, financial on the one hand, to get the system off the ground, and industrial on the other, since the German photovoltaic industry was sacrificed in favour of the Chinese industry, which was more capable of changing scale. But, says Denis Bonnelle, we are now reaching a stage where the projects are becoming profitable, outperforming fossil fuel power generation projects. In doing so, he says, the German government has created a true global public good.
He also reminds us that in order to switch to a new technical system, a coherent attitude is needed : as is well known, the production of electrical energy by wind and sun is by nature intermittent. It is therefore necessary to accept, on the one hand, to develop around this renewable energy a real technical system, in particular with the production of green hydrogen used as a fuel instead of traditional energies and, on the other hand, to admit the development of a network of high voltage lines to ensure the north-south (for wind energy) and south-north (for solar energy) transfers.
Alexis Normand presented additional thoughts on the evolution induced by the digital revolution. He cited the application of « open banking » techniques to the traceability of carbon emissions. This concept according to Wikipedia describes «  a banking system in which consumers and businesses can allow banks or third-party financial service providers to access data about their assets and financial transactions through secure online channels ". Open banking itself is an application of the more general concept of open innovation, also known as « distributed innovation », which, according to Wikipedia, « refers to modes of innovation in research and development based on sharing and collaboration between stakeholders ».
In this way, a convergence around a new technical system can take place around the fight against global warming, both on the energy production side and on the emissions traceability side. Attention to this emergence and the creation of its conditions does not imply « technological romanticism ». Denis Péchin reminded us that a true energy balance of photovoltaics must be made and all the costs integrated to ensure that the imported emissions linked to the implementation of the entire system, production of the panels, installation, and the networks linked to it do not ultimately represent fossil energy costs that reduce its interest. Denis Bonnelle responds to this by setting up a coherent technical system : in the past, it took eight years of electrical energy production by the panels, over their thirty-year lifespan, to cover the energy required to produce and install them. With economies of scale, this payback time has now been reduced to an average of two years : 28 years of available energy. Moreover, unlike batteries, photovoltaic panels do not use rare earths but silicon, one of the most abundant materials in nature. The production technology refers to other technical innovations such as the production of extremely pure silicon and the ability to create thin wafers of material that are found in computer technology. These interdependent developments are characteristic of the emergence of a new technical system.
And as far as batteries are concerned, Antoine Colombani recalls the interest of the regulatory action which, at European level, aims today to impose recycling, to develop performance and to set a ceiling on emissions for the entire life cycle of batteries.
At what policy scale is the system relevant?
In an article published in the newspaper Les Echos on 17 March 2021, Christian de Perthuis, extending a reflection carried out within the Assises, evokes the need for a « double rationing » to achieve the obligation of result: a rationing of supply, acting directly on the emissions of the system of production of goods and services and a rationing of demand to which we will return later.
Antoine Colombani has clearly illustrated the fact that the European Union is today the right scale to move towards a rationing of supply and a transformation of technical systems, by combining emission quotas for companies, public investments to develop a new technical system and regulations to impose a complete approach to the life cycle of products. On the other hand, member countries would be better equipped, within the framework of general principles set at EU level, to act on the rationing of demand and, through the tax system, to ensure a fair distribution of efforts among citizens, thus enabling a shift towards an economy and lifestyles that respect the limits of the planet.
Finally, as mentioned below, the territories have a decisive role to play. The fight against global warming is therefore sketching out the principles of a multi-level governance that would find immediate application in the concrete implementation of European and national recovery plans.
After 30 years of trial and error, is this second family of solutions likely to be able to rise to the challenge?
No convincing answer was given during the session to this fundamental question. In the light of the above, the European commitment on the one hand and the chances of a technical system tipping over on the other, we could nonetheless be on the verge, if not of a real obligation of result, about which Philippe Quirion expressed some doubts, then at least of a greater coherence between the stated objectives and the actions put in place.
Joining by another end what Édouard Bouin said in the prologue «  if the climate were a bank it would already be saved ", Philippe Quirion points out that between 1942 and 1944 the United States was able to completely reconvert its industry to win the war. «  It is necessary, he says, to do the same thing today to win the climate war but, he reminds us, there is no technical alternative on certain points and it will necessarily be necessary to go towards sobriety ". The ecology of the 1960s (implicitly referring to the Meadows report for the Club of Rome, «  the limits to growth ") placed too much emphasis on the scarcity of resources. We now realise that this scarcity is a second-order problem, the central problem, illustrated by greenhouse gas emissions, is that of waste, not resources.
B/ Total footprint of societies
The debate here has focused on three points :
does the carbon footprint of societies better reflect our collective responsibility for the climate than «  territorial emissions "?
should the footprint focus on carbon dioxide emissions or should the analysis be extended to other greenhouse gases, in particular methane and nitrous oxide?
Do the current approaches of the second family of solutions allow for the traceability of emissions throughout the value chain?
The responsibility of our societies towards the climate
The total carbon footprint associated with our consumption is the most direct expression of our lifestyle. The graph below, taken from the most recent report of the Ministry of Ecological Transition, reminds us of the essential data to bear in mind : the emissions on national soil associated with our lifestyle represent just over 300 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent, whereas our total footprint is 666 million.
Guy Kulitza of the Citizens' Climate Convention notes that direct household emissions, mainly from heating and cars, which are often the focus of attention, account for less than 20 % of our total carbon footprint.
Philippe Quirion believes that even this footprint does not fully reflect our responsibility : it also concerns emissions from domestic production associated with exports - adopting a double standard with fossil fuel efficient production systems for domestic consumption and less efficient systems for exports would indeed be irresponsible - and our investments abroad. On the last point, he cites the example of the Chinese government, which is massively financing the construction of coal-fired power plants in third countries. An overall examination of the responsibility of European society, with a view to a European law of responsibility, should naturally take into account these two elements.
Is it enough to focus on the carbon footprint, or should we not take into account the other greenhouse gases?
Benoît Lebot reminds us that the other greenhouse gases, essentially methane and nitrous oxide, together represent 30 % of the greenhouse effect in terms of impact on the climate. Both are directly associated with our agricultural model. It therefore seems inevitable to ensure their traceability in the same way as carbon dioxide.
Are we giving ourselves the means to trace carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions throughout the production chain?
The discussion in the first session provided an opportunity to comment on the above graph. In the 54 % of the total footprint associated with « imports » of greenhouse gases, there are two unequal shares : a minority results from emissions associated with imports for final use, a majority is attributable to imports for intermediate consumption, thus transiting through our own production apparatus. The means of traceability depend on these two categories.
Benoît Lebot insisted on the importance in this field of the precise knowledge to be mobilised or built up and of strengthening the human resources devoted to this knowledge, without which, for example for the EU-ETS, we will not have carbon accounting worthy of the name and certification. It is true that the current evaluation of the footprint, both at European and French level, is based, as Christian De Perthuis pointed out at a previous meeting, on a flat-rate evaluation, a « benchmark », and not on the actual evaluation of the emissions imported into the various sectors, which constitutes, particularly in the hypothesis of a carbon adjustment at the borders, a premium for the least efficient systems.
Before we even ask ourselves the question of the traceability of imported emissions, says Benoît Lebot, we need to strengthen our accounting of the carbon equivalents of the various greenhouse gases. Yes, he says, traceability is possible, but let's already have the means to know the fundamentals. He cites a recent report on American cities that tried to have a complete approach to their emissions and concluded that official emissions were underestimated by at least 20 %2 : «  of course, there is the invisible part of imported greenhouse gases, but there are even errors on direct emissions ".
While acknowledging that the European Union has not yet taken the measure of this issue of traceability of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the supply chain, Antoine Colombani reminds us that the Commission is in the process of taking the issue seriously : in the wake of the European transposition of the French law on duty of care, it is working on a revision of the extra-financial reporting obligations of companies, with the obligation to report on the activity of subcontractors and suppliers, and on product labelling (in the direction of a carbo score) ; a legislative project on the consideration of imported deforestation is also on the table (a long-standing demand of civil society concerning, in particular, the import of palm oil, soya and beef, which contribute significantly to deforestation) ; finally, this issue will be at the heart of carbon adjustment at borders.
For his part, Alexis Normand says that not only traceability is vital but it is also within reach. Referring to the aforementioned open banking movement, he believes that this traceability can be directly inspired by that of health data. Greenly has already developed an application on bank accounts that would make it possible to deduce from physical transactions the amount of carbon consumed by each person. This would have two applications : firstly, to inform consumers ; secondly, in terms of accounting, to convert the « ledgers » of companies into a carbon balance sheet.
This is, he acknowledges, only a starting point because, as with the general assessment of the footprint, the calculation is based on average data on imported emissions incorporated into products. According to him, and here we return to Alexandre Rambaud's reflections in session 5, financial accounting and carbon accounting will gradually merge and chartered accountants will have to certify the carbon account in the same way as they certify financial statements today. This movement will be supported in particular by financial portfolio managers who, for their part, are confronted with the TCFD (Task Force on Climate Related Finance Disclosure), resulting from the Paris Agreements, with the obligation to evaluate the risk of their portfolio to climate hazards.
C/ Social justice and decoupling
During the session, it was mainly the issue of demand rationing that was debated.
This issue was introduced by Benoît Lebot, who stressed that sobriety was the most important of the four pillars of the NegaWatt scenarios. Raymond Zaharia associated the idea of decoupling with the idea of « just need ». Without demand control, he said, we will achieve nothing and this control cannot be achieved without the commitment of public power. However, he says, it is today totally absent from what must be considered as a misuse of technological capacities. He takes the example of the new smartphones which offer image accuracy that bears no relation to actual needs. Capping demand is also simply a way of combating hubris, the excessiveness of our formulation of needs. He took the example of Tesla and its project to launch thousands of satellites into space to improve the Internet: what he called an « Internet of the fishes » because most of this coverage would actually be in the ocean.
Philippe Quirion welcomed the statement of the question : the decoupling in question is not the decoupling of GDP from fossil energy consumption, but the decoupling of well-being. He refers in particular to an article published recently by the journal Global Environmental Change, in November 2020. It is entitled: «  Offering a decent lifestyle to all with a minimum of energy : a global scenario ". This article underlines, after many others, that beyond a certain level of material resources, there is a real decoupling between a sense of well-being and consumption. The authors are interested in the following question : is it conceivable to ensure the well-being of all, while drastically reducing (95% in developed countries, 60% on average) energy consumption ? To do this, they start from the observation that basic needs are very comparable from one country to another but that, on the other hand, the cultural (and consumption) models for satisfying these basic needs are radically different from one country to another. According to them, yes, it is possible to satisfy everyone's well-being, but only by breaking with the marginalist approach used until now and by combining the efficiency of new technologies with radical transformations on the demand side.
For Murielle Raulic of the Citizens' Climate Convention, by focusing on on direct consumption by citizens, which accounts for less than 20% of greenhouse gas emissions, we are pointing the finger at the poorest and missing the central issue of decoupling. And Guy Kulitza specifies the reflections of the Citizens' Convention: «  sobriety is not just a sacrifice ". Like the extras we do at Christmas and New Year's Day, as opposed to everyday consumption such as that caused by nitrogen fertilisers: «  Well-being means having what you need at a time when you need it and not everything right away ". Hence, he says, the opposition to advertising in the citizens' report.
For his part, Samuel Thirion wonders whether sobriety should not be an obligation ? Shouldn't « superfluous needs » not exceed a certain threshold? Benoît Lebot believes that it is possible to make sobriety a public policy provided that it is first recognised by all as part of the solution. According to him, the obligation of result should be broken down into an obligation of result for each of the four pillars of the NegaWatt scenario.
As we can see, the debate on capping demand has thus been initiated.
D/ Mobilising all the players
This question was broken down into two parts: is the proposed change physically possible ? And how can all the actors be involved ?
On the first point, we will not go back to the answers already given : the NegaWatt type scenarios illustrate the technical possibility of respecting an obligation of result and even make it possible, to a certain extent, to break down this obligation of result between the four pillars. Similarly, the article cited by Philippe Quirion shows that it is already possible, independently of the technological changes described above, to satisfy the essential needs of all (until the 18th century, this was the very definition of the oeconomy).
On the second point, two ideas of a different nature were developed. Firstly, with regard to the mobilisation of citizens, both Benoît Lebot and Charles Hayek, an engineer and mayor of a small commune in Franche Comté, emphasise the need to give them simple and clear means to understand and act. Benoît Lebot returned to the question of human resources: «  the banks say that there is no demand for emission reduction but, he said, this is because there is no funding for diagnosis to determine the potential for reduction and no human capacity available, starting at the local level ". And Charles Hayek observes: «  I talk to citizens. The big radio stations are talking nonsense. People are no longer interested in these issues because they are not given any concrete explanation. It is not by taxing petrol and fuel oil that they will be interested, but by proposing credible and honest solutions ! ".
This need for a simple and readable mechanism seems to be a priority today. This brings us back to the central role of territories, as explained by Anne Rostaing based on the experience of the Coopérative Carbone de la Rochelle . This Carbon Cooperative is an original tool, in the form of an SCIC, associating local authorities, companies and universities and aiming to support the territorial action of different types of actors, to pool knowledge at the scale of a territory and to organise the financing of projects : it is not, she says, strictly speaking, an obligation of result, but a way of organising territorial action, to provide a tool at the service of all local actors. Because, she says, «  while we suffer from a lot of imprecision on the global impacts, we can on the other hand evaluate each local project ". Without a territorial systemic approach, she adds, there will always be rebound effects. The advantage of the territorial level is that all areas of life in the territory are concerned, including, for example, carbon sequestration through changes in agriculture. To enable the decoupling we have talked about, to highlight the essential role of cities, we must enable everyone to know the source of what they consume, develop tools enabling each territory to take responsibility and, to do this, increase the capacity of each actor to act at his or her level. However, the regulatory framework should not be a barrier, and we should be able to act with fewer barriers than today: «  we notice that citizens are aware and that when we offer them tools to act they want to be actors and are ready to act ". She cites the example of self-consumption of electricity in a neighbourhood, which can also lead to the production of hydrogen, provided the regulatory framework allows it. According to her, at the territorial level, voluntarism and the demonstration effect are two essential levers.
We therefore find here the central role of the territories and the already mentioned question of the articulation of the three levels Europe, Nations, Territories which will be the subject of session 8.
In conclusion, we can consider that the speakers were able to shed valuable light on each of the questions raised. Do these perspectives allow this family of solutions to rise to the challenge? The online survey organised at the end of the session offers a mixed picture :
performance obligation ? 2.8 out of 5
total footprint ? 3.2 out of 5
social justice and decoupling ? 3 out of 5
mobilisation of all actors ? 2.9 out of 5
This survey has no scientific value, of course, but it gives the temperature of the reactions.
1 Recall :
Family 1 : the price signal. Gradually reduce demand by setting a higher and higher price per ton of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere and redistributing, in a way to be defined, the revenues derived from the high carbon price, so as to respect a principle of social justice.
Family 2 : the combination of sectoral policies aimed at defining reductions in the carbon footprint in all areas by setting quantified targets for each of them and implementing bans, obligations, incentives, public investments, technical innovations and taxation to achieve them.
Family 3 : allocation of quotas. Allocate the total footprint between actors according to a predefined key. This is the most direct management of rationing. This family can be broken down into two very different sub-families :
family 3.1. : quotas are allocated to sectors of activity and companies ;
family 3.2: quotas are allocated to people who are considered the final beneficiaries and clients of economic activity and of the activity of administrations.
2 Nature journal, published February 2021 : «  The underestimation of greenhouse gas emissions in US cities  » - htpps://www.nature.com/article/s41467-020-20871-0).
One of Benoit Lebot's contributions : Concerning the new study on the difference between GHG measurement and estimation, download the pdf under_reporting_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_in_us_cities.pdf or on the «  nature communications  » website Under-reporting of greenhouse gas emissions in U.S. cities
Edouard Bouin distributed the short slide show si le climat était une banque…pdf
Anne Rostaing for the Coopérative Carbone (La Rochelle) gave examples of their actions : Example 1 : We work on sobriety : we accompany citizens to CONCRETE their actions to change mobility, and we evaluate and accompany alternative offers. Example 2 : we develop actions of collective self-consumption of renewable energy at the neighbourhood level. Example 3 : a territorial circular economy approach. Example 4 : sequestration : private individuals are carrying out tree planting projects, we are planting in the Marais Poitevin and working on C sequestration in the soil. And finally, research work on C capture in our wetlands.
One of Philippe Quirion's contributions (RAC): An article that quantifies the energy needed for everyone on the planet to have a decent life.pdf
Anyone can draw on the open resources of the conference to develop publications or viewpoints. Please cite the contribution of the Climate Conferences.
Nine two-hour sessions are posted in full on the facebook of the climate conference
Politiques nationales et supranationales face au changement climatique
Programmes, plans, instruments financiers et dispositifs en matière de climat (PCAET, PCET, TEPCV, TEPOS...)
Innovation technologique
Impact de l'alternance politique sur la construction d'une stratégie locale à long terme
Instauration et gestion de quotas territoriaux de carbone
Gouvernance à différentes échelles des écosystèmes
Gestion des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES)
La rétrospective climat 2020 de Futureproofed
Les Assises du climat - Présentation des quotas carbone égalitaires
Les Assises du climat - Portée et limites des actions menées par les entreprises
Les Assises du climat - Quelles solutions sont envisageables pour satisfaire à l'obligation de résultat ?
Les Assises du climat - Assumons-nous collectivement nos responsabilités face au réchauffement climatique ?
Les Assises du climat - L'Union Européenne au défi de l'obligation de résultats face au changement climatique
Les Assises du climat - Obligation de résultats et empreinte carbone de la société française
Les Assises du Climat - Quel rôle des régions et territoires dans la maîtrise des quotas et financements ?
Les Assises du climat - Les leçons politiques des Assises sur le climat
Las Conferencias sobre el Clima - Las lecciones políticas de las Conferencias sobre el Clima
The Climate Conferences - The political lessons of the Climate Conferences
The Climate Conferences - Scope and limits of business actions
Las Conferencias sobre el Clima - Alcance y límites de las acciones empresariales
The Climate Conferences - Can action through price signals lead to an obligation of result and under what conditions?
Las Conferencias sobre el Clima - ¿Puede la acción a través de señales de precios conducir a una obligación de resultado y bajo qué condiciones?
The Climate Conferences - What solutions are possible to meet the obligation of result ?
Las Conferencias Sobre el Clima - ¿Qué soluciones se pueden prever para cumplir la obligación de resultado?
The Climate Conferences - Are we collectively taking responsibility for global warming?
Las Conferencias sobre el Clima - ¿Asumimos colectivamente la responsabilidad del calentamiento global?
The Climate Conferences - The European Union's obligation to achieve results in the face of climate change
Las Conferencias sobre el Clima - La Unión Europea y la obligación de obtener resultados frente al cambio climático
The climate conference - Obligation of results and carbon footprint of French society
Las Conferencias sobre el Clima - Obligación de resultados y huella de carbono de la sociedad francesa


The period of a woman's life characterized by physiological changes associated with the end of reproductive capacity, terminating with the completion of menopause. Also called climacteric.
The launch also saw Tessa Valdes, Keri Zamora, and chef Jac Laudico introduced as the "Women of Balance," leading the way and talking about perimenopause and menopause.
If you're in your 40s or early 50s it can be perimenopause, the time before menopause.
The randomized controlled trial, conducted over the course of one year, included women with low depressive symptoms who were in perimenopause or early post menopause ages 45-60.
Some doctors are noticing that their male patients are reporting some of the same symptoms that women experience in perimenopause and menopause.
1] Perimenopause is a transitional stage which is before menopause which can range from 2 to 10 years.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), which is more common in men than women, occurs more frequently as women age, gain weight and reach perimenopause and postmenopause stage, Health News reported.
Sleeplessness in this period is"going to be about hot flashes, which really start taking place during perimenopause," said Dr Rajkumar Dasgupta.
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This study shows the effectiveness of Pycnogenol in alleviating perimenopause symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats and reducing key cardiovascular risk factors like high blood pressure," said Dr Pescatore.
Loss of libido and painful vaginal dryness can wreak havoc with your love life, while mood swings and irregular periods during the perimenopause can make life just that bit more stressful.
TORONTO -- Millions of women who are in menopause or perimenopause (the stage just before menopause) suffer from vaginal dryness, but taboos and denial keep many from acknowledging or dealing the problem.
Researchers found a 76% increase in migraines during menopause; prevalence was highest during the later stage of perimenopause, when estrogen levels are low.


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Once the TabletTV arrived all I needed to do was plug it into my laptop to start charging the device and whilst I was waiting I downloaded the app onto my iPad. When it had fully charged I simply turned it on, set it up and clicked on the app. You have to confirm that you do have a TV licence but once you have done so you are able to watch dozens of channels for free from Freeview.
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British Airways SWOT Analysis 2021
Mar 19, 2021 by Abdul Momin
You probably are already familiar with this brand of an airline. It's the most commonly addressed entity from the UK after fish and chips. British Airways is the flag carrier airline in the UK. The term 'flag carrier' is used for an airline that has been granted preferential rights by the government for international operations. No wonder it's so notorious!
British Airways was founded in 1974 as a merger of four companies. It is currently owned by the International Airlines Group (IAG). The airline's headquarters is located in London, its central hub is at Heathrow Airport, and the airline hosts a fleet size of 254. The fleet size and the number of passengers that it carries make BA the second-largest UK-based carrier. BA caters to more than 160 destinations, both domestic and international (which lie across 70 countries).
British Airways used to be a state company until it was privatized in 1987 by the then Conservative government. The airline has many achievements under its belt, such as being a founding member of a vast alliance; Oneworld airline alliance. It also became the first passenger airline in 2018 that had managed to generate $1 Billion from a single air route in a period of one year.
The airline regards itself in very high esteem by categorizing itself as "The World's Favorite Airline." Even though the airline dropped this slogan back in 2001, many other related ones have been frequently used by the company. These include "We'll Take More Care of you," "The World's Best Airline," and " Fly The Flag." Such claims can only be thoroughly evaluated once we look at the British Airways SWOT Analysis below.
The recent years, however, have been a little tough on the airlines. Even though it did see profitable growth in 2019, Brexit and COVID-19 left significant impacts on the BA. The BA did manage to deal more effectively with these challenges, relative to other airlines in the UK so kudos to them. The ongoing year might prove pivotal in determining a further course of action for the airline.
What are some of the strengths of British Airlines?
Technological Strengths
What are some of the weaknesses of British Airlines?
Rolls Royce Engine
Issues with HR
Revenue Heavily Dependent on Local Market
What are some excellent opportunities for British Airlines?
Expansion of Services
Expansion into International Markets
Technological Advancements
What are some threats faced by the British Airlines?
The COVID-19 Pandemic
Competition in the Market
Regulatory Factors
British Airways SWOT Analysis: Conclusion
The number of safety incidents and accidents has fortunately been very low for the airline. There have been three hull-loss incidents, two hijacking attempts, and only one fatal accident ever since the airline's inception in 1974.
Thus, British Airways is highly reputed for safety and has consistently been ranked within the top 20 safest airlines worldwide. This standing adds to the competitive advantage of British Airways.
British Airways has been putting a lot of strategic focus on becoming a sustainable brand. They have been putting money into important focus areas such as expanding their international network and improving technology and the overall experience for both customers and employees.
This approach towards sustainability extends to environmental sustainability as well. The company has tried to reduce its carbon footprint by investing in fuel-efficiency. They seek to prevent wastefulness and to maximize mindful consumption of fuel.
British Airways plans to go zero carbon by 2050. They have partnered up with some renewable fuel companies to devise a system for the conversion of household waste into sustainable fuel for planes. The company has also undertaken many other efforts, such as working closely with the government to reduce carbon waste.
The airline is adding more planes that are fuel-efficient and letting go of less efficient models.
The company has picked up its pace by investing in the digitization of all operational areas. British Airways has managed to grow its operational efficiency because of the focus it had placed on technological advancement. These investments have paid off, and results have already started being evident across all departments like sales, marketing, customer experience, etc. They have improved their website as well as the app.
The airline's parent company, IAG, has also invested in data analytics, machine learning, and artificial learning.
The airline does not plan to stop here. They have many plans in the works to improve their growth rate and technological capabilities even further. It is safe to say that British Airways has tried to utilize the technological benefit to its maximum, and their investments have proven to be highly profitable for their company.
British Airways has established a highly positive brand image in the UK market by emphasizing on focus areas such as technology, fleet efficiency and customer experience. Not only do they enjoy a strong position in the market, but they have also built a customer-friendly brand image.
Customers place more trust in the airlines with stronger images, so this gives BA a competitive edge over its rivals in the market. British Airways is considered one of the most reliable brands in the UK. Its consistent good performance has helped it bag many awards and accolades.
Apart from its place in the local market, British Airways flies many planes on international routes as well. The company's core sales go to the UK market, but it covers more than 70 other countries. They are also launching new courses constantly. They are also trying to optimize their flight network to offer more flights to popular tourist destinations.
British Airways is the most extensive flight operator at two airports: London and Heathrow.
The company has developed many partnerships that prove beneficial for its operations. It has formed partnerships with Finnair, American Airlines, and Iberia to improve customer satisfaction. These associations have enhanced the growth, optimization, and efficiency of the company's business model.
The Rolls Royce Trent 1000 engine has generated many problems for the airline. It is used in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and has now been limited by the aviation agency after it caused significant hindrances for the British Airways.
The engine has decreased both the punctuality of British Airways flights and the aircraft availability. Many aircraft had to be let go of, and the airline had to reduce the number of flights and seats.
Human resource is perhaps the most vital resource any organization has at its disposal. British Airways realizes the importance of having an HR department but they have faced some issues over the years.
A recent example comes to mind from 2019 when the airline pilots went on a strike that led to a legal dispute. Such incidents affect worker motivation as well as the image that the airline has established for itself.
British Airways relies primarily on sales in the UK market for its revenue generation, which can be an unstable form of money as COVID-19 and Brexit have impacted these sales. Currently, almost 50% of the company's revenue comes from the domestic markets, and hence, it needs to start schemes to increase sales in foreign markets.
There are many services that the company can expand to for increased revenue growth. They can start adding premium services that will attract high-end customers as well as businesses towards the airline.
Airlines also use the tactic of starting hospitality services like hotels which also help the revenue grow. British Airways can take notes on increasing their product line to reap more benefits. Taking up opportunities like this will add to the company's revenue as well as improve the customer base.
As discussed previously, it is a dire need of the time that the airline penetrates into foreign markets. Expanding into international markets will help stabilize the revenue sources of the airline and will increase customers too.
If an airline has a significantly spread out international route system, this can serve as an attraction point for new and old consumers alike. The global market has multiple places that the airline can still get into if it keeps working on expansion.
The company has already shown excellent results that it has managed to achieve through the digitization of many of its services. However, technology is a fast-growing field that has new developments every day. This means that there is an endless array of new opportunities that the company can use to its benefit.
They can also explore and utilize the artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies that their parent company has been working on.
Flights, especially international ones, were one of the first things to shut down when coronavirus hit. This has taken a massive hit on the revenues of all airlines, including British Airways. Not only has the travel reduced, but airlines now have to comply with a wide range of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), with regards to COVID-19, to keep their operations running. People will travel only by airlines they feel are safe enough. Regulatory authorities can also shut your company down if they find disregard for the SOPs.
Many people have been avoiding international, and even local, travel altogether. Events that required your presence are now conducted through online avenues, the increased usage of which has shortened distances even further. The real question is, will people continue to travel for all the reasons they used to, even after COVID ends? Or will they weigh the fact that so much can be done just through an online platform like Zoom. Moreover, when will coronavirus actually go away, that remains a bold question mark.
The increase in the competition has taken market share away from the airline and distributed it amongst other suppliers. Companies constantly need to fight off competition, requiring time, effort, and constant spending of money. This fight against competition also requires many business tactics for which you need to have a deep knowledge of your market and consumer base.
Brexit caused a lot of economic uncertainty that has had significant impacts on British Airways. Not only that, but the new set of laws also affect the working of the airlines. The event has put many challenges in place for British Airways, which they need to work actively against. The custom laws and immigration laws are going to have considerable impacts on how the airline operates.
British Airways faces a high level of regulation from both the aviation authority and the government. There are many things that the airline needs to comply with, and in case they don't, they risk hefty sums of fines being imposed on them. This intricate web of complex regulations puts a lot of pressure on the airline and also affects how it works by putting several constraints.
British Airways is undoubtedly one of the most prominent names in the UK. BA holds many opportunities in its belt. Though they face considerable threats right now, they still can start using their advantages to their benefit to easily overcome these threats. As this SWOT Analysis shows, the airline has a name like no other and it is hard for any other airline to take its place. Hence, they do not have a lot to worry about because they can easily change their course in tricky waters.
A SWOT Analysis is an administrative and managerial tool used to analyze different internal and external forces which affect a company. It helps in understanding any organization at a deeper level and determines what further route to take with it. A SWOT Analysis also helps in devising strategies for the future of your organization. Going through other SWOT Analyses can improve your insight into the business world, so look at the other SWOT examples we have. And in case you are confused about how to go about one, we also offer a detailed guide that you can take a look at.
Filed Under: SWOT Analysis, SWOT Examples Tagged With: airlines, British Airways, SWOT

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Each "SID" or Lab Interface Computer should have a "SpecVetUseOnly" folder. In it, there should be something like an IVLS Interlink Folder, and then folders for REQUESTS; RESULTS [DATA; REPORTS].
Check the Data Folder, and ensure that there are no <SPACES> in the file names for the XML files.
If there are, remove those spaces, which will then allow SpecVet to import the results.
Since they probably were manually entered on the IVLS, they most likely will then be orphan labs.
Check to make sure FileZilla is running.
If you launch admin console for filezilla, you will not see "old" activity, but within 5 or so minutes, you should see some activity as the server is going to that workstation to pull results.


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Books & Resources, Film & Television, History in the Making, Knitting & Yarn Arts, Uncategorized
Teaser Tuesday: Craft in America
Premiering tonight on PBS at 8pm is Craft in America, and from the trailer it looks like it will offer some inspiring stories on handcrafted objects and their role in culture. The companion book is available for sale : Craft in America: Celebrating Two Centuries of Artists and Objects
Watch the full episode. See more Craft in America.
Books & Resources, Friends and Colleagues, Uncategorized
Venice Incognito: Masks in the Serene Republic
Venice Incognito: Masks in the Serene Republic* By James H. Johnson details the practice of masking in Venice and explores how this practice led to the mixing of all social ranks including nobles, clergy and con men. It is full of stories of the role that masking played in everyday life, but also focuses it's attention on Carnival and commedia dell'arte. It's a fascinating look at identity, truth-telling, and appearance.
Throughout his affair with M.M., Casanova relied on the simple half-mask common in eighteenth-century Venice. During his trips to Murano, there was plenty to arouse suspicion–his unlikely devotion to the little chapel, his faithful presence in the convent's visiting room, his regular visits to a certain green door at the top of the staris. But there was one thing that would not have raised an eyebrow: his mask.
In Casanova's day, virtually the whole of Venetian society wore masks as daily dress, and not just during carnival. For six months of the year, beginning in the early autumn and ending with Lent, masks dominated the city. They reappeared periodically throughout the summer for civic festivals and ceremonies. Nobles greeted foreign emissaries masked. Venetians entered private receptions and public theaters masked. They heard concerts, watched plays, and danced at formal balls masked. Husbands and wives met for meals masked at inns and hotels. Masked patrons sat in cafes sipping chocolate and reading the gazette, or at lower-class establishments, eyeing other patrons to rob, swindle, or proposition… (47)
In my talking with the author, Johnson points out that "sometimes what we think are ornaments or accessories in dress actually got their start as a response to social needs or situations–in this case, the mask served first and foremost as a way that people in a very segregated society could share close spaces (cafes, the theater, the gambling hall) without going through all the rigamarole of bowing and scraping." Fascinating to say the least – and I hope to learn more once I've finished reading the book.
On a related note, Tricia Roush, the milliner behind House of Nine's Design, recently attended Carnival in Venice (March 2011) and provided some marvelous photos of how it is celebrated today. Many more are available here.
Autumn, masked and in a gorgeous 18th century gown at the Hotel Danieli on the Grand Canal. Via House of Nines
*Full Disclosure: I am a publicist for the University of California Press – the publisher of Venice Incognito
Books & Resources, California & The West, Events, Friends and Colleagues, Interwar Years (1920s-1930s), Museums & Exhibitions, Uncategorized
Historic Costume in California State Parks: Charmian London
Charmian London, ca 1910 (Via California State Parks)
This weekend, I was lucky enough to attend a lecture and tour of Charmian London's clothing collection at the Jack London State Historic Park in Glen Ellen, CA – organized through the Western Region of the Costume Society of America.
Jack and Charmian London circa 1911, possibly at Beauty Ranch. (click for source)
Those in attendance were treated to a lecture by Jo Ann Stabb, who conducted an assessment of this collection of over 100 artifacts in 2002-3 for the California State Parks. Several pieces from the collection were on display at the Sonoma Developmental Center, including some lovely theater coats, evening shoes, a lace blouse and an evening dress. The lecture highlighted Charmian's independent spirit and outgoing nature, and drew links between her wardrobe and the larger fashion world of each era.
Many of the garments in her collection draw strong correlations with the House of Lucille and with Paul Poiret- though it's not likely that she purchased items from these makers. Jack London's mother was an accomplished seamstress, as was Charmian herself.
At various times Charmian's style was inspired by the Aesthetic Movement and Art Nouveau (especially during her bohemian days in Berkeley and Oakland), and often by her travels abroad with Jack (including trips to Hawaii and the tropics, where she would don Mother Hubbard style dresses and Kimono's). Japanese, African and other ethnic influences can certainly be found in extant photos and clothing pieces in the collection. Not surprisingly, she had a love of fur – especially trimming hats and garments (reminiscent of Lucille).
The incredibly informative and well attended lecture was followed by lunch and a visit to the Jack London State Historic Park to see the House of Happy Walls (where Charmian's closets were on view). Park Rangers were on hand to answer our questions, and a park volunteer played music on Charmian London's piano – much to the delight of the visitors. (For more of my photos from this event, see the gallery at the end)
Charmian London in Berkeley Bohemian attire circa 1909.
What made this event all the more bittersweet was the news that came out last Friday: that the Jack London State Historic Park is one of many on a proposed list of park closures due to a $22 million California general fund budget cut. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, those closures are expected to begin in September and have already been approved by the California Legislature.
It will be the first time in California's history, including during the Great Depression, that state parks have closed because of budget cuts and parks that remain open also will have reduced services."
Proposed parks to be cut (Via CSP)
What isn't obvious to many, is that some of these parks also house historic collections of costumes and textiles (as well as other artifacts) – and access to these collections would also be diminished. Along with Jack London SP, and close to my heart, the Fisher Hanlon House (a historic home in Benicia Capitol State Historic Park) has a costume collection and would also be closed.
Benicia is my hometown, and my first experience with a historic costume collection was at the Fisher Hanlon House. According to one parks employee "Parks that do end up being closed will be in a caretaker status, and the collections will still be preserved." While officials weren't able to confirm which parks had historic costume and textile collections, they indicated that the Governor's Mansion and Leland Stanford Mansion both include displays of historic dress. Upon further research, it seems that the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park also has historic costume, and is scheduled to close in September (For a complete list of California collections housing historic costumes and textiles, see Clothing And Textile Collections in the United States: A Csa Guide).
Now if you want to do something to help preserve these collections that are important to California's History, I'd advise a donation:
Click here to donate to the California State Parks Foundation
Gallery of Photos:
Books & Resources, California & The West, Friends and Colleagues, Interwar Years (1920s-1930s), Museums & Exhibitions, Uncategorized
Gertrude Stein: Identities, Words and Art
It's not often that I get to work on fashion related books at my day job,* though it does happen occasionally. I have several coming down the line, so you might hear about them from time to time.
Accompanying an exhibit at the Contemporary Jewish Museum in San Francisco (opening today), Seeing Gertrude Stein: Five Stories by Wanda M. Corn and Tirza True Latimer includes a detailed look on Steins creation of her public persona and the role fashion played in her identity.
According to the authors, "Stein and Toklas had perfected their late-life look by the time they met [Cecil] Beaton in the mid-thirties. From the very beginning of their friendship, the two women shared an interest in dressing distinctively."
Gertrude Stein at Balmain Fashion Show , 1946, Horst P. Horst, Gelatin silver print, Courtesy of the Horst P. Horst Estate (Via the Contemporary Jewish Museum)
The New York Times Style Magazine recently provided an excerpt of the chapter titled "Dress" which chronicles both Gertrude Stein's and Alice B. Tklas relationships with their appearance and with 'fashion' in general.
As girls they spent time at dressmakers, shoemakers, and milliners, where they acquired day dresses and casual shoes for home life; heels, suits, hats, and gloves for the public sphere; and gowns for special evening events. . . . Alice's hats, a friend wrote, "were all in perfect condition, kept in their original pretty boxes from the most famous milliners. She had superb examples of inlaid feather work by Paul Poiret, huge black-and-gold birds of paradise. . . .
Happily, the exhibition includes vests, pins and other articles worn by Stein, and the book includes photographs and famous artwork featuring Stein's image. I'll be attending the opening this evening, and if I can, will post some additional photos.
Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas, Aix-les-Bains, France, c.1927, Photograph, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (Via CJM)
A whole host of museum and literary events are planned in collaboration with this exhibit, including a UC Extension Course, lectures on Stein's ties to queer and artist cultures, among many others. Full details can be found here. After the exhibition closes at the Contemporary Jewish Museum in San Francisco, on Sept 6, it will travel to the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery in Washington D.C. where it will run from Oct 14 through Jan 22, 2012.
Volunteer Kathleen Dowling handles a vest from the Gertrude Stein personal effects collection, working to create custom interior supports for the vest for display. (Photo by Anthony Maddaloni. Via Cultural Compass)
Cecil Beaton, Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas in wallpapered room, 1938, Gelatin silver print, Courtesy of the Cecil Beaton Studio Archive at Sotheby's (Via CJM)
Gertrude Stein Wearing Balmain Suit, 1946, Horst P. Horst, Gelatin silver print, Courtesy of the Horst P. Horst Estate (via CJM)
Cultural Compass
*Full Disclosure: My 'day job' is a publicist for the University of California Press.
Books & Resources, Interwar Years (1920s-1930s), Knitting & Yarn Arts, Uncategorized
Tuesday Teaser: Vintage Needlecraft
More of these are here.
Books & Resources, California & The West, Film & Television, Uncategorized
Motherhood: Donna Reed & The Shirtwaist Dress
In the mid to late 1950s television began to reinforce the shirtwaist as a mother's uniform on family comedy TV shows such as The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, Leave it to Beaver, Father Knows Best, Make Room for Daddy, and later, The Donna Reed Show. These shows reinforced the idea that a responsible or "good" woman [or mother] is well put together at all times, and that her place was in the home. [i] With the advent and prevalence of television, women were shown doing housework in the most perfect of ensembles, including Dior inspired shirtwaists, with high heels, and pearls. Early television shows, such as The Honeymooners had been slightly more realistic and less idealistic than later shows such as Leave it to Beaver, I Love Lucy, and The Donna Reed Show.
In addition, the later 1950s saw a dramatic shift in terms of influence as television began to outweigh all other media types. Television Historian Mary Ellen Zuckerman explains that, "by the mid-fifties it was clear that television could attract larger audiences than any of the older media, even with the cut-rate subscriptions increasingly offered by magazines" (203).
Television characters affected how women felt about themselves and their capabilities, both in terms of motherhood as well as in terms of appearance.[ii] In 1959, Donna Reed was given an award for her character on The Donna Reed Show from the founders of Mothers Day (The American Mother's Committee), reinforcing the notion that women should be mothers who strive for perfection (Chapman; Fane 107). William Roberts, who created the characters for The Donna Reed Show described her character as "wife, mother, companion, booster, nurse, housekeeper, cook, laundress, gardener, bookkeeper, clubwoman, choir singer, PTA officer, Scout leader, and at the same time effervescent, immaculate, and pretty" (Fultz 118). Moreover, her character and unrealistic perfection helped to solidify the shirtwaist dress as an icon of female perfection for American Culture.
-This has been an excerpt from my 2009 article on the Shirtwaist Dress, published in the Journal of American Culture.
[i] Of "the goodwife "Her setting was the home and she was seldom seen outside it. Her uniform was the apron and later, the housedress" (Meehan 34).
[ii] "Titles such as 'Do You Make These Beauty Blunders?'" suggested just how close women could be to making mistakes and did little to alleviate the anxieties about personal appearance that were also being fostered by films, and later, television" (Walker 193).
Vaughan, Heather A. "Icon: Tracing the History of the Shirtwaist Dress" Journal of American Culture, Vol 32, Issue 1 (March 2009) pp 29-37.
Chapman, Priscilla. "Donna Reed Wins citation for Television Family Show." New York Herald Tribune 20 May 1959.
Fane, Xenia Flyer. "Television Image of the Father: A Comparison of the Father Image Held by Home Economics Teachers with the Image Perceived by High School Students on Commercial Television." Diss. New York U, 1965.
Fultz, Jay. In Search of Donna Reed. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1998.
Meehan, Diana M. Ladies of the Evening: Women Characters of Prime-time Television. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 1983.
Walker, Nancy A. Shaping Our Mothers' World: American Women's Magazines. Jackson: U P of Mississippi, 2000.
Zuckerman, Mary Ellen. A History of Popular Women's Magazines in the United States, 1792-1995. Westport: Greenwood P, 1998.
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Don't Give Up And Quit!
My name is Elisabeth Sherrie Elijah and my Title Apostle and Reverend is a reminder of who I rever, worship, love, serve ABBA YAHUVEH, YAHUSHUA, and Sweet HOLY SPIRIT /RUACH HA KODESH IMMAYAH! I am entrusted by YAHUSHUA with the Title Apostle/ Prophet/Pastor, and also Evangelist. The Titles are a constant reminder to me to do as YAHUSHUA spoke to me in a audible voice, "feed MY Sheep and Lambs" No one said it would be easy to be persecuted for YAHUSHUA Name sake ,but it is worth it!
I didn't quit and now the Ministry is in 28 languages! I am called Momma R.m and a Prophet to the nations. We are reaching Israel as it was prophecied many years ago.
Don't Give Up And don't Quit!
"I Quit! Go Find Someone Else To Minister To Your Sheep!"
Forgive ME YAHUSHUA! I was wrong! I don't know very many ministers who haven't at some point wanted to quit. A few years ago I reached that point. Then someone sent me the Teapot Story which ministered to me and bound up my wounds, giving me the strength to go on. Please read about when I went through one of the lowest points in my life. YAHUVEH has said to be not ashamed of my past, but to use it for his glory. If this has encouraged even one minister, then this has been worth it. When your done read the Teapot Story to see why we must suffer.
Below is a graphic, property of this ministry, again no one is allowed to use it without permission. Carol Waggoner, is the graphic artist, we hired her to do this beautiful work. The bare vine is US, before salvation! When we don't have YAHUSHUA Messiah as LORD (ruler of our hearts and lives! After Salvation, the Holy Spirit comes (symbolized by the dove), and brings us life which is YAHUSHUA Messiah and draws us to the saving arms of YAHUSHUA Messiah, through the price he paid at Calvary so we would be saved from HELL!
I received a story about a teapot today, from another prophet, Rick, who doesn't even know me. I don't even know how he got my email address. What he sent me I needed, for it encouraged me! I am posting the article and this confession in hopes this will encourage others who are ready to give up and quit! Maybe even have. I am humbling myself before ALL of you and YAHUSHUA Messiah, obeying him by writing this.
I pray it blesses you also if you are like me and wonder "WHY LORD YAHUSHUA are you letting this happen?" I was so discouraged recently that I said "That's it I am NOT going to get my pastors license renewed! I QUIT BEING A MINISTER!" But I have since REPENTED! I would sooner quit breathing then ministering for YAHUSHUA Messiah! This is my sole purpose in life to obey YAHUSHUA Messiah, To Love Him! to bring other souls to HIM! To bind up the wounds of the broken Sheep! To preach the good news! To be HIS mouthpiece and speak forth His Holy Prophetic Messages! My Prayer is "Dear YAHUSHUA, Please USE this broken vessel of Clay More for your Glory! For I admit I cannot do anything without your strength, anointing, wisdom, and guidance! Without your Love and Mercy! I am ordained by YAHUSHUA Messiah and licensed by man. Partners may come and go, but there is ONE partner that promises he will never leave nor forsake me! His name is YAHUSHUA Messiah of Calvary & Nazareth! He is the only True Love of my Life!
Forgive Me YAHUSHUA as I confess before others, I sinned for24 hours when I told my Lord I QUIT! When this Clay says to the Potter Almighty, "Go find someone else to suffer under the financial load! I QUIT! I can't take the abuse, and ungratefulness anymore from those we try and help! Preachers that should be standing by my side, other brothers and Sisters who attack for preaching the ENTIRE Gospel of YAHUSHUA Messiah! Partners that come and Go like ships passing in the night. I am tired of the loneliness LORD! But now I REPENT! I repent before YAHUSHUA and HIS PEOPLE! This is what I am! I repent for I let the spirit of Rebellion for 24 hours and I said I will just sit here and be quiet and stay saved. Who needs this hassle, especially the financial burden! I QUIT! I only said this ONE other time and had a nervous breakdown for a year after I said those words! Nearly 6 years ago. You can't run from what you're ordained to do!
Everyday Satan taunted me to just kill myself, I had given up my only purpose in living, and that is ministering! I was substituting the peace that passes all understanding with Zoloft 200mgs. Now I started out with 25mgs and got lost in the grocery store for hours! Yet 8 months later, I was taking 200mgs to 250mgs. and it wasn't touching the deep depression and hopelessness! or suicidal spirits! Those that I had ministered to saw their pastor no longer having faith to pray for them or barely herself, lost respect for me, but since that time it has been restored! Thank you YAHUSHUA!
Other ministers, when I lifted my hands up for help, shot them down with their mouths like a machine gun! for daring to ask for HELP! What I was created for I had given up on! YAHUSHUA brought me OUT of that despair 6 years ago! by reminding me I can't give up what I was created for! It is my identity! Who I am through YAHUSHUA Messiah my LORD!
Now Satan was trying to pull the same trick again, it appeared to be working! But Almighty YAHUVEH had other plans this time! Praise YAHUSHUA !
I heard YAHUVEH tease me and say aren't you even going to give me a 10 day notice? I told YAHUSHUA OK, I will give you a 10 day notice to change my mind! That night I had these dreams that showed me the future, and confirmed I am to minister to YAHUSHUA Messiah's sheep! Most of all I repented for allowing the devil to put the spirit of rebellion on me!
Many MORE souls will be saved because of the evangelism he showed me especially Jerusalem! He will use another lady and I, and showed this ministry's part with all of the souls getting saved! Devout Jews becoming believers in YAHUSHUA as Messiah! I will recognize the people I met in my dream!
I Called my friend so fired up yesterday morning, I knew I couldn't quit! For this is my identity, this is ALL Elisabeth (Elisheva) Elijah is about, I can't stop preaching, talking, praying, ministering, I will die if I even try! I will have no purpose in living! OK, THIS ISN'T EVERYONE'S LIFE, but it's My reason!
Leading souls to YAHUSHUA is my Sole purpose in life! Not anything I have done special, just the deep calling, and anointing, gifts I have been given for the sole purpose of giving mankind a choice, salvation or damnation, but they must know their choices!
I must intercede for the lost sheep, the abused sheep, warn where the evil shepherds are, the false prophets, the wolves in sheep's clothing! This is who Apostle Elisabeth (Elisheva) Elijah is! This is my identity. I have no other!
Child, warrior, bride, minister, prophet, and anything else he wants to call me! Most of all a sinner saved by mercy, and grace! We all have a divine purpose and this is mine!
Please pray for me. I am attacked by the enemy for standing against evil! Yes, even by the brethren who don't believe a woman can be used like this.
I was reminded by YAHUSHUA through the dream the only thing that brings me pleasure in life is helping others, leading them to YAHUSHUA Messiah's cross at Calvary! To the ONLY good shepherd! There is no greater reward! Than being a blessing to others, at least attempting to be!
The only thing I get to take with me to Heaven is the knowledge we are used to bring others there! Praise YAHUSHUA! I get to be used to Bless others!
As YOU are! While YAHUSHUA Messiah gets the PRAISE, HONOR, and glory! There are others standing with us.
A woman who wrote me New Years and said YAHUVEH used this broken vessel of Clay to stop her from KILLING HERSELF! What price can I put on that? Everything in my life I would do over again, just so this soul would be saved from HELL!
This site is used like a Church! I love the souls YAHUSHUA has me minister to, or fellowship with. There is NO greater reward than serving YAHUSHUA!
Before my family, I humbly repent I ever said these words to my dearest Lord and Master YAHUSHUA Messiah! I repent, and Now before YOU I repent, even if I only had these thoughts for LESS then 24 hours, I sinned by thinking them at all!
I didn't have to acknowledge this sin, yet I do! for only YAHUSHUA would have known, yet this gives the devil a black eye when I confess what would have been rebellion if I had done this!
A member of my congregation told me she wanted to confess a sin before me because the devil was taunting her. She did confess to me, and I said remind the devil your sins are washed in the shed blood of our Lord and Master YAHUSHUA Messiah of Calvary!
That's when the devil started tormenting me by saying the same thing, so to shut HIS mouth! and give Glory to YAHUSHUA Messiah! I confess my sin of rebellion before the world! and Heaven listens and all HELL SHUDDERS AS Satan is defeated again!
See when I sin, YAHUSHUA has me blast it from the housetops, in this case, the internet! Rebellion is a SIN! Not our will but YAHUVEH's Will be done! This life is NOT my own, I gave it to YAHUSHUA Messiah, 23 years ago, along with my heart, mind, body, spirit, and soul! Confessing ye sins one to another, keeps us humble before each other also. More ministers are needed to do this, it would knock them off their self-made and media-made pedestals!
YAHUSHUA said to me (Nov. 20, 1997) something he told me long ago when I told him "I don't want to call myself a prophet," they KILL the prophets! YAHUSHUA said it doesn't matter what you call yourself, it only matters what I call you and I call you not only a prophet, but my minister that will continue to feed and lead my sheep to me! That's a thus sayeth YAHUVEH YAHUSHUA Messiah! He said he is NOT letting go of his ministers so easily! So I encourage you when the devil comes against you, don't give up and quit! Recently my brother above felt led to tell me to read Prophecy 7 again (No More Crumbs). YAHUSHUA spoke it through me, and now I was told to reread it again! READ IT! What a blessing! These prophecies are not meant to be read one time and thrown away, or say "I read that before", it is ALIVE! the words took on GREATER meaning to me than before! If you believe the prophecies are YAHUSHUA Speaking then his Words are LIFE!
YAHUSHUA didn't panic when I told him I QUIT! He just said "Elisabeth, you can't minister with this attitude," and I said "Don't worry YAHUSHUA, I won't!" You who are running from what you are ordained to do, listen to my words! Repent before its TOO late! You know you are MISERABLE there is a VOID that only Obeying the Will of Daddy YAHUVEH can Fill!
In less than 24 hours, YAHUSHUA got my attitude back the way it should always be. NOT my will be done, but YAHUSHUA Messiah's perfect will be done!
Humbly and a broken vessel of clay, I make my enemies rejoice at thinking they almost won! But by posting this before the world I say to all those that sent out that spirit of destruction upon this ministry and the leaders, vengeance is Mine sayeth YAHUVEH HE alone will repay YOU!
We forgive you, for you're nothing more than a puppet Satan has used against US! With me confessing this before the congregation, TOGETHER we will cut your power in YAHUSHUA Messiah's name!
No weapon formed against US shall prosper and every tongue formed against US is condemned! This is the heritage of the saints!
I am back more angry and full of hatred for Satan and his workers than ever before! More determined than ever! I have decided to follow YAHUSHUA Messiah! To minister for YAHUSHUA Messiah! and there is NO TURNING BACK!
My name is Apostle Elisabeth (Elisheva) Elijah, and my title is about who I revere, serve and who I teach others to revere, love and worship, and that is YAHUSHUA Messiah! But its a reminder of my calling to FEED YAHUSHUA Messiah's SHEEP!
Warn the sheep where the wolves are! WARN the wolves GET away from YAHUSHUA Messiah's sheep!
The B lood of YAHUSHUA Messiah is against you Satan! and all your demons also and all those that send evil curses in OUR directions! The Blood of YAHUSHUA Messiah is against your evil Spirits of Occultism, Voodoo, Witchcraft, New Age, Satanism!
When I was going through this time of testing, and I know its not over with yet, anyway a friend and I were praying and over a cordless phone with voice scramble we heard VOODOO TIN DRUMS BEATING! There even was a cymbal clanging! I changed stations and it was as if I did NOT change anything, it only beat harder and louder, and my friend heard a howling wolf!
We prayed in the HOLY SPIRIT tongues and YAHUSHUA had a prophecy for the one listening and praying to their gods against US! Believe you me they had better shudder in fear, for they weren't coming against US, but YAHUSHUA Messiah! The noise stopped!
BACK OFF DEVIL! YOU HAVE NO CLAIM ON THIS MINISTRY! OR I, OR THOSE WHO HELP ME WITH THEIR PRAYERS, AND SUPPORT! We take back forcefully now and demand back seven-fold, Satan All you have stolen! For we caught you stealing Satan! We rebuke the devourer! Bind it up and cast it away in YAHUSHUA Messiah's Holy name! And the bible says seven-fold must be returned to us!
We rebuke the devouring spirits and the spirit of poverty and lack you have tried to send to this ministry and the ministers! And those trying to support the ministry through prayer and finances! We bind up all evil spirits sent against us and this ministry and we stand on the word of YAHUVEH that says "Whatsoever is bound on earth is bound in Heaven! What is loosed on earth is loosed in Heaven! We loose the spirits of Prosperity and abundance to this ministry and the ministers and those praying for this ministry!
We send the Evil spirits back to the senders! Thousand-fold! In the name of YAHUSHUA Messiah let it boomerang! Those who cursed this ministry and the ministers, and the finances, the curse is now upon the one who sought our destruction! You will reap what you have sowed! So BEWARE! Repent before its too late!
Victory In YAHUSHUA Messiah is OURS! Eternal Defeat is YOURS! who serve Satan and try and destroy YAHUSHUA Messiah's Servants! Those that stand with US on YAHUSHUA Messiah's side will stand.
Those that stand against US on Satan's side will FALL! Immediate destruction shall befall those being used of Satan, repent! The evil spirits of destruction you sent shall take you OFF the face of the earth and into the bowels of HELL! The Holy Spirit writes this through me under the anointing!
I prophecy this in the name of YAHUSHUA Messiah of Calvary and Nazareth! Under the Holy Spirit's anointing and direction! e-mail and repent before those you have harmed so you will be forgiven! You know who you are!
We already know who sent you and your purpose, there is forgiveness at the cross of Calvary, but you must repent before YAHUSHUA and US, who you have wronged! Any curses sent our way, (beware witches and Satanist), will be returned seven-fold upon your own heads! The bible says they will boomerang! I cut the UNGODLY silver Cords that you use and lay lines the blood line is drawn and Satan you and your Cohorts can't cross the blood line of YAHUSHUA Messiah of Calvary!
The Blood of YAHUSHUA Messiah is against you Satan! and All your evil spirits! And those you send to destroy me and this ministry! In YAHUSHUA Messiah's name I stand! So for your OWN sakes those that wish to harm me and stop this ministry, BE WARNED because I serve a YAHUVEH that will Protect me even if it means taking your life! Vengeance is MINE sayeth YAHUVEH I will repay! I forgive, he repays is it really worth it????? This has been a warning to my enemies spoken under the anointing of the Holy Spirit!
Vengeance is Mine sayeth YAHUVEH I will repay! It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of Almighty YAHUVEH! Almighty in Love and Mercy, Almighty in WAR! Beware enemies of the Cross, the name and the blood of YAHUSHUA Messiah! It's NOT US you have offended but ALMIGHTY GOD YAHUVEH who sent US!
This month (November) we need sowers to sow seed into this ministry which is fertile ground. Pray they will come forward to share in the blessing of this harvest. Thank you! Please pray for those who will become sponsors of this Internet Church. Thank you !
Now we also need hope and encouragement. We never ask anything from YAHUSHUA Messiah's people but your prayers, this I am asking again. Satan recently tempted me to put advertising on this website, after all many ministers are doing this, and the advertisers pay to advertise per ad! But I can't do it! YAHUSHUA and the Holy Spirit has NOT given US peace in this, so he has to raise up the money to cover the costs of this ministry in another way.
PRAY He does! Is that asking too much for you to do? Write us (see my email addresses below). Let us know someone else cares please! It's YOU we are ministering too! Please let us know you're standing with us. Even YAHUSHUA was grieved when only ONE leper came back out of ten to thank him. Nine were healed and they never even said thank you! Are you that special grateful ONE or are you the one getting blessed, but never returning to say thank you? Never even offering a prayer for this ministry?
This candle is in honor of the many women whose lives have been affected by violence. Read my testimony and see how I can identify. Place this image on your homepage to keep the Candle Light vigil alive.


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Art Pepper Presents "West Coast Sessions!" Volume 6: Shelly Manne
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The Rolling Stones Sticky Fingers: Live At The Fonda Theater 2015 (CD+DVD)
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Torres Three Futures
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The World Is A Beautiful Place & I Am No Longer Afraid To Die Always Foreign
NEXT RELEASE American Made
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Sticky Fingers: Live At The Fonda Theater 2015 (CD+DVD)
This latest addition to the acclaimed From The Vault series captures a truly unique event in the storied history of the Rolling Stones. On May 20, 2015 at the Fonda Theatre in Hollywood, California, the band performed the entire Sticky Fingers album live in concert for the first time in their career. Available on on DVD+CD, Blu-ray+CD, DVD+3LP, and digital formats. From The Vault: Sticky Fingers Live At The Fonda Theatre 2015 is a full-blooded interpretation of one of the Rolling Stones' most loved works. Combined with the bonus interviews, it proves an incredible experience for any Stones fan.
ARTIST SITE | RELEASED: September 29, 2017 ON Eagle Rock
TAGS: Classic Rock | DVD/Blu-ray | Live
FEATURED TRACK
"Can't You Hear Me Knocking"
1. Start Me Up
2. Sway
3. Dead Flowers
4. Wild Horses
5. Sister Morphine
6. You Gotta Move
7. Bitch
8. Can't You Hear Me Knocking
9. I Got The Blues
10. Moonlight Mile
11. Brown Sugar
12. Rock Me Baby
13. Jumpin' Jack Flash
2. When The Whip Comes Down
3. All Down The Line
10. Can't You Hear Me Knocking
11. I Got The Blues
16. I Can't Turn You Loose
DVD Bonus Features:
Tracks Cut From The Concert Film:
3. I Can't Turn You Loose
The Rolling Stones Stones In Exile (DVD) (Eagle Rock/Eagle Vision)
The Rolling Stones Exile On Main Street - Deluxe Edition (UMe)
The Rolling Stones Ladies & Gentleman (DVD/Blu-Ray - Special Edition) (Eagle Rock/Eagle Vision)
The Rolling Stones Some Girls: Live In Texas '78 (CD/DVD/Blu-ray) (Eagle Rock/Eagle Vision)
Muddy Waters & The Rolling Stones Live At The Checkerboard Lounge, Chicago 1981 (DVD/CD) (Eagle Rock)
Muddy Waters & The Rolling Stones Live At The Checkerboard Lounge 1981 (Vinyl/DVD) (Eagle Rock)
The Rolling Stones Some Girls - Live In Texas '78 (Vinyl/DVD) (Eagle Rock)
The Rolling Stones GRRR! Greatest Hits (Abkco/Interscope/UMe)
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The Rolling Stones Sweet Summer Sun: Hyde Park Live (DVD/Blu-ray) (Eagle Rock)
The Rolling Stones From The Vault: Hampton Coliseum (Live In 1981) (Eagle Rock)
The Rolling Stones From The Vault: L.A. Forum (Live In 1975) (Eagle Rock)
The Rolling Stones From The Vault - The Marquee Club Live In 1971 (Eagle Rock)
The Rolling Stones From The Vault - Hyde Park 1969 (DVD) (Eagle Rock)
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The Rolling Stones Totally Stripped (DVD+CD) (Eagle Rock)
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The Rolling Stones Olé Olé Olé! A Trip Across Latin America (Eagle Rock)
Muddy Waters & The Rolling Stones Live At The Checkerboard Lounge Chicago 1981 (Eagle Rock)
The Rolling Stones Ladies & Gentlemen (Eagle Rock)
The Rolling Stones Some Girls: Live In Texas '78 (Eagle Rock)
The Rolling Stones From The Vaults: No Security San Jose '99 (DVD/Blu-ray) (Eagle Rock)
The Rolling Stones Voodoo Lounge Uncut (DVD+2CD) (Eagle Rock)
The Rolling Stones Bridges To Bremen (Eagle Rock)
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