THE 2007 list of Hawaii's best family resorts is heading for 500,000 mailboxes in the Sept./Oct. issue of Travel + Leisure Family magazine, a supplement to Travel + Leisure not sold on newsstands.
Separately, another magazine singles out Waimea as a top waterfront town. Waimea on the Big Island, that is. Hah? For real, but try wait.
The T+L Family 50 is broken up into four lists by region or state -- the U.S. and Canada; Hawaii; Florida, and Mexico and the Caribbean.
The resorts were rated as part of the T+L 2007 World's Best Awards survey, by, in the magazine's words, "our just-back-from-vacation readers."
This year's top ten are, with last year's rank in parentheses if applicable: No. 1, Four Seasons Resort Hualalai (2); Fairmont Kea Lani (4); Four Seasons Resort Maui (6); Four Seasons Resort Lanai; No. 5, Mauna Lani Resort; Grand Hyatt Kauai Resort & Spa (5); Grand Wailea Resort Hotel & Spa (3); Halekulani; Royal Hawaiian; and No. 10, Hilton Waikoloa Village (1).
The resorts' points were not released this year so it isn't possible to see how Hawaii's resorts stack up overall.
Last year, the Hilton Waikoloa Village and Four Seasons Resort Hualalai were Nos. 7 and 8 in the U.S.
It was amazing to learn from the T+L Web site that the Grand Wailea offers skiing, represented by a snowflake icon.
"We're always trying to add something extra," laughed Jim Miller, director of sales and marketing. Hotel officials were working to contact T+L about the flake foible.
National Geographic Adventure magazine's September issue features Waimea as a top waterfront town, among its 50 Best Places to Live and Play.
The online story explains that the town is minutes from beaches and is an otherwise lovely story about a great town. But, waterfront?
This is the same magazine that last September reported that Kahului is the reputed birthplace of the loco moco. You can still hear Hilo people grumbling.


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Hollym is a small village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, in an area known as Holderness. It is situated approximately  south of Withernsea and is on the A1033 road.

According to the 2011 UK Census, Hollym parish had a population of 513, an increase on the 2001 UK Census figure of 447.

Hollym airfield lies just to the north of the village and is suitable for light aircraft.

The parish church of St Nicholas is a Grade II listed building.

In 1823 Hollym was parish in the Wapentake and Liberty of Holderness. St Nicholas' Church was built in 1814 by the then vicar. Population at the time was 260. Occupations included seventeen farmers, a corn miller, a schoolmaster, and the landlady of The Plough public house. A carrier operated between the village and Hull once a week.

Hollym was served from 1854 to 1964 by Hollym Gate railway station on the Hull and Holderness Railway.

Edmund Henry Barker, the English classical scholar, was born in the village.

References

External links

Villages in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Holderness
Civil parishes in the East Riding of Yorkshire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Two students in the School of Engineering took full advantage this summer of an opportunity to closely shadow physicians at the University of Mississippi Medical Center, thanks to the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College's Physicians Shadowing program.
Juniors Roya Gordji, of Oxford, and Joella Vaughnn, of Rockville, Maryland, spent a month shadowing and observing physicians working in a variety of areas. The program is meant to give prospective medical students, regardless of major, a chance to personally experience the fast-paced environment of a hospital. The Honors College provides stipends to assist students with living expenses in Jackson during their rotations.
A general engineering major, Gordji became aware of the program through the Honors College's weekly newsletter when she was a freshman.
Gordji and Vaughnn shadowed in the emergency and anesthesia departments in separate two-week rotations. Both observed a variety of real-life situations and interacted directly with physicians.
"The ER was fast-paced and the cases that came in were really interesting," Gordji said. "I saw cases that varied in severity from a black eye to a crushed foot. The doctors were also very happy to teach.
A chemical engineering major, Vaughnn learned about the program after seeing it on the Honors College's website.
"I am going to need the engineering analysis tools to solve problems in medicine because medicine is not about having the perfect answer; medicine is about recognizing similarities between cases in order to help the patient as much as you can," she said.
Her experience gave her a better sense of the hospital environment and of areas that fit her interests.
Initially, Vaughnn planned on becoming a neurosurgeon, but after watching three different neurosurgery cases, she quickly changed her mind. Her favorite types of surgery to watch were knee, hip and shoulder replacements.
Before participating in the physician's shadowing program, Gordji spent last summer doing computational research that involved designing tumor-targeting nanoparticles. She was able to present her research at the 2013 Mid-South Annual Engineering and Sciences Conference.
This fall, she begins research for her honors thesis. She also completed UMMC's Community Health Advocacy Program and volunteered at Northeast Mississippi Baptist Hospital ER as an ambassador for the School of Engineering.
Vaughnn participated in a medical mission trip to Bolivia, where she organized a handout of reading glasses to a local tribe. She is also actively involved with the American Medical Students Association and her social sorority. Research for her honors thesis combines her interests in engineering, medicine and art.
Both students plan to apply for medical school during the upcoming academic year.


ATLANTA, Nov 05, 2010 (BUSINESS WIRE) -- Arby's Restaurant Group, Inc., a subsidiary of Wendy's/Arby's Group, Inc. (NYSE: WEN), announced today the opening of its first Army & Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES) operated Arby's restaurant at Ft. Bliss, TX. The restaurant is located in Freedom Crossing, the first-ever open-shopping center on a U.S. military installation.
Earlier this year, Arby's signed a development agreement with AAFES to develop restaurants on U.S. military installations. Under that agreement, development of additional restaurants is currently under way in Ft. Carson, CO and Ft. Lewis, WA. Arby's and AAFES are conducting preliminary work to explore other expansion options at U.S. military installations.
AAFES selected Arby's after an extensive search to add another well-known, distinct restaurant brand to its portfolio.
"Partnering with Arby's is consistent with our desire to bring a 'taste of home' to Soldiers and Airmen, regardless of where they serve," said Tom Branning, VP, Food and Theater, AAFES.
"Over the years, we've heard from numerous military parents and spouses about how much their loved ones stationed around the world miss Arby's - some have even shipped our Arby's Sauce(R) and Horsey Sauce(R) to give them that little taste of home," said John Todd, Chief Development Officer, Arby's Restaurant Group, Inc. "We're proud to now be able to provide our military personnel and their families with a full menu of Arby's favorites they've been craving."
AAFES will serve Arby's one-of-a-kind menu items, including its slow-roasted and freshly sliced roast beef and Beef 'n Cheddar sandwiches, Curly Fries, Jamocha shakes, Market Fresh(R) deli-style sandwiches, toasted subs and salads and its newly introduced Value Menu starting at $1.
Known in the fast food industry for creating unique, premium sandwiches, Arby's has been in the roast beef business since 1964 when the Raffel Brothers first opened an Arby's restaurant under a glowing neon cowboy hat in Boardman, Ohio. Today, headquartered in Atlanta, Arby's Restaurant Group, Inc. is the second largest quick-service sandwich chain in the U.S. with nearly 3,700 restaurants system wide. In addition to its classic, slow-roasted, freshly sliced roast beef and Beef 'n Cheddar sandwiches, Arby's one-of-a-kind menu also includes a deli-style Market Fresh line of sandwiches, toasted subs and salads, Curly Fries, Jamocha shakes and the 2010 introduction of a national Value Menu, starting at only $1. Arby's Restaurant Group, Inc. is a subsidiary of Wendy's/Arby's Group, Inc. (NYSE: WEN). To learn more about Arby's, please visit www.arbys.com.
The Army & Air Force Exchange Service is a joint command and is directed by a Board of Directors which is responsible to the Secretaries of the Army and the Air Force through the Service Chiefs of Staff. The Exchange has the dual mission of providing authorized patrons with articles of merchandise and services and generating non-appropriated fund earnings as a supplemental source of funding for military Morale, Welfare and Recreation (MWR) programs. To find out more about the Exchange history and mission or to view recent press releases please visit http://www.shopmyexchange.com.
Cautionary Statement: Arby's franchisees such as AAFES are independent third parties that Arby's Restaurant Group, Inc. does not control.Numerous factors beyond the control of Arby's Restaurant Group, Inc. and AAFES may affect new restaurant openings.Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the development agreement with AAFES described in the press release will result in additional restaurant openings.
SOURCE: Arby's Restaurant Group, Inc.


I went and saw Kill Bill on my birthday, and I absolutely loved it. Some of the violence made me uncomfortable, particularly the first and last scenes, but by and large it was so cartoonish that it made me laugh more than it made me squirm.
I kind of wish that the two movies had been combined. I think he could easily have snipped 45 minutes from this movie, tightened it up, and combined it with the second. This half was 1 hr 50 minutes, but it feels like two and a half hours.
Quentin made a love letter for movie fans with this film, and it was obvious that he's a film geek with all of the little pieces he put in it. As a bit of a film geek myself, I totally got it, and just loved the ride he took me on, but I can see that it was very self-indulgant.
Mozilla 1.5 has been released, and the beta release of the new Mozilla site has been launched. It looks pretty sweet, and I'll talk about some of my loves and hates of Mozilla in a future posting. I'm so close to moving completely to Mozilla, but there are a few features which prevent me from doing so.


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Q: Can not select child element using JQuery/CSS :nth-child selector I am trying to update the id values of elements using JQuery/CSS selector dynamically by running a for loop.
What i want is when i click on button it runs the for loop and updates the id of
 which is inside each button_pro class.
My issue is i cannot do so, i am not able to select child as for loop executes and can not update my id values.
DEMO
HTML

            <input class="sno" type="text" name="Sr_1" value="1">
            Sr

            <input id="item_code" type="text" name="item_code_1" value="">
            Item Code

            <input class="sno" type="text" name="Sr_1" value="1">
            Sr

            <input id="item_code" type="text" name="item_code_1" value=" ">
            Item Code

<button>Click</button>

JQuery/JavaScrit
$(function () {
    $('button').click(function () {
        var numof = $(".input").length;
        alert(numof);
        var i;
        for (i = 1; i <= numof; i++)
        {
            $(".input:nth-child(" + i + ")").attr('id', 'input_' + i);
        }
    });
});

Thank You!

A: Use eq().
:nth-child will select the nth child. As your elements are not direct child, use eq.
$(".input").eq(i).attr('id', 'input_' + i);

Also, note that eq starts from zero, so you need to change the for loop.
Demo

$(function() {
  $('button').click(function() {
    var numof = $(".input").length;
    alert(numof);
    var i;
    for (i = 1; i <= numof; i++) {
      $(".input:nth-child(" + i + ")").attr('id', 'input_' + i);
    }
  });
});

      <input class="sno" type="text" name="Sr_1" value="1">
      Sr

      <input id="item_code" type="text" name="item_code_1" value="">
      Item Code

      <input class="sno" type="text" name="Sr_1" value="1">
      Sr

      <input id="item_code" type="text" name="item_code_1" value=" ">
      Item Code

<button>Click</button>

A:     $(window).load(function() {
        $(function() {
            $('button').click(function() {
                var objs = $(".input");
                var numof = $(".input").length;
                alert(numof);
                /*
                var i;
                for (i = 1; i <= numof; i++) {
                $(".input:nth-child(" + i + ")").attr('id', 'input_' + i);
                }
                */
                $(objs).each(function(i, item) {
                    $('#' + item.id).attr('id', 'input_' + i);
                });
            });
        });
    });     //]]>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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YakiniQ
Stefanie Tuder
The Bay Area's Korean Barbecue, Ranked
Your guide to the best tabletop-cooked meats in and around San Francisco
by Stefanie Tuder@stefanietuder Updated Aug 29, 2017, 10:52am PDT
Photography by Stefanie Tuder
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San Francisco's Korean barbecue scene gets a bad rap. "Just go to Los Angeles," is usually the response when asked where to find the good stuff locally. And while LA does have an infinitely better KBBQ scene, that cop-out answer doesn't help when you want to eat some tonight.So, to make sure you get the most out of your Korean barbecue outings in the Bay Area, your trusty Eater editors went out and tasted the local offerings at eleven Korean barbecue restaurants in San Francisco, the East Bay, and Santa Clara to find out where you should go.
There was a lot of top-notch meat, some not so great, a myriad of banchan (the unlimited sides that automatically accompany KBBQ meals), and lots and lots of smoke-filled laundry. Read on for a definitive ranking of the area's best Korean barbecue, about which you are sure to have opinions — please, do share them with us in the comments.
Table Of Contents (all h2's added automatically)
Some key takeaways from the journey in general:
Don't wear something you want to repeat wear before washing. That sweet smoke embeds itself into your clothing and hair in a way that only detergent will cure.
Don't be afraid to ask about something you don't know. The staff at each restaurant was incredibly friendly, and always happy to explain any unknown dishes and procedures.
Generally, the marinated meats are the crowd pleasers. It can be tempting to order a more premium steak or try some squid, but those come without any seasoning at all (though you can add yourself), and are simply not as flavorful as the meats typically marinated in a mixture of soy sauce, sugar, sesame oil, garlic, ginger, and scallions.
Take advantage of the banchan, wraps, and sauces. The unlimited pickled and fermented sides (seriously, ask for more as many times as you want), wraps (most often lettuce and rice paper wraps) and sauces (usually fermented miso paste and sesame oil with salt) make for endless flavor combinations.
Finally, while we love the great Korean restaurants around town (shoutout to Namu Gaji, Toyose, My Tofu House, and more), for this guide, we stuck to only restaurants that offer tabletop barbecue. Now, without further ado, here is the Bay Area's Korean barbecue, ranked from bottom to top.
11. TO BANG (SANTA CLARA)
To Bang's concept is unique; here, you order by the party size, from a "small family," or 1.5 portions for $35.99 (which is plenty for two people), all the way to a family of eight for $155.99 (a steal when broken down to $19.50 per portion). Unfortunately, most meats are grilled in the kitchen, taking the fun out of a tabletop Korean barbecue experience. Instead, the grill is employed to make kimchi fried rice, which ends up being overcooked, and lacks egg. There is definitely (To) bang for your buck here, but that's perhaps the only reason to come.
1052 Kiely Blvd., Santa Clara
10. CARBON GRILL (INNER RICHMOND)
Carbon Grill is like the hipster's version of Korean barbecue. Herb mayonnaise comes as a side sauce. Soju is served in beakers. The Warriors play on TVs above the bar and certain booths. Every table is filled with young groups of friends, taking advantage of the $24.99 90-minute all-you-can-eat feast that definitely skews more American than other spots on this list — grill options beyond the Korean standards include bacon-wrapped asparagus, lemon herb bass filet, lemongrass chicken wings, and rosemary lamb shoulder. It's all delicious, and different, and fun, but be forewarned that the air is almost unbearably smoky here, thick enough to plummet Carbon Grill to the bottom of this list.
852 Clement St., San Francisco
Many Korean barbecue meals around town are ended with Yakult, or a sweet yogurt drink. Reminiscent in flavor of an orange creamsicle, Yakult is a probiotic-filled dairy drink made by fermenting skimmed milk (and presumably adding a ton of sugar).
9. JONG GA HOUSE (OAKLAND)
With a pretty similar experience to Ohgane, below, the decision about which to visit should probably fall on which is closer to you at the moment. There's a dizzying array of banchan here — 16 types! — but bigger doesn't always mean better, and Jong Ga House could improve by focusing down. Not every table here has a grill built-in, which can take away from the experience, but when you're faced with a $22.99 all-you-can-eat situation that has better-than-average meat quality, it's easier to forgive.
372 Grand Ave., Oakland
8. OHGANE (OAKLAND)
Like an all-you-can-eat Korean barbecue factory, Ohgane is a massive operation filled with families, couples, groups of friends, and solo diners taking advantage of the $26.95 all-you-can-eat KBBQ (one of the best advantages of an all-you-can-eat deal is the affordability it offers solo diners to try much of the menu). The mesquite-fired food is good enough, the service is friendly enough, and the banquet hall-like atmosphere is bustling enough to make it worthy of a visit if you're nearby and hungry for this kind of meal (bonus: there's a parking lot). Definitely be sure to visit the $2 grab-and-go ice cream freezer on your way out.
3915 Broadway, Oakland
7. BROTHERS (INNER RICHMOND)
Brothers is certainly the most well-known Korean barbecue restaurant in the city. On any given night, the very smoky restaurant (it uses charcoal rather than gas) is filled with Korean families getting their fill of what unfortunately is not the highest quality meat, brusque service, and plentiful, though lacking banchan. Perhaps the best thing on offer is the tofu stew, which is a letdown when also faced with charred, marinated meats. It might be time for Brothers to start losing its top spot status.
4128 Geary Blvd., San Francisco
6. Dancing Bull (Inner Richmond)
Dancing Bull is San Francisco's newest KBBQ spot, and it stands out for its focus on bulgogi only and the copper grills it uses, which have two separate areas of cooking, one higher and at the center for the bulgogi and fried rice, and one lower and circling around the center to cook sides such as noodles and vegetables in broth. As the all-you-can-eat meat cooks, the juices drip into the bottom well, flavoring those waiting sides. It's an updated, unique approach to the cuisine, even if the meats aren't the best around. The real fun here lies in the broth, which becomes addictive after the meat cooks, and keeps everything juicy. Beware inattentive service.
5. GOGI TIME (OAKLAND)
Speaking of Americanized Korean barbecue, Gogi Time definitely delivers in that category — SPAM is one of the grill options here. "Gogi" means "meat" in Korean, which is the appropriate moniker for this $27 all-you-can-eat carnivorous meal. The quality of everything you get is not as high as the a la carte places on this list, but it's a steal of a deal for the amount of food. You get three to four meats or seafood orders per round (you can choose from galbi, bulgogi, pork cheek, spicy pork, scallops, octopus, and so much more), as well as the standard unlimited banchan, which are only fine here. Pro tip: If you want to just try a meat, ask your server for a taste rather than a full order. And make sure you visit Blind Tiger downstairs for a drink on your way out.
2600 Telegraph Ave., Oakland
4. YAKINIQ (JAPANTOWN)
There are two kinds of Korean barbecue on this list: a la carte and all-you-can-eat. Of the all-you-can-eat, YakiniQ takes the cake. It's a no frills-experience in a smoke-filled, raucous room, which really shines during the late night hours (it's open until 12 a.m. during the week and 1 a.m. on the weekend). There are two options for AYCE: $19.99 per person for the lesser cuts; $24.99 per person for the premium add-ons. Pony up the extra five bucks, because it's the premium cuts that are best here, including the meaty, substantial beef rib finger and flavorful pork neck (though, word to the wise, YakiniQ charges for any leftover meat). The bulgogi (marinated meat) was stringier than many versions, but it's that fat that makes it extra tender. Service is attentive (especially when you press the flight attendant-like call bell at the table), with constant grill swaps for a cleaner sear. The banchan is definitely Americanized, with a version of what can be most closely compared to cole slaw. The best time for YakiniQ is late at night, followed by a rousing round of karaoke nearby.
1640 Post St., 2nd Fl., San Francisco
3. JANG SOO (OUTER RICHMOND)
Jang Soo doesn't mess around — the restaurant, established in 1952, sources ingredients from its garden in San Rafael and makes its own Korean miso, soy sauce, and hot chili pastes. That effort shows: the banchan here was far and away the best, with three kinds of fizzy, bright kimchi, tender fish cakes, soft tofu, and more. Unfortunately the galbi ($32) was not as tender as Han Il Kwan, and the pork belly ($20) was dry. It's the attention to detail that really shines here, though, with excellent service and a fruit plate to cap off the meal.
2. JANG SU JANG (SANTA CLARA)
When talking about KBBQ in the Bay Area, the strip mall-located Jang Su Jang is oft-cited as the best — it's even a Michelin-recommended restaurant. And yes, it's definitely good. But the meat quality and banchan spread pales slightly in comparison to Han Il Kwan (and the galbi is $9 more), making it number two on this list. Make sure you order the tender tongue here ($28), as well as the meaty seafood pancake. Service can be brusque, but don't let that deter you from asking for more when you need it.
3561 El Camino Real #10, Santa Clara
1. Han Il Kwan (Outer Richmond)
Known for the hordes of Korean tourists that unload by the bus-full, Han Il Kwan rightfully attracts so many visitors due to the quality of its meat, the housemade banchan, friendly service, and attractive environment. The inlaid gas grills have excellent ventilation, so you won't leave smelling like your meal, and the array of banchan includes seasoned bean sprouts, three kinds of kimchi, baby anchovies, and more. Han Il Kwan's meat is the most tender, but you'll pay for it — one plate of galbi (marinated short ribs) is $30. It's still worth it for the quality and experience, which make it a definite step above the others on this list.
1802 Balboa St., San Francisco
These Bay Area Artists Marry Flowers and Food to Produce Stunning Edible Art
San Francisco Restaurant Closings

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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'Blade Runner 2049' Early Buzz: This Is The Sci-Fi Masterpiece Fans Hoped For
Posted on Tuesday, September 26th, 2017 by Ben Pearson
When Blade Runner 2049 was announced, many cinephiles reacted with suspicion. Ridley Scott's original 1982 film is one of the staples of the science fiction genre, and one that posed a long-term question – is Deckard a replicant? – that geeks have been arguing about ever since. But a sequel? Now? Really? Then Denis Villeneuve (Arrival, Sicario, Enemy) signed on to direct, and he brought legendary cinematographer Roger Deakins with him. The tide began to shift. Fans were still hesitant, but there was some hope.
Now, the first reactions to the film have hit the web, and they're wildly positive. Has Villeneuve done the impossible and delivered a new sci-fi classic? Read the first Blade Runner 2049 early buzz below.
Here are some of the first reactions to the movie:
.@BladeRunner 2049 is phenomenal. Visually mind-blowing sci-fi w/ noir roots shining through in a tight, twisty mystery. Best of 2017 so far pic.twitter.com/kT4ZzWWlOQ
— (((Eric Eisenberg))) (@eeisenberg) September 26, 2017
Denis Villeneuve is unquestionably one of the elite working directors & there's no excuse if Deakins doesn't win the Oscar #BladeRunner2049
Good news! BLADE RUNNER 2049 is a terrific continuation and expansion of the orig. Wasn't hoping for much, ended up LOVING it. (Even Leto!)
— Jordan Hoffman (@jhoffman) September 26, 2017
Our own @JimmytotheO calls @bladerunner "Astonishing… More than just a visual wonder, it's a groundbreaking science fiction masterpiece." pic.twitter.com/ulDJYJzMqT
— JoBlo.com (@joblocom) September 26, 2017
I saw #BladeRunner2049 and it is BREATHTAKING. It's an impressive follow-up, preserving mysteries, adding new ones, expanding the universe.
— The Bibbidook (@WilliamBibbiani) September 26, 2017
And best of all, #BladeRunner2049 feels like it was made in the same world. Like they traveled back there to film it. Nailed the aesthetic.
BLADE RUNNER 2049 is sci-fi masterpiece; the kind of deep-cut genre film we don't see anymore. Visually mind blowing, absolutely fantastic pic.twitter.com/A1d6ohmj3s
— ErikDavis (@ErikDavis) September 26, 2017
I think this Blade Runner is better than the original, and also proves Denis Villeneuve is the most exciting director working right now
I've seen Blade Runner 2049 and it was great. Visually stunning, emotionally engaging in a way I didn't expect. And that's all I can say
— Jim Vejvoda (@JimVejvoda) September 26, 2017
#BladeRunner2049 was one of the most mind-blowing films I've seen. It's breathtaking and transportive. Denis Villeneuve has a masterpiece.
— Jenna Busch (@JennaBusch) September 26, 2017
I've seen Blade Runner 2049 and it's FUCKING INCREDIBLE.
— Kevin Polowy (@djkevlar) September 26, 2017
Everyone bow down to Denis Villeneuve. He's done the impossible and delivered a huge home run with 'Blade Runner 2049'. Loved it. pic.twitter.com/fjhAJgnwqT
— Steven Weintraub (@colliderfrosty) September 26, 2017
Blade Runner 2049 is absolutely loaded with spoilers. Even the plot of the film is a spoiler. If you are going to see it avoid reviews. pic.twitter.com/MLrCmJgLtF
Even if you have no interest in the film, the breathtaking Cinematography by Roger Deakins is worth the price of admission. He's a God. pic.twitter.com/vofTBDqsjJ
You do not have to have seen the original 'Blade Runner' to watch 'Blade Runner 2049'. But it will def make the film better if you have. pic.twitter.com/7Gjd7GnmpS
I saw #BladeRunner2049! Can't say much, but…???? pic.twitter.com/D3QJwpxR2M
— Roth Cornet (@RothCornet) September 26, 2017
Am I allowed to say how much I love Blade Runner 2049 now?
— Sara Vilkomerson (@Vilkomerson) September 26, 2017
BLADE RUNNER 2049: The thrill of mood and extensional joys of self-reflection. Villeneuve's slow-burn obsessions have never felt more SEEN.
— Jason (@jasonosia) September 26, 2017
Cinematography/costumes/production design off the charts GREAT. Also probably contains the best (cyber) sex scene since Spike Jonze's HER
In terms of science fiction filmmaking and world-building, #BladeRunner2049 might be a masterpiece. I think I loved it. Want to see it again
— Drew Dietsch (@DrewDietsch) September 26, 2017
#BladeRunner2049 is also a Denis Villeneuve movie through and through. Chilly, oppressive, gut-wrenchingly effective , and utterly human.
BLADE RUNNER 2049 is great. The third act is ????????????. Denis' run continues.
— Brandon Norwood (@bwood0824) September 26, 2017
Wow. I haven't seen praise that effusive since War For The Planet of the Apes, and considering that is one of my favorite movies of the year so far, I'm now anxiously awaiting a screening of Blade Runner 2049. The word "masterpiece" is used four times in those tweets above, which is an awful lot considering that particular group of critics, who aren't often as prone to exaggeration as some others online.
Of all the reactions I've seen so far, the only one with anything even remotely resembling hesitation comes from io9 editor Katharine Trendacosta:
Blade Runner 2049 is gorgeous, and I still don't know if I loved it. I'm still thinking about it, though, and that's good.
— K. M. Trendacosta (@k_trendacosta) September 26, 2017
Here's the thing about Blade Runner 2049: It's hard to know if it's good or bad, since what it mostly is is LONG
I've also been wondering for days how it would even be possible to make #BladeRunner2049 better, and it's impossible. It's such a whole.
If you took out one part that was not as good, you'd lose the good parts, too. It's a challenging as hell film.
And, dammit, my absolute favorite part of #BladeRunner2049 is a huge spoiler and I have to just swallow my thoughts about it for a few weeks
And as you can see, even she has lots of nice things to say about the film. We could very well be looking at the real deal here, folks. As usual, when a studio allows responses out in the public this far before a movie's release date, it's a display of confidence on their part; generally speaking, they know when they have a solid film on their hands, and that definitely seems to be the case with this. Consider us officially excited.
Harrison Ford, Ryan Gosling, Jared Leto, Dave Bautista, Robin Wright, Ana de Armas, Mackenzie Davis, Edward James Olmos, Barkhad Abdi, and more co-star. You can watch more than 20 minutes of behind-the-scenes footage here, and prepare yourself for the year's longest blockbuster: this sucker has a runtime of 2 hours and 43 minutes.
Officer K (Ryan Gosling), a new blade runner for the Los Angeles Police Department, unearths a long-buried secret that has the potential to plunge what's left of society into chaos. His discovery leads him on a quest to find Rick Deckard (Harrison Ford), a former blade runner who's been missing for 30 years.
Blade Runner 2049 arrives in theaters on October 6, 2017.
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Denis Villeneuve's Vision for 'Dune' is "Nightmarish" and "Visceral," Oscar Isaac Says
'The Staircase' TV Adaptation Will Bring Harrison Ford to Television For the First Time in 25 Years
'The Call of the Wild' Trailer: Harrison Ford and a Dog Named Buck Take On Mother Nature
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Home » Sociology » Foundations of Modern Social Theory » SOCY 151 - Lecture 11 - Marx's Theory of Historical Materialism (cont.)
SOCY 151: Foundations of Modern Social Theory
- Marx's Theory of Historical Materialism (cont.)
Today we cover the transition from the young Marx, with his emphasis on change and action, to the mature Marx who turns toward positivist science and determinism, arguing that capitalism will have to fail. Through a closer look at Marx's "Theses on Feuerbach," we discuss different theories of truth with attention to the questions of where truth resides (in the subject, in the object, or some combination), how we know it, and how we know when we know it. Arguing for his conception of materialism, Marx argues that truth is not simply the reflection of the object in the mind of the subject; we must access truth through our senses and through activity. And we discuss two of Marx's historical materialist claims: life determines consciousness and the ruling class always determines the ruling ideas of a people.
Revisiting Two Key Theses on Feuerbach
"The German Ideology": Major Themes
The Materialist View of History
Theory of Modes of Production
Forces/Relations of Production and Division of Labor
Human History: Subsequent Modes of Production
Sociology of Knowledge
Foundations of Modern Social Theory
SOCY 151 - Lecture 11 - Marx's Theory of Historical Materialism (cont.)
Chapter 1. Dialectics [00:00:00]
Professor Iván Szelényi: So today we will be talking about The German Ideology, and Marx becoming a historical materialist. I just wanted to make a couple of more comments about "The Theses on Feuerbach," where Marx is on the edge, moving away from naturalism to historical materialism. But the emphasis in "The Theses on Feuerbach" is not so much on materialism, but it is much more on praxis, action, change, the lack of determination. Marx, as a materialist, is usually seen as a determinist. And if you took other courses where much was–Marx was touched upon, you were probably told Marx is a determinist, economic determinist. And there's a lot of truth to it, but half-truths, and he is struggling in "The Theses on Feuerbach"–as I said, he's on his way from naturalism to materialism, and the central idea is, as I said, praxis, human practices.
And that's why I put down on the slides that it is a kind of dialectical, what Marx represents in "The Theses on Feuerbach". Now Marx himself very rarely used the term 'dialectical'. He had a clear enough mind to be suspicious about the word 'dialectics'. Once, at an old age, he wrote a letter to Engels and he said, "You know Friedrich what? When I don't know what something, then I say it is dialectical." Right? And so dialectical means when you couldn't really find out what the relationship between two phenomena is, when you say, "Well this is dialectical." Well it's a bit too simplistic.
The term 'dialectical', as I am sure you all know, go back to Greek philosophy. But even in Greek philosophy, the idea of dialectics was emphasizing change and the process. A famous Greek philosopher once said–and that tries to capture the essence of dialectics–"You cannot step in the same river twice. Because if you step in the river, five minutes later it is not quite the same river because the water is gone; this is a different water." Right? So that dialectics means that the world is in flux, is in change. That's, I think, one important idea of dialectics. And in "The Theses on Feuerbach", Marx emphasizes–right?–that we are changing the world, rather just taking it. Right? In this sense he's dialectical, and this is why he still resists materialism and determinism.
There is another, more contemporary adaptation of the word dialectics, which comes from Georg Hegel. And Marx again was shying away to use it very often. But his friend Friedrich Engels used it. He even said there is a dialectical materialism. Engels made a distinction between historical and dialectical materialism.
Now what was dialectics in Hegel? Hegel was trying to capturing the process of change. Right? Already in Greek philosophy the dialecticians emphasized that if you are looking at the world, this is not a picture, it is a movie–right?–and every minute you see something different. Now Hegel tried to come to terms with what is the essence of this change? In this essence of this change, he was looking at contradictions. Contradictions drive the change. So Hegel made a big distinction between thesis, antithesis and synthesis. So the change, what dialectics captures normally in social life, it starts with a thesis, and actual conditions, an antithesis, which is the negation of the situation, and then it leads to a synthesis, which is the negation of the negation. Right? In some ways the original condition is reconstituted, but in a different way; as Hegel put it, "preserving it by abolishing it." Right? That's the Hegelian insight what actually was–this kind of logic was attractive to Marx and the Marxists. Anyway, so this is dialectical.
And Marx, from dialectical, from the philosophy of praxis where praxis is crucial, eventually moves towards a more clearly deterministic, positivistic social science in which you have a very clearer idea what is the key cause and the consequences. Right? Doing very much what positivist social science is doing today; identifying the dependent variable and independent variable, to come up with a hypothesis how the dependent variable will cause variation, and the independent variable will cause variation in the dependent variable, and then to describe it. That is very much the mature Marx.
And because Marx was moving into, today we will call it normal science, he becomes a real scientist. He was becoming so much of a scientist that at one point he began to doubt there is much sense to make a distinction between social sciences and sciences. He himself began to see himself as the Darwin of social sciences. He was so much attracted with scientific reasoning–the late Marx, the second Marx we will start talking about–that he actually for awhile considered to dedicate the book, Kapital, to Charles Darwin, because he saw himself as doing for human history what Marx [correction: he meant Darwin, did to the evolution of the species. He wanted to do an evolution of human societies. Now luckily for Marx he did not do that. Right? He did not become a social Darwinist. Right? He resisted the temptation. But he was tempted.
Chapter 2. Revisiting Two Key Theses on Feuerbach [00:08:12]
Okay, I just want to go back very briefly to two "Theses on Feuerbach," because they are very important. Right? And this is the idea. Right? He is now criticizing–right?–Feuerbach. And the problem with Feuerbach, he said, that Feuerbach, and other people who were materialists before him, they thought that there are things outside there, objective things, which are outside of the subject, which creates a knowledge about these objects–he called that Gegenstand, object–and the knowledge is nothing else but a reflection in human mind of the object outside there. This is a very typical theory of truth. Right? Very widely shared today, and probably a theory of truth what many of you in this room share. Right? When is your knowledge accurate? You think about your mind as a mirror. If the image of the object, or the objective world outside, is accurately reflected in the mirror of your mind, then you got it. Right? So what we try to do is to have the most perfect mirror in our mind, and capture the objective reality as precisely and as much in detail as possible.
Well Marx says this is simply, you know, reflection, and we should go beyond that. Right? He said, "What is good about what Feuerbach did, what is good what"–for instance, what Montesquieu did. These were the two people we discussed so far who were clearly, you know, materialist; though I mean Hobbes was pretty much a materialist as well, believing that this is sort of biological conditions which drive us and makes us what we are. So they all started from sensuousness. Right? That the reality is something what we can get at through our senses. Right? We smell it, we touch it, we see it, and unless we touch it, we see it, we smell it, we doubt whether it exists. Right? That's the difference–right?–between materialist and idealist. Ideas you don't get through your senses. Right? You get it through your mind.
But he said this is–this materialism is sensuous only in the sense of contemplation. The object is outside of the subject and you get a grasp of it through your senses. And he said, "Well, but what I am suggesting in my new approach is sensuous–all right?–but a sensuous human activity–an activity, as such." I mentioned very briefly that this, in the last lecture–let me just make–come back to this point again. This is what Jürgen Habermas, arguably the greatest philosopher of the twentieth century–well he's still alive but he may–you know? The twenty-first century has a long way to go to decide who will be the greatest philosopher. But many thinks that Jürgen Habermas was the greatest philosopher of the twentieth century. He said, "Well yes, Marx in "The Theses on Feuerbach" is right" at one point. I mean, Habermas had his 'culture' turn, moved away from materialism. But in most of his life he said, "I am a materialist because I also believe that the ultimate reality has to come through sensuous experiences, through the senses." Right? But he said, "Marx later on, the mature Marx became reductionist, because the sensuous activity he identified with the economy, with production, with economic activities." And he said, "In "The Theses on Feuerbach" he got it right. All sensuous activity are material." "So therefore," he says, "let's not simply limit our analysis to production, but let's look at human interaction." When we interact with each other, this is also a sensuous activity. Right?
So he creates peace between Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx. Many people try to do that. Right? That this is not an opposition, that it is either production or your sexual drives. You know, your sexual drives–your sexual interaction with others–is very much sensuous. Right? It's actually more sensuous than doing a job–right?– than, you know, being in McDonald's and serving hamburgers. That's sensuous activity. But all right, you know, sexual interaction is very much sensuous. That's Habermas's point. And Marx, in "The Theses on Feuerbach", opens this possibility up. It's a very open argument. Okay?
This is actually one of the reasons why he does not publish it. It's too vague. He wanted to be more precise, and then he wanted to go–he was reading Adam Smith and Ricardo, and spent all of his time in the British Library reading these economists, and he wanted to bring it back down to earth, to the economy and economic interest. And now let me start to this, because I think that's very important the theory of truth. And I want you to think about it. I think this is very interesting.
So what is truth? And to be very simplistic–right?–you have two competing theories of truth. One theory of truth, what I think most of you have in your mind, is the kind of reflection theory of truth–that our mind is a mirror. More accurately it reflects the objective reality out there more true, the knowledge what we have in our mind is. And Marx, in "The Theses on Feuerbach", says, "Not so. The truth is a practical question. The problem with the reflection theory of truth is that it is positivist and it is alienated." I'll throw in another word coined by a major Marxist philosopher of the twentieth century, Georg Lukács. He called it this is reified consciousness. Reified–you know, Lukács was writing in German, and in German he used the term Verdinglichung. Ding means a thing. I think reification is a very good translation. Only those of us who speak English but do not speak Latin don't necessarily quite get it. Right? Rei in Latin means the thing. Reification is the process in which we turn stuff, what is not a thing, into an objective thing.
It's a kind of–right?–Lukácsian reinterpretation of Marx's notion of alienation. Marx's term, in German, for reification was Entfremdung; fremd means alien. Right? So alienation is a good translation. Right? You are alienated if you feel alien, if you feel homeless in this world. Now I think but Lukács has an interesting idea–right?–that the essence of alienation is when we're beginning to see the world, what actually we created–the world is our creation and this objective world will rule us. We do not see ourselves as the masters of the world, but we see ourselves as ruled by the world. Right? And this is reified consciousness, when we're beginning to see the objective reality, we cannot do anything about it. Right? And the essence is the philosophy of praxis of the young Marx, ending–right?–with "The Theses on Feuerbach", the point is to change it; the point is to change the world.
So in contemporary discourse we usually call this positivism. Right? Positivists are those social scientists who think there are objective facts out there, and the purpose of social investigation is to establish most objectively and most concretely what those objective social facts are. You are an economist, you describe the objective facts. Right? You say, "Well you have to maximize profit, because if you do not maximize profit, then you will be wiped out of business." Right? This is almost like a force of nature.
Again, if I can recall Georg Lukács, he coined this wonderful term second nature. Right? That we're beginning to think about social life as if it were natural, as if it would have the power of nature; the economic laws look like lightening. You know? Like, you know, this force– like earthquakes. Right? You can't do virtually nothing about an earthquake. If we can't predict what we can't predict, we can just get into our car and get out of it. Right? But even we cannot really predict earthquakes. That's one of the problems. Right? Well now we can predict when a hurricane is coming. What can we do? You get in the car and get out of there, where the hurricane will come. Now, you know, the point is that positivism does posits social phenomena as if they had the force of nature. And that's what Lukács called we create the social world as if it were second nature, as if it had the force of nature. He said this is all wrong because this is the world what we created. We should rule it. Right? That's the idea, to overcome alienation; to become the master of your fate. Right? To be able–right?–to change the objective conditions.
And we will–you know, in The German Ideology, Marx puts it very powerfully. I would say it's almost the last word what in this debate he said– was said. I don't think anybody really improved on it. He said, "Well, humans change the conditions. But we were born under certain conditions, and we can only change the conditions we were born into." Right? So it's an interesting interaction between yes, I mean we can't do anything–right?–because we were born into conditions, but within some limits we can change those conditions. By the way, it's not all that different from Hobbes–right?–and voluntary action, the theory of voluntary action. There is a similarity here.
Now I'll finish this and get onto The German Ideology. But there is one thing what I cannot leave out, too–I think too insightful and important to leave it out. So let me come back to this subject and object issue. Right? What I've suggested, it is so extremely important, not only for Marx but for the whole critical theory, and, in fact, for anti-positivism of all sorts in the twentieth and twenty-first century. I mentioned, for instance, cultural theory, which is very strongly anti-positivist–right?–and rejects social science as normal science.
So what we have is subject. And that is you–right?–the person who has a consciousness and is a cognitive subject–is involved in cognitive activity, creating knowledge. And then there are objects about which we create knowledge. Reflection theory of truth said that this is a mirror and if the objects are accurately described in the mirror of our mind, that is truth. This is the whole test of having verification of hypotheses. Right? I develop a hypothesis. Then I go there and test it on the social reality, and if it is matches, then it is verified, I got truth. Right?
Now the philosophy of praxis says that truth is not simply a reflection, it's an interaction between subject and object; that's where truth is. And there is this wonderful philosopher– not a very easy read, but still I think a wonderful mind. His name is Adorno. Adorno belonged to the Frankfurt School and was active mainly in the 1940s and '60s–'30s and '60s. And well he formulated this so powerfully. He said, "What is truth?" He said, "The truth is the force-field between subject and object." Right? "Not simply a reflection of the object, but it is between the tension of subject and object." Right? I think this is beautifully done. Right? It is in the force-field of subject and object.
So let me also add one more point, and then we can move away the theory of truth. But I want you guys to think about what is truth? Right? When can you say an idea is true? In fact, Adorno at one point said about Nazism. You know? He said–experiencing, he was Jewish and many of his family were killed–right?–by the Nazis. And he said, "The reality, Nazi reality, is so miserable that it does not deserve to be called true." You see the point? You also say that occasionally, when you see something horrible and you can say, "No, that cannot be true." Right? This is exactly Adorno's point. This can be so miserable that you say it cannot be true. And the idea is that they are so miserable that you are completely powerlessness about these nature-like forces though it is unacceptable–right? You should be able to do something about it. Right? We should have been able to do something about Auschwitz, and they could not do anything about it. And that's what Adorno said. This reality was such that it should not be called true; it cannot be truth. You see what it is getting at?
A very final point about this theory of truth, and this is through another guy, Karl Mannheim. This is very much along this line. He was very much not a Marxist. He was a conservative philosopher. His major work was done in England. Mannheim once said, "The truth is not being. The truth is becoming." Bingo. Right? Wonderfully put. Right? The truth is not simply that you describe how things are. You really know what the truth is when you know what it can be, and what you can do about it. The real purpose of cognition is not simply to describe the world but to change it–right?–to make it a better world. That's when you have real truth, when you know how to make the world better. Right? So the truth is not being but becoming. And that's the philosophy of praxis. But I think that's where Marx is in writing "The Theses on Feuerbach", and that's what he is moving away from when he's beginning to write The German Ideology.
But he is writing together with Friedrich Engels. And now you see he has to abandon–he cannot publish the book– "The Theses on Feuerbach" because it is too voluntaristic. Right? He abandoned The Paris Manuscript because it was fluffy. Right? "Nobody will believe me that the revolution will come because the proletariat is alienated." And then when he finished–I think this–I mean, not all eleven sentences are great, but some of those sentences are really great sentences. He wrote it down and he never published it because he said, "Well, this is too voluntaristic." Right? "I have to come up with a more- with a theory which will prove to people that the revolution will come. Capitalism has to fall. It is not only a question whether we decide to change it or we don't have to change it." Right? "I have to come up with a theory which will prove that capitalism will have to fall." Right? That's what puts him into the deterministic mode.
He actually becomes never really deterministic. It's a very simplistic reading of Marx. You know, after all this guy is a theorist of the revolution. He thought that revolutionary ideas should be put into people's head. This idea did not think that ideas do not matter. If he would have believed ideas do not matter, he would not have spent, you know, all of his time, eight in the morning, nine– until nine p.m. in the British library, and writing books. Right? If ideas do not matter, why do you write down ideas? Because he believed that ideas will change the world. Right? So he was never completely a deterministic. But in the nature of the work he's moving towards economic determinism.
And the reason is that now he wants to prove that capitalism–yes, it had great achievement. During the time of capitalism society developed more than ever before capitalism. But nevertheless it will have to come an end. Capitalism will not last forever. And now he has to prove that thesis, that it must come to an end. So that puts him on a deterministic trajectory. That's what makes him–he has to become–he has to accept materialism; that material conditions determine human action and consciousness. So that's what he–they are beginning to develop in The German Ideology.
Chapter 3. The German Ideology: Major Themes [00:31:32]
And this is the structure of the book. The first chapter is a critique on Feuerbach; takes on from "The Theses on Feuerbach" but tightens the argument and becomes strictly materialist, and gets out of this voluntaristic element. He has some introductory remarks about critique of idealism and the premises of the new materialism he is proposing now, what he's beginning to call now historical materialism–stays away from the word 'dialectical'. And then he develops–right?–a materialist conception of history and historical development. He replaces Adam Smith's categorization of societies as hunting, gathering, grazing, agricultural or commercial with a new typology. This new typology will be the typology of the modes of production. Not–in fact, in The German Ideology he stays pretty close to Adam Smith. I will point this out. And this is one of his problems. This is one of the reasons why The German Ideology was also left unfinished and unpublished. Right? As I indicated, it was first published–and not the complete text–only in 1903, well after the deaths of Marx and Engels.
Then he writes about the origins of idealist conception of history, where it is coming from. He's writing about the development of productive forces, and eventually this covers the notion of relations of production. I will make a big deal out of this, because I think that's one of the reasons that The German Ideology fails, that until the very end he does not know the term of relations of production, and he runs into some very big problems.
And then he writes on Bruno Bauer and Max Stirner. These are Young Hegelians. People usually don't read these chapters. And Volume II, I mean you must be a Marx expert to read this. This is really basically irrelevant, not very interesting.
Okay, what are the major themes in The German Ideology? First, he offers a materialist view of history. Then he offers a theory of modes of production. Then he's beginning to develop forces of production and initially division of labor; and this is a problem. This is very much Adam Smith. He's still very strongly under Adam Smith and understands the evolution of society as the evolution of division of labor. And then he describes– tries to describe the forces of production and division of labor–modes of production and describes a subsection and modes of production and give a very about human history. And then he develops what I would call–he's the first who creates a sociology of knowledge–how to study sociologically, socially how you can understand conscience, human consciousness.
Chapter 4. The Materialist View of History [00:35:06]
Okay, so the materialist view of history. And now here you can see Marx the positivist social scientist speaking. And Marx is the first of positivist social scientists–rigorous positivist scientist. And what he describes here will be subscribed and accepted most of the positivist types in your political science or sociology or economics or psychology departments. Right? He said, "The premises from which we begin with are not arbitrary ones; not dogmas but real premises, from which abstractions can only be made in the imagination." So you start from the objective conditions and then you speculate from this. So what we start are real individuals, and the activities of these individual; actual activities of these individuals. And then he moves a little further. Their conditions of life, both what they find already existing and those what they produce by their activities. Right? So, he said, "German philosophers descended from the heaven to earth. Now we are ascending from earth to heaven." Right? "We do not deduction, we do induction. This is the inductive method what we use." And if you are a positivist, you will love it. You see, this is real serious science–right?–looking at facts.
And then he said, "Well ideas have no history, no development. Man developing the material conditions, and then material intercourse, altered their thinking. So it is really our material existence which has a history, and ideas reflect those material conditions."
Chapter 5. Theory of Modes of Production [00:37:18]
And then he's beginning to develop the theory of modes of production. He said, "Well, man can distinguish from animals in different ways. But most important is that we produce, that we change the environment in a purposeful manner. Right? That we have an image how to change the physical environment for us. "And what actually matters is not simply what we produce–and this is a very important idea–"but the mode of production, how we produce, how we engage each other. Because this will change in history,not simply what we produce." Well this is a revolutionary idea. Again, this is completely new in Marx.
Before Marx, you went into a museum and the museum was about great people. Right? These were kings and queens and generals and popes whose pictures were presented there, and this was the way how history was described. Now you go into a history, and now you can see this is a living room, how people lived in Roman times, and this is the way how they ate, this is the way how they cooked, and these are the instruments by which they produced the stuff what they cooked in their kitchen. Right? This is how a modern historical museum looks like, and this comes–this is really a revolution from Marx. History is not the history of great ideas and great men, or great women. History is the idea of the actual way how people lived and produced and reproduced their ideas.
Chapter 6. Forces/Relations of Production and Division of Labor [00:39:08]
Well he said, "Well, we can distinguish therefore differences between nature, how the productive forces"–he means by technology–"is developing and how"–he uses initially the term the inter–"the intercourse, internal intercourse is changing." And by this he refers to division of labor. A very Smithsian idea, Adam Smith's idea. Right? That history evolves a greater division of labor–we will see in Emile Durkheim also this central idea–you can see the evolution of society by increasing division of labor.
Chapter 7. Human History: Subsequent Modes of Production [00:39:49]
And then he tries to come up with subsequent modes of production. Now he said, "Now I actually can describe the history as different types of mode of production, moving from elementary forms. The most elementary form is tribal society. In tribal society where the technology is very simple and there is very little division of labor"–he is sexist enough to say–"there is a natural division of labor between men and women. Men go hunting and women go collecting woods in the forest." And that he calls natural. This is, of course, a sexist proposition. But, you know, he was writing it in 1845–was not the only man who was sexist.
"Well the second form is," he said, "ancient communal or state property; antiquity." Now you have development of forces of production, and in fact you have a separation of ownership and greater division of labor, where now people can produce more than necessary for their survival. Therefore there will be slaves who will be working day and night, and there will be philosophers who sit in Athens and Rome and have great ideas. Right? Because the slaves produce the stuff, what they can eat and they can enjoy. So the division of labor evolves.
And then the third, now we have the evolution of feudalism. Well slaves were great, producing cheap, but the problems with slaves were that they did not have much incentive to use very complicated technology. You had to supervise them very closely because they really hated your guts and if they could they did break–right?–the instruments if t. So you did want to give them complex technologies. So you invent serfdom.
You say, "You know, why don't you become a serf rather than a slave? You can have your house and I'll give you a piece of land. And if you behave yourself, two days you work on my estate and you produce stuff for me, and I'll let you to spend the rest of the week producing for yourself." But the big problem is that with the evolution of feudalism, the fall of Rome and Greece and, you know, rise of Charlemagne and, you know, the Dark Middle Ages, the division of labor did not develop. There was less division of labor in the eleventh and twelfth century than it was in the first and second century. So the methodology breaks down. Marx is in deep trouble.
And as you can see, you can read the text, he leaves after this the page blank. He said, <>, "I'm in trouble." Right? "I have to start this all over again." And he starts all over again and tries to come up with something better.
Chapter 8. Sociology of Knowledge [00:43:07]
Well sociology of knowledge, a very important contribution. This is unfortunately completely wrong, what he's saying, but the methodology is extremely important, and informed people who were studying cognition and knowledge ever since. And he makes this very important suggestion. "Well life determines consciousness" rather than the other way around. And the other argument, which I think is desperately wrong, but very insightful: "Ruling class always determines the ruling ideas of each people."
Now life determines consciousness. And this is kind of the essence–right?–of materialism. Right? "Definite individuals, who are productively active in a definite way, enter into definite social and political relationships. The production of ideas is at first directly interwoven with material activity and the material intercourse of man." Tell me, you know, how much money you have in your pocket and I will tell you what your ideas are, to put it very simplistically. Right? Tell me which class you belong to and I will be able to tell you what your ideas are. Right? Well indeed, you know, there is a strong class component, for instance, in voting behavior; not so much in the United States, because in the United States if you are poor, you usually do not vote. Right? And therefore, you know, the Democratic Party is kind of scrambling to get a little working class vote; more than that, without scaring the middle class away for voting them. Right? That's the big traditional trouble of the Democratic Party. But if you look at Europe or you look at Australia–the Australian Labor Party was getting a solid, you know, working class vote. So tell me what your class position is and I will tell you how you will vote in the next elections. As I said, in the U.S. it doesn't work. But it does work in Sweden. It did work in England for a long time. It, by and large, worked in Australia. Right? If you are–to some extent it even works in the United States. Well there are some very rich people who are Democrats. But typically those guys who are very rich, don't they tend to be Republican? Right? I think they probably do. Right? So, I mean, there is–this is what Marxists are getting at. Right? "Tell me, you know, what your materialist interests are and then I'll tell you what is on your mind."
Reductionist. Again we will read Sigmund Freud. He said, "Well true." But this is not only economic interest. "Tell me the history of your sex life and I'll tell you what is on your mind." Right? You know, it's an analogous argument. Right? It is existence which determines consciousness. Right? Both of them said, "Well, it's not necessarily true, that what is in your mind true. But I know where it is coming from." Right? "You were in love with your mother–right?–if you were a man–"and you suppressed all your desire for your mother, and that's why you have your–these false ideas in your mind." Right? "Or you were a–you are a girl and you were loving father. You could not fulfill this love. Suppress your desire and you have all these strange ideas there. That's why you are neurotic. Right? And I can tell you." Right? That's the way how Marx [correction: he meant Freud, will argue it.
Sort of, you know–this is also reductionist, by the way. But there is a common interesting idea: who we are biologically, class-wise, race-wise, gender-wise, that makes a difference. I see in the discussion sections. Very often–right?–if we have a real hot topic–you know, do you want to have universal healthcare, for instance, well there is usually a gender division in the class. Right? Sort of, you know, gender has an impact. Right? Well speaking about it, I get into affirmative action. Right? Well of course we are in a liberal university. Few people dare to speak up against affirmative action. But, you know, among white males well there is usually less articulation–right?–to defend the idea of affirmative action. Woman and minorities are more likely to defend it. Okay? So I know who you are, I know what your ideas will be. Right? Your interests form your ideas. That's the idea. I think this is a very important idea. Right? Put in a simplistic way. And that comes to the idea that the ruling class is really producing the ruling ideas. Well not quite true, but there is an element of truth to it. Right? There is an ideological hegemony in the world. Okay, that's about it for today. Thank you.
Marx, Collected Works, "Theses on Feuerbach" vol. 5. pp. 6-8
Marx, Collected Works, "The German ideology" vol. 5. pp. 27-37; 59-62


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This is another pertinent question that needs a satisfying answer. Along with requisite features, the MLM software company must be a pioneer in providing timely maintenance. You should check reviews, testimonials, and feedback from existing clients. An network marketing software without a backup of quality technical support is not recommended for a long-term usage.
Can MLM software be customized?
You should ask your MLM software provider about the level of customization; they can offer to align the software features with strategic objectives of your MLM business. You should be able to modify the standard direct selling software by adding or eliminating features as per the requirement.
Is MLM software capable of full-fledged integration?
You must know if the direct selling software provided by the chosen company is capable of integrating with hardware capabilities of your company. Further, the Multilevel Marketing software must be scalable to support the big business when network expands.
Does the idea of buying an Multilevel Marketing software sound to be cost-effective?
It is essential to know the pricing policy of the MLM software vendor before entering into any contract with them. Some companies price too high for exclusive features; that should be checked first. The network marketing software must be affordable.
Does the Direct Selling Software support multiple modules?
Multiple module functionalities facilitate smooth coordination between various entities of an MLM business such as distributors, suppliers, franchise, administrator, and inventory manager. You should ask a question about this feature from the company.
Does the Network Marketing software support a wide variety of compensation plans?
You should inquire about the various MLM plans offered by the company. You should also ask if they provide mentorship and guidance in choosing the optimal compensation plan for your MLM business.
Does the company have incorporated security features into their product?
This is a critical feature that should be present in an MLM software. You should ask whether the company has incorporated a strong security methodology to ensure data security.
Does the company possess a team of committed and experienced experts?
Before buying any MLML Software, you should always ask the MLM Software Company about the knowledge, talent and experience of the developers, designers and the back end team to support your MLM business.
What Guidelines Should You Follow To Select the Right MLM Software?


Before you sign on the dotted line, be sure the boundaries of your prospective lot of undeveloped land for sale are clearly defined. If you go to the provinces where the paramount and town chiefs have the greater say in land ownership and the contracts for the transfer of land are usually by word of mouth, the situation becomes even murkier.
The number of separate land parcels that can be subdivided from the property is a crucial part of the feasibility picture. The original intention is industrial and owner will be interested in anyone pursuing a medium scale industrial project. He or she can find vacant land that will suit your needs and your budget and help you through every step of development that's needed.


Large trucks are essential to the state's and the nation's economies. Tennessee depends on these trucks to deliver essential goods across the state. With so many large trucks traversing state roads, there is risk to other drivers of getting involved in a truck accident.
Drivers injured due to someone else's reckless or negligent driving can sue for compensation. Injured drivers can seek compensation for medical expenses, lost wages, and other damages.
If you were recently injured in a large truck accident, contact a Nashville, Tennessee truck accident lawyer as soon as possible. A skilled attorney can help you seek the compensation you deserve for your injuries.
Many drivers refer to large trucks as tractor-trailers, semi-trucks, 18-wheelers, and big rigs. No matter what they are referred to as, large trucks are trucks that weigh at least 10,000 pounds. Given their size, weight, and unique handling, large trucks can be especially dangerous to other motorists.
According to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), there were 4,050 fatal large truck accidents in 2015 alone. That same year, the FMCSA reported 115 fatal large truck accidents in Tennessee. In addition to fatal large truck accidents, there are numerous large trucks accidents each year that result in injuries. Any individual involved in such an accident should not wait before contacting a Nashville, Tennessee truck accident attorney.
Unlike smaller vehicles, trucks cannot always stop or turn quickly to avoid an accident. As any driver knows, it can take a mere moment to crash. Road conditions can change in a second, and just one distracted or negligent driver can cause a serious or fatal accident. Often the types of injuries listed below need extensive medical treatment.
Physical therapy, long-term medications, and surgery are common forms of treatment. Such treatment usually costs a lot of money, even with insurance. Those injured in a large truck accident due to another's reckless or negligent behavior can seek compensation for related medical expenses through a truck accident lawyer in Nashville, Tennessee.
Many of these injuries could result in expensive medical treatment, such as surgery or physical therapy. Some costs may not be covered by insurance, and chances are the accident victim will pay at least part of their medical bills out of pocket.
The injuries and other harm suffered because of the accident are legally defined as damages. Accident victims can seek compensation for their damages while they file a claim against the responsible party when utilizing a Nashville, Tennessee truck accident lawyer. Beyond compensation for medical expenses, accident victims often pursue financial recovery for lost wages.
Missing work to recover from injuries can cost a lot, but the injured victim may be able to recover that money. They may also be able seek compensation for property damage caused by the accident. This can be especially important if their vehicle was totaled.
If you were recently injured in a large truck accident, contact a Nashville, Tennessee truck accident lawyer today. They will build a defense and fight hard to get you the compensation you are owed.


The Introductory course takes place over 2 full days or 4 half-days. For the younger sailors the 4–day option is preferable, as the course is fairly intensive and in 4 sessions we are more likely to experience a wider range of weather conditions.
By the end of the Introductory course you will be able to sail on your own under supervision, and will know that you are going to enjoy sailing.
The cost of the introductory course is R 1,550 per child or R 1,950 per adult, which includes an ISAF/SAS endorsed certificate upon completion. Boats and lifejackets are provided during the course. The fee includes temporary membership of Benoni Sailing Club.
You may be learning on your own, or with others of similar ability, but never more than 6 pupils per coach. The initial introduction will be with a coach on a 2-person dinghy.
On completion of the Level 2 course, you will be able to sail safely on your own and without supervision, and will be able handle a boat in most conditions. There is a Saturday morning fleet that children can join to gain more experience, and members of Benoni Sailing Club will be able to take part in club races and compete in regattas.
Can be arranged and will be tailored to suit your requirements.
Training days are organised on a regular basis.


This set of CRL approved league sets consists of 10 league tag belts and 24 tags per colour. They are ideal for schools and rugby clubs. Whatever age group you coach, league tag ruby can be a fun warm-up or used to improve your speed, evasion, and general play. Our CRL approved league tag sets are made from highly durable materials, these belts will last you for seasons to come - whatever the weather. Available in two different colours, these tags are designed to be easily taken off and put on. Allowing for a quick start and finish to any game.


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Florida Power of Attorney Forms | 9 Types – PDF, Word
A power of attorney is a relatively common document in Florida. It allows you to select a trustworthy person to make decisions or perform specific tasks such as signing documents, depositing checks, and buying, and selling property. The powers conveyed through a Florida power of attorney are diverse and will thus vary from one situation to the other. The document is standard for financial transactions, estate planning, and medical care. Power of attorney forms from Florida is subject to state laws – Part II of Chapter 709 of the Florida Statutes. Therefore, an attorney is not required when preparing a Florida power of attorney (POA), even though it is advisable. This article will discuss the different types of power of attorney forms, applicable laws, and the document's requirements within the state of Florida.
A power of attorney form from Florida is a legal form that appoints an agent. It grants them the legal authority to perform specific tasks on behalf of the principal.
For example, a POA can be used to appoint a tax professional, accountant, lawyer, or any other party that can be tasked with legal obligations specified in the document. This form is used as an insurance document when the principal wants to ensure personal responsibilities will be taken care of in their absence or when they are incapacitated. Power of attorney forms from Florida can be durable or non-durable. Durable means that its validity extends even after the principal's incapacitation, and non-durable means that its validity is nullified by the principal's incapacitation.
Types of POA in Florida
There are different types of POA forms available for use within Florida. A principal can use one of the different Florida power of attorney forms depending on the purpose or what they wish to accomplish. Each type serves a unique purpose and designates specific unique powers to the agent.
These types of POA forms include:
Durable (Statutory) Power of Attorney
A durable (statutory) POA is one whose validity extends even after the principal becomes incapacitated and unable to make appropriate decisions due to their condition. These types of power of attorney forms from Florida are used when principals want to plan for the unexpected such as a coma, life-threatening illness, or accident. To be legally enforceable, it has to be signed in front of two witnesses and a notary public. Such a POA cannot be terminated while the principal is in incapacity.
Download: Microsoft Word (.docx)
General (Financial) Power of Attorney
Individuals who want to appoint someone to take charge of financial and business matters in Florida are expected to use a financial power of attorney form. Some of the functions conveyed through a financial POA include making bank deposits/withdrawals, filing taxes, paying bills, and making specified financial decisions. The signing requirements of this type of POA are; two witnesses and notary public - (§ 709.2105(2). However, unlike a durable (statutory) POA, this POA becomes invalid once the principal becomes incapacitated.
Limited Power of Attorney
A limited power of attorney has the term "limited" in that it limits certain aspects of the power of attorney forms from Florida. Some of the aspects which can be limited through this type of POA are the legal powers of the agent, the duration of validity, limitation to specific transactions or types of transactions. This type of POA is also known as an extraordinary power of attorney. Additionally, under (§ 709.2105(2)), two witnesses must sign the form and notarize it.
Individuals who want to designate their legal authority to make personal medical decisions to another party can do so using a medical power of attorney, a Florida Designation of Health care Surrogate. Its execution is governed by the statute - Chapter 765 (Health Care Advance Directives). With a medical POA, the principal is assured that someone will make appropriate medical decisions on their behalf should they be in a state where they cannot communicate the same. This document ought to be signed by the principal and two witnesses.
Minor (Child) Power of Attorney
Parents use a document known as a minor (child) power of attorney when they intend to assign a third party to look after their child or children temporarily. This document covers matters relating to food, shelter, education, finances, and in some cases, healthcare. A minor POA is obtained as a guardianship petition through the County Probate Court in Florida. As a result, the document only becomes enforceable once the judge has signed and supplied the court stamp. This type of power of attorney from Florida must comply with Section 744.3021 (Guardians of Minors). The Florida minor power of attorney does not have to be notarized but must be signed by the principal.
Real Estate Power of Attorney
Principals use a real estate of attorney to appoint agents to handle matters regarding real estate on their behalf. This may include buying, selling, and managing real estate. Agents selected through a Florida power of attorney can be attorneys, relatives, real estate agents, or agencies. Two witnesses and a notary public based on the signing requirements stipulated under (FSA § 709.2105; FSA § 689.111). In addition, the form must be written and executed under Chapter 709 — Powers of Attorney and Similar Instruments.
Revocation of a Power of Attorney
Florida allows principals to revoke existing Florida POAs through revocation of a power of attorney. The document terminates all the legal powers assigned to the agent. To be fully effective, it must be signed similarly to the original POA and issued to all parties associated with the original POA. The preparation and execution of revocation of power of attorney are governed by § 709.2110.
Tax Power of Attorney (DR-835)
Principals can appoint an individual to handle all matters related to tax or the Department of Revenue, Florida, through a Florida tax POA, alternatively referred to as Form DR-835. The agents selected using this type of document are tax professionals or accountants. A tax power of attorney form ought to be signed by the principal (taxpayer) and their representative (agent). However, this type of POA does not have to be witnessed or notarized in Florida. In addition, the powers bestowed through a tax power of attorney can be limited to a specific duration.
Vehicle Power of Attorney (HSMV 82053)
Residents in Florida can appoint third parties to handle matters regarding vehicles. Some of the powers conveyed to the agent through the vehicle power of attorney, or HSMV 82053, are the transfer of vehicle title, applying for the vehicle's certificate of title (original and duplicate), registration at the Department of Highway Safety and Motor vehicles of Florida, recording a lien on the vehicle and signing documents related to the vehicle. For the POA to be valid, it must be signed by the vehicle owner.
Springing power of attorney Florida
Springing power of attorney from Florida is used to designate power when a person who would typically be capable enough to make their own decisions becomes incapacitated. This type of power the law gives becomes effective under specified or pre-determined conditions such as incapacitation or any other. However, Florida removed the principal's leeway to create "springing powers" on October 1, 2011. However, any springing power of attorney form from Florida executed before this date is considered to be legally enforceable.
Governing Laws
The Florida Power of attorney act (ss. 709.2101-709.2402) governs the creation and execution of a Florida power of attorney form. However, the Florida Health Care Advance Directives (Chapter 765) governs a medical power of attorney.
Other laws are applicable in particular situations, such as minor guardianship and tax POAs. Additionally, Florida does not issue an authorized or statutory POA form, thus making it more challenging to acquire a POA in Florida than in most states.
Requirements for POA in Florida
Each state will typically have its specific requirements for the preparation and execution of a POA. However, some of these requirements are common among different states to standardize the execution of POAs. Below is a discussion of the requirements a Florida power of attorney must satisfy to qualify as legally enforceable.
Content requirements
The state requires that the content of the power of attorney forms from Florida be provided in clear language. The powers or legal authority is granted to the agent must thus be explicitly stated and not implied. This avoids confusion or misinterpretation of responsibilities. Also, suppose the principal wants a power of attorney to be durable. In that case, the phrase
"This durable power of attorney is not terminated by subsequent incapacity of the principal except as provided in Chapter 709, Florida Statutes"
must be provided. The document must also indicate the names of the principal and agent, effective date, list of powers and responsibilities bestowed upon the agent.
Agent requirements
The state of Florida has provided guidelines or criteria for selecting an agent of a power of attorney. First and foremost, the agent must be a trustworthy party as there isn't an agency that oversees the functions of an agent; it is the principal's responsibility to oversee the execution of the POA. As a result, most agents are close family members, friends, or professionals. The agent should be at least eighteen (18) years of age if it is an individual. The agent can also be a financial organization with "trust powers," a physical address in Florida, and legal authority to operate within the state. Note that a principal can appoint more than one agent if necessary.
Execution requirements
The state requires that all power of attorney forms from Florida be compliant with Florida laws – Chapter 709 of the Florida Statutes. Additionally, all signatories must sign the form, including the principal, agent, or attorney-in-fact, two witnesses, and the notary public. The notary public can sign on behalf of the principal if they are physically unable to sign the document.
How to Get Power of Attorney in Florida?
There isn't a specified method of acquiring power of attorney forms from Florida. However, to ensure the form is legally enforceable and effective, there is a simple procedure principal to follow. This begins with obtaining or creating a power of attorney through a template or lawyer. This is followed by completing or filling out the document with the appropriate details, such as principal and agent details and functions designated to the agent.
The form should then be signed in the presence of two witnesses and notarized. The principal should then make copies of a power of attorney form from Florida and store the original copy safely. Finally, each agent should receive a copy of the POA. Copies of the Florida power of attorney form can then be given to associated financial institutions or filed with relevant authorities.
Power of attorney forms from Florida are an effective way for individuals to create peace of mind by ensuring there is someone to oversee certain functions even if they cannot carry out the functions themselves. The responsibilities and legal authority principals assign to agents include real estate transactions, stocks, bonds and other securities transactions, tax obligations, finance management, etc. Therefore, the principal must be of sound mind when creating a Florida power of attorney.
It is worthy to note that Florida recognizes valid out-of-state POAs. Therefore, non-residents of Florida can exercise the rights of a power of attorney as long as its execution is legally valid in another state. Also, third parties are expected to honor a power of attorney. However, if they choose to reject it, they must provide a written explanation. Principals should note that they still hold the right to revoke the power of attorney forms from Florida if the agent is deemed unfit or incompetent to carry the responsibilities assigned to them through the POA. Other reasons that may invalidate a power of attorney include the demise of the principal or agent, incapacitation for non-durable POAs, the purpose of the document is accomplished, and invalidation by the court.
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