The impact of the Baby Bonus payment in New South Wales: who is having "one for the country"?
Objective: To assess the change in birth rates, both overall and in age, parity, socioeconomic and geographical subgroups of the population, after the introduction of the Baby Bonus payment in Australia on 1 July 2004.
Design and setting: Population-based study using New South Wales birth records and Australian Bureau of Statistics population estimates for the period 1 January 1997 – 31 December 2006.
Participants: All 853 606 women aged 15–44 years with a pregnancy resulting in a birth at ≥ 20 weeks' gestation or a baby ≥ 400 g birthweight.
Main outcome measure: Change in birth rate in 2005 and 2006 compared with the trend in birth rates before the introduction of the Baby Bonus.
Results: The crude annual birth rate showed a downward trend from 1997 to 2004; after 2004 this trend reversed with a sharp increase in 2005 and a further increase in 2006. All age-specific birth rates increased after 2004, with the greatest increase in birth rate, relative to the trend before the Baby Bonus, being seen in teenagers. Rates of first births were not significantly affected by the bonus; however, rates of third or subsequent births increased across all age, socioeconomic and geographical subgroups.
Conclusions: In the first 2 years after the introduction of the Baby Bonus, birth rates increased, especially among women having a third or subsequent birth. This could represent an increase in family size and/or a change in the timing of births.
The introduction of financial incentives produced an increase in birth rates in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in the 1980s,2 and more recently in Quebec, Canada,3 and France.4 The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) has reported that the annual number of births has increased since 2004,5 and media reports have claimed that the Baby Bonus has led to an increase in births to teenagers6 and women in marginalised groups.7 These claims have not been investigated at a population level.
Our aim was to evaluate the impact of the Baby Bonus policy on birth rates in New South Wales, both overall and in age, parity, socioeconomic and geographical subgroups of the population, using a statewide population dataset.
Women aged 15–44 years who gave birth in NSW from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006 were included in the study population. To examine the effect of the Baby Bonus payment on different population subgroups, birth rates were stratified by age group, socioeconomic status, geographical area and birth order. We defined birth rate as the annual number of women of reproductive age (15–44 years) with a pregnancy that resulted in a birth, divided by the population of women of reproductive age at 30 June each year. We examined which populations of women became pregnant after the introduction of the Baby Bonus; thus, stillbirths were included in the analysis and multiple births (eg, twins) were counted as one birth.
Population data, used as the denominator for birth-rate calculations, were obtained from ABS Estimated Residential Populations. Data were stratified into age groups and statistical local areas; the latter can be used to identify different socioeconomic and geographical regions. Parity-specific birth rates were calculated by stratifying the female population by the number of children they had given birth to. Thus, for first births, the denominator for birth rate was women who have no children, and that for second births was women who have had one child. The ABS collects information about the number of children ever born to each woman every 10 years, most recently in the 2006 Census. From unpublished ABS data10 and annual birth data, we back-projected the female population in NSW stratified by age, parity and local area for the years before 2006, using a method described by Kippen.11 Parity of the women was grouped into those having their first child, second child, and third or subsequent child.
Women were classified as residing in "metropolitan" or "rural" areas according to the Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia.12 Metropolitan areas comprised the capital city and large regional districts, while rural areas included small regional districts and remote regions. Women residing in metropolitan areas were then classified into three socioeconomic groups: "disadvantaged" (0–20th percentile), "average" (21st – 80th percentile) and "advantaged" (81st – 100th percentile). Women in rural areas were not differentiated by socioeconomic status because of similar trends in birth rates among socioeconomic groups.
Socioeconomic status was obtained from the Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage from the Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas,13 derived from the 2006 Census and incorporating attributes such as low income, low educational attainment and high unemployment.
Poisson regression analysis was used to examine changes in birth rates after the introduction of the Baby Bonus. Year was treated as a continuous variable to assess the underlying time trend from 1997 to 2004. The mean annual percentage change in the birth rate was estimated for these years. We used dummy variables for the years 2005 and 2006 to assess deviations from the previous years' trend (see trend line in Box 2). Rate ratios obtained for these dummy variables were interpreted as the change in the birth rate in that year compared with the birth rate had the trend continued. For example, a rate ratio of 1.20 in 2006 would be interpreted as a 20% increase in birth rate relative to the expected birth rate in 2006 projected from the trend before the Baby Bonus.
Poisson regression analyses were stratified by age group, parity and geographical area/socioeconomic status, and interaction terms were entered into the models to test whether the underlying trend before 2004 and the change in birth rates in 2005 and 2006 differed between subpopulations. Poisson goodness-of-fit tests were used to evaluate model fit.
Ethics approval for our study was obtained from the NSW Population and Health Services Research Ethics Committee.
From 1997 to 2006, there were 861 372 women aged 15–44 years who gave birth in NSW. Of these, 853 606 women were included in our study. The women who were excluded resided outside NSW (0.01%) or had missing data for age group, birth order or statistical local area (0.9%). The number of women giving birth decreased from 85 860 in 1997 to 83 467 in 2004 (about 0.8% per annum) then increased to 89 921 in 2006. During the study period there was an increase in the proportion of women giving birth who were aged 30 years or older or of higher socioeconomic status (Box 1). From 1997 to 2004, the proportion of births that were first births increased, and then decreased from 2004 to 2006.
Annual birth rates and the underlying trend before the introduction of the Baby Bonus for the whole dataset are shown in Box 2. Birth rates for every age group increased significantly in 2005 and continued to rise in 2006. The largest change in birth rates, relative to the trend of the previous years, was seen in teenage women. Before 2004, birth rates for women aged 15–19 years were declining steeply, at an average of 4.5% (95% CI, 4.1%–5.0%) per year. Compared with this sharp decline, the birth rate for this age group increased 7.7% (95% CI, 3.2%–12.4%) in 2005 and 13.5% (95% CI, 8.5%–18.7%) in 2006. Births to women aged 35 years and older had been increasing at an average of 2.6% per year from 1997 to 2004; however, compared with this upward trend, births increased by an additional 7.2% (95% CI, 4.8%–9.6%) in 2005 and 10.9% (95% CI, 8.4%–13.6%) in 2006, the second largest increase of all age groups.
For women having their first child in 2005 or 2006, the birth rates for most age groups appear to follow the trend of the previous years. The only groups that had a significant increase in first births after the introduction of the Baby Bonus payment were teenagers of average socioeconomic status, women in rural areas in their teens or early 20s, and women aged 30–44 years living in metropolitan areas and of average or advantaged socioeconomic status (Box 3).
Birth rates for women having their second child in 2005 or 2006 deviated significantly from the previous years' trend for young women living in metropolitan areas. For women aged 20–24 years of disadvantaged or average socioeconomic status, birth rates for second births increased in 2005 and remained about stable in 2006. Second births to teenagers of disadvantaged or average socioeconomic status increased in 2005 and continued to increase in 2006, although results for "disadvantaged" teenagers were not statistically significant as a result of small numbers. There was also a large relative increase in teenagers in rural areas having a second child in 2006 (Box 3).
Birth rates for women having a third or subsequent child were constant from 1997 to 2004, but rose significantly after 2004 for all women aged 20 years and older across all socioeconomic and geographical groups (Box 3).
As pregnancy and childbirth in teenagers are associated with adverse perinatal outcomes,14,15 the increase in births to teenagers after the introduction of the Baby Bonus is of concern, and follows a steep decline in teenage birth rates in the years before 2004. Although the absolute increase in births to teenagers after 2004 was only about 40 births per year, from 1997 to 2004 teenage births were declining on average by 125 births per year. Contrary to anecdotal reports, we did not find that the increase in births only occurred in low socioeconomic or disadvantaged groups.
The main strengths of our study lie in the use of a large representative population health dataset, which provides 10 years of longitudinal data, and the ability to analyse the dataset by birth order. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of a financial incentive on parity-specific birth rates using individual data. The main limitation of our study is that the follow-up time only allowed short-term effects of the policy to be evaluated. Further research on longer-term impacts is warranted as birth and population data become available.
We could not account for other social and economic changes occurring in Australia over this period that may have affected the birth rate. For example, there may have been an increase in births due to economic prosperity, but it is unlikely that the short-term change of the magnitude seen from 2004 to 2005 is not related to the introduction of the Baby Bonus in mid 2004. We do not have data regarding the impact of the bonus on women's intentions, so we cannot say whether this policy has altered their childbearing decisions, only that there is an association between the introduction of the policy and the increase in birth rates.
In conclusion, the Baby Bonus appears to have had a differential impact on the birth rate according to age and birth order. In the short term, the policy has had the greatest impact on women having a third or subsequent birth. Whether it has encouraged couples to increase their family size or just change the timing of a birth is yet to be seen, but the results of this social experiment suggest that financial incentives do affect birth rates.
* Women aged 35–39 and 40–44 years were combined into one group due to similar patterns in births over the study period.
† Women in rural areas were not differentiated by socioeconomic status because of similar trends in birth rates among socioeconomic groups.
Statistically significant results (P < 0.05) are in bold type. SES = socioeconomic status. Disadvantaged SES = lower 20%; average SES = 21%–80%; and advantaged SES = upper 20%. * Second or subsequent births for women aged 15–19 years. † No data analysed for third or subsequent births for women aged 15–19 years due to small numbers. ‡ Very small numbers of births resulting in unstable estimates. § Women aged 35–39 and 40–44 years were combined into one group due to similar patterns in births over the study period.
1 Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.
3 Northern Clinical School (Royal North Shore Hospital), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.
We acknowledge the efforts of the hospital staff who collect the data, and NSW Health Department staff for their role in the design and maintenance of the HOIST data warehouse system. Samantha Lain is the recipient of a Northern Sydney Health Research Grant for this study. Christine Roberts is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Research Fellowship. Jane Ford is supported by the Health Research and Outcomes Network, an NHMRC Capacity Building Grant in Population Health Research. Camille Raynes-Greenow and Ruth Hadfield are supported by NHMRC Australian Research Training Fellowships.
1. Australian Broadcasting Corporation LateLine. Costello hands down ninth Budget [TV program transcript]. Broadcast 11 May 2004. http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2004/s1106256.htm (accessed Dec 2008).
2. Lesthaeghe R. Europe's demographic issues: fertility, household formation and replacement migration. New York: Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat, 2000.
3. Milligan K. Backgrounder. Quebec's Baby Bonus: can public policy raise fertility? Toronto, Ontario: CD Howe Institute, 2002. http://www.cdhowe.org/pdf/Milligan_Backgrounder.pdf (accessed May 2008).
4. Grant J, Hoorens S, Sivadasan S, et al. Trends in European fertility: should Europe try to increase its fertility rate, or just manage the consequences? Int J Androl 2006; 29: 17-24.
6. Horin A. Young to be warned about the hidden costs of parenthood. Sydney Morning Herald 2007; 9 May. http://www.smh.com.au/news/budget2007/young-to-be-warned-about-the-hidden-costs-of-parenthood/2007/05/08/1178390314967.html (accessed Dec 2008).
7. Skelton R. Where babies are a mixed bonus. Sydney Morning Herald 2008; 17-18 Mar: 33.
8. NSW Health Department. New South Wales Mothers and Babies 1998. Part 8: Validation study NSW Midwives Data Collection 1998. NSW Public Health Bull Suppl 2000; 9 (S-2): 97-99.
9. Pym M, Taylor L. Validation study of the NSW Midwives Data Collection 1990. NSW Public Health Bull Suppl 1993; 8: 1-6.
10. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2006 Census: number of children ever born by age of mother for Statistical Local Areas in NSW. ABS data available on request (accessed May 2008).
11. Kippen R. Trends in age- and parity-specific fertility in Australia. Working Papers in Demography, No. 91. Canberra: The Australian National University, Demography and Sociology Program, Research School of Social Sciences, 2003. http://adsri.anu.edu.au/pubs/demog-pubs/WorkingPapers/91.pdf (accessed May 2008).
12. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Rural, regional and remote health: a guide to remoteness classification. Rural Health Series No. 4. Canberra: AIHW, 2004. http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/9993 (accessed May 2008).
13. Australian Bureau of Statistics. An introduction to Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA). Information Paper, 2006. (ABS Catalogue No. 2039.0.) http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/D729075E079F9FDECA2574170011B088/$File/20390_2006.pdf (accessed May 2008).
14. Robson S, Cameron CA, Roberts CL. Birth outcomes for teenage women in New South Wales, 1998-2003. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 46: 305-310.
15. van der Klis KA, Westenberg L, Chan A, et al. Teenage pregnancy: trends, characteristics and outcomes in South Australia and Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2002; 26: 125-131.
16. Australian Government. Budget 2008-2009. Canberra: Australian Government, 2008. http://www.budget.gov. au (accessed Jun 2008).
17. Gray M, Qu L, Weston R. Fertility and family policy in Australia. Research Paper no. 41. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2008. http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/rp41/rp41.html (accessed Jun 2008).
18. Gans J, Leigh A. Born on the first of July: an (un)natural experiment in birth timing. Discussion Paper No. 529. Canberra: Centre for Economic Policy Research, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, 2006. http://econrsss.anu.edu.au/~aleigh/pdf/BabyBonus.pdf (accessed Jun 2008).


text:
Birmingham New Street Station
Chairman of HS2 review is 'open' to cancelling project or changing its route
Lichfield MP Michael Fabricant met with the Chairman of Government's HS2 review Douglas Oakervee to discuss the controversial London to Birmingham high speed rail project
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The chairman of the HS2 review has told Lichfield MP Michael Fabricant that he is "quite open" to considering alternative routes for HS2 as well as its possible cancellation.
Mr Fabricant met Douglas Oakervee, Chairman of the Oakervee Review, privately on Tuesday and then separately Andrew Gilligan, special advisor to the Prime Minister on Transport at Number 10 Downing Street.
"Doug Oakervee and I discussed the scope of the review and he said he is quite open to considering alternative routes for HS2 as well as its possible cancellation," said Mr Fabricant.
"I told him that the original Arup proposal would have used an existing transport corridor, the M40 motorway, which would have been cheaper and been less environmentally damaging.
Lichfield MP Michael Fabricant with the Chairman of the HS2 review Douglas Oakervee.
"It would also have connected HS2 directly with the continent as well as with Heathrow and, possibly, directly into Birmingham New Street Station instead of Curzon Street. HS2 does none of this. By crashing through previously untainted countryside, it is destroying natural habitats and ancient woodlands.
"Doug agreed that a holistic approach to the railway system is required and one that integrates properly with Network Rail.
An artist's impression of an HS2 train on the Birmingham and Fazeley viaduct, part of the proposed route for the HS2 high speed rail scheme.
"He told me there was little or no liaison with Network Rail when HS2 was designed.
"I hope his official recommendations will reflect the need to change the route and will not simply trim down the existing route."
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In a letter to Michael Fabricant sent earlier in September, Douglas Oakervee said of HS2: "We intend to use all existing evidence on the project and consider its benefits and impacts; affordability and efficiency; deliverability; and scope and phasing, including its relationship with Northern Powerhouse Rail and other rail projects in the North of England and Midlands."
On his meeting with Andrew Gilligan Mr Fabricant said: "Andrew is highly sceptical about HS2 and has written with his views in the Sunday Times and elsewhere.
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"We had a far reaching discussion regarding HS2. He agrees with me. The current route is disconnected from other modes of transport, far too expensive, and untennable in its present form.
"The next few months will be very interesting and I look forward to reading the Oakervee Review when it is published. I hope I wont be disappointed."
The Oakervee Review will make its initial report before the end of the year.
High Speed 2

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text:
Calvin L. Smith
Comment by Calvin L. Smith (Principal of King's Evangelical Divinity School, United Kingdom)
King's Evangelical Divinity School
Effective Christian Engagement: When Is It Right to Form Alliances?
Last week a Christian political party bravely fielded numerous candidates in the general election but typically secured just several hundred constituency votes. Unfortunately, the declaration of number of votes cast was accompanied by the party's byline "Proclaiming Christ's Lordship", while appealing to Christ's suprageographical kingship at the constituency level was somewhat ironic. I have no doubt members of this party are committed Christians desperately keen to impact society for good. Yet their poor performance raises the inevitable question concerning how a Christian minority might effectively engage the political realm. (I assume here that the vast bulk of Christians, even those apolitical believers keen not to mix faith and politics, nonetheless accept Christians should be salt and light, speaking out on issues such as, for example, abortion).
I am not convinced forming Christian parties is a particularly effective way of "doing politics", particularly in regions and countries where Christians represent a small minority. Indeed, there is evidence to suggest that even where Christians represent a significant proportion of the population, Christian parties nonetheless still perform poorly. For example, in the 1996 Nicaraguan presidential election the Pentecostal leader Guillermo Osorno secured only four percent of the vote in a country where Pentecostals accounted for 15-17% of the population. Also, despite a strong Evangelical presence in the U.S. (and arguably even stronger within the Republican Party) broadcaster Pat Robertson failed to secure the Republican nomination for the 1988 presidential election. There are exceptions, notably Ian Paisley's DUP, but in Northern Ireland of course religious and political identities are inextricably intertwined (in other words people are not voting for the DUP strictly for religious reasons). New Christian parties emerging in regions such as Latin America where Christian populations are very high have generally met with little electoral success (see Paul Freston, Protestant Political Parties: A Global Survey. 2004). It is difficult to see, then, how a Christian party in a strongly secular country such as the UK, where the Evangelical population represents around two percent, could conceivably buck the trend.
There is also the issue of why Christians themselves tend not to vote for Christian parties (after all, if every Evangelical had voted for the above party, this would have secured at least 1300-1500 votes in a typical constituency numbering 65-75 thousand voters). I suggest there are various reasons for this. First, Christian parties may not be perceived as viable or serious electoral forces. Also, there is surely something about the typical sectarian nature of Protestantism, where different groups are mututally suspicious of each other's doctrine and motives (so that, arguably, Reformed Evangelicals are unlikely to vote for Charismatic candidates, and vice versa). Meanwhile, Evangelicalism's propensity towards free-enterprise makes it difficult to rally behind a particular bloc or individual. I also see other problems with Christian political parties. For example, power all too often eventually corrupts and it takes an incredibly focused and spiritually mature individual not to become enchanted by the trappings of power. Historically (and biblically too, for example, the Old Testament prophets) Christians have always been on the outside of the political system, speaking prophetically and counterculturally into it. Too often when Christians have secured power it has brought Christianity a bad name, not because it is inherently flawed, but rather because Christian parties are composed of humans who, like every one else, battle the flesh (and very often lose).
So how else might Christians successfully and effectively engage the political sphere? If not through forming Christian parties, the obvious possibility is through existing political parties. Consequently, Christians regard - for varying reasons - one or other of the main parties as more conducive towards their faith and values. Thus for some who focus on traditional values and personal responsibility, the Conservatives represent their instintive choice. Yet for others emphasising help for society's poor, centre-left parties are seen by some as better representing Christian values of protecting the vulnerable. Such an approach is flawed, however, because it stereotypes or generalises the views of the "other party". For example, there are Tories who are committed to social justice, while many Labour Christians are deeply troubled by their party's secularism and anti-Christian legislation over the past thirteen years. We must also take great care as Christians not to cherry-pick individual issues and give them a Christian gloss merely as basis for rationalising our instinctive preference for a particular political party (in other words, to spiritualise our political preferences). Thus, selecting a party's stance against abortion on demand or another's policy towards helping the poor, while ignoring a raft of other policies held and promoted by that party, which are clearly anti-Christian, can become a disingenuous way of providing a rationale for supporting the party we instinctively side with for other than faith reasons. I do not say some political parties are not more conducive towards a Christian worldview - clearly some are, while others are quite clearly removed from a Christian base or founding values. But secular parties are not the ideal vehicle through which to pursue Christian policies.
Furthermore, Christians considering entering the party political system should also note how political parties are often strategic alliances incorporating special-interest blocs, and supporting or working within the party inevitably means exercising collective responsibility and ignoring (or compartmentalising) the party's other policies, some of which may be quite anti-Christian. I do not suggest Christians can't work within the party political system. Many do, and effectively. However, it is difficult to excel and especially rise within the party hierarchy without surrendering one's Christian views to the greater will of the party. Just look at the discomfort clearly demonstrated by some sitting UK Christian MPs concerning some of their party's policies. These people find themselves in a very difficult position between, on the one hand, wanting to stay in power to promote a Christian worldview and values and, on the other, having to dilute such views in order to remain in power. It's a catch 22 situation.
So what is the alternative? What is a means for effective Christian engagement with the political realm? Well, I'm a great believer in an issue-based approach to politics, for several reasons. First, a piecemeal approach is always a useful way to secure successes relatively quickly. Also, as someone who holds to a Lutheran dualist perspective rather than a Kuyperian-type totalist approach to religion, society and politics, I am not convinced every issue falls within Christ's sovereign realm and thus demands a Christian response ("Render to Caesar..." and all that). By concentrating on issues, Christians can pick and choose which areas to engage with politically, rather than having to develop a totalist worldview which, inevitably, leads ultimately to a grand strategy aimed at capturing entire social and political institutions to usher in the Kingdom of God. This issue-based approach also makes way for battles to be won, while recognising the ultimate victory can only be achieved with the return of the Conquering King.
The most effective method of pursuing issue-based politics, of course, is through plebiscites, allowing the people to express their views on particular issues through a referendum. This is what happens in Switzerland, where if enough signatures are collected the government is constitutionally bound to hold a referendum on any given issue. Imagine how this would reengage people with politics, so that decisions are not made by politicians who, all too often, hold vested interests, while the people take responsibility for the outcome (both good or bad) of their decisions. Interestingly, Switzerland has, I understand, been successfully goverened by a four-way coalition for more than half a century. Clearly, its role is to make sure the country can get on with business, while many social and political issues are left to the people through the various referendums (referenda?) which the Swiss system allows for. I think this would be a useful contribution to our political system, but of course it is unlikely to happen; politicians hate giving up power.
The alternative to plebiscites, then, is to pursue issue-based political engagement through other means, notably pressure groups, petitions and single issue organisations. Such an approach can be more successful than forming Christian political parties because it allows Christians to rally behind the issue in question while diluting the sectarianism detailed earlier that leads Christians to eschew supporting Christian parties. This approach also allows believers to focus all their energies and resources to the pressing issue at hand. It also offers a greater prospect of success (it's always easier to win a battle than a war).
There is another important reason why an issue-based approach can be highly successful: it permits Christians to coopt help from outside their bloc, that is, get non-Christians on board to strengthen their hand, and thus offering a greater chance through a wider bloc to achieve a change to the law. Which leads me to the thrust of this post: the value of drawing on a wider single-issue alliance to change the law on some issues. I support the concept of co-belligerence, that is, informal alliances with non-Evangelicals to seek social and political change. For example, it is to our nation's collective shame that the law permits an unborn child to be aborted at 24 weeks, especially bearing in mind prematurely born children can survive earlier than this. Shocking, too, that liberal democracies in the European Union such as Italy and France have far lower limits than here in the UK. But it is not only Evangelical Christians who want to work see the limit lowered. Catholics, Orthodox, some liberal Protestants, indeed even many non-Christians are equally sickened by our abortion laws and would dearly like to see the limit lowered. Would I share a platform, then, with for example Roman Catholics if there was a possibility of seeing these laws changed? Absolutely! There is no way Evangelicals - two percent of the population - will ever bring about change to the law by themselves. But co-belligerence means far stronger representation, and thus a greater chance of seeing the the law changed.
Of course, some Evangelicals are strongly opposed to any non-official alliance, even on a single issue, assuming (wrongly in my view) that this would somehow taint a doctrinally pure church. Yet consider how in Acts 23 Paul, who had no love at all for the Pharisees, nonetheless associated himself with them in a bid to divide the Sanhedrin. He was not endorsing Pharisaism, far from it, but rather highlighting an issue (resurrection of the dead) in order to divide his enemies and win a battle. And this was over an issue of doctrine, whereas the co-belligerence I am talking about is far removed from doctrine, concerned primarily with social issues.
Co-belligerence does not require endorsement of the other party's raft of policies, or translate into collective responsibility, or agreeing with issues which fundamentally go against our beliefs, values and worldview, unlike party politics or ecumenism which demands all of these. Rather, it is a loose, single-issue temporary alliance to see changes made in a particular area. Importantly, co-belligerence allows Christians to punch far above their weight and change society. Instead, however, too many Evangelicals, obsessed with doctrinal purity when doctrine doesn't even come in to fighting an issue such as our abortion laws, choose to retreat to sectarianism and shout from the sidelines. Important changes to, say, our abortion laws will never come about that way. Much better - and effective - to work with others who are like-minded on particular issues.
By Calvin L. Smith at 10:25
Labels: Church and State, Evangelicalism, State and Society
Steve Kneale said...
I absolutely agree.
Evangelicals simply cut off their nose to spite their face when they refuse to share platforms with those who agree with them. Such refusals only serve to weaken the stance and inevitably end in the 'nobody ever listens to us' and 'Christian's are being persecuted' refrains oft trotted out when such efforts come to nought. One can't help but feel it's brought upon ourselves to some degree and, dare I say, feeds into the martyr complex that seems to pervade Evangelicalism?
...but perhaps I'm being unfair.
14 May 2010 at 15:38:00 BST
Stuart said...
I also utterly agree with the premise of this piece.
The entire notion of the existence of separatist "Christian Parties" must now be reviewed and in my opinion they should be abolished as they are divisive, unrepresentative and doomed to impotent failure.
Separatist "Christian Parties" are also prone to hijack by well funded elements representing a narrow definition of Christianity.
I believe cobelligerence is the only effective mechanism for Christian influence on a political level (just as other minority groups). We will find plenty of bed fellows in the most unlikely places, where our interests overlap etc.
We must work within parties and this is already being acomplished within the Tories, much to the consternation of some!
Please see my recent blog post on the ascension of Christian influence within the Tory party:
Conservative Party and Christianity: Tories and the new evangelical right
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← How Long Does Weed Stay In Your System? 10-30 Days, Really?
I'm 29 female 5'5 about 180 and pretty active I've been off weed for 26 days it was day 25 when I took the test I used the Qcarbo16 I'm praying it worked I haven't heard anything back yet when I took a home test it came back invalid but that was about a half hour after drinking it I followed the instructions to the key and drank nothing but water for about a week and prior was water and cranberry juice… the day off I was peeing my life away before and after test I pray to God it was enough!


Fans of Landing's previous release, Oceanless, may be a little surprised by their new CD, Seasons. But it will come as no surprise to those who know that Oceanless was recorded several years ago. Chronologically, this is more of a follow-up to their debut, Circuit, and is more in the avant-pop tone of that work.
The members of Landing excel at creating rich, haunting soundscapes, and while they continue that theme on this new album, there is also more of a focus on writing songs, with clearer vocals, and gentle acoustic finger picking, and less of an emphasis on the noisy washes that have given a sharper tonal edge to previous albums. When I interviewed them earlier this year, prior to this release, they referred to Seasons as their "pop album". If that's the case, then this is supremely laidback, pastoral "space pop". Just take a listen to the lulling acoustic folkiness of Encircled (Through Fallen Leaves), as it dissolves into a dreamy landscape of gentle electric guitars and magical, flowing synth, or Can't Hide Forever (Into the Woods), which melts from melodic lushness and beautiful wordless male and female vocals to a chilling, Krautrock-like exploration.
The album follows a cycle, as its title suggests, through the four seasons, starting with the bright harmonics of Fall Sky (which conjure up the image of red and gold leaves swirling through pale autumn sunshine) and ending with the upbeat, free and easy romp of Blue Sky Away. While each of the songs creates its own mood to fit whichever season it's representing, this ends up being an album that can fill a space in time year round. Something to listen to on a peaceful day regardless of what season it is. Just sit back in your most comfortable chair and let the music flow into you.
For more information you can visit the Landing web site at: http://www.landingsite.net/.
Contact via snail mail c/o Ben Goldberg; Ba Da Bing; PO Box 204; Leonia, NJ 07605.


Marlon Egolf has just put the finishing touches on the initial card ratings for Magic 2013. If you are interested in learning to draft or play sealed deck with the new core set better, this will let you get a head start on the competition.
Note: we expect to complete the card commentary and write-ups within the next two weeks.
Thanks for the update. Look forward to the write ups.
The HD card art hasn't been gathered yet. It usually takes 1-3 weeks after the official release date for all of the individual card pics to be scanned & processed.


text:
Shmuly Yanklowitz
The View From Campus
Gary Rosenblatt
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The Mandate to be Spiritually Destructive? Rav Kook's "Holiness that Destroys!"
The process of growing in a spiritual sense is multifaceted and intricate. Humans are delicate beings and as more aspects of our lives change, the more we may try to impede or slow down that change. It is inevitable. It is human nature. For most our lives, we become accustomed to a routine, a repetitive narrative, and a familiar self-perception. When the routine is disrupted, it signals a consequential shift in how we are to cope with foreign experiences. It begins at birth: what rightful person would ever want to leave the warmth and support of the womb? It is this first action of personhood that is the framework for living a life where one can overcome arduous obstacles and take control of their destiny.
All throughout our development, we are given many opportunities to expand our horizons, to go out into to the world and devour the competing philosophies that explain the human condition. In these bursts, our knowledge grows as does the appreciation for the infinite cosmologies that occupy the ether of human potential. But, to truly build up our continuing mastery of spiritual development, we have to first break the incorrect foundations within us that continually hold us back. In our intellectual pursuits, we must challenge truths to reach higher truths, provoke our own inner paradigms and mental models, and reach new heights with a perspicacity for knowledge that should never be satiated in full.
Being spiritually creative is a pretty easy sell. But more imperative to the soul is the mandate to be spiritually destructive. A significant contradiction, no? No! Breaking down old norms and revitalizing intellectual pursuits keeps us grounded, dilating our minds for novel ideas and new experiences. Rav Kook explained the value:
There is a holiness that builds and a holiness that destroys. The benefits of the holiness that builds are visible, while the benefits of the holiness that destroy are hidden, because it destroys in order to build what is nobler than what has been built already. One who understands the secret of the holiness that destroys can mend many souls, and one's capacity for mending is in accordance with one's understanding. From the holiness that destroys there emerge great warriors who bring blessing to the world… One whose spirit cannot reach out to the wide horizons, one who does not search for the truth with their whole heart, cannot tolerate spiritual destruction but neither to do they have any edifices they have built themselves (Orot HaKodesh 2:314).
The pursuit of holiness is tantamount to a life well-lived. This is not only true for our inner world but also for all revolutions. A previous societal model has to be destroyed in order for a new and more advanced model to emerge. Pain and loss is involved in drastic change whether it occurs slowly or rapidly. But we feel this in miniature throughout our lives: the interests of a nine-year old can't be the same interests as a thirty year old. In that gap of time, a new person emerges, invigorated from past experiences but ready to face new ones, hopefully with deftness and cunning.
Looking broader, it is for this reason that the Israelites needed forty years wandering in the desert to transition from being slaves to being a free people. To destroy the old slave mentality requires a fetter being broken; no small matter. And this is what God asks of us each day. Each of us must retreat to the desert to reflect and transition but then emerge in to our own promised land to live with our new truths.
In my own life, I strive to embrace significant stages in my spiritual development. Over the last few decades I have tried to cultivate each paradigm shift, recognizing that each came with sadness accompanying the joy; not always pleasant but necessary. When we reach a new understanding of Divinity, human interconnectivity, and the dynamism of spiritual maturation, then and only then, can we celebrate our elevated consciousness. We may mourn that the previous relationship with God and the cosmos is now dead, never to be recovered. But we must also rejoice! The world is filled with a new light and there is no choice but to carry on. We must destroy inner worlds in order to build new ones.
Rabbi Dr. Shmuly Yanklowitz is the President & Dean of the Valley Beit Midrash, the Founder & President of Uri L'Tzedek, the Founder and CEO of The Shamayim V'Aretz Institute and the author of nine books on Jewish ethics. Newsweek named Rav Shmuly one of the top 50 rabbis in America.
Rabbi Dr. Shmuly Yanklowitz is the President & Dean of the Valley Beit Midrash, the Founder & President of Uri L'Tzedek, the Founder and CEO of The Shamayim V'Aretz Institute and the author of ten books on Jewish ethics. Newsweek named Rav Shmuly one of the top 50 rabbis in America and the Forward named him one of the 50 most influential Jews.
The crown all can wear (Pinchas 5779)
Jonathan Sacks
Bovine Words: Cows and Cowboys
Reuven Chaim Klein
For Rare Sea Gate Shul, No Direction Home
Lev Gringauz
Israel As 'A Halacha Government'?
Joshua Mitnick
Israel Issue Takes On Divisive New Tone
Stewart Ain
Breaking The Comedy Color Barrier
Steve Lipman
Up To Their 'Oyern' In Yiddish Work
Sandee Brawarsky
An Elegant Writer's Sephardi Soul
From Midtown to the Mideast - We Cover Your World
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Looking for the right Independent Financial Adviser can be a complicated and daunting process. Offering a different, yet professional service is essential in today's cluttered market. We strongly believe that we can offer the right service for you or your company, offering a wide range of different, yet effective solutions.
We believe that websites can't advise people on their financial futures, nor should they. When dealing with people's finances a personal touch is necessary, giving the chance to both identify and evaluate your own personal needs.
"I've never been someone who has taken much interest in financial investments, so when I inherited some money I wanted to make sure my inheritance would benefit me for the future. I researched high and low into financial advisers and came into contact with Simon Bailey. His services have been impeccable, and he has guided and directed my portfolio with healthy investments. He is always at the end of a phone if I need advice, and continues to be scrupulous with financial advice. Highly recommend his services".
Following on from the above, he analysed all my paperwork and sent me a detailed explanation.
To me this was fantastic. At last I had all the details. He then went on to sort out a pension and obtain a lump sum payment. Sure he offered various choices. Overall, I can honestly say that Mr Simon Bailey gave me a first class service and I can recommend him to anyone who has a financial or pension issue. Whatever your concern you must discuss it with Mr Bailey. Anyone in doubt can email me; Chequer Financial Services will supply my email address on personal request."
Chequer Financial Services is Authorised and Regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Principal Simon Bailey.
The guidance contained within this website is subject to the UK regulatory regime and is therefore targeted at consumers based in the UK.


Dienna Goscha, author of River's Edge Curriculum, is passionate about helping women find their worth in Jesus and in doing so, pass that onto their children. Dienna would love to come to your MOPS group or other women's event and share what she have learned through her eclectic life experiences.
What can you expect? An hour-long inspiring talk with realistic ideas for your family and your personal life. Depending on the topic, you may be joining Dienna in learning fun experiments to try with your preschoolers. Or you may be hearing about fantastic classic character books and how to tie them to spiritual concepts with fun activities to keep your preschooler busy. Perhaps you will hear a story or two that will capture your heart and will inspire you to step out of your comfort zone or to catch a dream and watch it blossom into reality. Whatever the topic, you will walk away with creative ideas and thoughts that make the art and science of being a mom easier.
Do you find it hard to make sense out of how to teach your child about spiritual concepts? Deuteronomy carries the secret to getting to the heart of a child. Learn practical and creative ways to impress spiritual truth on your child's heart. Discover how to put into practice Deuteronomy 6:4-9 in your own home with your child.
Today's kids live in a "give it to me now" culture. How can you raise kids that are generous when messages around them speak otherwise? Learn practical ways to instill in your kids a spirit of generosity and gratitude.
How Do I Love God With All My Heart When I'm Always in the Kitchen?
Moms struggle with loving God with all their heart when they can't seem to even get out of the kitchen much less deep into His word. Learn tried and true methods of drawing closer to Jesus even in the midst of diapers, dishes and dirt. Be inspired and encouraged to move out of mayhem and into a joy filled heart.
Moms are notorious for comparing themselves to one another. Not only is this self-defeating, but it denies the wonderful way God created each woman. Come away encouraged to step into your God-given role of mom with confidence.
Classic literature books are a great way to impart spiritual truth to your child. Learn how to weave spiritual conversations into the reading of classics such as The Very Hungry Caterpillar, Corduroy, Where the Wild Things Are and many more. Each mom will go home with practical, low-cost ideas for their preschoolers.
Are you the type of mom that thinks teaching spiritual concepts to your child takes a rocket science degree? Anyone with a heart for Jesus can easily impart spiritual gems throughout the day to their child. Learn great object lessons from simple outdoor or kitchen science experiments that will captivate your child. Each mom will go home with a baggie full of goodies to try with her preschooler.
Simple and inexpensive ideas will be presented that will keep important celebrations such as Christmas and Easter centered on Jesus. Be intentional during the holidays and boldly make sure that Jesus does not get lost in the chaos of the season.
Other topics are available on request. Dienna is also a certified Strengths Finder Coach and does presentations on strengths and how to use these in the home, work place and relationships.


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10 interesting and fun facts about Hungary
Anum Khawar July 3, 2020 0
The Hungarian state is a medium-sized member of the European Union. It is a landlocked country and, its neighboring states are Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Austria. The total mass of area is 93,030 km2 with 10 million inhabitants. It got its name from Medieval Latin Hungaria, which means "Land of the Huns", another source tells that it has derived its name from Turkish term "ogur" meaning "ten arrows". Hungary is one of the historical states in Europe which founded in A.D. 896, before France, Germany, or England. The largest and capital city of Hungary is Budapest and the official language is Hungarian. You know Hungary has the lowest employment rate in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with just 55.4% of the population actively working.
It has bestowed many writers, scholars, inventors, singers, and composers to the world. Hungary has its roots placed so deep that it has the pride to be one of the oldest countries of Europe, dating back to the times of Magyars. They frequently refer to themselves as Magyars, after their ancestors who settled the area in the 12 centuries ago when they migrated from Central Asia. The Magyars are related to the Finns. Only a small portion of Hungarians today is actually of Magyar ancestry. Fascinatingly, the state has blessed with natural beauty and amazing sceneries and attracts a large number of tourist footfalls every year. But more than anything else, it has interesting and fun facts about Hungary's past and present that makes a fascinating nation around the world.
10: Lake Balaton
Hungary is a landlocked state though; Lake Balaton is situated at 600km in Central European. It is a freshwater lake and one of the famous tourist sites. Interesting facts that this lake often referred to as the Hungary Sea and sun-seekers have gathered at its shoreline for decades. Interestingly the close by sulphuric waters of Heviz, meanwhile, considers as medicinal qualities and is believed to cure rheumatic illness, aches, and pains. Lake Balaton has also an effect on the local area precipitation. The area receives around 5–7 cm more rainfall than most of Hungary, as a result, there are cloudy days more and less extreme temperatures. The lake's surface even freezes during winter.
09: National dish of Hungary
You know the national dish of Hungary is Goulash. It is a stew of meat and vegetables generally seasoned with paprika and other spices. Goulash is a common meal in Hungary and mostly eaten in Central Europe but also in other parts of Europe. Besides the national dish of Hungary, it also including in interesting facts that it is a national symbol of the state as well.
08: Hungarian alphabets
Every language has its alphabetic system like English has 26 alphabets but you know the Hungarian language has 44 alphabets. It is very unique and different from other European languages. Hungarian alphabets are an extension in Latin alphabets which are using in Hungary's language.
07: Hungarian inventions
Hungary has so many inventions in the field of science. These are including very useful items of our life like the ballpoint pen, holography, thermographic camera, digital computing, and the first functional helicopter, etc. Besides these inventory items, you know as the concern of health we should be extremely grateful to the Hungarian biochemist Albert Szent-Györgyi who discovered vitamin C in the 1930s. Which is a key dietary supplement that was extracted from paprika? Another interesting invention of Hungary is Rubik's cube, electric trains, and the word "coach" also.
06: Pálinka considers as the cure of all troubles
Pálinka is a customary fruit brandy in Central Europe that originated in Hungary. It is famous for several names and invented in the middle Ages. Hungarian grandmas have strongly believed in it and its magical powers. Do they almost suggest you for every condition like if you have a headache? Pálinka, feeling nervous? Pálinka's interesting facts that even it considers as the cure of all trouble in Hungary. It has assumed that "Palinka in small amounts is a medicine, in large amounts a remedy".
05: Bull's blood
When it comes to interesting and funny facts about Hungary, this can be in on the top of the list. They say that during a battle with Turk soldiers, Hungarians remained strong and unconquerable due to drink the local red wine. The Turks during battle remained curious and wanted to know what the soldiers drink, so the Hungarian soldiers told them that it's the bull's blood that gives them strength.
04: National sport
The national sport of Hungary is water polo which is famous among citizens. Even football is also the most popular game in the country. Dandi Biyo was defined as a national sport in 1973, and then in 2017, it modified into volleyball. It also defined as a national sport in 2009.
03: Number 96
Interestingly the number "96" has importance in Hungary. It is special because it represents the year 896 when the seven Magyar tribal chiefs established the principality of Hungary. This number also stands for the year 1896 when Hungary celebrated 1000 years of statehood. It built permanent reminders that the state was at the height of its wealth and power in European affairs. According to law, Budapest's building must not surpass from 96 feet. It also includes in one of the interesting facts of the Hungary national anthem that should be sung in 96 seconds.
02: The largest cultural and musical festival in Europe
The Hungarian hosts the largest cultural and musical festival in Europe. It is known as the Sziget Festival. The Budapest Spring Festival is another huge festival which attracts musicians and artists from all over the world. For this, the expenditures of staying in Hungary were between $93 and $204 per day in 2003.
01: Hungarian education system
The Hungarian educational system is a unique and dual system with colleges and universities. Some colleges have linked with universities and work as college faculties within universities. A university can also provide college-level courses to students. The period of training at the college level is a minimum of 3 years, which can be maximum to 4 years. But the duration of the education period at the university level is a minimum of 4 years, and a maximum of up to 5 years. According to the binary pattern, colleges and universities grant Főiskolai Oklevél that, called College-level Degree and universities grant Egyetemi Oklevél that is called University-level Degree. Universities systematize also three-year Ph.D. courses, specialized for additional education courses and various continuous educational courses. The interesting facts about Hungary that the University of Pécs, the oldest university founded in 1367.
interesting facts about Hungary
Top 10 interesting facts about Hungary
Top 10 interesting and amazing facts about Belgium
Top 10 interesting and fun facts about Norway


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Norwegian Cruise Line has joined with other cruise lines in banning smoking on cruise ship balconies effective November 1, 2014.
Smoking will be allowed in casinos but only from active players. Smokers will also be able to light up on the starboard side of waterfront areas on Norwegian Breakaway and Getaway, but not near outdoor dining locations.
Electronic cigarettes will also be banned in public areas where smoking is prohibited. The cruise line says that e-cigarettes will be banned because they look too realistic and other passengers might think that the line's smoking policies were being violated or no longer enforced.
Any passenger who violates the new anti-smoking policy will face a $250 fine, which will be added to their shipboard account. Other cruise lines such as Carnival already have similar anti-smoking policies in effect.


I've spent the last 46 years loving animals, especially dogs. 6 years ago I adopted a challenging dog and brought him to a training class. I had used these classes in the past but suddenly found that this type of class wasn't going to work for my new dog. This is where my journey into more formal dog training started.
I have been exposed to some of the best trainers in South Florida and a few not so good. I have learned much from both, good and bad. It has shown me which types of training I agree with, who I want to help and work with, what actually works, and how to be open minded. The most important lesson I learned is that no two dogs are alike, you can't just put them in a "box" and train one like the other.
During the last 6 years I adopted 2 additional dogs that had some serious behavioral issues. We are talking about severe reactivity to dogs and humans, biting, lunging, jumping, etc... Incorporating structure, clear leadership, boundaries, a loving environment and clear communication of what was good and what was not acceptable, both dogs have come such a long way and are doing fantastic. And yes, most of this work I had to do on my own.
For the last 3 years I have been apprenticing under other accomplished trainers and have also served as the in-house trainer at a No-Kill animal shelter for 9 months. It was at the shelter that I realized the need for someone like me was in high demand. There are many people with great dogs who are struggling with behavior issues. I want to make it my mission to keep these dogs in loving homes living in harmony with their owners.
I understand the needs of the average family and the struggles that can exist with their dogs when issues arise. We believe in using balanced training methods and working with each dogs natural inherit qualities to find out what motivates them.
I offer training programs for dogs with a variety of behavioral issues. These issues include as fear, anxiety, lunging, jumping, leash pulling, "aggression", as well as dogs with severe reactivity towards humans and/or other dogs. These dogs come in all shapes and sizes and I am experienced in working with dogs of all breeds from Shiba Inu, Chihuahua, Terriers to Bully Breeds, German Shepherd, Belgian Malinois and your good old fashioned "mutt". Dogs in Bloom does not breed discriminate and will work with any family dog.


The Atlite sliding access hatch combines Atlite's superior skylight technology and know-how in a sliding hatch configuration.
Access and natural lighting in one product.
The hatch cover can be either plain sheetmetal or a transparent skylight in a dome, flat glazed or multi-glazed configuration.
The hatch lid slides on a strong steel rail system that is weatherproof and secure.
Sliding access hatches are suitable for a residential or commercial application.
The sliding access hatch is available in a standard size range and in custom sizes.


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Dr. Hanadi Al Hamad: National Helpline set up to Provide Support and Advice for Patients Living with Alzheimer's and their Families
Continued Efforts to Develop Geriatric Care Services and Alzheimer's Awareness in Qatar
2019 World Alzheimer's Report Says 80% of General Public Concerned about Developing Dementia
World Alzheimer's Report Indicates 1 in 4 People think Dementia Not Preventable
Doha, 19 September, 2020: Every three seconds someone in the world develops dementia, which is a general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), worldwide around 50 million people have dementia, with nearly 10 million new cases emerging every year.
Last year, Alzheimer's Disease International (ADI) conducted one of the largest-ever global studies on attitudes about dementia as a part of ongoing efforts to help reduce stigma and increase awareness about Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia. Nearly 70,000 people, across 155 countries, including Qatar, completed the survey. The findings were published in the World Alzheimer Report 2019: Attitudes to Dementia. Some of the most notable findings included that almost 80% of the general public are concerned about developing dementia at some point in their life and that one in four people think there is nothing they can do to prevent dementia.
The report also revealed that 35% of carers across the world said that they have hidden a family member's dementia diagnosis. Over 50% of carers globally say their health has suffered as a result of their caregiver responsibilities, even whilst expressing positive sentiments about their role. Additionally, almost 62% of healthcare providers worldwide think that dementia is part of normal ageing and about 40% of the general public believe doctors and nurses ignore people with dementia.
ADI research has shown that globally two out of every three people believe there is little or no understanding of dementia in their country. The impact of World Alzheimer's Month is growing, but the stigmatization and misinformation that surrounds dementia remain a global challenge.
Dr. Hanadi Al Hamad, Qatar's National Health Strategy lead for Healthy Ageing and Medical Director of Rumailah Hospital and Qatar Rehabilitation Institute, has been a key driving force in the development of geriatric care services and Alzheimer's awareness in Qatar. Dr. Al Hamad is also the WHO representative for Elderly People Care for the State of Qatar, the Global Dementia Observatory (GDO) focal point, and an executive member of the European Association of Medicine of Ageing.
"While awareness of dementia is increasing around the world, especially in higher-income countries, understanding of Alzheimer's remains low. This has frequently led to a negative impact on patients living with Alzheimer's, their families, and communities," said Dr. Al Hamad.
"Elderly people with Alzheimer's often have multiple medical comorbidities, meaning they have one or more additional diseases or disorders that need medical care. However, Alzheimer's symptoms can often make it more difficult to provide even simple care. Often families delay seeking medical support for a family member with Alzheimer's, or delay getting a diagnosis, due to stigma. However, while there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, an early diagnosis can help people and their families to be better prepared and better cope with the progression of the illness. It can also help them manage other health problems more effectively," added Dr. Al Hamad.
"Carers, often family members, can be overwhelmed with the challenges of caring for a relative in the advanced stages of Alzheimer's dementia. They often feel ashamed or conflicted about asking for help or advice because they feel they are obligated to provide care to their parent or other elderly relative. We have set up a national helpline to provide confidential information and advice for patients living with Alzheimer's and their families. The RAHA Alzheimer's and Memory Services Helpline is available on 4026 2222 between 8am and 3pm, from Sunday to Thursday," said Dr. Al Hamad.
Throughout September, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) is supporting World Alzheimer's Month with a series of public awareness events that underpin the global campaign theme of "Let's Talk About Dementia". Due to COVID-19 restrictions limiting public gatherings, this year's campaign features an educational webinar for university students and faculty.
Around the world, Alzheimer's disease awareness is represented by the color purple; in solidarity with all people living with this disease, on 21 September key landmark buildings in Doha and near the Doha Cornish will be lit up in purple.
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Kris Jenner: SUING Caitlyn Jenner Over Tell-All Book?!
by Tyler Johnson at July 29, 2016 1:19 pm .
Looks like an old rivalry is about to be re-ignited in a big way.
You may remember that shortly after Caitlyn Jenner "came out" on the cover of Vanity Fair last year, rumors that she wasn't getting along with ex-wife Kris Jenner began to circulate online.
In fact, there was talk of a full-blown feud between Caitlyn and Kris, as the latter Jenner claimed she was lied to for years about her then-husband's desire to transition.
After a months-long truce, the between the exes started up again back in early June after Caitlyn claimed that Kris forbade her to dress as a woman during their marriage.
Now, it looks as though the Battle of the Jenners may soon land Kris and Caitlyn in court:
According to Radar Online, Kris is outraged over reports that Caitlyn is planning to write a tell-all book.
Kris Jenner: 11 Times The Kardashian Matriarch Was Fed Up With Her Kids
"The sh-t has already hit the fan over this book and it isn't even being written yet!" says one insider.
"Kris is telling people she wants to fire off a preemptive cease and desist letter to Caitlyn over this, and she's insisting that she get first read before it is published."
We figured it was only a matter of time before we'd see a memoir from Caitlyn, but it seems that if Kris has her way, the book will never see the light of the day.
If there's any truth to this rumor, the situation could get ugly in a hurry.
Obviously, Caitlyn is unlikely to back down without a fight.
And the press will probably be brutal to Kris if she really tries to block a memoir from the world's most famous trans woman.
Looks like Keeping Up With the Kardashians might actually get interesting again!
Caitlyn Jenner Photos: So Long, Bruce! What a Year!
Tags: Caitlyn Jenner, Kris Jenner, Celebrity Gossip
Sophia Hutchins: Caitlyn Jenner and I Are Just Friends, Sheesh!
Caitlyn Jenner: I Haven't Spoken to Khloe Kardashian in FIVE Years!
Caitlyn Jenner Turns 70... Gets Snubbed by Khloe?!?
Caitlyn Jenner Photos
Caitlyn Jenner Videos
Caitlyn Jenner Shuts Down Piers Morgan: Don't Ask About My Body, You Creep!
Caitlyn Jenner Confronted by Trans Woman: You're a Fraud!
Caitlyn Jenner Calls Out Jimmy Kimmel for Jokes About Her: WATCH!


text:
package net.twasi.core.plugin;

import net.twasi.core.database.models.User;
import net.twasi.core.plugin.api.TwasiUserPlugin;
import net.twasi.core.plugin.api.variables.TwasiVariableBase;
import net.twasi.core.translations.TwasiTranslation;
import net.twasi.core.translations.renderer.TranslationRenderer;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public abstract class TwasiDependency<T> extends TwasiPlugin<T> {

    private TwasiTranslation twasiTranslation = new TwasiTranslation(getClassLoader());

    public final Class<? extends TwasiUserPlugin> getUserPluginClass() {
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        return true;
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    @Deprecated
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        return twasiTranslation.getTranslation(user, key, objects);
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    @Deprecated
    public final String getRandomTranslation(User user, String key, Object... objects) {
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    public List<TwasiVariableBase> getVariables() {
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Payakumbuh (en indonésien : Kota Payakumbuh) est une ville du Sumatra occidental, en Indonésie. Elle compte plus de  et couvre une superficie de 80,43 km². Elle est située dans les , à 120 km de Padang et 180 km de Pekanbaru.

Histoire

Culture
Toutes les semaines se tiennent les , des courses de canard volants, une tradition locale.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ville en Indonésie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Artificial intelligence (AI) is not just a new technology that requires regulation. It is a powerful force that is reshaping daily practices, personal and professional interactions, and environments. For the well-being of humanity it is crucial that this power is used as a force of good. Ethics plays a key role in this process by ensuring that regulations of AI harness its potential while mitigating its risks.


text:
Centaurea cassia — вид рослин з роду волошка (Centaurea), з родини айстрових (Asteraceae).

Опис рослини
Це багаторічна рослина з прямовисним стеблом 20–50 см, яке гіллясте біля основи або у верхній частині. Листки дуже щільно залозисто-точкові; нижні ліроподібні, з ланцетоподібним кінцевим сегментом шириною 5–15 мм і 2–3 парами лінійно-ланцетних бічних сегментів, рідко нерозділеними, серединні та верхні листки ланцетні або довгасті, часто з 1–2 парами часточок біля основи, шириною 2–6 мм. Кластер філаріїв (приквіток) 10–15 × 7–15 мм, від яйцюватих до майже кулястих; придатки великі, приховують базальні частини філаріїв, коричневі. Квітки трояндово-пурпурні. Сім'янки 3–3.5 мм; папуси 1–1.5 мм. Період цвітіння: червень — липень.

Середовище проживання
Зростає в південній Туреччині й Сирії. Населяє ліси, скелясті схили.

Примітки

cassia
Флора Туреччини
Флора Сирії
Рослини, описані 1849


text:
\section{Introduction\label{Introduction}}

Conformal higher spin theory, i.e.  theory of interacting conformal fields of all spins, is an interesting object from both AdS/CFT correspondence and
possible connection to AdS higher spin theory points of view. It was discussed in a quite amount of papers
(some of which are \cite{Pope}-\cite{Bekaert_Grigoriev})
starting from the pioneering work by Fradkin and Tseytlin \cite{Fradkin_Tseytlin}, where Lagrangians and corresponding equations of motion
(Fradkin-Tseytlin equations) describing
free dynamics of conformal fields of all spins where constructed. Then in paper \cite{Fr_Lin_conf_HS_alg}
infinite dimensional algebras were introduced that were argued
to be a proper candidates for the role of conformal higher spin algebra.

The construction of \cite{Fr_Lin_conf_HS_alg} was as follows.
Consider Weyl star product algebra of two-component oscillators
$a, b, \ba, \bb$
\begin{equation}\label{oscillators}
    [b_\gb,a^\ga]_*=\gd^\ga_\gb\,, \quad [\bb_\db,\ba^\da]_*=\gd^\da_\db\,,\quad \ga,\da=1,2\,,
\end{equation}
with the standard star product defined for symbols of operators $f(a,b,\ba,\bb)$ and $g(a,b,\ba,\bb)$ by formula
$f*g=f\exp(\overleftrightarrow{\Delta})g\,,$ where
\begin{equation}\label{star_product_Delta}
  \overleftrightarrow{\Delta}=\half\left(\overleftarrow{\dpd{b}}\cdot\overrightarrow{\dpd{a}}-
                                         \overleftarrow{\dpd{a}}\cdot\overrightarrow{\dpd{b}}+
                                         \overleftarrow{\dpd{\bb}}\cdot\overrightarrow{\dpd{\ba}}-
                                         \overleftarrow{\dpd{\ba}}\cdot\overrightarrow{\dpd{\bb}}\right)\,.
\end{equation}
As was shown in \cite{Gunaydin}, \cite{Bars_Gunaydin},  bilinear combinations of oscillators with respect to star product commutator $[f,g]_*$
form $\asp(8)$ algebra, which reduces to
4d conformal subalgebra $\au(2,2)$ when restricted by two additional conditions
\begin{equation}\label{iucond}
\begin{aligned}
&\mbox{1.}&& \mbox{Centralization by helicity operator }\PNO=i/2(a^\ga b_\ga-\ba^\da \bb_\da);\quad [f,\PNO]_*=0\\
&\mbox{2.}&& \mbox{Reality condition }\quad f(a,b,\ba,\bb)=-\bar{f}(i\ba,i\bb,ia,ib).
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
The idea of Fradkin and Linetsky was to bring all polynomials (not only bilinear) into
the play but still keep conditions \eqref{iucond} imposed and, thus, get infinite-dimensional extension of $\au(2,2)$, which they called $\aiu(2,2)$.

Let us note that algebra $\aiu(2,2)$ is isomorphic to $AdS_5$ higher spin algebra that was discussed in several papers
\cite{Vasiliev_AdS_5_cubic}
\cite{Alkalaev_FV_type_AdS_5}. In \cite{Vasiliev_conf_HS_sym in _four_dimm} it was denoted as
$\acu$ where 8 indicates the number of oscillators used and pair 1,0 points out that it has trivial structure in spin 1 Yang-Mills sector.
Algebra $\aisu(2,2)$ (i.e. $\aiu(2,2)$ factorized by all star powers of $\PNO$)  was originally (in \cite{Fr_Lin_conf_HS_alg}) denoted as $\ahsc$,
where hsc means higher spin conformal and 4 indicates that it extends 4-dimensional conformal algebra. It is isomorphic to the
minimal $AdS_5$ higher spin algebra denoted as $\ahuzero$ in \cite{Vasiliev_conf_HS_sym in _four_dimm}.
As was discussed in \cite{Eastwood_Symmetries_of_Laplasian}
\cite{Joung_Mkrtchan_Notes_on_HS_algebras}
one can associate the minimal $AdS_5$ higher spin algebra with the quotient of universal enveloping $AdS_5$ Lie algebra
over the kernel of its singleton representation.

By analogy with the $AdS$ case the procedure of construction of full nonlinear conformal higher spin theory could be separated into two steps:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Reformulate linear equations of motion in unfolded (first order) form with higher spin algebra been gauge symmetry algebra of the system.
\item Deform nonlinearly both equations of motion and gauge symmetries in the self consistent way.
\end{enumerate}
Although the second step requires a big amount of guess, the first step is rather straightforward. In paper \cite{Vasiliev_progr_in_HS_gauge_theory}
unfolded formulation of Fradkin-Tseytlin equations corresponding to reducible algebra $\aiu(2,2)$ was given and in paper \cite{OVS_Fr_Ts_Unf}
the spectrum of spins described by this system was obtained. At the present paper we contract system of \cite{Vasiliev_progr_in_HS_gauge_theory} to irreducible
case and analyse it spectrum of spins.

More precisely, as we already mentioned, bilinear combinations of oscillators that are coordinated with \eqref{iucond}
form 4 dimensional conformal algebra $\ao(4,2)\sim\au(2,2)\subset\aiu(2,2)$.
In paper \cite{OVS_Fr_Ts_Unf} adjoint and twisted-adjoin
\footnote{Twisted-adjoint module can be thought as Fourier transform of adjoint module (see section \ref{Tw_Mod}) and \cite{OVS_Fr_Ts_Unf} fore more details.}
modules $\admodule^\infty$ and
$\twmodule^\infty$ of $\au(2,2)$ acting on $\aiu(2,2)$ were constructed and analyzed in rather details.
It was show that both modules decompose into direct sum of infinitely many copies of irreducible submodules $\admodule_s$, $\twmodule_s$
corresponding to spins $s=1,2,\ldots$
\begin{equation}\label{decompos}
\begin{aligned}
&\admodule^\infty=\oplus_{s=1}^\infty\infty\admodules[s]\,,\\
&\twmodule^\infty=\oplus_{s=1}^\infty\infty\twmodules[s]\,.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
Here module $\admodule^\infty$ ($\twmodule^\infty$) contain submodules $\admodule_s$ ($\twmodule_s$) in infinitely many copies, which enter
$\admodule^\infty$ ($\twmodule^\infty$) with the factor $(\PNO*)^n$ ($(\tilde{\PNO}*)^n$),
$n=0,1,\ldots \infty$ (recall that $\aiu(2,2)$ is a centralizer of $\PNO$).

It was shown that unfolded system constructed with respect to modules $\admodule^\infty$,
$\twmodule^\infty$ is coordinated with decomposition \eqref{decompos} and, thus, decomposes into infinitely many copies of unfolded systems corresponding to
free conformal equations on spin $s$ field $s=1,2,\ldots$ (Fradkin-Tseytlin equations).

The degeneration of unfolded system considered in \cite{OVS_Fr_Ts_Unf} is due to non simplicity of algebra $\aiu(2,2)$.
Really, it contains an infinite chain of ideals
\begin{equation}\label{isukk_ideals_embedded}
  \aiu(2,2)\supset\ideal^1\supset\ideal^2\supset\cdots\supset\ideal^m\supset\cdots\,,
\end{equation}
generated by star powers of $\PNO$, i.e. ideal $\ideal^m$ is spanned by the elements of form $(\PNO*)^m*h(a,b,\ba,\bb)$. In \cite{OVS_Fr_Ts_Unf} it was speculated
that unfolded system constructed with respect to irreducible algebra $\aisu_0(2,2)=\aiu(2,2)/\ideal^1$ should contain each spin $s=1,2,\ldots$ in one copy only.

In the present paper we consider this case in more general formulation. Namely one can construct a series of ideals $\ideal^1_\ga$ of algebra
$\aiu(2,2)$ that are spanned by the elements
of form $(\PNO-\ga)*h(a,b,\ba,\bb)$ for some real number $\ga$. Quotients $\aiu(2,2)/\ideal^1_\ga$ give rise to the series of irreducible
infinite-dimensional algebras $\aisu_\ga(2,2)$. We briefly discuss the structure
of adjoint and twisted-adjoint $\au(2,2)$-modules on $\aisu_\ga(2,2)$. Consider
unfolded system of equations corresponding to these modules and show that, as was speculated in \cite{OVS_Fr_Ts_Unf}
it is decomposed into the subsystems corresponding to Fradkin-Tseytlin equations
for one copy of every spin $s=1,2,\ldots$ independently of $\ga$.

The rest of the paper is rater technical and we refer to \cite{OVS_Fr_Ts_Unf}
for more details.

\section{Adjoint module}
Adjoint action of $\au(2,2)$-generators on $\aiu(2,2)$ is given by formulas
\begin{equation}\label{adinf_repr_ukk}
  \begin{aligned}
    &\adinfL_\ga{}^\gb=a^\gb\dpd{a^\ga}-b_\ga\dpd{b_\gb}-\frac{1}{2}\gd_\ga^\gb(\na-\nb)\,,\\
    &\adinfbL_\da{}^\db=\ba^\db\dpd{\ba^\da}-\bb_\da\dpd{\bb_\db}-\frac{1}{2}\gd_\da^\db(\nba-\nbb)\,,\\
    &\adinfP_{\ga\db}=b_\ga\dpd{\ba^\db}+\bb_\db\dpd{a^\ga}\,,\quad
    \adinfK^{\ga\db}=-a^\ga\dpd{\bb_\db}-\ba^\db\dpd{b_\ga}\,,\\
    &\adinfD=\frac{1}{2}(\na+\nba-\nb-\nbb)\,,\quad
    \adinfPNO=\frac{i}{2}(\na-\nba-\nb+\nbb)\,,
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where $n_a\,,n_b\,,n_\ba\,,n_\bb$ are Euler operators for corresponding oscillators. Generators \eqref{adinf_repr_ukk} commute with
spin operator
\be\label{spinop}
\opsinf=\na+\nbb+1=\nb+\nba+1\,,
\ee
which, thus, decomposes the whole $\au(2,2)$-module into the submodules with the spin $s$ fixed.

To find adjoint representation of $\au(2,2)$ on quotient algebra $\aisu_\ga(2,2)$ one should fix some basis on $\aisu_\ga(2,2)$ first.
The most natural basis is
\be\label{iuga_basis_nat}
\uD^v f(a,b,\ba,\bb)\,,\quad v=0,1,\ldots
\ee
where $\uD=1/2(a^\ga b_\ga+\ba_\da\bb_\da)$ is operator of dilatation and $f(a,b,\ba,\bb)$ is polynomial of oscillators, which
satisfy conditions \eqref{iucond} and is traseless, i.e. satisfy relations
\begin{equation}\label{trcond}
  \ddpd{a^\ga}{b_\ga}f=0\,,\quad \ddpd{\ba^\da}{\bb_\da}f=0.
\end{equation}
However, generators of $\au(2,2)$, namely generators of translation and special conformal transformation, are not diagonal with respect to
spin value in this basis. Really factorization requirement $(\PNO-\ga)*h(a\,,b\,,\ba\,,\bb)\sim 0$ doesn't commute with spin operator \eqref{spinop}.

To avoid this inconvenience let us consider more general ansatz for the basis elements
\be\label{iuga_basis}
g_s^v(\uD) f(a,b,\ba,\bb)\,,\quad s=1,2\ldots\,,\quad v=0,1,\ldots, s-1\,,
\ee
where
\be
\label{gfunc}
g^v_s(\uD)=\sum_{j=0}^v\uD^j\adbasisanscoef^v_{s;j}\,,\qquad \adbasisanscoef^v_{s;v}\equiv 1
\ee
is some polynomial on $\uD$ of the power $v$ with coefficients $\adbasisanscoef^v_{s;j}$ to be found.

Direct computation (analogues to that in \cite{OVS_Fr_Ts_Unf}) brings us to the following result
\be
\label{gfunccoef}
\adbasisanscoef^v_{s;j}={v\choose j}\frac{\gd_{s;v-j}}{\prod_{h=1}^{v-j}(2s-h+1)}\,,
\ee
where $\gd_{s;m}$ are some functions depending on $i(n-\bn)$ with $n=n_a+n_b$, $\bn=n_\ba+n_\bb$.
Functions $\gd_{s;m}$ are fixed by the following recurrence equation
\be
\label{gfunccoefgd}
\gd_{s;m}=i\ga(n-\bn)\gd_{s;m-1}+\frac{(m-1)}{8}(2s-m+2)(s-v-8\ga^2+1)\gd_{s;m-2}\,,\quad m=1,\ldots, v\,,
\ee
with boundary conditions $\gd_{s;0}\equiv 1\,, \quad \gd_{s;m<0}\equiv 0$.

In new basis \eqref{iuga_basis} operators $\adinfL_\ga{}^\gb$, $\adinfbL_\da{}^\db$, $\adinfD$, $\adinfPNO$ are given by the same formulae \eqref{adinf_repr_ukk}
while operators $\adinfP_{\ga\db}$ and $\adinfK^{\ga\db}$ have the following new form
\begin{equation}\label{ad_repr_ukk}
  \begin{aligned}
    &\adP_{\ga\db}\:\adbasefunc^v_{s}f=\left[v\adbasefunc^{v-1}_{s}\trProj b_\ga\bb_\db+
\frac{v+n+2}{n+2}\adbasefunc^v_{s}\trProj\bb_\db\dpd{a^\ga}+\frac{v+\bn+2}{\bn+2}\adbasefunc^v_{s}\trProj b_\ga\dpd{\ba^\db}+\right.\\
    &\quad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\left.{}+\frac{2s-v}{(n+2)(\bn+2)}\adbasefunc^{v+1}_{s}
\ddpd{a^\ga}{\ba^\db}\right]f\,,\\
    &\adK^{\ga\db}\:\adbasefunc^v_{s}f=-\left[v\adbasefunc^{v-1}_{s}\trProj a^\ga\ba^\db+
\frac{v+n+2}{n+2}\adbasefunc^{v}_{s}\trProj\ba^\db\dpd{b_\ga}+\frac{v+\bn+2}{\bn+2}\adbasefunc^{v}_{s}\trProj a^\ga\dpd{\bb_\db}+\right.\\
    &\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\left.+\frac{2s-v}{(n+2)(\bn+2)}\adbasefunc^{v+1}_{s}
\ddpd{b_\ga}{\bb_\db}\right]f\,,
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where $\trProj=(\trProj)^2$ is projector to the traceless components \eqref{trcond}.

Operators \eqref{ad_repr_ukk} commute with spin operator $s$, which in new basis has form
\be\label{newspinop}
\opsinf=v+\na+\nbb+1=v+\nb+\nba+1\,.
\ee
We, thus, have that all modules $\admodule_\ga$ of $\au(2,2)$ adjoint action on algebra $\aisu_\ga(2,2)$ are isomorphic and decompose into
direct sum
\begin{equation}\label{addecompos}
\admodule_\ga=\oplus_{s=1}^\infty\admodules[s]\,,
\end{equation}
where $\admodules[s]$ are finite-dimensional $\au(2,2)$-submodules of $\admodule_\ga$, which are spanned by basic vectors \eqref{iuga_basis} with
$s$ fixed.

\section{Twisted-adjoint module\label{Tw_Mod}}
Twisted-adjoint module $\twmodule_\ga$ can be obtained from adjoint module $\admodule_\ga$ by twist transformation
\be\label{twist}
\bb_\da&\rightarrow\dpd{\tbb^\da}\,,\\
\dpd{\bb_\da}&\rightarrow-\tbb^\da\,,
\ee
which preserves commutator
\be\label{twist_commut_conserv}
[\dpd{\bb_\da},\bb_\db]=[-\tbb^\da,\dpd{\tbb^\db}]\,.
\ee

Under transformation \eqref{twist} elements \eqref{iuga_basis} get the following form
\be\label{iuga_twbasis}
\tilde{g}_s^v(\tD) \tilde{f}(a,b,\ba,\tbb)\,,\quad s=1,2\ldots\,,\quad v=0,1,\ldots, s-1\,,
\ee
where $\tilde{f}$ satisfies twisted-traceless conditions
\be\label{twtrcond}
\ddpd{a^\ga}{b_\ga}f=0\,,\quad \tbb^\da\dpd{\ba^\da}f=0
\ee
and $\tD=1/2(a^\ga b_\ga+\ba^\da\dpd{\tbb^\da})$. Here $\tilde{g}_s^v(\tD)$ is a polynomial of $\tD$
\be
\label{tgfunc}
\tilde{g}^v_s(\tD)=\sum_{j=0}^v\tD^j\twbasisanscoef^v_{s;j}\,,\qquad \twbasisanscoef^v_{s;v}\equiv 1\,,
\ee
coefficients $\twbasisanscoef^v_{s;j}$ are given by
\be
\label{tgfunccoef}
\twbasisanscoef^v_{s;j}={v\choose j}\frac{\tilde{\gd}_{s;v-j}}{\prod_{h=1}^{v-j}(2s-h+1)}\,,
\ee
and $\tilde{\gd}_{s;m}$ are some functions depending on $i(n-\tbn)$, where $n=n_a+n_b$ is the same as in the previous section and $\tbn=n_\ba-n_{\tbb}-2$ is
twist-transformed operator $\bn$. Functions $\tilde{\gd}_{s;m}$ are fixed by the following recurrence equation
\be
\label{tgfunccoefgd}
\tilde{\gd}_{s;m}=i\ga(n-\tbn)\tilde{\gd}_{s;m-1}+\frac{(m-1)}{8}(2s-m+2)(s-v-8\ga^2+1)\tilde{\gd}_{s;m-2}\,,\quad m=1,\ldots, v\,,
\ee
with boundary conditions $\tilde{\gd}_{s;0}\equiv 1\,, \quad \tilde{\gd}_{s;m<0}\equiv 0$.

The structure of module $\twmodule_\ga$ differs from that of $\admodule_\ga$.
Firstly, elements \eqref{iuga_twbasis} are not linearly independent. Really, due to \eqref{twtrcond} function $\tilde{f}$ forms two-row
Young tableau with respect to dotted indices with fist (second) row of length $n_{\tbb}$ ($n_\ba$). Thus, operator $(\tbb^\da\dpd{\ba^\da})^u$ vanishes
on $\tilde{f}$ for $u>v_{\max}=n_{\tbb}-n_\ba$. Therefore, collection of linearly independent elements of \eqref{iuga_twbasis},
which form basis in $\twmodule_\ga$ is given by formula \eqref{iuga_twbasis} but with $v$ bounded by $\min(s-1,v_{\max})$ (cf. \eqref{iuga_basis})
\be\label{iuga_twbasis_real}
\tilde{g}_s^v(\tD) \tilde{f}(a,b,\ba,\tbb)\,,\quad s=1,2\ldots\,,\quad v=0,1,\ldots, \min(s-1,v_{\max})\,.
\ee

Secondly, since the change of the sign in front of $n_{\tbb}$, twisted-spin operators have form
\be\label{twspin}
\tilde{s}=n_a-n_{\tbb}+v-1=n_b+n_\ba+v+1
\ee
with subtraction of $n_a$ and $n_{\tbb}$. Thus, fixation of the spin value $s$ doesn't bound the order of $\tilde{f}$ with respect to oscillators $a$ and
$\tbb$. This means that $\au(2,2)$-modules $\twmodule_s$, which are formed by \eqref{iuga_twbasis_real} with fixed $s$, are infinite-dimensional contrary to $\admodule_s$.

Applying twisted transformation \eqref{twist} to formulae \eqref{adinf_repr_ukk}, \eqref{ad_repr_ukk} one finds $\au(2,2)$-representation on $\twmodule_s$
\begin{equation}\label{tw_repr}
  \begin{aligned}
    &\twinfL_\ga{}^\gb=a^\gb\dpd{a^\ga}-b_\ga\dpd{b_\gb}-\frac{1}{2}\gd_\ga^\gb(\na-\nb)\,,\\
    &\twinfbL_\da{}^\db=\ba^\db\dpd{\ba^\da}+\tbb^\db\dpd{\tbb^\da}-\frac{1}{2}\gd_\da^\db(\nba+\ntbb)\,,\\
    &\twinfP_{\ga\db}\:\twbasefunc^v_{s}\tilde{f}=\left[v\twbasefunc^{v-1}_{s}\ttrProj b_\ga\dpd{\tbb^\db}+
\frac{v+n+2}{n+2}\twbasefunc^v_{s}\ttrProj\ddpd{a^\ga}{\tbb^\db}+\frac{v+\tbn+2}{\tbn+2}\twbasefunc^v_{s}\ttrProj b_\ga\dpd{\ba^\db}+\right.\\
    &\quad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\left.{}+\frac{2s-v}{(n+2)(\tbn+2)}\twbasefunc^{v+1}_{s}
\ddpd{a^\ga}{\ba^\db}\right]\tilde{f}\,,\\
    &\twinfK^{\ga\db}\:\twbasefunc^v_{s}\tilde{f}=-\left[v\twbasefunc^{v-1}_{s}\ttrProj a^\ga\ba^\db+
\frac{v+n+2}{n+2}\twbasefunc^{v}_{s}\ttrProj\ba^\db\dpd{b_\ga}-\frac{v+\tbn+2}{\tbn+2}\twbasefunc^{v}_{s}\ttrProj a^\ga\tbb^\db+\right.\\
    &\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\left.+\frac{2s-v}{(n+2)(\tbn+2)}\twbasefunc^{v+1}_{s}
\tbb^\db\dpd{b_\ga}\right]\tilde{f}\,,\\
    &\twinfD=\frac{1}{2}(\na+\nba-\nb+\ntbb+2)\,,\quad
    \twinfPNO=\frac{i}{2}(\na-\nba-\nb-\ntbb-2)\,,
  \end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where $\ttrProj=(\ttrProj)^2$ is projector to component satisfying \eqref{twtrcond}.

It is almost obvious that operators \eqref{tw_repr} commute with spin operator $\tilde{s}$ and, thus, module
$\twmodule_\ga$ admit decomposition analogous to that of adjoint case
\begin{equation}\label{twdecompos}
\twmodule_\ga=\oplus_{s=1}^\infty\twmodules[s]\,.
\end{equation}
Though it is worth to mention that for operators of translation and of special conformal transformation some additional
analyses is needed. Really, the second terms of these operators, when acting on the element $\tilde{g}^{v_{\max}}_s\tilde{f}$ with the maximal value of $v$,
decrease the value of $v_{\max}$ by one but still don't decrease $v$ and, thus, break the limit $v\leq v_{\max}$. However, it can be shown that
coefficients in front of these problematic terms zero out and therefore decomposition \eqref{twdecompos} holds (see \cite{OVS_Fr_Ts_Unf} for details).

Finally, let us note that we also need complex conjugated twisted-adjoint module $\bar{\twmodule}_\ga=-\twmodule_\ga^\dag$,
where $\dag$ is Hermitian involution defined by the following relations on oscillators
\be\label{inv}
& (a^\ga)^\dag=i\ba^\da\,,\quad (b_\ga)^\dag=i\bb_\da\,,\quad (\ba^\da)^\dag=ia^\ga\,,\quad (\tbb^\da)^\dag=i\tb^\ga\,,\\
& f^\dag(a,b,\ba,\tbb)=\bar{f}(a^\dag,b^\dag,\ba^\dag,\tbb^\dag)\,.
\ee

\section{Unfolded system}
Unfolded system for the family of Fradkin-Linetsky higher spin conformal algebras was first formulated for algebra $\aiu(2,2)$ in paper
\cite{Vasiliev_progr_in_HS_gauge_theory}. Factorizing this system by ideal $\ideal_1-\ga$ one gets
\be\label{unfsys}
&\Curv=(\extdiff +\adsm)\GaugeF\,,\\
&\Curv=\ChEsm\WeylF+\bChEsm\bWeylF\,,\\
&(\extdiff+\twsm)\WeylF=0\,,\\
&(\extdiff+\btwsm)\bWeylF=0\,.
\ee
Let us briefly discuss the structure of this system.
\begin{itemize}
\item[1 eq.:] $\Curv$ is 2-form linearized higher spin curvature constructed from the set of 1-form gauge fields $\GaugeF$ taking values in
$\admodule_\ga$;
\be
\extdiff={\rm d}x^n\dpd{x^n}\,, n=0,\ldots, 4
\ee
is exterior differential; and
\be
\adsm=\xi^{\ga\db}\adP_{\ga\db}\,,
\ee
is adjoint part of sigma-minus operator (see. \cite{Vasiliev_unfolded_repr_for_eq_in_two_plus_one_AdS}
\cite{Shaynkman_Vasiliev_Scalar_field_from_the_HST_perspective}
for more details on unfolded formulation and $\gs_-$ technic) where
flat connection 1-form $\xi^{\ga\db}={\rm d}x^n\gs_n^{\ga\db}$ is constructed from 4 Pauli matrices.
\item[3,4 eq.:] $\WeylF$ and $\bWeylF$ are sets of 0-form Weyl tensors taking values in $\twmodule_\ga$ and $\btwmodule_\ga$ correspondingly; and
\be
\twsm=\xi^{\ga\db}\twP_{\ga\db}\,,&& \btwsm=\xi^{\ga\db}\btwP_{\ga\db}
\ee
are twisted-adjoint parts of sigma-minus operator.
\item[2 eq.:] Expresses nonzero parts of linearized curvature $\Curv$ through the Weyl tensors $\WeylF$ and $\bWeylF$. Here operator
$\ChEsm$ ($\bChEsm$), which maps 0-form $\WeylF$ ($\bWeylF$) into 2-form $\Curv$, is given by formula
\be
\ChEsm\tilde{g}_s^v\tilde{f}=(1/2)^v\xi^{\ga\db}\xi^{\ga\dg}\gep_{\db\dg}\ddpd{a^\ga}{a^\ga}\Big(\ba^\da\dpd{\tbb^\da} \Big)^v \tilde{f}\Big|_{\tbb=0}\,,\\
\bChEsm\tilde{g}_s^v\tilde{f}=(1/2)^v\xi^{\gb\da}\xi^{\gga\da}\gep_{\gb\gga}\ddpd{\ba^\da}{\ba^\da}\Big(a^\ga\dpd{\tb^\ga} \Big)^v \tilde{f}\Big|_{\tb=0}\,.
\ee
\end{itemize}

System \eqref{unfsys} split into subsystems with fixed spin $s=1,2,\ldots$. This is obviously true for
equations 1, 3 and 4 due to decompositions \eqref{addecompos} and \eqref{twdecompos} for modules $\admodule_\ga$, $\twmodule_\ga$ and $\btwmodule_\ga$.
To check this splitting for
the second equation one should show that operator $\ChEsm+\bChEsm$ maps 0-forms taking values in $\twmodule_s\oplus\btwmodule_s$ into 2-forms taking values in
$\admodule_s$. Really, let us consider operator $\ChEsm$, it doesn't vanish for fields $\tilde{g}^v_s\tilde{f}$, which are independent of $\ba$ and contain
$v$ oscillators $\tbb$ only. As one can easily see these are fields with
\be\label{ChEsmnonzerons}
n_a=s+1\,,\quad n_b=s-v-1\,,\quad n_\ba=0\,,\quad n_{\tbb}=v\,.
\ee
Operator $\ChEsm$ transforms \eqref{ChEsmnonzerons} into
\be\label{ChEsmmapstons}
n_a=s-1\,,\quad n_b=s-v-1\,,\quad n_\ba=v\,,\quad n_\bb=0\,.
\ee
For operator $\bChEsm$ one gets complex conjugated analogs of \eqref{ChEsmnonzerons} and \eqref{ChEsmmapstons}.
Substituting these values in \eqref{newspinop} one finds that $\ChEsm+\bChEsm$ maps 0-form under consideration into 2-for taking values in
$g^0_s f$. So it preserves the spin value and, thus, system \eqref{unfsys} really split into subsystems with fixed spin.

To analyze dynamical content of system \eqref{unfsys} one should note first that almost all equations of general unfolded system just
express higher order fields as derivatives of lower order fields. (In our case the order of fields is given by their conformal weight.)
And dynamically nontrivial aspects are hidden in cohomology of the operator $\hat{\gs}_-$ (see \cite{Shaynkman_Vasiliev_Scalar_field_from_the_HST_perspective}
for more details) $\hat{H}^p_{\hat{\gs}_-}$.

In our case
\be\label{hatsigmaminus}
\hat{\gs}_-=\adsm+\twsm+\btwsm+\ChEsm+\bChEsm
\ee
and
\begin{itemize}
  \item differential gauge parameters are given by $\hat{H}^0_{\hat{\gs}_-}$;
  \item dynamical fields are given by $\hat{H}^1_{\hat{\gs}_-}$;
  \item differential equations on dynamical fields are in one-to-one correspondence with
        $\hat{H}^2_{\hat{\gs}_-}$.
\end{itemize}

Note that, since $\hat{\gs}_-$ mixes $p$ and $p-1$-forms, $p$-th cohomology of $\hat{\gs}_-$ is a pair
$\hat{H}^p=(H^p,H^{p-1})$, which were found in \cite{OVS_Fr_Ts_Unf}.
Here we give a result:
\be\label{smcohom}
&\hat{H}^0_{\hat{\gs}_-}=(i^{s}\gaugepar^{\gb(s-1)\,;\,\db(s-1)}\,b_{\gb(s-1)}\bb_{\db(s-1)},0)\,,\\
&\hat{H}^1_{\hat{\gs}_-}=(i^{s}\xi^{\gga\dd}\,\physf^{\gb(s-1)\,;\,\db(s-1)}_{\gga\,;\,\dd}\,b_{\gb(s-1)}\bb_{\db(s-1)},0)\,,\\
&\hat{H}^2_{\hat{\gs}_-}=(0,i^{s}\xi^{\gga\dd}\,\twbasefunc^{s-1}_{s}\,\tweq_{\ga(s+1),\gga\,;\,\db(s-1)\dd}\,a^{\ga(s+1)}\tbb^{\db(s-1)}+c.c.)\,,
\ee
where $\gaugepar^{\gb(s-1)\,;\,\db(s-1)}$, $\physf^{\gb(s-1)\,;\,\db(s-1)}_{\gga\,;\,\dd}$
are gauge parameter, dynamical field for the spin $s$ subsystem of \eqref{unfsys} and
$\tweq_{\ga(s+1),\gga\,;\,\db(s-1)\dd}\,a^{\ga(s+1)}\tbb^{\db(s-1)}+c.c.=0$ corresponds to differential equations imposed on dynamical field.
These equations have the following form
\be
\label{spin_s_diff_eq}
&\Weyltens^{\ga(2s)}=\underbrace{\dpd{x_{\ga}{}^{\da}}\cdots\dpd{x_{\ga}{}^{\da}}}_{s}\physf^{\ga(s)\,;\,\da(s)}\,,
&&\bar{\Weyltens}^{\da(2s)}=\underbrace{\dpd{x^{\ga}{}_{\da}}\cdots\dpd{x^{\ga}{}_{\da}}}_{s}\physf^{\ga(s)\,;\,\da(s)}\,,\\
&\underbrace{\dpd{x^{\ga}{}_{\da}}\cdots\dpd{x^{\ga}{}_{\da}}}_{s}\Weyltens^{\ga(2s)}=0\,,
&&\underbrace{\dpd{x_{\ga}{}^{\da}}\cdots\dpd{x_{\ga}{}^{\da}}}_{s}\bar{\Weyltens}^{\da(2s)}=0\,,
\ee
where $\physf$ obeys the gauge transformations
\be
\label{spin_s_gauge_trans}
\gd\physf^{\ga(s)\,;\,\db(s)}=\dpd{x_{\ga\db}}\gaugepar^{\ga(s-1)\,;\,\db(s-1)}\,.
\ee
Here symmetrization over the indices denoted by the same latter is implied and
to avoid projectors to the traceless and/or Young symmetry components we rose and lowered indices by means of $\gep^{\ga\gb}$, $\gep_{\ga\gb}$,
$\gep^{\da\db}$, $\gep_{\da\db}$.

\section{Conclusion}
Equations \eqref{spin_s_diff_eq} and gauge transformations \eqref{spin_s_gauge_trans} correspond to spin $s$ Fradkin-Tseytlin equations and gauge transformations
written in spinorial form. We, thus, shown that (independently of $\ga$) linear unfolded system constructed with the use of adjoint $\au(2,2)$-module
$\admodule_\ga$ and twisted-adjoint $\au(2,2)$-modules  $\twmodule_\ga$, $\btwmodule_\ga$ correspond to the collection of Fradkin-Tseytlin equations
for all spins $s=1,2,\ldots$ in one copy. Algebraically this is equivalent to decomposition formulas \eqref{addecompos}, \eqref{twdecompos}, which
show that independently of $\ga$ all adjoint modules $\admodule_\ga$ are isomorphic and the same is true for twisted-adjoint modules $\twmodule_\ga$.
We also found basis \eqref{iuga_basis}, \eqref{iuga_twbasis_real} for modules $\admodule_\ga$, $\twmodule_\ga$ in which this isomorphism become explicit.

However, the whole algebras $\aisu_\ga(2,2)$ are not isomorphic. This can be seen if one considers commutator of some its nonbilinear elements.
Thus, as follows from our analyses, the difference between these algebras become relevant on the nonlinear level only.

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