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Pentru alte Prințese de Asturia numite Isabella, vezi Isabella, Prințesă de Asturia (dezambiguizare)

Isabella, Infantă a Spaniei (20 decembrie 1851 - 23 aprilie 1931) a fost fiica cea mare a reginei Isabella a II-a a Spaniei. S-a căsătorit cu Prințul Gaetan, Conte de Girgenti, fiul regelui Ferdinand al II-lea al celor Două Sicilii. Soțul ei s-a sinucis trei ani mai târziu.

Primii ani

Născută la Palatul Regal din Madrid la 20 decembrie 1851, a fost fiica cea mare a reginei Isabella a II-a a Spaniei și a soțului ei, regele consort, Francisc al Spaniei. Nașterea ei a fost așteptată cu nerăbdare deoarece mama ei născuse anterior doi copii care au murit la scurtă vreme. În epoca tumultuoasă a revoltelor carliste și a războiului civil, Isabella a fost imediat recunoscută ca moștenitoare la tronul mamei sale și i s-a acordat titlul tradițional de prințesă de Asturia.

Isabella a fost botezată de arhiepiscopul de Toledo cu numele María Isabel Francisca de Asís Cristina Francisca de Paula Fernanda Luisa Josefa Trinidad Joaquina Ana Melchora Gaspara Baltasara María del Olvido Dolores Pilar Concepción Carmen Desamparados Filomena Micaela Rafaela Gabriela Dominga de la Cogolla Tomasa Teresa Rita Lucía Águeda Bárbara Bibiana María de la Cabeza Isidra Rosalía Polonia Lugarda Ramona de Cosme Damiana Antonia de San Antón Juana Bautista Vicenta de Ferrer Genara Francisca de Borja Blasa Jacoba de Roque Caralampia y de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Borbón. După nașterea ei, mama ei a mai născut două fiice care au trăit doar scurtă vreme și doi fii care au murit la naștere.

Isabella avea șase ani când s-a născut fratele ei mai mic, viitorul rege Alfonso al XII-lea; au urmat surorile ei: Infanta María și Infanta Eulalia. Isabella și-a pierdut titlul de Prințesă de Asturia după nașterea fratelui ei, la 2 noiembrie 1857, și a fost crescută separat de restul fraților ei.

Mariajul părinților ei avea probleme. Mama ei a fost căsătorită împotriva dorinței ei la vârsta de 16 ani cu vărul ei primar, Francis, Duce de Cádiz. Regina n-a putut trece peste antipatia față de efeminatul ei soț; ea și-a găsit repede consolarea în brațele altor bărbați. Istoricii și biografii au atribuit paternitatea infantei Isabella lui Juan de Arana, un aristocrat spaniol tânăr și frumos, favoritul reginei Isabella de atunci.

După ce fratele ei a accedat la tronul Spaniei la 29 decembrie 1874, deoarece nu avea încă moștenitori, Isabella în vârstă de 23 de ani a devenit încă o dată moștenitoare a tronului și deținătoare a titlului de Prințesă de Asturia. Și-a pierdut titlul în 1880 după nașterea primului copil al lui Alfonso, Mercedes, Prințesă de Asturia.

Căsătorie

Ca moștenitoare prezumptivă a coroanei Spaniei și numai cu un frate cu o sănătate delicată care o separa de tron, exista un interes mare la mâna infantei. Primul ministru Antonio Cánovas del Castillo a vrut s-o căsătorească cu Prințul Amadeo de Savoia a cărui soră, Maria Pia, se căsătorise recent cu Luis I al Portugaliei. Regina nu a fost încântată de propunere și în cele din urmă proiectul a eșuat.

Din motive politice, Isabella a II-a a trebuit să recunoască unificarea Italiei sub coroana de Savoia, și, pentru a-i compensa pe verii ei de Bourbon-Două Sicilii care s-au supărat la această recunoaștere, regina a aranjat căsătoria fiicei ei cu unul dintre frații vitregi ai recent detronatului rege, Francisc al II-lea al celor Două Sicilii, Prințul Gaetan, Conte de Girgenti, fiul regelui Ferdinand al II-lea al celor Două Sicilii și al Arhiducesei Maria Theresa de Austria. Prințul Gaetan își pierduse recent mama și unul dintre frații săi mai mici iar familia avea dificultăți financiare. Gaetan era văr primar atât al mamei Isabellei cât și a tatălui ei.

Nici Isabella nici Gaetan nu erau încântați de proiectul căsătoriei; Gaetan era înalt, bun la suflet și frumos însă fără nici un ban, chinuit de probleme de sănătate și cunoscut pentru lipsa lui de intelect. Isabella era scundă, blondă, cu ochi albaștri, cuminte, conservatoare și încăpățânată.

Căsătoria a avut loc cu mare pompă la 13 mai 1868. După nuntă, tânărul cuplu a plecat în luna de miere; în drumul lor de întoarcere spre Spania, în timp ce-l vizitau pe Napoleaon al III-lea și pe împărăteasa Eugénie la Fontainebleau, ei au primit vestea că revoluția a costat-o pe Isabela a II-a tronul. Gaetan s-a grăbit să ajungă în Spania unde a luptat apărând monarhia în bătălia de la Alcolea; înfrângerea a marcat sfârșitul domniei reginei Isabella a II-a, care a trecut granița în Franța împreună cu familia regală. În exil, regina detronată s-a stabilit la Paris unde o aștepta fiica ei Isabella. Inițial, infanta Isabella și Gaetan au locuit și ei la Paris într-o casă aparținând unchiului lui Gaetan.

Timp de doi ani cuplul a făcut o serie de călătorii în Europa vizitând Austria, Germania și Anglia căutând zadarnic să îmbunătățească sănătatea lui Gaetan. Gaetan reușise să ascundă soției sale că era epileptic însă într-o seară a făcut o criză în fața Isabellei; infanta care era însărcinată a suferit un avort spontan. Pierderea copilului, pierderea coroanei și sănătatea în declin l-au scufundat pe Gaetan într-o depresie adâncă și a încercat să se sinucidă. De atunci nu i s-a mai permis să stea singur. Totuși, la 26 noiembrie 1871, în timp ce stăteau la un hotel în Lucerna, Elveția, Gaetan a reușit să se blocheze într-o cameră și s-a împușcat în cap. A fost găsit în viață însă a murit la scurt timp.

Tânăra văduvă în vârstă de 20 de ani, Infanta Isabella, care se atașase profund de soțul ei, a jelit moartea lui tragică. S-a mutat la palatul Castille din Paris împreună cu mama ei.

Spania

La 29 decembrie 1874, fratele infantei, Alfonso al XII-lea, a fost instalat pe tronul Spaniei. După scurtă vreme, Infanta Isabella a fost chemată de guvern în Spania ca Prima Doamnă de la curte și ca moștenitoare prezumptivă a coroanei spaniole. În această perioadă au existat diferite proiecte de căsătorie. Arhiducele Ludwig Salvator de Austria, care trăia în Spania, a fost prima alegere a guvernului însă din cauza comportamentului lui excentric, proiectul a fost abandonat. Un alt candidat a fost Prințul Arnulf de Bavaria însă Isabella nu a vrut să se recăsătorească iar fratele ei - de care ea era foarte atașată - i-a respectat dorința.

Isabella a servit ca gid pentru tânăra sa verișoară, regina Mercedes, care s-a căsătorit cu fratele ei în 1880 și care a înlocuit-o ca Prima Doamnă a regatului. După moartea timpurie a reginei Mercedes, Isabella a ales-o pe Arhiducesa Maria Christina de Austria ca noua ei cumnată și a promovat-o ca soție a fratelui ei. Ea era nepoată a unei bune prietene a Isabellei, Maria Christina de Savoia, care era mamă vitregă a lui Gaetan.

Moartea timpurie a fratelui ei a fost o lovitură teribilă pentru Isabella care prețuia relația lor. Ea a fost o figură influentă în timpul regenței Maria Cristina de Austria și a susținut-o pe cumnata sa; Isabella a devenit a doua mamă a copiilor fratelui ei.

Isabella era foarte populară și respectată în Spania.

Isabella a murit la 23 aprilie 1931, la vârsta de 79 de ani, în exil în Franța. A murit la cinci zile după ce nepotul ei, regele Alfonso al XIII-lea al Spaniei a pierdut tronul spaniol și întreaga familie regală a plecat în exil. Cea mai mare parte a bijuteriilor sale i le-a lăsat lui Alfonso al XIII-lea iar faimoasa ei tiara Mellerio Shell este purtată frecvent de regina Sofía a Spaniei. În 1991, regele Juan Carlos al Spaniei a ordonat transferul rămășițelor ei din Franța în Spania.

Arbore genealogic

Nașteri în 1851
Decese în 1931
Casa de Bourbon
Casa de Bourbon-Două Sicilii
Prințese spaniole
Prințese de Asturia

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Tuesday, 26 April 2022 / Published in All news
LONDON — Carlos Alcaraz moved up to No. 9 in the ATP rankings on Monday, a little more than a month before he turns 19, making him the youngest man to break into the top 10 since Rafael Nadal did it exactly 17 years ago.
Alcaraz rose two spots after winning the Barcelona Open on Sunday. He beat Pablo Carreno Busta 6-3, 6-2 in the final.
At 18 years, 11 months and 20 days old, Alcaraz is the ninth-youngest man to reach the top 10 since the computer rankings began in 1973. His fellow Spaniard Nadal was about a month younger when he climbed into the top 10 on April 25, 2005, after a title on Barcelona's clay.
The youngest man to crack that elite level on the ATP Tour was Aaron Krickstein, who was 11 days past his 17th birthday when he made his debut in the top 10 in August 1984.
Alcaraz is tied with Nadal for the most ATP titles in 2022 with three; his 23 match wins are second behind only Stefanos Tsitsipas, who has 24 victories this season.
Novak Djokovic remained at No. 1 after finishing as the runner-up to Andrey Rublev in the Serbia Open, with Daniil Medvedev still at No. 2, Alexander Zverev at No. 3 and Nadal at No. 4.
Nadal, owner of a men's-record 21 Grand Slam singles championships, has been in the top 10 every week since he first got there.
The only changes in the WTA top 10 involved Paula Badosa's rise to a career-high No. 2, behind No. 1 Iga Swiatek. Badosa moved up one spot, switching places with 2021 French Open champion Barbora Krejcikova, who dropped to No. 3.

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» Transposable Elements
Last Updated on Tue, 16 Oct 2018 | Transposable Elements
Figure 3-25 Fluorescent label of the nuclear spindle (green) and chromosomes (blue) in mitosis: (a) before the chromatids are pulled apart; (b) during the pulling apart. [From J. C. Waters, R. W. Cole, and C. L. Rieder, J. Cell Biol. 122, 1993, 361; courtesy of C. L. Rieder.]
3. Anaphase: The sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell by microtubules that attach to the centromeres. The microtubules are part of the nuclear spindle, a set of parallel fibers running from one pole of the cell to the other.
Nuclear spindle fibers provide the motive force that pulls apart the chromosomes or chromatids in mitosis and meiosis (Figure 3-25). In nuclear division, spindle fibers form parallel to the cell axis, connected to one of the cell poles. These spindle fibers are polymers of a protein called tubulin. Each centromere acts as a site to which a multiprotein complex called the kinetochore binds (Figure 3-26). The kinetochore acts as the site for attachment to spindle fiber microtubules. From one to many microtubules from one pole attach to one kinetochore, and a similar number from the opposite pole attach to the kinetochore on the homologous chromatid. Although the microtubules of the spindle appear like ropes, their action is not ropelike. Instead the tubulin depolymerizes at the kinetochores, shortening the microtubule and thereby pulling the sister chromatids apart (Figure 3-27). Later, the chromatids are further separated by the action of molecular motor proteins acting on another set of microtubules not connected to the kinetochore but running from pole to pole. The spindle apparatus and the complex of kinetochores and centromeres are what determine the fidelity of nuclear division.
Early anaphase
Kinetochore microtubules
Kinetochore microtubules depolymerize at kinetochore ends, and kinetochores move toward poles
Chromatids
Centromeric chromatin Fibrous corona
Kinetochore
Outer plate
Inner plate
Figure 3-26 Microtubule attachment to the kinetochore.
Microtubules are attached to the kinetochore at the centromere region of the chromatid in animal cells. The kinetochore is composed of an inner and outer plate and a fibrous corona. [Adapted from A. G. Pluta et al., Science 270, 1995, 1592; taken from H. Lodish, A. Berk, S. L. Zipursky, P. Matsudaira, D. Baltimore, and J. Darnell, Molecular Cell Biology, 4th ed. Copyright 2000 by W. H. Freeman and Company.]
Region of depolymerization
Figure 3-27 Microtubule action. The microtubules exert pulling force on the chromatids by depolymerizing into tubulin subunits at the kinetochores. [Adapted from G. J. Gorbsky, P. J. Sammak, and G. Borisy, J. Cell Biol. 104, 1987, 9; and G. J. Gorbsky, P. J. Sammak, and G. Borisy, J. Cell Biol. 106, 1988, 1185; modified from H. Lodish, A. Berk, S. L. Zipursky, P. Matsudaira, D. Baltimore, and J. Darnell, Molecular Cell Biology, 4th ed. Copyright 2000 by W. H. Freeman and Company.]
4. Telophase: Chromatids have arrived at the poles and the pulling-apart process is complete. A nuclear membrane reforms around each nucleus, and the cell divides into two daughter cells. Each daughter cell inherits one of each pair of sister chromatids, which now become chromosomes in their own right.
Thus overall, the main events of mitosis are replication and sister chromatid adhesion, followed by segregation of the sister chromatids into each daughter cell. In a diploid cell, for any chromosomal type the number of copies goes from 2 :4 : 2. A full description of mitosis in a plant is given for reference in Figure 3-28.
Even though early investigators did not know about DNA or that it is replicated during interphase, it was still evident from observing mitosis under the microscope that mitosis is the way in which the chromosome number is maintained during cell division. But the sex cycle still presented a puzzle. Two gametes join in the fertilization event. The early investigators knew that in this process two nuclei fuse but that the chromosome number of the fusion product nevertheless is the stan dard for that species. What prevents the doubling of the chromosome number at each generation? This puzzle was resolved by the prediction of a special kind of nuclear division that halved the chromosome number. This special division, which was eventually discovered in the gamete-producing tissues of plants and animals, is called meiosis. A simplified representation of meiosis is shown in the lower panel of Figure 3-24.
Meiosis is the general name given to two successive nuclear divisions called meiosis I and meiosis II. Meiosis takes place in special diploid cells called meiocytes. Because of the two successive divisions, each meiocyte cell gives rise to four cells, 1 cell: 2 cells: 4 cells. The four cells are called products of meiosis. In animals and plants, the products of meiosis become the haploid gametes. In humans and other animals, meiosis takes place in the gonads, and the products of meiosis are the gametes—sperm (more properly, spermatozoa) and eggs (ova). In flowering plants, meiosis takes place in the anthers and ovaries, and the products of meiosis are meiospores, which eventually give rise to gametes.
Before meiosis, an S phase duplicates each chromosome's DNA to form sister chromatids, just as in mitosis.
Telophase. A nuclear membrane re-forms around each daughter nucleus, the chromosomes uncoil, and the nucleoli reappear-all of which effectively re-form interphase nuclei. By the end of telophase, the spindle has dispersed, and the cytoplasm has been divided into two by a new cell membrane.
Anaphase. The pairs of sister chromatids separate, one of a pair moving to each pole. The centromeres, which now appear to have divided, separate first. As each chromatid moves, its two arms appear to trail its centromere; a set of V-shaped structures results, with the points of the V's directed at the poles.
Early prophase. The chromosomes become distinct for the first time. They get progressively shorter through a process of contraction, or condensation, into a series of spirals or coils; the coiling produces structures that are more easily moved.
Late prophase. As the chromosomes become visible, they appear double-stranded, each chromosome being composed of two longitudinal halves called chromatids. These "sister" chromatids are joined at the centromere. The nucleoli-large intranuclear spherical structures-disappear at this stage. The nuclear membrane begins to break down, and the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm become one.
4 Mitotic metaphase
Metaphase. The nuclear spindle becomes prominent. The spindle is a birdcage-like structure that forms in the nuclear area; it consists of a series of parallel fibers that point to each of two cell poles. The chromosomes move to the equatorial plane of the cell, where the centromeres become attached to a spindle fiber from each pole.
Figure 3-28 Mitosis. The photographs show nuclei of root-tip cells of Lilium regale. [After J. McLeish and B. Snoad, Looking at Chromosomes. Copyright 1958, St. Martin's, Macmillan.]
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With many NHS staff unvaccinated against flu, Natalie Beswetherick, the CSP's director of practice and development, asked: 'I have had my flu jab. Have you?'
Physio Stuart Barker is vaccinating staff at East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust – where take up is 70 per cent and growing
She also gave a stark seasonal warning: 'With NHS resources overstretched, an increase in sickness because of flu could be devastating.'
Last winter, about 40 per cent of frontline healthcare workers did not get a flu vaccine, said NHS Employers. The figure was an improvement on the previous year, when about 50 per cent of staff were unvaccinated.
This October NHS England wrote to all 1.4 million NHS staff, reminding them of their professional duty to protect patients by being vaccinated.
It said that many people with flu show no symptoms, meaning healthcare workers who feel fit and healthy can unwittingly infect vulnerable patients.
Ms Beswetherick said she had significant concerns that Australia's flu crisis could be heading over to the UK. The Guardian reported that Australia had endured one of its worst flu seasons in more than a decade. At least 170,000 flu cases had been confirmed this season, almost two-and-a-half times more than in 2016.
There is positive news from the north of England, however. At East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust where 70 per cent of staff have been vaccinated so far, physiotherapist Stuart Barker is helping to reach the 100 per cent target.
Mr Barker is occupational health therapy team leader at the trust and this year – for the first time – he has been vaccinating his colleagues.
Sickness absences among the nurses – who usually vaccinate staff – left the trust short of people to do this, and Mr Barker stepped in.
'It's been good to be involved in a project that's vital to keeping our trust staff healthy through the winter,' he said. 'From a physio point of view, it shows that our profession can be involved in a broad range of treatments.'
To allow him to vaccinate staff, his manager and the pharmacy department collaborated to draw up a local patient group directive. This was agreed by the trust's board.
Mr Barker explained that the directive allows the administration of medications to groups of people, without the need for individual prescriptions.
Another reason he was able to step in was that, last year, he completed a prescribing course: 'The plan is for me to prescribe occupational health-related vaccines, for hepatitis B, MMR and varicella.'
But for all NHS staff, Ms Beswetherick's firm message is: 'I urge anyone working in the NHS to get vaccinated.
'It's important to protect yourself, your family and the patients that you care for.'
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The PULSAR Financial Reporting Frameworks Community of Practice (FinCoP) aims to support government officials manage public sector accounting reforms through gap analysis, developing reform strategies and roadmaps, and implementing improvements in areas including legislation, standard setting, regulation and enforcement, and information technology.
It also seeks to improve the links between financial, management, statistical, performance, and budget reporting, and develop good practices and knowledge products to respond to the practitioners' challenges identified in strengthening public sector accounting (PSA) frameworks. FinCoP includes practitioners from ministries of finance and treasuries of beneficiary countries in charge of PSA development.


"Mrs. Warren's Lodger," the episode of The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes broadcast on NBC Radio 7 December 1941, is remarkable for several reasons. It's among only several dozen plays in the series that have been preserved, out of more than 200 that were produced. To my knowledge, it's one of just five Rathbone/Bruce shows surviving from the first five seasons of the series, which began in 1939 (and one of the others is incomplete). Most of the salvaged broadcasts date to 1945 and 1946. By that time, the writers long since had depleted the plots of Doyle's original story collection and were on their own, improvising altogether new tales. "Mrs. Warren's Lodger," by contrast, adhered closely to the story line of Doyle's "The Adventure of the Red Circle" (although Inspector Gregson and Leverton, the American detective, were written out, apparently to shorten the production to the half-hour constraint of the radio format).
Most fascinating is the network announcer's interruption, a third of the way into the broadcast, stating that President Franklin Roosevelt would address a joint session of Congress the following day at noon. What momentous event could have prompted such an intrusion into one of the most popular radio shows of the era? In a word: war.
The actor who voiced villainous Col. Sebastian Moran in the 1990s BBC radio dramatization of "The Empty House" previously portrayed pioneering conservationist Jim Corbett in a BBC-TV docu-drama titled Man-Eaters of India. His name?
In the BBC version, Billy is altogether absent from the tale. It is Mrs. Watson, the landlady, who handles such housekeeping tasks. It is she—a woman somewhat advanced in years, we've always assumed—who is asked to summon the ruffian boxer up to Holmes' rooms. With no slight display of wryness, the writers let Doyle's original dialogue stand.
"Ask him to come up, please," Holmes instructs.
Those who understand the original role which was played by Billy, the strapping page, undoubtedly are—in the vernacular of the Web generation—ROTFL.
Ralph Cosham renders fine, unabridged readings in an earnest, friendly voice. While these are straightforward narratives—not audio dramatizations (such as those delivered so effectively by Robert Hardy in the 1980s)—Cosham makes the stories his own and deserves a place of honor among the many "voices" of Sherlock Holmes. Not counting Hardy, whose recordings are altogether unique, Cosham is among my five favorite Holmes readers.
The set includes notes on Doyle and the Holmes series as well as publication details concerning each of the five tales. Truly a collector's treasure.
From late January to April, you can obtain a printed series of Sherlock Holmes magazettes as they appeared originally (with illustrations) in The Strand Magazine. The series is produced by Stanford University (http://sherlockholmes.stanford.edu). From 26 January to 13 April, 12 selected stories are being reissued in magazette print format. The cost for subscribing to the series is $20.
Stanford in 2003 began publishing replicated reprints from its Special Collections. Three Dickens novels were produced first, followed last year by Stanford's first series of Holmes tales. While you're at the Web site, check out the literary archives.
Note that these are print productions, not audio-visual. Of course, after you download any text (PDF, HTML or word processing format) file of period literature, you can have your computer read it aloud to you. If you've yet to experiment with automated reader utilities, they're worth testing. Read-aloud functions come free with certain popular software applications. The early (1990s-vintage) electronic reading "voices" sound horribly robotic—often to the point of incomprehensibility. Newer voices are much more "human"-sounding. Some voices can be downloaded free, others for a fee. In future blogs, we'll examine read-aloud (text-to-speech) technology and its potential value for studying and enjoying the literature of Doyle and other classic authors.
In "The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" radio series, what actor replaced Basil Rathbone as Holmes for the 1946-47 season?
The BBC Radio productions of the Sherlock Holmes stories and novels, produced during the 1980s and '90s, are outstanding. I've collected them all, and they're among my favorite lunchtime audio breaks.
First, the voices and stylistic deliveries of Clive Merrison (Holmes) and Michael Williams (Watson) are maddeningly similar. Unless you know the stories well, you likely will be baffled regularly as to which character is speaking.
Second, while the writing/production team turned out highly commendable broadcasts—freshly rendering the various adventures and intrigues while remaining essentially true to Doyle's published plots and characterizations—they sometimes went to problematic lengths for the sake of originality. Abrupt and rapid scene shifts leave even dedicated Holmesians confused as to what's going on, in some of the presentations. Important background information and character associations contained in the published tales often are missing. As I listen and relisten, I suspect this series of radio plays was crafted specifically for Holmes aficionados, with little regard for newcomers to the canon.


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On 6th March 2018 AnnanTech Ltd. and Kingston Business School presented their collaboration's findings to a lively group of professionals from banking and academia. The research focused on studying the specifics of information technology (IT) integration in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in banking.
Amanda Annandale (Director, AnnanTech), Brett Annandale (CEO, AnnanTech) and Dr Serhiy Kovela (Kingston Business School) embarked on the project with the view to systematise rather patchy public knowledge on IT integration in banking M&A and propose a comprehensive guidance for practitioners in this field. The result of such an approach is a rich and deep picture of issues currently prevailing on this subject. It combines a systematic literature review of both academic and practitioner-oriented sources with a variety of views from a diverse body of leading industry practitioners representing 181 years of hands-on experience in M&A IT integration projects in banking.
Amanda Annandale then discussed the optimal structure of the M&A IT integration process and the implications of applying it for divisions and individuals involved in the integration process. She also outlined the institutional changes banks needed to implement to successfully deliver the M&A IT integration. Amanda also explored whether full integration was always a desired and practical scenario for banks engaging in M&A. Lastly, she identified the appropriate degree of IT due diligence and approaches to risk management within the M&A IT integration projects.
Brett Annandale finished off the presentation by discussing the elicited base principles and criteria for creating a composite framework catering for a broad number of banking M&A IT integration scenarios and proposed an initial version of the framework.
The event also featured an independent contributor Simon Burrows, Managing Director at Payments Fintech, who discussed the legislation and policies related to the IT integration projects in banking M&A. Special attention was paid to recent significant developments in this space, such as PSD2, GDPR and Open Banking.
The briefing was well attended and attracted an audience from both from the practitioner's world, banking industry specialists and consultants, and academia including Kingston's Vice Pro Chancellor Professor Martyn Jones. The Q&A section stirred up an interesting and revealing discussion, which further reinforced some of the findings presented on the day.
The team are expressing their gratitude to the event co-sponsor, IBM UK, and to all the contributors and attendees for constructive feedback and engaging questions. We hope that the study is a start of a broader dialogue within both professional and academic communities and the beginning of further collaborative work in this important area.


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Evaluation of Elemental Concentrations in Human Tissues and Body Fluids
K. Heydorn
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Article in proceedings › Research
Elements in Health and Disease
H.M. Said, M.A. Rahman, L.A. D'Silva
Hamdard University Press
2. International Conference - Karachi, 6-10 Feb
2. International Conference
Karachi, 6-10 Feb
Bait al-Hikmat Publication Series, 1
Heydorn, K. (1989). Evaluation of Elemental Concentrations in Human Tissues and Body Fluids. In H. M. Said, M. A. Rahman, & L. A. D'Silva (Eds.), Elements in Health and Disease (pp. 347-359). Hamdard University Press. Bait al-Hikmat Publication Series, 1
Heydorn, K. / Evaluation of Elemental Concentrations in Human Tissues and Body Fluids. Elements in Health and Disease. editor / H.M. Said ; M.A. Rahman ; L.A. D'Silva. Karachi : Hamdard University Press, 1989. pp. 347-359 (Bait al-Hikmat Publication Series, 1).
@inproceedings{2cdcb69a5f2f49ea8911c36ad1204ee2,
title = "Evaluation of Elemental Concentrations in Human Tissues and Body Fluids",
author = "K. Heydorn",
series = "Bait al-Hikmat Publication Series, 1",
editor = "H.M. Said and M.A. Rahman and L.A. D'Silva",
booktitle = "Elements in Health and Disease",
publisher = "Hamdard University Press",
note = "2. International Conference ; Conference date: 01-01-1987",
Heydorn, K 1989, Evaluation of Elemental Concentrations in Human Tissues and Body Fluids. in HM Said, MA Rahman & LA D'Silva (eds), Elements in Health and Disease. Hamdard University Press, Karachi, Bait al-Hikmat Publication Series, 1, pp. 347-359, 2. International Conference, Karachi, 6-10 Feb, 01/01/1987.
Evaluation of Elemental Concentrations in Human Tissues and Body Fluids. / Heydorn, K.
Elements in Health and Disease. ed. / H.M. Said; M.A. Rahman; L.A. D'Silva. Karachi : Hamdard University Press, 1989. p. 347-359 (Bait al-Hikmat Publication Series, 1).
T1 - Evaluation of Elemental Concentrations in Human Tissues and Body Fluids
AU - Heydorn, K.
M3 - Article in proceedings
T3 - Bait al-Hikmat Publication Series, 1
BT - Elements in Health and Disease
A2 - Said, H.M.
A2 - Rahman, M.A.
A2 - D'Silva, L.A.
PB - Hamdard University Press
CY - Karachi
T2 - 2. International Conference
Heydorn K. Evaluation of Elemental Concentrations in Human Tissues and Body Fluids. In Said HM, Rahman MA, D'Silva LA, editors, Elements in Health and Disease. Karachi: Hamdard University Press. 1989. p. 347-359. (Bait al-Hikmat Publication Series, 1).


text:
Home/CULTURE
Bluntness Kitchen Chefs: Meet Chef Hawaii Mike Salman
By Taylor Engle
Chef Hawaii Mike has a lot happening, and he still makes time for the Bluntness Kitchen /
The Bluntness Kitchen is a creative and culinary-focused online cannabis community like no other. In this virtual space, the cooking curious come together to share recipes, ideas, and inspiration – from top chefs to complete novices and everything in between.
Whether you have cannabis experience, cooking experience, both, or neither, we've designed this arena to fuel the increased awareness and education surrounding cannabis-infused cooking. To do so, we bring some of the most accomplished and well-respected chefs in the industry to the forefront, sharing valuable cannabis cooking content, insights, tips, and how-to's, you simply won't be able to find anywhere else.
This profile series follows the Bluntness Kitchen Chefs, shedding light on their rich and varied backgrounds, what motivates them, and why they joined the Bluntness Kitchen.
Today's chef profile highlights the work of Chef Hawaii Mike Salman: a Brooklyn-based creator who co-founded the social dining experience Chef for Higher.
Cannabis Dining Experiences, Getting Inspired by Travel, and Opting for Sous Vide
While most of the chefs we profile got their start with making food because of family tradition or an early job at a restaurant, Salman first discovered cooking out of the desire to meet his own needs: raised vegan by his mother, he didn't get the chance to explore a lot of different types of food, and that initial curiosity informed his pursuit of the craft.
"I never cooked at a restaurant or for a job – I learned how to cook from my father, and eventually began working as a prep cook along the way," Salman said.
Today, he has seven years of chef experience under his belt, after pivoting from his previous roles in magazine publication, brand strategy and development, and strategic marketing.
He's carried that expertise into the culinary and cannabis realms, launching Chef for Higher as a way to both hone his cooking infusion skills and create a platform for experience: one founded on the simple building blocks of food, weed, and good company.
"Food is a cultural glue and one of the greatest common denominators. When we eat the same meal, we vibrate together bringing us to a higher level, united in our oneness," the Chef for Higher team wrote on their website.
Chef Hawaii Mike's Favorite Cooking Hack: "I love the sous vide method – a method of cooking that involves vacuum-sealing and immersing in warm water."
This technique is typically used in gourmet cooking – an air of culinary sophistication that Salman gracefully brings to cannabis infusion.
Although Salman has only been cooking professionally for seven years, his experience with cannabis in the kitchen dates back much longer than that. The chef began smoking weed when he was 12, and experimenting with cannabis-infused cooking as early as 14.
Chef Hawaii Mike's Favorite Recipes: "I love to make comfort food – foods for the soul that are relatable to a variety of cultures."
While cannabis-infused cooking has historically been limited to baking – i.e., brownies, cookies, or Rice Krispies treats – the latest generation of cannabis chefs have gotten much more experimental with their creations, and infused comfort food is an increasingly popular option for consumers to enjoy.
Chef Hawaii Mike's Top Cooking Influences: "I'm most inspired and influenced by traveling and experiencing different cultures – seeing how they do things differently and drawing from that."
Before foraying into cannabis and cooking, Salman's work experience was mainly in the music industry, where he also enjoyed a variety of cultures coming together to create something new and beautiful.
He's carried that cultural curiosity into cannabis, which is valuable and exciting for a sector of the industry that is continuing to expand and find new ways to express itself.
Chef Hawaii Mike's Signature Go-To Dish: "People always ask me to make fried chicken and banana pudding."
No matter what Salman is throwing down in the kitchen to create, his ultimate priority is always a calm atmosphere that is conducive to collaboration, creativity, and focusing on the win.
He's a major advocate for responsible consumption, so figuring out people's preferred dosage and tolerance levels is an essential part of the process for him – especially when curating a cannabis-infused dinner for several attendees.
The chef is also planning to launch Chef for Higher products in New York, which would allow consumers to take things into their own hands and infuse his style of gourmet creations at home if they wish.
What's Next for Chef Hawaii Mike: "We want to release those Chef for Higher products ASAP, which would initially include olive oil, coconut oil, honey, and habanero honey."
Don't Miss the AMA with Chef Hawaii Mike on January 9, 2023
Do you have any burning questions you want to ask Chef Hawaii Mike about cannabis cooking? Head over to the Bluntness Kitchen to RSVP for his AMA today.
Join Bluntness Kitchen today to connect with cannabis chefs from all backgrounds across the U.S., as well as other community members who share your passion and curiosity for infused cuisine.


Kevin Fleming is a renowned photographer residing at the Delaware beaches with art galleries in Rehoboth and Lews. Kevin has traveled the world as a photographer for National Geographic and has been recognized as America's Best Observer by Readers Digest. Visit the Kevin Fleming and Friends Gallery in Rehoboth Beach to view pieces of his collections and flip through his most recent books capturing the life and history of Delaware.


Greetings from Australia. A big thanks in advance for your information and advice on this site, as a quick look just now has already proven to be helpful.
Is it true that your gov is so anti-biker? Bikers loosing their companies? No more than 3 patched riders in a licensed public area?
Do you ride for a club? and if not, has this anti-biker movement affected you in any way?
They certainly deserved what they got.
on like you are untouchable. Some clubs here were getting out of hand.
despite what the media or a few scaremongers would have you believe.
We had an idiot Premier here in Qld but this was one thing I backed.
"Greetings from Australia. A big thanks in advance for your information and advice on this site, as a quick look just now has already proven to be helpful.
Where you from my good man?
Down the coast here, some ones gotta ride the great ocean road!


text:
Q: Android Studio Getting Image From Firebase storage Hi everyone im trying to get images from Firebase Storage, each one is named after the userID, the problem and putting the images in itemListView the problem is sometimes it shows the right image for a second then it changes to the same as the other user, but it grabs all the other information right

but all the arraylists i use to get the image, name and role are all correct in the same order

heres how im grabbing the info
 dbFirestore.collection("user_guild")
        .whereEqualTo("guildId", guildId)
        .get()
        .addOnSuccessListener { documents ->
            for (document in documents) {
                Log.d("Manage", "${document.id} => ${document.data}")
                var userIdD = document.data.get("userId") as String
                var userRank = document.data.get("admin")
                var admin = ""
                if(userRank == true){
                    admin = "Admin"
                }
                else{
                    admin = "Member"
                }
                if(admin == "Admin"){
                    guildAdmins.add(0,admin as String)
                    guildImageId.add(0, userIdD as String)
                }
                else{
                    guildAdmins.add(admin as String)
                  guildImageId.add(userIdD as String)
                }
                dbFirestore.collection("users")
                    .whereEqualTo("userId", userIdD)
                    .get()
                    .addOnSuccessListener { documents ->
                        for (document in documents) {
                            Log.d("Manage", "${document.id} => ${document.data}")
                            var userName = document.data.get("username")

                            if(admin == "Admin"){
                                guildMembers.add(0,userName as String)
                            }
                            else{
                                guildMembers.add(userName as String)
                            }

                            val userAdapter : CustomArrayAdapter = CustomArrayAdapter(
                                getContext() as Context,
                                guildMembers , guildAdmins,guildImageId, storageReference

                            )
                            binding.userList.adapter = userAdapter;
                            binding.userList.setOnItemClickListener { parent, view, position, id ->
                                Toast.makeText(this.context, "Clicked item : ${parent.getItemAtPosition(position)}",
                                    Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    .addOnFailureListener { exception ->
                        Log.w("Manage", "Error getting documents: ", exception)
                    }
            }
        }
        .addOnFailureListener { exception ->
            Log.w("Manage", "Error getting documents: ", exception)
        }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


At Frankfurt University, ISOE is involved in the interdisciplinary master's programme "Environmental Sciences (Master of Science)". It offers a continuative education in environmental sciences. What makes it so special is the way it combines aspects of social sciences and transdisciplinarity. Topics such as consumption or sustainable development are integrated via a transdisciplinary approach.
Within the master's programme, ISOE offers the main subject "Social Ecology". It includes themes such as social-scientific environmental research, structural aspects of environmental problems, social-ecological analyses of specific case studies and an introducing lecture in Social Ecology.
The master's programme is a joint project involving four different university departments: Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, Biology, Geography and Social Sciences together with ISOE.
If you require more information, please visit the Environmental Sciences master's programme on the Frankfurt University website or contact Diana Hummel.


text:
var StateMachine = {
  WILDCARD: '*'
};

StateMachine.create = function (cfg, target) {

  var fsm = target || cfg.target || {};
  var events = cfg.events || {};
  var callbacks = cfg.callbacks || {};

  for (var event in events) {
    fsm[event] = this.buildEvent(event, events[event]);
  }

  for (var name in callbacks) {
    if (callbacks.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
      fsm[name] = callbacks[name];
    }
  }

  fsm.current = cfg.initial || 'idle';

  fsm.is = function (state) {
    return (this.current === state) ? true : false;
  }

  fsm.can = function (event) {

    if (!events.hasOwnProperty(event) || !events[event].hasOwnProperty(this.current)) {
      return false;
    }

    return true;
  }

  fsm.cannot = function (event) {
    return !this.can(event);
  }

  return fsm;
};

StateMachine.buildEvent = function (event, events) {

  function ucfirst(str) {
    return str[0].toUpperCase() + str.slice(1);
  }

  return function () {
    //console.log(event + '()');

    if (this._pending) {
      console.log('transition pending:', event + '()', this._pending);
      return;
    }

    if (this.cannot(event)) {
      console.log('unable to transition', event + '()', this.current, events);
      return;
    }

    //  Callbacks

    //onBeforeEVENT
    //onBefore
    //onLeaveSTATE
    //onLeave
    //onStateSTATE
    //onEnterSTATE
    //onEnter
    //onEventEVENT
    //onAfterEVENT
    //onAfter
    var callbacks = [
      'onBefore' + ucfirst(event),
      'onBefore',
      'onLeave' + ucfirst(this.current),
      'onLeave',
      function () {
        console.log(this.current, '->', events[this.current]);
        this.current = events[this.current];
      },
      'onState' + ucfirst(events[this.current]),
      'onEnter' + ucfirst(events[this.current]),
      'onEnter',
      'onEvent' + ucfirst(event),
      'onAfter' + ucfirst(event),
      'onAfter'
    ];

    var iterate = function (callbacks) {
      var callback = callbacks.shift();

      //console.log('c', callback);

      if (!callback) {
        this._pending = null;
        //console.log('no more callbacks');
        return;
      }

      if (typeof callback === 'function') {
        callback.bind(this)();
        iterate(callbacks);
        return;
      }

      if (this[callback]) {
        this._pending = callback;
        var result = this[callback](function (cancel) {

          this._pending = null;

          if (cancel) {
            //  Cancel - do nothing
            return;
          }

          iterate(callbacks);
        }.bind(this), event, this.current, events[this.current]);

        //  Support Async Callback
        if (~['undefined', 'null'].indexOf(typeof result)) {
          //console.log('async detected', callback);
          return;
        }

        //  Support Promises
        if (typeof result === 'object' && typeof result.then === 'function') {
          result.then(function () {
            iterate(callbacks);
          }, function () {
            //  Cancel - do nothing
          });
          return;
        }

        if (result === true) {
          iterate(callbacks);
          return;
        }

        if (result === false) {
          //  Cancel
          return;
        }

        throw new Error('Unsupported callback return');
      }
      else {
        iterate(callbacks);
      }

    }.bind(this);

    iterate(callbacks);

  };
};

module.exports = StateMachine;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
4 lawyers quit case after DOJ decision on Stone prison time
WASHINGTON (AP) – Four lawyers who prosecuted Roger Stone have quit the case after the Justice Department said it would take the extraordinary step of lowering the amount of prison time it would seek for President Donald Trump's longtime ally and confidant.
The decision by the Justice Department came just hours after Trump complained that the recommended sentence for Stone was "very horrible and unfair."
The Justice Department said the sentencing recommendation was made Monday night, before Trump's tweet, and prosecutors had not spoken to the White House about it.
The four attorneys had signed onto a Monday court filing that recommended up to nine years in prison for Stone.


Posted in Heating Repair | Comments Off on Why Is My Furnace Tripping the Circuit Breaker?
The majority of homes in the U.S. have natural gas heating systems to provide them with winter warmth, most commonly a gas furnace or gas boiler. But people still feel cautious about using a gas-powered heater because of the fear of toxic exhausts and even explosions.
Posted in Heating | Comments Off on Is Gas Heating Safe?


text:
3 Ways Finance Can Help Their Companies Navigate 2021
We've entered a new year with a lot of uncertainty still ahead. Workday President and CFO Robynne Sisco shares how finance leaders can help the broader business navigate uncharted waters.
Robynne Sisco
Looking back on 2020, one thing the year showed us is that the world can change quickly, dramatically, and in some ways, permanently. Business leaders have navigated a lot over the years—such as the global financial crisis of 2008—and despite the significant impact of those challenging times, much returned to normal once we were through them. This time feels different.
One of the biggest priorities for business leaders globally will be assessing what the world will look like in 2021 and beyond—and how we can prepare for it. Among the top questions to consider: How are customer expectations changing, and what matters most to employees around how and where they work? Those answers will guide decisions about where companies should invest, to both meet the needs of business today and take advantage of the longer-term opportunities ahead.
What's more, the office of the CFO has an enormous role in helping the broader business manage uncertainty and make the best decisions for the future—giving finance professionals an unprecedented opportunity to lead. As I think about the year ahead, here are the areas finance teams can have the biggest impact in helping their organizations navigate 2021.
Agile technology—and an agile mindset—are now imperatives. It is truly an era of survival of the fittest—companies that can't move fast will be left behind. All of us need to model a wider range of scenarios, and be able to make better, more timely decisions. To do this, we need access to different information—and faster—than ever before.
This starts with technology. In 2020, we saw many companies' finance teams accelerating their digital initiatives after realizing they were being held back by legacy systems. Historically, finance has been hesitant to move off legacy technology—often because of the battle scars they've experienced from past implementations. I've been there in past roles, and no one wants to go through a painful two-year project only to see no real gains. Yet the pandemic has underscored the necessity of moving financial systems to the cloud to give businesses the agility they need—and the good news is these deployments are much shorter than onsite implementations, and with much greater value delivered at the end.
Having a change mindset will be a powerful advantage for finance teams as they continue to respond to shifting conditions and business needs.
But agility is not just about technology. In many instances, those struggling to adapt are teams who've done things the same way for years and are hesitant to challenge the status quo. Finance professionals today need a "change mindset" to help them adapt and thrive during these times. Does your team embrace and drive change? Do team members have the support to bring forth new ideas on how to do things and look for ways to improve?
Well before 2020, our finance team has prioritized hiring people who embrace change, which has served us well in recent months. We are also in the unique position to use our own products and are continuously trying out new Workday features and processes, which challenges and inspires us to think and work differently. Having a change mindset will be a powerful advantage for finance teams as they continue to respond to shifting conditions and business needs this year and beyond.
Take a continuous and dynamic planning approach. The future is hard to predict, so when it comes to financial planning, we know that most of the time we aren't going to hit the mark perfectly. What matters is limiting the degree of how wrong we are and adjusting quickly—especially as businesses will face more uncertainty for quite some time.
Traditional, static planning processes do not support the agility and speed that businesses need to navigate change today. Even before the pandemic emerged, 75% of CFOs said their planning processes did not equip them to be responsive to economic and geopolitical shifts.
Taking a continuous and dynamic planning approach enables finance to respond quickly and effectively to change, whether this is doing monthly, weekly, or even daily forecasting, or creating more flexibility in how you budget. For our finance team, the ability to take real-time data and create multiple scenarios has given us the insight to make better and timely decisions and execute on them quickly. We also ensure we don't allocate all funds upfront in case we need to react quickly and be able to financially support additional or shifting priorities.
Partner more closely with the office of the CIO. This past year, CFOs and CIOs have worked more closely together as organizations relied more heavily on technology to operate. This relationship will continue to be very important as businesses consider the post-pandemic world and which technology investments are going to be most valuable in the future.
I encourage finance leaders to build a strong relationship with the office of the CIO. That partnership has been invaluable to my organization, helping us be more agile and responsive to business needs during the past year. For example, early on in the pandemic, our CIO was able to help us create new reports to look at our accounts receivable balance by our customers' industries, giving us insight into the pandemic-driven risks inherent in our future cash collections and enabling us to proactively manage those risks.
While these times are challenging, they're also creating an opportunity for finance teams to demonstrate the value they bring to the rest of the business. And many of the things that finance is doing right now—investing in the right technologies, valuing a change mindset, continuous planning, and partnering with the CIO—will help us better guide our organizations through 2021 and beyond.
Finance Transformation Financial Planning and Analysis Leadership Organizational Agility Workday Leadership
Finance in a Digital World: Factory or Strategic Function?
Extracting insights from data is becoming more important for CFOs, as finance teams are expected to unlock value in an increasingly digitized world. Four CFOs describe their journeys at a recent Fortune event.
How the C-Suite Shaped the PGA European Tour's Digital Drive
The PGA European Tour's chief financial officer, chief technology officer, and chief people officer discuss finance, IT, and HR transformation against the backdrop of a global pandemic.


Extensometers represent a wide family of instruments, mainly designed to monitor relative displacement between two or more point.
MPBX multipoint borehole extensometers (also called rockmeters) are often used where displacement measurement between one fixed point and two or more point on the same axis is requested. It consists of an instrument head, up to 7 individual measuring rods of different lengths, each one attached to a bottom anchors. In the head electrical or vibrating wire displacement transducers, that allow remote monitoring, are installed. Alternatively also manual readings using a dial gauge can be taken. Measuring rods are available in different material to suit the project requirements (fiber glass, stainless steel or invar-steel).
The MEXID extensometer is a miniaturized version of the multipoint extensometer. Installation is permitted within a 50mm diameter borehole. The MEXID extensometer is supplied completely mounted with pre-installed electrical or vibrating wire displacement transducers to enable very fast and simple installation. Just unpack the MEXID, unreel it, insert the instrument into the borehole and grout the borehole.
Tunnel convergence measurements are carried out with a tape extensometer. Usual convergence scheme include 5 reference point distributed within a tunnel cross section. The tape extensometer permits to interconnect all points with the measuring device and to measure the relative distance and displacement between all measuring points. If reference points permit to fix also optical targets or prisms, convergence measurements will have also topographic redundancy.
Embankment extensometers are installed in large earth structures like earth fill dams where monitoring of horizontal deformations within the dam body is requested. It consists of a number of anchor plates interconnected by telescopic sensed elements equipped with a displacement transducer to form a continuous chain for strain and deformation monitoring.
Convergence extensometer is utilized to monitor the displacement between two points with high accuracy. Thanks to its carbon fiber extension rod, the convergence extensometer have very small thermal expansion elongation.


Pin Points is a new service for parents brought to you by the National Drug Prevention Alliance, recognising the large number of queries received on all aspects of Britain's drug problems. There is no charge for this service, but we survive by donations, which are always welcome - and sensibly used.
pink shaded background - See our Navigation Menu at the top of this page.
After you have read the basic information you can get more details by clicking on the picture circles below.
When you click on a picture circle below it will take you to the posts for that category.
When you have read these posts return to the Home page and click on a different circle.
Clicking on the Site Map menu link above will give you a navigation overview of our website.
Very few of us know much about drugs - what they are and what they do, who they affect, and in what way. Information is more often than not conflicting, and the technical language used just confuses the reader even more. This is why we are publishing Pin Points. Our aim is to give the general community basic information in plain words. We will add further pin points from time to time, and we may need to amend information, as new knowledge comes to light, but for now we will start with a few sections to give you a basic briefing on the subjects - drugs, parents, prevention and community.
Anything that alters the way you think, feel or act. Can be a natural substance or a synthetic one.
You may think your children are at risk from drugs. Sadly, any child from any family can become caught up in using drugs. Here is a lot of information to help parents.
Everybody knows Prevention is better than cure! Click here to learn about prevention.
Who should be involved? Everybody! Families, friends schools, workplaces, media the whole of society is part of the solution to the drugs problem.


Ralph Lauren is in the news again for another incorporation of cutting edge technology into its businesses. The brand has already created a smart shirt and hosted a 4-D holographic fashion show, so it should come as no surprise to anyone that they have found yet another way to push the industry forward.
Working with Oak Labs, a tech startup, the brand created a smart mirror for its fitting rooms. The mirror detects all clothing brought into the fitting room through RFID chips and then displays all types of details about the piece. Customers can also ping a sales representative for help with any piece of clothing, in addition to asking for style advice and "ordering" clothing items to be brought straight to their fitting room.
The mirror has five different language settings and can control the lighting in the fitting room to fit customers' preferences. Ralph Lauren has plans to roll this technology out to all of its other high profile stores in the coming months.
This is just the latest example of incorporating the latest technology into the shopping experience and is undoubtedly the shopping experience of the future.


Cipriani Club Residences. New York, NY.
Cipriani Club Residences (former Regent Wall Street Hotel then Custom House) (1842) (55 Wall St.) (9 floors). New York, NY. Architect: Isaiah Rogers + William A. Potter + McKim Mead & White.


text:
Q: program life in terms of paged segmentation memory I have a confusing notion about the process of segmentation & paging in x86 linux machines. Will be glad if some clarify all the steps involved from the start to the end.
x86 uses paged segmentation memory technique for memory management.
Can any one please explain what happens from the moment an executable .elf format file is loaded from hard disk in to main memory to the time it dies. when compiled the executable has different sections in it (text, data, stack, heap, bss). how will this be loaded ? how will they be set up under paged segmentation memory technique.
Wanted to know how the page tables get set up for the loaded program ? Wanted to know how GDT table gets set up. how the registers are loaded ? and why it is said that logical addresses (the ones that are processed by segmentation unit of MMU are 48 bits (16 bits of segment selector + 32 bit offset) when it is a bit 32 bit machine. how will other 16 bits be stored ? any thing accessed from ram must be 32 bits or 4 bytes how does the rest of 16 bits be accessed (to be loaded into segment registers) ?
Thanks in advance. the question can have a lot of things. but wanted to get clarification about the entire life cycle of an executable. Will be glad if some answers and pulls up a discussion on this.

A: Unix traditionally has implemented protection via paging. 286+ provides segmentation, and 386+ provides paging. Everyone uses paging, few make any real use of segmentation.
In x86, every memory operand has an implicit segment (so the address is really 16 bit selector + 32 bit offset), depending on the register used. So if you access [ESP + 8] the implied segment register is SS, if you access [ESI] the implied segment register is DS, if you access [EDI+4] the implied segment register is ES,... You can override this via segment prefix overrides.
Linux, and virtually every modern x86 OS, uses a flat memory model (or something similar). Under a flat memory model each segment provides access to the whole memory, with a base of 0 and a limit of 4Gb, so you don't have to worry about the complications segmentation brings about. Basically there are 4 segments: kernelspace code (RX), kernelspace data (RW), userspace code (RX), userspace data (RW).
An ELF file consists of some headers that pont to "program segments" and "sections". Section are used for linking. Program segments are used for loading. Program segments are mapped into memory via mmap(), this setups page-table entries with appropriate permissions.
Now, older x86 CPUs' paging mechanism only provided RW access control (read permission implies execute permission), while segmentation provided RWX access control. The end permission takes into account both segmentation and paging (e.g: RW (data segment) + R (read only page) = R (read only), while RX (code segment) + R (read only page) = RX (read and execute)).
So there are some patches that provide execution prevention via segmentation: e.g. OpenWall provided a non-executable stack by shrinking the code segment (the one with execute permission), and having special emulation in the page fault handler for anything that needed execution from a high memory address (e.g: GCC trampolines, self-modified code created on the stack to efficiently implement nested functions).

A: There's no such thing as paged segmentation, not in the official documentation at least. There are two different mechanisms working together and more or less independently of each other:

*

*Translation of a logical address of the form 16-bit segment selector value:16/32/64-bit segment offset value, that is, a pair of 2 numbers into a 32/64-bit virtual address.

*Translation of the virtual address into a 32/64-bit physical address.

Logical addresses is what your applications operate directly with. Then follows the above 2-step translation of them into what the RAM will understand, physical addresses.
In the first step the GDT (or it can be LDT, depends on the selector value) is indexed by the selector to find the relevant segment's base address and size. The virtual address will be the sum of the segment base address and the offset. The segment size and other things in segment descriptors are needed to provide protection.
In the second step the page tables are indexed by different parts of the virtual address and the last indexed table in the hierarchy gives the final, physical address that goes out on the address bus for the RAM to see. Just like with segment descriptors, page table entries contain not only addresses but also protection control bits.
That's about it on the mechanisms.
Now, in many x86 OSes the segment selectors that are used for applications are fixed, they are the same in all of them, they never change and they point to segment descriptors that have base addresses equal to 0 and sizes equal to the possible maximum (e.g. 4GB in non-64-bit modes). Such a GDT setup effectively means that the first step does no useful work and the offset part of the logical address translates into numerically equal virtual address.
This makes the segment selector values practically useless. They still have to be loaded into the CPU's segment registers (in non-64-bit modes into at least CS, SS, DS and ES), but beyond that point they can be forgotten about.
This all (except Linux-related details and the ELF format) is explained in or directly follows from Intel's and AMD's x86 CPU manuals. You'll find many more details there.

A: Perhaps read the Assembly HOWTO. When a Linux process starts to execute an ELF executable using the execve system call, it is essentially (sort of) mmap-ing some segments (and initializing registers, and a tiny part of the stack). Read also the SVR4 x86 ABI supplement and its x86-64 variant. Don't forget that a Linux process only see memory mapping for its address space and only cares about virtual memory
There are many good books on Operating Systems (=O.S.) kernels, notably by A.Tanenbaum & by M.Bach, and some on the linux kernel
NB: segment registers are nearly (almost) unused on Linux.


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Channel: Current Affairs
Xpat Insights: How Hungarians Evaluated 2015
7 Jan 2016 12:55 AM
Most people said last year had yielded positive results in general for their families but saw developments at a national level in a negative light, according to a survey by Ipsos - ZRI Závecz. Pollster Nézőpont reported that of the people asked in a December survey, 48% had optimistic expectations concerning the year ahead, as opposed to 34% at the end of 2014. They added that 32% voiced a pessimistic opinion.
The Ipsos survey showed that 50% of respondents were satisfied with their own financial situation in 2015, as opposed to 48% saying that the year had been bad in financial terms.
The poll also showed, however, a gap between the poor and those who are better off: while 90% of those in managerial positions thought their finances were good, only 30% of the middle aged and pensioner group held the same opinion and a mere 12% of the unemployed were satisfied.
Thirty-six percent of respondents said all aspects of their own lives were positive in 2015 and only 8% said the opposite.
Concerning the country as a whole, however, 62% said it was a bad year and 35% said 2015 was a good year for the nation.
Nézőpont said in its report that the political climate had changed; while support for the ruling parties had ebbed by the end of 2014, a year later the governing alliance had regained its support through its policies concerning the migration crisis.
"The country is not in a protest mood", the report said.
Forty-three percent of respondents in the Nézőpont survey said the country's economy improved in 2015, and 53% voiced expectations for further improvement, as opposed to 26% anticipating economic recession.
Both surveys were conducted on a representative sample of voting age adults last December.
Source www.hungarymatters.hu - Visit Hungary Matters to sign-up for MTI's twice-daily newsletter.
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