Mike Wimberley stood with a pickax in his hand as he looked over a vacant lot on Baldwin Street. He wore a pair of insulated coveralls and a hooded sweatshirt against the Saturday morning November cold. A group of student volunteers from the University of Michigan scurried around this and a nearby lot planting some 170 fruit trees and bushes donated by the Michigan State University Extension Service. Not even big enough to be called saplings, the plum, peach, blueberry, pecan, pear and apple plants look like sticks poking out from the ground in weeded lots. They could be switches your grandmother would send you out to gather so she could tan your hide.
Across the street from the lot, a boarded-up house sports a sign: For Sale, $500 down, minimum $295 a month. It's typical of the east side neighborhood near Van Dyke and Forest — boarded-up houses, empty lots — the look of desperation.
Then, as Wimberley takes me up the street to tour the area, a woman leans out of her upstairs window and hollers, "Good morning, Mike." He greets her and replies affirmatively when she asks if he'll be at church on Sunday. The exchange softens the hard feel of the surroundings. The personal warmth makes it seem more a neighborhood, a community.
Indeed, it is. They call it the Hope District, a self-help community, along East Forest between Mt. Elliott and Cadillac. The Hope District is a project of the Friends of Detroit and Tri County, a nonprofit with the mission to provide human services, vocational skills training, life management skills and an improved quality of life to inner-city residents. Wimberley has been associated with the group since its beginning in 1994; he's been executive director since 2002.
It's obvious why people in this community need hope. But it's not pie-in-the-sky hope the Friends are selling here. In a Detroit that's facing economic hardship beyond the national challenges, and beyond the depressed state economy, it's about taking things into your own hands. Even in Detroit, this is one of the tougher areas. It's not on the list of seven neighborhoods the city has designated for saving in its Next Detroit program. South of here, along the Jefferson corridor, Indian Village with its mansions and English Village with its newly built $300,000 condos behind St. John Hospital are islands of stability in a roiling sea of economic devastation. If and when the economy gets better, those areas will feel relief first. The Hope District may never get significant development dollars or attention from any government or foundation source.
They have taken possession of vacant lots, cleaned them up and reconfigured them for positive activities. One lot is called the Butterfly Dream Garden: Brightly painted tires create a butterfly-wing effect on either side of a central path cars sometimes cut across. Placards are mounted on poles for locals to write their dreams for themselves and the community. Kitty-corner to the Butterfly Dream Garden is a lot named Little Egypt, next to Zion Hope Missionary Baptist Church. Little Egypt is an open-air market for grassroots commerce. There is a wooden stage near the back of the lot for performances. They've added a table behind the bus stop bench along Van Dyke for the convenience of people waiting for the bus. Farther up Forest, a lot designated Miracle Park has a prayer circle and pathways forming a peace sign. There's a peace zone for life-coping skills. Fruit trees are planted there and on other lots in the area that also have vegetable gardens.
That's where the Friends of Detroit's 2,300-square-foot facility at 8230 E. Forest comes in. There's a fully equipped, licensed commercial kitchen there for culinary arts training. Seven sewing machines and a couple of irons sit in a corner of the main office, and six computers are spread around the room. These things speak to Wimberley's obsession with finding a way to generate skills and ways to earn money. They also speak to his frustration.
There are smaller rooms in the building that might house classrooms, clinics or some enterprise as things develop. But right now they sit empty and unheated as activities are kept mainly to one large central room. What money the organization has comes from donations and fledgling business activities. Partnerships with universities such as U-M and Lawrence Tech, and organizations such as the Boggs Center, where Wimberley sits on the board of directors, provide some of the ideological and intellectual grounding. Most of the work is done by volunteers.
The Hope District is a big undertaking. There are many grassroots efforts around Detroit neighborhoods with similar concerns, but Friends of Detroit and Tri County is obviously further along than others. It seems to be making a difference along a few blocks radiating out from the East Forest and Van Dyke intersection. It's got to be a tough struggle just to maintain that, let alone advance its sphere of impact.
There's a long-term vision at work here. You don't plant orchards expecting them to bloom this year or next. You plant trees when you are looking far into the future. It takes long-term care and hard work to see your efforts bear fruit.
I've written about Detroiters' lack of access to good, nutritional food and the efforts of some to create more opportunities before. Here's another enterprise early enough in its formative stages that you have an opportunity to have an impact on what direction it takes. The MOSES Supermarket Task Force, a coalition of various groups, is organizing to create a community grocery store.
The nature of the store — food co-op, worker-owned store or whatever — is yet to be determined. So far the coalition has created three committees: a management search, a location search and a group dedicated to getting people to come to the meetings. The next meeting will be on Dec. 9, at St. Cecilia Church on Livernois Avenue near Grand River. Registration is at 6 p.m. with the meeting at 6:30 p.m.
There are a lot of questions here. You might provide the answer.


text:
Could the UK Parliament change the rules on prorogation by voting in a new law?
Boris Johnson controversially scheduled a prorogation of 34 days recently, which means that the UK Parliament won't be able to pass new laws at a critical time when the UK is about to leave the European Union. But could the MPs get around the prorogation by passing a new law? Given that the Parliament is supreme in the UK, what could possibly stop them from completely rewriting the rules at will?
united-kingdom law parliament prorogation
JJ for Transparency and Monica
JonathanReezJonathanReez
Is Parliament supreme? I thought it was the Crown-in-Parliament. – Rupert Morrish Sep 3 '19 at 22:28
Aren't they trying to do that tomorrow on the more substantive matter of brexit itself? They won the schedule vote tonight. – Fizz Sep 3 '19 at 22:32
Passing laws takes time, which is in extremely short supply.
The final deadline is the 31st of October. The real deadline, at least at the moment, is the 17th of October (the final EU summit before Brexit day, and the last "regular" opportunity to ask for an extension). Parliament will be prorogued from some time next week (of the 9th of September) and return on the 14th of October. When they return, all pending legislation from the previous session is considered dead, and must be reintroduced from scratch. This means that each law must be passed entirely before or after the prorogation, and the process cannot be split across it.
For a bill to become law, it must, at an absolute minimum, get three readings in the Commons, three readings in the Lords, and then go to the monarch for royal assent. It will be extremely difficult to squeeze all of that into such a short window of time. Therefore, the MPs trying to prevent a no-deal outcome are focusing on completing the most critical legislation (to require the PM to request an extension at the aforementioned summit). A large-scale restructuring of the royal prerogative is simply too ambitious for the available time.
"This means that each law must be passed entirely before or after the prorogation, and the process cannot be split across it." It can, but it requires a specific resolution to be passed for each bill that is to be carried over in this way. – Steve Melnikoff Sep 4 '19 at 9:17
Yes, and Parliament has done so at least twice before. For example:
The Meeting of Parliament Act 1797, which effectively sets the minimum length of a prorogation.
The Prorogation Act 1867, which "[simplifies] the forms of prorogation during a recess of Parliament".
Steve MelnikoffSteve Melnikoff
Prorogation is a royal prerogative.
Parliament can modify royal prerogatives, or appropriate them, but to do so it requires the Queen's consent, which in practice means the consent of the government. (See here for an explanation of Queen's consent in the context of the September 2019 anti-no-deal bill).
Peter TaylorPeter Taylor
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged united-kingdom law parliament prorogation .
Can the UK parliament legislate on prorogation?
Will the British Parliament prevent "Brexit"?
Could the UK Parliament defy the delay on the meaningful vote and simply vote on it?
What is the latest date a general election in the UK can prevent a no-deal Brexit
According to UK government, Parliament cannot stop a no-deal Brexit: Could this also be used to push through the agreement agreed by Theresa May?
Is it necessary to hold a Queen's Speech, and prorogue parliament, to propose new bills?
Can proroguing Parliament have any practical effect on Brexit?
Can parliament stop the PM setting a GE date after 31 October?
What happens to the Queens Speech now?
Why did Boris Johnson fly home after the prorogation of parliament was declared illegal?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Click4trades are a complete Home Renovation / Maintenance service group based in the south eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria. Areas from Richmond to Mitcham or Oakleigh to Greensborough. Call us to see if we service your area or see our list of suburbs here.
We understand today people are looking for a good job at a reasonable price so if you are a property manager or a home owner looking for trades people give us a call and see how we compare. Small to large jobs, front gate to back garden our team of trades people will make sure its a top job, on time, on budget, every time.
Some of our services include: Handyman odd jobs, Lawn and Garden services, Painting, General Plumbing, All things Electrical, Both tiled and colorbond Roofing, Carpentry, Gutter & Window Cleaning plus much more, check out our services page for more information.
Or if you know what you want and would like to go straight to booking a free, no obligation quotation on any of our services simply fill in the form here or call 1800 4TRADES (1800 487 233) to speak to one of our friendly staff.
3 Generations of Home Improvements you can rely on………..!!


While working on a recent data conversion a data timestamp error occurred, where the legacy code and data was '0000-00-00' default stamp, which was causing errors in Netezza/PureData Analytics (PDA). '0000-00-00' is not a valid timestamp in Netezza and will produce a ' ERROR [HY000] ERROR: Bad timestamp external representation '0000-00-00'' notice.
When handling default dates in SQL and ETL's, generally speaking, '1901-01-01' or '0001-01-01' as use as defaults for null and/or invalid dates. Both of these dates and or timestamps will insert into Netezza, which I used a quick, simple, proof table to demonstrate, which were SQL extracted and in the table below.
Sometimes it is useful to be able to number data with its groups, which can be quickly and easily done using the Row Number function in Netezza. However, you do need to pay particular attention to you 'partition by' (conceptually a group by operation) field list and field order, as well as, you 'Order by' field list. Otherwise, you can get some bizarre results. it finds it helpful to think of them as having a parent, child, relationship. In this line of thought, your 'partition by' field list should usually have one less more field than your 'order by'. This is not an absolute rule but under normal circumstances your 'order by' field list should contain all the field in your 'partition by' and, occasionally, provide an order by direction (ascending or descending).


There is one thing about French ladies that makes them look effortlessly stylish and flawless. Perhaps, it has one thing to do with the truth that Parisian ladies don't search for perfection or transformation of any variety when doing their make-up. Instead, they depend on make-up solely to reinforce their pure options. Therefore, they wish to hold their make-up routine minimal and fast. This 'much less is extra' method helps them in nailing the barely-there make-up look whereas embracing their imperfections.
To break it down for you, we've put collectively some French make-up tips, a tutorial, a number of Parisian beauty secrets and techniques, and a bunch of cult-favorite make-up merchandise from well-liked French manufacturers. Read on to realize the eternally cool "I wakened like this" make-up look.
When it involves French make-up guidelines, it's all about putting the fitting stability. A heavily-colored lip is balanced by impartial eyes, whereas darkish eyeshadow is paired with a impartial lip shade. French ladies wish to hold it stylish, and their purpose is to realize a wholesome, natural-looking glow. You'll by no means discover their make-up trying cakey or stale. Here's what you might want to nail their look.
Before you start, cleanse your face and observe up with a toner. Apply a mild moisturizer and a lip balm to make your face and pout look contemporary and hydrated.
Strong lashes look extraordinarily flattering with a pure look. Curl your lashes with an eyelash roller, and use a metallic brown eye pencil to reinforce the areas between your high and backside lash strains. Apply some mascara to your high and backside lashes.
Brush your eyebrows with some forehead product on a spoolie to provide them a clear, groomed look. Remember, brows play an important position in any make-up look.
Use a dewy concealer in a shade that matches your pores and skin tone on areas that want protection, just like the under-eye space, spots, and redness. Blend it in completely to realize that pure, flawless protection. French make-up is all about minimalism, so that you don't want to make use of brushes. Your fingers work simply positive for this look.
Gently dab a balmy highlighter with minimal shimmer on to your cheekbones, the bridge of your nostril, Cupid's bow, and the inside corners of your eyes to make your options actually stand out. It additionally helps create a good, iridescent glow throughout your face.
And voila! Here's the ultimate 'French woman' look.
Now that you know the way to nail that chic French make-up look, take a look at the 5 finest French make-up merchandise that you should use to realize it.
This highlighter's cooling jelly impact is tremendous refreshing and excellent for each season. Its distinctive bouncy texture leaves your pores and skin with a dewy golden end that flatters each pores and skin tone. You can put it in your cheekbones, forehead bone, and Cupid's bow for an all-over, luminous glow that by no means fades away.
This sheer balm from Dior enhances your pure lip shade whereas moisturizing and defending your lips. Your lips look contemporary, full, and radiant as if revived from inside. If you're trying to obtain a pure flush of shade, this satin-finish lip balm hits that candy spot between make-up and skincare.
For probably the most pure flush of shade and protection, do this Lancome basis that goes on sheer and will be constructed to finish protection. It seems like pores and skin and permits your pores and skin to breathe. It additionally holds up by way of sweat, humidity, and water with out clogging your pores. It maintains your pores and skin's pH degree, so the colour stays put all day lengthy with out caking or creasing.
This cream blush from Sisley turns to powder upon contact together with your pores and skin to offer the advantages of two textures: the graceful, velvety end of a powder in a long-lasting creamy texture. It offers your cheeks probably the most pure flush of shade whereas nourishing your pores and skin. Here's the perfect half: this blush is tremendous weightless and it offers your pores and skin with an prompt dose of glow and radiance.
French ladies are huge on naturally robust and curled lashes. This conditioning gel from Talika Lipocils coats your lashes with a novel clear gel designed to complement hair fibers with strengthening components like lecithin and plant extracts. If you're trying to improve the pure beauty of your peepers by thickening, lengthening, and lending shine to your lashes, you might want to check out this product!
American and French kinds of make-up are sometimes pitted towards one another due to their conflicting approaches to beauty. Check out the following part to learn the way they're completely different.
While the American make-up routine is commonly about trying flawless, French make-up trends have a extra relaxed method. American ladies are additionally extra all in favour of fast options versus French ladies who regard beauty as a necessary, long-term funding. They stress extra on skincare from a really younger age, and so they undoubtedly don't appear to love spending hours earlier than an occasion to prepare. They are additionally much less flashy, and their fashion is extra about quiet magnificence.
Basically, the French like a simpler, extra pleasurable and pure method to beauty. You won't ever hear a French lady discuss concerning the hours she spent getting a blowout as a result of she nearly at all times wakes up with completely tousled hair.
Listed beneath are a number of beauty tips which you could observe to get the proper Parisian stylish look.
For the French, glowing, wholesome pores and skin is essential to their beauty routine – it's simply the French lifestyle. They be sure that to give attention to the prep earlier than placing something on their make-up. They are additionally strict about their nighttime cleaning routine and utilizing an SPF.
All this begins from a really younger age.
French ladies don't spend a ton of cash on too many merchandise. They select make-up and skincare that works for them – a number of necessities, and that's about it. You received't discover their vainness flooded with contour palettes and 4 completely different sorts of basis.
A daring purple lip is a style assertion for French ladies, and normally after they sport a purple lip, they don't put on some other make-up with it.
Contouring is manner too dramatic for the typical French lady's make-up routine. They wish to let the pure contours of their face and pores and skin present by way of, even when they've wrinkles and positive strains.
It's the nonchalance of French ladies that makes them so engaging. They should not involved about trying too put collectively. So, their hair isn't completely set, and so they love exhibiting off their distinctive attributes, like their freckles.
That was our tackle French beauty and make-up. What do you consider this no-nonsense method to beauty? Let us know within the feedback part beneath.
The submit How To Do French Makeup appeared first on TopBeautySecrets and techniques.org.
Why We Need To Change Our Social Norms?


text:
Home Games Microsoft Flight Simulator: Check Out the Official 40th Anniversary Update Trailer
Microsoft Flight Simulator: Check Out the Official 40th Anniversary Update Trailer
Source: Steam
What gamer out there could possibly remain unmoved by the idea of a virtual creation where you get to fly a plane above many huge cities of the world? That's exactly what Microsoft Flight Simulator has to offer for quite a while. There's no wonder why we're just a few months away from celebrating the 40th anniversary of the series.
Back in November 1982, meaning almost four decades ago, the world witnessed the release of Microsoft Flight Simulator 1.0 for the IBM PC. The graphics were obviously light-years away from what exists today, but for its time, the simulator was indeed something unseen before. And first of all, it represented the foundation of a huge legacy.
From 1982, more games of the Microsoft Flight Simulator series were released (yes, they are still games in some way). Probably the release of 2021 was the best one.
We certainly cannot forget about the Game of the Year Edition from 2020 of Microsoft Flight Simulator, and here's what its dedicated Steam page has to say about it:
"The Microsoft Flight Simulator Game of the Year (GOTY) Edition celebrates all the positive feedback, reviews and awards garnered, but it is also a "Thank You" to our fans – new and old – that have made Microsoft Flight Simulator such a phenomenon. Best of all, the Microsoft Flight Simulator Game of the Year Edition will be available as a free update for existing players on PC."
There are 5 new aircraft available: the Boeing F/A-18 Super Hornet, the VoloCity, the Pilatus PC-6 Porter, CubCrafters NX-Cub, and Aviat Pitts Special S1S.
The simulator allows you to "have the world at your fingertips," as you fly above 1.5 billion buildings, 37 thousand airports, rivers, mountains, roads, 2 trillion trees, and more.
You can buy Microsoft Flight Simulator Standard Game of the Year Edition from Steam starting at 69.99 euros.
Previous articleShould We Expect a Price Increase for Xbox Series X/S As Well? What Microsoft Has to Say
Next articleHow To Choose The Best Website Builder For Your Business Website?


text:
define(['ash', 'game/vos/EnemyVO', 'game/constants/PerkConstants'],
function (Ash, EnemyVO, PerkConstants) {

	var EnemyConstants = {

		enemyTypes: {
			global: "global",			// anywhere
			nohazard: "nohazard",    	// sectors with no hazards
			cold: "cold",            	// cold sectors
			dark: "dark",            	// dark sectors
			radiation: "radiation",  	// radiactive sectors
			dense: "dense",          	// densely built sectors
			sparse: "sparse",        	// sparsely built sectors
			inhabited: "inhabited",  	// has fairly recent human habitation
			uninhabited: "inhabited",	// no recent human habitation
			sunlit: "sunlit",        	// sunlit sectors
			toxic: "toxic",          	// polluted sectors
			water: "water",          	// sectors with water (or neighbours)
		},

		enemyDefinitions: {
			global: [ ],
			nohazard: [ ],
			cold: [ ],
			dark: [ ],
			radiation: [ ],
			dense: [ ],
			sparse: [ ],
			inhabited: [ ],
			uninhabited: [ ],
			sunlit: [ ],
			toxic: [ ],
			water: [ ],
		},

		enemyTexts: {
			bandit: {
				nouns: [ "bandit", "thug" ],
				groupNouns: [ "mob", "gang"],
				verbsActive: [ "patrolled by", "controlled by", "guarded by", "occupied by"],
				verbsDefeated: [ "driven away", "killed"],
			},
			big_animal: {
				nouns: [ "aggressive animal", "wild animal", "animal", "hostile wildlife" ],
				groupNouns: ["pack", "mob", "gang"],
				verbsActive: ["overrun with", "guarded by", "occupied by"],
				verbsDefeated: ["cleared", "killed"],
			},
			bird: {
				nouns: ["urban pest", "birds", "animal", "aggressive animal", "hostile wildlife" ],
				groupNouns: ["flock", "swarm", "gang", "mob"],
				verbsActive: ["overrun with", "infested with", "occupied by", "guarded by"],
				verbsDefeated: ["killed", "cleared", "driven away"],
			},
			flora: {
				nouns: ["urban pest", "vicious plant", "hostile wildlife" ],
				groupNouns: ["cluster", "group"],
				verbsActive: ["infested with", "covered in", "overrun with"],
				verbsDefeated: ["cleared"],
			},
			fungi: {
				nouns: ["urban pest", "dangerous fungi", "hostile wildlife"],
				groupNouns: ["cluster", "group"],
				verbsActive: ["infested with", "covered in", "overrun with"],
				verbsDefeated: ["cleared", "killed"],
			},
			humanoid: {
				nouns: ["malevolent creatures"],
				groupNouns: ["mob", "gang", "group"],
				verbsActive: ["guarded by", "occupied by"],
				verbsDefeated: ["driven away"],
			},
			robot: {
				nouns: ["aggressive bots"],
				groupNouns: ["mob", "gang", "group", "swarm", "cell"],
				verbsActive: ["patrolled by", "controlled by", "guarded by", "occupied by"],
				verbsDefeated: ["disabled", "cleared", "destroyed"],
			},
			small_animal: {
				nouns: ["urban pest", "aggressive animal", "wild animal", "animal", "hostile wildlife"],
				groupNouns: ["swarm", "pack", "mob", "group", "horde"],
				verbsActive: ["infested with", "overrun with" ],
				verbsDefeated: ["killed", "cleared"],
			},
			structure: {
				nouns: ["automated structures"],
				groupNouns: ["group", "set"],
				verbsActive: ["blocked by"],
				verbsDefeated: ["disabled"],
			},
		},

		enemyLoot: {
			bandit: {
				droppedResources: [ "food", "water", "rope" ],
				droppedIngredients: [ "res_bands", "res_bottle", "res_hairpin", "res_leather", "res_silk", "res_tape" ],
			},
			big_animal: {
				droppedResources: [ "food" ],
				droppedIngredients: [ "res_bands", "res_leather" ],
			},
			bird: {
				droppedResources: [ "food" ],
				droppedIngredients: [ "res_bands", "res_bottle", "res_glowbug", "res_hairpin", "res_leather", "res_tape" ],
			},
			flora: {
				droppedResources: [ "food" ],
				droppedIngredients: [ "res_bottle", "res_glowbug", "res_silk" ],
			},
			fungi: {
				droppedResources: [ "food" ],
				droppedIngredients: [ "res_bottle", "res_glowbug", "res_silk" ],
			},
			humanoid: {
				droppedResources: [ "water" ],
				droppedIngredients: [ "res_bands", "res_bottle", "res_hairpin", "res_leather", "res_silk", "res_tape" ],
			},
			robot: {
				droppedResources: [ "metal", "fuel" ],
				droppedIngredients: [ "res_bands", "res_bottle", "res_hairpin", "res_tape" ],
			},
			small_animal: {
				droppedResources: [ "food" ],
				droppedIngredients: [ "res_bands", "res_glowbug", "res_hairpin", "res_leather", "res_silk" ],
			},
			structure: {
				droppedResources: [ "metal" ],
				droppedIngredients: [ "res_bands", "res_bottle", "res_glowbug", "res_hairpin", "res_tape" ],
			},
		},

		enemyInjuries: {
			bandit: [ PerkConstants.injuryType.SHARP, PerkConstants.injuryType.BLUNT ],
			big_animal: [ PerkConstants.injuryType.SHARP, PerkConstants.injuryType.BLUNT ],
			bird: [ PerkConstants.injuryType.SHARP ],
			flora: [ PerkConstants.injuryType.BLUNT ],
			fungi: [ PerkConstants.injuryType.BLUNT ],
			humanoid: [ PerkConstants.injuryType.SHARP, PerkConstants.injuryType.BLUNT ],
			robot: [ PerkConstants.injuryType.SHARP, PerkConstants.injuryType.BLUNT ],
			small_animal: [ PerkConstants.injuryType.SHARP ],
			structure: [ PerkConstants.injuryType.BLUNT ],
		},

		// saved for convenience & startup speed
		enemyDifficulties: {},

		getEnemy: function (enemyID) {
			for (var type in this.enemyDefinitions) {
				for (let i in this.enemyDefinitions[type]) {
					var enemy = this.enemyDefinitions[type][i];
					if (enemy.id == enemyID) {
						return enemy;
					}
				}
			}
			log.w("no such enemy found: " + enemyID);
			return null;
		},

		getAll: function () {
			let result = [];
			for (var type in this.enemyDefinitions ) {
				for (let i in this.enemyDefinitions[type]) {
					var enemy = this.enemyDefinitions[type][i];
					result.push(enemy);
				}
			}
			return result;
		},

		getDifficulty: function (enemy) {
			return this.enemyDifficulties[enemy.id];
		}

	};

	return EnemyConstants;

});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Afghanistan: Descent into Chaos
Efforts should be made to strengthen democratic institutions of Afghanistan. Abdul Sattar
by Abdul Sattar
The recent attacks by the Taliban militants in several parts of Afghanistan have shocked millions of Afghans who have been craving for peace since 1979. The attacks targeted a number of civilians who were fleeing from the violence. The Afghan National Army also used force to repulse attacks by the militants in several parts of the country. A large number of civilians lost their lives and the Taliban are also believed to have suffered casualties.
With these attacks, the specter of a civil war and renewed tensions between Pakistan and Afghanistan loom large. Afghan President Ashraf Ghani is once again asking Pakistan in a bitter tone to make a choice between the Afghan government and the extremist group. His statements clearly indicate that he considers Pakistan responsible for the mayhem that has been plaguing the war-torn country for years. In the aftermath of the Taliban ambushes, Pakistan also witnessed terrorist activities inside its borders with one attack in Balochistan killing four FC soldiers, wounding six others.
In another terrorist activity, three Pakistani soldiers lost their lives in an intelligence-based operation in the tribal areas of the country. Apparently there is no connection between the Afghan Taliban's activities inside Afghanistan and the terrorist attacks in Pakistan. In the past, both countries have been accused of helping terrorist groups and many fear that a proxy war is likely to raise its monstrous head in the two war affected states.
Some experts believe that Pakistan suffered heavily because of its Afghan policy that was aimed at destabilizing the governments in Kabul during the 1970s. It was unfortunate that a democratic government in Pakistan trained the first militants against the neighboring state, bankrolling extremist groups, training hate-spewing holy warriors and pampering retrogressive elements that not only destroyed its target, but also led to the creation of the Pakistani Taliban who wreaked havoc with the lives of tens of thousands of Pakistanis besides destroying the infrastructure worth billions of dollars.
The Taliban should be persuaded to contest in elections and become part of a democratic system
We initially considered Pakistani Taliban as misguided individuals who were not against the state. Our agreements with extremist groups in the tribal districts and Swat made them more assertive. Even their extreme brutalities could not convince us that they were not reconcilable. A number of retired military men insisted that they could be brought back into the influence of their past masters. However, such former military officers were flabbergasted when the militants staged audacious attacks on airports, markets, schools, the police force and army institutions. It was too late by that time. The pernicious tentacles of militancy had already gripped several parts of the country. They were no more confined to the rugged terrain of North and South Waziristan or the hilly areas of other tribal agencies but their presence could be felt in the heart of urban areas. Despite all that we continued making reconciliatory efforts which were contemptuously turned down by militants that were holding sway over large swaths of land in the tribal region.
Their capacity to target forces police and ordinary citizens grew so strong that the chief of the army staff declared them the biggest internal security threat. But he hesitated on the question of a decisive military operation against them, fearing a massive blowback. Had the terrorist attacks at the Army Public School not taken place, we might still be following a reconciliatory policy towards the extremists. But the terrible attack that killed innocent students convinced everyone that hate-spewing militants did not deserve any negotiation. The state unleashed its full might wiping them out from several parts of the tribal areas. Pakistan witnessed a few years of peace because of these crackdowns against the extremist group.
But the renewed Afghan Taliban's attacks have created a specter of chaos in the region. It was our policy of supporting the Taliban in the 1990s that created a number of groups in Pakistan who were sympathetic towards the retrogressive elements of the war-torn country. The cloistered group of the Afghan Taliban did not spread its tentacles in Pakistan only but they also started attracting foreign jihadists, turning Afghanistan into a global hub of terrorist activities which culminated in the 9/11 attacks, forcing the US and its Western allies to intervene.
Now, these troops are pulling out, leaving the country into a mess. Afghanistan has a number of sectarian and ethnic fault lines, as is the case in Pakistan which has witnessed ethnic and sectarian tensions in the past. Any effort on our part to destabilize Afghanistan will boomerang on us. If we try to make inroads in Afghanistan in a bid to carve out an area of influence inside the country then other regional powers and neighboring countries will also do the same. This will definitely create hardships for the Afghan people who have already been facing the brunt of foreign intervention and interference by regional countries. It is important to convince the Afghan Taliban to help stabilize the country that has only witnessed death and destruction in the last four decades.
Efforts should be made to strengthen democratic institutions of Afghanistan. The Taliban should be persuaded to contest in elections and be part of a democratic system instead of seeking hegemony. They should not be allowed to take over the country with the might of the gun. If they try to do so, it will plunge the country into a bloody civil war that will have serious repercussions for Pakistan. If the ideological godfathers of the Taliban can contest elections in Pakistan, then why can't the Afghan Taliban do the same? Unfortunately, some elements do not want democracy in Pakistan or Afghanistan. It can safely be concluded that the strengthening of democratic forces in Pakistan could contribute to the restoration of peace in neighboring Afghanistan.
After US troops withdraw, who will make peace in Afghanistan?
Abdul Sattar
ePaper – TFT (May 07, 2021)
yusuf agha says:
There is a retired major general who writes regularly in the Express Tribune He considers himself to be political cum defence analyst Anyway he seems to be overjoyed at the prospect of the Talibans taking over Kabul by force once the American pull out their airforce from Kabul For the last two years the Americans have been relying fully on airstrikes to keep the Talibans taking over the cities What this political analyst does not tell us what is going to happen to Pakistan in the event of a Taliban takeover of Kabul Would the TTP be given free passage to restart their campaign of terror in Pakistan will Pakistan again have to host 3 million refugees will Iran intervene in Afghanistan if there is as expected large scale ethnic cleansing of the Shia population of Afghanistan and they make up between 13-15pct of the population It is important that we understand the fallout for Pakistan later this year


text:
Q: Vertical RecyclerView inside Vertical RecyclerView scroll Problem? I must implement comments list with replies. I use same Item for comment and it's reply. But when I have multiple replies for comment and scroll up to it Recycler View lost position while binding that item.
public void setItem(Adaptable item) {
        super.setItem(item);
        this.comment = (Comment) item;
        binding.setComment(comment);
        binding.setViewHolder(this);
        binding.tvMessage.setText(getFormattedText());
        initReplies();
    }

private void initReplies() {
        if (comment.repliesCount <= 0) {
            binding.recyclerView.setVisibility(View.GONE);
            return;
        }
        binding.recyclerView.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
        binding.recyclerView.setNestedScrollingEnabled(false);
        if (adapter == null) {
            LinearLayoutManager layoutManager = new LinearLayoutManager(fragment.getContext(), LinearLayoutManager.VERTICAL, true);
            binding.recyclerView.setLayoutManager(layoutManager);
            adapter = new RecyclerViewAdapter(fragment, Pages.ID_COMMENTS_REPLY, false);
        }
        adapter.clear();
        adapter.addItems(new ArrayList<>(comment.replies), getCommentMeta());
        binding.recyclerView.setAdapter(adapter);
    }

setItem method I call from onBindViewHolder

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


1.	This type of unit in BTM will be known as a Clan Mod unit for official purposes. Any unit created in BTM that chooses Clan Mod play must announce this to the Director at the time of unit creation. In any place where the unit´s name appears in official BTM capacity, (C) must be added next to it. An example unit name would be: " The White Wolves (C) " Designations such as Binary/Trinary/Cluster or Galaxy names should not be used for official BTM naming purposes as these represent internal unit organization only. Clan Mod units should not replicate existing canon Clan units.
2.The following Clan factions are available to Clan Mod units: Jade Falcon, Wolf, Rasalhague Dominion, Diamond Shark, Snow Raven, Cloud Cobra, Diamond Shark, Rift Tiger and Star Adder. For reasons pertaining to BTM functionality and available Clan Mod support no other Clan Factions are allowed.
3.	The desired Clan faction is made available as an employer in the contract system for Clan Mod units only. No BTM mercenary unit contracts can be created with a Clan Faction employer. The BTM contract system is utilized without any further modifications by Clan Mod units. For the sole exception, see Clan Mod Rule 17.
4.	New Clan Mod units are given $100,000,000K with which to purchase Military Hardware. Upon creation, the unit is granted the Star Captain's choice of a Union-C KR or Carrier KR class DropShip. As many as three (3) additional Union-C KR for $50,000,000K or Carrier KR for $40,000,000K DropShips may be purchased by the Star Captain or his or her Executive Officer for up to a grand total of four (4). A MUCO or a MUXO may mix and match these four DropShips in any combination. In addition to the above mentioned KR purchase a Clan Mod Unit will have access to purchase a maximum of two (2) Odyssey KR JumpShips at $200,000,000K.
5.	A Clan MOD unit may purchase items with the following Faction Availability: a.) All Clan items of every faction (except items exclusively produced by Wolf-in-Exile or Nova Cats' materiel manufactured after 3060), b.) 2750 and SLDF items, and c.) Equipment known to have been part of the Clans as of the Exodus or Operation Klondike. d.) A Clan MOD unit may purchase all non-combat support equipment regardless of Faction Availability (i.e. satellites, loader 'Mechs, shuttles, factories, mobile repair units, DropShips, etc.) The final discretion of whether or not an item is combat or support will be left up to the Military Hardware Broker. Any items not available for purchase may instead be salvaged as per standard BTM salvage rules. Exceptions to this rule include are dictated by Clan Mod Rules 13, 14, and 15.
6.Clan Currency by any name (Kerenskies) holds the same value as the C-Bill and is treated as such by the MHB.
7.	Currency Exchange Rates are not factored into the purchase price of MH items for Clan Mod units.
8.	Clan Mod units cannot purchase items on the Black Market, nor can they sell/trade/buy items with BTM mercenary units. C-Bill transfers between Mercenary Units and Clan Units are not permitted.
9.The Clan Mod unit´s Military Hardware Brokerage needs will be handled through the central MHB on Mars (See Part #1, Military Hardware Brokerage Basics). Unless one or more landholds is awarded (see Clan Mod Rule 17). Delivery time is zero for all Clan Mod unit MHB purchases.
10.	Clan Mod units do not have to pay shipping/trade/sale insurance fees (See Part #4 and Part #5, Military Hardware Brokerage Basics).
11.	Purchase discounts are determined by the Clan Mod unit´s overall reputation score (in accordance with Part #1, Military Hardware Brokerage Basics).
12.	Type A Clan Salvage will be handled the same way as it is for Mercenary Units.
13.Combat equipment of Inner Sphere manufacture is not available for purchase; this includes Clan Wolf-in-Exile and Clan Nova Cat (post-3060) equipment. But any contract salvage may be retained. Exceptions are dictated by Clan Mod Rules 14 and 15.
14.Inner Sphere items considered to be support equipment, such as non-combat vehicles and items with no suitable Clan equivalent are available for purchase at the discretion of the Military Hardware Broker.
15.	Inner Sphere combat equipment of the First Star League (2750) era and equipment known to have been part of the Clans as of the Exodus or Operation Klondike can be purchased.
16.Contracts available for bidding to mercenaries are not available to any Clan Mod unit and any bid will be rejected (the reverse is also true). Instead the unit must work with the Staff to generate their next contract. Clan Mod unit contracts are not available to BTM mercenary units.
17.	For Clan Mod units, landholds are awarded with the Clan Faction filling the same role as a Great House. All awarded landholds represent a unit headquarters, base or Clan military governance and not land ownership. Landhold Rule #3 does not apply to Clan Mod units. No noble titles are awarded.
18.	An existing Mercenary Unit cannot be converted to a Clan Mod unit or vice versa. This distinction must be made at unit creation.
19.	A Clan Mod unit cannot engage in sub-contracting with Mercenary Units.
20.	Mergers between mercenary units and Clan Mod units are not permitted. (See Member Conduct Rule #18).
21.In-Character; Clan Mod unit characters may not hold the title of IlKhan, Khan, saKhan, or Clan Loremaster. The highest " rank " is Galaxy Commander and that is reserved for units that have achieved a corresponding unit size.
22.It is the responsibility of the Clan Mod unit´s members to maintain the desired degree of " Clan culture " through the unit´s In-Character inner workings. It is not the responsibility of BTM´s Staff to enforce The Way of the Clans on a daily basis. The Staff will only intervene in extreme cases.
23.	All submitted Clan Characters that aspire to a bloodname someday (whether they are currently a Bloodname holder or not) should be submitted with that Bloodname on the character application. This is to avoid the " paperwork" of editing the character in BTM´s system later.
24.	Any issue not covered in these Rules should be conducted per BTM´s procedures, rules and regulations for all BTM mercenary units. Any cultural, organizational or rank system differences are reflected by In-Character writing only. On BTM´s website and automated systems, standard Inner Sphere nomenclature for character rank and unit size is used.


text:
Q: AngularJS: $compile doesn't work inside a controller I am trying to use $compile to create an element within a controller, and can't get it to work.
$scope.open_svg = function(){
    var sc = $scope.$new(true);
    sc.fill = "#0000ff";
    var t = '<svg  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" '+
            'xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> ' +
            '<rect ng-attr-x="10" y="10" height="100" width="100" ' +
            'style="stroke:#ff0000; fill:{{fill}}"/> ' +
            '</svg>';
    var svg = $compile(t)(sc);
    open("data:image/svg+xml,\n" + encodeURIComponent(svg[0].outerHTML));
}

This same code works fine within a directive. But as you can see, I am trying to open a new window so that the user can save the SVG, and I would like to do it without needing the code to be in a directive

A: it works for me, as long as you execute the function ;) thats what you are probably missing.
How ever you really should consider moving this to a directive. having html code in your controllers is not recommended.

A: Actually the code itself is almost fine, but since the $compile service is asynchronous, you should open the window AFTER the compilation is done. Otherwise the bindings are not resolved.
So just added a timeout,
    setTimeout(function(){
        var data_url = "data:image/svg+xml,\n" + encodeURIComponent(svg[0].outerHTML);
        $window.open(data_url, '_blank', 'toolbar=0,location=0,menubar=1');
    });

And it works.


Is it possible to put the streaming video from my IP camera on to my own webpage?
Use the below example code for a webpage. If the camera isbehind a NAT device such as a router, the IP must be edited toreflect the public address of the router (IE 24.45.76.223). In thisexample the camera´s IP is 192.168.1.135.
the username and password you see in red should represent yourcameras login details.
73 people found this useful.


All their lives they wanted to be famous. To get there they need to make the perfect dance routine and they need your help. In this dance fantasy adventure brothers Sean and Seamus rock out some banging moves, run into trouble, have a few tantrums, cause a teensy bit of mayhem and find out if fame is really what they're looking for after all. Street Performance World Champions, unlikely heroes of Fringe smash hit RIOT and Britain's Got Talent favourites, LORDS OF STRUT deliver their most ridiculous and sublime family show to date. Rip roaringly funny, fantastically bizarre and Absolute Legends!
This show is suitable for all ages.


When most people think about law, they conjure up an image of two lawyers in a courtroom engaged in the verbal battle known as litigation. However, there are many types of divorce, and more than 90% of all legal matters, including divorce and family law cases, are settled outside of court.
The four general approaches to resolving family law issues are Mediation,Collaborative Law, Litigation and Cooperative Law. Each approach is defined briefly below. Each approach can be used in divorces, child support issues, child custody or Parenting Plan issues, separations of couples that lived together but didn't marry, or other family law issues that may arise between couples.
Which approach is right for you depends on your situation. Our family law attorneys will help you decide the best approach for you.
Divorce mediation can be simple with just the two spouses or partners meeting with one of our mediators. Generally, the couple comes in together and explains their circumstances to a mediator. The family law mediator explains the court process and what legal issues can be resolved using mediation.
A mediator can help you prepare all forms you need to initiate your own divorce. They can also explain the law and range of outcomes you might encounter in court. Additionally, they can share some likely outcomes in court relating to child residential schedules, spousal support (alimony) and property divisions to help you make decisions about these issues.
Our mediators often refer one or both mediation clients to outside experts to help with financial issues or issues concerning parenting of children. Financial settlements are closely tied to budgets and each mediation client needs to develop a budget in order to reach a sustainable financial settlement. Other financial issues such as the value of a business or professional practice require valuation in order to reach a mediation settlement. Often mediation clients need help in understanding how they will parent best living in two separate homes. We work with a variety of experts who can help mediation clients with financial issues and others who assist with parenting concerns.
Sometimes individuals will consult with an outside attorney before they come to mediation or during the mediation process. But they do not bring the attorney to the mediation sessions. When two attorneys are involved, costs and tensions tend to escalate. Our mediators will memorialize your agreements in a written document which you take to an attorney for final drafting and review. Washington rules do not allow a mediator to draft the final documents.
The absence of two attorneys during the mediation process generally makes mediation for divorce and other family matters the most affordable option. Often differences in opinion between two attorneys escalate into contentious battles, which increase legal fees.
Mediation is good for couples who agree on many issues, who wish to be friends after their divorce, and who want to keep legal costs reasonable.
At Integrative Family Law, we meet with the couple, usually in two hour sessions, until all of the issues are resolved. We use outside professionals if we feel they are needed. These outside professionals include financial experts who can calculate alimony and living expenses, address the impact of various property divisions, and help resolve other financial issues. If your child has special needs beyond those we normally encounter as family law mediators, we may consult a child expert.
The mediator drafts all the paperwork needed for a divorce or other family matter which the couple then takes and presents to a judge for signature. There are no court hearings and no trial in mediation divorces.
Sometimes couples want mediation but prefer to be represented by their own attorney. The sessions can be held together or with each person in a separate room. The attorneys usually define the issues they think need to be resolved.
Our family law mediator will work to resolve the issues the attorneys identify. The attorneys handle all of the court paperwork. The family law mediator might draft some documents, and this generally keeps the cost down.
In cases involving domestic violence, significant power imbalances between the couple, and in some other situations, we may advise against mediation without attorneys.
Collaborative Law is a formal collaborative process involving attorneys who have attended special collaborative training; a special fee agreement between the client and his or her attorney; a signed agreement between the spouses and their attorneys (called a "Four Way Agreement"; and a series of meetings with at least those four people – the spouses and their attorneys – present.
When there are difficult issues to resolve, a spouse who is inexperienced and lacks knowledge about finances, or feelings are running high, collaborative law may be preferable to mediation. The collaborative process also often includes using financial experts and child specialists to help resolve particular financial or issues involving children.
In the Collaborative Law process, a Four Way Agreement is required. The parties agree that if they do not settle their case in the Collaborative Process then they have to fire their collaborative attorneys and hire new litigation attorneys. This can be very costly for couples who then have to hire and educate new attorneys.
These professionals and the attorneys form what is called "the team." The team supports the couple, helping them resolve issues fairly and amicably. The team works together until all issues are resolved and all paperwork is complete. Then the agreed final paperwork is submitted to the judge for signature without a trial.
Collaborative Law divorce can be expensive when there are two, four or more professionals involved in every meeting. Scheduling meetings with many participants can be challenging and can take longer than anticipated, making divorce much longer to accomplish.
Litigation is traditionally what most people think of when dealing with a divorce or any legal issue. In Litigation, both parties hire attorneys to represent each individually and handle all court paperwork and deadlines throughout the family law process.
In a litigated divorce, every aspect is handled through court hearings, starting with the initial court hearing where Temporary Orders are entered. There may be several more court hearings regarding finances, children, payment of attorney's fees, hiring of experts in the area of finances and parenting of children and in a number of other areas.
In King County, Washington, family law cases must be mediated before trial. But this mediation comes at the end of the Divorce Timeline after much of the damage we wish to avoid has already taken place. To avoid damage to your relationship, we recommend family law mediation begin before or very soon after court papers are filed to start the divorce or legal separation process.
If your case does not settle with the mandated mediation, then you go to a trial before a judge. You and your spouse or partner will testify. Other witnesses, such as family members and friends, can be called to testify, which often creates conflict and damage to your relationships.
Even though litigation has serious drawbacks sometimes litigation is what is required. If one person doesn't want to go to mediation and doesn't want to engage a Collaborative Law attorney then the other person has no choice but to engage in litigation.
In relationships where there is a very high degree of conflict, it is difficult to avoid litigation. When mental health challenges and/or substance abuse problems are present, litigation is often the only solution.
A litigated divorce can be very costly, and it is the most damaging to your relationship with your spouse.
Family law attorneys often do not understand the impact their actions have on the other spouse or other partner because they never get a chance to talk to or know that person. Because of this, and because many attorneys are not trained to keep the conflict to a minimum, family law litigation can have devastating, life-long consequences to the people involved and their children.
Conflict between the attorneys often spills over to the couple, and the couple's relationship can deteriorate to the point where they can't even speak to each other. This is very unfortunate when there are children involved. For these reasons, Integrative Family Law does Divorce Differently. Learn more about our philosophy.
Cooperative law is not a formal process like Collaborative Law but it is an attempt to achieve the same amicable result as Collaborative Law, without the drawbacks of increased conflict and costs associated with having many experts involved.
Cooperative law happens when you work with attorneys who are motivated to help cooperatively and work to keep conflict levels at a minimum.
All of the attorneys at our firm seek to establish cooperative relationships with other attorneys.
The main drawback to cooperative law is that there is no formal training required. If the other attorney is not trained or motivated to be cooperative, it can be difficult to manage the conflict in the litigation.
In the end, which approach is right for you really depends on your situation. Our family law attorneys can help you decide which the best approach for you.
Looking for an experienced divorce lawyer in Seattle?


Join the NJ State Society and the NJ Center for the Book at the National Book Festival tomorrow, Saturday, September 30. Look for us at the New Jersey table at the Pavilion of the States at the new festival location, the Walter E. Washington Convention Center. We will be there between 12 noon and 1 pm taking pictures with Mary Chute, the NJ State Librarian, and our 2013 Cherry Blossom Princess, Hannah Rimar.
This year's New Jersey theme is "Birding: Backyard Wonders" and the display will include birdhouses and the varieties of birds that build them. Children can get their maps stamped and everyone can enjoy authentic boardwalk taffy from James' Candy of Atlantic City.


text:
\section{introduction}
Study of form factors has been important in the field of hadron physics as they provide important information about internal structure of the nucleon \cite{jeffer,jeffer1,babar,sample,a4,happex,emff}. Recently, experiments have measured and produced remarkably precise data for the electromagnetic form factors \cite{emff1,emff2,emff3,emff4}. The nucleon electromagnetic form factors have been used to study the distribution of charge and magnetization densities of quarks inside the nucleon \cite{gamiller,dshwang,ovteryeav}. To get a more clear picture of the nucleon structure, one can fully parameterize the structure of the nucleon in terms of generalized parton distributions (GPDs) \cite{diehl,ji,radyushkin} which are functions of longitudinal momentum $x$ of the quark, the invariant momentum transfer $t$ and the skewness parameter $\xi$ which gives the fraction of the longitudinal momentum transfer to the nucleon. The Fourier transform of the GPDs w.r.t transverse momentum transfer has not only been used to study the nucleon structure in transverse impact parameter space \cite{impact,impact1,impact2,impact3,impact4} but it also gives a tomographic picture of the distribution of quark charge densities inside the nucleon through the impact parameter dependent parton distribution function (ipdpdf) $q(x,b_\perp)$ for a quark of momentum fraction $x$ located at a transverse position $b_\perp$. It has been shown that ipdpdf of the transversely localized states of the same helicity is the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the spin non-flip GPD $H$ \cite{impact1,impact3}.  The role of transverse momentum of parton has been significant to understand the nucleon structure as it yields information on the fragmentation functions and the single spin asymmetries (SSAs) \cite{fsi,fsi1}.  Some efforts have been made to understand this phenomena by taking one gluon exchange in the final state interactions when the distribution functions depend on the longitudinal as well as transverse momenta of the partons \cite{distort,distort1,distort2}.

Transverse charge density defines a way to analyze electromagnetic form factors of hadrons moving at infinite momentum with transverse distance $b_\perp$ from the transverse center of momentum \cite{soper}.  Charge densities have been discussed in impact parameter space for the polarized and transversely polarized nucleons \cite{gamiller,ovteryeav,negachargedense,chargedensity_p_n,chargedensity_Ndelta_transition},  in finite radius approximation \cite{venkat}, in scalar diquark model using transverse coordinate space \cite{dshwang} as well as using Sachs form factors \cite{sachs,kelly}. Transverse densities can also be useful in the study of the spatial distribution of the momentum $P^+$ and can be related with the Fourier transforms of the gravitational form factors $A(q^2)$ and $B(q^2)$ \cite{carlson}. In addition to this, magnetization density can be evaluated to get information on the anomalous magnetic moment of the nucleon \cite{magmoment}. Recently, transverse charge and magnetization densities have also been studied in the holographic QCD \cite{holographicqcd,adsspace}.

The above discussion motivate us to study the charge and magnetization densities obtained from the helicity non flip and helicity flip form factors. One of the most successful model which finds its application for the quantities discussed above consists of spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ system as a composite of spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ fermion and spin-1 vector boson.  We have generalized the framework of QED by assigning a mass $M$ to external electrons in the Compton scattering process, but a different mass $m$ to the internal electron line and a mass $\lambda$ to the internal photon line. The idea behind this is to model the structure of a composite fermion state with a mass $M$ by a fermion and a vector constituent with respective masses $m$ and $\lambda$ \cite{brodsky,brodsky1,dipankar}. In our case we take $\xi=0$ \cite{impact1,impact4} which represents the momentum transfer exclusively in transverse direction leading to the study of ipdpdfs in transverse impact parameter space. This model serve as a template to study the internal structure of nucleon and is self consistent since it has correct correlation of different Fock components of the state as given by light front eigen value equation. This model has been used to calculate the spin and orbital angular momentum of a composite relativistic system as well as the GPDs in impact parameter space and it also gives the Schwinger anomalous magnetic moment and the corresponding Dirac's and Pauli form factor including the vanishing of the anomalous gravitomagnetic moment.

The purpose of the present communication is to determine the distribution of nucleon charge density in transverse coordinate space and in impact parameter space using light front wave functions (LFWFs) of simple spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ objects like dressed quark or a dressed electron in theory. We begin by computing the electromagnetic Dirac and Pauli form factors as well as the Sachs form factors $(G_E(Q^2))$ and $(G_M(Q^2))$ from the overlap of LFWFs. The anomalous magnetization density of the nucleon obtained from the spin flip Pauli form factor has also been discussed.
Further, it would be significant to develop a relation between the  distribution of  quark charge densities inside nucleon in the transverse coordinate space as well as in the impact parameter space particularly for the $u$ and $d$ quark distribution by using a fitted set of parameters. This will give a deeper understanding of both the spatial and transverse distribution of the quark densities.
Furthermore, it would be interesting to extend the calculations to present the predict the results of the QCD transverse AdS charge density inspired from the holographic QCD model.

\section{Nucleon charge densities}
The nucleon form factors are defined in terms of the electromagnetic current operator $J^\mu(x)$ as \cite{diehl,vander-em,arrington-em,punjabi-em}
\begin{equation}
\langle p', \lambda'| J^\mu(0)|p,\lambda \rangle= \bar{u}(p',\lambda')\left(\gamma^\mu F_1(q^2) +i \frac{\sigma^{\mu \nu}}{2 M} q_\alpha F_2(q^2)\right)u(p,\lambda),
\end{equation}
where $q_\nu=p_\nu'- p_\nu$ is the momentum transfer and in the present case it is taken as space-like ($q^+=0$) leading to $-q^2=Q^2$.  The $\sigma^{\mu \nu}$ is the spin operator, $\gamma^\mu$ denote the Dirac matrices and $u(p,\lambda)$ for the Dirac spinor with mass $M$. The initial (final) momentum and helicity of the nucleon are taken as $p,\lambda$ $(p',\lambda')$  respectively. The Dirac and Pauli form factors ($F_1(q^2)$ and $F_2(q^2)$) are normalized so that $F_1(0)$ and $F_2(0)$ are the nucleon charge and the anomalous magnetic moment at zero momentum transfer respectively. The Sachs form factors \cite{sachs} can be defined in terms of the Dirac and Pauli form factors as follows
\begin{equation}
G_E(q^2)=F_1(q^2)-\frac{q^2}{4 M^2}F_2(q^2),
\label{GE}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
G_M(q^2)=F_1(q^2)+F_2(q^2).
\label{GM}
\end{equation}
Transverse charge density for a unpolarized nucleon $\rho(b_\perp)$ gives the charge density of the nucleon at a transverse position $b_\perp$ for any value of the longitudinal momentum or position. It can can be obtained by integrating the ipdpdfs over the longitudinal momentum fraction $x$ and can be expressed in terms of the Dirac form factor \cite{gamiller,dshwang} as follows
\begin{equation}
\rho(b_\perp)=\int \frac{d^2 q}{(2 \pi)^2} F_1(q^2) e^{-i \vec{q}_\perp \cdot \vec{b}_\perp}.
\label{rho_density}
\end{equation}
In terms of $G_E$ and $G_M$ the transverse charge density for unpolarized nucleon  can be expressed as
\begin{equation}
\rho(b_\perp)=\int_{0}^{\infty}  \frac{q \ dq}{2 \pi} J_0(q b_\perp) \frac{G_E(q^2)+\tau G_M(q^2)}{1+\tau},
\label{tran_charge_density}
\end{equation}
where $J_0$ is a cylindrical Bessel function and $\tau=\frac{q^2}{4 M^2}$.
The main advantage of charge density in impact parameter space is that it gives the density interpretation when one compares it with the Fourier transform of the Sachs form factor. The density in impact parameter space is calculated from the Dirac form factor which is further obtained by integrating the GPDs over the longitudinal momentum fraction $x$. The GPDs have been studied \cite{impact} in impact parameter space where the parton distributions are expressed in terms of impact parameter dependent wave functions using Lorentz invariance to describe the transverse structure of a fast moving hadron. These distributions are the matrix elements of the quark operators between nucleon states with different  momenta. The GPDs are of high interest as they can be related to the total angular momentum carried by the quarks in the nucleon and can be directly found from the Deep Virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) experiments \cite{dvcs}.

The Dirac and Pauli form factors can be expressed as overlaps of the light front wave functions (LFWFs) for the two-particle Fock state.
We consider here a spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ system as a composite of spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ fermion and spin-1 vector boson. The details of the model have been presented in Ref. \cite{brodsky,brodsky1,dipankar}, however, for the sake of completeness we present here the essential two-particle wave functions for spin up and spin down electron  expressed as
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\psi_{+\frac{1}{2}+1}^{\uparrow}(x,\vec{k}_\perp)=-\sqrt{2}\frac{-k^1+\iota k^2}{x(1-x)}\varphi,\nonumber\\ && \psi_{+\frac{1}{2}-1}^{\uparrow}(x,\vec{k}_\perp)=-\sqrt{2}\frac{k^1+\iota k^2}{(1-x)}\varphi,\nonumber\\ &&
\psi_{-\frac{1}{2}+1}^{\uparrow}(x,\vec{k}_\perp)=-\sqrt{2}\Big(M-\frac{m}{x}\Big)\varphi,\nonumber\\ &&\psi_{-\frac{1}{2}-1}^{\uparrow}(x,\vec{k}_\perp)=0 \,,
\label{spinup}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\psi_{+\frac{1}{2}+1}^{\downarrow}(x,\vec{k}_\perp)=0,\nonumber\\&&
\psi_{+\frac{1}{2}-1}^{\downarrow}(x,\vec{k}_\perp)=-\sqrt{2}\Big(M-\frac{m}{x}\Big)\varphi,\nonumber\\ &&\psi_{-\frac{1}{2}+1}^{\downarrow}(x,\vec{k}_\perp)=-\sqrt{2}\frac{-k^1+\iota k^2}{(1-x)}\varphi,\nonumber\\
&&\psi_{-\frac{1}{2}-1}^{\downarrow}(x,\vec{k}_\perp)=-\sqrt{2}\frac{k^1+\iota k^2}{x(1-x)}\varphi \,,
\label{spindown}
\end{eqnarray}
with the energy denominator defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
\varphi(x, \vec{k_{\perp}}) =\frac{e }{\sqrt {1-x}} \frac{1}{\left(M^2-\frac{\vec{k}_{\perp}^{2}+m^2}{x}-\frac{\vec{k}_{\perp}^{2}+\lambda^2}{1-x}\right)}\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Here the formalism has been generalized by assigning a mass $M$ to external fermions in the Compton scattering process but a different mass $m$ to the internal fermion line and a mass $\lambda$ to the internal boson line.
The energy denominator can be further generalized by adjusting its power behaviour {\it p} \cite{dshwang,mulders} as follows
\begin{eqnarray}
\varphi(x, \vec{k_{\perp}}) =\frac{e M^{2p}}{x^p(\sqrt {1-x})} \left(M^2-\frac{\vec{k}_{\perp}^{2}+m^2}{x}-\frac{\vec{k}_{\perp}^{2}+\lambda^2}{1-x}\right)^{-p-1}\,,
\end{eqnarray}
the term $M^{2p}$ has been added for dimensionality and $x^p$ to satisfy the polynomiality condition. In the present work we have taken $p=1$.

The Dirac and Pauli form factor defined in terms of the spin non-flip and spin flip matrix elements of the $J^+$ current \cite{brodsky1} are expressed as follows
\begin{eqnarray}
F_1(q^2)&=&
\left<\Psi^{\uparrow}(P^+, {\vec P_\perp}= \vec q_\perp)
|\Psi^{\uparrow}(P^+, {\vec P_\perp}= \vec 0_\perp)\right>
\nonumber\\
&=& \int\frac{{\mathrm d}^2 {\vec k}_{\perp} {\mathrm d} x }{16 \pi^3}
\Big[\psi^{\uparrow\ *}_{+\frac{1}{2}\, +1}(x,{\vec k'}_{\perp})
\psi^{\uparrow}_{+\frac{1}{2}\, +1}(x,{\vec k}_{\perp})
+\psi^{\uparrow\ *}_{+\frac{1}{2}\, -1}(x,{\vec k'}_{\perp})
\psi^{\uparrow}_{+\frac{1}{2}\, -1}(x,{\vec k}_{\perp})
\nonumber\\
&&\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad
+\psi^{\uparrow\ *}_{-\frac{1}{2}\, +1}(x,{\vec k'}_{\perp})
\psi^{\uparrow}_{-\frac{1}{2}\, +1}(x,{\vec k}_{\perp})
\Big]\ ,
\label{diracff}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
F_2(q^2)&=& {-2M\over (q^1-{\mathrm i}q^2)} \left
<\Psi^{\uparrow}(P^+, {\vec P_\perp}= \vec q_\perp))
|\Psi^{\downarrow}(P^+, {\vec P_\perp}= \vec 0_\perp)\right>
\nonumber\\ &=&{-2M\over (q^1-{\mathrm i}q^2)} \int\frac{{\mathrm
d}^2 {\vec k}_{\perp} {\mathrm d} x }{16 \pi^3}
\Big[\psi^{\uparrow\ *}_{+\frac{1}{2}\, -1}(x,{\vec k'}_{\perp})
\psi^{\downarrow}_{+\frac{1}{2}\, -1}(x,{\vec k}_{\perp})
\nonumber\\
&& + \psi^{\uparrow\ *}_{-\frac{1}{2}\, +1}(x,{\vec k'}_{\perp})
\psi^{\downarrow}_{-\frac{1}{2}\, +1}(x,{\vec k}_{\perp}) \Big].
\label{pauliff}
\end{eqnarray}
The spin non-flip and spin flip GPDs can similarly be  expressed in terms of the spin up and spin down electron wave functions as
\begin{eqnarray}
H(x,0,\vec{q}_\perp)&=& \int{\frac{d^2\vec{k}_\perp}{16\pi^3}} \bigg[ \psi_{+\frac{1}{2}+1}^{\uparrow *}(x,\vec{k}'_\perp) \psi_{+\frac{1}{2}+1}^{\uparrow}(x,\vec{k}_\perp)+\psi_{+\frac{1}{2}-1}^{\uparrow *}(x,\vec{k}'_\perp) \psi_{+\frac{1}{2}-1}^{\uparrow}(x,\vec{k}_\perp)+\nonumber\\
&& \psi_{-\frac{1}{2}+1}^{\uparrow *}(x,\vec{k}'_\perp) \psi_{-\frac{1}{2}+1}^{\uparrow}(x,\vec{k}_\perp) \bigg] \,,
\label{h2}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Delta^1- i \Delta^2}{2 M} E(x,0,\vec{q}_\perp)=\int{\frac{d^2\vec{k}_\perp}{16\pi^3}} \Big[\psi_{+\frac{1}{2}+1}^{\uparrow *}(x,\vec{k}'_\perp) \psi_{+\frac{1}{2}+1}^{\downarrow}(x,\vec{k}_\perp)+\psi_{+\frac{1}{2}-1}^{\uparrow *}(x,\vec{k}'_\perp) \psi_{+\frac{1}{2}-1}^{\downarrow}(x,\vec{k}_\perp) \Big].
\label{e2}
\end{equation}
The Dirac and Pauli form factors obtained from Eqs. (\ref{spinup}), (\ref{spindown}), (\ref{diracff}) and (\ref{pauliff}) are given as
\begin{eqnarray}
F_1(q^2)&=&\frac{e^2}{16 \pi^3} M^4 \int dx \Big(2 (1+x^2)(1-x) I_1 + \frac{2 (M x-m)^2 (1-x)^3}{x^2}I_2 \Big),
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
F_2(q^2)&=& - 4 M^5 \frac{e^2}{16 \pi^3} \int dx (M x-m)x(1-x)^3 I_2,
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
I_1&=& \pi \int_{0}^{1} \frac{\alpha (1-\alpha)}{2 D^2} d\alpha, \nonumber\\
I_2&=& \pi \int_{0}^{1} \frac{\alpha (1-\alpha)}{D^3} d\alpha, \nonumber\\
D&=& \alpha (1-\alpha) (1-x)^2 q_\perp^2 - M^2 x(1-x)+m^2 (1-x) + \lambda^2 x .
\label{integrals}
\end{eqnarray}
Using Eq. (\ref{GE}) and (\ref{GM}), we can also solve for the Sachs form factors and obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
G_E(q^2)&=&\frac{e^2}{16 \pi^3}M^4 \int dx  2 (1+x^2)(1-x) I_1 + \frac{2 (M x-m)^2 (1-x)^3}{x^2} I_2+ \nonumber\\
&& \frac{e^2}{16 \pi^3} Q^2 M^3 \int dx (M x-m) x (1-x)^3 I_2,
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
G_M(q^2)&=& \frac{e^2}{16 \pi^3} \Big(M^4 \int dx(2(1+x^2)(1-x)I_1+ \frac{2 (M x-m)^2 (1-x)^3}{x^2} I_2)- \nonumber\\
&& 4 M^5 \int (M x-m) x (1-x)^3 dx I_2 \Big).
\end{eqnarray}
The transverse charge density from Eq. (\ref{tran_charge_density}) in terms of Sachs form factors can now be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho(b_\perp)&=&\int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{dQ \ Q}{2 \pi} J_0(Q \ b_\perp) \int_{0}^{1} dx \frac{(1+\tau) \left( 2 M^4 (1+x^2) (1-x)I_1 +\frac{2 (M x-m)^2 (1-x)^3 I_2}{x^2}\right)}{1+\tau} + \nonumber\\
&& \frac{ Q^2 M^3 (M x-m)x (1-x)^3 I_2 - 4 \tau M^5 (M x-m) x (1-x)^3 I_2}{1+\tau}.
\end{eqnarray}
In Fig. \ref{nucleon_density} we have presented the result for nucleon charge density as a function of impact parameter.
The impact parameter space is phenomenologically important as it can be obtained from the GPDs ($H$ and $E$) which satisfy the Lorentz invariance principle. Even the constraint due to the invariance of the light cone formulation under transverse boost $b_\perp= \sum x_i b_{i \perp}$ identifies $b_\perp$ as transverse center of momentum of the partons in Fock state. In addition to this, impact parameter representation of the GPDs also satisfies the positivity constraints \cite{pobylista}. For numerical calculations we have taken the value of masses of external fermion, internal fermion and internal boson as $M=m=0.5$MeV and $\lambda=0.02$MeV respectively after imposing the  condition $M<m+\lambda$ to prevent nucleon decay \cite{mukherjee}. From the figure, we find that the charge density is peaked near $b_\perp=0$ and decreases as the value of $b_\perp$ increases which implies a maximum distribution near the center of momentum.
Similar technique has recently been used to extract the transverse pion and proton charge density from the pion form factor data \cite{carmingtoo} where it has been discussed that the data from JLab 12 GeV and EIC \cite{jlab1,jlab2} will increase the dynamic extent of the form factor data to higher values of $Q^2$ and thus reduce the uncertainties in the extracted pion transverse charge density.

\begin{figure}
    \includegraphics[width=6cm]{fig_1_rho.pdf}
\caption{Nucleon charge density (in $fm^{-2}$) as a function of $b_\perp$ (in $fm$).}
 \label{nucleon_density}
\end{figure}

\section{Charge density in transverse coordinate space}
The LFWFs in transverse coordinate space $\tilde{\psi}(x,\vec{r}_\perp)$ can be obtained by Fourier transforming $\psi(x,\vec{k}_\perp)$ in the momentum space
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{\psi}(x,\vec{r}_\perp)&=&\int \frac{d^2 k_\perp}{(2 \pi)^2} e^{i \vec{k}_\perp \cdot \vec{r}_\perp} \psi(x,\vec{k}_\perp),
\label{fttrans}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\vec{r}_\perp$ is the transverse coordinate. The LFWFs for the spin up state in the transverse coordinate space can now be expressed as
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{\psi}^\uparrow_{+\frac{1}{2}+1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp)
&=&  i \frac{e}{8 \pi} \sqrt{2} M^2 (1-x)^\frac{3}{2} r_\perp  K_0(\sqrt{D}  r_\perp), \nonumber\\
\tilde{\psi}^\uparrow_{+\frac{1}{2}-1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp)
&=& -i \frac{e}{8 \pi} \sqrt{2} M^2x \sqrt{1-x} r_\perp   K_0(\sqrt{D}  r_\perp), \nonumber\\
\tilde{\psi}^\uparrow_{-\frac{1}{2}+1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp)
&=& - \frac{e}{4 \pi} \sqrt{2} M^2 (M x-m)(1-x)^\frac{3}{2} \frac{1}{\sqrt{D}}r_\perp K_1(\sqrt{D} r_\perp), \nonumber\\
\tilde{\psi}^\uparrow_{-\frac{1}{2}-1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp)&=& 0,
\end{eqnarray}
whereas for spin down state we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{\psi}^\downarrow_{+\frac{1}{2}+1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp)&=& 0, \nonumber\\
\tilde{\psi}^\downarrow_{+\frac{1}{2}-1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp)&=& - \sqrt{2} \frac{e}{4 \pi} M^2(M x-m)(1-x)^\frac{3}{2} \frac{r_\perp}{\sqrt{D}} K_1(\sqrt{D} r_\perp),\nonumber\\
\tilde{\psi}^\downarrow_{-\frac{1}{2}+1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp)&=& i \frac{e}{8 \pi} \sqrt{2} M^2 x (1-x)^\frac{1}{2} r_\perp K_0(\sqrt{D}  r_\perp) , \nonumber\\
\tilde{\psi}^\downarrow_{-\frac{1}{2}-1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp)&=& - i \frac{e}{8 \pi} \sqrt{2} M^2 r_\perp (1-x)^\frac{1}{2} K_0(\sqrt{D}  r_\perp),
\end{eqnarray}
where $K$ is the Bessel function of second kind.

Even though the nucleon charge density in impact parameter space ($\rho(b_\perp)$) is the more correctly defined quantity with proper invariance properties to be compared directly with the observables, we define the density distribution in the transverse coordinate space for the sake of comparison as follows
\begin{eqnarray}
P(\vec{r}_\perp)&=& \int dx [ \tilde{\psi}^{\uparrow *}_{+\frac{1}{2}+1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp) \tilde{\psi}^\uparrow_{+\frac{1}{2}+1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp) + \tilde{\psi}^{\uparrow *}_{+\frac{1}{2}-1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp) \tilde{\psi}^\uparrow_{+\frac{1}{2}-1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp) + \nonumber\\
&& \tilde{\psi}^{\uparrow *}_{-\frac{1}{2}+1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp) \tilde{\psi}^\uparrow _{-\frac{1}{2}+1}(x,\vec{r}_\perp)],
\label{transcoor}
\end{eqnarray}
leading to
\begin{eqnarray}
P(\vec{r}_\perp)&=& \int dx \frac{e^2}{16 \pi^2} \Big[\frac{1}{2} M^4 (1-x) r^2_\perp  (1+x^2) K_0^2(\sqrt{D} r_\perp) + 2 (M x-m)^2 M^4 \nonumber\\
&& \times \frac{(1-x)^3}{D} r^2_\perp K_1^2(\sqrt{D} r_\perp) \Big].
\end{eqnarray}

A precise relation between the nucleon density distribution $P(r_\perp)$ and charge distribution $\rho(b_\perp)$ can be obtained using elementary convolution theorems and Fourier transforms (details have been presented in  Appendix A) and is given as
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho(x,\vec{b}_\perp)=  \frac{1}{(1-x)^2}P\left(x, \frac{\vec{b}_\perp}{-1+x} \right).
\label{relation}
\end{eqnarray}
In order to obtain the explicit contributions of the $u$ and $d$ quarks in the nucleon density distribution $P(r_\perp)$ and charge distribution $\rho(b_\perp)$, we have followed the formalism used in Ref. \cite{dshwang} where the isospin  symmetry $P_u=P_p+\frac{P_n}{2}$, $P_d= P_p + 2 P_n$ has been used with similar type of  relations for charge density in the impact parameter space. A fitting can be carried out with the experimental data of the Dirac form factors of the nucleon to obtain the fitted values of the masses of the internal fermions and bosons. For the present work we have used the same set of fitted values of $m$, $\lambda_u$ and $\lambda_d$ as in Ref.\cite{dshwang,kelly,kelly_sachs}.

In Fig. \ref{p_and_rho_up_down}, we have presented the result for density distribution and charge distribution for {\it u} and {\it d} quarks respectively.  These plots give the complete spatial information about the nucleon. It is clear from the plots that charge  and density distributions increase with the increasing value of the impact parameter $b_\perp$ and the transverse coordinate $r_\perp$ respectively, reach a maxima and then start decreasing. The peak for the  charge distribution in impact parameter space is around $b_\perp\sim0.4 fm$ whereas the peak for the density distribution in transverse coordinate space is around $r_\perp\sim0.6 fm$ for both the $u$ and $d$ quarks. The magnitudes of $\rho_u(b_\perp)$ and $P_u(r_\perp)$ are however different from $\rho_d(b_\perp)$ and $P_d(r_\perp)$. A closer look at the figure reveals that the density distribution in transverse coordinate space falls off slowly as compared to the charge distribution in impact parameter space. This is due to the factor $\frac{b_\perp}{-1+x}$ appearing in Eq. (\ref{relation}).
To get a more clear picture of the distribution, we can plot the charge and density distribution at different values $x$. We have presented the results in Fig. \ref{p_and_rho_up_down_x} and as expected, the peak for different $x$ values occur the same value of $b_\perp$ and  $r_\perp$ but the magnitude of the peak decreases with the increasing value of $x$. It is important to mention here that since $x$ is the momentum fraction of the active quark, at $x=1$, the active quark carries all the momentum and the contribution from other partons is expected to be zero at this limit. The phenomenological analysis of existing data to determine the charge density of the proton and neutron has been discussed in Ref. \cite{chargedensity_p_n} where a model independent analysis of the charge density of partons has been done in the transverse plane for the nucleon. The charge density of the $d$ quarks is found to be larger than that of the $u$ quarks by 30\%. We also observe a large value of the $d$ quark density as compared to the $u$ quark density in both the spaces.

The difference between the distribution in the impact parameter and transverse coordinate space can be explained as follows. The GPDs $H$ and $E$ have dependence on $x$, $\xi$ and $t$ with $x$ being the longitudinal momentum fraction, $\xi$ the longitudinal momentum transfer and $t$ the invariant momentum transfer. We have fixed the longitudinal momentum transfer as $\xi=0$ in the present calculations which in result fixes the longitudinal momentum fraction $x$ in the impact parameter space $b_\perp$. Thus, one can get the exact information about the charge distribution in impact parameter space \cite{mukherjee}. However, in the case of transverse coordinate space, $r_\perp$ is a simple coordinate parameter directly obtained by taking Fourier transformation w.r.t. momentum $k_\perp$ and there is no parameter like $\xi$. Since the longitudinal momentum fraction $x$ cannot be fixed in the transverse coordinate space, one can get some contribution from longitudinal momentum as well and this basically leads to the slight difference of charge distribution  when compared with the distribution in the impact parameter  space.
\begin{figure}
 \minipage{0.42\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=6cm]{fig_2a_rho_u.pdf}
\endminipage\hfill
\minipage{0.42\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=6cm]{fig_2b_pu.pdf}
  \endminipage\hfill
  \minipage{0.42\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=6cm]{fig_2c_rho_d.pdf}
  \endminipage\hfill
  \minipage{0.42\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=6cm]{fig_2d_pd.pdf}
\endminipage\hfill
  \caption{Results for $\rho_{u(d)}(x,b_\perp)$ (in $fm^{-2}$) and $P_{u(d)}(x,r_\perp)$ (in $fm^{-2}$) for the up (down) quark in  $b_\perp$ (in $fm$) and $r_\perp$ (in $fm$) space respectively. }
  \label{p_and_rho_up_down}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\minipage{0.42\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=6cm]{fig_3a_rho_u.pdf}
\endminipage\hfill
\minipage{0.42\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=6cm]{fig_3b_pu.pdf}
  \endminipage\hfill
\minipage{0.42\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=6cm]{fig_3c_rho_d.pdf}
\endminipage\hfill
\minipage{0.42\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=6cm]{fig_3d_pd.pdf}
  \endminipage\hfill
\caption{Results for $\rho_{u(d)}(x,b_\perp)$ (in $fm^{-2}$) and $P_{u(d)}(x,r_\perp)$ (in $fm^{-2}$) at $x=0.1$, $0.3$ and $0.5$. The units of $b_\perp$ and $r_\perp$ are in $fm$.}
 \label{p_and_rho_up_down_x}
\end{figure}
\section{Magnetization Density}
Another important quantity which has a form similar to the transverse charge density of a polarized nucleon is the nucleon magnetization density. Following Ref. \cite{gamiller,magmoment}, we can define  the anomalous magnetic moment $\mu_a$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
\mu_a=\langle Y| \int d^2 b \ b_y \ q^{\dagger}_+ q_+ \ | Y \rangle ,
\label{ano_mag_moment1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $q$ is a quark field operator and $q_+=\gamma^0 \gamma^+ q$. The state for the transversely polarized target $Y$ is
\begin{equation}
|Y \rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}[|p^+, \vec{R}=\vec{0},+ \rangle + |p^+, \vec{R}=\vec{0},- \rangle],
\label{ano_mag_moment}
\end{equation}
with $|p^+, \vec{R}=\vec{0},+ \rangle$ representing a transversely localized state.

Using the impact parameter distribution \cite{gamiller,impact3}, the magnetization density can be expressed as
\begin{equation}
\rho_M(b_\perp)=\int \frac{d^2 q}{(2 \pi)^2}F_2(q^2) e^{-i \vec{q_\perp}. \vec{b_\perp}},
\label{rho_mag_moment}
\end{equation}
which leads to the the anomalous magnetic moment
\begin{equation}
\mu_a=\frac{1}{2 M} \int d^2b_\perp \ \rho_M(b_\perp).
\end{equation}
Using Eq.  (\ref{ano_mag_moment1}) we can also express $\mu_a$ in terms of the anomalous  magnetization density $\tilde{\rho}_{M}(b_\perp)=- b_y \frac{\partial \rho_{M}(b_\perp)}{\partial b_y}$ as
\begin{equation}
\mu_a=\frac{-1}{2 M} \int d^2 b \ b_y \frac{\partial \rho_{M}(b_\perp)}{\partial b_y}.
\label{ano_mag_moment2}
\end{equation}
Substituting the value of $F_2(q^2)$, we can write
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{\rho}_{M}(b_\perp)&=& \sin^2(\phi) b_\perp \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{q^2 dq}{2 \pi} J_1(q \ b_\perp) F_2(q^2)\nonumber \\
&=& \sin^2(\phi) \ b_\perp \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{q^2 dq}{2} J_1(q \ b_\perp)\Big(- 4 M^5 \int dx (M x-m) x (1-x)^3 I_2 \Big),
\label{rhomag}
\end{eqnarray}
with $\phi$ represents the angle between the direction of nucleon polarization (or the transverse magnetic field) and $b_\perp$.

\begin{figure}
    \includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig_4_mag_density.pdf}
 \caption{Plot for magnetization density $\tilde{\rho}_M(b_\perp)$ (in $fm^{-2}$) as a function of $b_\perp$ (in $fm$).}
 \label{mag3d}
 \end{figure}

In Fig. \ref{mag3d} we present the result for anomalous magnetization density as a function of $b_\perp$. Since the magnetization density also depends on $\phi$, we have taken $\phi=\frac{\pi}{2}$ in the present calculations where $\tilde{\rho}_{M}(b_\perp)$ will have the largest value. The anomalous magnetization density vanishes for $\phi=0$.  The anomalous magnetization density also vanishes for $b_\perp=0$ and shows a maxima around $b_\perp=2.5 fm$. For higher values of $b_\perp$ it falls off very rapidly leading to negative $\tilde{\rho}_{M}(b_\perp)$ values.

\section{charge density in AdS space}
In this section we have studied the charge density in AdS space. The LFWFs encode all the properties of hadron like bound state quark and gluon properties. A string amplitude $\Phi(z)$ can be defined on the fifth dimension in  AdS$_5$ space which can easily map the LFWFs of the hadrons \cite{adsspace,adsspace1,adsspace2,adsspace3}. It has been shown that a relation exists between the fifth dimension holographic variable $z$ and impact variable $\zeta$ which represents the measure of the transverse distance between the constituent within the hadrons. This relation provides an exact mapping at all energy scales between string modes in AdS and boundary states with a well defined number of partons. The string mode $\Phi(z)$ can be taken as probability amplitude for n-partons  at $\zeta=z$. The form factor in AdS is the overlap of the normalizable and the non-renormalizable modes \cite{adsspace}and can be expressed as
\begin{equation}
F(q^2)=2 \pi \int_{0}^{1} dx \frac{(1-x)}{x} \int \zeta d\zeta J_0\left(\zeta q \sqrt{\frac{1-x}{x}}\right) \tilde{\rho}(x,\zeta).
\end{equation}
The impact parameter space, obtained by taking the two dimensional Fourier conjugate with respect to  transverse momentum transfer, gives us the information about the  transverse structure of hadrons. On the other hand, due to correspondence between the fifth dimensional variable $z$ and the impact variable $\zeta$ for each n-parton Fock state in AdS space, it becomes very interesting to study the charge density in such a holographic model which explains the hadron spectrum remarkably. Since our aim is to study the charge density,  the impact parameters in both the spaces can be related to each other by the relation $\zeta^2=x(1-x) b_\perp^2$ for two partons. In the light of present work, the string modes can be further related to the QCD transverse charge density $\tilde{\rho}(x,\zeta)$ as follows
\begin{equation}
\tilde{\rho}(x,\zeta)=\frac{R^3}{2 \pi}\frac{x}{1-x} e^{3 A(\zeta)} \frac{|\Phi(\zeta)|^2}{\zeta^4}.
\end{equation}
Since the variable $\zeta$ represent the transverse distance between the constituent and holographic variable $z$ in AdS, we can take $\zeta=z$ leading to
\begin{equation}
\tilde{\rho}_{n=2}(x,\zeta)=\frac{|\tilde{\psi}(x,\zeta)|^2}{(1-x)^2},
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\tilde{\psi}_{L,k}(x,\zeta)=B_{L,k} \sqrt{x(1-x)}J_L(\zeta \beta_{L,k} \Lambda_{QCD})\theta\Big(z\le \frac{1}{\Lambda_{QCD}}\Big),
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
B_{L,k}=\Lambda_{QCD} \Big[(-1)^L \pi J_{1+L}(\beta_{L,k}) J_{1-L}(\beta_{L,k})\Big]^{-\frac{1}{2}}.
\end{equation}
For two partons we can write the AdS density for ground state $(L=0,k=1)$ and excited state $(L=1,k=1)$ as follows
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{\rho}_{n=2}(x,\zeta)(L=0,k=1)&=&\frac{x}{1-x}\frac{\Lambda_{QCD}^2 (J_0(\zeta \beta_{0,1} \Lambda_{QCD}))^2}{\pi (J_1(\beta_{(0,1)}))^2} , \nonumber\\
\tilde{\rho}_{n=2}(x,\zeta)(L=1,k=1)&=&- \frac{x}{1-x}\frac{\Lambda_{QCD}^2 (J_1(\zeta \beta_{1,1} \Lambda_{QCD}))^2}{\pi J_2(\beta_{(1,1)})J_0(\beta_{(1,1)})}.
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{figure}
\minipage{0.42\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=6cm]{fig_5a_ads_density.pdf}
  \endminipage\hfill
  \minipage{0.42\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=6cm]{fig_5b_ads_density_excited.pdf}
\endminipage\hfill
\caption{Results for AdS density as a function of $x$ and $\zeta$ (in GeV$^{-1}$) with $\Lambda_{QCD}=0.32$GeV for ground state $L=0,k=1$ (LHS) and orbital excited state $L=1,k=1$ (RHS). }
 \label{AdS_density}
\end{figure}
In Fig. \ref{AdS_density} we have plotted the AdS density with $\Lambda_{QCD}=0.32$GeV and $z \le \frac{1}{\Lambda_{QCD}}$. We observe that for ground state $(L=0,k=1)$ the magnitude of charge density decreases as the value of $\zeta$ increases which is primarily due to the presence of the Bessel function in the LFWFs. The magnitude is maximum when $\zeta=0$ which implies that when the transverse distance between the constituent within the hadrons is minimum the density is maximum. In the first excited state  $(L=1,k=1)$, we have obtained a peak for charge density in AdS space for a comparatively higher value of $\zeta$. The density is also dependent on the variable $x$ and it is observed that for the lower values of $x$, the density is zero. The peak occurs only at higher values of $x$. More secondary peaks will be observed for the charge density as the value of $L$ and $k$ increase further on this scale.

\section{conclusions}

In the present work, we have considered the light-cone Fock state representation of the composite system consisting of external and internal fermion state with respective masses $M$ and $m$. The mass of the vector constituent is taken to be $\lambda$. The electromagnetic Dirac and Pauli form factors as well as the Sachs form factors $(G_E(Q^2))$ and $(G_M(Q^2))$ have been calculated from the overlap of LFWFs.  The nucleon charge density has been obtained for the case of unpolarized nucleon in transverse coordinate space as well as in the impact parameter space. Further, a relation has been developed between the charge distribution of the quarks inside nucleon in the transverse coordinate space as well as in the impact parameter space particularly for the $u$ and $d$ quark distribution by using a fitted set of parameters. It is found that density distribution in transverse coordinate space falls off slowly as compared to the charge distribution in impact parameter space but the magnitude of the peak decreases with the increasing value of the momentum fraction of the active quark.  This is primarily because of some contribution of the longitudinal momentum fraction $x$ in  the transverse coordinate space whereas in the impact parameter space, the longitudinal momentum fraction $x$ can be fixed. Further as $x\rightarrow1$, the contribution from other partons is expected to be zero and the active quark  carries all the momentum. This investigation gives a deeper understanding of both the spatial and transverse distribution of the quark densities inside the nucleon. We have also studied the anomalous magnetization density of the nucleon obtained from the spin-flip matrix element of the $J^+$ current. The anomalous magnetization density vanishes when the angle between the direction of  nucleon polarization and $b_\perp$ is zero as well as when $b_\perp=0$. It maxima occurs around $b_\perp=2.5 fm$ and for higher values $\tilde{\rho}_{M}(b_\perp)$ falls off very rapidly. Further, the calculations were extended to predict the results of the QCD transverse AdS charge density inspired from the holographic QCD model and it is observed that for the ground state when the transverse distance between the constituent within the hadrons is minimum the density is maximum. For the first excited state, a peak for charge density is observed at a comparatively higher value of transverse distance. Even more secondary peaks will be observed for higher excited states.

\section*{ACKNOWLEDGMENTS}
Authors acknowledge helpful discussions with S.J. Brodsky. HD would like to thank Department of Science and Technology, Government of India for financial support.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Thank you very much for providing, not only delicious,but also beautifully presented canapes to our clients at our corporate event. Your advice about the balance in flavours was spot on, with many of our guests commenting about them during and after the event.
The food was fantastic and Diana was a pleasure to work with. We will definitely be ordering again!
Everyone enjoyed the hot lunch today. Thank you! People returned for seconds and will be leaving the last day of the workshop satisfied. It was lovely meeting you yesterday, thank you for your flexibility on the late notice dietary restrictions.
We can provide individual cold salad boxes; sharing mezze style platters; antipasto boards, khobez wraps, large main course sharing salads; tarts; skewers, and much more.
Delivered to your office on identical smart disposable trays with our branded greaseproof and napkins.
Please find below an example of the kind of working lunches we provide. If menus are to be pre-chosen we need to have final choices at least 3 working days before the event. We always need a minimum of 1 working day for orders and menu choices will be subject to kitchen availability.
Pick and mix from the selection below to create your own unique working lunch.
Just make sure you leave room for one of our scrummy cakes.
"Jackie Filmer Bespoke Food is a very personal style of office catering. They have catered for us every week day for more than 2 years and the lunches are always wonderful. We have 3 main course choices each day, from a huge range of cuisines, plus other beautifully prepared vegetables, salads and vegetarian options for 60 people. The food is carefully sourced and they only use the best ingredients.


Christmas Tree Infestation: Are Bugs Living in Your Holiday Decor?
You don't want Christmas to be ruined by critters and bugs living in your tree. There are a few simple steps to avoid a Christmas tree infestation.
There's nothing like trekking out to a farm to cut down your own Christmas tree. The fresh scent that fills your home for the rest of the season is wonderful. But did you know your freshly chopped down tree could be loaded with critters and bugs living on the trunk and branches. A Christmas tree infestation will ruin your holiday and live with you long after your tree is gone.
Since many tree bugs go dormant during cold months, you might not notice them at first. But once the tree is inside your warm home, they'll wake up and begin to multiply. According to the Center for Disease Control, apparently there could be up to 25,000 bugs on a single Christmas tree. That is a Christmas tree infestation if there ever was one. What kind of insects should you be on the lookout for?
Aphids are little brown and black bugs with six legs. Some have wings and could relocate to other parts of your house.
Scale insects are tiny red specks crawling around the branches of your tree.
Bark beetles are dark brown bugs that burrow themselves into tree trunks. They eat the tree from the inside out.
Other insects to watch out for are psocids (small, winged, gray insects), praying mantises, mites, and ticks.
The good news is, if you go to a farm, most have mechanical tree shakers that may take care of most of the crawling critters. "A mechanical shaker will usually dislodge any potential intruders and eggs, in addition to getting rid of loose pine needles," Nancy Troyano, a medical entomologist and director of technical education and training for pest control company Rentokil Steritech.
You can also shake the tree yourself in the parking lot. And be sure to do it before you bring it into the house.
To confirm no unwanted guests made it home with you, do a quick inspection with the help of a flashlight. Things to look for include bird nests, egg masses (of any kind), and the bugs themselves. Next, leave your tree in the garage (or a warmer area) for 24 hours before bringing it into the house. During the rest of the season (until you remove the tree), vacuum the floor around your tree regularly.
What not to do: Forget bug sprays. They'll ruin the smell of your tree and the flammable spray doesn't mix well with Christmas lights. Plus, you don't want to burn down your house over a few lousy bugs.


text:
School District Near Philadelphia Apologizes for Teacher Taping Mask to Student's Face
We Subconsciously Predict, and React to, Emotional Events in the Future: Study
By Tara MacIsaac
Tara MacIsaac
Tara MacIsaac is an editor and reporter who has worked on a variety of topics over the course of her ten years with The Epoch Times, including science, the environment, and local New York news. She is currently working with The Epoch Times edition based in Southern California.
June 11, 2015 Updated: June 11, 2015
It is possible that our subconscious mind somehow "sees" events 1 to 10 seconds in the future. Before we are consciously aware of an event, our bodies may react with changes in the cardiopulmonary, skin, and/or nervous systems.
A meta-analysis of more than 20 experiments conducted by seven independent laboratories suggested we are subconsciously capable of "predictive anticipatory activity (PAA)." This analysis, titled "Predictive physiological anticipation preceding seemingly unpredictable stimuli: a meta-analysis," was led by psychologist Julia A. Mossbridge at Northwestern University and was published in the journal Frontiers in Psychology in October 2012.
Before the image was displayed, the subject's body would already register an appropriate response.
In many of the studies analyzed, the subjects were shown randomly selected images designed to be either emotionally evocative or neutral. Before the image was displayed, the subject's body would already register an appropriate response. The strongest reactions occurred after the image was shown, but a slight reaction already registered seconds beforehand, suggesting a subconscious response to a future stimulus.
Feeling Another's Distress at a Distance: A Seemingly Psychic Connection
The study authors used the following analogy to describe the phenomenon. Picture a stick standing up in the middle of a river with the water flowing around it. That stick represents a future event, it's a perturbation—an emotional, arousing, or otherwise important event. The flow of the river represents the flow of time as your conscious mind perceives it.
(Boyrcr420/iStock; edited by Epoch Times)
The water around the stick is more disturbed downstream from the stick. But, shortly upstream of the stick is a slight disturbance of the water as well. The subconscious mind detects the disturbance slightly before the event.
The study authors note that a uniform standard would have to be used across many experiments to confirm the existence of PAA. This meta-analysis was only able to look at experiments that had employed diverse methods. Yet the authors found what they believe to be a significant indication that PAA does exist. They encouraged future studies to be conducted collaboratively with a fixed standard in place to confirm this hypothesis.
What Might Cause This Phenomenon?
Suggestions as to what may cause PAA include:
1. The conscious mind is wrong about when events occur. The event actually occurred 10 seconds earlier, when the body reacted to it, but the conscious mind didn't register the event right away.
2. The concept in quantum physics of retrocausation may be in effect. It has been suggested that future and past events may interact.
Follow @TaraMacIsaac on Twitter, visit the Epoch Times Beyond Science page on Facebook, and subscribe to the Beyond Science newsletter to continue exploring ancient mysteries and the new frontiers of science!