text:
\section{Introduction}

\begin{figure}\begin{center}\hspace{.1mm}}%setbox0=\hbox{\ }\ \hskip-\wd0
\psfig{file=F-bald95a-9.clean.eps,width=7.5cm}
\psfig{file=F-bald95a-9.1x1.eps,width=7.5cm}
\vspace*{2mm}\end{center}
\caption{
HREELS spectra of the clean W(110) surface (upper panel) and
its H-{}covered $(1\times 1)$ phase (lower panel)
~\protect{\cite{bald94,bald95}}:
Shown are the dispersion of the Rayleigh
wave (triangles) and the longitudinally polarized surface phonons
of the first (circles) and second (squares) layer.
The dots represent the results of the HAS
measurements~\protect{\cite{hulp92a,lued94}}.}
\label{Fanom}
\end{figure}
Much interest and many questions have been raised by
the recent discovery of deep and extremely sharp indentations in the
surface phonon spectra of H/Mo\,(110) and H/W\,(110) at full hydrogen
coverage~\cite{hulp92a,lued94}
(see Fig.\,\ref{Fanom}).
Those anomalies are seen at an incommensurate wavevector,
$\bar Q^{\rm c,1}$,
along the $[001]$ direction (${\overline{\Gamma H}}$) and
additionally
at the commensurate wavevector
$\bar Q^{\rm c,2} = {\bar S}$ at the boundary of the surface
Brillouin zone (SBZ).
Out of the ordinary Rayleigh mode two simultaneous anomalies
develop at those points.
One, $\omega_1$, is extremely deep, and is only seen by helium atom
scattering (HAS).
The other, $\omega_2$, is instead soft, and is observed by both HAS
and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy
(HREELS)~\cite{bald94,bald95}.

A pronounced but less sharp softening of surface phonons is
also seen on the clean (001) surfaces of W~\cite{erns92a} and
Mo~\cite{hulp89}. There, the effect can be explained in terms of a
nested structure of the Fermi surface~\cite{smit90,chun92}.
However, for the phonon anomalies of H/W\,(110) and H/Mo\,(110)
such a
connection between the electronic structure and the vibrational
properties seemed to be non-{}existent since
angular resolved photo\-emission (ARP) experiments of the two systems
gave no evidence for nesting vectors comparable to the HAS determined
critical wave vectors~\cite{jeon8X,gayl89}.
An alternative model which links the
phonon anomalies to the motion of the hydrogen adatoms~\cite{bald94}
has
to be ruled out because the HAS spectra
remain practically unchanged when deuterium is adsorbed instead of
hydrogen~\cite{hulp92a,lued94}.

\begin{figure}\begin{center}\hspace{.1mm}}%setbox0=\hbox{\ }\ \hskip-\wd0
\psfig{figure=F-struc.eps,width=7.5cm}
\vspace*{2mm}\end{center}
\caption{(a)~Adsorbate positions within the
$p(1\times 1)$ unit cell of the W\,(110) and Mo\,(110) surfaces:
Shown are the long-{}bridge~(L), short-{}bridge~(S), hollow~(H),
and on-{}top~(T) site.
(b-c)~Structure of the H-{}covered W\,(110) surface as
suggested by Chung {\em et al.} \protect{\cite{chun86}}:
(b)~low H-{}coverage $\Theta< 0.5$\,ML;
(c)~top-layer-shift reconstruction for higher H-{}coverages
$\Theta>0.5$\,ML.
The white (shaded) circles represent the W/Mo atoms of the
surface (subsurface) layer.
The H positions are indicated by full dots.
(d)~Structure parameters used in Table~\protect{\ref{Tstructure}}.
}
\label{Fadso}
\end{figure}
Another puzzle is added by the observation of a symmetry loss in
the low-{}energy electron diffraction (LEED)
pattern of W\,(110) upon H-{}adsorption.
The phenomena may be caused by a H-{}induced displacement of the top
layer W atoms along the $[\overline{1}10]$ direction~\cite{chun86}
(see Figs.\,\ref{Fadso}b and c).
Similar studies for H/Mo\,(110) do not provide any evidence for
a top-{}layer-{}shift reconstruction~\cite{altm87}.

Within a first-{}principles approach,
the goal of our work is to give a comprehensive explanation for the
observed anomalous behavior and clarify the confusing picture
drawn by the different experimental
findings.

\section{Method}
We perform density-{}functional theory (DFT) calculations
using the local-{}density approximation (LDA) for the
exchange-{}correlation energy functional~\cite{cepe80}.
For the self-{}consistent solution of the Kohn-{}Sham equations
a full-{}potential linearized augmented plane-{}wave (FP-{}LAPW)
code~\cite{blahXX}
is employed which we enhanced by the direct calculation of
atomic forces~\cite{yu91,kohl96a}.
Within a damped molecular dynamics approach this enables an
efficient determination of fully relaxed atomic geometries and
frozen-{}phonon energies.
For methodical details we refer to Ref~\cite{kohl95}.
In the case of the W surfaces the valence and semi-{}core (core)
electrons are treated scalar (fully) relativistically while
for Mo all electrons are handled non-{}relativistically.
The in-{}plane lattice constants $a_{\rm W}^{\rm theo}=3.14\,$\AA\ and
$a_{\rm Mo}^{\rm theo}=3.13\,$\AA\  are calculated without
including zero-{}point vibrations.
They are in good agreement with the respective measured bulk lattice
parameters  at room temperature which are
3.163\,\AA\ and 3.148\,\AA\ for W~\cite{shah71}
and Mo~\cite{kata79}, respectively.

We performed systematic tests comparing the LDA and the
generalized gradient approximation~\cite{perd92}
exchange-{}correlation functionals.
For the quantities reported in this paper (total energy differences
of
different adsorption sites, bond lengths, etc.)
both treatments give practically the same results.
Also, we checked the ${\bf k_{\|}}$-{}point convergence:
In the case of atomic and electronic structure calculations a
two-{}dimensional linear
mesh of 64 ${\bf k_{\|}}$-{}points within the $(1\times 1)$ SBZ
gives stable
results.
For the evaluation of frozen-{}phonon energies a set
of 56\,${\bf k_{\|}}$-{}points is employed within the SBZ of the
enlarged $(1\times 2)$ and $(2\times 1)$ surface cells.

\section{Results}
\subsection{Atomic Structure}

\begin{table}[tb]
\caption{
Relaxation parameters for the clean and H-{}covered
(110) surfaces of Mo and W (see also Fig.\,\protect{\ref{Fadso}}d).
For each system the results from a nine-{}layer slab calculation
(first line) and a LEED analysis
(second line)~\protect{\cite{arno96,arno96b}} are presented.
The height of the hydrogen above the surface and its
$[\overline{1}10]$ offset from the [001] bridge position
are denoted by $d_{\rm H}$ and $y_{\rm H}$, respectively.
The shift of the surface layer with respect to the substrate
is $y_1$.
The parameters $\Delta d_{ij}$ describe the percentage change of the
interlayer distance between the $i$-{}th and the $j$-{}th substrate
layers with
respect to the bulk interlayer spacing $d_0$.
The numerical accuracy of the theoretically obtained parameters is
$\pm0.015\,$\AA$\approx \pm 0.7\%d_0$.}
\begin{tabular}{cccccc}
$y_{\rm H}$
&$d_{\rm H}$
&$y_1$
&$\Delta d_{12}$
&$\Delta d_{23}$
&$\Delta d_{34}$
\\
(\AA)
&(\AA)
&(\AA)
&($\%d_0$)
&($\%d_0$)
&($\%d_0$)
\\
\hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{\underline{Mo\,(110)}}\\
$-$
&$-$
&$-$
&$-5.0$
&$+0.7$
&$-0.3$
\\
$-$
&$-$
&$-$
&$-4.0\pm0.6$
&$+0.2\pm0.8$
&$0.0 \pm1.1$
\\
\hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{\underline{H/Mo\,(110)}}\\
0.62
&1.09
&0.04
&$-3.3$
&+0.3
&$-0.2$
\\
$0.55\pm 0.4$
&$1.3\pm 0.3$
&$0.0\pm 0.1$
&$-2.0\pm 0.4$
&$0.0\pm0.5$
&$0.0\pm0.8$
\\
\hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{\underline{W\,(110)}}\\
$-$
&$-$
&$-$
&$-$3.6
&$+$0.2
&$-$0.3
\\
$-$
&$-$
&$-$
&$-3.1\pm 0.6$
&$0.0\pm0.9$
&$0.0\pm1.0$
\\
\hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{\underline{H/W\,(110)}}\\
0.67
&1.09
&0.02
&$-1.4$
&$-0.3$
&$-0.1$\\
$0.56\pm0.4$
&$1.2\pm0.25$
&$0.0\pm0.1$
&$-1.7\pm0.5$
&$0.0\pm0.6$
&0.0$\pm$0.9
\end{tabular}
\label{Tstructure}
\end{table}
The first step in our study is to determine the atomic structures
of the clean and hydrogen-{}covered (110) surfaces.
The relaxation parameters presented in
Table~\ref{Tstructure} are calculated for a nine-{}layer slab
(the parameters are defined in Fig.~\ref{Fadso}d).
The results, which are remarkably similar for Mo and W, are in
excellent
quantitative agreement with a recent LEED
analysis~\cite{arno96,arno96b}.

\begin{figure}\begin{center}\hspace{.1mm}}%setbox0=\hbox{\ }\ \hskip-\wd0
\psfig{figure=F-shift.eps,width=7.5cm}
\vspace*{2mm}\end{center}
\caption{Change of total energy $E^{\rm tot}$ versus
top-{}layer-{}shift $y_1$:
For each data point the whole surface is relaxed keeping only
the substrate $[1\bar10]$-{}coordinates $y_1$ and $y_2=y_3=0\,$\AA~
fixed.
Also shown are the first three oscillator eigenstates calculated
from a harmonic expansion of the total energy $E^{\rm tot}(y_1)$.}
\label{Fshift}
\end{figure}
As the energetically most favorable hydrogen adsorption site on both
W\,(110) and Mo\,(110) we identify a quasi-{}threefold position
(indicated as H in Fig.\,\ref{Fadso}a).
Our investigations also throw light on the suggested
model of a H-{}induced structural change:
For both materials the calculated shift $y_1$ is only of the order of
0.01\,\AA\ and thus there is no evidence for a pronounced
top-{}layer-{}shift reconstruction.
Moreover, this subtle change in the surface geometry is unlikely to
be resolved experimentally due to zero-{}point vibrations.
This aspect becomes evident by evaluating the total energy
with respect to a rigid top-{}layer-{}shift.
In Fig.~\ref{Fshift} we present the results of such a calculation
for H/W\,(110) and depict the first three vibrational eigenstates
obtained from a harmonic expansion of the total energy
$E^{\rm tot}(y_1)$;
for H/Mo\,(110) the energetics is similar.
Since we have $k_{\rm B}T\approx 25$\,meV at room temperature
thermal fluctuations of $y_1$ are of the order of 0.1\,\AA.
This is considerably larger than the theoretically predicted
absolute value of $y_1$.

\subsection{Electronic Structure}

\begin{figure}\begin{center}\hspace{.1mm}}%setbox0=\hbox{\ }\ \hskip-\wd0
\psfig{file=F-band.eps,width=7.5cm}
\vspace*{2mm}\end{center}
\caption{Band structure (upper figure) and Fermi surface (lower
figure)
of clean Mo\,(110) (dotted curves) and H/Mo\,(110) (solid curves).
The shaded areas represent the projection of the bulk Fermi
surface onto the
SBZ of the (110) surface.}
\label{Fband}
\end{figure}
The similarities between Mo\,(110) and W\,(110) found for the
surface geometries continue when we compare the electronic
structures.
For both systems the H adsorption alters the surface potential and
induces the shift of a band with $(d_{3z^2-r^2},d_{xz})$
character to higher binding energies~\cite{kohl95,rugg95}.
Due to this effect which is illustrated in Fig.~\ref{Fband} the
Fermi line associated with this band is moved into the band
gap of the surface projected band structure, and the respective
states become true surface states.

\begin{figure}\begin{center}\hspace{.1mm}}%setbox0=\hbox{\ }\ \hskip-\wd0
\psfig{file=F-fermi.MoRe110.eps,width=7.5cm}
\vspace*{2mm}\end{center}
\caption{
Theoretical Fermi surfaces of the (a) clean
and (c) H-{}covered Mo\,(110) surface.
The solid (dotted) lines denote surface resonances or surface
states which are localized by more than 60 \% (30 \%) in the MTs
of the two top Mo layers.
Shaded areas represent the (110) projected theoretical Mo bulk
Fermi surface.
The arrows ${\bar Q}^{\rm c,1}$ and ${\bar Q}^{\rm c,2}$
are the critical wave vectors predicted by the calculations.
Also presented are data points (+)
which stem from an ARP study of the (b) clean and (d) H-{}covered
Mo$_{0.95}$Re$_{0.05}$\,(110) surface~\protect{\cite{okad96}}. }
\label{Ffermi}
\end{figure}
The shifted $(d_{3z^2-r^2},d_{xz})$ band is characterized by a high
density of states at the Fermi level.
More important, the new Fermi contour shows pronounced nesting
features (see Fig.~\ref{Ffermi}c).
The magnitudes of the calculated nesting vectors and HAS measured
critical wavevectors along $\overline{\Gamma S}$ and
$\overline{\Gamma H}$ are listed in Table~\ref{Tnesting}.
For both systems the agreement between theory and experiment is
excellent.
\begin{table}[b]
\caption{Theoretical Fermi-{}surface nesting vectors compared to
critical
wavevectors obtained by HAS and HREELS
ex\-periments~\protect{\cite{hulp92a,lued94,bald94}}.
 }
\begin{tabular}{llll}
direction       &system         &\multicolumn{2}{c}{
$|\bar Q^{\rm c}|\ \
(\mbox{\AA}^{-1})$}\\
                                \cline{3-4}
                &               &theory &experiment\\
\hline  $\overline{\Gamma H}\ \ $
                        &H/Mo\,(110)      &0.86   &0.90 \\
                        &H/W\,(110)       &0.96   &0.95 \\
\hline  $\overline{\Gamma S}\ \ $
                        &H/Mo\,(110)      &1.23   &1.22\\
                        &H/W\,(110)       &1.22   &1.22\\
\end{tabular}
\label{Tnesting}
\end{table}

Our results are at variance with the photoemission studies by
Kevan and coworkers~\cite{jeon8X,gayl89} (see Fig.~2 in
Ref.~\cite{kohl95}).
However, in view of more recent ARP measurements~\cite{okad96}
which we compare to our results in Fig.~\ref{Ffermi}
we dare to suggest that those differences may be due to
problems in the experimental analysis.
The later work deals with the (110) surface
of the alloy Mo$_{0.95}$Re$_{0.05}$ but the surface physics of
both systems Mo$_{0.95}$Re$_{0.05}$\,(110) and Mo\,(110)
should be practically the same
because in both cases the top layer consists
only of Mo atoms.
This assumption is also backed by test calculations where we
simulated a Mo$_{0.95}$Tc$_{0.05}$ alloy be the virtual
crystal approximation and found only
minor quantitative changes.

From Fig.~\ref{Ffermi} it becomes clear that in particular for
the important $(d_{3z^2-r^2},d_{xz})$ surface band, which was
not seen by Kevan's group, experiment and DFT now agree very well.
There are however differences:
Theory predicts bands centered at $\bar S$ which are not seen by
ARP whereas the band circle at $\bar \Gamma$ in Fig.~\ref{Ffermi}d
is only observed experimentally.
Also, in the calculations we find an elliptical band centered at the
$\bar \Gamma$ point whereas in ARP the same band has the shape
of a rectangle.
Those discrepancies are probably due to the fact that it is rather
difficult in theory (and experiment!) to clearly distinguish
between surface states and surface resonances.
Additionally, due to interactions between the two surfaces within a
slab system the $\bf k_{\|}$-{}space location of a
calculated surface resonance which is not strongly localized
at the surface cannot be determined accurately.
Furthermore, we note that DFT is not expected to describe the
Fermi surface accurately.
Nevertheless, the important theoretical finding of a H-{}induced
surface state which can be related to the HAS anomalies is now
verified by experiment.

\subsection{Vibrational Properties}
At this point, the following question arises:
How does the surface react to the apparent electronic
instability due to the strong nesting features?
In the case of nesting the surface phonons take the burden to furnish
energy and momentum  to the scattering process of electrons at the
Fermi level.
This leads to a softening of the related phonons.
If the electron-{}phonon coupling is strong and the energetic cost
of a surface distortion is small this softening could even trigger
a reconstruction combined with the build-{}up of a charge-{}density
wave as in the case of the (001) surfaces of W~\cite{erns92a} and
Mo~\cite{hulp89}.
It is clear that one needs to perform frozen-{}phonon calculations in
order to determine the actual strength of the coupling and the
induced phonon softening~\cite{kohl96b}.

\begin{table}
\caption{Comparison of calculated frozen-{}phonon energies and
experimental values obtained by
HAS~\protect{\cite{hulp92a,lued94}} and
HREELS~\protect{\cite{bald94}}.
The theoretical phonon energies are obtained using a five-{}layer
slab.
Their numerical accuracy is about $\pm 1$\,meV.}
\begin{tabular}{llll}
phonon          &system         &\multicolumn{2}{c}{$E^{\rm ph}$\ \
(meV)}\\
                                \cline{3-4}
                &               &theory &experiment\\
\hline
$\bar N$       &W\,(110)         &15.4   &14.5\\
                &H/W\,(110)       &17.6   &17.0\\
\hline
$\overline{S}$       &Mo\,(110)        &22.7   &$\sim$21\\
                &H/Mo\,(110)      &17.2   &$<$16\\
                \cline{2-4}
                &W\,(110)         &18.3   &16.1\\
                &H/W\,(110)       &12.0   &11.0\\
\end{tabular}
\label{Tphonon}
\end{table}
Fortunately, at $\bar Q^{\rm c,2}=\bar S$ such a calculation is
particularly convenient, since at the zone boundary point $\bar S$
the Rayleigh-{}wave polarization is purely vertical, and the second
layer
is immobile by symmetry.
The calculated frequencies for the $\bar S$-{}point and a second
zone boundary point, $\bar N$, are presented in
Table~\ref{Tphonon}.
For the latter our results reproduce the experimentally
observed increase of the Rayleigh wave frequency as hydrogen is
adsorbed.
At the ${\bar S}$ point we find that those stiffening effects are
over-{}compensated:
The strong coupling to electronic states at the Fermi level leads
to a lowering of the phonon energy in good agreement
with the experimental results.

\begin{figure}\begin{center}\hspace{.1mm}}%setbox0=\hbox{\ }\ \hskip-\wd0
\psfig{file=F-kohn.eps,width=7.5cm}
\vspace*{2mm}\end{center}
\caption{Schematic representation of the mechanism
which causes the Kohn anomaly on H/Mo\,(110) and H/W\,(110).
Shown is the bandstructure along $\overline{S\Gamma S}$ parallel
to the nesting vector $\bar Q^{\rm c,2}$ in
Figs.\,\protect{\ref{Ffermi}}.
The form of the \protect{($d_{3z^2-r^2},d_{xz}$)} band is
indicated by dashed lines.}
\label{Fkohn}
\end{figure}
In Fig.~\ref{Fkohn} we schematically illustrate the mechanism
which is responsible for this effect.
It is, in fact, a text-{}book example of a Kohn
anomaly due to Fermi-{}surface nesting~\cite{migd58,kohn59}:
(a) Within the unperturbated system the ($d_{3z^2-r^2},d_{xz}$) band
cuts the Fermi level exactly midway between $\bar \Gamma$ and
$\bar S$.
(b) The $\bar S$-{}point phonon couples to the states at the Fermi
level
and causes the backfolding of the SBZ.
(c)
The nuclear distortion associated with the $\bar S$-{}point phonon
modifies the surface potential and hence removes the degeneracy at
the new zone boundary point $\bar{S'}$.
The occupied states are shifted to lower energies.
This amounts to a negative contribution of the electronic band
structure energy to the total energy and thus a lowering of the
phonon energy.

A frozen-{}phonon study for the second nesting vector
along $\overline{\Gamma H}$ is not performed because
$\bar Q^{\rm c,1}$ is highly non-{}commensurate;
a calculation would be very expensive.
However, since the character of the $(d_{3z^2-r^2},d_{xz})$ band
does not change when shifting from the $\overline{\Gamma S}$ to
the $\overline{\Gamma H}$ nesting we expect similar results.

The calculation of the electron-{}phonon interaction
at the Mo\,(110) and W\,(110) surfaces and its change
due to hydrogen adsorption pinpoints the phonon character of the
small anomaly $\omega_2$ and  identifies  the interplay between
the electronic structure and the vibrational spectra of the
transition metal surfaces.
Thus, our results which were recently confirmed by
Bungaro~\cite{bung96} within the framework of perturbation DFT
clearly support the interpretation that the small dip
observed by both HAS and HREELS is due to a Kohn anomaly.

\subsection{Electron-{}hole excitations}
For the deep and sharp anomaly $\omega_1$ the interpretation
is less straightforward, particularly since it is only seen
in the HAS spectra.
One needs to understand the nature of rare-{}gas scattering
in order to explain this unusual behavior.

In a recent study we found that those scattering processes
are significantly more complicated (and more interesting)
than hitherto assumed~\cite{pete96}:
The reflection of the He atom happens in front of the surface
at a distance of 2--3\,\AA.
More important, it is not the {\em total} electron density of the
substrate surface which determines the interaction but the electronic
wave functions close to the Fermi level.
In the case of the H/W\,(110) and H/Mo\,(110) systems
it is thus plausible to assume that the He atom couples directly
to the $(d_{3z^2-r^2},d_{xz})$ surface states mentioned above and
excites electron-{}hole pairs.

In order to analyze the spectrum of those excitations in some more
detail we evaluate the imaginary part of the electronic
susceptibility $\chi({\bf q_{\|}},\hbar\omega)$ within
random phase approximation (RPA):
\begin{eqnarray}
\nonumber
\lefteqn{\mbox{Im}\ \chi({\bf q_{\|}},\hbar\omega) = }\\ \nonumber
&= \mbox{Im}&\frac{A}{4\pi^2}
 \int_{\rm SBZ} d{\bf k_{\|}}\
w_{\bf k_{\|}+\bf q_{\|}} w_{\bf k_{\|}}\
(f_{\bf k_{\|}+ q_{\|}}-f_{\bf k_{\|}})\times \\ \nonumber
&&\hspace{2cm} \times \frac
{\displaystyle 1}
{\displaystyle
\varepsilon_{\bf k_{\|}+q_{\|}}-\varepsilon_{\bf k_{\|}}-\hbar\omega -i\eta}
\\
&=& \frac{A}{4\pi^2}
\int_{\rm SBZ} d{\bf k_{\|}}\
w_{\bf k_{\|}+\bf q_{\|}} w_{\bf k_{\|}}\
(f_{\bf k_{\|}+\bf q_{\|}}-f_{\bf k_{\|}})\times \\ \nonumber
&&\hspace{2cm} \times \delta\left( \varepsilon_{\bf k_{\|}+\bf q_{\|}}
-\varepsilon_{\bf k_{\|}}-\hbar\omega\right)
\end{eqnarray}
with $\frac{A}{4\pi^2}$ being the ${\bf k_{\|}}$-{}space density.
In our approach we use all eigenvalues $\epsilon_{\bf k_{\|}}$ and
occupation numbers $f_{\bf k_{\|}}$ obtained via a nine-{}layer
slab calculations.
Also, we take into account the localization $w_{\bf k_{\|}}$ of
the respective
state at a distance of 2.5\,\AA\ in front of the substrate
surface.

\begin{figure}\begin{center}\hspace{.1mm}}%setbox0=\hbox{\ }\ \hskip-\wd0
\psfig{file=F-Susc.HMo+Mo.eps,width=7cm}
\vspace*{2mm}\end{center}
\caption{Imaginary part of the electronic RPA susceptibility
$\chi({\bf q_{\|}},\hbar \omega)$ of Mo\,(110) and H/Mo\,(110)
calculated for $\hbar \omega = 0.5$\,mRy $\approx 7$\,meV.
The dashed line represents a value of 3\,a.u.\ while each full
line denotes an additional increase by 1\,a.u. (with increasing
line width).
The positions of the HAS measured anomalies within
the SBZ are indicated by dots.}
\label{FSusc}
\end{figure}
The results obtained for Mo\,(110) and H/Mo\,(110) are presented in
Fig.~\ref{FSusc}:
For the clean surface we find that the intensity of
the electron-{}hole excitations decreases continuously
as we move away from the $\bar \Gamma$ point towards the zone
boundaries.
This relatively smooth behavior of the susceptibility
is modified considerably when H is adsorbed on the clean
surface:
Pronounced peaks appear, in particular one which stretches from
the $\overline{\Gamma H}$ line through the SBZ to the symmetry point
$\bar S$.
This is in excellent agreement with the HAS results.
Also, there is a peak located at the second half of the
$\overline{\Gamma N}$ symmetry line.
It cannot be
associated with an anomaly in the HAS spectrum.
This result may be due to the fact that selection
rules for the interaction between the scattering He atoms and
the electron-{}hole excitations are not considered.

In view of the simplicity of the approach,
the calculated spectrum of electron-{}hole excitations however
seems to be well-{}connected to the HAS measurements.
Moreover, it is surprising how detailed the Fermi surface nesting
is reflected in the susceptibility at such a large distance from
the surface where the HAS scattering process takes place.
This finding supports the earlier suggestion~\cite{kohl95}
that the giant indentations, seen only in HAS,
are due to the excitation of electron-{}hole pairs.
By contrast, in HREELS experiments the electrons are directly
scattered at the atoms and thus only measure the phonon spectrum.
Therefore, the strong anomaly is invisible for HREELS.

\section{Summary}
In conclusion, the major results of our work are as follows:
We demonstrate that both the W\,(110) and the Mo\,(110)
surface do not show a pronounced top-{}layer-{}shift reconstruction
upon adsorption of hydrogen,
a result confirmed by a recent LEED analysis~\cite{arno96}.
Also, we give a consistent explanation for the H-{}induced
anomalies in the HAS spectra of W\,(110) and Mo\,(110).
The H adsorption induces surface states of $(d_{3z^2-r^2},d_{xz})$
character that show pronounced Fermi-{}surface nesting.
The soft anomalous dip is clearly identified as a Kohn
anomaly due to those nesting features~\cite{kohl95,rugg95,kohl96b}.
For an understanding of the huge dip one needs to take into
account that the scattering of rare-{}gas atoms is crucially
influenced
by interactions with substrate surface wave functions at the Fermi
level~\cite{pete96}.
The He atom couples efficiently to the H-{}induced surface
states on H/W\,(110) and H/Mo\,(110).
We therefore conclude that the deep branch of the anomaly
is predominantly caused by a direct excitation of
electron-{}hole pairs during the scattering process.

We hope that our first-{}principles study stimulates some more
experimental work:
For instance, the liquid-{}like behavior of the H adatoms
observed in the HREELS measurements~\cite{bald94} is still not
understood.
One would also like to know whether the HAS and HREELS spectra of
the Mo$_{0.95}$Re$_{0.05}$\,(110) alloy system reveal H-{}induced
anomalies as expected.
Finally, we call for a new ARP study of the clean and H-{}covered
Mo\,(110) and W\,(110) surface and think that scattering
experiments with atoms or molecules like Ne or H$_2$ might provide
additional insight into the interesting behavior of these
surfaces.

We thank Erio Tosatti for stimulating discussions.

\renewcommand{\,}{ }


text:
Q: Powershell correct encoding of exe-output I googled a lot, but I didn't find a solution for my problem. I want to call an exe from powershell and capture the output. This output I want to display correctly in the console and write it to a file:
$output = & ".\myExe.exe" $path
Write-Host $output
$output | Out-File -Append -Encoding UTF8 -filepath $destFile

This works only for non special chars. But if the output contains e.g. a Umlaut (ä,ö,ü) it does not work. Then I get something like this: õ÷³
Can anyone help, please?

A: I solved similar issues with git output using
[Console]::OutputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8

UPDATE
In fact, I change the encoding temporarily just in order to call git
function Invoke-Git($Command) {
    ${*OutputEncoding} = [Console]::OutputEncoding
    [Console]::OutputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8
    try {
        . $Command
        if ($LASTEXITCODE) {Write-Error "Exit code: $LASTEXITCODE. Command: $Command" -ErrorAction 1}
    }
    finally {
        [Console]::OutputEncoding = ${*OutputEncoding}
    }
}

Thus, if changing the encoding makes issues for other commands then try to use this approach.

A: Flagrant mojibake case. Let's have next testing script, where simple console application CliParser.exe echoes command line arguments (written in C, inspired here)
$destFile="d:\test\35909655-UTF8.txt"
Remove-Item $destFile
###
### [Console]::OutputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::Default
###
$output = & "d:\bat\CliParser.exe" äöü
$output | Out-File -Append -Encoding UTF8 -filepath $destFile
"{0} {1} {2}" -f "Console code pages", [System.Console]::OutputEncoding.WindowsCodePage,
                                       [System.Console]::OutputEncoding.CodePage
"{0} {1} {2}" -f "System  code pages", [System.Text.Encoding]::Default.WindowsCodePage,
                                       [System.Text.Encoding]::Default.CodePage

Output under various circumstances shows discrepancy in code pages; output file is UTF-8 encoded so get-content would display it correctly regardless of active code page (see chcp 437 below):
==> chcp 850
Active code page: 850

==> powershell D:\PShell\SO\35909655.ps1
Console code pages 1252 850
System  code pages 1250 1250

==> powershell get-content "d:\test\35909655-UTF8.txt"
param 0 = D:\bat\CliParser.exe
param 1 = õ÷³

==> chcp 1250
Active code page: 1250

==> powershell D:\PShell\SO\35909655.ps1
Console code pages 1250 1250
System  code pages 1250 1250

==> chcp 437
Active code page: 437

==> powershell get-content "d:\test\35909655-UTF8.txt"
param 0 = D:\bat\CliParser.exe
param 1 = äöü

==>

Please forget that in above output appears code page 1252 (it's only my default).
Answer: To treat the case in Powesthell script, use (remove leading ###)
[Console]::OutputEncoding = [System.Text.Encoding]::Default

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The Tech Showcase is an opportunity for MIT Energy Conference attendees and the general public alike to see the topics from the MIT Energy Conference come to life through engaging demonstrations, presentations, and talks with some of the most innovative groups in energy. The booth-style set up for this event provides for engaging and personalized interaction between attendees and presenters who are showcasing exciting energy technologies and ideas. Featuring demonstrations such as a superconducting magnetic track, solar electric vehicles, and energy optimization simulations, the Tech Showcase is a fun and informative setting for all to explore Tough Tech & The 2040 Grid. The Tech Showcase is free and open to the public on a first-come, first-serve basis starting at 5pm.
Commonwealth Fusion Systems in conjunction with the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center will demonstrate elements of their fusion technology in the following displays — magnetic levitation, superconductors, plasma discharge, 3D tour of Alcator C-Mod and a life-sided rendering of SPARC. We invite you to witness how this collaboration is leading the charge on fusion.
Join us as Avangrid presents their airborne LiDAR, DRONES, and Smart Grid technologies. Through applied R&D projects such as the ones listed above, Avangrid is able to leverage some of the most innovative technologies of today in order to design and manage the energy systems of tomorrow.
Polyjoule, a Cambridge-based startup and a member of the MIT Startup Exchange, is leveraging chemical technologies to develop long-term solutions to energy storage. Come see firsthand what they are doing to make long-term storage a reality.
Have you ever wondered how solar panels are mounted? Tessolar will be showcasing their 7' x 4' solar rack mounting panels to demonstrate how we are able to most effectively capture the power of the sun.
Shell TechWorks, located here in Cambridge, will be demonstrating their Artificial Reality (AR) headsets, which participants will have the opportunity to try on for themselves. Check out how Shell is using technologies such as AR to change the way in which we do energy.
Learn how this Greentown Labs partner is making key predictions in energy and the environment through their satellite-based machine learning methods. In applying AI to the forefront of the energy and sustainability landscape, Upstream Tech seeks to provide the most comprehensive treatment of how we understand the world's water-energy-food nexus.
The mission of the Women's Energy Network is to educate and empower women in the energy industry. Join us as they speak about their projects to diversify the energy industry and provide more opportunities to women through education, empowerment, and networking opportunities.
The MIT D-Lab is dedicated to providing low-cost energy solutions to those that need them most. Through technologies such as evaporation coolers and sensors, the MIT D-Lab will demonstrate the potential we have to dramatically shape the energy landscape of the developing world.


Prize motivation: "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized."
At the end of the 19th century, it became clear that biochemical processes do not necessarily require living cells, but are driven by special substances, enzymes, formed in cells. However, it remained to be seen how pure forms of these enzymes could be isolated. James Sumner studied the enzyme urease, which breaks down urine into ammonia and carbon dioxide. In 1926 he succeeded in isolating crystals with high activity from a kind of bean. Continued research indicated that the crystals were composed of a pure form of urease and that urease is a protein.


Even better, they would acculturate faster and want to become citizens.
Reminders of one's homeland can hinder the ability to speak a new language. The findings could help explain why cultural immersion is the most effective way to learn a foreign tongue, and why immigrants who settle within an ethnic enclave acculturate more slowly than those who surround themselves with friends from their new country.
A ketubah in Chinese illustrates the ability of Jewish culture to "acculturate but not assimilate," said Michael Berenbaum, a Holocaust scholar and consultant to the museum.


text:
Home Technology Food technology company Hoow Foods raises $3 million in pre-Series-A funding round
Food technology company Hoow Foods raises $3 million in pre-Series-A funding round
The food technology firm, incorporated in the year 2018, focuses on transforming incumbent indulgent foods into healthier versions while still retaining taste and texture
To help fuel its commercial and operational capabilities in Southeast Asia, a Singapore based food technology firm – Hoow Foods has announced the raising of $3 million in a pre-Series-A funding round.
The funding round was led by Farquhar VC, an early-stage venture capital firm specialising in Seed to Series-A start-ups in the food-tech, Industry 4.0, and digital media across the region. Existing investor TRIVE Ventures, a VC firm that invests in technology start-ups, also participated in the funding round along with other private investors.
The food technology firm, incorporated in the year 2018, focuses on transforming incumbent indulgent foods into healthier versions while still retaining taste and texture.
The food technology firm has produced innovative products through its proprietary AI/ML REGENESYS smart platform, which allowed for the targeted optimisation of nutritional profiles using novel food ingredients.
Formulated products of the food technology firm have entered the market through a series of subsidiaries and joint ventures, one of which is its on-going partnership with Singapore heritage brand, Killiney Kopitiam Group.
In just over a year, the venture has launched and commercialized more than 10 consumer packaged goods under the Killiney brand, which are now sold and distributed in Singapore and other major international markets.
This partnership has sold more than 1.5 million equivalent cups of beverages till date.
"At Hoow Foods, our fundamental belief is that everyone should be consuming foods healthily and sustainably. Whether you have a pre-existing health condition, are vegan, or just a health-conscious consumer, there should be alternative choices of foods for everyone without compromising on quality and taste", said CEO and co-founder Ow Yau Png.
Currently, the food technology firm is also collaborating with MNCs and SMEs in the food and FMCG industry to improve their product R&D capabilities.
Together with the company's extensive line of upcoming healthier foods, the food technology firm is set to re-define indulgence in desserts, beverages, snacks, and other staple foods as part of a healthy diet, according to the announcement.
Also read: DigiYatra: A paperless journey experience for domestic air traveller
Previous articleTechnology innovation hubs: Bengaluru ranks eighth in top 10 cities
Next articleData centres: Yondr, Everstone JV to invest $1 billion in India
Khushbu Soni - January 17, 2022 0
Fin-tech firm Block Inc. of Jack Dorsey to build open bitcoin mining system
Dorsey, in October had said that the fin-tech firm – Block, formerly known as Square, was considering building a bitcoin mining system based on...

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Samsung Electronics, the world leader in advanced memory technology, today announced that it has begun mass production of the industry's first 512-gigabyte (GB) embedded Universal Flash Storage (eUFS) solution for use in next-generation mobile devices. Utilizing Samsung's latest 64-layer 512-gigabit (Gb) V-NAND chips, the new 512GB eUFS package provides unparalleled storage capacity and outstanding performance for upcoming flagship smartphones and tablets.
Consisting of eight 64-layer 512Gb V-NAND chips and a controller chip, all stacked together, Samsung's new 512GB UFS doubles the density of Samsung's previous 48-layer V-NAND-based 256GB eUFS, in the same amount of space as the 256GB package. The eUFS' increased storage capacity will provide a much more extensive mobile experience. For example, the new high-capacity eUFS enables a flagship smartphone to store approximately 130 4K Ultra HD (3840×2160) video clips of a 10-minute duration*, which is about a tenfold increase over a 64GB eUFS which allows storing only about 13 of the same-sized video clips.
The Samsung 512GB eUFS also features strong read and write performance. With its sequential read and writes reaching up to 860 megabytes per second (MB/s) and 255MB/s respectively, the 512GB embedded memory enables transferring a 5GB-equivalent full HD video clip to an SSD in about six seconds, over eight times faster than a typical microSD card.
On a related note, Samsung intends to steadily increase an aggressive production volume for its 64-layer 512Gb V-NAND chips, in addition to expanding its 256Gb V-NAND production. This should meet the increase in demand for advanced embedded mobile storage, as well as for premium SSDs and removable memory cards with high density and performance.
* Editor's note: The calculation reflects internal tests where the averaged actual storage is approximately 93% of the labeled capacity, and where the preloaded mobile OS uses about 13GB of the capacity on a flagship smartphone.


text:
Kat DeLuna Returns At Last On Bello Boys Summer Jam "Last Call," Remains Unstoppable
Kathleen "Kat" Emperatriz DeLuna, Kween of Klubs, literally does not know how to turn down. Turn down for WHAT? That's what Kat would probably say. She doesn't know the answer to that. Why? Because it's still PARTY O'CLOCK.
Not since blessing us with her $150,000 dress-borrowing visual for "Wanna See U Dance" back in 2012 has Kat spiced up the pages of MuuMuse — but that DeLuna Dry Spell mercifully ends now.
Belgium's favorite dance floor diva returns this month as a featured chanteuse on "Last Call," a Latin-infused summer jam by NY/NJ-bred act, Bello Boys. (And yes, that is the very real and actual single art above, serving you Baby's First 1994 MS Paint PC project realness. Could your faves?)
As is always the case in Kat's world, the party is on the dance floor, and it's time to turn the music up, pour up the drinks, get those hands up in the air and TURN THE FUCK UP: "Turn it up, don't stop, live it up/No, this town ain't big enough!" Kat declares above the sizzling House beats and sassy accordion sound. The vocal mix sort of makes it sound like she's singing underwater, but it's fine — IT'S A DELUNA BANGA!
As an added bonus, the song's been dealt an even more hot fiya remix by DJ Liam Keegan.
And there you have it: Between Inna's "Cola Song" and "Last Call," your summer is officially sorted.
SINGIN' AAAAAYO, AAAAAAYO! BAILA! BAILA!
"Last Call" was released on April 29. (iTunes)
Rita Ora Premiered Some New Songs At The Box In NYC Last Night, And Here They Are
Rita Ora has a new album coming out later this year, and to prove that fact, she
Mariah Carey's New Album Title, Tracklisting And Explanation Are Even More Insane And Amazing Than You Could Have Ever Imagined
SORRY, JUST HAVING A FESTIVE PRE-ORDER MOMENT
Daily B: On Las Vegas Sales, Billboard Charts and Remaining A Living Legend
Britney Army/Spearleaders/Godney Air Force: Relax
Lady Gaga: The Edge of Glory (Single Review)
She nearly lost me
More Flavors
On a whim, I visited Alanis' site a little earlier today to see if there
Jordin Sparks: Battlefield (Album Review)
I wasn't going to do this, but coupled with the fact that I'm


text:
Q: insert fixed freight charges to sales order lines in x++ Dynamics 365 fin & ops I am new in X++ development, i want to insert freight charges against sales order lines instead of sales order header. I have used SalesOrderLineChargeEntity but it is not saving record instead it is throwing error.
private void addCharges()
{
    SalesOrderLineChargeV2Entity chargeEntity;

    boolean isNew;
    str saleschargecode = 'Freight';
    str saleschargecodedesc = 'Freight Charges';

    if(saleschargecode != '')
    {
        select forupdate chargeEntity  where chargeEntity.SalesOrderNumber=='22676' && chargeEntity.SalesChargeCode == saleschargecode && chargeEntity.ChargeLineNumber == 1;

        if(!chargeEntity)
        {
            isNew = true;
            chargeEntity.clear();
        }
        chargeEntity.ChargeCategory = MarkupCategory::Fixed;
        chargeEntity.SalesChargeCode = saleschargecode;
        chargeEntity.ChargeDescription=saleschargecodedesc;
        chargeEntity.ChargeAccountingCurrencyCode = _ecomIntSalesOrderImportStaging.currency_id;
        chargeEntity.ChargePercentage=0;
        chargeEntity.ExternalChargeAmount=0;
        chargeEntity.FixedChargeAmount= 230;
        chargeEntity.ChargeLineNumber=1;

        chargeEntity.SalesOrderNumber='22676';

        chargeEntity.SalesTaxGroupCode='AvaTax';
        chargeEntity.WillInvoiceProcessingKeepCharge=NoYes::No;
        chargeEntity.IsIntercompanyCharge = NoYes::No;

        if(isNew)
        chargeEntity.insert();
        else
        chargeEntity.update();
    }
}

This is code which i use for insert sales line freight charge but it is throwing error as mention into picture.

Need help.
Thanks,
Sandy

A: I am able to resolve issue by assigning InventoryLotId of salesline to which i want to show freight charges, i did below code changes :
select firstonly salesOrderLine
                where salesOrderLine.SalesOrderNumber == '22676';
chargeEntity.SalesOrderLineInventoryLotId = salesOrderLine.InventoryLotId;


text:
Home :: Military :: Library :: News :: 2007 :: May ::
Press Briefing by Tony Snow
Office of the Press Secretary
White House Conference Center Briefing Room
12:02 P.M. EDT
MR. SNOW: Hello. One additional item before we get to questions. The President this morning had a call with Prime Minister Abe of Japan. Prime Minister Abe gave the President a readout of the Prime Minister's visit to the Middle East, including visits to Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Qatar.
They agreed that it's indispensable that governments support Prime Minister Maliki and his government as they work on Iraqi reconstruction. They also agreed that Iran must give up its nuclear weapons ambitions and stop interfering in the internal affairs of Iraq. They discussed the North Korean situation, agreed that it's regrettable that North Korea has yet to fulfill its commitments under the February 13th agreement, and that they look forward to seeing one another at the G8 summit in Germany.
Q The event today about CAFE standards, when did that get added to the schedule?
MR. SNOW: Today. I mean, we've been discussing it for some time, but we made it official today.
Q Well, I'm just wondering why -- sort of what's the thinking behind doing it today.
MR. SNOW: The thinking behind doing it today is we're ready. I mean, it's really pretty much that simple. The Supreme Court, in Massachusetts versus the EPA, had some things to say about the EPA and its role in dealing with tailpipe emissions under the Clean Air Act. And so there has been an interagency process underway, thinking about what the ramifications are.
The ramifications are that you can use regulatory means to go ahead and pursue some of the goals where -- that have been outlined in that Supreme Court opinion, and at the same time, also, it provides a way of advancing the goals within the context not only of CAFE, but also the 20-in-10. So there's -- if you're looking for a political calculation or some extraneous factor that prompted the timing, there is none. Basically it's ripe, and therefore that's why we're doing it today.
Q So he'll go beyond the State of the Union, with what he mentioned in the State of the Union as far as 20-in-10 today?
MR. SNOW: No, what he's going to do is he's going to encourage Congress to go ahead and enact what he laid out in the State of the Union in terms of 20-in-10. But again, you've got a somewhat different atmosphere now because the Supreme Court has said, in effect, to the EPA, you need to treat greenhouse gases as something to be regulated in terms of tailpipe emissions, under the Clean Air Act. There was an injunction to go ahead and do that.
Well, that obviously requires a certain amount of regulatory burden. What the President is now doing is saying to the relevant departments and agencies, you need to work together, because it's enormously complex in terms of jurisdiction and everything else. So he -- you'll have the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Energy, the Department of Transportation, as well as the Department of Agriculture working on this.
There will be a 2:00 p.m. briefing with the principals at those agencies, although Secretary Bodman is out of the country, so Clay Sell will be in his stead.
Q And one more. Over the weekend the Times reported that 100,000 to 300,000 barrels of oil are unaccounted for on a daily basis in Iraq. And I guess the question was raised, is this corruption, or is this miscounting.
MR. SNOW: We're aware of the study and I don't have a -- again, this is something that people are taking a look at, there's no clear answer for it.
Q Can you give us a picture of how the President is being kept in the loop on the missing soldiers in Iraq, and now that General Caldwell has spoken, what's the President's view is about who is detaining them?
MR. SNOW: Well, again, General Caldwell did not make any speculation along those lines, nor will we. The President is routinely briefed through the National Security Advisor and others about what's going on. So I mean, it's a routine briefing process. So he certainly is kept up to date on what we know. But also, in situations like this, we do know that you have some people whose duty status is unknown. They are the object of -- their colleagues are looking for them, and we really -- we're not at liberty to go beyond that.
Q The Vice President said in a question-and-answer on the record today, on the airplane, I guess, that he sensed a greater urgency in the Iraqi government than he had sensed before. We've been led to believe that they were pretty urgent about going forward for a long time.
MR. SNOW: Yes.
Q What does that statement say to you?
MR. SNOW: It says to me that they continue to think that there's a sense of urgency and they're redoubling their efforts.
One of the things he referred to, for instance, are some of the meetings recently between members of the Council of the Presidents and the Prime Minister. He talked about the Prime Minister's meeting, for instance, with Mr. Al Hashemi. I think what you see is the President noted in the State of the Union and elsewhere the American public's patience is not unlimited. Furthermore, I think it's clear to say that the Iraqi people's patience is not unlimited. You have seen there's political pressure also within Iraq to see more demonstrable political -- progress on political and other lines. And I think it's simply an acceptance of that reality on the part of the Iraqis.
Q But he didn't seem to get any real commitments on the part of the Iraqis. I mean, to say you get a greater sense of urgency at this time, months and months after we've been told by the President and others that they were committed to moving fast --
MR. SNOW: What the Vice President said is he's not going to tell you what were in those private conversations. He said that the reason they're private is that they are confidential. He did not say that he didn't see a difference. He simply wasn't going to read them out, anymore than he was going to read out his personal conversations with his meetings with heads of state elsewhere.
Q But do you think he's gotten commitments on not taking a vacation? I mean, why wouldn't he read that out? I mean, it seems like it's not there. He essentially said it's not there.
MR. SNOW: Well, no. I just -- no, he didn't say that. What he said is he's not going -- what he talked about was -- you've hit on one of the phrases -- a sense of urgency. He also talked about his conversations with people throughout the political spectrum. He thought that was useful, as well as meeting with commanders and officers, with their generals not present. So he met with a whole broad spectrum of people, trying to get a sense of what's going on.
I did not get from my reading of the transcript the interpretation you've tried to import. Again, what he's trying to do is to maintain a certain level of discretion because, as somebody who is the representative of the President of the United States, if he has things to say in confidence he's going to leave them in confidence. And so will I.
Q Let me use the famous Tony Snow, it's apples and oranges. I mean, he's talking about commitments and he's not talking about that he got any commitments. You're talking about whether he keeps some conversations private.
MR. SNOW: No, I think that would apply also to commitments. And furthermore, if you're looking for announcements, for instance, of the kind that you would like to have, or that you're referring to -- I'm sure we would all like to have some of those -- that is something that I think, out of respect for the Iraqis, they also have to be the ones making the announcements.
Q Tony, we have Vice President Cheney issuing a stern warning to the Iranians from the deck of an aircraft carrier. Today the Iranian President responds by threatening severe retaliation if the U.S. attacks it. We also have both the U.S. and the Iranians saying they are willing to talk to each other in Baghdad. How can you explain the contradictory, if not schizophrenic, state of U.S. diplomacy with regard to Iran?
MR. SNOW: Schizophrenic?
Q Certainly contradictory.
MR. SNOW: No, I don't think so. For one thing, what the Vice President -- the Vice President did not threaten to attack another country. So what you're doing is you're getting a reaction to a threat that was not made on the part of the Iraqi [sic] government.
Number two, U.S. policy has always been the same, which is to use the diplomatic pressure available to you to encourage good behavior on the part of the Iranians. Why? Because it is in everybody's interests that they step away from a nuclear program and reintegrate themselves into the broader community of nations. To do so they will need to step back from terrorist activities, or supporting terror activities, including in Iraq, but also to step away from nuclear activities that are seen as a threat by everybody in the region.
That is not schizophrenic. As a matter of fact, that is a fruit of multilateral diplomacy led by the United States with a broad coalition of nations that has been supported by Arab partners, as well as by our European allies and many within the United Nations. You also have a United Nations Security Council resolution.
When it comes to dealing with issues in Iraq proper, it is not unusual for the United States to say, we want to talk with neighbors directly about issues bearing only on Iraq. There was an opportunity to do that. The Iranians did not wish to have such conversations, apparently, in Sharm el Sheikh. The President has authorized a Baghdad channel at the ambassadorial level for conversations about having the Iranians step back -- to at least deal with our concerns with their support for activities that destabilize the government of Iraq. But they go no further.
This not only is not schizophrenic, it's perfectly consistent with American policy over recent months. But what we're saying is we continue to look for ways appropriately for diplomacy to succeed. We are not, however, going to, as a result of our concerns, grant to Iran full diplomatic status. That is something that has never been contemplated and never been offered. But it is not unusual to have conversations of this sort -- I've read it out on a number of occasions, there have been either at the ambassadorial or ministerial level conversations between the two governments since the President has taken office.
Q But what's the use of ratcheting up the temperature in the Gulf with that kind of symbolic threat, or warning, at least, of the -- when you want their cooperation in Iraq?
MR. SNOW: No, I don't think -- again, you read it as ratcheting it up. The Vice President was pointing out that under international law, you do, in fact, have the right of freedom of movement. That is of considerable concern because, as you know, the Strait of Hormuz is only 21 miles across at its nearest -- its narrowest. You have an enormous amount of the world's oil resources going through there. You want to make sure that people, in fact, have freedom of motion through those straits so that you do not have disruptions that can have some pretty significant economic consequences around the globe.
Q Tony, just to clarify, these three missing American soldiers in Baghdad, do we know if they've been kidnapped, or at this point, it's just missing, we don't have the status?
MR. SNOW: Again, we're not going to talk -- the duty status is unknown. We're not going any further than that. We're not going to discuss publicly anything else.
Q Okay. And over the weekend there was an Iraqi official who said he was talking to parliament -- he had an interview on CNN -- that perhaps they were going to go ahead and limit this recess from two months to perhaps a month to two weeks. Is that something that the Bush administration is aware of or --
MR. SNOW: I'm not aware of that specific statement. But again, we are certainly aware of the ongoing debate. Notice I've said on a number of occasions, wait until they have their debate. I think they understand that there is an expectation that they need to -- they've got some very important work that they need to conclude and they also understand that there are a lot of people in the United States who have real concerns about some of those earlier reports about a recess.
Q Tony, on the effect of the CAFE standards, is it the CAFE stuff that's going to be regulated that he's going to call for regulation, or does that involved Congress, as well?
MR. SNOW: Again, what you have is -- there are some opportunities -- not opportunities -- there are some requirements to do some regulation. There is a difference between what you can do with light trucks -- the light truck standard as opposed to at vehicular standard. And again, for much more precise discussions of these I'd refer you to the 2:00 p.m. call. But we're really talking about both on the CAFE side and on the 20-in-10 side, there is -- the President is going to ask people to look for ways on a regulatory basis to move forward with the goals of both programs, and at the same time, continue to encourage Congress to go ahead and act.
After all, this is a proposal that seems to give both parties what they say they want in terms of pursuing energy independence and at the same time pursuing a cleaner environment. So there ought to be a pretty good bipartisan basis for passing such legislation. We'll continue to work it.
Q And will the corporate average fuel economy number be raised?
MR. SNOW: Again, I'll defer all those technical questions to the guys who will be working it.
Q Tony, as the President has this energy event today, what's the administration doing about the current high price at the pump?
MR. SNOW: Well, there's a lot of things. Keep in mind --
Q Is this going to have some immediate effect?
MR. SNOW: No, it's not going to have an immediate effect. On the other hand, if you take a look at what the President has been proposing for a long time, this President had proposed an energy policy upon taking office, and it took years to get Congress to act on it. And even now we have no action on this.
The President has put together a series of proposals that allows, on the one hand, to pursue greater energy independence through 20-in-10. That is, substituting something other than petrofuels for -- in the gasoline supply in the United States, making the transfer to biofuels.
Number two, the President also from the very beginning has talked about the importance of increasing refinery capacity. All the news reports indicate that what we have right now are supply spikes that are due to the fact that there have been difficulties at refineries. Again, you go back and you look at the policy; if we had been at a point where people were building greater refinery capacity, you wouldn't have the kind of price spikes you have.
So the President has had an integrated energy policy from the very beginning that, in fact, would have addressed a lot of these things, and he continues to do this. He understands the energy business and so, as a consequence, is trying to come up with ways that give us greater independence and greater capacity and a greater ability to develop in a clean way. One of the other things, if you take a look at this administration's record, we have got -- what the President talked about was reducing the pollution intensity, the hydrocarbon intensity in terms of emissions. We've done a better job of that than anybody else in the world. We've put $12 billion into developing cleaner and cheaper and more reliable energy sources since the President has been in office; $35 billion into studies to take a look not only at the problem, but how to address it.
So he has taken a comprehensive look at this all along. Now, the President can't do it by himself, which is one of the reasons why he is saying, even though we've got regulatory authority to go ahead and do this, it's also important to get Congress to work legislatively to try to pursue these goals. So the President certainly, again, understands the complexity of the problem and has, interestingly enough, been proposing things all along that could have made this situation --
Q Is there anything the administration -- any part of the administration -- Energy, many agencies in the Department of Energy -- can do, or will do, to help ease these -- bring down these prices right now?
MR. SNOW: Well, again, the fact is you've got a global marketplace and if you're asking, is somebody going to put in price controls, no. What you try to do I guess in the short run is something that the companies themselves are going to have to do, which is restore refinery capacity and get the refineries operating at full tilt as quickly as possible.
What you also have to do in the long run, again, is not only to send a message, but also to encourage investors to start looking for other ways to meet our energy needs, not only on the vehicular level, but also at the industrial level. That has been the focal point of administration energy policy from day one, continues to be.
And perhaps this is one of those events that will get members of Congress to say, okay, let's go ahead and do this stuff, because it certainly offers a lot of promise. And I don't see anybody pushing back against the presumption that the kind of policies that the President has been promoting would, in fact, be very useful at a time like this.
Q Just one more. Has the war or any of the factors involved in this report that Jim mentioned had any effect on prices? What effect does it have?
MR. SNOW: It's hard to quantify. Keep in mind that in terms of global export terms, Iraq is still not a major player. You have others who are involved in this. And the prices of oil are being governed more by global demand than anything else. So if you ask people in the energy business, they will site factors, things that are responsible for price increases, including increased demand from China and India, as well as throughout the developing world. So the entire world is competing for this resource and it's that competition that tends to elevate prices.
Q Tony, two questions. One to follow. How does the -- (inaudible) -- of the U.S. feel in the -- (inaudible) -- that U.S. is looking for what they are not supplying to the U.S. as far as oil is concerned?
MR. SNOW: They seem to understand the necessity of doing it. I don't believe that that was really a focal point of the conversations, however.
Q And second, as far as I understand, at least one U.S. soldier is dead in Afghanistan and Pakistan area. And also scores of people died inside Pakistan. And the U.S. State Department is saying that this is an internal matter because there is a fiat going on inside Pakistan against Musharraf, and he might impose another -- again, martial law in the country. And U.S. stake is there in the area. How does the President feel about it?
MR. SNOW: Again, we are aware of some of the casualty reports that are coming out. We're studying them in terms of trying to read what's going on politically within Pakistan. That's -- you know me, Goyal, I'm not getting in there.
Q Tony, back to energy environment issues. Is the President still philosophically opposed to the notion of national mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions?
MR. SNOW: Again, the President's position has been pretty clear on this, and what he's really looking at is effective ways of trying to cut emissions. The market-based approach seems to work. Again, if you take a look at what the United States has done in terms of reducing carbon intensity, we've done a better job than anybody else in the world. So the President's position is still the same.
Q So the answer is, no, he's not interested in the approaches such as the allies seem to be interested in --
MR. SNOW: There are going to be conversations I'm sure about a whole variety of approaches. What the President has said all along is, let's figure out ways to engage and also invest in technology, because ultimately what you're really talking about is a change in technology not only in terms of what is affective as an energy source, but also how you utilize it. And that goes everywhere from clean coal to nuclear power to biofuels to hydrogen cells -- the whole bit.
So I think rather than trying again to jump into what is an ongoing set of conversations, I'm not going to advance the ball other than to remind you of the aggressive stance the President has taken, and also doing it in terms of outreach. He has discussed it with each of our key allies. And really the question is, do you try to set up a mandatory system, or do you try to set up an innovation-based system? The President prefers innovation.
Q Tony, for those of us who had a little trouble with Economics 101, what's the free market incentive for the oil companies, the refiners to do anything about it? It seems like whenever they have these -- problems with refineries, they just raise the price, profits remain healthy. Why should they do anything?
MR. SNOW: Well, on the other hand, when prices go up you also make it economically feasible for things that may not have been competitive in the past enter the marketplace and they become real competitors. So energy companies know that when prices change, so does the -- so do the underlying economic realities. And it certainly makes a lot of technologies that in the past may not have seemed feasible when you were talking about $15 a barrel oil -- some would fall within the realm of economic reality. So they also understand that there has to be
So they also understand that there has to be some competition.
Furthermore, if you're an oil company, and there is the ability to undercut you in terms of price, somebody is going to try to do that. That's the way the market works, as well. What you're assuming is that there is a perfect oligopoly situation where everybody is conspiring to drive up the prices. That, as you know, is illegal. And furthermore, this administration has done more in terms of investigating and, in some cases, prosecuting attempts to do that. There are regular reports to Congress in terms of what's going on in terms of the competitive environment within energy companies.
So to answer -- I'm going to answer yours with a combination of Economics 101 and, I don't know, Pre-Law 101, as well.
Q So for someone like the President who would like to see these two new technologies spurred on by economic incentives, high gas prices are a good thing?
MR. SNOW: No, the President is not happy about high gas prices, nor are the American people. Again, had the President had gotten his way in terms of new refinery capacity or the more aggressive exploration of alternatives, there, in fact, might be a situation where there would be some alternative to the situation right now, which is refinery capacity down, therefore, the gas prices are up -- lower supply, higher prices.
Q I remember that part.
MR. SNOW: Yes, I figured.
Victoria.
Q In the first 11 days of May, 234 bodies have been dumped around Baghdad, most likely by death squads. And in the first 11 days of April, 137 bodies were dumped around Baghdad, most likely by death squads. One of the key goals of the surge was to reduce the activity of death squads. It seems to be going in the opposite direction. What is the concern?
MR. SNOW: Well, there is always a concern about it. We have made that clear. On the other hand, the longer-term trends, if you take a look at the sectarian violence benchmarks, still generally are down, and considerably so. Nevertheless, you always have to be aware of that kind of thing and cognizant of it. General Caldwell mentioned that a little bit in the brief this week.
The fact is that you have to keep your eye on all the possible difficulties within Iraq. That would include sectarian violence -- al Qaeda violence still seems, by and large, the source of most of the death right now in the country. But you cannot sort of say, well, one source is down, so we're not going to worry about it as much. Instead, what you try to do is to continue working in ways that are going not only to reduce sectarian tensions, but also increase levels of sectarian trust.
We have talked a number of times about the improving situation within Anbar, and also efforts ongoing in Diyala to deal with al Qaeda terrorists who seem bent on trying to make their way into Baghdad to commit acts of terror. There have also been discussions of ways of going after those who are clearly involved in sectarian violence, whether they be Shia, Sunni, or otherwise -- as confidence-building measures.
So obviously, everybody on the ground is keenly aware, not only of the trends and statistics, but also the underlying challenge, which is not merely to get the numbers down, but ultimately the way you get the numbers down in the long run is to get the level of trust up so that individuals who may have gotten wind of potential attacks, or may know something, have some piece of actionable intelligence are going to think it's in their interest to go ahead and report the bad actors and stop the activities rather to let it proceed.
Q Are tactics changing to address the increased --
MR. SNOW: Again, tactics continue to change. Do not assume that people never shift their behavior; they do it constantly in response to the changing realities on the ground. They have to.
Connie, and then Les.
Q Thank you. A question on Jerusalem and a question on Hamas. Can you confirm or deny the report the U.S. is boycotting a 40th anniversary ceremony in Jerusalem --
MR. SNOW: I have heard no such thing.
Q Can you please check into it? It's been reported --
MR. SNOW: Okay, this again falls into one of these please let me know in advance, because it's just --
Q All right. And Hamas, on the cartoon, did you have any comment on this horrible anti-Semitic cartoon?
MR. SNOW: Keep in mind that the conditions always, for full recognition of the government, are the Quartet conditions, which is you have to renounce violence; you have to abide by prior international obligations; and you have to acknowledge Israel's right to exist. And those have been areas of concern that have -- that we have made clear with Palestinians for a very long time. We'll continue to do so as we work toward trying to have a two-state solution where both partners are agreed on those fundamentals.
Q Has the U.S. formally contacted --
MR. SNOW: Again, Connie, I'm not going to --
Q Thank you, Tony. Two questions. The Washington Post reports that the 400th anniversary of Jamestown yesterday had 10 years of planning, costs millions of dollars, was visited recently by Queen Elizabeth, and yesterday by the President and Governor of Virginia. But at that ceremony, I saw nothing of either of Virginia's U.S. senators, whose offices this morning repeatedly refused to explain why they were absent. My question, does the President know any reason why these two Virginia U.S. senators failed to show up for this national and Virginia event?
MR. SNOW: Les, I would have you ask them.
Q I've tried, but I just wondered do you know why --
MR. SNOW: No.
Q You don't know?
MR. SNOW: No, I don't.
Q Okay. Remembering Senator Webb's extraordinary rudeness to the President when Webb was invited to the White House last Christmastime, do you think Sunday's Webb absence was possibly more of the same?
MR. SNOW: We had a reception at Christmas where we welcomed new members of Congress, and the President was happy to welcome one and all. And we have had no further comment on that. By the same token, I will have no further comment on the crisp and tendentious question.
Q On the call with Prime Minister Abe, did you say who prompted it, how long the call was?
MR. SNOW: We'll pull together the numbers on it.
Q Also, I'm just curious, today is the first day that Japanese officials have stepped into the U.S. to audit U.S. beef companies. Did they discuss that at all, or do you know if the subject came up?
MR. SNOW: I'm not aware that they did. Obviously, that is one of the conversations that you have in the context of moving forward on Doha and also on bilateral trade. It is -- the beef discussions are -- frankly, if you want to do that, I would direct it to the Trade Rep's Office because Susan is going to have a much better handle on precisely the status of those conversations.
Q Tony, obviously immigration reform is very important to the President. Is he encouraged by the talks that are taking place with the Senate?
MR. SNOW: Yes. Yes, I suppose. Again, if you're looking for an adjective -- look, this is hard work, and both sides, right now, are working very hard to try to produce a bill that will get to where we want, which is to have comprehensive immigration reform. The President continues to be optimistic about the outcomes, and we continue to have Democrats and Republicans in the Senate, and their staffers, and White House officials, working very hard on the issue.
Q Do you feel like they're close?
MR. SNOW: Again, I don't want to characterize. We certainly are hoping that we're going to get a bill.
Q Let me go back to Iran. Can you tell us what is the administration policy regarding regime change, and whether it changed or stayed the same in the light of these talks?
MR. SNOW: Again, what we have always said is that we hope the Iranian people are going to have the opportunity, as we think all nations should, to choose democratically their future.
END 12:30 P.M. EDT
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/05/20070514-3.html


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