A balloon catheter (2) comprises an outer sheath (3) housing an inner catheter (10). The inner catheter comprises an inner tubular member (30), a braided reinforcement layer (32), and a soft outer layer (34). The inner tubular member extends from a proximal end (15) of the inner catheter to a first distal location (22). The braided reinforcement layer extends from the proximal end to a second distal location (18), usually located proximal of the first distal location. The soft outer layer extends from the proximal end of the inner catheter to the tip (44) of the inner catheter. In this way, a catheter having a shaft region (16), a transition region (20), and a distal region (24), each with different strength and flexibility characteristics, can be used with the outer sheath. The balloon (8) is bonded to the distal ends of the outer sheath and the inner catheter and is inflated through the space defined therebetween.
This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/151,320 filed Nov. 12, 1993 titled Small Diameter, High Torque Catheter now abandoned, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/344,183, filed on Nov. 23, 1994 now abandoned, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates generally to medical balloon catheters and methods for their fabrication. More particularly, the present relates to the construction of both large and small diameter, braid-reinforced balloon catheters having controlled flexibility, a soft distal tip and an elastomeric balloon at the tip for the partial or total occlusion of a vessel; the invention can be used for a wide variety of medical applications, such as interventional cardiological or neuroradiology procedures, but are particularly useful for intercranial selective catheterization.
Medical catheters exist for a wide variety of purposes, including diagnosis, interventional therapy, drug delivery, drainage, perfusion, and the like. Catheters for each of these purposes can be introduced to numerous target sites within a patient's body by guiding the catheter through the vascular system, and a wide variety of specific catheter designs have been proposed for different uses.
Of particular interest to the present invention, small diameter tubular access catheters are presently being used for diagnostic and interventional neurological techniques, such as the imaging and treatment of aneurysms, tumors, arteriovenous malformations/fistulas, and the like. The neurological vasculature places a number of requirements on the catheters which are to be employed. The primary requirement is size. The blood vessels in the brain are frequently as small as several millimeters, or less, requiring that the catheters have an outside diameter as small as one French (1 F; 0.33 millimeters). In addition to small size, the brain vasculature is highly tortuous, requiring that neurological catheters be very flexible, particularly at their distal ends, to pass through the regions of tortuosity. Difficulties in endovascular positioning, however, make it desirable to impart high tensile and column strength over at least the proximal portion of the catheter. Additionally, the blood vessels of the brain are relatively fragile, so it is desirable that the catheter have a soft, non-traumatic exterior to prevent injury.
In an effort to meet at least some of these requirements, the small-diameter, variable flexibility catheters, such as Tracker® infusion catheters available from Target Therapeutics, Fremont, Calif., have been developed. Although generally successful, the Tracker® catheters suffer from certain deficiencies. In particular, to achieve high flexibility, tensile strength and catheter wall integrity have been compromised. The Tracker® catheters thus lack both column strength and hoop strength and have a tendency to kink and collapse when passing around small diameter bends. Directability and torqueability of the Tracker® catheters is also limited, and the most flexible distal regions of the catheter are subject to rupture and perforation.
It would therefore be desirable to provide improved small diameter, flexible catheters suitable for introduction to very small blood vessels, particularly to the neurological vasculature. Such catheters should provide sufficient flexibility to permit access to the tortuous regions of the neurological vasculature, while retaining sufficient tensile, column, and hoop strengths to enhance resistance to kinking and collapse. The improved catheters should also have enhanced positioning characteristics, including pushability and torqueability. Additionally, it would be desirable to have an improved wall strength over a portion or all of the catheter wall to resist perforation and failure when introducing high pressure fluids and/or introducing thrombogenic coils and other devices through the catheter.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,768, describes a catheter consisting of an inner layer and an outer layer, where the inner layer terminates proximally of the outer layer to form a relatively more flexible distal end. WO 91/17782 describes a catheter having a braid-reinforced distal end with a low friction surface. WO 93/02733 describes a catheter having four regions of different stiffness. Braid and otherwise reinforced catheter structures are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,416,531; 3,924,632; 4,425,919; 4,586,923; 4,764,324; 4,817,613; 4,899,787; 5,045,072; 5,057,092; 5,061,257; and EP 555 088. Catheters having soft tips are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,636,346 and 5,078,702. A torque control catheter comprising stainless steel braid-reinforced polyethylene is described in Catalog 1982-84 "Radiology, Cardiology and Surgery," page 16, Cook Inc. The requirements and considerations for constructing catheters and other system components for intercranial selective catheterization are described in Rufenacht and Latchaw (1992) INTER. NEURORAD. 2:251-268. U.S. Pat. No. 4,921,478 to Solano et al. shows a cerebral balloon catheter having an open central lumen and a specially shaped balloon.
A balloon catheter constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention comprises an outer sheath, an inner catheter, an annular balloon mounted to and circumscribing the distal ends of the outer sheath and inner catheter, an inflation port at the proximal end of the outer sheath and an inflation passage as defined between the outer sheath and the inner catheter which fluidly couples the inflation port and the balloon. The outer sheath and inflation port are generally conventional. The balloon is usually made of an elastomeric (distensible) material, preferably of silicone rubber, and is preferably bonded to the tips of the outer sheath and the inner catheter. In some cases, it may be desirable to form the balloon from an inelastic (non-distensible) material, such as polyethylene pterephthalate, particularly if the balloon is to be used for dilation.
The inner catheter includes a catheter body including an inner tubular member, a braided reinforcement layer disposed over the inner tubular member, and a soft outer layer formed over the braided reinforcement layer. The flexibility of the catheter body is controlled by selecting the relative lengths and mechanical characteristics of each of these components. The inner tubular member extends a first length with the braided reinforcement layer usually terminating proximally of the distal end of the inner tubular member, preferably by distance in the range from about 0 cm to 20 cm, more preferably from 1 cm to 10 cm, most preferably from 3 cm to 10 cm. The soft outer layer may terminate distally of the distal end of the inner tubular member, preferably by a distance in the range from about 0 cm to 10 cm, more preferably from 1 cm to 10 cm, and most preferably from 1 cm to 3 cm. In this way, up to three distinct regions of flexibility, tensile strength, column strength, and hoop strength may be provided. In addition or as an alternative to terminating the layers at different locations relative to each other, flexibility, tensile strength, column strength, and hoop strength may be varied by selectively controlling the mechanical characteristics of one or more of the individual layers. In particular, the pitch and other braid characteristics of the braided reinforcement layer may be varied to provide increased strength properties along the proximal portions of the catheter body and increased flexibility over the distal portion of the catheter body. The use of the braided reinforcement layer in the catheters of the present invention is particularly advantageous since it provides substantial tensile, column, and hoop strengths with minimum loss of flexibility.
In the exemplary embodiment, a major portion of the catheter body extending from its proximal end to the termination of the braided reinforcement area is the least flexible, but has excellent torque transmission and hoop strength characteristics. The region of the catheter distal to the braid termination but proximal to the termination of the inner tubular member has enhanced flexibility while retaining adequate torqueability and hoop strength to permit guiding of the catheter over a guide wire and prevent kinking and collapse of the catheter lumen. The distal-most region of the catheter comprises only the soft outer layer and possesses the greatest flexibility with the minimum torqueability and hoop strength, and the catheters of the present invention are suitable for introduction to remote, tortuous regions of the brain vasculature.
In a first particular aspect of the present invention, the inner tubular member is composed of a lubricious material, such as a fluorocarbon polymer, polyamide, a polyolefin, a polyimide, or the like, preferably being formed from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The use of such materials provides a very smooth surface for introducing devices and high velocity fluids through the lumen defined by the inner tubular member. The catheter of the present invention includes only a single transition from the inner tubular member to the contiguous lumen defined by the soft outer layer which extends beyond the distal termination of the inner tubular member.
In a second preferred aspect of the present invention, the braided reinforcement layer is composed of a filament braid, preferably a stainless steel braid, which is annealed and transversely cut at its distal end to remove any protrusions, burrs, discontinuities, or the like, which may result from the termination of braiding. Such discontinuities in the braid at the distal end (or elsewhere) are unacceptable as they would expose the vasculature to trauma, even when covered by the soft outer layer. Previous catheter constructions have generally relied on covering braid terminations with a ring or other protective structure. The present invention minimizes the need for any additional structure at braid termination by use of the unique annealing and cutting process, as described in more detail hereinafter. However, it has been found useful to use a ring of PET heat shrink material to cover the braid terminations.
In a third particular aspect of the present invention, the material of the soft outer layer has a hardness in the range from 30 A to 72 D, and is preferably selected from the group consisting of polyamide polyether block copolymer (Pebax®), polyurethane, silicone rubber, nylon, and the like.
In a fourth particular aspect of the present invention, the inner catheter consists essentially of the inner tubular member, the braided reinforcement layer, and the soft outer layer, as described above, and is free from other structural components which would change the essential mechanical and structural characteristics of the catheter, particularly with regard to flexibility, torque transmission, and softness of the exterior. Such catheter bodies may, however, include other components which do not affect the essential mechanical and structural characteristics, such as proximal connectors, proximal housings, radiopaque markers, and the like.
In a fifth particular aspect of the present invention, the inner catheter further comprises a less stiff reinforcement layer, typically a helically wound ribbon reinforcement layer, that extends distally from the braided reinforcement layer to provide a transition stiffness within the balloon that is less than that of the region comprising the braided reinforcement layer. Usually, the braided reinforcement layer will terminate from 2 cm to 20 cm proximally of the distal end of the inner catheter, more usually from 3 cm to 10 cm proximally of the distal end.
In a sixth particular aspect of the present invention, the outer sheath comprises a reinforcement layer, preferably a helically wound ribbon reinforcement layer which, preferably, extends from the proximal end to the distal end thereof. The reinforcement layer inhibits collapse of the sheath and blockage of the inflation lumen that might otherwise occur during normal use.
In a sixth particular aspect of the present invention, a soft, atraumatic distal tip is secured to the distal end of the inner catheter, with the tip extending distally of the balloon. The tip is preferably unreinforced, but may include a radiopaque marker.
According to a method of the present invention, the inner catheter may be fabricated by providing an inner tubular member, preferably having the characteristics described above. A braid is formed over the inner tubular member from the proximal end to a location spaced proximally from the distal end of the inner tubular member by a distance in the range from 0 cm to 10 cm, preferably from 1 cm to 10 cm, and more preferably from 1 cm to 3 cm. A soft outer layer is then formed over the resulting assembly from its proximal end and extending distally beyond the distal end thereof by a distance in the range from 0 cm to 10 cm (when extending distally beyond the inner tubular member). The soft outer layer further defines a distal lumen which is contiguous with the lumen of the inner tubular member. Preferably, each of the above-fabrication steps occurs while the inner tubular member is disposed over a mandrel which supports the inner tubular member and extends beyond the distal end of said member.
The braid is formed from stainless steel ribbon or other suitable material, typically as a one-over-one or two-over-two braid. After the braid is formed over the inner tubular member and the distal end terminated, the braid is translated distally to extend beyond the mandrel. The braid is then annealed, typically by heating, and the annealed braid filaments cut transversely to form a square-cut end which is free from protrusions, burrs and other discontinuities. The braid is then translated proximally back over the inner tubular member to the desired position space proximally from the distal end thereof. The soft outer layer is then formed over the braid and extending beyond the distal end of the inner tubular member on to the mandrel. Preferably, the soft outer layer is formed by first placing a preformed tube of the desired soft material over the assembly of the braid and inner tubular member and thereafter placing a heat shrink tube over the soft outer layer tubular material. The entire assembly is then heated to a temperature which melts the soft outer layer of material and which constricts the heat shrink tube over the assembly, thus applying pressure to the soft outer layer material. After cooling, the heat shrink tube can be cut from the catheter, and the distal end trimmed to a desired length. Optionally, a proximal connector can be attached to the proximal end of the catheter body.
FIG. 4 is a simplified side view of an alternative embodiment of the balloon catheter of the present invention, shown in cross-section.
FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified side view of a balloon catheter made according to the invention. Balloon catheter 2 includes an outer sheath 3 made of, for example, Pebax®, a polyamide polyether block copolymer, having a proximal end 4 and a distal end 5. An injection port assembly 6 is mounted to proximal end 4 through a strain relief 7. An annular, elastomeric balloon 8 is secured to distal end 5 of outer sheath 3 and to an inner catheter 10 housed within outer sheath 3 as will be discussed in more detail below. Injection port assembly 6 includes a connector 14 coupled to the proximal end 15 of inner catheter 10. The specific construction and materials of sheath 3, elastomeric balloon 8, and injection port assembly 6 are generally conventional. The specific construction of inner catheter 10 will now be discussed in detail.
The present invention provides an improved construction for inner catheters of the type having an elongated catheter body with a central lumen extending from proximal end to a distal end thereof. See FIGS. 2 and 3. Such constructions are particularly useful for forming very small diameter catheters, having outside diameters of 4 mm (12 F) preferably below 2.67 mm (8 F), and frequently as small as 1 mm (3 F), and below, such as those used in neurological diagnostic and interventional procedures. Such small catheters will also be useful for other procedures, such as gynecological procedures, cardiac procedures, general interventional radiology procedures, and the like, for access to the small vasculature as necessary. Constructions of the present invention, however, are not limited to such small diameter catheters, and will be useful for larger diameter catheters as well, such as vascular guiding catheters which may have outside diameters larger than 4 mm.
Inner catheters according to the present invention will comprise a catheter body having dimensions and a geometry selected for the intended use. The catheter body will typically have a length in the range from about 40 cm to 200 cm, usually having a length in the range from about 60 cm to 175 cm. The outside diameter of the catheter body will typically be in the range from about 0.33 mm (1 F) to 4 mm (12 F), usually being in the range from about 0.66 mm (2 F) to about 2.66 mm (8 F). The catheter body will define an inner lumen typically having a diameter in the range from about 0.1 mm to 3.6 mm, usually being in the range from about 0.3 mm to 2.5 mm, with catheters having larger outside diameters usually having larger lumen diameters. For the preferred microcatheters of the present invention, the catheter body will have a length in the range from about 80 cm to 150 cm, an outside diameter in the range from about 0.66 mm to 1.75 mm, and an inside diameter in the range from about 0.375 mm to 1.07 mm.
The catheter body will usually be straight along all or most of its length. By "straight" it is meant that the catheter body will assume a straight or linear configuration, when free from external bending forces. The catheter body, however, will be highly flexible so that it will be able to pass through the tortuous regions of a patient's vasculature, as described in more detail herein below. In some cases, the catheter bodies may have a shaped distal end including curves and bends which are selected to facilitate introduction and placement of the catheter (usually over a separate guide wire) in the vascular system. A particular geometry of curves and/or bends may be selected to accommodate the intended use of the catheter.
The catheter body will usually include at least two, and more usually three distinct regions, with each region having a different construction resulting in different mechanical properties. A shaft region extends from the proximal end of the catheter body to a location spaced within 20 cm of the distal end of the catheter body, usually from 2 cm to 6 cm of the distal end. The shaft region will have the maximum reinforcement of the catheter body (including all three layers), thus having most column strength and hoop strength but the least flexibility. A transition region is located immediately on the distal side of the shaft region and extends to a location spaced within 10 cm of the distal end of the catheter body, usually from 1 cm to 3 cm of the distal end. The transition region will have an intermediate level reinforcement (including the inner tubular member and the soft outer layer, but lacking the braided reinforcement layer) together with intermediate levels of column strength, hoop strength, and flexibility. A distal region extends distally from the transition region, and is composed of a soft, unreinforced material. The distal region will generally be relatively short, typically having a length in the range from about 1 cm to 3 cm, and will have the greatest flexibility of the three regions of the catheter body.
In a first alternate embodiment, the braided reinforcement layer terminates at the distal end of the inner tubular member, with the soft outer layer extending distally from 1 cm to 10 cm, preferably from 1 to 3 cm. In a second alternate embodiment, the outer soft layer terminates at the distal end of the inner tubular member, with the braided reinforcement layer terminating proximally of both the outer layer and tubular member by a distance in the range from 1 cm to 10 cm, preferably from 1 cm to 3 cm. In both these embodiments, the catheter has two distinct regions with different mechanical properties.
As a consequence of the preferred fabrication technique, as described in more detail below, the diameters of the transition region and the distal region of the catheter body may be somewhat smaller than that of the shaft region. While such a decrease in geometry in the distal direction may be advantageous, is not essential for the catheters of the present invention. Thus, the present invention includes both catheters having uniform diameters along their entire length and catheters having diameters which decrease in the distal direction.
In a preferred construction, the catheter body of the present invention will consist essentially of three structural components. The first component is an inner tubular member which defines the inner lumen and provides a lubricious surface to receive the fluid or device which is to be introduced to a target location within the vasculature or other body lumen. Typically, the inner tubular member will be a sleeve formed from a single material, preferably a lubricious polymer, such as a fluorocarbon (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)), a polyamide (e.g., nylon), a polyolefin, a polyimide, or the like. It would also be possible to form the inner tubular members as a laminate structure comprising a non-lubricious outer layer and an inner lubricious layer or coating.
The second structural component of the catheter body is a braided reinforcement layer comprising braided filaments formed directly over the inner tubular member using conventional braiding techniques. The braid filaments will have a very small cross-sectional area while possessing sufficient tensile strength to undergo the braiding process. Preferably, the braid filaments will be composed of stainless steel, a shape memory alloy (e.g., Nitinol®), polymeric fibers, or the like. Particularly preferred are stainless steel filaments having a rectangular cross-section with a width in the range from 0.001 inch to 0.01 inch, preferably being about 0.0025 to 0.005 inch, and a thickness in the range from 0.0002 inch to 0.002 inch, preferably being about 0.0005 to 0.001 inch. Such small filaments can be formed over the inner tubular member in a conventional one-over-one or two-over-two braid pattern, with the machine being carefully adjusted to avoid excessive tensile forces on the filaments.
The third structural component of the catheter body is a soft outer layer which is formed over the braided reinforcement layer and which extends distally of the distal end of the tubular member. The soft outer layer will cover the entire assembly of both the inner tubular member and the braided reinforcement layer, creating the three distinct regions discussed above in connection with the exemplary embodiment. The shaft region will include all three structural components, i.e., the inner tubular member, the braided reinforcement layer formed over the inner tubular member, and the soft outer layer formed over the braided reinforcement layer. The transition region will include both the inner tubular member and the soft outer layer, but will free from the braided reinforcement layer. In this way, the flexibility of the transition region is significantly improved, although the strength characteristics are reduced somewhat when compared to the shaft region. The distal region will consist only of the soft outer layer. The soft outer layer will be formed so that it defines a distal lumen which is contiguous with the central lumen defined by the inner tubular member. Alternate embodiments lacking either of the two distal regions have been described above.
The soft outer layer can be composed of a variety of materials, preferably being composed of a soft thermoplastic material having a hardness in the range from 30 A to 72 D. Exemplary materials include polyamide polyether block copolymer (Pebax®), polyurethanes, silicone rubbers, nylons, polyethylenes, fluoronated hydrocarbon polymers, and the like.
Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, an inner catheter 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention includes a catheter body 12. The catheter body 12 includes a shaft region 16 which extends from the proximal end 15 to a distal termination location, indicated by broken line 18. The transition region 20 extends from the termination 18 of the shaft region to a second termination location indicated by broken line 22. A distal region 24 extends from the termination 22 of the transition region 20 to a distal end 26 of the catheter body 12. The transition region 20 will thus have a length D1 in the range from 0 cm to 10 cm, preferably from 1 cm to 10 cm, and more preferably from 1 cm to 3 cm and the distal region 24 will have a length D2 in the range from 0 cm to 10 cm, preferably from 1 cm to 10 cm, and more preferably from 1 cm to 3 cm, as shown in FIG. 2.
The catheter body 12 includes an inner tubular member 30, typically comprising a PTFE tube. Braid structure 32 is then formed over the inner tubular member 30 from the proximal end thereof to near the termination location 18. The braid structure 32 will be square cut, as described in more detail hereinafter, so that it terminates cleanly at the desired termination location and is free from protrusions, burrs, and other discontinuities which could expose the patient to injury. A soft outer layer 34 extends from the proximal end of catheter body 16 to the distal end 26, covering both the inner tubular member 30 and the reinforcement braid 34.
According to a preferred fabrication method, the catheter body 12 may be formed by placing a selected length of PTFE or other tubing over an elongate mandrel. Usually, the mandrel will be coated with PTFE to facilitate introduction and removal of the mandrel to and from the structure being formed. The assembly of the inner tubular member 30 over the mandrel is then introduced to a braiding machine, such as those available from Steeger, Germany; Wardwel, Mass.; and other commercial suppliers, where a conventional one-over-one or two-over-two braid pattern is formed. The pic and other characteristics of the braid will be selected to provide the desired stretch and flexibility for the shaft region. Usually, the pic will be in the range from 20 to 150 pics/inch, preferably from 60 to 100 pics/inch, and the pic may be constant over the entire length of the braided reinforcement layer or may be varied to increase flexibility at or near the distal end of the shaft region. In particular, the braid characteristics such as the pic, cross-sectional area, material strength, and the like, may be varied to provide increased flexibility at the distal end of the catheter body, typically over the distal 1 cm to 60 cm of the catheter body, usually over at least 5 cm, and more usually from 10 cm to 60 cm. The increased flexibility may be constant over the distal end, or may be progressive (i.e., becoming increasingly flexible near the distal end). The use of such non-uniform braid characteristics to enhance flexibility at the distal end of the catheter body is particularly useful when the inner tubular member, reinforcement layer, and soft outer layer are terminated within 1 cm of each other.
In a particular aspect of the fabrication technique of the present invention, the braid is formed over a length which is slightly greater than that desired in the final construction. After forming the braid, the braid will be slipped distally over the inner tubular member so that it extends beyond both the inner tubular member and the mandrel. The stainless steel braid material will then be heat annealed, typically by exposure to a flame or resistance heater, and will thereafter be transversely cut to provide a clean, square-cut distal end. After being cut, the braid is then pulled proximally back over the mandrel and the inner tubular member 30, so that the distal termination 18 of the braid lies at the desired location.
The soft outer layer 34 is then formed over the assembly of the inner tubular member 30 and the braid 32 by placing a thermoplastic tube, typically a Pebax® tube, over the entire assembly so that a distal end of the tube extends distally of the distal end of inner tubular member 30. A heat shrink tube, such as a polyethylene or fluoropolymer tube, is then placed over the soft thermoplastic, and the entire assembly placed in an oven and heated to a temperature sufficient to melt the thermoplastic and constrict the heat shrink tube over the melted thermoplastic. In this way, the thermoplastic material is able to impregnate the braid 32 and is constricted over the mandrel to form a contiguous lumen, as best illustrated in FIG. 3. By carefully choosing the mandrel diameter to match that of the inner diameter of tubular member 30, a very smooth transition between the lumen of inner tubular member 30 and that defined by the soft outer layer 26 can be obtained.
After cooling, the heat shrink tube can be cut from the catheter body assembly. The distal end of a soft outer layer can then be cut to its desired final length. The proximal connector 14 can then be attached to the proximal end of the catheter body 12, although the connector is not an essential part of the present invention.
Inner catheter 10 can be further modified by providing radiopaque markers at one or more locations along its length. Such radiopaque markers can comprise metal rings, or can be defined by impregnating the soft polymeric layer with appropriate radiopaque dyes. The provision of radiopaque markers is well known in the art and does not form a part of the present invention.
Balloon 8 is bonded distal end 5 of sheath 3. Distal end 5 is a necked-down region to reduce outside diameter after annular end 42 of balloon is attached. Balloon 8 is mounted to outer sheath end 5 using an adhesive such as an RTV silicone adhesive, for example Loctite 5140 or Nusil Technology R-1140, or a UV curing adhesive. As shown in FIG. 3, the tip 44 body 12 extends beyond the distal end of sleeve 40; the distal annular edge 46 of elastomeric balloon 8 is bonded to tip 44 using the same or a similar adhesive as used with end 42.
Injection port assembly 6 includes an injection port 48 fluidly coupled to an inflation passageway 50 defined between outer sheath 3 and inner catheter 10. An inflation medium, such as air, contrast fluid, saline, etc., can be injected through port 48, into passageway 50 and out through an annular exit opening 52 defined between distal end 5 of sheath 3 and distal region 24 of catheter body 12. Doing so causes balloon 8 to expand to either partially or totally occlude the particular vessel within which the balloon has been placed. Total occlusion of the vessel can be desired for, for example, diagnostic purposes or to permit injection of saline to promote successful use of endoscopic devices. Partial occlusion can be useful when injecting particles, tissue adhesives or coils, when placing detached balloons and when conducting diagnostic procedures and other therapeutic procedures.
Balloons having minimum and maximum diameters from about 4 to 14 mm can be used with inner catheter/outer sheath sizes from about 3.2 F/5.5 F to about 7 F/9.5 F. Balloons having minimum and maximum diameters from about 2 to 7 mm can be used with inner catheter/outer sheath sizes from about 1 F/3 F to about 3.2 F/6.5 F.
Although not shown in the figures, it is preferred to secure inner catheter 10 to outer sheath 3 at several places, typically three, in addition to their distal ends (through balloon 8) and their proximal ends (through injection port assembly 16). This can be accomplished by staking outer sheath 3 against inner catheter at several positions in a manner not to seal off passageway 50. Alternatively, outer layer 34 can be made with raised buttons or beads of material extending from the outer surface of outer layer 34; after assembly, sheath 3 can be heat sealed to outer layer 34 of inner catheter 10 at the beads or buttons, again while maintaining free fluid flow along passageway 50.
Outer sheath 3 can be further modified for particular uses. For example, small perfusion ports or holes can be formed near distal end 5 to facilitate liquid perfusion, e.g., drug delivery, using catheter 2. Coatings such as hydrophilic, anti-thrombogenic, low-friction, hydrophobic, and other, coatings can be placed over the outer surface of the outer sheath 3 to enhance its use for particular applications. Additionally, distal end 5 can be formed into a desired geometry.
One specific treatment the present invention is especially suited for is treating aneurysms. An aneurysm is the thinning of a wall of a blood vessel; if the blood vessel is within the brain and the thin wall bursts, a stroke can result. One way to prevent bursting of the vessel is to halt the flow of blood just upstream of the aneurysm. However, before doing so, it is best to determine what the effects of the blockage will be. That is, will blockage of the vessel create more problems than it solves by, for example, causing the patient to lose his or her eyesight or the ability to walk. In the past, blood vessels were temporarily occluded by the insertion of a balloon at a distal end of a catheter. If the effects were acceptable, the balloon catheter would be removed and a therapeutic catheter would be inserted in its place. Some type of occlusion mechanism, typically tissue adhesives or a physical obstruction, would typically be inserted to occlude the vessel and thus prevent the stroke. However, balloon catheter 2 provides for both the occlusion of the vessel by elastomeric balloon 8 and an open inner passageway through inner catheter 10 for carrying out the appropriate therapy. Therefore, there is no need to switch catheters with the present invention.
An alternative embodiment 100 of the balloon catheter of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 4. Balloon catheter 100 comprises an inner catheter 102, an outer sheath 104, and a balloon 106. Portions of the catheter 100 proximal to those illustrated may be identical to catheter 2 illustrated in FIG. 1.
The inner catheter 102 comprises inner tubular member 108 and a soft outer layer 110, both of which elements are constructed similarly to those found in catheter 2. Inner catheter 102, in contrast to the prior described embodiments, includes a first reinforcement layer 112 and a second reinforcement layer 114, where the first reinforcement layer provides greater stiffness or column strength than does the second reinforcement layer 114. Preferably, the first reinforcement layer will be formed as a braided ribbon structure, generally as for the reinforcement layer in previously described embodiments. The second reinforcement layer 112, in contrast, will preferably be a helically wound ribbon, where the individual turns of the ribbon are axially spaced-apart by a short distance to enhance flexibility. Usually, the ribbon of the second reinforcement layer 114 will be a stainless steel ribbon. Also, the second reinforcement layer 114 will usually extend fully to the distal end 120 of the inner catheter 102.
The outer sheath 104 will preferably be reinforced, typically by a helically wound ribbon, such as a stainless steel ribbon having cross-sectional dimensions of about 0.001 inch by 0.005 inch. The sheath 104 will typically be composed of pebax.
The balloon is preferably an elastomeric balloon typically composed of a urethane-based material. Such a balloon will be highly compliant. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the balloon 106 will be attached at its proximal end to the distal end of the sheath 104 and at its distal end to the distal end of the catheter 102.
In the preferred embodiment, a separate, soft distal tip 122 will be attached to the distal end of the inner catheter 102. Usually, a radiopaque marker, such as the marker ring 124, will be embedded within the soft tip 122.
an inflation passageway defined between the outer sheath and the inner catheter and fluidly coupling the injection port and the balloon whereby the balloon can be inflated through the injection port.
2. A balloon catheter as in claim 1, wherein the inner tubular member is composed of a material selected from the group consisting of fluorocarbons, polyamides, polyolefins, and polyimides.
3. A balloon catheter as in claim 2, wherein the inner tubular member is polytetrafluoroethylene.
4. A balloon catheter as in claim 1, wherein the braided reinforcement layer comprises at least one stainless steel braid formed over the inner tubular member.
5. A balloon catheter as in claim 4, wherein the distal end of the stainless steel braid has been annealed and transversely cut to remove protrusions.
6. A balloon catheter as in claim 1, wherein the soft outer layer is composed of a material having a hardness in the range from 30 A to 72 D.
7. A balloon catheter as in claim 6, wherein the material is selected from the group consisting of polyether block copolymer, polyurethane, silicone rubber, nylon, polyethylene, and fluoronated hydrocarbon polymers.
8. A balloon catheter as in claim 1, wherein the soft outer layer is impregnated into the braided reinforcement layer.
9. A balloon catheter as in claim 1, further comprising a connection fitting at the proximal end of the inner tubular member, braided reinforcement layer, and soft outer layer.
10. A balloon catheter as in claim 1 wherein the inflation passageway is an annular passageway.
11. A balloon catheter as in claim 1 wherein the balloon is an elastomeric balloon.
an unreinforced soft tip secured to and extending from the distal end of the inner catheter.
13. A balloon catheter as in claim 12, wherein the first reinforcement layer is a braided ribbon structure and the second reinforcement layer is a helically wound ribbon structure.
14. A balloon catheter as in claim 12, wherein the outer sheath includes a reinforcement layer.
15. A balloon catheter as in claim 14, wherein the sheath reinforcement layer comprises a helically wound ribbon structure.
16. A balloon catheter as in claim 12, wherein the inner catheter further comprises an inner tubular member and a soft outer layer formed over the inner tubular member, wherein the reinforcement layers are disposed over the outer surface of the inner tubular member and embedded within the soft outer layer.
17. A balloon catheter as in claim 16, wherein the inner tubular member, the second reinforcement layer, and the outer soft layer all terminate at the distal end of the inner catheter.
a balloon attached to the distal ends of the outer sheath and inner catheter so that said balloon can be inflated through an annular lumen formed between the outer sheath and inner catheter.
19. A balloon catheter as in claim 18, wherein the inner catheter includes a first reinforcement layer extending from a proximal end thereof to a transition point and a second reinforcement layer extending from the transition point to near the distal end thereof, said second reinforcement layer being less stiff than the first reinforcement layer.
20. A balloon catheter as in claim 19, wherein the first reinforcement layer is a braided ribbon structure and the second reinforcement layer is a helically wound ribbon structure.
21. A balloon catheter as in claim 20, wherein the inner catheter further comprises an inner tubular member and a soft outer layer formed over the inner tubular member, wherein the reinforcement layers are disposed over the outer surface of the inner tubular member and embedded within the soft outer layer.
22. A balloon catheter as in claim 21, wherein the inner tubular member, the second reinforcement layer, and the outer soft layer all terminate at the distal end of the inner catheter.
a soft distal tip secured to the distal end of the inner catheter and extending beyond the balloon.
24. A balloon catheter as in claim 23, wherein the outer sheath includes a reinforcement layer.
25. A balloon catheter as in claim 23, wherein the inner catheter comprises an inner tubular member and a soft outer layer formed over the inner tubular member, wherein the reinforcing braid and helical coil are disposed over the inner tubular member and embedded within the soft outer layer.
26. A balloon catheter as in claim 25, wherein the inner tubular member, the helical coil reinforcement, and the soft outer layer all terminate at the distal end of the inner catheter.
"Diagnostic & Interventional Products," Radiology Cardiology and Surgery, Catalog 1982-84.
Daniel A. Rufenacht, Richard E. Latchaw, "Principles and Methodology of Intracranial Endovascular Access," Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, vol. 2, No. 2, May 1992.


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Max Fewtrell retained by the Renault Sport Academy for third season
Renault Sport Racing is pleased to announce Max Fewtrell as a Renault Sport Academy Driver for a third successive season.
Max signs for a third year on the back of his best career result to date when he won the Formula Renault Eurocup title in 2018.
Nineteen-year-old Max, born in Birmingham, joined the Academy ahead of the 2017 season after he won the 2016 British Formula 4 championship. He raced in the Eurocup in his first year with the Academy, taking the top rookie award and finishing sixth overall.
Max will aim to add to his two drivers' championships in 2019 when he lines up for ART Grand Prix in the new FIA Formula 3 Championship, which takes on eight rounds on the Formula 1 undercard. The season begins in Barcelona in May for the Spanish Grand Prix and concludes at the Russian Grand Prix in Sochi in October.
Renault Sport Academy Director, Mia Sharizman: "Max has been a great addition to the Renault Sport Academy since joining in 2017. He's shown his talent across two seasons racing in the Formula Renault Eurocup meaning his connection with Renault has been increasingly strong. Max was fully deserving of his place on the programme for 2019 by winning the Eurocup last season and he continues to showcase his calibre as one of Britain's best rising stars. We're looking forward to continuing with Max and helping his progression through the junior categories with a season in Formula 3 his next challenge."
Max Fewtrell: "I'm very proud to remain with the Renault Sport Academy this season and I can't wait to get back to racing. I wouldn't be where I am today without Renault's support but I know there's a long way to go in my career and a lot more targets I have to reach. I look forward to continuing the hard work with the Academy and growing the connection with the Formula 1 team. Racing in Formula 3 will be interesting and it's a very competitive category, but I relish the challenge and I will be putting the work in to be prepared."
2020 Renault Sport Academy line-up announced
Renault Sport Racing is excited to confirm its multinational 2020 Renault (...)
Hadrien David signs with the Renault Sport Academy for 2020
Renault Sport Racing is delighted to welcome Frenchman Hadrien David to the (...)
Australian Oscar Piastri joins Renault Sport Academy for 2020
Renault Sport Racing is pleased to welcome promising 18-year-old Oscar (...)
Victor Martins, Caio Collet and Leonardo Lorandi - End of Season Review
Victor Martins fell short of winning the 2019 Formula Renault Eurocup (...)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Jason Crabb, Point Of Grace, Karen Peck & New River and Joey+Rory received nominations for the 2016 Grammy awards last week. Jason Crabb's Whatever The Road was nominated in the Best Contemporary Christian Music Album category. Point Of Grace's Directions Home and Karen Peck & New River Pray Now were both recognized in the Best Roots Gospel Album category. Joey+Rory's "If I Needed You" got the nod in the Best Country Duo/Group Performance category.
The Kingsmen announced they are accepting applications for a new tenor by email at kingsmentenor@gmail.com. Include a resume and a good quality demo (or link to a performance on YouTube if no demo is available).
LaBreeska Hemphill passed away on Wednesday, December 9. Services were held in her memory in Nashville, Tennessee on December 12 and in West Monroe, Louisiana on December 14.


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Wilhelm Killing
Wilhelm Karl Joseph Killing (May 10, 1847 to February 11, 1923) Killing was a German mathematician who made fundamental contributions to the study of Lie groups, Lie algebras, and non-Euclidean geometry. Lie groups and Lie algebras are mathematical structures that describe symmetries and have important applications in particle physics and relativity theory. For example, they are needed to describe the "gauge symmetries" of the Electromagnetic, Weak, and Strong forces, as well as angular momentum, the spins of particles, and the geometry of space-time. Lie groups and Lie algebras are named after Sophus Lie (pronounced LEE), who discovered them. But Killing discovered Lie algebras independently and did important work on their classification, introducing such basic concepts as the Cartan subalgebra, the Cartan matrix (both discovered by Killing before Cartan), and the "root system" of a Lie algebra. Killing's work is also important in non-Euclidean geometry and the study of curved space-time. Many mathematical terms bear his name, including Killing vector, Killing spinor, Killing tensor, Killing equation, Killing horizon, Killing form, and the Killing-Hopf theorem. Killing taught for many years at the Jesuit seminary college Collegium Hosianum, until becoming a professor at the University of Münster in 1892. He and his wife were devout Catholics and became members of the Third Order of St. Francis in 1886.
Copyright Information on Picture of Wilhelm Killing
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Of those people securing a mortgage in 2005, five per cent had suffered credit problems in the past, highlighting a worrying trend of so-called adverse credit lending, suggests the Council of Mortgage Lenders (CML).
However, of this percentage, less than a quarter were in the 'high adverse' category, reflecting a tendency for individuals or families to experience credit problems in the short term but only a very small percentage were having serious financial problems.
According to the CML's research, the majority of adverse credit mortgages are being granted through intermediaries with four fifths securing a mortgage via this route as opposed to less than six in ten non-adverse mortgages that intermediaries fix.
"We believe that the adverse credit mortgage market, although higher risk, plays a valuable part in helping many individuals who encounter short-term financial difficulties to rehabilitate their finances and migrate back to prime products," explained Bob Pannell, the CML's head of research.
Adverse credit mortgages therefore account for the second largest specialist mortgage sector behind buy-to-let.


Today's PSD freebie is a very useful Set of Shield Icons that will bring a touch of professionalism to any graphic or web design. Use these two icons for app presentations, software design or in your webpages, they are free for personal or commercial use. Use these two icons as you see fit, as they would be a great asset in a big range of projects, from web design to concept images for software development, such as anti-virus programs.
Please read the license enclosed in the .zip archive and, if you'd like to, share this freebie PSD with the world!


Image Title: Sail Awning For Patio Sun Shade Cover With Regard To Covers Designs 17. Post Title: Sail Patio Covers. Filename: sail-awning-for-patio-sun-shade-cover-with-regard-to-covers-designs-17.jpg. Image Dimension: 567 x 329 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Michale Leuschke. Uploaded Date: Thursday - October 11th. 2018 14:30:32 PM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: homedepot.com. Shade Sails And Sun Shades 25 Colors For The 2018 Season Regarding Sail Patio Covers Designs 7. Sail Awning For Patio Sun Shade Cover With Regard To Covers Designs 17. Fabulous Sail Patio Cover Sun Covers Inspire S 57814 Garden Decor With Regard To Prepare 9. Sun Shades For Patio Covers Lovely Sail Ideas About Prepare 6. Cheap Shade Sail Awning Buy Quality Sailing Brands Directly From Regarding Patio Covers Ideas 15. Sun Sail Patio Covers New Design Interior Home Minimalist Throughout Prepare 18. Sail Patio Covers Darcylea Design Regarding Designs 11. Wonderful Sail Cloth Patio Covers Shade Sails Throughout Prepare 4. Sail Patio Cover Awnings For Contemporary Cloth Intended Covers Prepare 3. Sunshades For Patio Idea Sun Shades Or Sails Sale Intended Sail Covers Ideas 19.


Election night in the United States is always a nail biter of an evening, and perhaps never more so than this one, in which Donald Trump is facing off against Hillary Clinton. While most pundits predicted that it would be a landslide win for Clinton, it's tighter than expected. This tweet said what so many women are thinking, proving that Rashida Jones speaks for all of us.
As the election results began coming in, showing extremely tight races and potential Trump wins in important battleground states including Florida, Ohio, and Michigan, women the world over began to groan. These states are crucial for Trump because, without them, there is no way that he can win the presidency. But the more of them that he gains, the closer he comes to that office. This is kind of (seriously) terrible news for women.
In case you forgot, Trump has regularly mocked women for their looks and their weight, going so far as to call them names such as "pigs" and "dogs" and famously saying Megyn Kelly had "blood coming out of her wherever." In a presidential debate he claimed that late term abortions involved infants being ripped from their mother's wombs proving that he has no idea how abortions, female bodies, or science generally works. Trump is terrible for women, and Jones speaks the truth.
With Trump's comments and general ickiness having been so well-covered by the media, with regular roundups of all the offensive and quite simply ignorant things he's said in the past, it's truly difficult to believe that he ever made it this far to begin with, and furthermore that he's actually got a fighting chance of winning the whole election.
Nate Silver predicted that Clinton had an over 70 percent chance of winning the election on his FiveThirtyEight blog, but that is no longer looking quite as solid as it once did, and everyone is surprised. You may remember Nate Silver as the blogger who successfully predicted every state Obama won in 2012. Before the election began, nobody believed that Trump had a real path to winning, but after he began pulling ahead in left-leaning states, the world in general got scared.
Emmy Rossum's response is also pretty noteworthy, saying simply "Racists and sexists" to Jones' panicky question "How did we get here?" Seeing as Trump's campaign was run almost entirely on a platform of xenophobia and misogyny, it's really hard to argue with her logic.


Expert Heather Staker discusses blending learning.
Hear from thought-leader Heather Staker in this webinar about what is blended learning, discover the right path for you, and blend the best online experiences into your students' education. During this webinar, we talk about the different circumstances and identify two different ways to move forward. You may be surprised to discover that you already hold the power to bring about a deep transformation that will increase achievement and improve lifelong habits.
For more about creating a blended classroom, read our Blended Learning & Learning Platforms: How You Can Start Blended Learning Tomorrow whitepaper.


ISLAMABAD: Pakistan Tennis Federation (PTF) will host two back-to-back International Tennis Federation (ITF) Futures (Men's Professional Circuit events) before the end of ongoing year.
"We will host these events in November-December, this year," President Pakistan Tennis Federation (PTF) Salim Saifullah told the media.
He said each event would carry a prize purse of 15000 US dollars. "The ITF has agreed to provide us 5000 dollars for each of the event, while the rest of the amount will be borne by the PTF", he added.
Salim Saifullah said ITF Manager Training Centres and Events Frank Couraud came Pakistan on a five-day visit to discuss tennis development. He said Frank's visit would pave the way for high-profile ITF officials to travel to Pakistan.
"I'll also invite ITF President to witness Davis Cup tie's final against Thailand in September" he said. He said Pakistan successfully hosted Davis Cup tie against Iran after a gap of 12 years, which he said was a turning point for promotion of tennis in the country.
"The way we conducted Davis Cup tie against Iran has told the world that we are a sports loving nation and know how to respect international stars," he added.
He said unfortunately Hong Kong decided against playing in Pakistan, otherwise people would have a lot of international activity here.


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See photos of Ryan Murphy
Facts about Ryan Murphy
Ryan Murphy is 55 years old
Birthplace: Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
Best known as: The creator of the TV shows 'Glee' and 'American Horror Story'
Buy from Amazon.com: Ryan Murphy DVDs and streaming video
Ryan Murphy Tweets
His official Twitter announcements
Ryan Murphy Interview
From Interview magazine in 2011
Queer Eyes, Full Heart
The New Yorker gushes at length about his shows
Ryan Murphy Biography
Ryan Murphy is a television producer and screenwriter who's best known for his shows Nip/Tuck, Glee and American Horror Story.
Originally a newspaperman, Murphy began writing screenplays in the late 1990s. His first foray into television was as co-creator (with Gina Matthews) of the series Popular (1999-2001), but it was Nip/Tuck (2003-2010) that brought Murphy his first Emmy nomination. It also made his reputation as a showman who likes to shock and delight audiences with over-the-top plot lines.
Murphy won an Emmy for directing the pilot episode of Glee (2009), and the success of that show led to more work for him in different genres, including grisly horror in American Horror Story (2011-16), campy horror in Scream Queens (2015) and comedy in The New Normal (2012-13, based on Murphy's own experiences raising a child with his husband, photographer David Miller).
While Murphy has his loyal fans, he also suffers brickbats for starting shows off with a bang and then letting them die on the vine.
He has also written screenplays, including
Running with Scissors (2006, starring Annette Bening) and Eat Pray Love (2010, starring Julia Roberts).
Something in Common with Ryan Murphy
TV Stars born in Indiana (2)
TV Stars born in the United States (169)
Sagittarius TV Stars (14)


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Welcome to Hour 25
Hour 25 Home Page
This Week's Show Upcoming Shows Previous Shows Audio Index
The Calendar Current Calendar Last Month's Calendar On-Going Events
Authors on Tour Bookstores, Hobby Shops and More
Literacy Education Hour 25 Background Links
Here's a quick introduction to Hour 25 for our new listeners and some information that will help you find your way around the Hour 25 Site.
An Introduction to Hour 25
Hour 25 on the 'Net
What's Where
Welcome to Hour 25. We're a radio show about anything and everything that's of interest to people who enjoy science fiction. We've been on the air for over 28 years, for most of that time on a non-commercial radio station in Los Angeles, but recently we've made the show available to people all over the world by moving ourselves onto the Internet.
Originally called Hour 25 because the show started at midnight, i.e. the 25th hour of the day, you can now think of Hour 25 as the hour that stretches time and space to bring you the worlds of science and science fiction wherever you live and whenever you want to listen.
If you're a new listener, welcome to our show. You'll find interviews with all manner of people from the worlds of science fiction, science, space, films, TV, computers and who knows what else. You'll also find news about the science and technology that's shaping the future we live in, along with news about things happening in the science fiction world, links to interesting things found out on the 'net and information about books, movies, software and just about anything else we think might be of interest to you.
If you're someone who had listened to us on the radio and just found us on the net, we're still the show you've been enjoying for the last 28 years.
If you're someone who once lived in Los Angeles and moved away, welcome back. You can now hear us just like before.
Hour 25 was started in 1973 by Mike Hodel, Mitchell Harding, Catherine Kalkin and Terry Hodel. It aired at midnight on a non-commercial radio station and quickly became a place where people from the world of science fiction gathered to talk about everything under the sun. In 1986 Mike died of cancer and Harlan Ellison took over the show's hosting duties. At that time the show was given the name "Mike Hodel's Hour 25" as a way of honoring the memory of the man who had started the show.
Harlan hosted the show for a couple of years and then left and turned the reins over to screenwriter J. Michael Straczynski. In 1990 the show transitioned to a format where different people would host the show on different weeks. This team of hosts included J. Michael Straczynski, Larry Ditillio, Stephen Barnes, Arthur Byron Cover and myself - Warren W. James. At that time Suzanne Gibson became the show's Associate Producer. The multiple host format went on until 1992 when J. Michael Straczynski and others left to pursue different creative activities. (In J. Michael's case he left so he could devote all of his creative energy to doing his TV show Babylon 5.)
Stephen Barnes continued to host one show each month while I hosting the remaining shows. A few years later Stephen moved to the Pacific Northwest to pursue his writing and I continued hosting the show by myself, occasionally joined by Jeff Laube, Nick Smith and Sandy Rymer. Terry Hodel continued as the Executive Producer of the show until her death in March of 1999, at which time Suzanne Gibson took over all of Terry's producing duties.
Hour 25 continued to be broadcast on the radio until the fall of 2000, when we left the radio station so we could have the freedom to do Hour 25 on the Internet.
Burt Handelsman has been the engineer on Hour 25 for more than twenty years and continues to handle the audio for the show. He put together the audio gear that we use for doing the show and handles the board work for our more complicated shows.
Suzanne Gibson puts together the weekly calendar and is our Producer. She keeps track of all the details that have to be handled for doing the show, such as booking guests, doing research and making sure that everything comes together when it should. Suzanne also works with me on editing the shows and preparing them for the 'net.
I get the easy part. I get to chat with a parade of interesting guests and edit the shows as well as create and maintain the web site.
When Burt isn't working on the show he keeps busy by working on computers. By day Suzanne works as an Art Director and Producer for commercial photography and commercials. And when not doing the show I work on trajectory design and orbital mechanics for the Lockheed-Martin VentureStar Single Stage to Orbit Launch vehicle. (Yes, I really am a rocket scientist.) In my copious free time I'm also the one-man science and math department at Columbia College Hollywood, a local film school, where I teach classes in astronomy, geology, space science & technology, math, computers and science fiction. And when I can find the spare time I write a bit of science fiction.
Hour 25 on the 'net is the same show as it has always been, except that now we have escaped the confines imposed by the medium of radio.
The interviews are no longer restricted to a limited time; they can be whatever length they need to be to allow the guest to tell his or her story. The show's length is likewise unconstrained and we don't need to force each show to be the same length.
The shows can go up any time and we have the flexibility to add special editions any time we desire.
Since the show is provided in an audio on demand format over the Internet the listeners can log on and hear the show whenever it is convenient for them no matter where they live, as opposed to having to tune in at a specific time to hear the show on a specific radio station that was only available in one specific geographic locale.
We can provide links to other places 'net as a source of additional information about the topics we are discussing.
We can provide images and other audio files to give you more information about the guest we are interviewing. {This is especially useful when we are interviewing an artist or some other person whose work is visually oriented.}
And since we are no longer broadcasting on a non-commercial radio station, we don't have to periodically dump the show's content so we can beg for money during the Pledge Drive. {In and of itself that was reason enough to ditch the radio station and move onto the Internet!}
The show's audio is presented as a series of mp3 files that will play without your having to wait for the entire file to be downloaded. Most any audio player - such as the Windows Media Player, the Real Player, Winamp or others - will play these files. The audio files are presented in a mono format that only requires 16K of bandwidth in order to minimize the connection speed needed for your computer. {You don't need a cable modem or DSL to listen to Hour 25. People have been able to listen to the show without interruptions using nothing more than an old computer and a 33K modem.} And the low bandwidth requirements for the show's audio means that you can listen to the show while you are doing other things, including surfing other web sites. Another benefit of the format used for the audio files is that they only take up a small amount of space on our web server and so we can afford to keep many months worth of shows on our Web Site.
New editions of Hour 25 are uploaded to the 'net every week on Friday evenings - give or take a few hours - but Special Editions of Hour 25 will be uploaded as soon as they are available. Previous shows will be kept up on the 'net for as long as possible.
We also have a free Hour 25 Newsletter that is sent out by email to let the listeners know when new shows have been uploaded and to tell them about any late breaking news.
Here's a brief overview of the things you will find at the Hour 25 Web Site.
The Home Page that you arrive at when you log onto hour25online.com is your point of entry to the Hour 25 universe. Here you will find our show for the current week, information about upcoming shows and various other elements from the show. Near the top of the page is a navigation region with a series of links to the other parts of our web site. This navigation region is replicated on all of the show's web pages so you can easily find your way around the site.
The audio files for the current show are on the main page next to the flashing radio antenna and can be listened to by simply clicking on the appropriate links. You can listen to the entire show by clicking on the link that says "Click here to listen to this week's show", or you can listen to specific parts of the show by clicking on the links that are labeled for those parts of the show.
While you are listening to an audio file you can use the controls on your audio player to pause the output or even back up the audio and relisten to parts of the file. While the show is playing you will see a list of all the files that are cued up for playing and you can move ahead to those files by selecting them from your playlist.
Below the show's audio segment will be a number of links that will take you to other Internet resources relating to things that we spoke about on the show.
Below that is information about our show for the next week and links to our previous shows and the Hour 25 audio index. {More about these last two items in a few minutes.}
A little farther down the page are the links for our calendar items. Hour 25 has always presented news about science fiction 'goings on' in the Los Angeles area and now we can present information about events in other parts of the world. Our Calendar pages give you listings of things happening in the Los Angeles are, such as; signings, lectures, conventions and special film showings. {Our Calendar pages include listings for things happening this month as well as things from the previous month. We also have a listing of on-going events that happen each month.} Our Conventions page gives you more information about upcoming conventions - local and national- and our Authors on Tour page tells you about author signings all over the country. Our page with Book Stores, Hobby Shops and more gives you information about stores in the Los Angeles area that sell books and other things that would be of interest to people who enjoy science fiction. In the future we would like to expand this resource list to include stores in other parts of the country and even the world. We're currently getting that information together.
Farther down the main page you'll find more information about Hour 25 along with links to web pages with more information about matters dealing with science fiction and other topics. Below that is our collection of links and information about the Hour 25 newsletter.
The Previous Shows pages are where we keep the shows from previous weeks. The first previous shows page contains the shows from the last few months. In order to keep the Previous Shows page from getting too large, older shows go onto pages that hold three months of shows. The shows on the Previous Shows page are preserved with all of the show bits as well as the links that were provided for those shows. As the shows get older we will keep the interviews up on the site, but will retire the news and other bits since those elements deal with more topical issues.
The Audio Index page maintains a listing of who has been on the show and includes links to take you directly to those interviews. We have a huge archive of shows that were aired on the radio and most of those do not appear here, although we expect to some day put up our old shows so our new listeners can hear them.
The What's New page keeps a running account of changes and additions to this Web Site and lets you know what new things have been added here.
The best way to get familiar with what we have to offer is by browsing our site. Let us know what you'd like to hear and we'll do our best to provide it for you.
You can easily contact us by sending an email to me at wwjames@earthlink.net.
Hour 25 has been a part of the science fiction scene for almost 30 years now. Moving the show up to the 'net has been our way of making sure that Hour 25 will be around for another 30 years or more. So log onto Hour 25 wherever and whenever you happen to be and listen to our guests from the worlds of science and science fiction. The past has been an interesting ride, but the future is going to be even more interesting.
Back to Hour 25 Home Page
Unless otherwise noted the entire content of this web site is Copyright © Warren W. James, 2000.


Home O.H.M. Jewelry News Pop-Up Shoppe at 301 Newbury St.
Pop-Up Shoppe at 301 Newbury St.
We LOVE Newbury St. You can find O.H.M. Jewelry handmade gems & jewels on the most infamous shopping street in Boston. Now through the holiday season!


The Battle of Pennsylvania is one of hockey's most captivating rivalries in the game, and on Monday night, we got a front row seat to how nasty it is. In the final minutes of the third period, Malkin took a punch from Philadelphia's Raffl and retaliated by swinging his stick just grazing Raffl's head.
Malkin has returned from the lineup after missing four games with an upper-body injury, and could miss some more if he is suspended after his hearing with the NHL Department of Player and Safety on Tuesday.
In your opinion, is this high-sticking/Slashing suspendable?


Illuminations A Cappella bring their latest EP "Ignite" to life with their debut UK Tour!
Their vibrant image, tight-knit harmonies and impressive choreography make for an A Cappella spectacular not to be missed. The former UK finalists of the ICCA bring their biggest show yet, packed full of your favourite songs from Muse to Beyoncé!
Grab tickets whilst you still can!!


Alan passed away peacefully surrounded by his family on November 30 at Stanford Place in Parksville, B.C.
He will be greatly missed by his wife of 52 years, Teresa (Tess); his daughters, Anne (David) Graham of Dartmouth, N.S. and Mary (Jeff) Bromwich of Newmarket, ON.; his sons, Andrew of North Bay, ON and Matthew (Jenny) of Vancouver; and his grandchildren, Christopher, Aidan, Sara, Brendan, Claire and Archibald, as well as his many nieces and nephews.
Alan served in the British Army during WWII from 1943 – 1945. After the War, Alan spent a short time at home in Manchester, England before starting a career abroad with the Bahrain Oil Company. His career in the oil industry took him around the globe to Italy, Australia, France and Japan before eventually ending up in Montreal, Canada where he met his beloved Tess. He became an Oil Refinery Manager and an Environmental Services Manager, and most importantly, a husband and a dad raising his family in Quebec, Ontario, and Alberta.
After his retirement in 1994, Alan and Tess bought a house in Qualicum Beach on Vancouver Island. Alan was an active parishioner and community member wherever he lived, and volunteered regularly with the Salvation Army, Kairos, Development and Peace and was always readily available to those in need.
He enjoyed so many friendships including the ones he made through Church, the Newcomers Group and The Qualicum Seniors Centre.
Alan, once a Barbershop Singer, loved music and theatre and was an avid reader. He was particularly fond of First Nations Arts on Vancouver Island. He loved to walk and explore.
Mass will be celebrated at 11:00 am on Friday, December 8th, 2017 at the Church of the Ascension, 887 Wembley Rd, Parksville, BC.
In lieu of flowers, donations can be made to Mana Homeless Society, the Salvation Army or a charity of your choice.
Rest in Peace. We love you. You will forever be in our hearts.


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Downstate NY
REBNY Gets A Leadership Change
Jun 26th - 1:00 pm
Posted by Nick Reisman in Downstate NY
Real Estate Board of New York President John Banks announced Wednesday he would retire as leader of the influential business consortium following a bruising legislative session.
Banks had served as REBNY's president for the last five years.
"Throughout my career, I have been extremely fortunate to work with people and organizations that have helped me grow both personally and professionally; and because of this tremendous support I now have the ability to make this very personal choice," he said.
"I intend to fully focus on my beloved wife Lisa and our young children, and look forward to being more present in their lives."
State lawmakers this month signed off an extension of rent control laws for New York City, reversing housing policy of the last 25 years that was geared toward deregulation. The result was seen as a major loss for entities like REBNY, which represents landlords.
REBNY has been a force in previous negotiations over the rent control regulations, and have been frequent deep-pocketed donors to state lawmakers and statewide elected officials. But the terrain in Albany, with Democrats now holding large majorities in both the state Assembly and state Senate, has shifted.
Replacing Banks as president is Jim Whelan, who has served as the board's executive vice president.
RWDSU Backs Louis For Brooklyn Council Seat
May 23rd - 11:38 am
The Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union on Thursday endorsed Farah Louis for the open 45th city Council District in Brooklyn.
"Farah Louis's career in public advocacy began when she made a critical choice to come from behind a news-camera and take to the school bus drivers' strike line instead. From that moment on she hasn't stopped fighting for the rights of working people," said RWDSU President Stuart Appelbaum.
"Councilmember Louis knows the 45th district inside and out. She knows that smart development of the district with union jobs will ensure that generations of Brooklynites can truly live and work there. We know Farah will stand up and protect workers' rights to organize and to have safe working conditions. And that she will ensure everyone in the 45th can earn a fair wage. The RWDSU is proud to support Farah on her re-election campaign and we look forward to continue working with her."
The district was vacated by Jumaane Williams after he won a special election for the New York City public advocate's office. The primary is scheduled for June 25.
Lander Endorses Cabán In DA's Race
May 2nd - 2:19 pm
New York City Councilman Brad Lander on Thursday endorsed Queens district attorney candidate Tiffany Cabán in her bid for the Democratic nomination.
"Her background as a public defender, her commitment to racial, social, and economic justice, her vision of a criminal justice system that does not marginalize people-of-color and the poor, and her commitment to equal justice under law make her the progressive DA that Queens needs," said Lander, a lawmaker who represents a Brooklyn district.
"Tiffany is willing to grapple with the hard truths of our carceral state, and is offering a bold and transformative approach that focuses on getting marginalized communities the supports they need, rather than targeting and imprisoning them. I look forward to working with Tiffany to achieve the goals we share: to attain a fairer, more equitable, and more compassionate criminal justice system in NYC."
Lander's endorsement comes as Cabán faces a multi-candidate field for the nomination, including City Councilman Rory Lancman, Queens Borough President Melinda Katz and Judge Greg Lasak.
"Over the course of his long career as an advocate and elected official, City Council Member Brad Lander has consistently fought for a more just and equitable New York City, lifting up the voices of community members and organizers to achieve this vision," Cabán said.
"In sponsoring legislation to advance fair labor protections, environmental justice, safe streets, and police oversight, Council Member Lander has always centered the needs of the most marginalized in our city. And in bringing participatory budgeting to New York City, he has also worked to make our government more transparent and responsive to its residents. I look forward to working with Council Member Lander to make the Queens DA's office more accessible, more reflective of the community it serves, and more focused on restorative practices."
Suffolk County Cracks Down On 'Move Over' Violators
Apr 25th - 2:24 pm
Officials in Suffolk County on Thursday launched a campaign to crack down on drivers who do not change lanes for law enforcement, emergency vehicles and road workers.
The enforcement of the state's "Move Over" law by Suffolk County Executive Steve Bellone comes after the November injuries of a firefighter and Suffolk County Highway patrol officer who were responding to a two-car crash on the Long Island Expressway when the officer's patrol car was hit by a passing truck.
"Move Over is enforced for a reason – to ensure the safety of law enforcement, first responders, and highway personnel," Bellone said. "This public awareness effort is intended to protect our roads while protecting those whose job it is to enforce the rules of the road."
The original Move Over law was approved in 2011 by Gov. David Paterson to bolster safety for law enforcement and emergency personnel. Gov. Andrew Cuomo expanded it in 2012 and 2017 to include maintenance and tow truck workers as well as volunteer firefighters and EMTs.
Rockland County Takes More Steps To Contain Measles Outbreak
Rockland County officials on Tuesday unveiled new plans to combat the ongoing measles outbreak, including a ban on those diagnosed or exposed to the illness from being in public places for up to 21 days.
The new orders, issued by County Health Commissioner Dr. Patricia Schnabel Ruppert, come as a separate measles outbreak has occurred in Brooklyn. The orders were also issued as Rockland County's state of emergency declaration has been challenged in court and is undergoing an appeal.
The order covers public spaces both indoors and outdoors and bars the person from going anywhere there is a public assembly for any period of time, with exceptions for receiving medical care, emergencies or court appointments.
Another order would bar students who have not demonstrated proof they have received the measles vaccine from attending school.
"I have the authority from the State DOH to exclude those children who are not up to date on their immunization," Ruppert said. "With this outbreak, I am implementing further exclusions of students without evidence of proper MMR vaccination effective immediately. This is addressed to the school administrators and principals."
State lawmakers are considering legislation that would end the religious exemption for being excluded from being vaccinated.
Katz Endorsed By CWA Local 1180
Apr 10th - 12:15 pm
The labor union CWA Local 1180 endorsed Queens Borough President Melinda Katz's bid for the Democratic nomination for district attorney.
The union represents more than 9,000 active members who work primarily in New York City government, as well as 6,000 retirees.
"No matter what governmental position Melinda has held, she has always been a strong advocate for working people," said the local's president, Gloria Middleton.
"Her pledge to aggressively fight discrimination in the workplace is deeply important to our members, especially on the heels of our successful lawsuit against the City of New York for years of gender and pay discrimination for women and women of color. We are confident that Melinda will support labor and the working class as District Attorney, and she has our full endorsement."
Katz has previously been endorsed by the Hotel Trades Council and 32BJ SEIU.
"Throughout our government, Local 1180 members work tirelessly to keep our city running smoothly," Katz said. "They need an advocate on their side who will fight with them to close the gender pay gap and hold employers accountable for discrimination. I am honored to have their support and I look forward to working with them as Queens District Attorney."
Cuomo Adding Speed Camera Program to Budget
Jan 14th - 3:30 pm
Posted by Bernadette Hogan in Andrew Cuomo
Gov. Andrew Cuomo announced he will reinstate and expand the New York City speed camera program in his 2019 executive budget, which will be unveiled tomorrow.
His plan includes increasing the amount of speed camera zones from 140 to 290 and placing "additional signage" in the designated areas.
The program lapsed last July following inaction in the state Senate – in part due to Brooklyn Sen. Simcha Felder, a conservative Democrat who was caucusing with the Republican majority at the time, and wouldn't support the legislation without language that would add police officers in NYC schools.
Other past key players on this issue were now-former Brooklyn Republican Sen. Marty Golden, and former Assembly Transportation Committee Chair David Gantt, a Rochester Democrat.
Cuomo finally addressed the legislative inaction by declaring a state of emergency in August, temporarily re-authorizing the program.
In his statement today, Cuomo wasn't shy about placing the blame for the program's failure on Republican shoulders – a not terribly difficult thing to do, given the fact that the Republicans are no longer in charge of anything at the state Capitol.
"After Senate Republicans shamefully refused to extend this life-saving program, I declared a State of Emergency before the start of the school year to temporarily keep the cameras operating," the governor said.
"With this new proposal we will not only reinstate the program the way it should have been done in the first place – we will also expand the number of cameras to protect more children and prevent needless tragedies and heartbreak."
The program, designed to record and enforce speeding violations near school zones, is operated and controlled by New York City. It was first signed into law in 2013.
NYC Councilman Encourages 2020 Census Participation
Jan 3rd - 5:48 am
Posted by Bernadette Hogan in Downstate NY
From the Morning Memo:
Please participate in the 2020 census — even if you're an undocumented immigrant, implores New York City Councilman Ydanis Rodriguez in a statement Wednesday.
"New Yorkers and especially undocumented residents should not be afraid to participate in the 2020 Census," Rodriguez said.
The data collected is vital to shaping future undertakings in the Big Apple, including: budget funding, resource allocation, emergency preparations, and gauging population growth and or decline, he said.
Rodriguez, who emigrated from the Dominican Republic to the U.S. in his teens, says those worried about a citizenship question included in the census have no reason to fear.
But anxiety over arrest, separation and even deportation exists for those whose friends and family members have undetermined citizenship statuses, or are undocumented themselves.
It's also a response to New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio's appointment of Julie Menin, currently the commissioner of the Mayor's Office of Media and Entertainment, as the City's new director of the Census.
"Ms. Menin's staff should reflect the diversity of our great City of New York and the 2020 Census outreach needs to be provided in the appropriate language for a neighborhood and/or resident. The information distribution needs to be disseminated widely so that it is accessible to all residents."
Anxiety over the inclusion of a citizenship question in the 2020 census has tensed.
"It is essential that we ensure that all residents, regardless of immigration status, know their rights when participating in this historic survey that leads to better services for all New Yorkers," Rodriguez said.
Should the question remain on the population count, speculation over inaccurate results or even an undercount looms.
Big Apple's Economic Future Looks Strong…ish
Dec 20th - 5:38 am
State Comptroller Tom DiNapoli gives a big thumbs up to the Big Apple's economy, albeit, erring on the side of caution.
In a report Wednesday, the comptroller's office says the city is slated to end 2018 with an additional 72,000 jobs, a positive streak predicted to carry through the new year.
In 2017 alone, the city reached a record employment of 4.4 million, noting between 2009 and 2017, 715,000 jobs were added, an achievement dubbed the "largest and longest job expansion since World War II."
October's monthly unemployment rate hit 4 percent, a figure unmet in 42 years.
DiNapoli's report says it's all thanks to consumer confidence, steady tourism, rising property values and growing Wall Street profits.
"New York City's economy is strong and continues to set new records," DiNapoli said.
Despite growth, there's worry over instability in the stock market reflected over the past several months.
The city also faces "significant budget gaps and risks in the coming years."
Fiscal strain from agreements with labor unions made after the budget was adopted in June 2018 are a noted challenge, but not a permanent or unexpected obstacle.
"While the FY 2019 budget surplus is likely to grow, city officials will need to consider additional actions to narrow the budget gaps projected for fiscal years 2020 through 2022," DiNapoli said.
"In addition, the city faces the prospects of future risks, which could make balancing the budget more difficult. While the economy is still strong, it appears more vulnerable than in recent years."
The report exposes broad view tender spots, like the slowing global economy and pressure from federal trade agreements that would throw a wrench in the balancing the books. Also laying in wait are New York City-centric caveats, such as low pension fund earnings and an increasingly dependent NYCHA and Health and Hospitals Corp. that could call for a boost in city contributions.
Then there's the white elephant in the room: the crumbling Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
Wednesday morning on WAMC Radio, Gov. Andrew Cuomo acknowledged the wearisome task, even going so far as to admit a want to wipe hands clean of the transportation infrastructure burden.
It's a problem that's getting more expensive by the day.
July 2018 data determines the 2020 budget gap doubled to $510 million, and upped to $991 million by 2022.
"These estimates already assume fare and toll increases of 4 percent in 2019 and 2021."
To read the full report, click here.
NYGOP Names New NYC Finance Co-Chair
Dec 7th - 5:42 am
The New York Republican Committee named Anthony Kammas their New York City Finance Co-Chair.
"It's my honor to serve the New York Republican Party in this capacity," Kammas said.
"I have been incredibly impressed with the quality of the Party's candidates and important issues they are advancing to make New York State a better place to live, work and raise a family. We have a lot of hard work ahead of us, but I'm optimistic and excited for the challenge. Whether it's in Albany or New York City, the far-left Democratic policing are failing, and we need to ensure we have the resources to get our message out."
An insurance executive, Kammas is a founding partner of Skyline Risk Management Inc., an insurance company.
"We're thrilled that Anthony has stepped forward to take on this important role," said Chairman Ed Cox. "Throughout his distinguished career, Anthony has built a reputation and network that will be a tremendous asset to our operations. The New York Republican Party is working hard to expand our outreach, and creating a strong fundraising operation in New York City is essential to our success."
The current New York City Finance Chair is John Meserve.
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Apple unveiled three new versions of the iPhone today, with plenty of hyperbole, some new capabilities under the hood and demonstration of apps and games that will move the smartphone wars ahead another step.
In an event at Apple's spaceship-like campus in Cupertino, Calif. Wednesday, the company revealed the new smartphones. The Xs is pronounced like 10-S, not excess — though there was plenty of that on stage — features a 5.8-inch "plus-size" display. The phone itself is smaller than an iPhone 8, but it actually has a larger display.
Apple unveiled a ton of new iPhones and other devices and features at a special event today. We tell you everything you need to know on this live recording of Geared Up — including our disappointments.
Then there's the Xs Max with a 6.5-inch display. Similar in size to the Plus versions of previous iPhones and competitors like the Samsung Galaxy Note, but the screen takes up a larger chunk of the phone, making it the "biggest display ever on an iPhone," Phil Schiller, senior vice president of worldwide marketing for Apple.
The Xs and Xs Max both have longer battery life than last year's iPhone X. They come in three capacities: 64GB, 256GB and 512GB. The Xs starts at $999, and the Xs Max costs $100 more.
The Xr features a 6.1-inch display and comes in a variety of new colors. It has a "liquid retina" LCD display that the Xs and Xs Max models don't have. It starts at $749 for a 64GB version, and there are also 128GB and 256GB versions.
Apple will start taking preorders for Xs and Xs Max Friday, and they will begin shipping a week later on Sept. 21. The Xr will be available about a month later than the other two models, with orders starting Oct. 19, and it will ship a week later.
The phones support dual SIM cards, which means people can put two phone numbers or phone plans on the same phone.
In addition to the phones, Apple announced the next generation of the Apple Watch, complete with a surprising new feature approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration that allows users to gather and track heart data.
Executives spent a lot of time boasting about the A12 Bionic chip that powers the new phones. Schiller called it the "smartest and most powerful chip ever in a smartphone." Customers will see a benefit, with storage of up to 512GB on the new iPhones as well as an enhanced machine learning engine.
The phone specs were leaked hours prior to the event, but Apple managed to gin up some extra interest with a deleted Tweet by CEO Tim Cook that read "No. Who can get it here quickly?" It appears to have played into a Mission Impossible-style video of an Air Pod-wearing person racing across campus to deliver a briefcase to Cook that turned out to carry the clicker for today's presentation.
Apple also showed off several interesting new capabilities of the new lines of phones, including augmented reality and games. Newly minted Basketball Hall Of Famer Steve Nash appeared on stage to show off an app called HomeCourt that tracks several shooting metrics such as release time, shooting percentage and how accurate players are from different parts of the court.
The new releases by Apple kick off a busy season of releases from the world's top tech companies. Microsoft is hosting an event in New York on Oct. 2, where it is expected to show off the latest in its line of Surface devices. Google is expected to unveil the third generation of its Pixel smartphone on Oct. 9.


Bolton Wanderers supporters clashed with police during Saturday's clash with Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium as violent scenes marred the fixture.
During the Latics' 5-2 win over their Championship relegation rivals, young children and families were reportedly right in the middle of the melee.
In a short clip which was posted to Twitter, a fan can be seen being lead from by the arm by police officers. As the individual grabs onto a railing in an attempt to stay, the officers strike him repeatedly.
In doing so, the officers then received a barrage of physical and verbal abuse as fans could be seen throwing punches and various items in an attempt to help the man.
A Bolton fan, who wished to remain anonymous, told the Manchester Evening News: "It was awful. I'm not sure what started it, but I believe the police were trying to spot those who were throwing coins and bottles at the Wigan fans.
"There was a constant onslaught of bottles and coins which were being thrown between the two sets of supporters – with no security present.
Wigan won the game 5-2 as Joe Garner, Gavin Massey, Nick Powell, Michael Jacobs and Leon Clarke all found the net to ease Paul Cook's hopes of survival, while moving the Trotters eight points adrift of safety.


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Deregulation of the energy market has created new opportunities for the development of new energy-management methods based on energy assets, risk management, energy efficiency and sustainable development. Industrial energy-flow management in pharmaceutical systems, with a responsible approach to sustainable development, is a complex task. For this reason, an energy-information centre, with over 14,000 online measured datažnodes, was implemented. This paper presents the energy-flow rate, exergy-flow rate and cost-flow rate diagrams, with emphasis on cost-flow rate per energy unit or exergy unit of complex pharmaceutical systems.