text:
El Escudo del Estado Libre y Soberano de Chihuahua es el escudo de armas del estado mexicano de Chihuahua.

Historia
En 1938 al ser propuesta en la Sociedad Chihuahuense de Estudios Históricos la elaboración de un escudo que sirviera a la misma, se encargó el proyecto a una comisión de socios, entre los que se encontraban León Barri y José Carlos Chávez Flores, los cuales elaboraron una propuesta. Fue indudablemente José Carlos Chávez quien más trabajo dedicó al proyecto hasta dejar terminado el escudo definitivo adoptado por la sociedad.

Después, cuando ese escudo fue adoptado por el municipio de Chihuahua en 1941, él mismo se encargó de hacerle las modificaciones pertinentes hasta dejarlo como está en la actualidad. Este mismo escudo fue adoptado por el estado.

Descripción
El escudo de armas del estado de Chihuahua es de tipo gótico ojival, es decir, terminado en punta. (Esto es inusual entre los escudos de México, los cuales siguen la tradición heráldica española. Se dice que la forma de éste es debido a que el creador fue un ciudadano francés avecindado en la Ciudad de Chihuahua, pero esto no es comprobable en 2007). Está compuesto por una bordura de gules (rojo) en que en la parte superior se lee "Estado D Chih", acrónimo de Estado de Chihuahua y en los lados, el lema del estado "Valentía, Lealtad, Hospitalidad", en letras de plata y de lo mismo una flor de manzano en cada uno de los extremos superiores.

El cuerpo principal del escudo esta dividido en tres cuarteles asimétricos, separados entre ellos y de la bordura por una filete de hojas de laurel de sinople (verde), el cuartel jefe muestra sobre el fondo azul (azul) del cielo los tres cerros que dominan el paisaje del la ciudad de Chihuahua, capital del estado, que son "El Coronel", "Santa Rosa" y "Grande" en su color natural, y el primer plano de izquierda a derecha un malacate de minas, una sección del Acueducto de la capital del estado y un árbol de mezquite.

El cuartel central se encuentra jaquelado de dieciséis piezas, ocho de plata y ocho de gules que representan los votos a favor y en contra que se emitieron para fundar la ciudad de Chihuahua en 1709 y que resultaron en un empate, y sobre ellos se encuentra los rostros de perfil de un conquistador español y un indio tarahumara viéndose de frente. En el cuartel inferior, de azul, el frontispicio de la catedral de Chihuahua en oro.

El escudo de armas del municipio de Chihuahua es exactamente igual al del estado. Solo con dos diferencias, de decir en Lugar de Estado de Chih, Sn Phe el Rl de Chih,"Sna Phelipe el Real de Chihuahua".
La otra diferencia es que el escudo del estado no incluye los lambriques de oro y plata ni el yelmo.

Interpretación del Escudo
En la parte superior, en el corte abovedado, se lee "ESTADO D CHIH" está flanqueado por una flor de manzano en cada uno de los vértices superiores, y esta flor representa a Chihuahua y a los chihuahuenses en los centros de cultura. Las palabras Valentía, Lealtad y Hospitalidad, que lo circundan y enmarcan, son representación de las cualidades y características de los chihuahuenses. El filete de hojas de laurel, simboliza los triunfos que han alcanzado los chihuahuenses en todos los campos del quehacer humano.

En la sección jefe, el malacate de minas interpreta el trabajo y rememora lo que fue la principal riqueza del estado y sus hijos, y que dio nacimiento a muchas poblaciones, las cuales algunas son de las más importantes.

El acueducto, la primera obra monumental de nuestros antepasados coloniales en esta población, indica la carencia ancestral y el afán de obtener los satisfactores en el desierto. El mezquite, planta xerófila, caracteriza y representa toda la flora. Los cerros, que son parte del paisaje, simbolizan también lo inhóspito de estas tierras.

En la sección media, los jaqueles, en plata y rojo, son los votos que en pro y en contra se emitieron para decidir la fundación de esta población en 1709, en contraposición del otro lugar que era Santa Eulalia de Mérida de Chihuahua, y que, al establecerse en la junta de los ríos Sacramento y Chuvíscar, fue por el voto definitivo que emitió don Antonio de Deza y Ulloa y Mencia, gobernador de la provincia de la Nueva Vizcaya.

Destacan en esta sección, sobre medallón estilizado de oro, a la diestra, un soldado español; y a la siniestra, una mujer tarahumara, ambos con vista al centro, los cuales representan la importancia de la colonización, así como el mestizaje. En la sección inferior, sobre el campo azul, el frontispicio de la Catedral, monumento colonial hermosísimo, tan venerado por los chihuahuenses, expresa la sólida fe de ellos.

Escudos de los municipios

Véase también
 Chihuahua
 Escudos de los estados de México

Chihuahua
Escudo


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i hope you're all having an amazing day! What's one thing you're looking forward to this week?
《簡單下的匿巷品味 - 深水埗》 《Made in HK@Sham Shui Po》 21x14.8(cm) Ball pen on paper / 紙にボールペン 香港,不少本地跟外國人眼中貨如輪轉的繁華勝地,但在這「時間不等人」的時代巨輪底下,卻有不少追不上速度的人。走遍深水埗、油麻地、長沙灣、西灣河等地,窺探被壓在巨輪下,失去了被人關懷跟留意的他們,沒有被留意,但不代表他們不存在。訪問了他們,以一個朋友的身份了解他們的想法,對香港的感覺,然後把「他們」放在畫裡,給「他們」鋪上不平凡的色彩,變成我的不平凡的「主角」,作為我其中一個可持續發展下去的主題。 Hong Kong, which is being considered as a prosperous cosmopolitan city, which is developing and evolving rapidly in the wheel of the times. It is not easy to catch up with the pace. In a such busy city, many things have been overlooked and neglected, so as the people who need extra attention. Now, those people are being drawn and put on different colours, being featured as extraordinary protagonists. Shooting and interview have been made before the completion of the artworks, in order to make them more realistic and lively.


Finally, the wait is over. 'Master Blaster' Sachin Tendulkar has announced the release date of his film Sachin: A Billion dreams, which is based on the story of legendary cricketer.
For the first time in almost three years, Sachin's fans will see the cricketer back on the cricket field with a bat in his hand through big silver screens.
On February 13, Monday, Sachin took to twitter to disclose the release date of the film 'Sachin: A Billion Dreams' and it will hit the screens on May 26, 2017. Coincidentally, this is the day when Sachin Tendulkar announced his retirement from the Indian Premier League in 2013. The first poster of the movie was released in April 2016.
On Monday, he tweeted: 'The answer to the question that everyone is asking me is here. Mark your calendars and save the date'.
The biographical film will mark the acting debut of Sachin Tendulkar and will also feature his son Arjun Tendulkar.
The teaser of the movie will take you move down the memory lane and gives you chills showing his journey from 'Wild Childhood' to 'Victorious Cricketer'.
The two biopics of the Indian Cricketers already released last year. Azhar– based on former captain Mohammed Azharuddin's life and MS Dhoni- The Untold Story. This is the third biopic based on a cricket, the victorious Sachin Tendulkar. However, what makes 'Sachin: A billion dreams' is he himself plays the character in the movie.
After the great success of the Dhoni biopic, the crowd is eagerly waiting for another legendary cricketer life story. Even, Shahrukh Khan, Virat Kohli, Virendra Sehwag had also expressed their willingness to watch the movie.
The movie was produced by Ravi Bhagchandka and Carnival Motion Pictures, directed by James Erskine and music by A R Rehman.
However, the batsman made his debut in India in 1989 against Pakistan at the age of 16. The 'Little Master' retired in 2013 after a glorious of 24 years of career.
The batsman ended his career with 34357 runs and is the only batsman who scored hundreds of 100s.
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MOUNT HOLLY � Almost 18 years of litigation over the redevelopment of 280 acres in Medford may be coming to an end.
The New Jersey Superior Court Appellate Division affirmed a trial court ruling Monday that denied attorney Stephen D. Samost and, in the court�s wording, �Samost-related entities� their request for a judgment against Medford and several other governmental agencies and developers over the $60 million sale of the property to a redevelopment partnership. The sale could not be finalized because the redevelopers filed for bankruptcy.
�The township is pleased with the Appellate panel�s ruling. The township looks forward to the ending of contentious litigation and urges the property owner to devote his efforts to productive negotiation for the redevelopment of the site,� Township Solicitor Christopher Norman said Tuesday in announcing the ruling.
The appellate court upheld the 103-page ruling Superior Court Judge Michael Haas issued in January 2012 stipulating that the municipality is not responsible for purchasing the property at Route 70 and Eayerstown Road, even though it had planned to act as a conduit for the sale in order to provide a tax benefit for the plantiffs.
�Judge Haas ruled two years ago that the bankruptcy of the redeveloper caused the redevelopment agreements for Medford Crossings to terminate. (He) ruled that this was not the township�s fault and that the township taxpayers were never expected to pay the $60 million purchase price that the redeveloper was to pay (Samost),� Norman said.
Samost could not be reached for comment Tuesday. He could petition the state Supreme Court to consider an appeal of Monday�s appellate division decision.
Plans for both residential and commercial development of the site date from 1988, when Samost and the related Medford Village East Associates applied for and were granted sewer permits. The township worked with the property owner on issues of the affordable housing component required by the New Jersey Council on Affordable Housing as well as designating the site for redevelopment.
However, negotiations between the township and the Samost entities broke down over zoning issues and requests for more sewer capacity, Haas related in his ruling. These issues were litigated for several years until a plan was proposed for two developers � Carl Freedman and Mitchell Cohen, jointly identified as �Freeco� � to purchase the site, renamed Medford Crossings, for $60 million, to be paid in two installments. But when the housing market bottomed out in 2007, the developers could not proceed and filed for bankruptcy.
Another developer, identified as Ingerman, eventually built 60 affordable housing units called Medford Commons, the only part of the property to be developed. But new litigation surfaced over bonding for that work, which was completed even though the planned developers were bankrupt. In February, Superior Court Judge Karen L. Suter denied a request from Medford Village East Associates to reconsider a July court ruling that the company had to indemnify the bond, as contractually stipulated.
A third issue being litigated revolves around two liquor licenses issued to Medford Village East Restaurants in 2003 for commercial businesses proposed at the site. Medford Village East has applied for and received five renewals on the inactive licenses through the state Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control. Since the liquor licenses were never used, the municipality wants to have them back to resell to generate taxable revenue. It has filed suit with the state Office of Administrative Law and is awaiting a decision.
�I am expecting the administrative law judge to schedule a management conference soon. I will follow up with the (judge) to request a conference promptly, in light of the Appellate Court�s decision,� Norman said.


Relocation, when done improperly, can lead to the deterioration of office equipment/objects, the loss of documents and the delay of returning to the normal company daily routine. Lower relocation costs and eliminate the hassle of moving by using our specialized team.
An offer is issued, based on the conditions specific to the relocation: distance between locations, inventory, equipment and furniture/objects characteristics, if additional services are required (network cabling, installation/configuration, assembly, etc.), number of persons needed to complete the relocation, time interval and schedule (normal business hours or not).
This step includes updating the inventory and completing the relocation strategic plan, which specifies the relocation schedule. Depending on the client, the planning can program the relocation according to specified time intervals, department or office activities, so that the client's normal routine will not be perturbed by the relocation operation.
This includes equipment dismantling, packaging, labeling. The new location is prepared.
Moving to the new location.
These take place at the new location: assembly, positioning, verification, cleaning, etc.
We ensure transport of office furniture, with assembly upon request. Costs depend on the volume of objects, distance between locations, building type, floor, number of people necessary for safe transport, additional services, etc.
Below you can find an example of moving costs. Prices are in Lei and do not include VAT. Prices can vary, depending on the clients' needs. Specified prices are for normal business hours. Outside normal business hours the prices are double.
Costs for moving a one room office (1 room, kitchen), situated at an upper level (max. 4th floor), in a building without elevator = 500 Lei. Cleaning and assembly services are not included.


What are EMF's anyway? EMF'S are invisible fields all around us – in our homes, our cars, our workplaces, our schools. These electromagnetic fields are generated by our cell phones, appliances, electrical wiring, the cell towers themselves and really any wireless device from your IPAD to your wireless speakers. In the early days of electricity, there was very little exposure but over the past 30 years the quantity of EMF's and our exposure has multiplied at a rapid pace. Although most research in the US on harmful radiation has slowed way down since the 1980s, some countries are actively exploring the psychological and physiological effects on us of carrying our cell phones in our pockets (infertility) or in our bra (breast cancer).
So today I just want to tell you something you may not know about your phone.
First, whether it is on or not, it is emitting radiation because it is always communicating with a cell tower.
We should pretend that our head is a basketball, and the phone should never enter the ball area (this includes carrying it on the body.
Get a protective device to put on your phone or in your phone case.
One very important tip: Do not sleep with your phone or other devices charging in your room! You'll get a better night's sleep and avoid over exposure. We would be smart to consider our overexposure inside of our homes since now we all have wireless and carry our computers and phones with us where ever we go. Even our automobiles have bluetooth! There is no escaping the frequencies, but we can be smart about it.
I was just reading about the various devices you can connect to the electrical system in your bedroom that will shut off the electericity during the night, helping you to sleep better.


text:
Пежо 107 () је мали аутомобил који је производила француска фабрика аутомобила Пежо у сарадњи са Тојотом. Производио се од 2005. до 2014. године.

Историјат
Тојота и Пежо-Ситроен су 2001. године одлучили да направе мали заједнички аутомобил како би поделили трошкове развоја. Тако су на сајму аутомобила у Женеви 2005. године представљена три аутомобила, Тојота ајго, Ситроен Ц1 и Пежо 107. Развијени су на заједничкој платформи и сва три се производе у истој фабрици ТПЦА (Toyota Peugeot Citroen Automobile) у Колину, у Чешкој.

Иако деле велики број заједничких компоненти и делова, ови аутомобили имају донекле засебан спољни изглед који карактерише сваког произвођача. Сва три возила су дуга око 3,4 метра, широка 1,6 метара и висока око 1,4 метара. Ова штедљива возила поседују напредне технологије у погледу сигурности и заштите околине. Производни капацитет погона је 300.000 возила годишње, по 100.000 за сваки аутомобил. Продаја је почела јула 2005. године, а ауто је намењен за четири особе са троја или петора врата.

На Пежоу 107 је два пута, 2009. и 2012. године, извршен редизајн возила. Производња је прекинута 2014. године, када га наслеђује Пежо 108.

Мотори

Галерија

Референце

Спољашње везе

 Netcarshow: Peugeot 107

Пежо
Мали градски аутомобили

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
From otherness to togetherness: a genuinely two-way road towards migrant inclusion
Hedwig Giusto
by Hedwig Giusto
The highly intoxicated political discourse around migration of the last few years and the mostly security-oriented measures that have been adopted to tackle (or rather curtail) migration flows to Europe have led to neglect of the question of the integration of migrants into the host countries. Yet integration remains crucial not only if we wish to prevent tensions between newcomers and locals, but also if we aim to build inclusive and equal societies.
The popular but misleading idea that closing ports and borders could stop, once and for all, the entry of migrants, hence protecting mythical national identities and allegedly ensuring the security of local communities, has raised the enthusiasm of many concerned and disoriented European citizens, who have become frightened by an uncertain, fast-changing and increasingly globalised world, of which international migration is but one of the most visible symptoms.
However, easy and short-term expedients, promoted by unscrupulous right-wing politicians, can neither prevent nor solve a phenomenon that is not only complex but also structural. Most EU member states have turned, in the last decades, from countries of emigration into countries of immigration – a trend that will not be reversed in the short or in the long term – and are still mostly struggling to adjust themselves to this new role.
Against this backdrop, the attention and financial efforts of the EU and its member states have focused mostly on short-term and short-sighted measures, such as border control and prevention of migration, rather than on the need to govern the phenomenon, by offering legal pathways to migrants as an alternative to smugglers and traffickers and to a future of irregularity. At the same time, not enough attention has been devoted to the need to create the conditions for the full integration of newcomers – those who are already in Europe and those who will come in the future – into European societies.
Us versus Them
Yet the latter is a true emergency, for at least two interrelated orders of reasons. Firstly, the "us versus them" attitude, which is so widespread in Europe, both reinforces and is reinforced by the perception of failed integration, feeding into suspicion, prejudice, and fear. Secondly, the sooner and better newcomers integrate into the host countries, the sooner and better they will contribute to their economies and societies, also helping to dispel concerns about themselves.
"so far, the responsibility of integrating has been pinned almost entirely on the newcomers"
The "us versus them" attitude, and this sense of the migrants' otherness, represents an obstacle which integration policies rarely manage to overcome. And this is indeed the challenge: how to promote inclusive societies, where a sense of togetherness may eventually thrive. So far, even if integration is commonly defined as a two-way process, in which both the migrants and the host communities have to learn to know each other, live with each other, and adapt to each other, the responsibility of integrating has been pinned almost entirely on the newcomers. Migrants are often to abide by rules that focus exclusively on the requirements they have to meet (be they the knowledge of the language or of the local laws and customs), whose importance is undeniable but which, by themselves, rarely ensure his/her full participation in the social, cultural and political life of the host community.
For sure, a sense of togetherness is not something that can be forced into societies. And feelings of insecurity towards the stranger, and to what we perceive as unknown and different from us, is understandable and, to a certain extent, legitimate. But for as long as only one part is given the heavier burden of the integration process, and for as long as policies do not create the fertile ground to allow mutual recognition – not only by fighting mutual prejudices and stereotypes, but also by favouring the encounter – little progress can be made in this direction. Particularly in the current wary and aggressive political mood.
In order to reach the goal of a more inclusive society, a necessary premiss will be the adoption of policies – for example, in the labour market, housing, education – aimed at producing more equality and social justice for all, and not just for one category or the other (migrants as well as citizens), in order to prevent the perception that some are benefitting more than others, that what one receives has been taken away from another, and to contribute to the construction of a new sense of belonging. But to allow the newcomer's full capacity to take advantage of such policies, it will also be crucial to ensure that his/her presence in the host country is acknowledged and regularised. Regularity is in fact the – necessary but not sufficient – precondition for guaranteeing the full respect of the migrant's rights, for ensuring decent and rights-based employment and preventing exploitation.
"In order to reach the goal of a more inclusive society, a necessary premiss will be the adoption of policies aimed at producing more equality and social justice for all"
The role of both civil society organisations and organisations of the diasporas, which is already crucial in the process of integration, should be further strengthened to allow them to act as a bridge between migrants' communities and those hosting them. With a caveat: the idea of the transience of the migrants' presence, their being always migrants – no matter the years of residency or the generation – should finally be overcome, because it widens the distance between us and them and perpetuates the idea of their otherness.
In Europe, there are many good examples of best practice in the field of integration and inclusion. However, what is still missing is a Europe-wide and consistent approach, which moves from the idea that migration is a fact to come to terms with, and that identities and societies are an unmovable, homogeneous and cohesive whole (as promoted in the rhetoric of certain right-wing political parties) – because in reality they transform, adapt, and develop constantly. And newcomers should be put in the position to become positive actors of this transformation in order to build, together, the inclusive society of tomorrow.
Next Social Progressive Trendsinclusion Integration Progressive migration
Exploited and marginalised: obstacles to integration and inclusion for migrant workers in care and agriculture
Gerry Mitchell
Liran Morav
The pandemic has reminded the public that the EU relies on migrants to fill so-called 'low-skilled' but essential jobs and services in healthcare, food production, childcare, elderly care, and critical utilities. Migrants make up, on average, 13 per cent of the EU's key workers. This share is almost zero in Romania, Bulgaria and Poland, but […]
Debates Next Socialagriculture Austerity COVID-19 Economy Eurobarometer European Commission European Union Labour Migration Policymakers population Social cohesion Social rights Spain
Covid-19: exposing the missing link – the migrant health-integration Nexus
Jasmijn Slootjes
Migrants are disproportionately impacted by Covid-19, both in terms of health and socioeconomic fallout. Yet, the pandemic also shines a light on the often-overlooked relation between migrant health and migrant integration. The Covid-19 pandemic offers an opportunity to reimagine how health and integration policies interact and can mutually reinforce one another. The physical and mental […]
Debates Next SocialCOVID-19 dependence European welfare Health Inequalities Healthcare Inequalities Migration mortality rates Refugees Society Socio-economic protection taxation

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At class parties, there may be water without caloric sweeteners, fruit and vegetable juices, fruit-based drinks that contain at least 50% fruit juice and do not contain additional caloric sweeteners, unflavored or flavored low fat (1%) or flavored fat-free milk.
At class parties, there will not be soft drinks containing caloric sweeteners, sports drinks, iced teas, fruit-based drinks that contain less than 50% real fruit juice or that contain additional caloric sweeteners and/or caffeine.
At class parties, there will be no more than one food or beverage served that does not meet the nutrition standards.
At lunch, students will have a full 20 minutes for eating lunch after sitting down.
Food and beverages will be limited for use as rewards for academic performance or good behavior.
Physical activity (recess or PE class) will not be withheld as punishment.
Physical activity (running laps or pushups) will not be used as punishment.
Physical activity opportunities will be incorporated into other subject lessons.


Edition of 1892. See also John Hale (Beverly minister), Robert Hale (doctor), Nathan Hale, Nathan Hale (journalist), Lucretia Peabody Hale, Edward Everett Hale, Charles Hale, Susan Hale and Ellen Day Hale on Wikipedia, and our Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography disclaimer.
Her brother, Edward Everett, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., 3 April, 1822, after studying at the Boston Latin-school, was graduated at Harvard in 1839. He then spent two years as an usher in the Latin-school, and read theology and church history with the Rev. Samuel K. Lothrop and the Rev. John G. Palfrey. In 1842 he was licensed to preach by the Boston association of Congregational ministers, after which he spent several years in ministering to various congregations, passing the winter of 1844-'5 in Washington. His first regular settlement was in 1846 as pastor of the Church of the Unity in Worcester, Mass., where he remained until 1856. In that year he was called to the South Congregational (Unitarian) church in Boston, where he still (1887) remains. Mr. Hale's influence has been extensively felt in all philanthropic movements. His book "Ten Times One is Ten" (Boston, 1870) led to the establishment of clubs devoted to charity, which are now scattered throughout the United States, with chapters in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the islands of the Pacific. These associations have a membership that is supposed to exceed 50,000 in number, and are called "Harry Wadsworth clubs." They have for their motto: "Look up and not down; look forward and not back; look out and not in; lend a hand." The "Look-up Legion," a similar organization among the Sunday-schools, is due to his inspiration, and includes upward of 5,000 members. He also has taken great interest in the Chautauqua literary and scientific circle, of which he is one of the counsellors, and is a frequent contributor to the "Chautauquan." Mr. Hale has served his college as a member of the board of overseers for successive terms, and has been very active in advancing the interests of Harvard. He has also held the office of president of the Φ Β Κ society, and in 1879 received the degree of S. T. D. from Harvard. As a boy he learned to set type in his father's printing-office, and he has served on the "Daily Advertiser" in every capacity from reporter up to editor-in-chief. Before he attained his majority he wrote his full share in the monthly issues of the "Monthly Chronicle" and the "Boston Miscellany." In later years he edited the "Christian Examiner," and also the "Sunday-School Gazette." In 1869 he founded, with the American Unitarian association, "Old and New," for the purpose of giving wider currency to liberal Christian ideas through the medium of a literary magazine. Six years afterward this journal was merged into "Scribner's Monthly." In 1886 he again returned to journalism and began the publication of "Lend a Hand; a Record of Progress and Journal of Organized Charity." As a writer of short stories Mr. Hale has achieved signal distinction. His "My Double, and How he undid Me," published in "Atlantic Monthly" in 1859, at once caught the popular fancy. "The Man Without a Country," published anonymously in the "Atlantic" during 1863, produced a deep impression on the public mind, and has a permanent place among the classic short stories of American writers. His "Skeleton in the Closet" also well known, was contributed to the "Galaxy" in 1866. He has been associated in several literary combinations, among which is "Six of One by Half a Dozen of the Other" (Boston, 1872), a social romance jointly constructed by Harriet B. Stowe, Adeline D. T. Whitney, Lucretia P. Hale, Frederick W. Loring, Frederic B. Perkins, and Mr. Hale himself, its projector. His historical studies began when he was connected with the "Advertiser," and for six years he was its South American editor, having been led to the study of Spanish and Spanish-American history at a time when he expected to be the reader and amanuensis of William H. Prescott, the historian. Beginning in this way, his studies have increased until he is regarded as an authority on Spanish-American affairs. He has contributed important articles to Justin Winsor's "History of Boston," to his "History of America," to Bryant and Gay's "Popular History of the United States," and frequent papers to the proceedings of the American antiquarian society. Of the latter, perhaps the most important is his discovery of how California came to be so named. He has edited "Original Documents from the State Paper Office, London, and the British Museum, illustrating the History of Sir W. Raleigh's First American Colony and the Colony at Jamestown, with a Memoir of Sir Ralph Lane" (Boston, 1860), and John Lingard's "History of England" (13 vols., Boston, 1853). Besides the foregoing he has published "The Rosary" (Boston, 1848); "Margaret Percival in America" (1850); "Sketches of Christian History" (1850); "Letters on Irish Emigration" (1852); "Kansas and Nebraska" (1854); "Ninety Days' Worth of Europe" (1861); with the Rev. John Williams. "The President's Words" (1865); "If, Yes, and Perhaps" (1868); "Puritan Politics in England and New England" (1869); "The Ingham Papers" (1869); "How To Do It" (1870); "His Level Best, and Other Stories" (1870); "Daily Bread, and Other Stories" (1870); "Ups and Downs, an Every-Day Novel" (1871); "Sybaris, and Other Homes" (1871); "Christmas Eve, and Christmas Day" (1874); "In His Name" (1874); "A Summer's Vacation, Four Sermons" (1874); "Workingmen's Homes, Essays and Stories" (1874); "The Good Time Coming, or Our New Crusade" (1875); "One Hundred Years" (1875); "Philip Nolan's Friends" (New York, 1876); "Back to Back" (1877); "Gone to Texas, or the Wonderful Adventures of a Pullman" (Boston, 1877); "What Career?" (1878); "Mrs. Merriam's Scholars" (1878); "The Life in Common" (1879); "The Bible and its Revision" (1879); "The Kingdom of God" (1880); "Crusoe in New York" (1880); "Stories of War" (1880); "June to May" (1881); "Stories of the Sea" (1881); "Stories of Adventure" (1881); "Stories of Discovery" (1883); "Seven Spanish Cities" (1883); "Fortunes of Rachel" (New York, 1884); "Christmas in a Palace" (1884); "Christmas in Narragansett" (1884); "Stories of Invention" (Boston, 1885); "Easter" (1886); "Franklin in France" (1887); "The Life of Washington" (New York, 1887); and "The History of the United States." — Another brother, Charles, journalist, b. in Boston, Mass., 7 June, 1831; d. there, 1 March, 1882, was graduated at Harvard in 1850, and entered his father's employ as a reporter. In 1852 he began the execution of "To-day, a Boston Literary Journal," a weekly of which only two volumes were published, and later became junior editor of the "Daily Advertiser." Meanwhile he also contributed to the "North American Review" and to the "Nautical Almanac." In 1855 he was chosen to the legislature from one of the Boston districts, and continued to be re-elected until 1860, being speaker during his last term, and the youngest man ever chosen to that office. From 1864 till 1870 he was U. S. consul-general to Egypt, and it was largely through his efforts that John H. Surratt was arrested and sent back to the United States. In 1871 he returned to Boston, and was elected in that year to the state senate. He was appointed chairman of the committee on railroads, in which capacity he drew up the general railroad act now in force, and was active in securing its enactment. In 1872-'3 he was assistant secretary of state under Hamilton Fish. He then returned to Boston, began the study of law, and in 1874 was admitted to the bar. In the same year he was again elected to the legislature, and continued to serve in that body for four years. During the latter part of his life he lived in retirement, occupied in literary work, and was much of the time an invalid. — Another sister, Susan, artist, b. in Boston, Mass., 5 Dec., 1838, was educated at the school of George B. Emerson, and then for many years was a successful teacher in Boston. Subsequently she gave up other instruction that she might introduce the more careful study of water-color painting, which she had followed under English, French, and German masters. She exhibited in Boston and New York a series of pictures from the White Mountains, from North Carolina, from Spain, and other countries in which she had travelled. Miss Hale has been associated with her brother, Edward Everett Hale, in the publication of "A Family Flight through France, Germany, Norway, and Switzerland," "A Family Flight over Egypt and Syria," "A Family Flight through Spain," "A Family Flight around Home," "A Family Flight through Mexico" (Boston, 1881-'6); and "The Story of Spain" (New York, 1886); and has in preparation "The Story of Mexico." She also edited "Life and Letters of Thomas Gold Appleton" (New York, 1885). — Edward Everett's daughter, Ellen Day, artist, b. in Worcester, Mass., 11 Feb., 1855, was educated under the supervision of her aunt, Susan Hale, and received her first instructions in art from Dr. William Rimmer, afterward studying under William M. Hunt and Helen M. Knowlton, and in Julien's art-school in Paris. Miss Hale has travelled in Spain and Italy, and has resided in Paris and in London. Her present home is in Boston, where she is engaged in artistic work. She has exhibited "Un Hiver Americain" and "An Old Retainer" in the Paris salon, and "A New England Girl" in the Royal academy, London.
This page was last edited on 7 April 2018, at 01:31.


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Home » 10 Years of The Clone Wars » Guest Post: Ahsoka and 'The Clone Wars': A Step Into a Larger World
Guest Post: Ahsoka and 'The Clone Wars': A Step Into a Larger World
Catalan 'Star Wars' fan Jordi explains how 'The Clone Wars' is perfect for fans who want to learn more about that galaxy far, far away
Posted on 14th August 2018 by Kelly M in 10 Years of The Clone Wars, Ahsoka Tano, Animation, Articles, Films & TV, Guest Articles, Opinion Pieces, Star Wars: The Clone Wars // 2 Comments
When I read about Kelly's search for guest writers to celebrate the tenth anniversary of The Clone Wars, I jumped at the chance. But when I started writing and I stared at my blank screen, the doubts came crawling in.
First, let me introduce myself: I'm Jordi, I hail from Catalonia, and my wife Heleia and I are big fans of Star Wars. You could say we're children of the prequels; we were 14 when The Phantom Menace was released. We'd seen the Original Trilogy on TV, of course, and watched the prequels but then, well, life took over. We grew up, we started working…
(Image credit: Cap-That)
I never really cared for the old Expanded Universe (what's known as Legends today) and I didn't even watch The Clone Wars when it first came out (the horror!). As a matter of fact, we only got around to watching The Clone Wars and Rebels this year! Hence my doubts about me being the right person to write about the show's tenth anniversary. My wife and I have never been the kind to dress up and meet up with other fans, or even follow blogs about Star Wars – yours is the first, Kelly! For me, personally, my undying love is motorsport; I run a blog about Formula One, not Star Wars.
So, to be honest, our love for Star Wars was rekindled by The Force Awakens and the subsequent movies. We even went to see The Last Jedi on opening night, something I'd never thought I'd do ten, fifteen years ago. I've enjoyed them all and I've revisited the first six movies again, with the flavour that experience, knowledge, and a little extra age gives us.
They say it's never too late to mend your ways. For the past couple of years, I have watched and re-watched the movies, but they always left me with that same sense of incompletion. It always felt like the prequels didn't deal much with how or why Anakin fell to the Dark Side but merely showed it. You saw the events unfolding but it all felt a bit unnatural and forced. I had read about The Clone Wars and how it helped with those issues and, as Anakin would say, I wanted more.
So we started watching the series this past winter and we were blown away. Here was all the depth, intrigue, and flavours we missed. Now those Jedi Masters we briefly saw on the Jedi Council, on Geonosis, and during the Order 66 scenes were no longer simply background characters. They were part of us, they each had a story and personality. Like the clones, which were almost as throwaway as the B1 battle droids in the movies, they suddenly had names and their own stories and struggles alongside our favourite Jedi knights. Along the way, we travelled to spectacular worlds and got to meet even more strange and different people.
One of the greatest things about The Clone Wars is how it doesn't shy away from anything that is part of life: death, sadness, politics, crime, redemption, corruption, trust, the very thin lines that run between right and wrong. No key theme was left untouched and this was important because it wasn't just adults who were watching the series but also teenagers, who were growing up and learning about life.
To me, the greatest thing The Clone Wars achieves is that it made Revenge of The Sith so much more emotional. Back in 2005, we had seen Jedi knights being killed by clones in seemingly random worlds; now, we see the treason of brothers in arms in the places they'd fought alongside each other to save democracy. Back then, we saw Anakin become a bit of a jerk and give in almost all too easily to the power of the Sith; now, we see the culmination of a years-long struggle between the pressures of expectation, the demands of the Jedi Council, the sweet songs Palpatine was singing in his ear, and his need to keep his love for Padmé a secret
But although The Clone Wars and the movie saga is about the Skywalker family and, specifically, Anakin's rise and fall, I can't help but feel that Ahsoka Tano stole the show here. I suppose we all cringed when we first heard her saying "Skyguy" and "Artooie", or "Skyguay" and "Erredosito" in Castilian Spanish (for the record, "Snips" gets translated as "Chulita", which means "cocky"). But we can't always trust first impressions. And cocky teenagers don't always grow up to become cocky adults. We see a growth and maturity in Ahsoka well beyond her years. Character progression, if you will.
Now, there are great, legendary characters in Star Wars. A huge debate can ensue about who's the greatest character in Star Wars: Yoda, Palpatine, Anakin, Luke, Leia, Obi-Wan, they all make great cases for that. But who is the most influential? I reckon Ahsoka can stake a claim for that one.
Let's start by reminding ourselves of some of the important events she's taken part in.
As Anakin's Padawan, she served well in instilling in Anakin a renewed sense of caring for someone that was not born out of love or lust (Padmé) or out of allegiance (Obi-Wan and the whole Jedi Order). Even though Ahsoka's departure in season five would ultimately hurt Anakin and make him distrust the Jedi Council even more, Ahsoka's influence is still deeply felt. She plays her part in a number of important battles of that era, often showing quick thinking and the same inability for following orders as Anakin does, which was often to their benefit.
But it's perhaps the older Ahsoka that's the most impressive. As I said earlier, I'm only just getting into the current expanded universe. I haven't read the Ahsoka novel yet , so I don't know that much about the events that haven't been shown in the TV series. But I know that she serves as an important agent for the fledgling Rebellion, using her powers freely, similar to what Qui-Gon Jinn might have done had he lived, free from the restrictions of the Jedi Council. Doing what's right instead of doing what they told you to. And we are yet to see an older Ahsoka, who appears to be on a mission with Sabine Wren to find Ezra Bridger.
There are many lessons to be learned from the Togruta. For starters, how not to get too lost in a dogmatic view of the world; how to do good regardless of the situation you're in and make yourself useful in whatever capacity you can; how to mature and become more reflective while being as effective as before. And, last but not least and with specific reference to The Clone Wars as a series, how to avoid being fooled by the impression that a cartoon can't be as profound as a live-action movie.
But to wrap up this article, the main lesson here is not that Ahsoka is awesome. After all, if you're reading this on the Team Ahsoka site, you probably think that already. No, what I want to tell you is that there's no "right" way of enjoying Star Wars, and that's one of the great things about the saga. You can just focus the movies and have more than 20 hours of fun right there. You can devour every kind of Star Wars media and be a know-it-all. You can watch some things and skip others. Or you can collect every single collectable item… though you'll need a big house to store them all.
Star Wars is large enough for people to enjoy it "their" way. There are no better ways or worse ways, just different ones. For us, it was the movies and then the TV shows. Ahsoka was a big part of that and we're glad we met her. So glad, in fact, that we named our kitty after her!
We will see, sooner or later, what becomes of Ahsoka, and I very much look forward to seeing what's next. I'd love to see her in a live-action movie and interacting with Luke's generation, or even Rey's. But if it doesn't happen, it's not a problem. We can go beyond the movies, and if you crave more Star Wars, start with The Clone Wars. You'll find great story arcs, funny characters, canny antagonists, and amongst it all, a legendary woman. Let Ahsoka be your portal to more!
Jordi Domènech is a recently qualified travel agent and motorsport fan from Catalunya who is currently seeking new job opportunities and writes about Formula 1 for the Catalan-language blog, Fórmula 1 en Català, in his spare time.
If you would like to connect with him, you can find him on Twitter (@jordi_giorgio) or contact him via his personal blog.
Guest Post: Discovering 'The Clone Wars': Better Late Than Never
Guest Post: Constructing Lightsabers, Creating Community
'Star Wars' Animation Roundup: August 2018 – TWG – The Wookiee Gunner
Guest Post: The Top 5 Saddest Moments from 'Star Wars: The Clone Wars' – Team Ahsoka
'The Clone Wars' Fan Art Roundup - "Old Friends Not Forgotten"


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Palatinská garda () byla vojenská jednotka Vatikánu a jedna ze čtyř papežských gard (společně se Švýcarskou, Vznešenou gardou a Corpo della Gendarmeria).

Historie
Jednotku vytvořil papež Pius IX. dne 14. prosince 1850 sloučením dvou starších oddílů papežských milic (Milizia Urbana del Popolo di Roma a Guardia Civica Scelta). Důvodem reorganizace byly špatné zkušenosti papeže s prací jeho ochránců při nepokojích v roce 1848, které nakonec vyústily v útěk papeže do vyhnanství, z nějž se mohl vrátit až v roce 1850.

Palatini byli pěšáci, jejichž úkolem bylo chránit papeže i papežské paláce a církevní objekty. Během sjednocování Itálie, které znamenalo zánik papežského státu, vykonávali kromě čestné stráže v palácích též vojenské úkoly. Doprovázeli zásobovací konvoje, ale také v roce 1867 bojovali v bitvě u Mentanty s vojsky Giuseppe Garibaldiho.

Po dobytí Říma v roce 1870 byla činnost sboru omezena na prostor Vatikánu, kde palatini i nadále sloužiili jako čestná stráž v Apoštolském paláci. Po podpisu lateránských smluv v roce 1929 mohli svou službu rozšířit i na exteritoriální území nového státu, zejména na Lateránskou baziliku.

Pomyslným vrcholem v historii palatinské gardy bylo období druhé světové války. Když německá vojska v roce 1943 obsadila Řím, převzala garda zodpovědnost za ochranu Vatikánu, různých vatikánských nemovitostí v Římě i papežovy letní vily v Castel Gandolfo. Stráž tedy v tomto období nebyla pouze symbolická, ale skutečně zajišťovala ozbrojený dohled na hranicích malého státu. Několikrát se stráže střetly s italskými jednotkami, které se ve spolupráci s Němci pokoušely zadržet uprchlíky, skrývající se na území Vatikánu.

Sbor byl spolu s papežským četnictvem a vznešenou gardou zrušen papežem Pavlem VI. dne 14. září 1970  v rámci církevních reforem po 2. vatikánském koncilu. Bývalí gardisté však byli vyzváni, aby se připojili k nové skupině s názvem Asociace svatých Petra a Pavla (italsky Associazione SS. Pietro e Paolo). Toto sdružení podporuje charitativní, vzdělávací a náboženské programy v Římě. Pomáhají například s organizací velkých událostí v bazilice sv. Petra. Spolek je přímo podřízený Státnímu sekretariátu římské kurie a své sídlo má – stejně jako původní Palatinská garda – v Apoštolském paláci.

Personální obsazení
Členové sboru byli dobrovolníci, kteří za svou službu nebyli placeni, ale dostávali příspěvek na údržbu nebo opravu uniforem. Rekrutovali se z mladých Římanů vyššího společenského postavení ve věku 20 – 30 let.

Po svém založení v roce 1850 měl sbor kromě velitelů dvě roty po 80 mužích. Po vypuknutí druhé světové války v roce 1939 se garda rozrostla asi na 500 mužů, ale německá okupace Říma si vyžádala další rozšíření, takže do roku 1944 tvořilo gardu na 2000 osob. Po skončení války však většina těchto mužů odešla a velikost jednotky se vrátila na předválečnou úroveň.

Součástí gardy byla rovněž vojenská kapela.

Vybavení
Nejstarší uniformy sestávaly z červených kalhot, modrého kabátce a čepice z medvědí kožešiny. Po většinu své historie (zhruba od roku 1880) však nosila palatinská garda uniformu se světle modrými kalhotami a tmavě modrým kabátcem, dolpněným čapkou képi s chocholem z peří. Velitelé používali dvourohé klobouky. Jednotka postrádala moderní zbraně a gardisté absolvovali jen omezený výcvik, zaměřený především na výkon čestné stráže.

Odkazy

Reference

Související články
 Švýcarská garda
 Vznešená garda
 Papežští zuávové

Externí odkazy

 Slavnostní přísaha Palatinské gardy v roce 1929
 Skeny historického časopisu Palatinské gardy
 Přehled uniforem papežských vojenských jednotek

Ozbrojené síly Vatikánu
Papežský stát
Vojenské jednotky založené roku 1850
Vojenské jednotky zaniklé roku 1970


Three months prior, at Dragon Fang Mountain.
The mountain looked imposing because of the protruding peak. It, therefore, looked evil and aggressive, like a dragon's fang, and hence its name.
At this current time, there were two sides that were holding a duel in front of tens of thousands of people.
The identities of the two fighting were very unique.
One of them was a member of the Seven White Champion Princes, a descendant of the Gold and Silver Sect. He had defeated everybody in Jiangnan. He was the young Number One Sabre King, Jin Wangsun!
The White Champion Princes were bestowed their title in the founding emperor's time, however; their families' histories went back even further. While their history does not go back as far as Cold Mountain Temple, which had a millennium-long history, Mount Lu Sword Sanctuary and the other major sects have been famous in the pugilistic world for a century.
For example, the Bai family, from Acacia Valley, has existed for centuries. They had been conferred the new Seventh Prince title. They only began to rise after being conferred the title by the founding emperor a century ago. This allowed them to become prominent like the Song family in Yang Zhou and the Gold and Silver Sect in Jiangnan.
The God and Silver Sect are different to the other White Princes. They're both a martial arts school and also a sect that started off as a business. They were skilled at business, calculating, and planning, not allowing anything to be wasted. As a result, their business aspect is prospering.
When the founding emperor revolted back then he required manpower, money, and provisions.
The ancestors of the Gold and Silver Sect helped out a lot. Consequently, they were crowned as one of the Seven Champion White Princes. The founding emperor also promised to never charge them taxes for as long as this dynasty reigned.
The Gold and Silver Sect was wealthy, to begin with. When combined with the tax-free privilege, the reputation of being a White Champion Prince, and their century of savings, their wealth now rivalled the nation.
The business under their banner has steadily placed in the top three businesses. Nobody in Jiangnan's martial world can rival their wealth.
But despite that, the other White Champion Princes still think lowly of their martial arts skills, while complaining that they reek of bronze.
It's not hard to realise that the Gold and Silver Sect's martial arts aren't impressive. Though they do have a speciality, and that is they have thick skin. They're very good at being calculative, no matter the occasion.
They're self-aware that their special rights come from the fact that they are among the Seven White Champion Princes. Thus, they have always done their best to improve their martial arts skills; hence, they utilised their immense wealth to collect secret manuals of all the styles in the world for their own use. This allowed their skills to gradually improve over the last century.
That was how Jing Wangsun managed to master impressive martial arts.
The Black and White Reflection once ranked the second-generation young man. It listed him among the seventeen incredible young men, which they attached the name Seventeen Hidden Dragons.
The first spot was taken by an unknown disciple from Mount Daluo, while Moon Chaser Swordsman was ranked tenth, so it was a ranking of strong young men.
Jin Wangsun, who was named the Sabre King of Jiangnan was ranked second among the best sabre users, so you couldn't deny his strength.
However, despite having such an impressive background, most people were of the impression that Jin Wangsun had no chance of winning this fight. Concurrently, they considered his opponent somebody that shouldn't be challenged.
The sect Jin Wangsun challenged was called Night Fortress, and the person he challenged was its master.
Below are the reactions of most of the people in the martial world when news of the impending duel spread.
Because the leaders of the various sects were excessively bad-tempered, the reporter for the Black and White Reflection nearly lost his life to publish that issue. However, due to how excessively authentic things sounded, the battle was spoken of as if it was a miraculous fight.
The two sects were now confronting each other on Dragon Fang Mountain.
Jin Wangsun led the people of Gold and Silver Sect, while the opposition brought their own people.
One party was one of the Seven Champion White Princes, while the other was a myth of Jiangnan's martial world.
One was a legendary sect that was a leader among the orthodox sects, while the other was of an unorthodox sect.
Their representatives stood up. They exchanged eye contact with Jing Wangsun as they snickered silently.
A disciple, acting as a messenger, shouted out from behind and rushed over in a panic.
The second in command wore a cold expression. He snorted and then went into the temporary wooden building. There are a few others inside who were all disciples of Night Fortress.
The Second in Command whispered a few words, causing everybody else to immediately wear delighted smiles.
With a lonely expression, he stroked the black weapon box on the table.
A knock then came from outside.
A tall young individual entered from outside. He had a western pair of glasses on. He looked like a bookworm.
There was only one sentence in the letter.
Repeat ellipses ten thousand times.
The Second in Command was faced with a crisis!
That was the most amusing fight in all of Jiangnan's martial world's history. Jin Wangsun challenged all of Night Fortress alone with a single sabre.
The Gold and Silver Sect's power finally began to expand to the point they were virtually on the same level as Mount Lu Sword Sanctuary. Night Fortress's title also vanished from Jiangnan's martial world, henceforth.
Jin Wangsun became known throughout the world because of the event. It allowed him to succeed the leader position of the Gold and Silver sect, as well as getting an audience with the emperor. Meanwhile, his father was sent back to his hometown to work in the fields.


I have added a little bit of useful info on the SuperNOVA, some known, some lesser known.
See 'SuperNOVA tips & trucs' in the document collection.
Hmm volgends mij ga ik er niet bij kunnen zijn maar ik ga wel mijn best doen om te komen.
TheOnlyJoey wrote: Hmm volgends mij ga ik er niet bij kunnen zijn maar ik ga wel mijn best doen om te komen.
Would be nice if you could hope to see you!
I'll put the DDR on event mode during the free play periods as well, so you can comfortably capture your results if you want to (you only get 15 seconds otherwise). I have good faith that the players won't occupy the machine an unreasonably lot longer than needed.
I remember fail being turned off for the 2007 tournament at Funland, is that the case for this tournament too?
Marissa wrote: I remember fail being turned off for the 2007 tournament at Funland, is that the case for this tournament too?
Updated now. So to answer your question: partially.
I'd also like to note that during the free play, the stages-per-game will be set to 2. The place will be loaded and I'd like to give everyone a chance to play without having to wait endless amounts of time.
And good grief, 2007, that's waaay back were there any Funland DDR tournaments after that?
I hoped it was possible to turn fail off for scoring as well, as failing causes you to only get 5 or 10 points per arrow. I can't remember if that was the case for the 2007 tournament tho, or if that is even possible on the Supernova.
I don't remember any tournaments in Funland after that one, there were a few ITG tournaments and of course the tourneys at animecons tho.


text:
hs chap. 3 pp. 35-56
The Spirit Behind the Present Old Order
Holy Spirit—The Force Behind the Coming New Order!
AN EARTHLY "SEED" OF THE SERPENT
WHAT KIND OF "SPIRIT" IT IS
Are There Wicked Spirits?
The Truth That Leads to Eternal Life
United Publishers of the "Word of Life"
The Devil—More Than Just Superstition
1. What question arises as to the spirit that has pervaded the present old order of things, and what must we conclude?
THE PRESENT order of things is old—thousands of years old. Throughout all those millenniums of time one spirit has pervaded the human order of things. Has it been holy spirit? No one will talk so contrary to the facts of history as to claim that holy spirit from Jehovah God has been the invisible force activating all human society in its pursuits, or in its style of life. If it had been holy spirit that all along had been backing up and motivating this old system of things, the results would be far different from the world state of affairs today.
2. (a) By what kind of laws do people who go along with this old order have to be controlled? (b) What are the "works of the flesh," and of what does the "fruitage of the spirit" consist?
2 Holy spirit from Jehovah God, when at work in the lives of people, produces an identifying fruitage. Judged by the fruitage that it has had ample time to produce, this old order is not being led by God's holy spirit. The mass of mankind who go along with this old order show themselves to be persons needing to be restrained by laws that are enacted for criminally minded people, laws that therefore command them to refrain from all sorts of wrongdoing. Nineteen hundred years ago there was a man who had come out from under such a code of laws. He wrote a letter to show that we need a better inducement, a superior force to be active in our lives, if we want to be different from the present old order. We need the spirit, the invisible active force that comes from One who is far better morally than this old world order, far better than any lawgiver of human society. To the holy force that can activate us aright the letter writer pointed, saying:
"Keep walking by spirit and you will carry out no fleshly desire at all. For the flesh is against the spirit in its desire, and the spirit against the flesh; for these are opposed to each other, so that the very things that you would like to do you do not do. Furthermore, if you are being led by spirit, you are not under law.
"Now the works of the flesh are manifest, and they are fornication, uncleanness, loose conduct, idolatry, practice of spiritism, enmities, strife, jealousy, fits of anger, contentions, divisions, sects, envies, drunken bouts, revelries, and things like these. As to these things I am forewarning you, the same way as I did forewarn you, that those who practice such things will not inherit God's kingdom.
"On the other hand, the fruitage of the spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faith, mildness, self-control. Against such things there is no law."—Galatians 5:16-23; note also 1 Timothy 1:8-11.
3. Those looking forward to inheriting the blessings of God's kingdom do not practice what works?
3 Quite a list of opposites, is it not? Certainly those who are producing the fruitage of God's spirit are not practicing the things called "the works of the flesh." They are looking forward to God's kingdom with a sincere desire to inherit its blessings.
4. Why do we ourselves not need to point out the faults of the old order, and why will that old order not help people to inherit God's kingdom?
4 What, though, about the present old order? We do not have to point out its faults. That is done for us by its newspaper reports, its magazine articles, its police records, the general insecurity due to a rising crime rate, the high-priced hospitals for mental ailments as well as dread social diseases, the political tensions along with the mounting threat of a global nuclear war. Innumerable other things could be cited to incriminate the old order as one abounding in the "works of the flesh." This old order will never help people to "inherit God's kingdom." It has no connection with God's kingdom. It is not pervaded, motivated or backed up by holy spirit from God. It is by no means holy, not even that part of it that is called Christendom.
5, 6. Why is the natural desire of the flesh to do things that are opposed to the Creator's spirit not traceable to God?
5 How is it that God's spirit is back of no part of this old order? How did human flesh get into the state where it naturally desires to do works that are opposed to God's spirit? Human flesh was not that way at its start. At that time it was motivated by its Creator's spirit. God would never impart to newly created flesh that which is bad and in opposition to him. He is not the Source of badness. As a champion for the cause of right, the prophet Moses cleared Jehovah God of all responsibility for the wrongful tendencies in human flesh. Moses said: "Perfect is his activity, for all his ways are justice. A God of faithfulness, with whom there is no injustice; righteous and upright is he. They have acted ruinously on their own part; they are not his children, the defect is their own."—Deuteronomy 32:4, 5.
6 The defect in mankind is not traceable to God. He made the first man perfect, a credit to His creative ability. There is no defect about God. With the cooperation of his only-begotten Son, God made the first man "in our image, according to our likeness." The first man, Adam, was an image of divine perfection, and so, to be a true image, he had to be perfect.—Genesis 1:26-28; 2:7, 8.
7. At the time that Adam was in Eden, what state existed between heaven and earth to make God happy?
7 In the paradise Garden of Eden the first man walked according to God's holy spirit. On occasion he had conversation with God. In a way unseen to human eye and yet perceptible to the man Adam, God walked in that lovely Garden of Eden. There was unity between God and man. At that time there was unity between things heavenly and things earthly. Why? Because God's spirit was all-pervasive. All this made Jehovah God happy. He is "the happy God."—1 Timothy 1:11.
8. Because of what kind of sin do we not have on earth today a perfect order of things, and by whom was that sin committed?
8 Here, now, was the groundwork for the development of a perfect order of things that would never grow old and get ready to pass away. But today we do not have a clean, righteous, perfect order of things. Why is this? It is because there occurred a sin against the holy spirit. Committed by whom? Committed by the one whom Jesus Christ identified when he was talking to men who were eager to kill him for telling God's truth. To these would-be murderers Jesus said: "You are from your father the Devil, and you wish to do the desires of your father. That one was a manslayer when he began, and he did not stand fast in the truth, because truth is not in him. When he speaks the lie, he speaks according to his own disposition, because he is a liar and the father of the lie."—John 8:44.
9. Who is the spiritual father of a practicer of sin, and why?
9 The first sinner against holy spirit is also identified by Jesus' disciple named John, who writes: "He who carries on sin originates with the Devil, because the Devil has been sinning from the beginning." (1 John 3:8) The practicer of sin could have no other spiritual father than the one who started him off.
10. How did the first liar make himself a Devil?
10 This calling the first liar in all creation a devil indicates that his lie was against God, for the name Devil means Slanderer. He left the truth and cultivated in himself the disposition to lie. In slanderous contradiction of what God had told Adam, the Devil told Adam's wife, Eve, that the penalty for eating from the forbidden tree would not be death: "You positively will not die. For God knows that in the very day of your eating from it your eyes are bound to be opened and you are bound to be like God, knowing good and bad." (Genesis 3:1-5) The liar made himself a Devil, primarily with respect to God.
11. How might the Devil have schemed to keep God from carrying out his word if Adam and Eve sinned?
11 The Slanderer against God could not guarantee that Adam and Eve would not positively die if they ate the forbidden fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and bad. His word was not mightier than God's. (Hebrews 4:12; Genesis 2:16, 17) But likely the Devil thought that he could maneuver Jehovah God into an embarrassing position where it would be inconsistent for God to put Adam and Eve to death, especially if the Devil directed the sinful couple to eat of the "tree of life" before divine sentence could be pronounced upon them.—Genesis 2:9; 3:22, 23.
12. How did the Devil become a manslayer, and what awaits him now?
12 Despite all this maneuvering, the Devil turned out to be a liar. His victims did die as human souls, for Jehovah God the Judge sentenced them to death and kept them from getting to the "tree of life" by driving them out of the paradise Garden of Eden. (Genesis 3:17-24) Because of unlovingly inducing the death of the first man and his wife, the Devil became a "manslayer." For this he deserved to be put to death according to the rule stated by the Founder of Christianity: "Whoever causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him if a great millstone were hung round his neck and he were thrown into the sea." (Mark 9:42, Revised Standard Version) Exactly so, endless destruction does await the manslayer, the Devil.
13. To what did Jehovah liken the Devil, and before this one is put to death what is he allowed to produce?
13 Such an end for the Devil was indicated when the Judge of all, Jehovah, likened him to the serpent that had been used to deceive the woman Eve into eating the forbidden fruit contrary to God's command. Directing the words really to the symbolic Serpent, Jehovah said: "Because you have done this thing, you are the cursed one out of all the domestic animals and out of all the wild beasts of the field. Upon your belly you will go and dust is what you will eat all the days of your life. And I shall put enmity between you and the woman and between your seed and her seed. He will bruise you in the head and you will bruise him in the heel." (Genesis 3:14, 15) Thus the Devil became the one cursed of God. So it lies with God to have this cursed one put to death. But this would not occur before the cursed Serpent had the opportunity to have a "seed," offspring in a figurative or spiritual way. As a spirit, the Devil has no inherent reproductive powers like man.
14. What did the figurative crawling on the belly mean for the Devil as the Great Serpent, and by whom was he later joined in his abasement?
14 Jehovah likened the Devil to a serpent that crawls on its belly and eats food dusted with particles of soil. Thus he indicated the deep abasement into which the cursed Devil was now thrown down. As it was the lowest station in existence, it was compared to the place that came to be called Tartarus. In course of time the Devil came to be joined in this place by other spirits, by other angels who renounced the Fatherhood of God and adopted the fatherhood of the Devil. These spirits became his "seed."
15. What do Peter and Jude say about the angels who joined the Great Serpent in sinning?
15 In reference to this spiritual seed of the original Serpent, the Christian apostle Peter wrote: "God did not hold back from punishing the angels that sinned, but, by throwing them into Tartarus, delivered them to pits of dense darkness to be reserved for judgment." (2 Peter 2:4) The Christian disciple Jude refers to the same angelic "seed" of the Serpent, when he writes: "The angels that did not keep their original position but forsook their own proper dwelling place he has reserved with eternal bonds under dense darkness for the judgment of the great day."—Jude 6.
16. Why did the Devil act single-handedly in tricking Eve into sin, and why do some think that he had been a cherub?
16 At the time that the Devil tricked Adam's wife, Eve, into rebelling against God her heavenly Father, there was no "seed" of the Great Serpent. The Devil acted single-handedly. He did not choose to have an angelic associate who could become a rival in claiming control over the offspring of Adam and Eve. He coveted the sole control over all mankind. What position he occupied in God's original organization we do not precisely know. Many Bible students have understood the prophecy of Ezekiel 28:11-19 concerning the king of ancient Tyre to apply also to Satan the Devil, and hence they reason that the self-made Devil was originally a "cherub" among the heavenly "sons of God." If this is so, then the degree of his abasement as the Great Serpent is all the greater.
17. In what way do rebel angels share Tartarean darkness with the Devil?
17 The other angel rebels against God, who became the "seed" of the Serpent, share the Tartarean darkness with him, like cursed serpents. They no longer have the light of God's favor and counsel. At their rebellion God took his holy spirit away from them.
18. (a) Why is the future pitch black for the Devil and his angels? (b) What was the question of mystery that was now raised?
18 The future is pitch black for the Great Serpent and his angelic "seed." God's day of judgment awaits them, with the prospect of their being 'bruised in the head.' God will use the "seed" of his "woman" to do the bruising. (Genesis 3:15) The bruise inflicted is no mere scalp wound. It is the crushing of the head, which results in death to the Great Serpent and his "seed." There is no room for misunderstanding about this, for, at Romans 16:20, it is written to Christ's disciples: "The God who gives peace will crush Satan under your feet shortly." This is sound reason for Satan and his "seed" to be at enmity with the "seed" of God's "woman." At God's mention of the "seed" of his "woman," a mystery confronted both heaven and earth. The mystery or sacred secret that now roused universal curiosity was, Who is this woman's seed?
19. Why are Christians exhorted to be the opposite of Cain, the firstborn son of all mankind?
19 The mysterious "seed" of God's "woman" did not prove to be Eve's firstborn son, whom she named Cain. Cain's being the firstborn son of all mankind did not give him the right to serve as that promised "seed." Moreover, Cain's heel never did get bruised by the Great Serpent, the Devil. As for bruising anyone in the head, Cain murdered his God-fearing brother Abel, possibly by striking him a crushing blow on the head. Instead of being blessed by God and receiving God's holy spirit, Cain became the second one in the Bible to be called "cursed," the symbolic Serpent or the Devil being the first one. (Genesis 3:14; 4:11) In this manner Cain made himself a part of the earthly "seed" of the Great Serpent, the Devil, whom he imitated in lying and committing manslaughter. He loved neither his brother, whom he could see, nor God, whom he could not see. Followers of Christ are exhorted to be the opposite of Cain, in the following words:
"We should have love for one another; not like Cain, who originated with the wicked one and slaughtered his brother. And for the sake of what did he slaughter him? Because his own works were wicked, but those of his brother were righteous." (1 John 3:11, 12) "Too bad for them, because they have gone in the path of Cain."—Jude 11.
20, 21. Cain imitated the Devil in committing what kind of sin, and in view of what manifestation was this possible for Cain?
20 Cain imitated the Devil, his spiritual father, "the wicked one," in sinning against God's holy spirit. This does not mean that Cain, the first son of Adam and Eve, ever had the holy spirit. His earthly parents had lost holy spirit because of willfully breaking God's commandment. But Cain saw the operation of holy spirit. When and how?
21 This was at the time that Cain presented to God an offering from his farming, whereas his younger brother Abel presented to God a sacrifice from slaughtered animals of his flock of sheep. Were the presentations of both of these brothers acceptable to God? Genesis 4:4-7 tells us: "Now while Jehovah was looking with favor upon Abel and his offering, he did not look with any favor upon Cain and upon his offering. And Cain grew hot with great anger, and his countenance began to fall. At this Jehovah said to Cain: 'Why are you hot with anger and why has your countenance fallen? If you turn to doing good, will there not be an exaltation? But if you do not turn to doing good, there is sin crouching at the entrance, and for you is its craving; and will you, for your part, get the mastery over it?'"
22. What manifestation of holy spirit did Cain observe?
22 Of course, God did not appear to Cain and Abel on this occasion. How he looked with favor upon Abel and his sacrificial offering, we are not told. But there must have been some visible evidence of this. An operation of God's holy spirit this was. Cain saw this and, also, with no word from God. So he grew hot with great anger and his countenance fell. He did not react humbly and with repentance at the visible operation of holy spirit from the God to whom he was making an unacceptable offering.
23. Cain's sin against holy spirit took what form, and why?
23 Plainly, Cain was not doing right. God's voice out of the invisible explained to him the situation. Too proud to humble himself, Cain did not repent and turn to doing good, even though sin was crouching as if at the door of his home and craving to seize him as its victim. He did not want to get the mastery over it, no matter what God's holy spirit indicated to him. Not wanting an exaltation of his countenance, he schemed against the one approved by God and killed him. Thus he sinned against holy spirit.
24. What can be said about whether the one now the Devil had holy spirit and saw the operation of holy spirit?
24 This displeased God and brought his curse upon Cain. But it pleased the Great Serpent, the Devil, for he now saw an earthly son of his who acted in true copy of his spiritual father. The Devil himself had sinned against holy spirit. Besides seeing God himself, the one now the Devil had seen all the operation of holy spirit with regard to the heavenly realm and with regard to the creation of the earth and of perfect man upon it. (Job 38:7) During the time of being free from all selfish enticement, he himself had a due measure of his heavenly Father's spirit. What this holy spirit had enabled him to do, he knew. He also saw the "spirit of undeserved kindness" expressed by God toward Adam and Eve in providing for them to enjoy perfect human life in an earthly paradise. And yet what did the heavenly 'son of God' do?—Hebrews 10:29.
25. How did that 'son of God' proceed in sinful action against holy spirit and thus what did he make of himself?
25 He misrepresented the "spirit of undeserved kindness" by telling Eve that it was motivated by selfishness on God's part. Also, that the prohibition that God placed upon the eating from the tree of the knowledge of good and bad was motivated by God's fear that his human creatures might gain the ability to make decisions independently of him, decisions as to what is right and what is wrong, what is good and what is bad. So, when the spirit 'son of God' willfully and designedly twisted the plain facts of the case and lied to deceive Eve into sinning, he sinned against the holy spirit, a sin that has no forgiveness. He had let himself be enticed by the selfish prospect of wielding sovereignty over the earth and its human inhabitants and then acted to seize that sovereignty. At that he lost God's holy spirit. The fruitage of God's spirit in his life shriveled up and died. He made a Devil of himself, fit only for destruction.—Hebrews 12:29; 6:7, 8.
26. How did the Devil become the "ruler of the demons," and why will those practicing spiritism have no share in God's kingdom?
26 This first sinner against holy spirit made a demon of himself. Angelic "sons of God" who later joined him in rebellion against God became demons like the Devil. These demons became the "seed" of the Great Serpent, and thus the Devil became the "ruler of the demons," who came to be called Beelzebub. (Matthew 12:24-27) These are the promoters of demonism, to turn people away from worshiping the one living and true God, Jehovah. They are classed as "unclean spirits." (Matthew 10:1, 8; 12:43-45) The practice of spiritism under the influence of these demons can result only in spiritual uncleanness to the practicer and make him unclean in God's sight. The practice of spiritism is one of the works of the fallen flesh and will debar a person from having any share in the kingdom of God and its blessings. The unclean spirits are opposed to God's holy spirit, and he condemns a person for having anything to do with unclean spirits.—Deuteronomy 18:9-14; Galatians 5:19, 20; Revelation 9:20, 21; 21:8.
27. Why should we by now be able to determine what kind of spirit is behind the present old order?
27 It is of the highest importance to us to know the above things. By knowing them we can understand the reason for the present state of mankind. Here we are today, in our twentieth century, a century that started off so promisingly from the human standpoint. By the count of time according to the Sacred Scriptures, we have progressed practically six thousand years from when the self-seeking 'son of God' rebelled against Jehovah's universal sovereignty and led Adam and Eve into a similar disobedience to God. After these two human rebels were put out of the paradise of Eden, a new human order was set up on earth, one different from what God their Creator has purposed for our planet Earth. So by now we should be able to determine what kind of spirit is behind the now old order.
28. In speaking about the spirit behind the old order, what do we mean by "spirit"?
28 By "spirit" we mean an invisible active force, an animating, enlivening, energizing force that moves human society in common. It influences their course in life. It moves them in a certain common direction. Thus the people in general carry on in quite a uniform way almost unconsciously, without really giving thought to it. Things that they do become almost instinctive, moved by some inner urge so as to follow a regular routine and to weave a certain pattern of life. There may be little variations depending upon individual differences in personality, yet life and its aims have a common aspect that brands it as characteristic of human society now under the present system of things.
29, 30. (a) Who is the invisible ruler of this old order, and has he been alone in such rule? (b) The effects of such invisible rule have been of what kind?
29 Such a spirit behind today's old order of things has been greatly affected by unseen superhuman personalities that dominate this order of things and have taken over its administration. There can be no question as to who the predominating one is who controls the whole order. Down as far as into the fifth millennium of the old order, Jesus Christ declared that Satan the Devil is "the ruler of this world," with whom he had no friendly dealings. On the last night of his life on earth as a man, Jesus Christ said to his apostles: "The ruler of the world is coming. And he has no hold on me." (John 12:31; 14:30; 16:11) In the invisible rulership of mankind Satan the Devil is not alone. He has demon angels associated with him as their sovereign. All these demon powers have had their hand in the affairs of the present old order of human society.
30 The effects of their superhuman rule have been harmful. Testifying to this there is the prophecy written down by the apostle John with respect to the then future ouster of the demons from the holy heavens. This prophecy, as found in Revelation 12:7-12, reads:
"And war broke out in heaven: Michael and his angels battled with the dragon, and the dragon and its angels battled but it did not prevail, neither was a place found for them any longer in heaven. So down the great dragon was hurled, the original serpent, the one called Devil and Satan, who is misleading the entire inhabited earth; he was hurled down to the earth, and his angels were hurled down with him. . . . 'Woe for the earth and for the sea, because the Devil has come down to you, having great anger, knowing he has a short period of time.'"
31. According to Revelation 13:4, in what worship has Satan the "dragon" misled all the inhabited earth?
31 One of the things into which the Deceiver, Satan the Devil, has misled the entire inhabited earth is the worship of him himself. Sincere but deceived persons may be shocked at such a revelation, but Revelation 13:4 says respecting people who go in for worldly politics: "They worshiped the dragon because it gave the authority to the wild beast, and they worshiped the wild beast."
32. Who the "god of this system of things" is becomes clear from what action of his toward the light of the good news?
32 We also have the words of the apostle Paul for it, that the Devil is the main one worshiped by the world of mankind, knowingly or unknowingly. Paul said: "If, now, the good news we declare is in fact veiled, it is veiled among those who are perishing, among whom the god of this system of things has blinded the minds of the unbelievers, that the illumination of the glorious good news about the Christ, who is the image of God, might not shine through." (2 Corinthians 4:3, 4) This system of things has a "god." His godship and also his rulership of the world certainly ought to affect the spirit behind the present old order of things.
33. How have all of us naturally been affected by what "the god of this system of things" did near the start of human history?
33 Near the start of human history the one who is now "the god of this system of things" induced the fall of our first human parents. Adam and Eve were pressured into disobeying their Creator. This was before we were born. We have all felt the ill effects of this. In Romans 5:12 the apostle Paul speaks true to the facts when he writes: "Through one man sin entered into the world and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men because they had all sinned." We came under the divine condemnation to death because of naturally inheriting imperfection, sinfulness and moral corruption. We were as good as dead. To God we did not live.
34, 35. Why were we at that time as good as dead to God, and what was said to be at work in us?
34 Naturally, we were heirs of God's anger, "children of wrath." We were "alienated from the life that belongs to God." (Ephesians 4:18) As Colossians 1:21 also says: "You . . . were once alienated and enemies because your minds were on the works that were wicked." Because of that state of affairs and at that time, Jehovah God was not working in us. Well, then, who or what was?
35 In answer to that question, the words in Ephesians 2:1-5, written to converted Christians, tell us: "You were dead, through the crimes and the sins in which you used to live when you were following the way of this world, obeying the ruler who governs the air, the spirit who is at work in the rebellious. We all were among them too in the past, living sensual lives, ruled entirely by our own physical desires and our own ideas; so that by nature we were as much under God's anger as the rest of the world. But God loved us with so much love that he was generous with his mercy: when we were dead through our sins."—The Jerusalem Bible; An American Translation.
36. According to some Bible translators, the "spirit" spoken of in Ephesians 2:2 means what, and under whose rulership is it?
36 Who is that "spirit who is at work in the rebellious"? He is the original rebel of all rebels against Jehovah God, namely, the Devil, "the original serpent." But here we should remark that, in Ephesians 2:2, the word "spirit" is viewed by some Bible translators as meaning something impersonal. They view it as an invisible active force that is under the control of the "ruler who governs the air" and that is operating within those who are disobedient to Jehovah God. For example, Young's translation of Ephesians 2:2 reads: "in which once ye did walk according to the age of this world, according to the ruler of the authority of the air, of the spirit that is now working in the sons of disobedience." (See also Rotherham's translation.) Such an impersonal "spirit" would be under the rulership of the wicked user of the "air." It would energize those who are conducting themselves "according to the system of things of this world," disobeying God.
37, 38. How does 1 John 2:15-17 show the way in which the spirit behind the present old order manifests itself?
37 Where can we gain some specific idea of what the spirit behind the present old order of things is or how it manifests itself? Well, let us look at what the apostle John writes. In warning Christians against that worldly spirit, he writes: "Do not be loving either the world or the things in the world. If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him; because everything in the world—the desire of the flesh and the desire of the eyes and the showy display of one's means of life—does not originate with the Father, but originates with the world. Furthermore, the world is passing away and so is its desire."—1 John 2:15-17.
38 Consequently the spirit of the old order moves worldlings to desire the things so attractive to their eyes and to desire the things that feel so good to the flesh; and, logically, such desires lead to selfish action. Because of selfishly desiring so much that pleases the eye and the fallen flesh, those worldlings accumulate a lot of things that constitute their means of life, for their enjoyment of life. In their pride at possessing things, they like to make a showy display of their means of life so as to impress others. This moves the ones who do not have such means to want to possess such things also for themselves.
39. In what way did first-century Jews refuse to receive God's spirit, and, according to Romans 1:26-32, what resulted to them for being allowed to go their own way?
39 Back in the first century of our Common Era there were Jews who preferred to be imbued with the spirit behind the worldwide order of things. The temple built by King Herod still stood at their national capital of Jerusalem, and they were acquainted with the Law code given through the prophet Moses. They did not want to receive the spirit of God that was being expressed in the pure Christianity then being proclaimed throughout the inhabited earth. Hence Jehovah God let them go their way, like apostate Israel of old. With what results to them? In Romans 1:26-32, the apostle Paul informs us, saying:
"That is why God gave them up to disgraceful sexual appetites, for both their females changed the natural use of themselves into one contrary to nature; and likewise even the males left the natural use of the female and became violently inflamed in their lust toward one another, males with males, working what is obscene and receiving in themselves the full recompense, which was due for their error. And just as they did not approve of holding God in accurate knowledge, God gave them up to a disapproved mental state, to do the things not fitting, filled as they were with all unrighteousness, wickedness, covetousness, badness, being full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, malicious disposition, being whisperers, backbiters, haters of God, insolent, haughty, self-assuming, inventors of injurious things, disobedient to parents, without understanding, false to agreements, having no natural affection, merciless. Although these know full well the righteous decree of God, that those practicing such things are deserving of death, they not only keep on doing them but also consent with those practicing them."
40, 41. With the spread of Christianity, was the spirit behind the old order displaced, and what did Paul predict in 2 Timothy 3:1-12?
40 In that apostolic age of the first century C.E. the true Christian faith was being proclaimed, and so would not God's holy spirit replace the spirit behind the old order of things as Christianity spread? And was not this more especially the case after Christendom was established by the Roman emperor, Constantine the Great, in the fourth century C.E.? Was not then a morally clean, religiously holy, new spirit infused into the progressing human society? No, not according to what the imprisoned apostle Paul wrote, about the year 65 C.E. or so. In his last letter, as addressed to his long-time companion, Timothy, he predicted:
41 "In the last days critical times hard to deal with will be here. For men will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, self-assuming, haughty, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, disloyal, having no natural affection, not open to any agreement, slanderers, without self-control, fierce, without love of goodness, betrayers, headstrong, puffed up with pride, lovers of pleasures rather than lovers of God, having a form of godly devotion but proving false to its power; . . . In fact, all those desiring to live with godly devotion in association with Christ Jesus will also be persecuted."—2 Timothy 3:1-5, 12.
42. Why do we not want to have the spirit that is behind the backers of the old order?
42 All the foregoing array of qualities expresses the spirit that motivates the mass of mankind in general as they back up the old order of things. Is that the kind of spirit that we desire to have as the impelling, guiding force in our lives? No; not if we have to judge by the fruitage of their spirit that backers of the old order are harvesting today! We sincerely desire to have a different spirit, a spirit that is active in behalf of a better order of things. This requires that we have the only other spirit that there is—holy spirit.


"These paintings react to light. The reflective surface both reveals and conceals colour and material. Daylight is synchronised with the viewer's movement. These paintings are spatial. Like Yellow Ochre Room, there is a division of space in the painting. In Christchurch the gallery was divided into 19 parts with the yellow ochre colour reducing systematically from opaque saturated paint to clear paint revealing the white wall surface. In A Whole and Two Halves, through three simple applications space divides, and colour accumulates. Gravity is an essential part of the process, dispersing pigment over time creating edge and shape. The same system has been used in each work, however shifts in format and colour resolution create experiential readings in time and space".
Simon Morris was born in Hamilton in 1963 and lives and works in Wellington as a Senior Lecturer at the School of Art, Massey University Wellington. He completed a BFA from Canterbury University in 1985, followed by a Masters degree in Fine Arts from RMIT University, Melbourne in 1997. Simon Morris is an Abstract painter. He has worked with geometric structures for over twenty-five years exploring how line and colour operate in architectural space, and on the canvas informs new aesthetic understandings of space and time. He takes a reductive approach, making works in which a self-imposed set of limitations interact with the particular ground of painting. Sometimes he makes object based paintings such as the work in this exhibition, and at other times his interest in abstraction is explored through site specific installation or collaboration with other people. Wall drawing projects such as Contact: Artists from Aotearoa New Zealand, at the Frankfurt Kunstverein in 2012, and more recently Yellow Ochre Room in 2015, commissioned by Christchurch Art Gallery, and Black Water Colour Wall Painting at Ilam School of Art Gallery, with accompanying catalogue text by Martin Patrick, expand the experience of a painted work through an engagement with architectural and social space. In 2007 Morris was involved in two major collaborations with internationally renowned Athfield Architects completing Rainscreen for The Dowse Art Museum, followed by Light in Space, and Space in Light commissioned by Otago University.
Simon Morris was awarded the Fulbright Wallace Art Trust Award in 2016. This prestigious prize offers a three-month residency at Headlands just north of San Francisco in the Golden Gate National Recreation Reserve. Simon will be taking the residency up in July this year.


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