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HOSTILE TAKEOVER JULY 2016 1
CONTENTS 03 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 06 INTRODUCTION: CAMBODIA IS OPEN FOR BUSINESS 07 CAMBODIA CORPORATES AND THE POWER OF DATA 08 THE HUN FAMILY TREE 10 12 13	16
THE HUN FAMILY'S BUSINESS EMPIRE THE HUN FAMILY'S DOMINANCE OF THE ENERGY SECTOR A LOOK INSIDE HUN MANA'S INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO INFOGRAPHIC SHOWING FULL LIST OF COMPANIES
18 THE HUN FAMILY'S LINKS TO INTERNATIONAL BRANDS 19 THE RISKS FOR FOREIGN INVESTORS 20	A SINGLE HUN FAMILY RESPONSE TO GLOBAL WITNESS ALLEGATIONS 21 21	22 25
THE HUN FAMILY'S DISREGARD FOR THE LAW CASHING IN ON STATE RESOURCES THE COST TO PEOPLE AND ENVIRONMENT TAKING ADVANTAGE OF PERSONAL IMPUNITY
THE HUN HEGEMONY – REINFORCING CONTROL PUBLIC OFFICE AND STATE SECURITY FORCES MARRIAGES TO CREATE ALLIANCES CHARITY ENDS AT HOME MEDIA – OFFLINE AND ONLINE
30	CONCLUSION 31	RECOMMENDATIONS 33	ANNEXES 33 ANNEX 1 – OUR FINDINGS IN FULL 38 ANNEX 2 – METHODOLOGY 38	ANNEX 3 – THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK 41 ANNEX 4 – BREAKDOWN OF KEY FINDINGS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY1 I think that within two years my assets will decrease, there won't be a gain. And besides my salary I don't have any other income. But I think my children will support me, they won't let me starve. 2 – Hun Sen, April 2011
Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen held his asset declaration form up to the flashing cameras as he addressed a room full of journalists. It was April 2011 and for the first time ever, Hun Sen was publicly declaring his assets to Cambodia's newly installed anti-corruption unit.3 Cambodia's fledgling anti-corruption law included an obligation on more than 25,000 Cambodian officials to declare their assets every two years. Those who failed to do so faced a maximum fine of US$500 and up to a year spent in prison.4 This anti-corruption drive was long overdue. For many years the country has languished at the bottom of Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index. Most recently, in 2015, it ranked 150th out of 168 countries - the lowest score in Southeast Asia.5 But the figures on Hun Sen's inaugural declaration were puzzling. The prime minister's salary, which he claimed as his sole source of income, was US$1,150 per month, amounting to US$13,800 a year.6 Puzzling because the Hun family is renowned as one of the richest, if not the richest, and most powerful families in Cambodia, with a combined wealth estimated by experts to total between US$500 million and US$1 billion.7 Hostile Takeover helps solve that mystery. It is the first ever exposé to reveal how, behind the scenes of Hun Sen's dictatorial rein, his family is amassing vast personal fortunes, tracing the contours of a huge network of secret deal-making, corruption and cronyism which is helping secure the prime minister's political fortress. Hun Sen is the world's sixth longest-serving premier having been in power for 30 years, years that have been characterised by electoral fraud and the brutal suppression of political opposition, including through murder, torture and arbitrary imprisonment.8 This report provides the evidence base to prove what most Cambodians suspect – that Hun Sen has abused his
Cambodian journalists have been ordered to use Hun Sen's full title in their coverage, "Lord Prime Minister and Supreme Military Commander".
position as prime minister to allow his relatives control of, or major stakes in, most of Cambodia's key industries. Our investigators spent months mining data on company ownership in Cambodia – information that the government has recently restricted access to - that shows who owns or controls private companies registered there. We then mapped that data onto the Hun family tree, to find that the prime minister's immediate family have registered business holdings that link it to companies with a total listed share capital of more than US$200 million, including links to international brands such as Apple, Nokia, Visa, Unilever, Procter & Gamble and Honda.9 Their business holdings span many of Cambodia's most profitable sectors, including those known to be riddled with corruption such as mining, gambling and real estate. This is undoubtedly just a fraction of the true value of the family's holdings – the government data we mined is limited in scope, and the Hun family is said to obscure their links to companies by listing the names of friends and associates as nominee owners, or hiding their identity behind shell companies.
[In 2015, Hun Sen] used his control of Cambodia's security forces, courts, and civil service to force the opposition leader into exile, beat up opposition politicians, jail critics, pass draconian laws, and increase the ruling party's stranglehold on the country's institutions. 10 – Human Rights Watch, January 2016
1 References for the points made in this section can be found in the main body of the report unless otherwise indicated.
The impact of the Hun family's thumbprint on Cambodia's economy is more than just wealth and privilege. It is resulting in hegemonic control that has formed a stranglehold over the democratic space and corrupted the country's legal system which remains firmly under the control of Hun Sen. As a result, companies linked to the Hun family appear not to have been troubled by anti-corruption laws preventing preferential allocation of lucrative public contracts and concession licences. These are not victimless crimes – some of their companies' operations have driven devastating impacts for Cambodian citizens and the environment, including land grabs that have caused mass displacements and destitution among Cambodia's rural poor. Unrelated to their companies, individuals within the family have also allegedly committed serious criminal offenses without facing prosecution. Over the years, family members have been implicated in a US$1 billion heroin-smuggling operation, shoot-outs and a fatal hit-and-run. The prime minister's relatives have also been instrumental in helping secure his control through means other than their domination of the private sector. They hold key posts across the state apparatus, including in politics, the military, police, media, and charities – sectors that prop up Hun Sen's Cambodian People's Party through propaganda, political donations or brute force. Hun Manet, for example, the prime minister's eldest son and heir apparent, holds four notable positions – he is deputy commander of the prime minister's bodyguard unit, deputy chairman of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces Joint Staff, deputy commander of the army and commander of Cambodia's counter-terrorism special forces. Manet's middle brother Manith is a Lieutenant General in the military and director of the Defence Ministry's military intelligence unit. Hun Sen's two youngest children, Many and Maly, are each married to the offspring of one of the country's nine deputy prime ministers – just two examples of a plethora of intermarriages between the prime minister's immediate family and those of powerful elites. Hun Mana, Hun Sen's eldest daughter and the most prominent business tycoon in the family, is one of only two media moguls in Cambodia to own outlets which broadcast across radio, TV and newspapers. The results of the stranglehold that the Hun family and other elites have over almost every aspect of society are plain to see in today's Cambodia. Despite overall economic growth, six million Cambodians, 40% of the population, still live below or close to the poverty line.11 Inequality is growing with the lifestyle gap between rich urban elites and the 80 percent of Cambodian citizens still living in rural areas becoming ever more stark.12
Oligarchs are linked to ministers, police chiefs to party power-brokers. Money circulates within a nexus of political and economic connections in which allies are not just friends – but family too. 13 – Sebastian Strangio, Hun Sen's Cambodia, 2014
This power base is also dependent on influxes of capital from abroad. Our investigations revealed a plethora of links between companies owned or controlled by the Hun family and big international brands. These relationships not only raise ethical questions for the brands, they also pose significant risk. Companies and investors entering into any kind of business arrangement with political elites or their family members, in an opaque business environment such as Cambodia's, risk breaking national and international anti-corruption laws, facing financial penalties, and ultimately tarnishing their reputations. Whether these links are via formal partnerships, franchising, supply chains, distribution deals or even loose client relationships, international companies should not be doing business with individuals or companies with a history of corruption allegations and human rights abuses. Those that do so have either failed to carry out the appropriate checks and balances or are aware of the connections but have chosen not to care.
KEY FINDINGS • Hun Sen's immediate family14 has registered interests in
114 private domestic companies with listed capital of more than US$200 million. This figure excludes 16 of the 114 companies (14%) where data on company capital was unavailable.15 A complete list of holdings can be found in Annex 1 on page 33.
• 103 of these companies (90%) count the family member
as chairperson, director or as having a shareholding of more than 25%, meaning that they exercise total or substantial control.16 For a breakdown of this figure go to Annexes 1 and 4.
• O f the 44 companies for which we were able to obtain
shareholder information, all shareholdings held by family members grant them significant ownership, with a minimum stake of 5%.17 For a breakdown of this figure go to Annex 1.
• 3 0 companies (26%) with links to the family are listed as a
'Single Member Private Limited Company' meaning that the entire share capital issued is held or owned by one single person. Hun family members are listed as company directors or chairs in all 30 of these cases, therefore it is highly likely that a member of the family is the sole owner of the majority, if not all, of these companies. 18 For a breakdown of this figure see Annex 4.
• C ompanies associated to the Hun family span the majority
of Cambodia's most lucrative business sectors, including trade, finance, energy and tourism. They also operate within a number of sectors notorious for corruption including gambling, construction, agriculture and mining. For a full sectorial breakdown see Figure 1 page 11.
• Companies linked to members of the Hun family have
business connections to major global brands including Visa, Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Honda, Heineken and electronics giants Apple, Canon and Nokia. For more details, see page 18.
This is likely just the tip of the iceberg. Our investigation relied almost exclusively on official government data from Cambodia's Ministry of Commerce company registry. This lists company chairs but does not systematically provide complete lists of directors or shareholders. More importantly, the findings only reveal those business holdings that have been officially declared. Family members, including Hun Sen, have long been thought to conceal their interests in private companies by using proxies, in other words getting non-family members to register business holdings in their name while the Hun family remains the ultimate beneficiary. In January 2016 Global Witness wrote to 25 members of the Hun family, including the prime minister himself, asking for their response to the allegations made against them in this report. At the time of publishing, only one response had been received from one of Hun Sen's son-in-laws, Sok Puthyvuth, which is featured on page 20. Global Witness also wrote to the majority of the Cambodian companies and organisations mentioned and received six responses which have been included throughout the report.
Hun Sen and Bun Rany pose with four of their children and their spouses and Former Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra in 2009. © AP/Press Association Images
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS For the full list of recommendations go to page 31. Companies and investors should:
• Conduct stringent due diligence to ascertain who is
involved in the investment. Where there is the involvement of business or political elites (including all Politically Exposed Persons) with a history of corruption allegations, or their family members, do not proceed with the investment. Where this relates to an existing investment, then exit the business relationship as soon as possible. If evidence of involvement in corruption is uncovered through the due diligence process then companies and investors should self-report the findings to all relevant authorities that have legal jurisdiction.
International governments providing Cambodia with financial aid and other types of assistance:
• Ensure that all donor money to Cambodia is managed
transparently, does not end up in the pockets of elites, and is spent in a way which benefits the citizens of Cambodia.
• Warn home country investors about the high-risk of
becoming embroiled in corruption when investing in Cambodia. Advise them to conduct stringent due diligence to ensure that they are not entering commercial relationships with business or political elites with a history of corruption allegations or their family members. Advise them that certain sectors, such as natural resource extraction, are particularly high-risk and therefore should be avoided.
• Publicly oppose the ongoing closing down of democratic space including the clampdown on government critics and the introduction of repressive legislation.
The Royal Government of Cambodia should:
• Conduct thorough, independent and transparent
investigations into the allegations made in this report and prosecute those individuals and companies found to be breaking Cambodian law. In particular, conduct a thorough and transparent investigation into Prime Minister Hun Sen, and the members of his family named in this report, for the crimes of illicit enrichment and the granting and receiving of unfair advantages over the allocation of state resources.
• Reform the Anti-Corruption Law so that it is fit for
purpose. In particular, add requirements for all public officials and their family members to make public declarations concerning their personal assets including business holdings.
• Bring an end to the recent wave of repressive actions including;
- Stopping the current surge in persecution of government critics - Ensuring that repressive laws currently in the pipeline do not pass in their current form and that similarly repressive laws that have passed recently are repealed. Members of the Hun family, including Prime Minister Hun Sen, should;
• Make full public declarations of their assets including
all existing connections to domestic and international companies, whether those connections are formal or informal.
CAMBODIA IS OPEN FOR BUSINESS It can be tempting to describe Cambodia's fate under prime minister Hun Sen as a descent into chaos. But despite all the violence and abuse, this is not anarchy. It is the systematic capture of an entire state and its resources by a profoundly corrupt regime, which has clamped down on free speech and trampled over those who stand in its way, often literally. Hostile Takeover lays bare the economic dimensions of the Hun Sen operation, and shows its stranglehold on almost every sector of Cambodia's political economy. Formerly a commander in the Khmer Rouge, Hun Sen rose to the premiership in 1985.19 Cambodians voted him out in the UN-administered elections in 1993, but Hun Sen famously refused to step down.20 Since then, each and every election in Cambodia has been marred by violence or the promise of it.21 In 1997, in the run up to the general election, 16 people died and more than 150 were wounded in a grenade attack involving the prime minister's bodyguard unit at a rally led by opposition leader Sam Rainsy. Later that year, in the wake of the bloody July coup in which Hun Sen ousted his co-prime minister, more than 100 people – mainly royalist opposition party members were summarily executed. To date, none of these crimes have been properly investigated or prosecuted.22 Cambodia has long posed a dilemma to the international community. The US, for example, happily imports its cheap garments and invests in its economy - which markets itself on its lax approach to regulation - and it is also the country's third biggest aid donor.23 But Hun Sen's bleak human rights record has sat uncomfortably on Washington's diplomatic conscience, and had always disqualified the premier from an official invitation to the US.
I think it's quite remarkable that the United States is in fact Cambodia's largest export market, even though we have half the world between our countries. And we will continue to explore ways to deepen our trade and investment relationship, including by helping to tackle corruption and exploring ways to strengthen Cambodia's legal institutions. 24 – US Secretary of State John Kerry speaking to reporters in Phnom Penh in January 2016 The second half of that approach appears to have been forgotten. In early 2016, US President Barack Obama requested Hun Sen's presence at the US-ASEAN summit in California, where talks focused on bolstering Washington's trade links with the Southeast Asian nations in attendance.25 Shortly before, US Secretary of State John Kerry paid a preparatory visit to the prime minister in Phnom Penh.26 Among several requests that Hun Sen tabled were that the US increase imports from Cambodia by eliminating quotas and import tariffs, that US businesses increase investment in Cambodia, and that Washington write-off some of Cambodia's historic debts.27 It appears Hun Sen's bold approach may pay off. Washington is looking to shore up US influence in Southeast Asia as a counterbalance to Chinese dominance in the region, and Cambodia - an old ally of China's and a major destination for Chinese investment - will be one of the most important markets for those efforts.28 As a result, Hun Sen is not being treated as a tyrant who should be held to account for the systematic exploitation of Cambodia's people and environment, but as a strategically important business partner whose corrupt personal interests can align with US foreign policy. This report shows that this approach is deeply flawed. It undermines all attempts by the US and other governments to push Hun Sen's regime to end their corrupt practices and mass human rights violations. With aid still flowing in and investment deals on the table, there is simply no motivation for the Hun family to stop their plunder. Hearing this message loud and clear, they continue to expand their private sector holdings, enabling them to accumulate the wealth required to maintain their 30 year rule.29 The US and other governments that are key donors and trading partners with Cambodia should be using their leverage to ensure governance reforms that will halt the asset-stripping. They should also be making companies that invest in Cambodia aware of the significant legal, financial and reputational risks of doing business in such a corrupt environment.
The US and Cambodian military come together for two weeks every year to take part in joint training exercises.
Cambodians protest against the NGO law outside the Senate in July 2015. Despite widespread domestic and international opposition the law was passed a month later.
CAMBODIA CORPORATES AND THE POWER OF DATA The Hun family has well-known links to some industries and companies in Cambodia, but never before has anyone attempted to map out the extent of their control of the country's business sector. Using data taken from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's corporate registry, Global Witness investigators were able to establish how the Hun family owns or part-controls companies with a total share capital of more than US$200 million.30 This is likely just the tip of the iceberg given the layers of fake nominees, shell companies or non-disclosure supposedly used by Cambodia's political elite to obscure their commercial interests. 31 Among the companies that the Hun family control or part-own are several that have been accused of egregious social and environmental crimes, for example Khun Sea Import Export which has been involved in land grabbing and forced evictions and the Garuda Group which, according to local media, has violently suppressed garment workers' protests.32 The Ministry of Commerce data that informed the investigation was once in the public domain, but in April 2015 the government restricted access to it.33 Before this date, it had been possible to conduct anonymous searches on the ministry's online corporate registry. This had enabled investigators and activists to access company ownership information without being identified by the government, which lessened the likelihood of them facing reprisals once they published or acted upon their findings. However, users must now register to obtain a log-in, enabling the government to monitor who's using their database and what they're searching for.34 At a time when the prime minister is recruiting teams of civil servants to trawl the internet for comments deemed critical of government policy - a project which has resulted in arrests, imprisonment and lawsuits - most people are unwilling to take the risk.35
The government's intervention to impede access to company ownership information is part of a far broader assault on transparency and accountability in Cambodia. A recentlypassed NGO law allows the government to shut down or ban any organisation that speaks out against its policies.36 The 2015 Law on Telecommunications grants the government virtually unchecked spying powers and criminalises any electronic communication that "may affect public order or national insecurity."37 Online control is further reinforced by the government's "Cyber War Team" which was created in October 2014 to "protect the government's stance and prestige".38 This suffocation of democratic freedoms is making it increasingly hard for Cambodians to monitor and speak out about the corruption at the heart of their political and economic systems. This in turn rewards criminals with impunity, matches power with privilege, and further widens the gap between rich and poor.39 Many critics and political opponents of Hun Sen have had to seek exile overseas.40 In an effort to offset this, Global Witness has transformed data scraped from the Ministry of Commerce's site into an online, fully-searchable database hosted on our website. Launched in tandem with this publication, our Cambodia Corporates site allows journalists, investigators and NGOs to analyse who owns, controls or has major stakes in companies in Cambodia without fear of censorship, prosecution or worse.41 We hope that the database will also be used by companies and investors that are considering or already engaged in business with Cambodia. It should be used as a key starting point for due diligence processes – enabling investors to gauge the level of risk by seeing who they are getting into bed with. Without this resource, they will struggle to determine who profits from their investment, leaving them exposed to significant legal and financial risk. More importantly, using the database will help them to identify whether their investment is helping fuel corruption, human rights abuses, social injustice or environmental crime and what damage it could do either to ordinary people in Cambodia or their own reputation.
THE HUN FAMILY'S BUSINESS EMPIRE Since Hun Sen assumed office as co-prime minister in 1993 he has populated strategic posts in the government, the police, military, parliament, courts and charitable sector with relatives and friends to ensure full control of state apparatus.42 Over the years these structures of patronage have extended into the private sector, with chairmanships, directorships and majority shareholdings ending up in the hands of family members or cronies.43 This has created a closed circle of immense and ever-growing wealth, bound together by strategic inter-marriages.44 However, this is not just about the accumulation of personal wealth or specific links between Hun family members and particular companies – the Hun family's domination of Cambodia's public and private sectors has resulted in Hun Sen have near-total control over the country. The prime minister's hold over the economy is due in part to the fact that his family's business holdings span such a wide range of economic sectors - 20 in total.45 By far the largest number of companies controlled by the family are trading companies, which make up around 15% of the total with 17 companies.46 This is a sector that is rife with corruption. In 2013 Cambodia's imports and exports were valued at more than US$18 billion.47 That same year, the anti-corruption group Global Financial Integrity estimated that the country lost US$4 billion in illicit financial flows, US$3.86 billion of which was as a result of trade mis-invoicing.48 A form of money laundering, trade mis-invoicing happens when companies fraudulently manipulate the price, quantity, or quality of a good or service that is being imported or exported on documents submitted to customs.49 Global Witness appeared to have uncovered one such scam in 2015, when investigators were able to obtain documents showing logging tycoon and close associate of Hun Sen, Try Pheap, substantially changing the value of timber being exported to Hong Kong apparently to avoid customs duties.50 Cambodia's natural resources sector is another favourite recourse for the Hun family's investments. We have established Hun family holdings in a number of agricultural companies, most notably in the rubber sector, which is Cambodia's second largest crop after rice.51 The family also has links to six mining companies that hold licences for largely untapped projects in at least five provinces.52 With extraction of Cambodia's oil and minerals set to begin soon, it is a pivotal time for the country's burgeoning mining industry and those involved stand to make huge profits.53 Global Witness exposés over the last 20 years have also revealed the corruption, human rights abuses and environmental destruction at the heart of this sector, showing how the country's ruling elite has been able to plunder the country's natural wealth with total impunity - first forests, then oil, gas and mineral reserves, and most recently land for agribusiness.54
Construction and real estate is now big business in Cambodia, with investment in 2015 totaling US$3.34 billion – a 33% increase from the previous year.55 The sector, in which the Hun family has interests in seven companies, is reported to be corrupt with rich elites said to be able to pay off inspectors and therefore ignore regulations.56 Cambodia's media sector is highly concentrated in the hands of political and business elites, many of whom own private media companies.57 The Hun family fully own two media companies – Bayon Media and Kampuchea Thmey – which enables them to broadcast across TV, radio and print.58 In 2015, Freedom House categorised Cambodia's press environment as 'Not Free' stating "most outlets are openly aligned with a political faction, leaving little space for balanced views and journalism conducted in the public interest". 59 Special Economic Zones - Members of the Hun family and their associates also dominate Cambodia's Special Economic Zones (SEZ) – industrial parks largely devoted to manufacturing where factories and workers' accommodation stand side by side.60 Business and trade laws differ from the rest of the country, offering companies who invest in SEZs a number of fiscal perks such as concessions on customs duties and VAT.61 Of the US$4.5 billion worth of goods exported by Cambodia in 2015, almost a third came from these special zones.62 Companies applying to become zone developers, thereby taking on the establishment and management of an SEZ, first need approval from the Council for the Development of Cambodia, which is composed of senior government ministers and chaired by Hun Sen himself.63 The Council reviews investment applications and grants incentives, giving its members enormous power over Cambodia's investment decisions.64 Cambodia currently has 34 approved SEZs which, unlike in most other countries, are managed by private companies rather than the government.65 Of the 31 SEZs for which information is available, at least 12 have been allocated to business tycoons with close connections to the Hun family or the CPP.66 This includes Dy Chendavy (also known as Hok Chendavy), Hun Manith's wife, and her mother, Men Pheakdey, who have the licence to develop the US$52 million D & M (Bavet) SEZ Co's Special Economic Zone in Svay Rieng Province.67 NLC Import Export, chaired by Hun Sen's sister-in-law Leang Vouch Chheng, holds another SEZ in Svay Rieng Province which government data lists as having capital of US$13 million.68 For a full list of the family's business holdings see the infographic on page 16 or Annex 1 on page 33.
HOSTILE TAKEOVER JULY 2016 11
Lining the pockets of the Hun Family The corporate empire of Prime Minister Hun Sen's family spans the majority of Cambodia's most lucrative business sectors. So much so that residents of Phnom Penh might struggle to avoid lining their pockets multiple times a day…
KEY 1. Hun Sen's youngest daughter chairs TK Avenue, Phnom Penh's first luxury shopping mall. 2. Hun Mana has interests in K Thong Huot Telecom, which claims to have exclusive distribution rights for Nokia phones in Cambodia. 3. Hun Mana chairs NVC Corporation which makes Vital bottled water promoted by the Ministry of Tourism for use in official events. 4. His nephew is a director of LHR Asean Investment, which runs a network of petrol stations across the country.
5. Hun Sen's eldest daughter, Hun Mana, owns newspaper Kampuchea Thmey Daily, which is read by almost 100,000 Cambodians.
FIGURE 1: What business sectors do companies affiliated to the Hun family operate in?
6. His niece is the chair of Gloria Jean's Coffees, which has six stores in Cambodia.
Trading Finance Hospitality and entertainment
7. Three of Hun Sen's children are listed as owners of company Electricity Private - which sells energy to the state. 8. Hun Mana owns Bayon Media which broadcasts via three TV stations and on Bayon Radio, considered to be pro-government.
Tourism Retail Construction and real estate Mining Energy Media Transport Agriculture
Telecomms Gambling Professional services (legal or tax advisors)
9. The wife of Hun Sen's nephew chairs iOne, Cambodia's leading Apple retailer.
Manufacturing Security Special Economic Zones Garments Forestry Pharmaceuticals Unknown 0
Number of companies in sector with links to the Hun family
THE HUN FAMILY'S DOMINANCE OF THE ENERGY SECTOR The Cambodian energy sector has also been fertile investment ground for the Hun family. Cambodian electricity prices are among the highest in the region and the world.69 In July 2015, residents of the capital Phnom Penh complained after suffering seemingly arbitrary price increases despite unchanged usage patterns and frequent blackouts.70 In October of the same year, Cambodians demanded lower petrol prices, noting that the crude oil prices had plummeted globally from more than US$90 per barrel to US$50, yet the price of gas in Cambodia had fallen only by 16%.71 Phnom Penh absorbs around 90% of the country's electricity, whereas rural areas - home to around 80% of the population tend to lack access.72 This looks set to change. In 2013 Hun Sen promised that all Cambodian villages would have electricity by 2020, and 70% of households by 2030.73 Given this meteoric expansion it is perhaps not surprising that the Hun family has significant stakes in the country's energy sector. We were able to establish family links to five* energy companies.74 Hun Maly's husband, Sok Puthyvuth, is the chair of Soma Energy, which the Ministry of Commerce lists as having a share capital of US$10 million.75 In 2012, the Soma Group signed an Memorandum of Understanding involving a US$3 million biomass power deal with US corporate giant General Electric.76 This deal was the first project to be implemented following General Electric's 2011 Alternative Energy Development Agreement with the Cambodian Government.77 Hun To, who was accused of being part of an international drug-trafficking and money-laundering syndicate – allegations
he denied – is listed as the chair of oil company LHR Asean Import Export and agent and director of LHR Asean Investment.78 The latter runs a network of petrol stations across Cambodia.79 Cambodia's second largest domestic electricity supplier, Cambodia Electricity Private, is a joint venture between three elite families - the Hun family, along with the relatives of feared late police chief Hok Lundy and Cambodia People's Party senator Ly Yong Phat.80 It runs the largest power station near Phnom Penh selling electricity to state energy provider Electricite du Cambodge.81 The company is jointly-owned by three of Hun Sen's children - Hun Manith, Hun Mana and Hun Maly – as well as Men Pheakdey, who is both Hok Lundy's widow and Hun Manith's mother-in-law and two of senator Ly Yong Phat's relatives.82 Dy Vichea, Mana's husband and Hok Lundy's son, was a shareholder in the company until he resigned in 2013.83 As a member of the military, Hun Manith's directorship of the company is illegal under Cambodian law.84 The Hun family also has links to petroleum company Kampuchea Tela. Bun Rany was a shareholder until she resigned on an undisclosed date.85 Moeung Kompheak, Hun Mana's ex-husband and son of the head of the Ministry of Defense's Department of Logistics and Finances, was director general of the company before he divorced Mana.86 In 2004, local media reported that Kampuchea Tela had signed a deal to supply petroleum to the Ministries of Interior and Finance.87 It is unclear whether Bun Rany or Moeung Kompheak had resigned their involvement with the company by this point. In addition, the Ministry of Commerce lists Sok Puthyvuth as the chairperson of 'Tela E & P'.88 Absolutely no information is publicly available on the company which led investigators to speculate that it is part of, or at least connected to, Kampuchea Tela. Regardless, it has long been suggested that Kampuchea Tela is a proxy of the Hun family and that the listed shareholders are nothing more than 'front men' there to conceal the involvement of the family.89
HUN SEN'S EVER-GROWING TITLE Hun Sen's official title has become longer as his premiership has continued. Since 2007, he has been officially known by the title "Samdech Akka Moha Sena Padei Techo Hun Sen" which roughly translates as "Lord Prime Minister and Supreme Military Commander". In May 2016, Associated Press reported that it had been called to a meeting by Cambodia's Information Ministry and instructed that all journalists must now use Hun Sen's full title in the opening lines of their coverage.90
In 2015 Hun Sen promoted his middle son, Hun Manith, to be the director of Cambodia's powerful military intelligence unit.
*The original version of this report stated that Jaya Holding Limited, a Cambodian company chaired by Hun Mana, was a subsidiary of a Singaporean company with a similar name. Since publication it has been brought to our attention that there is in fact no connection between the two companies.
A LOOK INSIDE HUN MANA'S INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO
Hun Mana and Dy Vichea. Photo obtained from Hun Mana's Facebook page.
Hun Sen's eldest daughter Hun Mana has the largest number of business holdings of any member of the family, with interests in 22 companies with listed share capital of more than US$66 million.91 This figure is likely to be significantly higher as it excludes the capital of five companies for which Global Witness was unable to find financial data.
For 18 of the 22 companies Mana is listed as chair or director, giving her control over the companies' decision-making. Her business interests span many of Cambodia's major sectors, including energy, construction, tourism, financial services and gambling.92 She is currently looking to expand her business empire and is applying huge pressure on domestic private companies to grant her shares, according to a well-placed source in Cambodia.93 MEDIA: Mana is one of only two media moguls in Cambodia to have holdings across radio, TV and newspapers.94 She chairs and owns 100% of the shares of media company Bayon Media Hight System.95 The company broadcasts via three TV stations – Bayon TV, BTV News and ETV – and also runs Bayon Radio which is considered to be one of the leading mouthpieces of
the Cambodia People's Party (CPP).96 According to information obtained by Global Witness in 2010, as part of the Cambodian government's scheme known as the 'culture of sharing' under which private companies sponsor military units, Bayon TV and Radio sponsors two army battalions.97 Mana also chairs and fully owns the newspaper Kampuchea Thmey Daily, which is one of Cambodia's most read Khmer-language newspapers and is also known to be pro-CPP.98 Mana also chairs marketing and event management company Bayon CM Organizer which she jointly owns with Thailand's CMO Group.99 Mana is the company's chair and also holds 25% of its shares.100 ADVERTISING: Mana chairs Moon Media which specialises in outdoor advertising and is behind a large proportion of the billboards and large format ads you see around the country.101 The company's client list extends to a number of big international brands such as Visa, Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Honda and Mango.102 It also counts Mana's sister, Hun Maly, as a director and shareholder.103 TOURISM: She is a shareholder in the The Museum Company Ltd which manages the Angkor National Museum in Siem Reap and is listed by the Ministry of Commerce as having capital of US$2.5 million.104 The museum showcases many of Cambodia's most precious artefacts taken from Angkor's vast network of ancient temples and, each year, a large proportion of Siem Reap's one million visitors pay the US$12 entry fee.105 Mana also chairs the MLM Resort Group for which no further information is available.106
Here is an overview of some of the international and domestic companies that Hun Mana has interests in or is affiliated to:
Moon Media is chaired by Hun Mana and boasts an impressive client list including Visa, Unilever and Tiger Beer.
AVIATION: Mana is listed as chair of three Cambodianregistered aviation companies – Helistar, Star Aviation and Star Airline.107 No information is available for the latter two, but Helistar is best known for tourist flights around the Angkor temples which cost up to US$5,000.108 Flying out of military air force bases in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap, the company also specialises in chartered helicopter flights for government officials, VIPs, agricultural concession surveys and mining exploration.109 MANUFACTURING: NVC Corporation, of which Mana is chair, is a food and beverage manufacturer that makes Vital Premium Water, one of the Cambodia's leading bottled water brands.110 Vital Water's website states that it "…is the only national product that was accepted as an official partner for use in the Asian Tourism Forum in 2011 in Cambodia. The Ministry of Tourism also recommends its use officially for any national and internal ceremonies".111 The company shares a registered address with more than 30 companies belonging to powerful CPP senator Lao Meng Khin, his wife Choeung Sopheap (also known as Yeay Phu) and their family members.112 The couple own companies Shukaku Inc. and Pheapimex that have been
responsible for widespread illegal logging and land grabs, which have displaced thousands of people.113 FINANCE: Mana has interests at least two companies in the finance sector. She is a director and shareholder in Royal Group Investment Company, which is chaired by Kith Meng, arguably Cambodia's most prominent business tycoon with extensive interests in banking, agriculture, hydropower, media, real estate and telecoms and known for involvement in land grabbing and illegal logging.114 Mana is also listed by the Ministry of Commerce data as the 'representative' of NH Holding which appears to be affiliated to the '5 Siblings' construction firm that is linked to the family of CPP senator Lao Meng Khin.115 She also chairs registered companies Ocasis Cambo Investment Group and Ocasis Cambo Investment whose names suggest may also be in the finance sector. 116 TELECOMS: Through NH Holding, Mana has a six percent shareholding in Viettel (Cambodia) which owns Cambodia's largest mobile phone provider Metfone.117 Viettel (Cambodia) is part of Vietnam's largest mobile network operator, the Viettel Group, which is a fully state-owned enterprise operated by the country's Ministry of Defence.118 Joining Mana as a shareholder
in Viettel (Cambodia), and adding to the company's links to the military, is Tao Toeun, the wife of Cambodia's National Defense Minister General Tea Banh.119 In 2010, Hun Sen publicly endorsed Metfone and advised all Cambodian soldiers to use the company.120 Also in telecoms, Mana appears to be affiliated to the Dragon Royal Group via her chairmanship of its telecommunications arm, Dragon Royal Telecom which lists share capital of US$2 million.121 The Group owns a luxury hotel and condominium in Siem Reap and has plans to expand into pharmaceuticals, property, petroleum and other natural resources.122 Mana is also a director and shareholder of K Thong Huot Telecom, which was founded in 2002 to distribute Nokia phones in Cambodia.123 The firm is also the local business partner of Lenovo-IBM, and holds exclusive distribution licences for Pioneer and Electrolux products.124
A forest patrol unit using a helicopter belonging to Helistar, which is chaired by Hun Mana. Photo obtained from the Wildlife Alliance's Facebook page in March 2016.
ENERGY: Along with three other members of her family and two of senator Ly Yong Phat's relatives, Mana is a director of and shareholder in Cambodia Electricity Private, Cambodia's second largest domestic electricity supplier.125 Ly Yong Phat and his wife, Kim Heang are infamous for owning sugar companies which have committed human rights abuses, including violent forced evictions and land grabbing, child labour, and the use of the military to intimidate villagers.126 In a letter to Global Witness dated 25th January 2016, Yong Phat and Heang denied all allegations made in this report against both them and their companies, the LYP Group and Kampong Speu Sugar. CONSTRUCTION: Mana chairs company NVN Corporation, which appears to be in the construction sector and lists capital of US$0.5 million. She also has interests in the sector via NH Holding.127 Both companies appear to have strong links to the family of CPP senator Lao Meng Khin.128 Mana also chairs Orkidé Villa 3.129 The Ministry of Commerce lists a similarly-named company, Orkidé Villa, chaired by tycoon Khieu Sar Sileap who has multiple business links to associates of the Hun family.130 Both companies are registered to the same address.131 In November 2015, local media described Orkide Villas as one of Cambodia's "fastest-growing developers" after Sileap announced publicly that the company will be building a US$350 million condominium and mall project that will cover a 36-hectare area of Phnom Penh.132 In January 2016, Global Witness contacted Hun Mana and the other people and companies mentioned in this chapter, except for Moeung Kompheak who was unreachable. In our letters we requested comments in response to the evidence detailed above. Only Sok Puthyvuth replied. His email is outlined on page 20.
Child working on a sugar plantation owned by special economic advisor to Hun Sen and powerful CPP senator, Ly Yong Phat.
A POLITICAL DYNASTY OF OKNHAS Traditionally supposed to be reserved for those who contribute to the public good, the "oknha" title is now bestowed on business people who make donations of at least US$100,000 to Hun Sen's party. In return they increase their chances of securing lucrative government contracts or licences to extract natural resources. By 2014 there were at least 700 oknhas, compared to just 20 a decade earlier.133 This highlights the increasingly blurred lines between the state and private sector as well as the rapid expansion of Hun Sen's patronage network. Many oknhas are implicated in violating human rights and causing environmental destruction with impunity. Global Witness urges the Cambodian government to strip those found to be violating Cambodian laws or international human rights standard of the honorific title 'oknha and bring an end to the system under which the title is granted in return for a US$100,000 donation.
AFFILIATED TO • NVC Corporation • Ocasis Cambo Investment Group Co • Ocasis Cambo Investment Co • Star Aviation (Cambodia) • Star Airline (Cambodia) • Helistar (Cambodia) • Moon Media (listed as Moon Advertising by the MoC) • Bayon Media Hight System Co • Bayon CM Organizer Co • Jaya Holding Ltd
The infographic below shows all of the Cambodian companies that members of the Hun family have interests in, as revealed when researching Hostile Takeover. For more detail on their holdings see Annex 1 on page 33. AFFILIATED TO • TK Avenue • Cambodia Electricity Private • (Cambodian) Food Industries Co • Decampharma • Moon Media (listed as Moon Advertising by the MoC) • Stone Grill
AFFILIATED TO • Soma Group • Soma Energy • Soma Ever Green • Soma Kova Holding • Tela E&P • Soma Construction & Development • Phnom Penh Boat Ride Co
AFFILIATED TO • G Gear Co • Khmer Latex Co • CMN Star Investment • Lady Cosmetic International Corporation • Zenoteq Solutions Co • Legend Cinema Co • PMV Entertainment Co • Brands Management Ltd
PICH CHANMONY SOK PUTHYVUTH
HUN MANET
AFFILIATED TO • Decampharma • YLL Resorts Co • Machhoem Bopea Trading Group Co • Phu Yang Ltd • Paradis Ltd • Sovannaphum Mine Exploration & Development Co
YIM CHHAY LIN
AFFILIATED TO • Khun Sea Import Export Co
AFFILIATED TO • Cambodia Electricity Private
AFFILIATED TO •D & M (Bavet) SEZ Co's Special Economic Zone
• Dragon Royal Telecom • Kampuchea Thmey Daily Co • NVN Corporation Co • MLM Resort Group Co • K Thong Huot Telecom • NH Holding • Viettel (Cambodia) PTE • Royal Group Investment Company • The Museum Company • Vina (HK) • Cambodia Electricity Private • Orkide Villa 3
AFFILIATED TO • Dy Corp • Emperor Group • VC Group • Poseidon Co Ltd (listed as 'Poseldon' by the MoC)
AFFILIATED TO • D & M (Bavet) SEZ Co • CVI Resorts • CVI Land • Cambodia Electricity Private
YIM LEANG
DY VICHEA
HUN MANY
MEN PHEAKDEY
MOTHER TO
HUN MALY HUN MANA CHILDREN
BUN RANY
AFFILIATED TO • Pich Sambath Import Export Co. • C Pimex Co.
HUN MANITH DIVORCED FROM
DY/HOK CHENDAVY DY CHOUCH DIVORCED FROM
SENG KENG
AFFILIATED TO • D & M (Bavet) SEZ Co
HUN SEN HUN SENG NY
HUN SAN CHILDREN
AFFILIATED TO •R  ith Mony Samnang Leap Co •S  eng Kheang Apivath Co •G  rand Harvest International (GHI)
HUN NENG
HUN KIMLENG
THAI JACKIE TAI HIEN • Metal Mining (Cambodia) PLC • Rong De Group • UNT Wholesale Co • Attwood Investment Group • SL Garments • HLH Agriculture • Garuda Security Services (Garuda Group)
AFFILIATED TO • Hun Chea Transport Co. • CHSN Transportation Co. • CHLK Trading Co. • (Cambodian) HC Trading Co. • PSZ Trading
AFFILIATED TO • HML Xat Consulting • Eastern (Cambodia) International Investment • F & B Life Style Investment • Gloria Jean's Coffees (Cambodia) • HD Rock Café & Shop • HKLCH Import Export • HML Consulting • Worldwide Investment Group • Worldwide Investment Incorporation • Kam Chin International Cooperation Group
HUN CHANTHA
HUN SEANG HENG
HUN TO MARRIED TO
AFFILIATED TO • D.G.F. (Cambodia) Co. • Garuda Import Export (Garuda Group) • Hatti Marketing Co • Hovercraft HiTec (Cambodia) Co • Metal Mining (Cambodia) Co
LEANG VOUCH CHHENG
HUN CHANTHOU
HUN CHEA
AFFILIATED TO • Heritage Investment Corporation Co.
AFFILIATED TO • HTK Co • HTTK Co. • Gold Quest • LHR Asean Import Export Co • LHR Asean Investment Co
AFFILIATED TO • Camcorp Capital Group • Camcorp Capital Investment Group • Camcorp Capital Investment Ltd
SOK SOPHEAK AFFILIATED TO • iOne Co • Cemtes (Cambodia) PTE • Mtesh Gadgets Co • AFZ Co • Security Services Asia
AFFILIATED TO • NLC Import Export • Pacifica Investment Co. (listed as Ppcifica Investment Co. by the MoC)
AFFILIATED TO • Fortress Group • Fortress Travel Agency • Fortress Construction Co • Fortress Investment Company International • Advance Development Group (ADG) Co • SPK 1 • SPK Group • SID Cambodian Co • Cambodian Top Investment (CTI) • Gold 999 99 • Tourism (Cambodia) Co. • (Cambodian) International Franchise Co.
THE HUN FAMILY'S LINKS TO INTERNATIONAL BRANDS Cambodia has experienced rapid economic growth for the past two decades and increasing numbers of international companies and investors have flocked to enter the market, enticed in part by Cambodia's minimal regulatory red tape and its cheap labour force.134 In 2015, the UK was the secondlargest foreign investor in Cambodia after China.135 The US is Cambodia's largest trading partner and export market, and trade between the two countries totals around US$3 billion a year.136 The two countries are currently negotiating a Bilateral Investment Treaty with the aim of spurring additional US investment in-country.137 The Hun family are major gatekeepers to this influx of foreign capital into Cambodia, and have managed to establish business relationships with numerous big global brands. These links include formal partnerships, franchising, exclusive distribution deals and client relationships. These international companies are clearly either unaware of or unconcerned by their choice of business partners, whose family relationship to Hun Sen should raise red flags regarding the potential risk of corruption. Below are the Hun family links to international brands that Global Witness was able to identify, it is likely many more exist. Sok Sopheak, the wife of Hun Sen's nephew Hun Seang Heng, is linked to two global electronics giants. She chairs iOne, Cambodia's leading Apple retailer, and also chairs Cemtes,
a company whose website suggests it is Cambodia's 'Authorised Agent' for Canon products.138 Pich Chanmony, Hun Manet's wife, chairs G Gear, which is the exclusive Cambodian supplier and retailer of products made by South Korean multinational LG Electronics.139 Also in electronics, Hun Mana is director and shareholder of K Thong Huot Telecom, a partner of computer manufacturer Lenovo-IBM which claims to have exclusive distribution rights for Electrolux and Pioneer products in Cambodia and Nokia Mobile in Cambodia and Laos.140 Nokia was acquired by Microsoft in 2014.141 Hun Mana chairs Moon Media, of which her younger sister Hun Maly is a shareholder.142 Listed as 'Moon Advertising', the company specialises in outdoor marketing and boasts a client list which includes international big names such as Visa, Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Honda, Mango, and Tiger beer.143 Hun Maly meanwhile is the chair of TK Avenue, a high-end shopping mall in Phnom Penh.144 It houses shops including Mango, Zara and Adidas, the Singaporean chain Guardian Pharmacy, Aussino furniture, Shiseido cosmetics, Pedro Footwear and Accessories and Samsung.145 Her husband, Sok Puthyvuth, is the CEO of the Soma Group.146 In 2012, Soma Energy signed a US$3 million biomass power deal with US conglomerate General Electric (GE).147 Forbes lists GE as the world's tenth most valuable brand and puts their annual sales at US$122 billion.148 Hun Sen's niece, Hun Kimleng, can also claim strong links to international brands. She is chairperson of Gloria Jean's
2009 opening of the Phnom Penh iOne store, Cambodia's first Apple retailer. iOne is chaired by Hun Sen's niece.
Hun Kimleng. Photo obtained from the Prae Legal website.
Coffees Cambodia, and is listed as the chair, board director and 75% shareholder of Hard Rock Café's Cambodia branch.149 Kimleng's conglomerate Worldwide Investment Group boasts on its website of having helped bring to Cambodia Japanese food chain Yoshinoya, and the luxury Emperors of China Restaurant.150
Pich Chanmony, Hun Manet's wife, who is listed as chair of seven companies by the Ministry of Commerce, is also a director and shareholder of food and beverage franchise company Brands Management.151 The company has so far brought Taiwanese bubble tea company Chatime, Malaysia's myBurgerLab, and Thailand's Boat Noodle to Cambodia.152 Its website lists its partners as including Heineken Beer as well as a number of companies associated to the Hun family.153 Chanmony is also listed as the chair of Legend Cinema, the first theatre to secure the rights to screen big Hollywood blockbusters in Cambodia. 154 Hun Seny Ny, the prime minister's younger sister, chairs UNT Wholesale.155 The company imports a range of big-brand products into Cambodia including Durex condoms, Nescafé Gold coffee and Nestlé ice cream.156 She is also a 50 per cent shareholder in Attwood Investment Group which is closely linked to Attwood Import Export, the largest distributor of high-end alcoholic beverages in Cambodia.157 Attwood Import Export brings in an array of internationally-branded alcohol into Cambodia and has exclusive distribution rights for Johnnie Walker, Hennessey and Corona beer.158 Seng Keang, the ex-wife of Hun Sen's cousin Dy Chouch and close associate to Bun Rany, is listed as the chair of garment manufacturer Grand Harvest International, an affiliate of Hong Kong-based GHI Enterprise Ltd which manufactures garments for some of the world's leading brands, including Tommy Hilfiger, Polo Ralph Lauren, All Saints, Armani Exchange, Forever 21 and Fred Perry.159 Hun Many's wife, Yim Chhay Lin, meanwhile chairs Decampharma, which is listed as having share capital of US$50,000.160 Her sister-in-law Hun Maly holds 10% shares in the company, while Danish pharmaceutical company Missionpharma holds 35%.161 Missionpharma is a "grade A" pharmaceutical wholesaler for projects financed by the US government's development arm USAID.162 Global Witness wrote to Missionpharma in December 2015. The company responded on 26th January 2016 and confirmed the shareholding, but stated that Decampharma is currently inactive. The company also stated that it does not supply USAID directly but instead supplies projects in Africa run by different implementing partners under USAID funding. Missionpharma has no funded activities in Cambodia.
THE RISKS FOR FOREIGN INVESTORS Beyond the ethical considerations that foreign investors should weigh up when considering a commercial relationship with the Hun family, conducting business with them or other Cambodian elites can also present a number of serious legal, financial and reputational risks. Due to a lack of transparency and pervasive corruption, all business transactions involving the Cambodian government, including public procurement, infrastructure contracts and natural resource allocation, present heightened risk for foreign investors.163 Companies considering a deal which in any way involves the state should conduct enhanced due diligence to ensure it's free from the risk of corruption. In terms of the domestic legal framework, Cambodia's 2010 Anti-Corruption Law makes illegal any act that knowingly benefits from corruption.164 Any international company which exploits its relationship to the Hun family to procure deals involving state resources or infrastructure could theoretically be vulnerable to criminal charges for benefitting from corruption and patronage. Either this is happening with their knowledge, in which case they could face a prison sentence and a fine, or they urgently need to improve their due diligence procedures to ensure they understand who they are doing business with.165 Companies should not bank on the Cambodian government's habit of breaking or ignoring its own laws in this regard, either. Foreign investors also risk falling foul of powerful anticorruption legislation in other jurisdictions such as the UK and US. The 1977 US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) prohibits "offering to pay, paying, promising to pay, or authorizing the payment of money or anything of value to a foreign official in order to influence any act or decision of the foreign official in his or her official capacity or to secure any other improper advantage in order to obtain or retain business".166 It also prohibits a company from making a corrupt payment to a foreign official through a third party or intermediary.167 These anti-bribery provisions apply to US persons and businesses, but also to any company that is listed on US stock exchanges or required to file periodic reports with the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC).168 They can also be extended to cover any transaction conducted in US dollars.169 This puts investors in Cambodia at particular risk since the US dollar is the only currency used for non-local business transactions in the country. Meanwhile the 2010 UK Bribery Act applies to UK nationals or residents, as well as organisations that were either established in the UK or conduct at least some part of their business in the UK.172 It prohibits a person from offering, promising, or giving a "financial or other advantage to another person" and applies to both the public and private sectors.171 Like the FCPA, the UK Bribery Act also extends to cover corrupt practices by a third party.172
Similarly, under Australia's 1995 Criminal Code it is an offence to provide or offer to someone (directly or indirectly) a benefit that is not legitimately due to that person with the intention of influencing a foreign public official in the exercise of their duties in order to obtain or retain business or a business advantage.173 Australian authorities can prosecute companies and individuals for such offences provided a sufficient connection can be established between the entity under investigation and Australia – namely either the offence was committed in Australia or by an Australian citizen or corporation.174 Along with 38 other countries, the UK, US and Australia are signatories of the 1997 Anti-Bribery Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which also presents risks for investors.175 The Convention establishes legally-binding standards for states to criminalise the bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions.176 Under the Convention, all 32 member countries of the OECD – which in addition to the UK, US and Australia also include major Cambodian investors Japan, Korea and Canada – are required to prosecute its nationals for offences committed abroad.177 These risks are very real, as recent history shows. In March 2016, the CEO of Australia's main stock exchange was forced to resign over allegations that a gambling company he once managed had bribed the Hun family several years ago.178 Australian company BHP Billiton was found to have made a payment to the Cambodian government in 2013 in exchange for mining exploration rights in a deal that was allegedly overseen by Hun Sen himself.179 In a letter to Global Witness in 2008, the company confirmed having paid the government US$1 million, but stated that it was a formal transaction in accordance with the terms of the mineral exploration agreement. Despite their denials, these allegations against BHP Billiton, among others, led to an investigation by both the US Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Department of Justice, and the company eventually agreed to pay a US$25 million penalty to the SEC for violating the FCPA.180 This is a stark illustration of
the major legal risks around corruption that extend beyond a company's own jurisdiction or where they operate.
American investors are generally reluctant to resort to the Cambodian judicial system to resolve commercial disputes because the courts are perceived as unreliable and susceptible to external political influence or bribery. Both local and foreign businesses report frequent problems with inconsistent judicial rulings, corruption, and difficulty enforcing judgments. For these reasons, most commercial disputes are currently resolved through negotiations facilitated by the Ministry of Commerce, the Council for the Development of Cambodia, the Cambodian Chamber of Commerce, and other concerned institutions*. 181 – US State Department's '2013 Investment Climate Statement for Cambodia' *It should be noted that all three institutions listed by the US State Department for resolving commercial disputes are under the control or influence of Hun Sen. As prime minister he controls the Ministry of Commerce, he chairs the Council for the Development of Cambodia and his close business associate and personal friend, Kith Meng, is the president of the Cambodia Chamber of Commerce.182 This means that the very institutions supposedly conducting commercial dispute resolution in the absence of a functioning judiciary are controlled by corrupt elites and cannot be relied upon to be independent.
• F or many years, my family has • I hope that my activities and A SINGLE HUN FAMILY objected to my taking a role at the our group can help support the RESPONSE TO GLOBAL governmental level. So I have chosen of Cambodia in some WITNESS ALLEGATIONS the private sector to test my ability to development way or form. With more human In January 2016, Global Witness wrote to all 27 members of the Hun family mentioned in this report including the prime minister. Only Hun Maly's husband, Sok Puthyvuth, responded, with a long email dated 8th February. Here are some excerpts:
• "I see many issues and many obvious solutions, but I have seen again and again that the good solutions are seldom implemented correctly…
build an effective organization.
• I can understand your assumption
that I have abused my power to get to where I am today, but I can assure you that I take seriously the challenge of building a responsible and respected private sector group. I admit it is a work in progress.
• I understand that I live in the shadows of my family.
resource capacity and stronger institutions, I hope we can speed up the process of healing and help make Cambodia a model country that will positively contribute to the global community in the future.
• Once again thank you for your
interest in Cambodia. I look forward to see real understanding and the positive impact from the work of Global Witness to help my country, the international community, and the world."
THE HUN FAMILY'S DISREGARD FOR THE LAW One of the key themes to characterise the Hun kleptocracy is impunity.183 Cambodia's judiciary is firmly under the prime minister's control, lent on to protect his family's interests by ignoring their legal infractions and criminalising their critics.184 As a result, family members and the companies they are affiliated to have routinely broken the law seemingly without fear of prosecution. At best this has may have shielded the Hun family from facing the consequences of petty crimes or bad behaviour.185 At worst, forced evictions in which whole communities have faced being uprooted from their homes or robbed of their farmland or forests have gone unpunished.186 This chapter provides examples of some of the key ways in which members of the Hun family, and the companies linked to them, have been able to get away with breaking a range of Cambodian laws including anti-corruption provisions as well as those designed to protect human rights, social justice and the environment.
CASHING IN ON STATE RESOURCES
Polling by the International Republican Institute and USAID across all 24 Cambodian provinces in 2013 found that "more corruption" and "nepotism" were two of the three top reasons respondents gave as to why the country was headed in the "wrong direction." 188 The Hun family is Cambodia's prime example of a culture of nepotism enjoyed by its privileged elite, in which political allegiance opens doors on to vast wealth.189 For decades, this small group has helped itself to huge chunks of Cambodia's land, forests, and other natural resources, without facing hard questions from the country's aid donors or business partners. With few natural assets left to plunder, Hostile Takeover shows how the elite has diversified and expanded its corrupt model to the rest of the Cambodian economy. This investigation has uncovered numerous examples of where companies linked to members of the Hun family have managed to secure lucrative public contracts and state concession licences. Given Hun Sen's history of corruption and the lack of transparency in Cambodia's opaque public sector, this pattern should raise serious alarm bells. It suggests that his family members could have received special treatment in the allocation of state resources. This is despite the fact that Cambodia's Criminal Code and 2010 Anti-Corruption Law criminalise the granting of unfair advantages or preferential treatment by the state in return for any kind of donation, gift or promise.190
Members of Hun Sen's thousands-strong bodyguard unit which functions as his private army and is central to maintaining his grip on power.
The judiciary in Cambodia is corrupt and deteriorating, making it virtually useless as a tool for ordinary people to secure redress. Authorities and well-connected elites also frequently abuse the court system, using criminal charges as a tool to intimidate, harass and demobilize human rights activists. Meanwhile, for many real crimes, impunity reigns: People of wealth and influence pay their way out of police custody and the courts. 187 – Licadho, a leading Cambodian human rights NGO
Members of the Hun family need to provide evidence to show that these state resources have been allocated to their companies in a way which is legal and free from corruption. Unless otherwise explained, the examples below would certainly seem to be grounds to suspect grand corruption:
• Members of the family and their business associates have
been granted numerous concessions in the natural resource sector, including licences for mining projects in at least five provinces, a sand dredging licence for a four-kilometre stretch of the Mekong River, and at least three Economic Land Concessions for agriculture.191
• Construction firm Soma Construction & Development, which is chaired by Hun Sen's son-in-law Sok Puthyvuth, has the contract to build the office of Cambodia's State Secretariat of Civil Aviation and is part of the US$100 million project to expand Phnom Penh airport.192
• Of the 31 Special Economic Zones (SEZs) which Global
Witness was able to obtain ownership information for (out of a total of 34), 2 have been allocated to companies belonging to members of the Hun family. Authorisation for at least an additional ten has been granted to business tycoons with links to family members.193
• Cambodia's second-largest domestic energy supplier,
Cambodia Electricity Private, is part-owned by Hun Mana, Hun Manith and Hun Maly. It sells electricity to state energy provider Electricité du Cambodge, representing a serious conflict of interest.194
• The government granted the licence to operate Le Macau
Casino to Vina (HK), a company that is chaired by Kim Heang, wife of senator Ly Yong Phat, and counts Hun Mana as a shareholder.195 In a letter to Global Witness dated 25th January 2016, Heang denied benefitting from a system of patronage that is headed by Hun Sen and which amounts to grand corruption.
• The Ministry of Tourism recommends that Vital Water made
by NVC Corporation, which Hun Mana chairs, is used in all national and internal ceremonies.196 According to the company's website, Vital Water was the only national product that was accepted as an official partner for use in the Asian Tourism Forum in 2011 in Cambodia.197
• Hun Kimleng's HML Law Firm & Consultants boasts on its
• Hun Sen's eldest daughter Hun Mana was director of and shareholder in Chinese company WS Mining Industry Holdings from 2009 to 2012.201
In 2008 the company was granted a 97,000-hectare exploration licence (an area roughly the size of the German Hun Mana. Photo obtained capital Berlin) on Kuy indigenous from her Facebook page. land in northern Cambodia, where communities subsisted largely from artisanal mining, smallscale agriculture and collecting non-timber forest products.202 Once the company's mining exploration began, these communities were forced away from the natural resources which had sustained them for generations, eliminating a major source of their livelihood and pushing them deeper into poverty.203 The military was drafted in to guard WS Mining operations, with soldiers from Hun Sen's Bodyguard Unit allegedly in charge of security.204 Soldiers cordoned off access to many of the community's rice paddy fields, and cyanide was used to leach gold from the ground, illegally contaminating the water supply. Many people reportedly fell ill and much of their livestock died.205 In contravention of Cambodian law, local authorities say that the company brought in workers from China rather than hiring locals to work at the mine.206  un Mana cut ties with WS Mining in 2012, but these problems H have still not been resolved.207
website that it is "particularly well-positioned to ensure good cooperation and results" from lobbying government ministries and offices.198 In particular, the company claims to deliver results when dealing with the Council for the Development of Cambodia, Cambodia's highest government body overseeing investment which is chaired by Hun Sen himself.199
• Following the Cambodian government's 2011 Alternative
Energy Development Agreement with General Electric, Sok Puthyvuth's company, the Soma Group, signed an MoU involving a US$3 million biomass power deal with the US conglomerate.200
THE COST TO PEOPLE AND ENVIRONMENT The extent of the Hun family's private sector holdings, their apparent access to lucrative state resources and their immunity to Cambodia's legal system, point strongly to the fact that Hun Sen's Cambodia is built on grand corruption. These are far from victimless crimes: the Hun hegemony has had devastating consequences for the country's population and many of their companies have got away with ignoring Cambodian law and harming people and the environment in the process. Below are some specific examples of the Hun family's terrible social and environmental footprint:
Phnom Penh resident facing eviction by a company linked to the Hun family removes the live cobra that thugs threw through his window in 2013.
• Brother-in-law to Hun Many, Yim Leang, has held ten per cent
of company Khun Sea Import Export since February 2011 when tycoon Khun Sear, who still holds the remaining 90 percent of the company, transferred over his shares.208 Khun Sear is described by local press as 'a politically connected businessman who has major interests in agriculture and real estate'.209 The company lists capital of US$2 million on the Ministry of Commerce database.210 It was awarded an 8,200 Economic Land Concession to grow rubber and other crops in Oddar Meanchey Province's Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary on 6th July 2012, less than 18 months after Leang became
Police beating a man during a crackdown on striking workers from SL Garments. Factory workers claim Hun Sen's sister is the company's Director General.
a shareholder.211 This allocation of land by the government occurred two months after Hun Sen placed a moratorium on the issuance of new concessions.212 In addition, Khun Sea Import Export came into conflict with residents of Phnom Penh's Tuol Kork district when it attempted to get hold of their land for redevelopment. The company is accused of carrying out forced evictions and enlisting thugs to intimidate and assault residents who refused to move, including by using arson and throwing live cobras into their homes.213 The dispute was listed in a case filed at the International Criminal Court in October 2014 which describes the associated crimes committed by Khun Sea Import Export as 'Several episodes of assault and attempted murder against [name of victim removed due to security concerns], persecution on political grounds"214. The case, which lists the company among tens of others to have committed the crime of forcible transfer in Cambodia, argues that the Cambodian government, state security forces and government-connected business leaders have committed 'crimes against humanity' against Cambodian civilians during their widespread and systematic campaign of land seizures.215 When asked by local reporters about the case, Yim Leang confirmed that he did own the land, but claimed that he was not aware of any issues with local residents.216 Due to his position in the Cambodian army, Leang's shareholding in Khun Sea Import Export contravenes Article 25 of the 1998 General Statute of Military Personnel of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces which prohibits military personnel from "conduct[ing] any business which may harm the honour and dignity of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces".217
• Sok Puthyvuth, Hun Maly's husband and CEO of the Soma
Group conglomerate, is also linked to an urban land grab.218 Soma Construction & Development, which he chairs, is part of the team expanding Phnom Penh International Airport, a project which began in 2014 and is rumoured to be costing US$100 million.219
The project threatens to displace approximately 165 households - residents were told that their homes would all be destroyed, but that they wouldn't be receiving compensation despite having possession rights to their land under Cambodia's 2001 Land Law.220 In 2012, eight protesters from the community were arrested by armed police and detained for 12 hours after painting SOS signs on the roofs of their houses in the hope that President Obama would see their cries for help as he flew in to attend the ASEAN summit.221 A year later, having identified that the International Finance Corporation (IFC) was part-financing the project, 59 potentially-affected households lodged a formal complaint with the IFC's ombudsman concerning possible forced evictions. The complaint remains open at time of writing.222 Work on the airport now appears to have stalled, but Cambodian land expert told Global Witness that the communities fear the delay is just a ploy to prevent protests ahead of Cambodia's commune elections in 2017.223 In May 2016, local media reported that 531 families potentially affected by the airport's expansion conducted a public protest outside the Council of Ministers urging it to resolve the dispute which had been ongoing at that point for four years.224 The land dispute is yet to see a resolution.
Cambodia' details how the company came into conflict with indigenous Suy communities when it flooded their agricultural fields and contaminated local water sources.232
Forest loss in Cambodia accelerated faster than in any other country between 2001 and 2014 thanks to rampant illegal logging and land grabbing by the country's ruling elite. © Global Witness
• Seng Keang, ex-wife of Hun Sen's cousin Dy Chouch and close associate to Bun Rany, was exposed by Global Witness in 2007 as leading Cambodia's premier logging syndicate which had allegedly committed multiple crimes including corruption, kidnapping and attempted murder.225 She was again linked to illegal logging in 2012, this time in and around Vietnameseowned rubber plantations. In addition to causing widespread deforestation, local communities described to Global Witness investigators how the logging was devastating their livelihoods which previously relied upon collecting tree resin in order to make an array of local products.226 Despite the substantial evidence of her involvement in illegal logging and other crimes, Seng Keang chairs three companies.227 As far as Global Witness is aware, no legal action has even been taken against her.
• H un Seng Ny, the prime minister's
younger sister, is linked to three companies that have been accused of breaking Cambodian laws without facing legal consequences.
According to local communities, media and human rights workers, she has Hun Seng Ny. Photo obtained a major stake in HLH Agriculture.228 from http://www.johnnyhon. The company is part of the Singaporecom/Gallery/Cambodia/ photos.htm based HLH Group which is currently building a luxury apartment complex and shopping mall in Sihanoukville and recently announced a US$10 million investment in a 400-hectare agricultural foodprocessing park.229 Global Witness wrote to the company in December 2015 asking them to respond to the allegation that they have links to Seng Ny. In their reply, dated 7th January 2016, they failed to either confirm or deny the connection. In 2010, in response to allegations of land grabbing, government officials and a manager at HLH Agriculture denied Seng Ny's connection to the company to local reporters. 230  LH Agriculture has reportedly been embroiled in a land H dispute with villagers in Kampong Speu since 2010 and has been accused by local communities of illegal logging in the Phnom Oral Wildlife Sanctuary in 2013.231 A 2012 report by the UN Special Rapporteur on the 'Situation of Human Rights in
I n June 2014, a fully-owned subsidiary of the HLH Group, D'Lotus Development, signed an agreement to buy part of the land that used to be Boeung Kak Lake from private company Shukaku Inc. in contravention of Cambodia's Land Law which prohibits one concessionaire from selling on land to another.233 One of the most high-profile land grabs in Cambodia, the allocation of Boeung Kak Lake to Shukaku Inc., owned by CPP senator Lao Meng Khin and his wife Choeung Sopheap, led to the illegal displacement of 4,000 families. As a result, in 2011, the World Bank suspended all new direct financing to Cambodia.234 In the face of substantial opposition from the Boeung Kak Lake communities and civil society, the Bank reversed this decision in May 2016 despite many affected community members still not having received free or fair compensation for their losses.235  lobal Witness put these allegations to HLH Agriculture in our G letter of December 2015. In the response, HLH Group confirmed that D'Lotus Development had entered into an agreement with Shukaku Inc. to acquire land. The letter stated that during the course of the negotiations over Boeung Kak Lake neither HLH Group nor D'Lotus Development had any dealings with her or Hun Sen. The agreement with Shukaku Inc. was apparently terminated in December 2014 "due to commercial reasons". The company's letter makes no reference to the fact that, were the deal to go ahead, it would have been illegal.  un Seng Ny also appears to have links to the H SL Garment factory where workers claim they were told she was director general of the company. In 2013, 75 private security guards from the security wing of Seng Ny's company, the Garuda Group, were sent into the factory to deal with striking workers.236 Trade Union officials accused the Garuda security guards of intimidating and using violence against striking workers.237 In April 2016, an investigation conducted by a conservation organisation and published in international media, alleged that SL Garments' factory is burning illegallylogged timber taken from protected areas to heat water for washing machines and steam presses.238 According to the Ministry of Commerce data, Seng Ny is also a 50 per cent shareholder in Attwood Investment Group.239 The company is chaired by prolific businesswoman Lim Chhiv Ho and was revealed by Global Witness to be linked to a smuggling operation involving the military in 2007.240 Local media reported in 2009 that the Preah Sihanouk provincial authorities had accused the company of illegally dredging thousands of tonnes of sand using unlicensed boats. Local people claimed that the dredging was destroying fish stocks and negatively impacting upon their livelihoods, allegations that the company denied.241 At time of writing, Global Witness was unaware of any investigations by the authorities into these allegations let alone punitive actions being taken against any of the perpetrators.
TAKING ADVANTAGE OF PERSONAL IMPUNITY As information on company ownership in Cambodia is sketchy at best, it is perhaps not surprising that Cambodian citizens have been unable to hold the Hun family to account for the illegal activities of companies they are linked to, particularly when those links are hidden. However, the level of impunity enjoyed by the family extends well past corporate wrongdoing to also cover crimes committed by family members as individuals. The three people profiled below provide examples of where family members appear to have got away with committing serious crimes, but have gone on to be granted honorific titles or powerful positions within the state apparatus as well as managing to accumulate numerous business holdings.
• Hun Sen's nephew Hun To was named
as a 'major drug trafficker' in interviews conducted by Global Witness with well-placed sources in 2006.242 The same investigation also revealed that he had links to Cambodia's premier logging syndicate at the time.243 Hun To was back in the limelight in 2012 when a media report again connected him to the trafficking of US$1 billion worth of narcotics to Australia – allegations he denies.244 The Age newspaper alleged that Hun To was the subject of a multi-year-long investigation by an Australian Crime Commission into heroin trafficking and money laundering, where drugs were smuggled in shipments of timber. Australia's plans to arrest and question To in Melbourne were allegedly derailed when the Australian Foreign Ministry denied him a visa on the basis that his arrest by Australian Police could cause a 'diplomatic incident'.245 Known as something of a playboy, Hun To is said to own several luxury cars, allegedly including a customised McLaren P1 estimated to cost in excess of US$1 million.246 McLaren P1. Photo obtained from Hun To's Facebook page. He was also rumoured to be the owner of Phnom Penh's former rich-kid hang out Spark Nightclub and is listed as the chair of four companies as well as director of LHR Asean Investment which runs a large network of petrol stations across Cambodia.247
• Dy Proem, Hun Sen's cousin, was
sentenced to two-and-a-half years in jail in 2011 for bribing a civil servant US$200,000 to forge a deed to a plot of land. The fake document granted Proem ownership of 5.6 hectares of land in Phnom Penh which actually belonged to an elderly widow.248 No warrant to
imprison her was ever issued, however. Instead, Dy Proem was given the title of oknha.249 Traditionally a rare title of nobility bestowed by the king, today the oknha title is handed out by government to people who donate US$100,000 to Hun Sen's political party, and make a vague commitment to direct some of their wealth toward 'the greater good'.250 In February 2016, shortly after Global Witness wrote to members of the Hun Family to give them an opportunity to comment on the allegations contained in this report, Dy Proem's case entered Cambodia's Court of Appeals and is ongoing at the time of writing. In the five years since charges were levied against Dy Proem, however, much of the land she has been accused of unlawfully acquiring has been sold off.251
• Hun Chea, another of Hun Sen's
nephews, was arrested in 2000 with six others, all sons of government officials, after shooting erupted at a Phnom Penh night club. Hun Sen was quoted as saying: "Every son, whomever's son, even my son, if they commit wrongdoing, they must be punished by the law." Four days later, Chea was released on bail.252 Less than two years' later, in December 2001, Chea and his first cousin Hun To were arrested in connection with a shootout that erupted at a beer garden in Phnom Penh. Local media reported that the incident was an apparent attempted assassination of Hun To. Gunmen fired almost 50 shots at To, Chea and their party, which included relatives of Deputy Prime Minister Sar Kheng. Local police said that the shooting was the result of a 'personal dispute'.253 Hun Chea was arrested at the time and Hun Sen later also ordered the arrest of Hun To over the incident, stating that "Regardless who it is—my nephew, my child—everyone must be equal before the law." They spent less than a week in prison before being released in time to attend the wedding of their cousin, Hun Manith, to the daughter of National Police Chief Hok Lundy. The case was dropped a few weeks later, allegedly because of a lack of evidence.254 Chea was also reportedly involved in a hit-and-run incident in 2008 which resulted in the death of a motorbike driver. The case never went to court but witnesses alleged that they saw Chea standing at the crash site next to the vehicle in question.255 Chea was promoted to become a brigadier general in Cambodia's police force in 2014.256 He also chairs four companies in the trading and transportation sectors.257 In January 2016, Global Witness wrote to all the people mentioned in this chapter requesting their response to the evidence presented. Only Sok Puthyvuth replied but failed to address any of the specific allegations made against him. His email is outlined on page 20. Global Witness also wrote to the companies mentioned but only received a response from the HLH Group which is summarised on page 24.
THE HUN HEGEMONY – REINFORCING CONTROL Prime Minister Hun Sen is making efforts to bridge the gap between the political and private sector by cultivating mutually beneficial relationships with the country's most prominent business tycoons. These business leaders contribute money to the ruling Cambodian People's Party (CPP) and Hun Sen can call on them to fund charities and public works projects and to attract foreign investment, achievements for which the CPP can claim credit. In return, the business tycoons enjoy the added credibility and legitimacy of having the Prime Minister's support. These symbiotic relationships illustrate the networks of business tycoons, political figures, and government officials that have formed in Cambodia, which reinforce the culture of impunity and limit progress on reforms such as Hun Sen's self-declared "war on corruption. 258 – Extract from a cable entitled 'Cambodia's Top Ten Tycoons' sent in 2007 by the US Embassy in Phnom Penh to various US government departments in Washington DC
The Hun family's business holdings are part of a broad system of patronage which extends well-beyond the private sector into almost every aspect of Cambodian society. During Hun Sen's three decades' of power, this system has been maintained through a blend of nepotism, propaganda, repression and alliances with other elites.259 The sections below look past the private sector holdings of the family to describe some of the other key ways in which they maintain control:
PUBLIC OFFICE AND STATE SECURITY FORCES
On 10th January 2016, in a closed meeting of the CPP, Hun Sen warned officials of the dangers that nepotism poses for the Cambodian government and urged them to keep their relatives out of ministry affairs.260 Due to high-levels of corruption, those in public office are able to get away with handing out state jobs to their relatives and none more so than the Hun family. This reveals both their desire to consolidate power but also the deep mistrust that exists between many Cambodian elites.
MILITARY Hun Sen's eldest son, Hun Manet - often touted as the obvious successor to his father - is a Lieutenant General and holds four notable positions - deputy chairman of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces Joint Staff, commander of the national counter-terrorism special forces, deputy commander of the army and deputy commander of the prime minister's bodyguard unit.261 Hun Sen's elite bodyguard unit, which numbers in the thousands, has long-been accused of committing brutal human rights abuses.262 In March 1997, it was involved in a grenade attack on an opposition rally in which 16 people died and more than 150 were injured.263 The unit functions as Hun Sen's private army and is central to maintaining his grip on power.264 In 2015, three soldiers from the unit brutally attacked two opposition lawmakers as they left parliament.265 Manet's middle brother Hun Manith is also a Lieutenant General in the army. In 2015, he was promoted to director of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces' (RCAF) powerful military intelligence unit.266 This was described by one of Cambodia's most respected political commentators as an attempt by the premier to consolidate power.267 Yim Leang, Hun Many's brother-in-law, became Cambodia's youngest general in the air forces in 2002.268 In another move also described by a source as a power grab by Hun Sen, he was made head of senate president Chea Sim's bodyguard unit until Sim died in 2015.269
POLICE Hun Sen's son-in-law Dy Vichea is head of the National Police's Central Security Department, a powerful position which places him in charge of multiple departments including internal intelligence and the anti-terrorism department which has played a key role in the CPP's recent clampdown on its critics.270 Nephew Hun Chea was promoted to be a one-star police general in 2014, despite numerous brushes with the law.271
POLITICS In politics, youngest son, Hun Many, is a CPP member of parliament for Kampong Speu Province.272 Hun Sen's brother, Hun Neng, is the former governor of both Kampong Cham and Svay Rieng Provinces and now sits alongside Hun Many in Cambodia's lower house.273 Following the release of Global Witness' 2007 report "Family Trees" which exposed how relatives of Hun Sen were leading Cambodia's most powerful logging syndicate, Neng reportedly said that "If they [Global Witness] come to Cambodia, I will hit them until their heads are broken."274
MARRIAGES TO CREATE ALLIANCES Arranged marriages, although declining, are still common in Cambodian society, used as a means of consummating financial ties and shoring up political alliances. All five of Hun Sen's children are married to the offspring of powerful Cambodian elites, as are a number of his nieces and nephews:
• T he prime minister's eldest son, Hun Manet, is married
to Pich Chanmony, the daughter of Pich Sophoan, a prominent Cambodian People's Party member and current Secretary of State at the Ministry of Labour.275
• H un Mana, Hun Sen's eldest daughter, is married to
Dy Vichea, the son of the much feared late police chief Hok Lundy.276 Previously, Mana was married to Moeung Kompheak, son of Moeung Samphan, a three-star general and head of the Ministry of Defense's Department General of Logistics and Finances.277 Vichea was previously married to Hun Sen's niece, Hun Chantha.278
• H un Manith, Hun Sen's middle son is married to Dy Chendavy who is Dy Vichea's sister.279
• Youngest son, Hun Many, wed the daughter of deputy
prime minister Yim Chhay Ly in 2004.280 The wedding was reported by local media to be a lavish affair, with large numbers of military police, police officers and two fire engines on hand to ensure the 3,000 guests and their hundreds of vehicles were kept secure.281
• Youngest daughter Hun Maly is married to Sok Puthyvuth,
the CEO of the Soma Group and son of Sok An, who is also deputy prime minister and a long-term ally of Hun Sen's.282
• Hun Sen's niece, Hun Kimleng, is married to National Police Commissioner Neth Savoeun.283
• K imleng's brother, Hun Seang Heng is married to Sok
Sopheak who is the daughter of Sok Phal, a powerful police intelligence figure and current head of Cambodia's immigration department.284
All three of Hun Sen's sons have received scholarships or training from the US Military.
These marriages are mutually beneficial and help the Hun family to maintain its control over Cambodian politics, economics and ultimately society. It's a control that the family does not expect to dissipate any time soon. Hun Sen, who is currently 63 years old and the world's seventh longest-serving leader, said in 2013 that he planned to stay in power until he is 74.285 It has long been presumed that he is grooming his eldest son, Hun Manet, to be his successor.286 However, in December 2015, Hun Many also expressed his intention to become Cambodia's next prime minister.287 Either way it seems that the Hun family plan to lead Cambodia for decades to come, and they continue to put in place the structures and connections to ensure they stay in power.
CHARITY ENDS AT HOME
The CPP is now doing hundreds of thousands of projects, small and large projects, for which the budget, rather than from the national budget, comes from CPP members… When the election comes, if people don't vote for [the CPP], we will be disheartened and will stop giving… I spend hundreds of millions of dollars paying for projects, including raising orphans, disabled children and other organizations. I don't even use the national budget. 288 – Excerpts from a public speech made by Hun Sen on 5th March 2013, less than four months before the July 2013 general election which the CPP almost lost. Members of the Hun family are also at the helm of a number of charitable organisations. As well as conferring legitimacy and an air of compassion on the family, this arrangement allows them to fundraise for humanitarian projects such as digging wells and repairing bridges and schools, 'good works' that can then be attributed to the ruling party.289 The first lady plays a particularly key role in this revolving door between charity and politics. Bun Rany is president of the Cambodian Red Cross (CRC), Cambodia's largest charity.290 A member of the Red Cross' international federation, the CRC purports to uphold the network's core principles of neutrality and independence but does little to hide its political allegiance and has been referred to as the 'humanitarian wing' of the Cambodian People's Party.291 It functions as a microcosm of Hun Sen's patronage system and its central committee comprises many of the Hun family's business associates, CPP officials and their family members.292 In October 2013, following serious flooding which displaced tens of thousands of Cambodians, Rany was giving out bags of rice and other supplies paid for by CRC donors at a CRC staged event in front of hundreds of people. Addressing the crowds, and following a denunciation of the opposition party, Rany said, "When there are floods or any other incidents, fathers and mothers and brothers and sisters have seen that there is no other party coming to help you here…there is only the CPP, because all civil servants are CPP."293 Between 2006 and 2009, the CRC's income was US$27.8 million, 71% of which (just under US$20 million) came from domestic sources including Hun Sen and business tycoons with links to his family.294 Over the same time period, the CRC received a total of US$8 million from international donors including the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, UNICEF,
UNDP and 11 other national Red Cross partners, with US$1 million coming from the Australian Red Cross alone.295 Global Witness urges the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies to expel the Cambodian Red Cross from its membership due to the way in which the organisation is used by the Hun family and the ruling Cambodian People's Party for political gain. CPP Member of Parliament and Hun Sen's youngest son, Hun Many, is the president of the Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia (UYFC), one of Cambodia's largest youth organisations.296 Also reportedly counting Many's brother-in-law, Dy Vchea, as a high-ranking member, the UYFC is described by political commentators as "a political organisation of the CPP" and is widely viewed as its youth wing, despite the organisation's claims to be non-partisan.297 In November 2015, Many was awarded the Gusi Peace Prize – which on its website claims to "approximate the honor and respect accorded to the Nobel Peace Prize of Norway, and the Pulitzer of the United States of America" — for his work in "Youth Leadership and Humanitarianism".298 Hun Many returned home from Manila to be greeted by more than a thousand cheering UYFC members.299 A month earlier, members of the UYFC were rumoured to have been part of a large protest against opposition leader Kem Sokha outside the National Assembly where two opposition MPs were brutally beaten by members of Hun Sen's bodyguard unit.300 Hun Sen's daughter-in-law, Pich Chanmony, also heads up her own charitable organisation called the Samdech Techo Volunteer Youth Doctor Association (TYDA) of which she is a founder, alongside her husband Hun Manet, and the vice chairwoman of the association's board of directors.301 Despite being a humanitarian aid organisation, the group is also said to be pro-CPP and shares the first two words of its name, 'Samdech Techo', with Hun Sen's official title.302 In August 2015, local media reported that TYDA was in talks with St. John Brigade Singapore which has also worked with the CRC in the past.303 In January 2016, Global Witness wrote to the Cambodian Red Cross, the Union of Youth Federations of Cambodia and the Samdech Techo Volunteer Youth Doctor Association but did not receive a response.
MEDIA – OFFLINE AND ONLINE The cult of personality surrounding Hun Sen and his family also helps maintain their firm grip on Cambodian society.304 The premier's photo is plastered all over the country, both on urban street corners and in rural villages, even more so than Cambodia's king. Karaoke videos singing the praises of Hun Sen or Bun Rany air relentlessly across many Cambodian TV stations and not only laud the couple generally but also promote recent government policy decisions.305 Many state institutions and public spaces such as libraries, streets and schools are named after Hun Sen.306 Media ownership remains extremely concentrated in Cambodia and many of the country's most influential outlets are controlled
Bun Rany is president of the Cambodian Red Cross and is repeatedly accused of using the charity to further the interests of the CPP and her family.
by business and political elites with close ties to the Hun family.307 As a result, freedom of speech is not fully protected and the authorities use lawsuits, criminal prosecution and violent attacks as means of intimidation against journalists.308 The Hun family and its associates have managed to gain a major hold over Cambodia's private media companies, allowing them to control much of the information that Cambodians are able to access. A recent study funded by the German government and released in 2015 by the Cambodian Centre for Independent Media and Reporters without Borders surveyed 41 of Cambodia's most significant media outlets, owned by 27 individuals. Of these 27 people, the research found that nine are business or political tycoons with strong links to the CPP. The list includes Hun Mana, and major private sector players and business associates of the Hun family Kith Meng and Ly Yong Phat.309 As described on page 13, Hun Mana is one of only two media moguls in Cambodia to have holdings across radio, TV and newspapers.310 She owns Bayon Media Hight System, one of Cambodia's' key media companies, that broadcasts across both television and radio.311 One of three TV stations run by the company, BTV News is the second most popular news channel in the country and airs Cambodia's most popular evening news programme.312 Mana also owns Bayon Radio which is among the most popular radio stations in Cambodia and a leading CPP mouthpiece.313 In addition, she fully owns newspaper Kampuchea Thmey Daily, which has six percent of the national readership and is also widely known to be pro-CPP.314 The dominance of private media companies by the Hun family and their cronies has profound impacts across the
entire media sector. A 2015 study by the Cambodian Centre of Independent Media found that almost half of local journalists fear repercussions as a result of their work and 17% have been attacked due to their reporting. Only 45 cent felt that the institutions they worked for were free from political influence.315 In 2015, Reporters Without Borders identified Cambodia and India as the two deadliest countries to be a journalist covering environmental issues, citing four killings in Cambodia between 2012 and 2014.316 With numbers of social media users in Cambodia rocketing in the last five years, the Hun family has become increasingly active online. Hun Sen has been posting regularly on his Facebook page since October 2015 and, at the time of writing, had over four million followers.317 In March 2016, a high-profile spat erupted after local media and Sam Rainsy, exiled leader of the opposition party, accused him of buying 'likes' from foreign click-farms to artificially boost his popularity.318 In order to further strengthen his online presence, in January 2016, Hun Sen launched the "Samdech Prime Minister" app which provides regular updates on his activities.319 Hun Sen's online presence is increasingly spilling over into the real world. Members of the Hun family have become increasingly aggressive in response to criticism levelled against them online, threatening defamation lawsuits and arresting users.320 In January 2016, following the arrest of a man that had posted a prediction of Hun Sen's death, the prime minister warned Facebook users who insult him that they could be easily traced.321
In contrast to the crackdown, Hun Sen is also using Facebook to hand out random favours to ordinary citizens. He has civil servants from seven government ministries trawling posts on his Facebook page looking for public grievances to solve.322 In March 2016, he intervened in the case of two community members who had been arrested over a land dispute in Kampong Speu Province. He posted on Facebook that the provincial governor should work immediately for the women's release and then reportedly sent his sons - CPP lawmaker Hun Many and head of the army's intelligence unit Hun Manith - to meet the women in person as they were released from prison on bail.323 The way in which Hun Sen is using Facebook to both harass critics and manipulate the justice system by arbitrarily dispensing favours is typical of the way in which he has maintained control over Cambodia for the past three decades. The tools have changed, but the strategy and outcomes remain the same.
CONCLUSION This report lays bare the extent and audacity of the myth that Hun Sen is selling to the outside world. According to the Cambodian government, the key to achieving the economic growth necessary for the country to meet its development goals is the establishment of a 'healthy private sector'.324 In an attempt to woo businesses from Asian countries and Western jurisdictions such as the US and EU, the government has recently ramped up its efforts to promote Cambodia as a great investment destination, touting the country's lack of regulation and cheap labour force.325 Despite this, Hun Sen and his government have completely failed to tackle the corruption that is rife in both the public and private sectors and which undermines all attempts to create a responsible business environment. In fact, Hun Sen and his associates are at the heart of the graft, personally benefiting from grand corruption at the expense of Cambodia's citizens. Based almost solely on data from Cambodia's Ministry of Commerce corporate registry, the evidence presented in Hostile Takeover reveals that members of prime minister Hun Sen's family have links to 114 domestic companies listing share capital of over US$200 million. These figures only include business holdings which the family has chosen to declare. Therefore their total business interests are almost certainly much larger. The family's holdings span the majority of Cambodia's most lucrative business sectors as well those characterised by high levels of corruption, human rights abuses and environmental damage. Companies in which the family has interests have committed abuses resulting in disastrous consequences for Cambodian citizens directly impacted by their operations. More broadly, corruption and the elite capture of state resources by the Hun family and their associates is keeping ordinary
Cambodians trapped in poverty as money is siphoned away into personal bank accounts instead of being spent on vital public services such as health and education.326 Due to a politicised judiciary which remains firmly in the pocket of Hun Sen, his family members and the companies to which they are linked have been able to operate without fear of prosecution. They have managed to establish relationships with major international brands and gain interest in numerous companies which Cambodians and tourists to the country will struggle to avoid. Having extensive private sector holdings is vital for enabling Hun Sen and his family to maintain their system of patronage. Many of these companies have been able to secure lucrative public contracts and concession licences for natural resource extraction and land. This increases the family's personal wealth which is required to continuously reward the country's elites who expect to be bestowed with 'gifts' in return for their unwavering support.327 Without this income, the Hun family's network would surely have collapsed over the past three decades. Cambodia is currently experiencing a backwards slide in terms of democratic freedoms and openness. A look at the events of 2015 and 2016 reveal an onslaught of new repressive legislation and a harsh crackdown against all government critics including the legitimate opposition party.328 Hun Sen and his family members have become increasingly aggressive in defending their reputations and the situation looks set to deteriorate further as they seek to consolidate power ahead of elections in 2017 and 2018. Hun Sen and his cronies certainly don't appear to be planning to relinquish power or change their ways any time soon, unless outside pressure starts to tell. In the latest election in 2013, despite allegations of systematic fraud and vote rigging by his government, Hun Sen suffered near defeat, prompting him to vow that only "death or incapacitation to the point of being unable to work" could unseat him.329 At the time of writing opposition leader, Sam Rainsy, is still in exile and it is unclear whether or not he'll be able to return in time for the 2018 general election.330 Recent events, coupled with the findings laid out in Hostile Takeover should act as major warning sign for potential investors. As the rule of law diminishes, investors are left vulnerable to arbitrary decision-making by elites. In addition, the opaque business environment with high-levels of corruption poses major legal, financial and reputational risks for companies. They face potentially becoming embroiled in driving human rights abuses, environmental destruction and corruption. To avoid this, investors must conduct thorough checks to ensure that they're not getting into bed with the country's corrupt elites. Otherwise, the 'healthy private sector' that the government claims it is working towards will never materialise and ordinary Cambodians will continue to pay the price.
RECOMMENDATIONS Companies and investors should:
These recommendations relate to all companies and investors with links to members of the Hun family and their associates. This is regardless of whether the links are via formal partnerships, franchising, through supply chains, exclusive distribution deals or even loose client relationships. 1. Conduct stringent due diligence to ascertain who is involved in the investment. Where there is the involvement of business or political elites with a history of corruption allegations, or their family members, do not proceed with the investment. Where this relates to an existing investment, then exit the business relationship as soon as possible or within a maximum of 12 months. If evidence of involvement in corruption is uncovered through the due diligence process then companies and investors should self-report the findings to all relevant authorities that have legal jurisdiction. 2. Apply the Financial Action Task Force's definition of Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs) which also applies to all family members and associates of those identified. Create stringent processes to identify PEPs. Where a potential business partner is identified to be a PEP then enhanced due diligence systems must be put in place to ensure that the person in question is not involved in money laundering or other corrupt practices. 3. Ensure through a stringent due diligence process that business activities and investments in Cambodia are not violating domestic or international anti-corruption legislation or conventions. Give particular consideration to ensuring compliance with the 1977 US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act which covers any transaction conducted in US dollars and therefore all non-local business transactions that take place in Cambodia. International governments providing Cambodia with financial aid and other types of assistance: 4. Use the Cambodian Development Cooperation Forum (CDCF) as the basis upon which to negotiate with the Cambodian government for the implementation of the recommendations made in this report. Ensure through these negotiations that all donor money to Cambodia is managed transparently, does not end up in the pockets of elites, and is spent in a way which benefits the citizens of Cambodia. 5. W  arn home country investors about the high-risk of becoming embroiled in corruption when investing in Cambodia. Advise them to conduct stringent due diligence to ensure that they are not entering commercial relationships with business or political elites with a history of corruption allegations or their family members. Advise them that certain sectors, such as natural resource extraction, are particularly high-risk and therefore should be avoided.
6. E  nsure that the fulfilment of human rights obligations as well as transparency requirements are incorporated into all future investment treaties of which Cambodia is a signatory. In particular, ensure that these obligations are included in the Bilateral Investment Treaty currently being negotiated between Cambodia and the US. 7. Publicly oppose recently passed regressive laws – LANGO, Telecommunications and Trade Union Laws – from being implemented in an arbitrary way that targets government critics and the introduction of additional regressive laws such as the State Secrets Law. Support the process to devise the Freedom of Information Law to ensure it increases transparency around government decision-making. The Royal Government of Cambodia should: 8. Conduct thorough, independent and transparent investigations into the allegations made in this report and prosecute those individuals and companies found to be breaking Cambodian law. In particular, conduct a thorough and transparent investigation into Prime Minister Hun Sen, and the members of his family named in this report, for the crimes of illicit enrichment and the granting and receiving of unfair advantages over the allocation of state resources. 9. E  nsure that the Ministry of Commerce restores its full corporate registry in which all information submitted by companies is included. Remove the need to register an email address and login when searching the Ministry of Commerce's corporate registry and ensure it is both publicly accessible and fully searchable. Correct all data inputted into the registry – particularly the names of individuals, companies and streets - to increase the registry's usability. 10. Reform the Anti-Corruption Law so that it is fit for purpose. In particular;
- Amend Article 11 so that the chair and vice-chair of the
- Amend Article 16 so that the Anti-Corruption Unit's
- In order to avoid a conflict of interest, amend Article 16
Anti-Corruption Unit are selected through an independent and transparent process and are no longer appointed by the prime minister. operations budget is no longer part of the budget package of the Office of the Council of Ministers. so that the Anti-Corruption Unit no longer has the right to receive donations or assistance from national organisations.
 - Based upon the Financial Action Task Force standards, extend Article 17 so that the family members and close associates of public officials are also required to declare their assets. - Amend Article 20 so that asset declaration is conducted publicly and Cambodian citizens are able to access the information.
11. Ensure that the Access to Information Law currently being drafted increases transparency around government decisionmaking and is not undermined by the upcoming State Secrets Law. 12. R  emove Prime Minister Hun Sen as the chair of the Council for the Development of Cambodia (CDC) and replace him with an independent chair without links to the CPP or the Hun family. 13. End secrecy and improve accountability around natural resource governance including;
- Disclosing all relevant documentation relating to the
extraction of natural resources including mining, Economic Land Concessions and sand dredging.
- Reinstating the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries' online database of Economic Land Concessions. Expand the original database to cover Social Land Concessions.
- Creating independent oversight and monitoring processes
14. End the persecution of all government critics including;
- Members and supporters of the opposition party. - Online critics - Human rights defenders - Land and forest defenders I	n particular, put an end to the misuse of the Anti-Corruption Unit as a political tool to attack and intimidate civil society. Release those currently being detained and drop all charges against them. Members of the Hun family, including Prime Minister Hun Sen, should: 15. Make full public declarations of their assets including all existing connections to domestic and international companies, whether those connections are formal or informal. 16.Refrain from abusing their power to pressure private Cambodian companies to grant them shareholdings.
for natural resource allocation and management including opportunities for oversight from both the legislature and civil society including affected communities.
Hun Sen, Bun Rany and Hun Manith visiting a temple in Preah Vihear in 2010.
ANNEXES ANNEX 1 - OUR FINDINGS IN FULL The table below lists 114 private domestic companies that are affiliated to members of the Hun family. Almost all of this information is taken from the Ministry of Commerce corporate registry, but in a handful of cases has been supplemented by other sources of government information and media reports. Hun family Company* member
Relationship to company/type of affiliation*
Record on Cambodia Corporates or alternative source of information
of the Hun family
*This is based on the best information available including the MoC data set, external information such as corporate websites and, in some cases, the name of the company. For full references contact Global Witness
R2425 A1319
Trading Trading
Dy Vichea Dy Vichea
R15979 R12380
Dy Vichea Dy Vichea Dy/Hok Chendavy
Hun Chantha Hun Chantha Hun Chantha Hun Chantha Hun Chantha Hun Chantha Hun Chantha Hun Chantha Hun Chantha Hun Chantha Hun Chantha Hun Chantha
Hun Chanthou Hun Chea Hun Chea Hun Chea Hun Chea Hun Chea
was unavailable
Pich Sambath Import Export Co. Chair C Pimex Co. Chair; Director: Shareholder Dy Corp Chair Emperor Group Chair
*The majority of these figures can be found by downloading the raw data spreadsheets of company registrations from Cambodia Corporates
*Companies highlighed in *Where the size of red appear more than once in the shareholding is the table as they are affiliated not stated it means to more than one member that the information Dy Chouch Dy Chouch
Company capital at registration in USD*
VC Group Poseidon Co Ltd (listed as 'Poseldon' by the MoC) D & M (Bavet) SEZ Co
Chair R16097 Director; Shareholder A4879
1,000.00 Unknown
Unknown Conglomerate - Financial services, construction/real estate, watch and jewellery, hospitality/entertainment, media, furniture and furnishing, as well as food and beverage Mining Gambling
Fortress Group Fortress Travel Agency Fortress Construction Co Fortress Investment Company International Advance Development Group (ADG) Co SPK 1 SPK Group SID Cambodian Co Cambodian Top Investment (CTI) Gold 999 99 Tourism (Cambodia) Co. (Cambodian) International Franchise Co.
Chair Chair Chair Chair
Official Cambodian government data collated and displayed on the Open Development Mekong website, https:// cambodia.opendevelopmentmekong.net/ profiles/special-economic-zones/?map_ id=6 (last accessed 1st June 2016) R18381 R18380 R5424 R16272
8,000,000.00 8,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 8,000,000.00
Unknown Tourism Construction/real estate Finance
R25317 R3559 R232 R15642
1,000.00 5,000.00 1,000,000.00 200,000.00
Unknown Unknown Unknown Finance
Chair Chair Director; Shareholder (through Fortress Investment Company International) Chair
R19191 R15530 A5727
175,000.00 6,000.00 5,000.00
Unknown Tourism Trading
Chair Chair Chair Chair Director; Shareholder (10%) Chair
R4509 R3133 R2146 R1002 A5147
5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00
Transport Transport Trading Trading Trading
Chair; Shareholder (49%) Chair Chair
Professional services (tax advisors) Trading
Unknown Hospitality/entertainment
Chair; Director; Shareholder (75%) Chair Chair
R8322; A9983; A9875
10,000,000.00 100,000.00
Trading Professional services - Legal
Heritage Investment Corporation Co. Hun Chea Transport Co. CHSN Transportation Co. CHLK Trading Co. (Cambodian) HC Trading Co. PSZ Trading
Hun Kimleng HML Xat Consulting Hun Kimleng Eastern (Cambodia) International Investment Hun Kimleng F & B Life Style Investment Hun Kimleng Gloria Jean's Coffees (Cambodia) Hun Kimleng HD Rock CafÊ & Shop Hun Kimleng HKLCH Import Export Hun Kimleng HML Consulting
Hun family Company* member
*Companies highlighed in red appear more than once in the table as they are affiliated to more than one member of the Hun family
Company capital at registration in USD* *The majority of these figures can be found by downloading the raw data spreadsheets of company registrations from Cambodia Corporates
*Where the size of the shareholding is not stated it means that the information was unavailable
Sector* *This is based on the best information available including the MoC data set, external information such as corporate websites and, in some cases, the name of the company. For full references contact Global Witness
Hun Kimleng Worldwide Investment Group
Chair; Director; Shareholder
Hun Kimleng Worldwide Investment Incorporation
Chair; Shareholder (100%)
Hun Kimleng Kam Chin International Cooperation Group Hun Maly TK Avenue Hun Maly Cambodia Electricity Private
Shareholder (51%)
Conglomerate - Food & beverages, advisory services, tourism, construction/real estate, mining, trading, hospitality/entertainment Conglomerate - Food & beverages, advisory services, tourism, construction/real estate, mining, trading, hospitality/entertainment Forestry
Retail Energy
Unknown 50,000.00 5,000.00
Unknown Pharmaceuticals Media
Hospitality/entertainment Manufacturing
Unknown Unknown Transport Transport Transport Media
Hun Maly Hun Maly Hun Maly Hun Maly Hun Mana Hun Mana Hun Mana Hun Mana Hun Mana Hun Mana Hun Mana
Chair R25949 Director; Shareholder A6979; A7920; Electric Authority of (5%) Cambodia, Decision on first revision of the license document no.132LD dated May 31 , 2006 for (Cambodia) Electricity Private Co., Ltd. for providing electric power generation service at Phnom Penh city for revising ownership of licensee, 27th November 2013. Document obtained by Global Witness investigators in October 2015. (Cambodian) Food Industries Co Director; Shareholder A6257 Decampharma Shareholder (10%) A7567; A10029 Moon Media (listed as Moon Shareholder; Director A651 Advertising by the MoC) Stone Grill Shareholder A7307 NVC Corporation Chair; Director; A5839 Shareholder (via NH Holding) Ocasis Cambo Investment Chair R7623 Group Co Ocasis Cambo Investment Co Chair R7622 Star Aviation (Cambodia) Chair R18119 Star Airline (Cambodia) Chair R18113 Helistar (Cambodia) Chair R18118 Moon Media (listed as Moon Chair; Director; A311; A651 Advertising by the MoC) Shareholder (51% via NH Holding)
Hun Mana
Bayon Media Hight System Co
Bayon CM Organizer Co
Hun Mana Hun Mana Hun Mana
Jaya Holding Ltd Dragon Royal Telecom Kampuchea Thmey Daily Co
NVN Corporation Co MLM Resort Group Co K Thong Huot Telecom
Hun Mana Hun Mana
NH Holding Viettel (Cambodia) PTE
Royal Group Investment Company The Museum Company Vina (HK) Cambodia Electricity Private
Chair; Director; Shareholder (100%) Chair; Shareholder (25% via Bayon Media Hight System Co) Chair Chair; Director Chair; Director; Shareholder (100%) Chair Chair Director; Shareholder (20%) Representative Shareholder (6% via NH Holding) Director; Shareholder
10,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 (figure only counted once in total despite repetition of company in table) Unknown
R22109; A4765
R15680 A4764 R6193; A473
222,000.00 2,000,000.00 5,000.00
Unknown Telecomms Media
R1850 R3836 A6195
500,000.00 5,000.00 Unknown
Construction/real estate Tourism Retail
A311; A5839; A2534 A2588
Unknown 44,877,168.00
Finance Telecomms
Shareholder Shareholder Director; Shareholder (10%)
A4617 2,500,000.00 A5068 16,000,000.00 A6979; A7920; Electric Authority of Unknown Cambodia, Decision on first revision of the license document no.132LD dated May 31 , 2006 for (Cambodia) Electricity Private Co., Ltd. for providing electric power generation service at Phnom Penh city for revising ownership of licensee, 27th November 2013. Document obtained by Global Witness investigators in October 2015.
Tourism Gambling Energy
Hun Mana Hun Manith
Orkide Villa 3 Cambodia Electricity Private
500,000.00 Unknown
Construction/real estate Energy
Hun Seng Ny Hun Seng Ny
1,000,000.00 5,000.00
Unknown Trading
Hun Seng Ny Hun Seng Ny Hun Seng Ny Hun Seng Ny Hun Seng Ny
D.G.F. (Cambodia) Co. Garuda Import Export (Garuda Group) Hatti Marketing Co Hovercraft HiTec (Cambodia) Co Metal Mining (Cambodia) Co Metal Mining (Cambodia) PLC Rong De Group
Chair R32257 Director, Shareholder A6979; A7920; Electric Authority of (5%) Cambodia, Decision on first revision of the license document no.132LD dated May 31 , 2006 for (Cambodia) Electricity Private Co., Ltd. for providing electric power generation service at Phnom Penh city for revising ownership of licensee, 27th November 2013. Document obtained by Global Witness investigators in October 2015. Chair R3035 Chair R22816 R21768 R21662 R16769; A5955 A8006 A1816
5,000.00 5,000.00 7,500.00 Unknown 5,000.00
Media Unknown Mining Mining Unknown
Hun Seng Ny
UNT Wholesale Co
A5841; A5545
Attwood Investment Group SL Garments
Chair Chair Chair Chair; Shareholder Chair; Director; Shareholder Chair; Director; Shareholder (50%) Shareholder (50%) Director General
1,000,000.00 Unknown
Trading Garments
HLH Agriculture
Garuda Security Services (Garuda Group)
Hun To Hun To Hun To Hun To
HTK Co HTTK Co. Gold Quest LHR Asean Import Export Co
5,000.00 5,000.00 175,000.00 5,000.00
Unknown Unknown Retail Energy
Hun To Leang Vouch Chheng Leang Vouch Chheng
LHR Asean Investment Co NLC Import Export
Chair Chair Chair Chair; Director; Shareholder Director; Agent Chair
A4769 Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen's sister linked to private security firm at SL factory, 14th November 2013, https://www. cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-senssister-linked-to-private-security-firm-atsl-factory-46946/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen's sister tied to company in Boeung Kak land sale, 25th June 2014, https://www.cambodiadaily. com/archives/hun-sens-sister-tied-tocompany-in-boeng-kak-land-sale-62344/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Pneh Post, Court summons Omlaing trio, 19th July 2010, http://www.phnompenhpost. com/national/court-summons-omlaingtrio (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post Petition delivered: Villagers demand land be returned, 11th November 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/ national/petition-delivered-villagersdemand-land-be-returned / (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Chainsaws stayed busy in past year , 26th December 2013, http://www. phnompenhpost.com/national/chainsawsstayed-busy-past-year (last accessed 3rd June 2016) R22816; Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen's sister linked to private security firm at SL factory, 14th November 2013, https://www. cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-senssister-linked-to-private-security-firm-atsl-factory-46946/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) R14878 R25100 R3066 A6749 R20011 R20441
Pacifica Investment Co. (listed as Ppcifica Investment Co. by the MoC)
D & M (Bavet) SEZ Co
Chair; Director; Shareholder (60%); Developer
Men Pheakdey Men Pheakdey Men Pheakdey
CVI Resorts
Chair; Shareholder (30%) Shareholder
Pich Chanmony Pich Chanmony Pich Chanmony Pich Chanmony Pich Chanmony Pich Chanmony Pich Chanmony Pich Chanmony Seng Keang Seng Keang Seng Keang
G Gear Co
Sok Puthyvuth Sok Puthyvuth Sok Puthyvuth Sok Puthyvuth Sok Puthyvuth Sok Puthyvuth Sok Puthyvuth Sok Sopheak
CVI Land Cambodia Electricity Private
A939; Official Cambodian government data collated and displayed on the Open Development Mekong website, https:// cambodia.opendevelopmentmekong.net/ profiles/special-economic-zones/?map_ id=6 (last accessed 1st June 2016) A5205
5 2,000,000.00 (figure only counted once in total despite repetition of company in table)
Director; Shareholder A6979; A7920; Electric Authority of Unknown (10%) Cambodia, Decision on first revision of the license document no.132LD dated May 31 , 2006 for (Cambodia) Electricity Private Co., Ltd. for providing electric power generation service at Phnom Penh city for revising ownership of licensee, 27th November 2013. Document obtained by Global Witness investigators in October 2015. Chair R5729 200,000.00
Chair; Director; Shareholder (100%) Chair
Lady Cosmetic International Corporation Zenoteq Solutions Co
Legend Cinema Co
PMV Entertainment Co
Brands Management Ltd
Director; Shareholder (5%) Chair Chair Chair
R2728 R15426 R20726
Agriculture Unknown Garments
Soma Group company website, http:// www.somagroup.com.kh/index.php/ about-soma/our-teams/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) R3327; A7766
Conglomerate: Trading, agriculture, energy, education, construction/real estate
Khmer Latex Co CMN Star Investment
Rith Mony Samnang Leap Co Seng Kheang Apivath Co Grand Harvest International (GHI) Soma Group
Soma Energy
Soma Ever Green
Chair; Shareholder (100%) Chair
Soma Kova Holding
Tela E&P
Soma Construction & Development Phnom Penh Boat Ride Co
iOne Co
Chair; Director; Shareholder Chair Chair
R18674; A365; A2212
R12909 R7834
5,000.00 100,000.00
Sok Sopheak Cemtes (Cambodia) PTE Sok Sopheak Mtesh Gadgets Co
*Companies highlighed in red appear more than once in the table as they are affiliated to more than one member of the Hun family Sok Sopheak AFZ Co
Sok Sopheak Thai Jackie Tai Hien Thai Jackie Tai Hien Thai Jackie Tai Hien Yim Chhay Lin
Security Services Asia Camcorp Capital Group
Yim Chhay Lin Yim Chhay Lin Yim Chhay Lin Yim Chhay Lin Yim Chhay Lin Yim Leang
*Where the size of the shareholding is not stated it means that the information was unavailable Chair; Director; R20697; A5956; A73; A1891 Shareholder (shareholding transferred from Sok Sopheak to 'SEM TES (CAMBODIA) PTE LTD Represented by Mrs. Sok Sophak' in 2009. Shareholding of ''SEM TES (CAMBODIA) PTE LTD' then transferred 'I ONE represented by Mrs.Sok Sopheak' in 2010) Chair R12220 Chair R8719
5,000.00 1,000,000.00
Security Hospitality/entertainment
Camcorp Capital Investment Chair Group Camcorp Capital Investment Ltd Chair
Decampharma
Chair; Shareholder (20%)
R6884; A7567; A10029
YLL Resorts Co
50,000.00 (figure only counted once in total despite repetition of company in table) 5,000.00
Machhoem Bopea Trading Group Co Phu Yang Ltd
Paradis Ltd
Agriculture; Construction/real estate; Trading
Sovannaphum Mine Exploration Director; Shareholder A1214 & Development Co (50%) Khun Sea Import Export Co Shareholder (10%) A1009; A2247
ANNEX 2 - METHODOLOGY Global Witness was able to obtain original company registration documents and subsequent amendments for almost 23,000 companies registered in Cambodia.331 This constitutes all of the company records that were contained in the Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry in February 2016. In April 2015, the Ministry of Commerce upgraded its corporate registry but the new version suffers severe search limitations and is missing information that was included on the previous version, namely the nationality of company chairs. In addition, it presents a major security risk as the connection to the database is not encrypted plus users must now register and login to the site, allowing the government to monitor who's using it and what searches are being conducted.332 In an increasingly repressive environment this is simply too big a risk for many civil society actors, journalists and ordinary citizens to take. Global Witness has used the Ministry of Commerce dataset – which totals 22,808 company registration entries, and 7,502 amendments - to identify the business holdings of members of the Hun family as well as their private sector links to some of Cambodia's top business tycoons. Investigators searched for company registration documents and amendments that listed the people in question as chairpersons, directors, shareholders representatives or agents. Registered addresses of companies and company chairpersons were also checked in order to identify hidden links. Results from these searches were then cross-checked against other sources of information including additional desk-based research and face-to-face interviews. In order to increase transparency and corporate accountability in Cambodia, Global Witness is launching Cambodia Corporates alongside this briefing. This fully searchable and publicly accessible database includes the entire dataset upon which this investigation is based. If you're an investigator wanting to know more about who owns a particular company, or an investor wanting to make sure you know who you're getting into bed with, then visit: www.cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org
ANNEX 3 - THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK As outlined in the main report, members of the Hun family and companies linked to them have broken various laws in the course of their operations, most notably in the natural resource sector. However, in addition, the family's accumulation of business holdings, and the role this plays in the broader system of patronage which allows the Hun family to maintain control over Cambodian society, does violate national laws in and of itself. This section describes some of the provisions in Cambodia's legal framework aimed at stopping corruption and the inherent weaknesses in those laws which allow the Hun family and their associates to ignore them.
THE ANTI-CORRUPTION UNIT In 2010, Cambodia passed its first Anti-Corruption Law.333 The Law established the Anti-Corruption Unit (ACU) which was tasked with driving the country's efforts to end all forms of graft including:
• Implementing all laws and regulations related to corruption. • Directing the work of preventing and combating corruption.
• Receiving and investigating complaints of corruption and taking action against perpetrators.334
However, despite Article 11 of the Anti-Corruption Law stating that the ACU will "independently undertake its duties", the institution remains firmly under the control of Hun Sen.335 He appoints the body's chairman and vice-chairman and its operations budget is part of the budget package of the Office of the Council of Ministers (Cambodia's cabinet) which is controlled by the prime minister.336 The law also grants the ACU the right to receive donations from national and international organisations, leaving the door open for companies and cronies to buy their way out of corruption charges.337 As a result, the ACU is widely considered to be little help in the fight against corruption and, since its creation, corruption levels remain high.338 In April 2016, the ACU sunk to a new low when it summoned and interrogated seven human rights workers the authorities accused of attempting to bribe the mistress of the deputy opposition leader to deny their extramarital affair. The move was heavily criticised by international and Cambodian human rights organisations as an outrageous misuse of the ACU as a political tool to attack and intimidate civil society.339
ASSET DECLARATION The Anti-Corruption Unit (ACU) is responsible for managing the system of asset declaration, a key tool in any fight against corruption.340 Articles 17 and 18 of the Anti-Corruption Law requires politicians, civil servants, police, and military and civil society leaders to declare their assets every two years.341 At least four members of the Hun family – Hun Manith, Yim Leang, Dy Vichea and Hun Chea - hold public office and have business holdings which, by law, should be declared.342 However, declarations are not conducted publicly and the information on the business holdings of those required to participate is only made available to the ACU.343 Article 38 of the Anti-Corruption Law lays out the punishment for failing to declare assets as just 1 month to a year in prison and a fine of one hundred thousand Riel (US$25) to two million Riel (US$500).344 However as the process happens behind closed doors, it is impossible to know if members of the Hun family are failing to declare any of their personal assets. Another major weakness of the asset declaration process outlined in the Anti-Corruption Law is that it does not require family members of those required to declare their assets to do
the same.345 Therefore, members of the Hun family that do not hold public office are under no obligation to reveal to the public their private sector holdings. This enables them to operate under the radar.
ILLICIT ENRICHMENT Article 36 of the Anti-Corruption Law categorises 'illicit enrichment' as a crime. The law defines it as "an increase in the wealth of an individual and the individual cannot provide reasonable explanation of its increase in comparison to his or her legal income." It states that assets belonging to persons who cannot explain their wealth should be confiscated and become state property.346 Hun Sen certainly appears to be in contravention of this law and therefore acting illegally. He has claimed that he survives solely on his government salary which, according to a statement he made to local reporters, was 4.6 million Riel (US$1,150) per month in 2011.347 However, his lavish lifestyle including assets such as luxury houses appears to discount this possibility. Further disproving his claim, in June 2012, amid widespread protests against rampant land grabbing, the prime minister launched a new land titling scheme. He sent 1,600 student volunteers out into the countryside to demarcate and allocate private titles to villagers all over Cambodia. He boasted that he was paying the student volunteers a monthly salary of around US$220 out of his own pocket.348 If all volunteers were active at any one time this would cost the prime minister US$352,000 per month, more than 300 times his official monthly salary. In another example, in 2013, Hun Sen reportedly boasted in a public speech "I spend hundreds of millions of dollars paying for projects, including raising orphans, disabled children and other organisations. I don't even use the national budget."349 Despite this evidence however, the verdict as to whether a person is guilty of illicit enrichment is based solely on the information provided through asset declaration to the AntiCorruption Unit (ACU).350 As this is done in private, and Hun Sen has de facto control of the ACU, there is slim chance of him or his family members being prosecuted for the crime of illicit enrichment or any other corruption-related offence.
CAMBODIA'S CRIMINAL CODE There are a number of corruption-related offences included in Cambodia's Criminal Code which are also referenced in Article 32 of the Anti-Corruption Law.351 The evidence laid out in this report and backed up by two decades of media exposés and reports from Global Witness and other NGOs, makes a strong case that Hun Sen has broken Cambodian law by contravening Articles 595 and 599 which state the following:
• Article 595: Definition of Influential Deal352
Passive influential deal is an act committed by a civil servant or a citizen entrusted with public mandates through an election to directly or indirectly solicit or accept without authorization the donation, gift, promise, or any interest in order to obtain from a State institution due to real or assumed influence a job, a contract, an insignia or other preferences.
• Article 599: Definition of Favouritism353
Favouritism is an act committed by a civil servant or a citizen entrusted with public mandates through an election to unlawfully give advantages to other persons while making public contract. Examples of where members of the Hun family would appear to have violated these laws are littered throughout this report and are also listed on pages 21-22.
POLITICALLY EXPOSED PERSONS (PEPs) All Hun family members should be considered 'politically exposed persons' (PEPs), either due to their relationship to Hun Sen or, in many cases, as a result of the fact that they themselves hold public office or top positions within state security forces. PEPs are defined by the inter-governmental Financial Action Task Force (FATF) as "individuals who are or have been entrusted domestically with prominent public functions, for example Heads of State or of government, senior politicians, senior government, judicial or military officials, senior executives of state-owned corporations, important political party officials."354 Financial institutions are required by the FATF to 'reasonable measures' to identify PEPs. Where a potential customer or business partner is identified to be a PEP then enhanced due diligence systems must be put in place to ensure that the person in question is not involved in money laundering or other corrupt practices. FATF is clear that these requirements should also apply to family members or close associates of PEPs.355 Cambodia's 2007 Anti-Money Laundering Law does require reporting entities to pay special attention to business relations and transactions with PEPs and "seek additional information as to the origin and destination of the money, the purpose of the transaction and the identity of the transacting parties".356 However, Cambodia's definition of PEPs only encompasses individuals who are or have been entrusted with prominent public function in a foreign country. Neither individuals entrusted with prominent public function in Cambodia nor their family members and close associates are included.357 According to this definition therefore, not one member of the Hun family would be considered a PEP. As a result, in Cambodia's most recent FATF mutual evaluation, which was carried out by the World Bank in 2007, the country is ranked as Non-Compliant in terms of meeting FATF's recommendations on PEPs.358
Global Witness urges the Cambodian government to amend the definition of Politically Exposed persons (PEPs) to include (i) domestic persons and (ii) PEPs' family members and close associates. The problem with PEPs does extend further than just Cambodia. There is no global comprehensive database of PEPs and investors must instead rely on disparate lists put together by various governments, multilateral institutions and risk management firms. There have been attempts to consolidate this information online. In May 2016, Global Witness conducted searches on one such website which collated information on PEPs from a range of sources including CIA World Leaders, the European External Action Service Consolidated Lists, the UN Security Council's Consolidated List and the World Bank's Debarred suppliers for procurement. The only members of the Hun family to be listed were Hun Sen himself and his brother Hun Neng who is a CPP lawmaker. Not one of the other family members listed in this report were named as a PEP, including Hun Sen's three sons, two of which hold top posts in the military and the third who is a parliamentarian.359
MILITARY PERSONNEL Members of the of the Hun family who hold positions in the military and have private sector holdings may well have contravened Article 25 of the 1998 General Statute of Military Personnel of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces which, in an attempt to combat abuse of power, prohibits the following:
• Us[ing] influence and power of their own functions to exploit any advantage…
• Conduct[ing] any business which may harm the honour and dignity of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces.
• Join[ing] as members of the board of directors or to manage companies privately.360
Under this statute, Hun Manith's directorship of Cambodia Electricity private is illegal.361 Yim Leang's 10 per cent shareholding in agriculture and real estate company Khun Sea Import Export also points to illegal behaviour.362 Although Leang is not a director, when asked by local reporters about a land dispute between the company and a group of Phnom Penh residents, he confirmed that he did own the land in question.363 This indicates that his role is broader than the one usually played by a minority shareholder and that he may well be breaking the law by playing a management role in a private company. In addition, Khun Sea Import Export has received negative national and international attention over the intimidation and harassment of residents who refused to leave their homes after their land had been allocated to the company.364 This again violates the 1998 General Statute of Military Personnel of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces by "harm[ing] the honour and dignity of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces."
Global Witness urges the Cambodian government to enforce Article 25 of the 1998 General Statute of Military Personnel of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces by ensuring that military personnel contravening the statute either resign from their military position or get rid of their business holdings.
CORPORATE SECRECY AS A BARRIER TO IDENTIFYING ILLEGALITY Like in many countries, corporate governance in Cambodia is largely conducted behind a wall of secrecy. The Law on Commercial Enterprises stipulates that companies file an annual declaration with the Ministry of Commerce and outlines the punishment they face for filing 'false and misleading reports'.365 However, company reports are not made public and it is therefore impossible to access the information they file or know which companies are complying. In another blow to corporate transparency, Article 230 of the Law on Commercial Enterprises allows a company that "has not issued any securities to the public, or that does not have any outstanding securities held by more than one person" to choose not to appoint an auditor.366 As more than a quarter (26%) of the companies linked to members of the Hun family are classified by the Ministry of Commerce as Single Member Private Limited Companies (meaning that they only have one shareholder), this reduces the level of scrutiny by removing the requirement for them to hire an auditor.367
ANNEX 4 - BREAKDOWN OF KEY FINDINGS Below is a breakdown of two of the key findings outlined in Hostile Takeover. The information is based solely on official data from Cambodia's Ministry of Commerce.
• Figure 2 below shows a breakdown of the ways in which the Hun family are linked to the
114 companies which they have interests in. 103 of these companies (90%) count the family member as chairperson, director or as having a shareholding of more than 25%, meaning that they exercise total or substantial control.368
9 Chairmanships (unknown if also a shareholder)
Where family member is both chair and shareholder
Type of holding
Where family member is listed solely as director
Where family member is both director and shareholder Shareholder only Representative
•Figure 3 shows the breakdown of the type of companies that Hun family members are linked to. It should be noted
that 30 companies (26%) of the total 114 with links to the family are listed as a 'Single Member Private Limited Company' meaning that the entire share capital issued is held or owned by one single person. Hun family members are listed as company directors or chairs in all 30 of these cases, therefore it his highly likely that a member of the family is the sole owner of the majority, if not all, of these companies.369
11 30 Single Member Private Limited Company
Private Limited Company Public Limited Company Unknown
ENDNOTES 1 References for the points made in this section can be found in the main body of the report unless otherwise indicated. 2 Radio Free Asia, Hun Sen declares assets, 1st April 2011, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/ cambodia/assets-04012011163501.html (last accessed 5th June 2016) 3 Anti Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, Article 11, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/land-law_010430.html (last accessed 4th June 2016); Radio Free Asia, Hun Sen declares assets, 1st April 2011, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/ assets-04012011163501.html (last accessed 5th June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Hun Sen set to declare assets, 1st April 2011, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/hun-sen-set-declare-assets (last accessed 5th June 2015) 4 Anti Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, Articles 13, 17, 18 & 38, http:// www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/land-law_010430.html (last accessed 4th June 2016); Radio Free Asia, Hun Sen declares assets, 1st April 2011, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/ cambodia/assets-04012011163501.html (last accessed 5th June 2016); 5 Transparency International, Corruption Perception Index, 2015, http://www.transparency. org/cpi2015#results-table (last accessed 5th June 2016) 6 Radio Free Asia, Hun Sen declares assets, 1st April 2011, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/ cambodia/assets-04012011163501.html (last accessed 5th June 2016) 7 Brad Adams, New York Times, 10,000 Days of Hun Sen, 31st May 2012, http://www. nytimes.com/2012/06/01/opinion/10000-days-of-hun-sen.html (last accessed 4th June 2016); Sebastian Strangio, Hun Sen's Cambodia, 2014, p.134, https://books.google. co.uk/books?id=xRY2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=sebastian+strangio,+combined+wealth+billion+dollars&source=bl&ots=ecSAtu2foe&sig=U0fHEy6D9svsP2KdG2Ca8hm1uc4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYyMqR5eDKAhWGXBQKHXtJDTYQ6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=sebastian%20strangio%2C%20combined%20wealth%20billion%20dollars&f=false (last accessed 5th June 2016)
18 Analysis based on official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry, data extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. All data accessible at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/. For information on company type download the raw data spreadsheets of company registrations. 19 Human Rights Watch, 30 Years of Hun Sen - Violence, Repression, and Corruption in Cambodia, January 2015, pp.2 & 22, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cambodia0115_ForUpload.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); 20 Human Rights Watch, 30 Years of Hun Sen - Violence, Repression, and Corruption in Cambodia, January 2015, p.3, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cambodia0115_ForUpload.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); 21 Human Rights Watch, 30 Years of Hun Sen - Violence, Repression, and Corruption in Cambodia, January 2015, pp.49, 50-51, 54-55, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/ reports/cambodia0115_ForUpload.pdf (last accessed 4th June 2016); Human Rights Watch, Cambodia: Threats, Intimidation Mar Campaign, 26th July 2008, https://www.hrw.org/ news/2008/07/26/cambodia-threats-intimidation-mar-campaign (last accessed 5th June 2016) 22 Human Rights Watch, 30 Years of Hun Sen - Violence, Repression, and Corruption in Cambodia, January 2015, p.2, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cambodia0115_ForUpload.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); 23 Office of the United States Trade Representative, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/southeast-asia-pacific/Cambodia- (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Royal Embassy of Cambodia to UK, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Ethiopia and African Union, Investing Cambodia, 2013-2014, p.20, http://www.cambodianembassy.org.uk/publications/PDF/ Tourism/Investing%20in%20Cambodia%202013-2014.pdf (last accessed 5th June 2016); Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) website, Aid at a glance charts, https://public.tableau.com/views/OECDDACAidataglancebyrecipient_new/Recipients?:embed=y&:display_count=yes&:showTabs=y&:toolbar=no?&:showVizHome=no (select 'Cambodia' from the drop down menu – last accessed 5th June 2016) 24 CNN, In Cambodia, John Kerry balances trade ties with warning on human rights, 26th January 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/26/asia/kerry-cambodia-human-rights/ (last accessed 5th June 2016)
8 Human Rights Watch, 30 Years of Hun Sen - Violence, Repression, and Corruption in Cambodia, January 2015, pp.1, 42-44 & 55, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ cambodia0115_ForUpload.pdf (last accessed 5th June 2016); Human Rights Council, United Nations General Assembly, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review – Cambodia, 27th March 2014, pp.10,12,13 & 15, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/ UNDOC/GEN/G14/127/27/PDF/G1412727.pdf?OpenElement (last accessed 5th June 2016); United Nations General Assembly, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review – Cambodia, 4th January 2010, pp.10, 18 & 55, http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/ Documents/Session6/KH/A_HRC_13_4_KHM_E.pdf (last accessed 5th June 2016);
25 Remarks by President Barak Obama at opening session of US-ASEAN summit, White House press office, 15th February 2016, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/02/15/remarks-president-obama-opening-session-us-asean-summit (last accessed 5th June 2016); Diplomat, What did the US-ASEAN Sunnylands Summit achieve?, 18th February 2016, http://thediplomat.com/2016/02/what-did-the-us-asean-sunnylands-summit-achieve/ (last accessed 5th June 2016); Reuters, Obama, Southeast Asia leaders eye China and trade at California summit, 16th February 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/ us-usa-asean-idUSKCN0VO0GO (last accessed 5th June 2016); LA Times, Obama hosts ASEAN summit, a first in the US, 15th February 2016, http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/ la-fg-asean-summit-qa-20160215-story.html (last accessed 5th June 2016)
9 This comprises 21 members of the family, including three of Hun Sen's children, all five of his children-in-law and numerous members of his extended family, including his younger sister and some of his nieces and nephews and their spouses.
26 CNN, In Cambodia, John Kerry balances trade ties with warning on human rights, 26th January 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/26/asia/kerry-cambodia-human-rights/ (last accessed 5th June 2016)
10 Human Rights Watch, Cambodia: New Waves of Repression, 27th January 2016, https:// www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/27/cambodia-new-waves-repression (last accessed 5th June 2016)
27 Khmer Times, Cambodia is open for business, PM tells Americas, 15th February 2016, http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/21410/cambodia-is-open-for-investment--pm-tellsamerica/ (last accessed 5th June 2016);
11 World Bank, Poverty has fallen, yet many Cambodians are still at risk of slipping back into poverty, new report finds, 20th February 2014, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/02/20/poverty-has-fallen-yet-many-cambodians-are-still-at-risk-of-slipping-backinto-poverty (last accessed 5th June 2016)
28 Council for the Development of Cambodia, Cambodian Investment Board and Cambodian Special Economic Zone Board website, Investment Trend, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/investment-enviroment/investment-trend.html (last accessed 2nd June 2016)
12 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) website, About Cambodia, http://www. kh.undp.org/content/cambodia/en/home/countryinfo.html (last accessed 5th June 2016) 13 Sebastian Strangio, Hun Sen's Cambodia, 2014, p.134, https://books.google.co.uk/ books?id=xRY2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=sebastian+strangio,+combined+wealth+billion+dollars&source=bl&ots=ecSAtu2foe&sig=U0fHEy6D9svsP2KdG2Ca8hm1uc4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYyMqR5eDKAhWGXBQKHXtJDTYQ6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=sebastian%20strangio%2C%20combined%20wealth%20billion%20dollars&f=false (last accessed 5th June 2016) 14 This comprises 21 members of the family, including three of Hun Sen's children, all five of his children-in-law and numerous members of his extended family, including his younger sister and some of his nieces and nephews and their spouses. 15 Analysis based on official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry, data extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. All data accessible at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/. For information on company capital download the raw data spreadsheets of company registrations. 16 Analysis based on official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry, data extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. All data accessible at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/; Note that 25% is suggested by the Financial Action Task Force (the body that sets the international anti-money standards) as the threshold at which a person becomes a "beneficial owner", or ultimate owner, of a company. See Financial Action Task Force, International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism & Proliferation, February 2012, p.60 http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/pdfs/FATF_Recommendations.pdf (last accessed 8th June 2016) 17 Analysis based on official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry, data extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. All data accessible at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/
29 Analysis based on official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry, data extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. For a complete list of companies linked to the Hun family see the infographic on page 16 or Annex 1 on page 33. 30 Analysis based on official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry, data extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. All data accessible at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/. For information on company capital download the raw data spreadsheets of company registrations; For a complete list of companies linked to the Hun family see the infographic on page 16 or Annex 1 on page 33. 31 Sebastian Strangio, Hun Sen's Cambodia, 2014, p.134, https://books.google.co.uk/ books?id=xRY2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=hun+family+shell+companies&source=bl&ots=ecTBnr9frl&sig=2ED9hIEYx2dkMjqcJqQiTETszIc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsm5_O5o7NAhUFJsAKHR9-D08Q6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=hun%20family%20 shell%20companies&f=false (last accessed 4th June 2016); The agriculture company Timbergreen that was linked to an illegal logging syndicate operating in Koh Kong province and whose former employee was charged with murder over the killing of forest activist Chut Wutty in 2012 is also rumored to be a Hun business by proxy. The link has never been proven but the company does share an address with a number of sand dredging companies all directed by individuals with business ties to the Hun family. 32 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R18831,A1009,A2247; Phnom Penh Post, Fight gets venomous, 31st October 2013, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/fight-gets-venomous (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, First snakes, now 'arson', 18th March 2014, http://www. phnompenhpost.com/national/first-snakes-now-%E2%80%98arson%E2%80%99 (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, For communities, threats routine, 8th May 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/communities-threats-routine (last accessed
4th June 2016); Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/ search?type=ids&id=R22816; Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen's sister linked to private security firm at SL factory, 14th November 2013, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-sens-sister-linked-to-private-security-firm-at-sl-factory-46946/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 33 Licadho, press release, LICADHO Calls for Restoration of Open Access to Companies Register, 25th June 2015, http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/pressrelease.php?perm=387 (last accessed 5th June 2015) 34 Royal Government of Cambodia Ministry of Commerce company registration database, http://www.moc.gov.kh/en-us/company-registration (last accessed April 2016). Note that the website is often unavailable. 35 Licadho, Going offline? The threat to Cambodia's new found internet freedoms, May 2015, p.16, https://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/205LICADHOReport-GoingOfflineInternetFreedoms-English.pdf (last accessed 5th June 2016); Asian Correspondent, Cambodia asks Interpol to help nab Facebook user for insulting PM's wife, 20th January 2016, https:// asiancorrespondent.com/2016/01/cambodia-asks-interpol-to-help-nab-facebook-user-forinsulting-pms-wife/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Hun Manet launches lawsuit over Facebook post, 23rd January 2016, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/hunmanet-launches-lawsuit-over-facebook-post-106215/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Police arrest free woman in latest facebook case, 26th January 2016, https:// www.cambodiadaily.com/news/police-arrest-free-woman-in-latest-facebook-case-106377/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Associated Press (AP), Cambodian to appeal jail sentence for Facebook comment, 16th March 2016, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/db63270ac5d849d3bb673b66c279fc44/cambodian-appeal-jail-sentence-facebook-comment (last accessed 4th June 2016) 36 Licadho, New Draft Law Reaffirms Culture of Control , 11th June 2015, p.1, http://www. licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/207LICADHOMemo-LANGODraftJune2015-English.pdf. pdf (last accessed 5th June 2016) 37 Licadho, Cambodia's Law On Telecommunications - A Legal Analysis, March 2016, pp.1-2, https://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/214LICADHOTelecomsLawLegalAnalysis_March2016ENG.pdf (last accessed 5th June 2016) 38 Licadho, Going offline? The threat to Cambodia's new found internet freedoms, May 2015, p.16, https://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/205LICADHOReport-GoingOfflineInternetFreedoms-English.pdf (last accessed 5th June 2016); 39 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) website, About Cambodia, http://www. kh.undp.org/content/cambodia/en/home/countryinfo.html (last accessed 5th June 2016) 40 Human Rights Watch, 30 Years of Hun Sen - Violence, Repression, and Corruption in Cambodia, January 2015, pp.48, 52 & 54, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ cambodia0115_ForUpload.pdf (last accessed 5th June 2016); Voice of America, Opposition Leader Claims He Was Right to Choose Exile, 5th May 2016, http://www.voacambodia.com/a/ opposition-leader-claims-he-was-right-to-choose-exile/3315539.html (last accessed 5th June 2016); A number of Cambodians involved in Global Witness' 2007 Family Trees report were forced to leave Cambodia for their own security as well as that of their families. 41 Global Witness, Cambodia Corporates, www.cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org 42 Phnom Penh Post, Hun Sen gives new cabinet its tasks, 11th December 1998, http://www. phnompenhpost.com/national/hun-sen-gives-new-cabinet-its-tasks (last accessed 5th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen hands more four star promotions to 6 police chiefs, 6th February 2014, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-sen-hands-more-four-starpromotions-to-6-police-chiefs-51541/ (last accessed 5th June 2016); Reuters, Cambodia's ruling party promotes PM's sons, top allies, 2nd February 2015, http://www.reuters.com/ article/us-cambodia-politics-idUSKBN0L611S20150202#Iz3OoIohm1AOOuHZ.97 (last accessed 4th June 2016); Tim Kelsall and Heng Seiha, Effective States and Inclusive Devleopment (esid), The political settlement and economic growth in Cambodia, September 2014, page 26, http://www.effective-states.org/wp-content/uploads/working_papers/final-pdfs/ esid_wp_37_kelsall_seiha.pdf; Royal Government of Cambodia Ministries of Interior and Ministry of Land Management, Inter-Ministerial Prakas on Appointment of Cadastral Commission Members at Municipal and Provincial Levels, No. 076 PK/, 16th July 2002, http:// www.skpcambodia.com/Laws%20&%20Regulations%20of%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20 Cambodia/Property%20&%20Land%20Law/PKJ-MOI-MLUMPC-076-02-Appoint%20PMCC-E. pdf (last accessed 4th June 2016); Asian Parliamentary Assembly (APA),The 8th Plenary Session, List of Participants, 7-12th December 2015, p.2, http://apa.nac-kh.org/doc/8th/List%20 of%20PARTICIATIONS%20of%20All%20Delegations,%2008%20Dec.%202015.pdf (last accessed 4th June 2016); Human Rights Watch, 30 Years of Hun Sen - Violence, Repression, and Corruption in Cambodia, January 2015, p.58, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/ reports/cambodia0115_ForUpload.pdf (last accessed 5th June 2016); Agence Kampuchea Presse (AKP), Techo Volunteer Youth Doctor Association Provides Free Medical Treatment for People in Siem Reap Province , 2nd Februray 2015, http://www.akp.gov.kh/?p=57597 (last accessed 4th June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Saint John expands humanitarian services through Phnom Penh Corps, 7th August 2015, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-plus/ saint-john-expands-humanitarian-services-through-phnom-penh-corps (last accessed 4th June 2016) 43 Analysis based on official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry, data extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. All data accessible at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/. For a complete list of companies linked to the Hun family see the infographic on page 16 or Annex 1 on page 33. 44 Brad Adams, New York Times, 10,000 Days of Hun Sen, 31st May 2012, http://www. nytimes.com/2012/06/01/opinion/10000-days-of-hun-sen.html (last accessed 4th June 2016); Sebastian Strangio, Hun Sen's Cambodia, 2014, p.134, https://books.google.
co.uk/books?id=xRY2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=sebastian+strangio,+combined+wealth+billion+dollars&source=bl&ots=ecSAtu2foe&sig=U0fHEy6D9svsP2KdG2Ca8hm1uc4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYyMqR5eDKAhWGXBQKHXtJDTYQ6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=sebastian%20strangio%2C%20combined%20wealth%20billion%20dollars&f=false (last accessed 5th June 2016); Bertil Lintner, Asia Times, One big happy family, 20th March 2007, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IC20Ae03.html (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodian Human Rights Taskforce, Hun Sen and Bun Rany's children, 19th December 2015, http://www.chrtf.net/2015/12/19/hun-sen-and-bun-ranys-children/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 45 Analysis based on official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry, data extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. For an overview of the breakdown by sector of companies linked to the Hun family see figure 1 on page 11. For a complete list of companies linked to the Hun family see the infographic on page 16 or Annex 1 on page 33. 46 To see the links between the Hun family and trading companies go to Cambodia Corporates (https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org ) and search for the following records: registration 2425 (Pich Sambath Import Export – Dy Chouch), amendment 1319 (C Pimex – Dy Chouch), amendment 5727 ([Cambodian] International Franchise – Hun Chantha), registration 16024 (Advance Development Group – Hun Chantha), amendment 5727 (Cambodian International Franchise – Hun Chantha), registration 1002 ([Cambodian] HC Trading – Hun Chea), registration 2146 (CHLK Trading – Hun Chea), amendment 5147 (PSZ Trading – Hun Chea), amendment 799, (Eastern [Cambodia] International Investment – Hun Kimleng), registration 23359 (HKLCH Import Export – Hun Kimleng), amendment 5952 (Worldwide Investment Group – Hun Kimleng), registration 22816 (Garuda Import Export – Hun Seng Ny), amendment 5841 (UNT Wholesale – Hun Seng Ny), amendment 4769 (Attwood Investment Group – Hun Seng Ny), registration 20441 (NLC Import Export – Leang Vouch Chheng), registration 13625 (Soma Kova Holding – Sok Puthyvuth), registration 17887 (Macchoem Bopea Trading Group – Yim Chhay Lin), registration 18831 (Khun Sea Import Export – Yim Leang) 47 World Bank World Integrated Trade Solution website, Cambodia Trade Summary 2013 Data, http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/KHM/Year/2013/Summary (last accessed 1st June 2016) 48 Dev Kar and Joseph Spanjers, Global Financial Integrity, Illicit Financial Flows from Developing Countries: 2004-2013, December 2015, p.34 and p.36, http://www.gfintegrity.org/ wp-content/uploads/2015/12/IFF-Update_2015-Final.pdf (last accessed 1st June 2016) 49 Global Financial Integrity website, Trade Misinvoicing page, http://www.gfintegrity.org/ issue/trade-misinvoicing/ (last accessed 1st June 2016) 50 Global Witness, The Cost of Luxury, February 2015, pp.20-21 https://www.globalwitness. org/documents/17788/the_cost_of_luxury_1.pdf (last accessed 1st June 2016) 51 To see the links between the Hun family and four agricultural companies go to Cambodia Corporates (https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org) and search for the following records: registration 2728 (Rithmony Samnang Leap – Seang Keang), registration 1435 (Soma Ever Green – Sok Puthyvuth), amendment 8441 (Khmer Latex – Pich Chanmony) and amendment 2247 (Khun Sea Import Export – Yim Leang); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Country fact sheet on food and agriculture policy trends: Cambodia, April 2014, p.1, http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/009/i3761e/i3761e.pdf (last accessed 1st June 2016). 52 To see the links between the Hun family and mining companies go to Cambodia Corporates (https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org) and search for the following records: registration 16097 (The VC Group – Dy Vichea), registration 16769 (Metal Mining Cambodia Co – Hun Seng Ny), amendment 8006 (Metal Mining Cambodia PLC – Hun Seng Ny), amendment 5415 (Worldwide Investment Incorporation - Hun Kimleng), amendment 1570 Phu Yang Cambodia – Yim Chhay Lin) and amendment 1214 (Sovannaphum Mine Exploration & Development – Yim Chhay Linn); For information on the mining licences held by these companies see the following sources of information: • Worldwide Investment Incorporation company website, Mining page, http://www.worldwidegroup.com.kh/portfolio/mining/ (last accessed 1st June 2016). Company Worldwide Investment Group - concession in Oddar Meanchey province. • Phnom Penh Securities PLC, Mining Sector in Cambodia, June 2011, p.4, http://www.pps. com.kh/PPSWEB/PPSUploadFiles/iv/161_en-us.pdf (last accessed 1st June 2016). Company Phu Yang – concessions in Battambang and Pailin provinces. • Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Exploration License No 532, August 4, 2008, http:// www.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/references/Exploration_License_Titan_Mineral_Group__04.08.2008.pdf (last accessed 1st June 2016). Company VC Group – concessions in Stung Treng and Preah Vihear. 53 Natural Resource Governance Institute website, http://www.resourcegovernance.org/ our-work/country/cambodia (last accessed 1st June 2016) 54 Global Witness website, Cambodia page, https://www.globalwitness.org/en-gb/campaigns/cambodia/ 55 Phnom Penh Post, Approved construction investments up 30 per cent in 2015, 14th January 2016, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/real-estate/approved-construction-investments-30-cent-2015 (last accessed 1st June 2016) 56 To see the links between the Hun family and seven construction companies go to Cambodia Corporates (https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org) and search for the following records: registration 5424 (Fortress Construction – Hun Chantha), amendment 5952 (Worldwide Investment Group – Hun Kimleng), registration 25207 (Soma Construction & Development – Sok Puthyvuth), registration 12380 (Emperor Group – Dy Vichea), registration 1850 (NVN Corporation – Hun Mana), registration 32257 (Orkide Villa 3 – Hun Mana), registration 18831 (Khun Sea Import Export – Yim Leang); Phnom Penh Post, Rules being
ignored amid building boom, 2nd March 2016, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/ rules-being-ignored-amid-building-boom (last accessed 1st June 2016)
and 7920 (Cambodia Electricity Private – Hun Mana, Hun Manith, Hun Maly, Dy Vichea and Men Pheakdey)
57 Reporters Without Borders and the Cambodian Centre for Independent Media, Who Owns the Media? Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) project website, data from 2015, http://momkh.com/en/pages/concentration & http://mom-kh.com/en/pages/affiliations (last accessed 1st June 2016)
75 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R3327,A7766. For information on company capital download the raw data spreadsheets of company registrations from Cambodia Corporates.
58 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/ search?type=ids&id=A7110 & https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A473,R6193; Reporters Without Borders and the Cambodian Centre for Independent Media, Who Owns the Media? Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) project website, data from 2015, http://mom-kh.com/en/companies/11 & http://mom-kh.com/en/print_media/27 59 Freedom House, Freedom of the Press 2015, Cambodia page on website, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/cambodia (last accessed 1st June 2016) 60 Analysis conducted by Global Witness based on official Cambodian government data collated and displayed on the Open Development Mekong website, https://cambodia.opendevelopmentmekong.net/profiles/special-economic-zones/ (last accessed 1st June 2016) 61 Council for the Development of Cambodia, Cambodian Investment Board and Cambodian Special Economic Zone Board website, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/ incentives.html (last accessed 1st June 2016) 62 The Cambodia Herald, Cambodia's 2015 goods export value up about US $4.5 Billion, 11th December 2015, http://thecambodiaherald.com/cambodia/cambodia%E2%80%99s-2015goods-export-value-up-about-us-45-billion-9106 (last accessed 1st June 2016) 63 Council for the Development of Cambodia, Cambodian Investment Board and Cambodian Special Economic Zone Board website, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/legalframe-for-the-special-economic-zone-sez-scheme.html & http://www.cambodiainvestment. gov.kh/about-us/who-we-are.html (last accessed 1st June 2016) 64 Council for the Development of Cambodia, Cambodian Investment Board and Cambodian Special Economic Zone Board website, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/ about-us/what-we-can-provite.html, (last accessed 1st June 2016) 65 Official Cambodian government data collated and displayed on the Open Development Mekong website, https://cambodia.opendevelopmentmekong.net/profiles/special-economic-zones/ (last accessed 1st June 2016)
76 Soma Energy company website, http://www.somaenergy.com.kh/project.php#.VmXCYTEnwqM (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 77 General Electric company fact sheet, date unknown, p.2 http://www.ge.com/cb/ docs/1443625388354_FACT_SHEET_CB_Sept_15.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 78 Sydney Morning Herald, Drugs: our man in Cambodia, 26th March 2012, http://www.smh. com.au/national/investigations/drugs-our-man-in-cambodia-20120325-1vsiz.html (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Drug connection denied, 27th March 2012, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/drug-connection-denied (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Hun To hits back at allegations of drug smuggling, 19th March 2012, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-to-hits-back-at-allegations-of-drugsmuggling-1576/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Voice of America Khmer, Hun Sen Nephew Denies Australian Report of Drug Trafficking, 26th March 2012, http://www.voacambodia. com/a/hun-sen-nephew-denies-australian-report-of-drug-trafficking-144286045/1353234. html (last accessed 4th June 2016); Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates. globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A6749 & https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness. org/search?type=ids&id=R20011 79 Visions Cambodia, Weekly publication of the Royal Embassy of Cambodia to UK, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Ethiopia and African Union, Issue 11: 7th -13th March 2016, p.2 http://www.cambodianembassy.org.uk/publications/PDF/Visions_of_Cambodia/2014/Newsletter%20Issue%2011_%2007%20-%2013%20MAR%202016.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Links to online listings of LHR petrol stations include: • Yellow Pages Cambodia, http://yp.com.kh/listings/kh53592-lhr-gas-station-2 • Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/pages/Lhr-Gas-Station/183972255024182 • Four Square, https://foursquare.com/v/lhr-petrol-station/4f407e00e4b020398cac8bc2 • Glopoi, https://glopoi.com/cambodia/places/lhr-gas-station-petrol-pump-mphey-osakphea-svay-pao-batd%C3%A2mb%C3%A2ng
66 Analysis conducted by Global Witness based on official Cambodian government data collated and displayed on the Open Development Mekong website, https://cambodia.opendevelopmentmekong.net/profiles/special-economic-zones/ (last accessed 1st June 2016)
• Trip Advisor, https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/ShowUserReviews-g1893367-d4206543-r37650 0416-Adventure_Rider_Asia_Motorcycle_Private_Tours-Sen_Monorom_Mondulkiri_Province.html
67 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A939; Official Cambodian government data collated and displayed on the Open Development Mekong website, https://cambodia.opendevelopmentmekong.net/profiles/ special-economic-zones/?map_id=6 (last accessed 1st June 2016)
• Vacations map, http://www.vacationsmap.com/en/cambodia/poi/fuel/lhr-map (all sources last accessed on 2nd June 2016)
68 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R20441; Official Cambodian government data collated and displayed on the Open Development Mekong website, https://cambodia.opendevelopmentmekong.net/ profiles/special-economic-zones/?map_id=22 (last accessed 1st June 2016) 69 Kongchheng Poch, Economic Institute of Cambodia, August 2012, Cambodia's Electricity Sector in the Context of Regional Electricity Market, Integration, p.3, http://www.eria.org/ Chapter%207-Cambodia's%20Electricity%20Sector%20in%20the%20Context%20of%20 Regional%20Electricity%20Market%20Integration.pdf o/wiki/Cambodia_Energy_Situation (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 70 Phnom Penh Post, Power bill spike raises alarm, 3rd July 2015, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/power-bill-spikes-raise-alarm (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 71 Khmer Times, Consumers demand lower gas prices, 21st October 2015, http://www. khmertimeskh.com/news/17022/consumers-demand-lower-gas-prices/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 72 Mark Grimsditch, 3S Rivers Protection Network and International Rivers, 2012, 3S Rivers Under Threat: Understanding new threats and challenges from hydropower development to biodiversity and community rights in the 3S River Basin, pp.15-16, http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/attached-files/3s_rivers_english.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); World Bank data shows Cambodia's rural population from 2011-2014 as 12,183,722 in a total population of 15.33 million (79.48%). World Bank website, Rural population, http://data. worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL & http://data.worldbank.org/country/cambodia (last accessed 3rd June 2016). 73 The Cambodia Herald, Hun Sen says all villages to have electricity by 2020, 20th February 2013, http://www.thecambodiaherald.com/cambodia/hun-sen-says-all-villages-to-haveelectricity-by-2020-3449 (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 74 To see the links between the Hun family and energy companies go to Cambodia Corporates (https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org) and search for the following records: registration 3327 (Soma Energy – Sok Puthyvuth, registration 20011 (LHR Asean Import Export – Hun To), amendment 6749 (LHR Asean Import Export – Hun To), amendment 6529 (Kampuchea Tela – Bun Rany under her birth name Bun Sam Heang) and amendments 6979
80 Note that the company is listed as '(Cambodia) Electricity Private Co., Ltd C.E.P' by the Ministry of Commerce; Electric Authority of Cambodia, Report on power sector of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2013 edition, annex 3, p.77, http://eac.gov.kh/wp-content/ uploads/2014/07/report-2012en.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Electric Authority of Cambodia, Report on power sector of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2015 edition, annex 3, p.88 http://eac.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/report-2014en.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/ search?type=ids&id=A6979,A7920; Electric Authority of Cambodia, Decision on first revision of the license document no.132LD dated May 31 , 2006 for (Cambodia) Electricity Private Co., Ltd. for providing electric power generation service at Phnom Penh city for revising ownership of licensee, 27th November 2013. Document obtained by Global Witness investigators in October 2015. 81 Electric Authority of Cambodia, Report on power sector of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2013 edition, annex 3, p.77, http://eac.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/report-2012en. pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Electric Authority of Cambodia, Report on power sector of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2015 edition, annex 3, p.88 http://eac.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/report-2014en.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 82 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A6979,A7920; Electric Authority of Cambodia, Decision on first revision of the license document no.132LD dated May 31 , 2006 for (Cambodia) Electricity Private Co., Ltd. for providing electric power generation service at Phnom Penh city for revising ownership of licensee, 27th November 2013. Document obtained by Global Witness investigators in October 2015. 83 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A6979,A7920 84 1998 General Statute of Military Personnel of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces, Article 25, p.4, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/93508/109344/F811412622/ KHM93508%20Eng.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 85 Bun Rany's shareholding in Kampuchea Tela was listed under her birth name of 'Bun Sam Heang'; Harish C. Mehta, Julie B. Mehta, Strongman: The Extraordinary Life of Hun Sen, 15th May 2013, pp16, 28 & 389, https://books.google.com.kh/books?id=2SqJAAAAQBAJ&p-
g=PA389&lpg=PA389&dq=un+rany+sam+hieng&source=bl&ots=7y1vaYi4oq&sig=xN5KskSgIQhDItuJuIR5aPGqX9c&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn3v_Kg7DJAhUBkpQKHaY3D_oQ6AEIJjAB#v=onepage&q=Bun%20sam%20hieng&f=false (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A6529 86 Cambodia Daily, Elite's children find love in a hot political climate, 17th January 2004, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/elites-children-find-love-in-a-hot-political-climate-870/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Sokimex, Tela wins gov't oil bid, 'big family' bows out, 5th March 2004, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/sokimextela-win-govt-oil-bid-big-family-bows-out-38792/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 87 Cambodia Daily, Sokimex, Tela wins gov't oil bid, 'big family' bows out, 5th March 2004, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/sokimex-tela-win-govt-oil-bid-big-family-bowsout-38792/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 88 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R18807 89 Conversations between Global Witness investigators and well-placed sources inside Cambodia; Khmer Intelligence Yahoo Group, 23rd May 2005, https://groups.yahoo.com/ neo/groups/khmerintelligence/conversations/topics/522?var=1 (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Sebastian Strangio, Hun Sen's Cambodia, 2014, pp. 133, https://books.google.co.uk/ books?id=xRY2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA133&dq=hun+sen+and+kampuchea+tela&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPpantlonNAhVqJMAKHSrGC_IQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=hun%20sen%20 and%20kampuchea%20tela&f=false (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 90 Associated Press (AP), Call him Lord Prime Minister: Cambodia wants PM's title used, 12th May 2016, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f9830936773f42dfa809b2e2de74283e/call-me-lordprime-minister-cambodia-wants-pm-title-used (last accessed 5th June 2016) 91 Analysis based on official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Hun Mana's individual business holdings are listed in the infographic on page 16 or Annex 1 on page 33. The raw data can be found on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org. 92 Analysis based on official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Hun Mana's individual business holdings are listed in the infographic on page 16 or Annex 1 on page 33. The raw data can be found on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org. 93 Email to Global Witness from a well-placed source in Cambodia who must remain anonymous, 11th May 2016. 94 Reporters Without Borders and the Cambodian Centre for Independent Media, Who Owns the Media? Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) project website, data from 2015, http://momkh.com/en/pages/owner (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 95 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A7110 96 Reporters Without Borders and the Cambodian Centre for Independent Media, Who Owns the Media? Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) project website, data from 2015, http://momkh.com/en/companies/11%20/ & http://mom-kh.com/en/radio_media/21 (last accessed 1st June 2016) 97 Based on an incomplete list of military-corporate sponsorships obtained by Global Witness in 2010. For additional background information, see Global Witness' press release published when the 'culture of sharing' scheme launched: https://www.globalwitness. org/en-gb/archive/global-witness-urges-cambodias-donors-condemn-sponsorship-military-units-private-businesses/ 98 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R6193,A473; Reporters Without Borders and the Cambodian Centre for Independent Media, Who Owns the Media? Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) project website, data from 2015, http://mom-kh.com/en/print_media/27 (last accessed 1st June 2016); Human Rights Watch, Cambodia: Systematic Problems Undermine Elections, 26th July 2013, https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/07/26/cambodia-systematic-problems-undermine-elections (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 99 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A4765,R22109; CMO Group company website, http://www.cmo-group.com/ en/corp_info_milestone.php (last accessed 2nd June 2016); CMO Group annual report 2010, p.6, http://cmo-group.com/ir/uploads/annual-report/2010_ar_23_en.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 100 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A4765 101 Moon Media is listed as 'Moon Advertising' on the Ministry of Commerce database;
Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A311,A651; Moon Media company website, http://www.moonmedia.com.kh/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 102 Moon Media company website, http://www.moonmedia.com.kh/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 103 Moon Media is listed as 'Moon Advertising' on the Ministry of Commerce database; Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A651 104 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A4617; For information on company capital download the raw data spreadsheets of company registrations from Cambodia Corporates; The Nation Business website, Thai firms prepare for evacuation, 17th October 2008, http://www.nationmultimedia. com/2008/10/17/business/business_30086249.php (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 105 Angkor National Museum website, http://www.angkornationalmuseum.com/about_ anm/1 (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Tourism Cambodia website, http://www.tourismcambodia.com/travelguides/provinces/siem-reap/what-to-see/426_angkor-national-museum. htm (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 106 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R3836 107 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates athttps://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id =R18118,R18119,R18113 108 Helistar company website, http://helistarcambodia.com/category/siem-reap-explorer-tours/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 109 Helistar company website, http://helistarcambodia.com/flight-information/helipad-location/ & http://helistarcambodia.com/helistar-cambodia/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 110 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A5839; Vital company website, http://vital.com.kh/site/en/company/history. html (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 111 Vital company website, http://www.vital.com.kh/site/en/qualification/supports.html (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 112 NVC Corporation shares a registered address (No.17, St.55, Sangkat Chak Tomuk, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh) with companies associated to Lao Meng Khin and his wife Choeung Sopheap – specifically her brother, Choeung Thean Seng, and daughter, Choeung Sokuntheavy; Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/ search?type=address&house=No.17&street=55 113 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids &id=A10055,A2264,A390,A4997 & https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A389,A251,A2263; Shukaku Inc and the Boeung Kak Lake land dispute – World Bank Inspection Panel, Investigation Report, Cambodia: Land Management and Administration Project (Credit No. 3650 - KH), 23rd November 2010, p.27, point 92 and p.31, point 102, http://ewebapps.worldbank.org/apps/ip/PanelCases/60-Investigation%20Report%20 (English).pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Pheapimex (listed as 'Phea Pimex Group' by the Ministry of Commerce) – Megan MacInnes, Global Witness, Land is life: An analysis of the role 'grand' corruption plays in enabling elite grabbing of land in Cambodia, August 2015, pp.10-12, https://www.globalwitness.org/documents/18074/Global_Witness_Corruption_ and_large-scale_land_acquisitions_in_Cambodia_reformatted_28Aug15.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 114 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A4610; Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/ search?type=individual&individual=Kith+Meng; Investine wesbsite, Cambodia's top 10 tycoons, http://investvine.com/cambodias-top-10-tycoons/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Royal Group company website, http://www.royalgroup.com.kh/who-we-are/milestones.php & http://www.royalgroup.com.kh/who-we-are (last accessed 2nd June 2016); International Rivers website, Lower Sesan 2 Dam, https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/lowersesan-2-dam (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Specific instance under the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises submitted to the Australian National Contact Point (NCP) for the OECD Guidelines by Inclusive Development International and Equitable Cambodia, October 2014, pp2-3, http://www.inclusivedevelopment.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Specific-Instance-against-ANZ-FINAL.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2014); Khmer Times, Tensions Escalate as Royal Group accelerates island development, 12th August 2015, http://www.
khmertimeskh.com/news/14333/tensions-escalate-as-royal-group-accelerates-island-development/ (last accessed June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Evictions Signal Coastal Development Dilemma, 23rd March 2016 https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/evictions-signal-coastal-development-dilemma-110279/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 115 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A311,A5839,A2534 & https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R18393; 5 Siblings company website, http://www.5siblings.com/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Interview with well-placed source inside Cambodia, October 2015. 116 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R7622,R7623 117 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A2588; Metfone company website, Viettel (Cambodia) Pte. Ltd. ("Metfone") and Sotelco ltd. ("Beeline Cambodia") agreement to licences & assets transfer transaction, 11th March 2015, http://www.metfone.com.kh/en/News/News/VIETTEL-(CAMBODIA)-PTELTD-(-METFONE-)-AND-SOTELCO-LTD-(-BEELINE-CAMBODIA-)-AGRREMENT-TO-LICENCESASSETS-TRANSFER-TRANSACTION-e2-80-8b.248.aspx (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Kim Kierans, Asia's Media Innovators – Chapter 7, September 2010, p.4, http://www.kas.de/ wf/doc/1555-1442-2-30.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Just Landed website, Mobile networks in Cambodia, https://www.justlanded.com/english/Cambodia/Cambodia-Guide/ Telephone-Internet/Mobile-phones (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Beeline bows out to Metfone, 20th March 2015, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/ beeline-bows-out-metfone (last accessed 2nd June 2016). 118 Kim Kierans, Asia's Media Innovators – Chapter 7, September 2010, p.4, http://www.kas. de/wf/doc/1555-1442-2-30.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Just Landed website, Mobile networks in Cambodia, https://www.justlanded.com/english/Cambodia/Cambodia-Guide/ Telephone-Internet/Mobile-phones (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Beeline bows out to Metfone, 20th March 2015, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/ beeline-bows-out-metfone (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Tuoi Tre news website, Viettel dominates Vietnam's mobile market with $2bn profit in 2015, 30th December 2015, http:// tuoitrenews.vn/business/32499/viettel-dominates-vietnams-mobile-market-with-2bn-profit-in-2015 (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 119 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A2588; Cambodian Human Rights Taskforce, Tea Banh and Tao Toeun's family, 26th February 2015, http://www.chrtf.net/2015/02/26/tea-banh-and-tao-toeuns-family/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 120 Cambodia Daily, RCAF should use VN phones, PM says, 9th February 2010, https://www. cambodiadaily.com/archives/rcaf-should-use-vn-phones-pm-says-96988/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 121 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A4764. For information on company capital download the raw data spreadsheets of company registrations from Cambodia Corporates. 122 Dragon Royal Group company websites, http://www.dragonroyal.com/ & http://www. dragonroyalcondominium.com/ & http://www.hotel-dragonroyal.com/ (all websites last accessed on 2nd June 2016) 123 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A6195; K Thong Huot company website, http://www.kth.com.kh/aboutus. php?slide=1 (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 124 K Thong Huot company website, http://www.kth.com.kh/aboutus.php?slide=1 (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 125 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A6979,A7920; Electric Authority of Cambodia, Decision on first revision of the license document no.132LD dated May 31 , 2006 for (Cambodia) Electricity Private Co., Ltd. for providing electric power generation service at Phnom Penh city for revising ownership of licensee, 27th November 2013. Document obtained by Global Witness investigators in October 2015; Electric Authority of Cambodia, Report on power sector of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2013 edition, annex 3, p.77, http://eac.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ report-2012en.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Electric Authority of Cambodia, Report on power sector of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2015 edition, annex 3, p.88 http://eac.gov.kh/ wp-content/uploads/2015/07/report-2014en.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 126 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Cambodia, Surya P. Subedi, A human rights analysis of economic and other land concessions in Cambodia, 24th September 2012, pp.39-40 and p55, http://www.ohchr.org/ Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-63-Add1_en.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Communication Under Article 15 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, The Commission of Crimes Against Humanity in Cambodia July 2002 to Present, 2014, pp.52,57 & 62. Currently not publicly available due to ongoing
proceedings; Specific instance under the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises submitted to the Australian National Contact Point (NCP) for the OECD Guidelines by Inclusive Development International and Equitable Cambodia, October 2014, p13, http://www.inclusivedevelopment.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Specific-Instance-against-ANZ-FINAL.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2014) 127 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/ search?type=ids&id=R1850 & https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A311,A5839,A2534. For information on company capital download the raw data spreadsheets of company registrations from Cambodia Corporates. 128 NVN Corporation shares a registered address (A75, Russian Blvd, Sangkat Toeuk Thlar, Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh) with companies associated to Lao Meng Khin and his wife Choeung Sopheap – specifically her brother, Choeung Thean Seng, and daughter, Choeung Sokuntheavy; NH Holding has links to construction company 5 Sibling & NH which is also chaired by Choeung Thean Seng; Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates. globalwitness.org/search?type=address&house=A75&street=Russian & https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A311,A5839,A2534 & https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=id&id=R18393; 5 Siblings company website, http://www.5siblings.com/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Interview with well-placed source inside Cambodia, October 2015. 129 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R32257 130 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/ search?type=ids&id=R25149 & https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=address&house=No.24D&street=566 & https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness. org/search?type=ids&id=A6257 & https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A2313,A1605 131 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=address&house=No.71&street=Samdech+Pan; Note that due to inconsistent spelling, the companies' records don't appear under the same address heading on Cambodia Corporates. Scroll down the page to see Orkide Villa 3, which is registered to 'No.71 St.Samdech Pan , Sangkat Boeng Pror Let , Khan 7 Makara, Phnom Penh'. Orkide Villa is registered to the same address but spelt differently as 'No.71, St.Samdech Pan, Sangkat Boeung Prolit, Khan 7 Makara, Phnom Penh' and appears in the top section. 132 Khmer Times, Developer Adds Touch of Nature in Luxury Condo Project, 12th November 2015 http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/17765/developer-adds-touch-of-nature-in-luxury-condo-project (last accessed 2nd June 2015); Orkide Villa company website, http://www. orkidevilla.com/?id=home#projectinformation (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 133 Asian Tigers, African Lions: Comparing the Development Performance of Southeast Asia and Africa,2013, p465 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JcneAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA465&lpg=PA465&dq=title+oknha+given+for+100,000+donation&source=bl&ots=4avfowyNNm&sig=REwdakzkVOScb21mjuPwze2rHHg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiSz6eRypPMAhUHVxoKHZMkAXgQ6AEIQDAF#v=onepage&q=title%20oknha%20given%20for%20 100%2C000%20donation&f=false (last accessed 5th June 2016) Cambodia Daily, As okhna ranks grow, honorific title loses meaning, 21st June 2014, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/ archives/as-oknha-ranks-grow-honorific-loses-meaning-62057/ (last accessed 5th June 2016) 134 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Economic Health Check, Fast-Growing Cambodia Can Reap Further Benefits from Reforms, 17th November 2015, http://www.imf.org/external/ pubs/ft/survey/so/2015/CAR111715A.htm (last accessed 2nd June 2015); Council for the Development of Cambodia, Investment Environment and Opportunities in Cambodia, 2014, presentation slides 9 & 24, http://www.cieca.org.tw/ConferenceData.aspx?mrid=698 (last accessed 2nd June 2016). 135 Council for the Development of Cambodia, Cambodian Investment Board and Cambodian Special Economic Zone Board website, Investment Trend, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/investment-enviroment/investment-trend.html (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 136 Office of the United States Trade Representative, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/ southeast-asia-pacific/Cambodia- (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 137 Office of the United States Trade Representative , https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2012/august/us-cambodia-explore-investment-treaty (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Khmer Times, Cambodia and United States to sign investment treaty, 23rd February 2016, http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/21770/cambodia-andunited-states-to-sign-investment-treaty/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 138 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R12909,A4988,A2212. Note that 'Sok Sopheak' is spelt 2 different ways but that both spellings show chairmanships of companies registered to the address 'No.4, St.123'; ione company website, http://ione2u.com/about_ione/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Company website for Cemtes/i-Qlick Marketing, http://cemtes.com/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016)
139 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R5729; G Gear company website, http://ggear.com.kh/about-g-gear/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 140 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A6195; K Thong Huot company website, http://www.kth.com.kh/aboutus. php?slide=1 (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 141 Microsoft press release, Microsoft officially welcomes the Nokia Devices and Services business, 25th April 2014, https://news.microsoft.com/2014/04/25/microsoft-officially-welcomes-the-nokia-devices-and-services-business/#sm.0001ro2dptuu5dgw106xmdn0t9u4v (last accessed 20th June 2016) 142 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A651 143 Moon Media company website, http://www.moonmedia.com.kh/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 144 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R25949 145 Cambodia Daily, New Tuol Kok mall to add to district's growth, 31st December 2013, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/new-tuol-kok-mall-to-add-to-districtsgrowth-49777/; Phnom Penh Shopping website, undated, ,http://phnompenhshopping. com/shopping-centers/tk-avenue/; Yellow Pages Cambodia website, Guardian Pharmacies, http://yp.com.kh/listings/kh61431-guardian-pharmacies (all websites last accessed 2nd June 2016) 146 Soma Group company website, http://www.somagroup.com.kh/index.php/about-soma/our-teams/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 147 Soma Energy company website, Projects, http://www.somaenergy.com.kh/project. php#.VmXCYTEnwqM (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Forum breaks ice, yet more time needed, 16th July 2012, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/forumbreaks-ice-yet-more-time-needed (last accessed 2nd July 2016) 148 Forbes website, The world's most valuable brands, 2016, http://www.forbes.com/ powerful-brands/list/#tab:rank; Forbes website, The world's biggest public companies, 2016, http://www.forbes.com/companies/general-electric/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 149 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/ search?type=ids&id=R18902 & https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A9983 150 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A5952; Worldwide Investment Group company website, Food & Beverages, http://www.worldwidegroup.com.kh/?portfolio=food-beverages (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 151 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids& id=R4574,R19133,R7682,R7606,R5734,R5729,A8441 & https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A8001 152 Brands Management company website, http://bmlcambodia.com/brands/ (last accessed 15th February 2016) 153 Brands Management company website, http://bmlcambodia.com/our-partners/page/2 (last accessed 15th February 2016) 154 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R7606; Legend Cinema company website, http://www.legend.com.kh/Browsing (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Move to Cambodia website, Phnom Penh movie theatres, http://www.movetocambodia.com/art-culture/phnom-penh-movie-theaters/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 155 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A5841,A5545. Note that 'Hun Seng Ny' is spelt 2 different ways but that both spellings show chairmanships of companies registered to the address 'No.139AB, Kampuchea Krom Blvd corner 139'.
Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/ search?type=ids&id=A4769 & https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A8453; Attwood Import Export company website, About Us, http://www. attwoodcambodia.com/about-us.html (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 158 Attwood Import Export company website, http://www.attwoodcambodia.com/aboutus.html & http://www.attwoodcambodia.com/news.html (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 159 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R20726; GHI Enterprise company website, http://www.ghi.hk/ghi_cambodia. php & http://www.ghi.hk/affiliate.php (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 160 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R6884,A7567,A10029. For information on company capital download the raw data spreadsheets of company registrations from Cambodia Corporates. 161 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A10029 162 Missionpharma company website, Official Grade A wholesaler letter from USAID , Undated, http://www.missionpharma.com/content/us/about_us/news/2015/official_grade_a_ wholesaler_letter_from_usaid (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 163 Matteson Ellis, FCP Americas website, The anatomy of corruption in public procurement, http://fcpamericas.com/english/anti-corruption-compliance/the-anatomy-of-corruption-in-public-procurement/# (last accessed 3rd June 2016); UK Ministry of Justice, The Bribery Act 2010: Guidance about procedures which relevant commercial organisations can put into place to prevent persons associated with them from bribing, March 2011, p.26 http:// www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/legislation/bribery-act-2010-guidance.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Convention on combating bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions and related documents, Article 1.4 & Commentaries on the convention, Article 1. The Offence of Bribery of Foreign Public Officials: Re paragraph 4, point 12, 2011, http://www.oecd.org/daf/ anti-bribery/ConvCombatBribery_ENG.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); 164 Cambodia's Anti-Corruption Law, 2010, Article 37: Corruption proceeds offences, http:// www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 165 Cambodia's Anti-Corruption Law, 2010, Article 37: Corruption proceeds offences, http:// www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 166 Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice and the Enforcement Division of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, A Resource Guide to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 14th November 2012, p.10, http://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/guidance/guide.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 167 Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice and the Enforcement Division of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, A Resource Guide to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 14th November 2012, p.21, http://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/guidance/guide.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 168 Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice and the Enforcement Division of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, A Resource Guide to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 14th November 2012, pp.10-12, http://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/ guidance/guide.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 169 Allen & Overy, The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Guide: A Retreat on Correspondent Bank Account Jurisdiction Under Section 78dd-3?, http://www.allenovery.com/publications/ en-gb/Pages/The-Foreign-Corrupt-Practices-Act-Guide-A-Retreat-on-Correspondent-BankAccount-Jurisdiction-Under-Section-78dd-3.aspx (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 170 UK Ministry of Justice, The Bribery Act 2010: Guidance about procedures which relevant commercial organisations can put into place to prevent persons associated with them from bribing, March 2011, p.9, http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/legislation/bribery-act-2010guidance.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 171 UK Ministry of Justice, The Bribery Act 2010: Guidance about procedures which relevant commercial organisations can put into place to prevent persons associated with them from bribing, March 2011, p.10, http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/legislation/bribery-act2010-guidance.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 172 UK Ministry of Justice, The Bribery Act 2010: Guidance about procedures which relevant commercial organisations can put into place to prevent persons associated with them from bribing, March 2011, pp.15-16, http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/legislation/bribery-act2010-guidance.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 173 Australian government, Foreign Bribery: Fact Sheet 2, undated, pp.1-2, https://www. ag.gov.au/CrimeAndCorruption/Foreignbribery/Documents/Factsheet-Theforeignbriberyoffence.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016)
156 UNT Wholesale company website, http://www.untwholesale.com/ & http://www. untwholesale.com/about-us/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016)
174 Australian government, Foreign Bribery: Fact Sheet 2, undated, p.1, https://www.ag.gov. au/CrimeAndCorruption/Foreignbribery/Documents/Factsheet-Theforeignbriberyoffence. pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016)
157 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness.
175 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions:
Ratification Status as of 21 May 2014, http://www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/WGBRatificationStatus.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 176 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) website, OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, undated, http://www.oecd.org/corruption/oecdantibriberyconvention.htm (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 177 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Convention on combating bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions and related documents, Article 4.2, 2011, http://www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/ConvCombatBribery_ENG.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Council for the Development of Cambodia, Cambodian Investment Board and Cambodian Special Economic Zone Board website, Investment Trend, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/investment-enviroment/investment-trend.html (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 178 BBC website, Australia stock exchange boss resigns amid bribery probe, 21st March 2016, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-35859738 (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Sydney Morning Herald, ASX chief Elmer Funke Kupper quits in face of investigation, 21st March 2016, http://www.smh.com.au/business/markets/asx-chief-elmer-funke-kupper-quits-inface-of-investigation-20160321-gnn1m3.html (last accessed 3rd June 2016); The Guardian, 21st March 2016, Australian Securities Exchange chief quits over Tabcorp investigation, http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/mar/21/australian-securities-exchange-chief-quits-over-tabcorp-investigation (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 179 Global Witness, Country for Sale, 2009, pp.22-23, How Cambodia's elite has captured the country's extractive industries, https://www.globalwitness.org/documents/14502/country_ for_sale_high_res_english.pdf; Sydney Morning Herald, Strongman's hand in BHP deal, 26th March 2016, http://www.smh.com.au/national/strongmans-hand-in-bhp-deal-201303252gqae.html / (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 180 BHP Billiton company website, BHP Billiton Announces End of US Investigations, 20th May 2015, http://www.bhpbilliton.com/investors/news/BHP-Billiton-Announces-End-of-US-Investigations (last accessed 3rd June 2016); US Securities and Exchange Commission website, Press Release - SEC Charges BHP Billiton With Violating FCPA at Olympic Games, 10th May 2015, https://www.sec.gov/news/pressrelease/2015-93.html (last accessed 15th June 2016) 181 US Department of State, 2013 Investment Climate Statement – Cambodia, March 2013, http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204614.htm (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 182 Council for the Development of Cambodia, Cambodian Investment Board and Cambodian Special Economic Zone Board website, Who we are – Organization structure of CDC, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/about-us/who-we-are.html (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Cambodian Chamber of Commerce website, Message from the President, http://www. ccc.org.kh/about-us.php?id=3 (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Khmer Times, Tycoon Kith Meng weds in style, 21st March 2015, http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/9846/tycoon-kithmeng-weds-in-style/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 183 Human Rights Watch, "Tell Them That I Want to Kill Them"- Two Decades of Impunity in Hun Sen's Cambodia, 13th November 2012, p.2, https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/11/13/ tell-them-i-want-kill-them/two-decades-impunity-hun-sens-cambodia (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 184 Human Rights Watch, 30 Years of Hun Sen - Violence, Repression, and Corruption in Cambodia, January 2015, pp.3, 29, 61, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cambodia0115_ForUpload.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Cambodia, Surya P. Subedi, 5th August 2013, http://cambodia.ohchr.org/WebDOCs/DocReports/3-SG-RA-Reports/AHRC-24-36_en_SR_report_2013_ENG.pdf, pp.5, & 7 (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Licadho website, Human Rights Legal Office , https://www.licadho-cambodia.org/programs/legaloffice.php (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 185 Global Witness, Family Trees, June 2007, pp.19 & 56 https://www.globalwitness.org/ documents/15600/cambodias_family_trees_med.pdf; Sydney Morning Herald, Drugs: our man in Cambodia, 26th March 2012, http://www.smh.com.au/national/investigations/drugsour-man-in-cambodia-20120325-1vsiz.html (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen's nephew suspected in shooting in capital, 1st November 2003, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-sens-nephew-suspected-in-shooting-in-capital-43703/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Hun Sen's relative admits to hit-and-run, 13th August 2008, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/hun-sens-relative-admits-hit-andrun (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Nephew of Hun Sen is made one-star general, 11th December 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/nephew-hun-senmade-one-star-general (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, End impunity for PM's cousin, lawyer insists, 14th October 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/ end-impunity-pm%E2%80%99s-cousin-lawyer-insists (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 186 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=id s&id=A209,A2313,A6130,A6156; Development and Partnership in Action (DPA), Artisanal Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Battambang and Preah Vihear Provinces Investigation Report 2012, December 2012, pp.18-19, http://library.opendevelopmentcambodia.net:8080/ newgenlibctxt/CatalogueRecords/Artisanal%20Small%20Scale%20Gold%20Mining%20 December-2012.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https:// cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R18831,A1009,A2247; Phnom Penh Post, Fight gets venomous, 31st October 2013, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/ national/fight-gets-venomous (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, First snakes, now 'arson', 18th March 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/first-snakes-
now-%E2%80%98arson%E2%80%99 (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R25207; Licadho, Human rights 2012: the year in review, February 2013, p.11, http://www.licadho-cambodia. org/reports/files/176LICADHOReportHumanRightsReview2012English.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Soma Construction & Development company website, Phnom Penh International Airport Extension, http://www.smcd-construction.com.kh/projects/post/489/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Office of the Compliance Advisor Ombudsman (CAO) of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), CAO cases, Cambodia / Cambodia Airports-01/Phnom Penh, filed 7th June 2014, http://www.cao-ombudsman.org/cases/case_detail.aspx?id=205 (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 187 Licadho website, Human Rights Legal Office , https://www.licadho-cambodia.org/ programs/legaloffice.php (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 188 International Republican Institute and USAID, Survey of Cambodian Public Opinion, 12th January – 2nd February 2013, Slide 6, http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/Cambodian%20 Poll%209%20Final%20PUBLIC.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 189 Sebastian Strangio, Hun Sen's Cambodia, 2014, pp. 139-140, https://books.google.co.uk/ books?id=xRY2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA133&dq=hun+sen+and+kampuchea+tela&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPpantlonNAhVqJMAKHSrGC_IQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=hun%20 sen%20and%20kampuchea%20tela&f=false (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Transparency International, Cambodian Political parties call for an end to nepotism, abuse of public power and neglect of rule of law, 12th June 2013, http://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/ political_parties_call_for_an_end_to_nepotism_abuse_of_public_power_and_neg (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Freedom House, Freedom of the Press 2015, Cambodia page on website, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/cambodia (last accessed 1st June 2016); Andrew Marshall, Sunday Times, 15th February 2010, http://andrewmarshall. com/articles/making-a-killing-in-cambodia-2/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 190 Criminal Code of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2009, Article 595 (Defines of Influential Deal) and Article 599 (Definition of Favouritism), https://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/khm/ criminal_code_of_the_kingdom_of_cambodia_html/Cambodia_Criminal-Code-of-the-Kingdom-of-Cambodia-30-Nov-2009-Eng.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Anti-Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, Article 32 (Corruption offenses stipulated in the Criminal Code), Article 33 (Bribe taking by Foreign Public Officials or Officials of Public International Organizations), Article 34 (Bribes offered to Foreign Public Officials or Officials of Public International Organization) and Article 35 (Abuse of Power), http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 3rd June 2015); For more information on Cambodia's Criminal Code and Anti-Corruption Law see Annex 3. 191 To see the links between the Hun family and mining companies go to Cambodia Corporates (https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org) and search for the following records: registration 16097 (The VC Group – Dy Vichea), registration 16769 (Metal Mining Cambodia Co – Hun Seng Ny), amendment 8006 (Metal Mining Cambodia PLC – Hun Seng Ny), amendment 5415 (Worldwide Investment Incorporation - Hun Kimleng), amendment 1570 Phu Yang Cambodia – Yim Chhay Lin) and amendment 1214 (Sovannaphum Mine Exploration & Development – Yim Chhay Linn); For information on the mining licenses held by these companies see the following sources of information: • Worldwide Investment Incorporation company website, Mining page, http://www.worldwidegroup.com.kh/portfolio/mining/ (last accessed 1st June 2016). Company Worldwide Investment Group - concession in Oddar Meanchey province. • Phnom Penh Securities PLC, Mining Sector in Cambodia, June 2011, p.4, http://www.pps. com.kh/PPSWEB/PPSUploadFiles/iv/161_en-us.pdf (last accessed 1st June 2016). Company Phu Yang – concessions in Battambang and Pailin provinces. • Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Exploration License No 532, August 4, 2008, http:// www.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/references/Exploration_License_Titan_Mineral_Group__04.08.2008.pdf (last accessed 1st June 2016). Company VC Group – concessions in Stung Treng and Preah Vihear. Worldwide Investment Group company website, Mining, http://www.worldwidegroup. com.kh/portfolio/mining/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016); To see the links between the Hun family and five agricultural companies go to Cambodia Corporates (https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org) and search for the following records: registration 2728 (Rithmony Samnang Leap – Seang Keang), registration 1435 (Soma Ever Green – Sok Puthyvuth), amendment 6710 (Kam Chin International Cooperation Group – Hun Kimleng), amendment 8441 (Khmer Latex – Pich Chanmony) and amendment 2247 (Khun Sea Import Export – Yim Leang); In addition, Hun Seng Ny has repeatedly been reported to have links to HLH Agriculture - Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen's sister tied to company in Boeung Kak land sale, 25th June 2014, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-sens-sister-tied-to-company-in-boeng-kak-land-sale-62344/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Court summons Omlaing trio, 19th July 2010, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/courtsummons-omlaing-trio (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post Petition delivered: Villagers demand land be returned , 11th November 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost. com/national/petition-delivered-villagers-demand-land-be-returned / (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Chainsaws stayed busy in past year , 26th December 2013, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/chainsaws-stayed-busy-past-year (last accessed 3rd June 2016); For information on Economic Land Concessions held by these companies see the following sources of information: • Based on official Cambodian government data collated and displayed on the Open Development Mekong website, http://www.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/company-profiles/ profile/?id=221&map_code=elc_gdp_167&map=elc&data_class=government_data_partial (last accessed 23rd June 2016). Company Rithmony Samnang Leap – concession in Kampong Thom.
• Surya P. Subedi, A human rights analysis of economic and other land concessions in Cambodia, 24th September 2012, p82, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/ RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-63-Add1_en.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016), Company HLH Agriculture – concession in Kampong Speu. • Based on official Cambodian government data collated and displayed on the Open Development Mekong website, http://www.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/company-profiles/ profile/?id=152&map_code=elc_gdp_60&map=elc&data_class=government_data_partial (last accessed 3rd June 2016), Company Kun Sea Import Export – concession in Oddar Meanchey. Concession revoked in 2014. 192 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R25207; Soma Construction & Development company website, Phnom Penh International Airport Extension, http://www.smcd-construction.com.kh/projects/post/489/ & State of Secretariat of Civil Aviation http://www.smcd-construction.com.kh/projects/ post/509/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016) / Cambodia Daily, $100-million airport expansion project begins, 24th February 2014, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/100-million-airport-expansion-project-begins-53006/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 193 Analysis conducted by Global Witness based on official Cambodian government data collated and displayed on the Open Development Mekong website, https://cambodia. opendevelopmentmekong.net/profiles/special-economic-zones/ (last accessed 1st June 2016); For the 2 SEZs allocated to members of the family see the following data sourcesOfficial government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A939,R20441; Official Cambodian government data collated and displayed on the Open Development Mekong website, https://cambodia.opendevelopmentmekong.net/ profiles/special-economic-zones/?map_id=6 & https://cambodia.opendevelopmentmekong. net/profiles/special-economic-zones/?map_id=22 (last accessed 1st June 2016) 194 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A6979,A7920; Electric Authority of Cambodia, Decision on first revision of the license document no.132LD dated May 31 , 2006 for (Cambodia) Electricity Private Co., Ltd. for providing electric power generation service at Phnom Penh city for revising ownership of licensee, 27th November 2013. Document obtained by Global Witness investigators in October 2015; Electric Authority of Cambodia, Report on power sector of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2013 edition, annex 3, p.77, http://eac.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ report-2012en.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Electric Authority of Cambodia, Report on power sector of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2015 edition, annex 3, p.88 http://eac.gov.kh/ wp-content/uploads/2015/07/report-2014en.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 195 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A5068; Tourist Transport Association for Siem Reap Airport website, Le Macau Co Ltd, http://www.siemreap-airporttaxi.com/accommodation/svay-rieng-province/le-macau-co-ltd.html (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 196 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A5839; Vital Premium Water website, History, http://vital.com.kh/site/en/company/history.html & Support, http://www.vital.com.kh/site/en/qualification/supports.html (both pages last accessed 3rd June 2016) 197 Vital Premium Water website, Support, http://www.vital.com.kh/site/en/qualification/ supports.html (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 198 Note that the company is listed as 'HML Consulting Co Ltd' by the Ministry of Commerce. Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R25187; HML Law Firm & Consultants company website, Our Team, http://hmllawfirm.com/our-team/ http://hmllawfirm.com/our-team/ & Services, http://hmllawfirm. com/category/services/#Lobbying (both pages last accessed 3rd June 2016); 199 HML Law Firm & Consultants company website, Services, http://hmllawfirm.com/ category/services/#Lobbying (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Council for the Development of Cambodia, Cambodian Investment Board and Cambodian Special Economic Zone Board website, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/about-us/who-we-are.html (last accessed 1st June 2016) 200 General Electric company fact sheet, date unknown, p.2 http://www.ge.com/cb/ docs/1443625388354_FACT_SHEET_CB_Sept_15.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016); Soma Energy company website, http://www.somaenergy.com.kh/project.php#.VmXCYTEnwqM (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 201 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&i d=A209,A2313,A6130,A6156; Based on official Cambodian government data collated and displayed on the Open Development Mekong website, http://www.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/company-profiles/profile/?id=127&map_code=135&map=mining&data_class=secondary_source_data (last accessed 4th June 2016) 202 Berlin is 984 km2 or 98,400 hectares. City Mayors website, The largest cities in the world by land area, population and density, http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-cities-ar-
ea-125.html (last accessed 4th June 2016); Phnom Penh Securities PLC, Mining Sector in Cambodia, June 2011, p.3, http://www.pps.com.kh/PPSWEB/PPSUploadFiles/iv/161_en-us. pdf (last accessed 1st June 2016); Development and Partnership in Action (DPA), Artisanal Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Battambang and Preah Vihear Provinces Investigation Report 2012, December 2012, pp.18-19, http://library.opendevelopmentcambodia.net:8080/ newgenlibctxt/CatalogueRecords/Artisanal%20Small%20Scale%20Gold%20Mining%20 December-2012.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 203 Development and Partnership in Action (DPA), Artisanal Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Battambang and Preah Vihear Provinces Investigation Report 2012, December 2012, pp.1819, http://library.opendevelopmentcambodia.net:8080/newgenlibctxt/CatalogueRecords/ Artisanal%20Small%20Scale%20Gold%20Mining%20December-2012.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 204 Development and Partnership in Action (DPA), Artisanal Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Battambang and Preah Vihear Provinces Investigation Report 2012, December 2012, p19, http://library.opendevelopmentcambodia.net:8080/newgenlibctxt/CatalogueRecords/ Artisanal%20Small%20Scale%20Gold%20Mining%20December-2012.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Interview with well-placed source conducted by Global Witness, 12th November 2015. 205 Development and Partnership in Action (DPA), Artisanal Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Battambang and Preah Vihear Provinces Investigation Report 2012, December 2012, p19, http://library.opendevelopmentcambodia.net:8080/newgenlibctxt/CatalogueRecords/ Artisanal%20Small%20Scale%20Gold%20Mining%20December-2012.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); This contravenes Article 21 of the 2001 Law on Mineral Resource Management and Exploitation which requires mining licence holders to protect the environment http:// www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/law-on-mineral-resource-management-and-exploitation_010713.html (A21) 206 Development and Partnership in Action (DPA), Artisanal Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Batta mbang and Preah Vihear Provinces Investigation Report 2012, December 2012, p19, http://library.opendevelopmentcambodia.net:8080/newgenlibctxt/CatalogueRecords/ Artisanal%20Small%20Scale%20Gold%20Mining%20December-2012.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); This potentially contravenes Article 18 of the 1993 Law on Investment which states that investors can only hire foreign workers if they can prove that the expertise required is not available among Cambodians. Law on Investment (1994) and Law on the Amendment to the Law on Investment (2003) of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2003, Article 18, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/law-on-investment-august-05-1994-and-law-onthe-amendment-to-the-law-on-investment_030324.html (last accessed 4th June 2016) 207 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A2313; Email from well-placed source to Global Witness, 9th June 2016; Conversation between well-placed source and Global Witness investigator, 9th June 2016. 208 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A1009,A2247 209 Phnom Penh Post, For communities, threats routine, 8th May 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/communities-threats-routine (last accessed 4th June 2016) 210 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A2247 211 Based on official Cambodian government data collated and displayed on the Open Development Mekong website, http://www.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/company-profiles/profile/?id=152&map_code=elc_gdp_60&map=elc&data_class=government_data_partial (last accessed 4th June 2016); Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates. globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A1009 212 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Cambodia, Surya P. Subedi, A human rights analysis of economic and other land concessions in Cambodia, 24th September 2012, p1, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-63-Add1_en.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 213 Phnom Penh Post, Fight gets venomous, 31st October 2013, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/fight-gets-venomous (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, First snakes, now 'arson', 18th March 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/firstsnakes-now-%E2%80%98arson%E2%80%99 (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, For communities, threats routine, 8th May 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/ national/communities-threats-routine (last accessed 4th June 2016) 214 Communication Under Article 15 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, The Commission of Crimes Against Humanity in Cambodia July 2002 to Present, 2014, p59. Currently not publicly available due to ongoing proceedings. 215 Communication Under Article 15 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, The Commission of Crimes Against Humanity in Cambodia July 2002 to Present, 2014. Currently not publicly available due to ongoing proceedings; Global Diligence, Richard Rogers of Global Diligence LLP files an Article 15 Communication at the International Criminal Court, 7th October 2014, http://www.globaldiligence.com/2014/10/07/global-diligence-file-article-15-communication-international-criminal-court/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 216 Phnom Penh Post, Fight gets venomous, 31st October 2013, http://www.phnompen-
hpost.com/national/fight-gets-venomous (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 217 1998 General Statute of Military Personnel of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces, Article 25, p.4, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/93508/109344/F811412622/ KHM93508%20Eng.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 218 Soma Group company website, Soma Team, http://www.somagroup.com.kh/index.php/ about-soma/our-teams/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 219 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R25207; Soma Construction & Development company website, Phnom Penh International Airport Extension, http://www.smcd-construction.com.kh/projects/post/489/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Cambodia Daily, $100-million airport expansion project begins, 24th February 2014, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/100-million-airport-expansion-project-begins-53006/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 220 Licadho, Human rights 2012: the year in review, February 2013, p.11, http://www. licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/176LICADHOReportHumanRightsReview2012English. pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Article 30 of Cambodia's 2001 Land Law states that anyone who has 'enjoyed, peaceful, uncontested posession' to land that can be privately owned has the right to request a land title. Land Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2001, Article 30, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/land-law_010430.html (last accessed 4th June 2016) 221 Licadho, Human rights 2012: the year in review, February 2013, p.11, http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/176LICADHOReportHumanRightsReview2012English.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Coalition of 6 Cambodian non-governmental organisations, Press release - Free Detained Community Members from Thmor Kol Village and Stop Police Crackdown ahead of ASEAN Summits, 15th November 2012, http://www.licadho-cambodia. org/pressrelease.php?perm=295 (last accessed 4th June 2016); Radio Free Asia, Eight Held for SOS to Obama , 15th November 2012, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/sos11152012184033.html (last accessed 4th June 2016) 222 Office of the Compliance Advisor Ombudsman (CAO) of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), CAO cases, Cambodia / Cambodia Airports-01/Phnom Penh, filed 7th June 2014, http://www.cao-ombudsman.org/cases/case_detail.aspx?id=205 (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 223 Email from well-paced source to Global Witness on 16th May 2016. 224 Phnom Penh Post, Families ask for clarity on airport plan,11th May 2016, http://www. phnompenhpost.com/national/families-ask-clarity-airport-plan (last accessed 4th June 2016) 225 Global Witness, Family Trees, June 2007, p6, https://www.globalwitness.org/documents/15600/cambodias_family_trees_med.pdf 226 Global Witness Rubber Barons, May 2013, pp. 27 & 29, https://www.globalwitness.org/ documents/10525/rubber_barons_lores_0_1.pdf 227 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R15426,R2728,R20726 228 Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen's sister tied to company in Boeung Kak land sale, 25th June 2014, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-sens-sister-tied-to-company-in-boengkak-land-sale-62344/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Pneh Post, Court summons Omlaing trio, 19th July 2010, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/court-summonsomlaing-trio (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post Petition delivered: Villagers demand land be returned, 11th November 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/ national/petition-delivered-villagers-demand-land-be-returned / (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Chainsaws stayed busy in past year , 26th December 2013, http:// www.phnompenhpost.com/national/chainsaws-stayed-busy-past-year (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 229 On 31st December 2015, Global Witness wrote to the company HLH Agriculture requesting the company's comment. The HLH Group responded in a letter dated 7th January, thereby confirming that HLH Agriculture is part of the HLH Group; Phnom Penh Post, Sihanoukville's first and largest shopping mall to open within D'Seaview's vicinity , 10th March 2016, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-property/sihanoukvilles-first-and-largest-shopping-mall-open-within-dseaviews-vicinity (last accessed 4th June 2016); Singapore Business Review, HLH Group splurges US$10m on agricultural food processing park in Cambodia, 18th April 2016, http://sbr.com.sg/agribusiness/more-news/hlh-group-splurges-us10m-agricultural-food-processing-park-in-cambodia (last accessed 4th June 2016) 230 Cambodia Daily, Suy land still at risk, villagers, rights workers say, 25th February 2010, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/suoy-land-still-at-risk-villagers-rights-workerssay-97697/ (last accessed 10th June 2016) 231 Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen's sister tied to company in Boeung Kak land sale, 25th June 2014, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-sens-sister-tied-to-company-in-boengkak-land-sale-62344/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Court summons Omlaing trio, 19th July 2010, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/court-summonsomlaing-trio (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post Petition delivered: Villagers demand land be returned, 11th November 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/ national/petition-delivered-villagers-demand-land-be-returned / (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Chainsaws stayed busy in past year , 26th December 2013, http:// www.phnompenhpost.com/national/chainsaws-stayed-busy-past-year (last accessed 3rd June 2016); UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Cambodia, Surya P. Subedi, A human rights analysis of economic and other
land concessions in Cambodia, 24th September 2012, p.55, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-63-Add1_en.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 232 UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Cambodia, Surya P. Subedi, A human rights analysis of economic and other land concessions in Cambodia, 24th September 2012, p.55, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-63-Add1_en.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 233 Confirmed in a letter from the HLH Group to Global Witness dated 7th January 2016; Article 57 of Cambodia's 2001 Land Law states that 'Conceded land cannot be transferred through alienation'. In this context 'alienation' means the transfer of the ownership of property rights. Land Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2001, Article 57, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/land-law_010430.html (last accessed 4th June 2016) 2016) 234 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type =ids&id=A4997,A390,A2264,A10055; World Bank Inspection Panel, Investigation Report, Cambodia - Land Management and Administration Project (Credit No. 3650 - KH), 23rd November 2010, p.27, point 92 and p.31, point 102, http://ewebapps.worldbank.org/apps/ ip/PanelCases/60-Investigation%20Report%20(English).pdf (last accessed 4th June 2016); Inclusive Development International, Cambodia: Boeung Kak Lake evictions, http://www. inclusivedevelopment.net/bkl/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 235 Letter from 42 Cambodian and International non-governmental organisations to the World Bank's Cambodia Country Director, Ulrich Zachau, 7th August 2015, http://www. inclusivedevelopment.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Letter-to-WB-re-Cambodia-Reengagement-.pdf (last accessed 4th June 2015); Inclusive Development International website, Cambodia - Boeung Kak Lake evictions, http://www.inclusivedevelopment.net/bkl/ (last accessed 7th June 2016); World Bank, Press Release - New Country Engagement Plan for Cambodia Outlines More World Bank Group Support to Help Reduce Poverty, 19th May 2016, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/05/19/new-country-engagementplan-for-cambodia-outlines-more-world-bank-group-support-to-help-reduce-poverty (last accessed 4th June 2016) 236 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R22816; Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen's sister linked to private security firm at SL factory, 14th November 2013, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-sens-sisterlinked-to-private-security-firm-at-sl-factory-46946/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 237 Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen's sister linked to private security firm at SL factory, 14th November 2013, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-sens-sister-linked-to-privatesecurity-firm-at-sl-factory-46946/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 238 Vice News, Tracking illegally logged wood to a factory used by top fashion brands in Cambodia, 12th April 2016, https://news.vice.com/article/tracking-illegally-logged-wood-toa-factory-used-by-top-fashion-brands-in-cambodia (last accessed 4th June 2016) 239 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A4769 240 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. 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Hun To, bought a car worth more than one million dollars, http://khmerization.blogspot. co.uk/2015/06/hun-sens-notorious-nephew-hun-to-bought.html (last accessed 4th June 2016); Photo showing at least 4 sports cars in Hun To's garage, obtained from his Facebook page by Global Witness investigators in February 2016; The Car Guide website, McLaren P1, http://www.guideautoweb.com/en/specifications/mclaren/p1/coupe/2015/ (last accessed 4th June 2016). 247 Information obtained by Global Witness from confidential sources, June to November 2015; Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type= ids&id=R25100,R14878,R3066,A6749,R2001; Links to online listings of LHR petrol stations include: • Yellow Pages Cambodia, http://yp.com.kh/listings/kh53592-lhr-gas-station-2 • Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/pages/Lhr-Gas-Station/183972255024182 • Four Square, https://foursquare.com/v/lhr-petrol-station/4f407e00e4b020398cac8bc2 • Glopoi, https://glopoi.com/cambodia/places/lhr-gas-station-petrol-pump-mphey-osakphea-svay-pao-batd%C3%A2mb%C3%A2ng • Trip Advisor, https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/ShowUserReviews-g1893367-d4206543-r37650 0416-Adventure_Rider_Asia_Motorcycle_Private_Tours-Sen_Monorom_Mondulkiri_Province.html • Vacations map, http://www.vacationsmap.com/en/cambodia/poi/fuel/lhr-map (all sources last accessed on 2nd June 2016) 248 Phnom Penh Post, End impunity for PM's cousin, lawyer insists, 14th October 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/end-impunity-pm%E2%80%99s-cousin-lawyer-insists (last accessed 4th June 2016) 249 Phnom Penh Post, Coveted okhna title for PM's convicted cousin, 19th August 2013, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/coveted-okhna-title-pm%E2%80%99s-convicted-cousin (last accessed 4th June 2016) 250 Asian Tigers, African Lions: Comparing the Development Performance of Southeast Asia and Africa,2013, p465, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JcneAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA465&lpg=PA465&dq=title+oknha+given+for+100,000+donation&source=bl&ots=4avfowyNNm&sig=REwdakzkVOScb21mjuPwze2rHHg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiSz6eRypPMAhUHVxoKHZMkAXgQ6AEIQDAF#v=onepage&q=title%20oknha%20given%20for%20 100%2C000%20donation&f=false (last accessed 4th June 2016) 251 Khmer Times, Prime Minister's Cousin Tried for Bribery, Land Theft, 17th February 2016, http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/21545/prime-minister---s-cousin-tried-for-bribery-land-theft/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 252 Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen's nephew suspected in shooting in capital, 1st November 2003 https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/hun-sens-nephew-suspected-in-shooting-in-capital-43703/ (last accessed 3rd June 2016)
2016, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/nepotism-01132016165315.html (last accessed 4th June 2016) 261 Reuters, Cambodia's ruling party promotes PM's sons, top allies, 2nd February 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-politics-idUSKBN0L611S20150202#Iz3OoIohm1AOOuHZ.97 (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen's second son in meteoric rise through rcaf ranks, 30th January 2012, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/ archives/hun-sens-second-son-in-meteoric-rise-through-rcaf-ranks-1560/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Voice of America, Hun Manet Defends His Father's Record , 20th April 2016, http://www.voacambodia.com/a/hun-manet-defends-his-father-record/3293680.html (last accessed 4th June 2016) 262 Global Witness, Family Trees, June 2007, p68, https://www.globalwitness.org/documents/15600/cambodias_family_trees_med.pdf 263 Human Rights Watch, 30 Years of Hun Sen - Violence, Repression, and Corruption in Cambodia, January 2015, p.2, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cambodia0115_ForUpload.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016) 264 Global Witness, Family Trees, June 2007, p68, https://www.globalwitness.org/documents/15600/cambodias_family_trees_med.pdf 265 Licadho, Flash News, Bodyguard Unit Members Convicted of Beating MPs, 27th May 2016, http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/flashnews.php?perm=174 (last accessed 4th June 2016) 266 Radio Free Asia, Cambodia's Hun Sen Warns on Nepotism, Promotes Sons, 13th January 2016, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/nepotism-01132016165315.html (last accessed 4th June 2016); Radio Free Asia, 22nd October 2015, Cambodia's Hun Sen Names Son Head of Military's Intelligence Department, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/appointment-10222015170944.html (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Hun Manith new Head of Military Intelligence, 23rd October 2015, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/ news/hun-manith-new-head-of-military-intelligence-98055/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 267 Radio Free Asia, 22nd October 2015, Cambodia's Hun Sen Names Son Head of Military's Intelligence Department, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/appointment-10222015170944.html (last accessed 4th June 2016) 268 Cambodia Daily, Promotion of 29-year-old to General draws criticism, 1st February 2002, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/promotion-of-29-year-old-to-general-draws-criticism-29139/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 269 Cambodia Daily, Promotion of 29-year-old to General draws criticism, 1st February 2002, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/promotion-of-29-year-old-to-general-draws-criticism-29139/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Email to Global Witness from a well-placed source in Cambodia who must remain anonymous, 11th May 2016. 270 Phnom Penh Post, Key post to PM's son-in-law, 11th August 2014, http://www. phnompenhpost.com/national/key-post-pm%E2%80%99s-son-law (last accessed 4th June 2016); Email to Global Witness from a well-placed source in Cambodia who must remain anonymous, 11th May 2016.
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257 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id =R1002,R4509,R3133,R2146 258 US government cable from Cambodia Phnom Penh to US government Department of Commerce, Department of the Treasury, Secretary of State, The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Cambodia's top ten tycoons, 9th August 2007, accessed on wikileaks website at https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07PHNOMPENH1034_a.html (last accessed 4th June 2016) 259 Human Rights Watch, 30 Years of Hun Sen - Violence, Repression, and Corruption in Cambodia, January 2015, p.2, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cambodia0115_ ForUpload.pdf (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Freedom House, Freedom of the Press 2015, Cambodia page on website, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/cambodia (last accessed 1st June 2016); Transparency International, Cambodian Political parties call for an end to nepotism, abuse of public power and neglect of rule of law, 12th June 2013, http://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/political_parties_call_for_an_end_to_nepotism_abuse_of_public_power_and_neg (last accessed 3rd June 2016); US government cable from Cambodia Phnom Penh to US government Department of Commerce, Department of the Treasury, Secretary of State, The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Cambodia's top ten tycoons, 9th August 2007, accessed on wikileaks website at https://wikileaks.org/ plusd/cables/07PHNOMPENH1034_a.html (last accessed 4th June 2016) 260 Radio Free Asia, Cambodia's Hun Sen Warns on Nepotism, Promotes Sons, 13th January
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Cambodia Daily, Elites children find love in a hot political climate, 17th January 2004, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/elites-children-find-love-in-a-hot-political-climate-870/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodian Human Rights Taskforce, Hun Sen and Bun Rany's children, 19th December 2015, http://www.chrtf.net/2015/12/19/hun-sen-and-bun-ranys-children/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 281 Cambodia Daily, Marriages abound among the political elite, 6th January 2004, https:// www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/marriages-abound-among-the-political-elite-37308/ (last accessed 4th June 2014); Cambodia Daily, Wedding party of PM's son gets tight security, 3rd January 2004, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/wedding-party-of-pms-son-getstight-security-37283/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 282 Bertil Lintner, Asia Times, One big happy family, 20th March 2007, http://www.atimes. com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IC20Ae03.html (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodian Human Rights Taskforce, Hun Sen and Bun Rany's children, 19th December 2015, http://www. chrtf.net/2015/12/19/hun-sen-and-bun-ranys-children/ (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 283 Tim Kelsall and Heng Seiha, Effective States and Inclusive Devleopment (esid), The political settlement and economic growth in Cambodia, September 2014, page 26, http:// www.effective-states.org/wp-content/uploads/working_papers/final-pdfs/esid_wp_37_kelsall_seiha.pdf; 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289 Markus Petersson, Politics, Patronage and the Persistence of the Ruling Elite in post-UNTAC Cambodia, 2015, pp.16 & 19-20, http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=download-
File&recordOId=7763368&fileOId=7763369 (last accessed 5th June 2016); US government cable from Cambodia Phnom Penh to US government Department of Commerce, Department of the Treasury, Secretary of State, The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Cambodia's top ten tycoons, 9th August 2007, accessed on wikileaks website at https://wikileaks. org/plusd/cables/07PHNOMPENH1034_a.html (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen Says CPP Largess Will End if Election Is Lost, 7th March 2013, https://www. cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-says-cpp-largess-will-end-if-election-is-lost-12645/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Neutrality of Red Cross in Question After Bun Rany's Speech, 2nd November 2013, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/ neutrality-of-red-cross-in-question-after-bun-ranys-speech-46497/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Foreign Policy, The House that Hun Sen Built, 13th January 2015,http://foreignpolicy. com/2015/01/13/the-house-that-hun-sen-built-cambodia/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); 290 Cambodian Red Cross website, Samdech Kittipritthbindit Bun Rany HUNSEN, President of the Cambodian Red Cross led delegation of the CRC to the Royal Palace, 16th June 2015, http://www.redcross.org.kh/news_detail.php?aid=225&lang=en & http://www.redcross.org. kh/news_detail.php?aid=348&lang=en (both pages last accessed 4th June 2016); 291 Cambodian Red Cross website, Background, http://www.redcross.org.kh/newpage. php?mid=44&aid=245&lang=en (last accessed 4th June 2016); International Committee of the Red Cross website, The Movement, 24th August 2013, https://www.icrc.org/eng/whowe-are/movement/overview-the-movement.htm (last accessed 4th June 2016); Sebastian Strangio, Hun Sen's Cambodia, p. 135, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xRY2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135&lpg=PA135&dq=bun+rany+red+cross&source=bl&ots=ecRFpp3mle&sig=psj9bRUm-bm0Z0z_YP73vZDixTI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjI8aXDnMLJAhVMVRQKHZCvDtg4ChDoAQguMAE#v=onepage&q=bun%20rany%20red%20cross&f=true (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Neutrality of Red Cross in question after Bun Rany's speech, 2nd November 2013, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/neutrality-of-red-cross-inquestion-after-bun-ranys-speech-46497/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Bun Rany slams CNRP at Red Cross event, 28th October 2013, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/ elections/bun-rany-slams-cnrp-during-red-cross-event-45988/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 292 Cambodian Red Cross 60th Anniversary Newsletter, 8th May 2015, pp.30-33, obtained by Global Witness in November 2015, (not available online) 293 Cambodia Daily, Neutrality of Red Cross in question after Bun Rany's speech, 2nd November 2013, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/neutrality-of-red-cross-in-questionafter-bun-ranys-speech-46497/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 294 Cambodian Red Cross, CRC Objectives 2011-2014, undated, p.8, http://www.redcross. org.kh/admin/assets/documents/downloads/CRC_Magazine_02_En.pdf (last accessed 4th July 2016). This document lists donations of $68,000 from Hun Sen and $281,000 from 'Pheapimex Fd. Raising' which is presumably linked to the company Pheapimex Group owned by CPP-Senator Lao Meng Khin and his wife Choeung Sopheap. It also shows donations of $633,154 from 'Att Wood Fd. Raising' linked to the company Attwood Investment Group which counts Hun Seng Ny as a shareholder and is chaired by oknha and business tycoon Lim Chhiv Ho. A quarter of the total $20 million in domestic donations is listed as 'Spontan. Private Don' and is therefore untraceable. 295 Cambodian Red Cross, CRC Objectives 2011-2014, undated, p.9, http://www.redcross. org.kh/admin/assets/documents/downloads/CRC_Magazine_02_En.pdf (last accessed 4th July 2016) 296 Union of Youth Federations website, http://www.uyfc.org/home/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 297 Cambodia Daily, Hun Many's youth group nominated for award, 3rd November 2015, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/hun-manys-youth-group-nominated-foraward-99101/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Human Rights Watch, Dragged and Beaten - The Cambodian Government's Role in the October 2015 Attack on Opposition Politicians, 26th May 2016, p.19, https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/05/26/dragged-and-beaten/cambodian-governments-role-october-2015-attack-opposition (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Hun Many calls on youth to unite against change, 22nd July 2013, https://www. cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-many-calls-on-youth-to-unite-against-change-35918/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); The Nation, Hun Sen tipped to retain power, 28th July 2013, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Hun-Sen-tipped-to-retain-power-30211293. html (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Ministry defends pro-CPP speech at university, 1st September 2015, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/ministry-defends-pro-cpp-speech-at-university-93048/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Voice of America, Caution Urged as CPP Youth Step Into Limelight, 8th April 2016, http://www.voacambodia. com/a/caution-urged-as-cpp-youth-step-into-limelight/3275977.html (last accessed 4th June 2016); 298 Gusi Peace Prize International website, About, http://www.gusipeaceprizeinternational. org/about.html & 2015 Laureates, http://www.gusipeaceprizeinternational.org/2015-laureates.html# (both pages last accessed 4th June 2016) 299 Cambodia Daily, Hun Many hailed on return with peace prize, 27th November 2015, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/hun-many-hailed-on-return-with-peaceprize-101363/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 300 Email to Global Witness from a well-placed source in Cambodia who must remain anonymous, 11th May 2016; Cambodia Daily, Thugs beat CNRP lawmakers at CPP protest, 27th October 2015, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/thugs-beat-cnrp-lawmakers-at-cppprotest-98375/ (last accessed 4th June 2014); Phnom Penh Post, PM's son threatens lawsuits over attack allegations , 9th November 2015, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/ pms-son-threatens-lawsuits-over-attack-allegations (last accessed 4th June 2016) 301 Agence Kampuchea Presse (AKP), Techo Volunteer Youth Doctor Association Provides Free Medical Treatment for People in Siem Reap Province , 2nd Februray 2015, http:// www.akp.gov.kh/?p=57597 (last accessed 4th June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Saint John expands humanitarian services through Phnom Penh Corps, 7th August 2015,
http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-plus/saint-john-expands-humanitarian-services-through-phnom-penh-corps (last accessed 4th June 2016) 302 Interviews with well-placed sources in Cambodia conducted by Global Witness, January to March 2016. 303 Phnom Penh Post, Saint John expans humanitarian services through Phnom Penh Corps,, 7th August 2015, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-plus/saint-john-expands-humanitarian-services-through-phnom-penh-corps (last accessed 4th June 2016) 304 Bloomberg, Looking Beyond the Killing Fields in Cambodia, 25th July, 2013, http://www. bloomberg.com/view/articles/2013-07-25/looking-beyond-the-killing-fields-in-cambodia (last accessed 4th June 2016); Damien Kingsbury, Deakin University, Cambodian election: Hun Sen losing his tight grip on power, 29th July, 2013, https://blogs.deakin.edu.au/deakin-speaking/2013/07/29/cambodian-election-hun-sen-losing-his-tight-grip-on-power/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); The Cambodia Daily, As Next CPP President, Hun Sen's Power to Increase, 15th October, 2013, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/as-next-cpp-president-hun-sens-power-to-increase-45081/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 305 New York Times, Cambodian Strongman and Karaoke King, 18th January 2013, http:// latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/18/song-and-dance-hun-sens-other-power-play/?_r=0 (last accessed 4th June 2016) 306 Cambodia yellow pages website, http://yp.com.kh/search/?q=hun%20sen (last accessed 4th June 2016) 307 Reporters Without Borders and the Cambodian Centre for Independent Media, Who Owns the Media? Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) project website, data from 2015, http:// mom-kh.com/en/pages/concentration & http://mom-kh.com/en/owners (both last accessed 1st June 2016); 308 Freedom House, Freedom of the Press 2015, Cambodia page on website, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/cambodia (last accessed 1st June 2016); Coalition of 20 Cambodian non-governmental organisations, Press release - CSOs call for an End to Impunity in Cambodia on the International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists, 2nd November 2015, http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/pressrelease.php?perm=295 (last accessed 7th June 2016); Human Rights Watch, 30 Years of Hun Sen - Violence, Repression, and Corruption in Cambodia, January 2015, pp.2, 47 & 55, https://www.hrw.org/sites/ default/files/reports/cambodia0115_ForUpload.pdf (last accessed 7th June 2016); 309 Reporters Without Borders and the Cambodian Centre for Independent Media, Who Owns the Media? Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) project website, data from 2015, http:// mom-kh.com/en/pages/affiliations & http://mom-kh.com/en/owners (both last accessed 1st June 2016) 310 Reporters Without Borders and the Cambodian Centre for Independent Media, Who Owns the Media? Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) project website, data from 2015, http:// mom-kh.com/en/pages/owner (last accessed 2nd June 2016) 311 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A7110 Reporters Without Borders and the Cambodian Centre for Independent Media, Who Owns the Media? Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) project website, data from 2015, http://mom-kh.com/en/companies/11 (last accessed 4th June 2016) 312 Reporters Without Borders and the Cambodian Centre for Independent Media, Who Owns the Media? Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) project website, data from 2015, http:// mom-kh.com/en/tv_media/11 (last accessed 4th June 2016) 313 Reporters Without Borders and the Cambodian Centre for Independent Media, Who Owns the Media? Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) project website, data from 2015, http:// mom-kh.com/en/radio_media/21 (last accessed 4th June 2016) 314 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=R6193,A473; Reporters Without Borders and the Cambodian Centre for Independent Media, Who Owns the Media? Media Ownership Monitor (MOM) project website, data from 2015, http://mom-kh.com/en/print_media/27 (last accessed 1st June 2016) 315 Cambodian Centre for Independent Media (CCIM), Challenges for Independent Media 2014, 2015, pp.6-7, http://www.ccimcambodia.org/images/Challenges_for_Independent_ Media_2014.pdf (last accessed 5th June 32016) 316 Reporters Without Borders, Hostile Climate for Environmental Journalists, undated, pp.4-5, 6 & 7, https://rsf.org/sites/default/files/rapport_environnement_en.pdf (last accessed 4th June 2016) 317 Hun Sen's official Facebook page, https://www.facebook.com/hunsencambodia/?fref=ts (last accessed 4th June 2016) 318 BBC News, 18th March 2016, Cambodian PM Hun Sen denies buying Facebook likes, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35839701 (last accessed 4th June 2016); ABC, Cambodian PM Hun Sen accused of using click farms to gain Facebook friends, 10th March 2016, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-10/cambodian-pm-accused-of-buying-facebook-friends/7235322 (last accessed 4th June 2016) 319 iTunes website, Samdech HUN SEN App, https://itunes.apple.com/kh/app/samdechhun-sen/id1072637384?mt=8 (last accessed 4th June 2016) 320 Asian Correspondent, Cambodia asks Interpol to help nab Facebook user for insulting PM's wife, 20th January 2016, https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/01/cambodia-asksinterpol-to-help-nab-facebook-user-for-insulting-pms-wife/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Hun Manet launches lawsuit over Facebook post, 23rd January 2016,
https://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/hun-manet-launches-lawsuit-over-facebookpost-106215/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Cambodia Daily, Police arrest free woman in latest facebook case, 26th January 2016, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/police-arrestfree-woman-in-latest-facebook-case-106377/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); Associated Press (AP), Cambodian to appeal jail sentence for Facebook comment, 16th March 2016, http:// bigstory.ap.org/article/db63270ac5d849d3bb673b66c279fc44/cambodian-appeal-jail-sentence-facebook-comment (last accessed 4th June 2016) 321 New Straits Times, Man arrested over Facebook threat to Cambodian premier , 8th January 2016, http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/01/121226/man-arrested-over-facebook-threat-cambodian-premier (last accessed 4th June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, Hun Sen warns Facebook users he's watching, 29th December 2015, http://www.phnompenhpost. com/national/hun-sen-warns-facebook-users-hes-watching (last accessed 4th June 2016) 322 Reuters, Got a problem? Try Cambodia PM's ministry of Facebook, 4th March 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-politics-idUSKCN0W60C5 (last accessed 4th June 2016) 323 Phnom Penh Post, In the name of the father, 16th March 2016, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/name-father (last accessed 4th June 2016); Khmer Times, PM dispatches sons to handle land dispute arrests, 15th March 2016, http://www.khmertimeskh. com/news/22816/pm-dispatches-sons-to-handle-land-dispute-arrests/ (last accessed 4th June 2016) 324 Council for the Development of Cambodia, Cambodian Investment Board and Cambodian Special Economic Zone Board website, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/ about-us/who-we-are.html (last accessed 5th June 2016) 325 Royal Embassy of Cambodia to UK, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Ethiopia and African Union, Investing Cambodia, 2013-2014, http://www.cambodianembassy. org.uk/publications/PDF/Tourism/Investing%20in%20Cambodia%202013-2014.pdf (last accessed 5th June 2016); Khmer Times, Cambodia is open for business, PM tells Americas, 15th February 2016, http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/21410/cambodia-is-open-for-investment--pm-tells-america/ (last accessed 5th June 2016); Khmer Times, Cambodia wants more investment from EU, 17th March 2016, http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/22924/ cambodia-wants-more-investment-from-eu/ (last accessed 5th June 2016); Daily Express, 28th April 2016, Cambodia offers golden opportunity for business, http://www.dailyexpress. com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=109207 (last accessed 5th June 2016) 326 Based on the most recent figures available (2010), the Cambodian government's spending on education is the lowest in the Mekong region at 2.6 percent of GDP. UNESCO, Institute of Statistics, http://data.uis.unesco.org/?queryid=181 (last accessed 5th June 2015); Based on figures for 2014, Cambodia's public health expenditure is 1.3 percent of GDP, the twelfth lowest in the world. World Bank, Health expenditure, public (% of GDP), http://data. worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS (last accessed 5th June 2016) 327 Markus Petersson, Politics, Patronage and the Persistence of the Ruling Elite in post-UNTAC Cambodia, 2015, pp.16 & 19-20, http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=7763368&fileOId=7763369 (last accessed 5th June 2016) 328 Amnesty International, Cambodia 2015/2016, https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/ asia-and-the-pacific/cambodia/report-cambodia/ (last accessed 5th June 2016) 329 Human Rights Watch, 30 Years of Hun Sen - Violence, Repression, and Corruption in Cambodia, January 2015, p.4, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cambodia0115_ForUpload.pdf (last accessed 5th June 2016); 330 Southeast Asia Globe, Has Cambodia's opposition CNRP lost its way?, 10th March 2016, http://sea-globe.com/has-cambodias-opposition-cnrp-lost-its-way/ (last accessed 5th June 2016); Voice of America, Opposition Leader Claims He Was Right to Choose Exile, 5th May 2016, http://www.voacambodia.com/a/opposition-leader-claims-he-was-right-to-choose-exile/3315539.html (last accessed 5th June 2016); Radio Free Asia, Interview: Sam Rainsy Says CNRP 'Will Not Fall Into Their Trap', 5th May 2016, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/cambodia-samrainsy-05052016173026.html (last accessed 5th June 2016); 331 Download the 4 raw data spreadsheets of company registrations and amendments from Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/. 332 Licadho, press release, LICADHO Calls for Restoration of Open Access to Companies Register, 25th June 2015, http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/pressrelease.php?perm=387 (last accessed 5th June 2015; Royal Government of Cambodia Ministry of Commerce company registration database, http://www.moc.gov.kh/en-us/company-registration (last accessed April 2016). Note that the website is often unavailable. 333 Anti Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 6th June 2016) 334 Anti Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, Articles 11 & 13, http://www. cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 6th June 2016) 335 Anti Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, Article 11, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 6th June 2016) 336 Anti Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, Articles 11 & 16, http://www. cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 6th June 2016) 337 Anti Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, Article 16, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 6th June 2016) 338 Transparency International, Corruption Perception Index, 2015, http://www.transparency.org/cpi2015#results-table (last accessed 5th June 2016) 339 Licadho, joint statement from 27 Cambodian NGOs, CSOs call upon authorities to immediately cease harassment of human rights defenders, 29th April 2016, https://www. licadho-cambodia.org/pressrelease.php?perm=402 (last accessed 6th June 2016)
340 Anti Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, Article 13, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 6th June 2016) 341 Anti Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, Articles 17 & 18, http://www. cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 6th June 2016) 342 For details on members of the Hun family who hold positions in public office or state security forces see Chapter 5 on pages 26-27. 343 Anti Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, Article 20, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 6th June 2016)
361 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A6979,A7920; Electric Authority of Cambodia, Decision on first revision of the license document no.132LD dated May 31 , 2006 for (Cambodia) Electricity Private Co., Ltd. for providing electric power generation service at Phnom Penh city for revising ownership of licensee, 27th November 2013. Document obtained by Global Witness investigators in October 2015.
344 Anti Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, Article 38, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 6th June 2016)
362 Official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry - extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. Accessible on Cambodia Corporates at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/search?type=ids&id=A1009,A2247
363 Phnom Penh Post, Fight gets venomous, 31st October 2013, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/fight-gets-venomous (last accessed 3rd June 2016);
364 Phnom Penh Post, Fight gets venomous, 31st October 2013, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/fight-gets-venomous (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, First snakes, now 'arson', 18th March 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/firstsnakes-now-%E2%80%98arson%E2%80%99 (last accessed 3rd June 2016); Phnom Penh Post, For communities, threats routine, 8th May 2014, http://www.phnompenhpost.com/ national/communities-threats-routine (last accessed 4th June 2016);
347 Radio Free Asia, Hun Sen declares assets, 1st April 2011, http://www.rfa.org/english/ news/cambodia/assets-04012011163501.html (last accessed 5th June 2016) 348 Heinrich Boell Foundation, Indigenous Peoples And Land Titling In Cambodia: A Study Of Six Villages, 2013, p.3, https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/indigenous-peoples-andland-titling-in-cambodia_a-study-of-six-villages.pdf (last accessed 6th June 2016); RNW Media, Controversy over Cambodia PMs land titling plan, undated, https://www.rnw.org/ archive/controversy-over-cambodia-pms-land-titling-plan (last accessed 6th June 2016); ABC News, Concerns over Cambodia's use of students in land titling scheme, 8th October 2012, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10-08/an-controversy-over-pm27s-plan-to-involvestudents-in-land-tit/4300714 (last accessed 6th June 2016) 349 Cambodia Daily, Hun Sen Says CPP Largess Will End if Election Is Lost, 7th March 2013, https://www.cambodiadaily.com/elections/hun-sen-says-cpp-largess-will-end-if-election-islost-12645/ (last accessed 4th June 2016); 350 Anti Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, Article 38, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 6th June 2016) 351 Criminal Code of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2009, Article 595 (Defines of Influential Deal) and Article 599 (Definition of Favouritism), https://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/khm/ criminal_code_of_the_kingdom_of_cambodia_html/Cambodia_Criminal-Code-of-theKingdom-of-Cambodia-30-Nov-2009-Eng.pdf (last accessed 6th June 2016); Anti Corruption Law of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010, Article 32, http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/ anti-corruption-law_100417.html (last accessed 6th June 2016) 352 Criminal Code of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2009 , Article 595, https://www.unodc. org/res/cld/document/khm/criminal_code_of_the_kingdom_of_cambodia_html/Cambodia_Criminal-Code-of-the-Kingdom-of-Cambodia-30-Nov-2009-Eng.pdf (last accessed 6th June 2016) 353 Criminal Code of the Kingdom of Cambodia, 2009 , Article 599, https://www.unodc. org/res/cld/document/khm/criminal_code_of_the_kingdom_of_cambodia_html/Cambodia_Criminal-Code-of-the-Kingdom-of-Cambodia-30-Nov-2009-Eng.pdf (last accessed 6th June 2016) 354 Financial Action Taskforce (FATF), International Standards On Combating Money Laundering And The Financing Of Terrorism & Proliferation, February 2012, pp.119-120, http:// www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/pdfs/FATF_Recommendations. pdf (last accessed 6th June 2016) 355 Financial Action Taskforce (FATF), International Standards On Combating Money Laundering And The Financing Of Terrorism & Proliferation, February 2012, p.16, http://www. fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/pdfs/FATF_Recommendations.pdf (last accessed 6th June 2016) 356 Law On Anti-Money Laundering And Combating The Financing Of Terrorism of the Kingdom of Cambodia, Unofficial translation, 2007, Article 10.1(f) & 10.2, http://www. cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/content/uploads/2011/09/Law-on-Money-Laundering-Terrorist-Financing_Full-Text_070624.pdf (last accessed 6th June 2016) 357 World Bank, Detailed Assessment Report Anti-Money Laundering And Combating The Financing Of Terrorism – Kingdom of Cambodia, 25th July 2007, point 318, p.59, http:// www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/06/25/00042 6104_20120625152021/Rendered/PDF/701180ESW0P1140rld0Bank0DAR0July007.pdf (last accessed 6th June 2016) 358 World Bank, Detailed Assessment Report Anti-Money Laundering And Combating The Financing Of Terrorism – Kingdom of Cambodia, 25th July 2007, p.63, http://www-wds. worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/06/25/000426104_201 20625152021/Rendered/PDF/701180ESW0P1140rld0Bank0DAR0July007.pdf (last accessed 6th June 2016) 359 Pudo website, An open database of persons and entities of interest, http://pudo.org/ material/opennames/. Full list of persons and entities of interest accessible at http://archive. pudo.org/opennames/latest/full.xlsx (last accessed 6th January 2016) 360 1998 General Statute of Military Personnel of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces, Article 25, p.4, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/93508/109344/F811412622/ KHM93508%20Eng.pdf (last accessed 2nd June 2016)
365 Kingdom of Cambodia Law on Commercial Enterprises, 2005, Articles 7 & 290, http:// www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/content/uploads/2012/03/Law-on-Commercial-Enterprises_English_050517.pdf (last accessed 6th June 2016) 366 Kingdom of Cambodia Law on Commercial Enterprises, 2005, Articles 230, http://www. cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/content/uploads/2012/03/Law-on-Commercial-Enterprises_English_050517.pdf (last accessed 6th June 2016) 367 Analysis based on official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry, data extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. All data accessible at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/. For information on company type download the raw data spreadsheets of company registrations; A breakdown of this figure can also be found in Annex 4. 368 Analysis based on official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry, data extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. All data accessible at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/. For a full list of the Hun family's holdings see the infographic on page X or Annex 1. 369 Analysis based on official government data from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce's online corporate registry, data extracted in December 2014 and February 2016 by Global Witness. All data accessible at https://cambodiacorporates.globalwitness.org/. For information on company type download the raw data spreadsheets of company registrations. For a full list of the Hun family's holdings see the infographic on page 16 or Annex 1 on page 33.
Unless otherwise stated, all photos in this report are credited to the Phnom Penh Post. They remain the copyright and property of Post Media Co.
Global Witness investigates and campaigns to change the system by exposing the economic networks behind conflict, corruption and environmental destruction. Global Witness is a company limited by guarantee and incorporated in England (No.2871809) Global Witness. Lloyds Chambers, 1 Portsoken St, London E1 8BT, United Kingdom ISBN 978-0-9954833-1-6
Chetra A Keo
2016 Global Witness on the Hun Empire
Corporate empire of Mr. Hun Sen family..
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