Anna Wilschut, Jan Theeuwes, Christian N. L. Olivers; The time it takes to turn a memory into a template. Journal of Vision 2013;13(3):8. doi: 10.1167/13.3.8.
Abstract Visual search is typically guided by goals that are set within working memory. By varying the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between a visual stimulus describing the target and the search display containing that target, previous studies have estimated how long it takes to implement such an attentional set. Here we investigate how long it takes to turn a visual memory representation (rather than a percept of the stimulus) into an attentional set. We used a memory-based postcueing procedure in which observers first encoded two colors into memory. A subsequent spatial cue indicated which of the two defined the relevant target color, followed by the search task. Experiment 1, which employed RT-based measures with unlimited viewing time, showed search slopes for relevant and irrelevant sets that suggested near instant guidance. However, Experiment 2 demonstrated that RT measures can suffer from severe underestimation. With temporally limited (and masked) viewing, accuracy scores showed that maximal search guidance was reached at about 400 ms. The results suggest that a visual memory can be turned into an attentional set within less than half a second. The implications for previous findings are discussed.
Much of our everyday visual behavior consists of searching for specific objects that are relevant to the task at hand. Such visual search is assumed to be guided on the basis of a representation of the search goal, referred to as the attentional set or template, and that is further thought to be maintained by the working memory (Desimone & Duncan, 1995; Duncan & Humphreys, 1989). A question that is crucial for understanding visual search and its dynamics is how fast an attentional set can be selected from working memory and then applied to optimally guide search.
The time course of implementing an attentional set in visual search has been investigated earlier with the use of cued search tasks (Knapp & Abrams, 2012; Meyers & Rhoades, 1978; Schmidt & Zelinsky, 2011; Vickery, King, & Jiang, 2005; Wolfe, Horowitz, Kenner, Hyle, & Vasan, 2004). In these tasks the search target identity is indicated by a centrally presented cue at the beginning of each trial. Then, at various stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), the cue is followed by the search display, which potentially contains the target, presented together with a number of irrelevant items. The observer's task is to find the target and respond according to its presence or some other predefined property. Using this procedure, Wolfe et al. (2004) measured the effectiveness of exact visual cues (a picture of the target) as compared to categorical cues (a verbal description of the target) for an extensive range of SOAs. The reaction times (RTs) in the cued conditions were compared to a baseline condition in which the target was always the same within one block of trials. The results showed that exact visual cues led to a rapid improvement of overall RTs, and that it took only about 200 ms for search to become as fast as in the baseline condition. In contrast, guidance by verbal and categorical cue types was slower and never reached the level of the exact visual cues (see also Theeuwes & Van der Burg, 2011).
Note though that overall RTs per se are not necessarily indicative of the attentional set effectively being in place, as RTs may reflect other processing stages than the guidance of attention towards the target, including postselection decision and response selection stages (e.g., Mortier, Theeuwes, & Starreveld, 2005). Instead, the slopes of the RT × display set size function may then be more indicative of the operation of a search-guiding attentional set. As the slopes represent the search time increment for each item added, they provide a direct measure of search efficiency, with little, if any, effect of response-related processes. A less consistent pattern was seen for the RT slopes in the Wolfe et al. (2004) study. In some experiments slopes decreased for up to 200 ms, but in other experiments the pattern of slopes was essentially flat from 0 to 50 ms SOA onwards, suggesting near instant guidance from the moment the cue is presented. These results seemed to be further corroborated by Vickery et al. (2005) who used a largely similar procedure and found a benefit for exact visual cues already at the shortest of their SOAs at 200 ms, with no further modulations as a function of time. This led to the conclusion that the attentional set is fully in place at 200 ms at the very latest.
However, there may be a more general problem with using RT-based measures of guidance (whether overall RTs or slopes), as was also noted by Wolfe et al. (2004) themselves. Apart from the fact that overall RTs may reflect processes other than attentional guidance, there is the problem that observers may postpone their search until the attentional set is fully implemented. The latter would result in an SOA effect on overall RTs (suggesting some time is indeed needed to implement a set—although this is then ambiguous as other processing stages may be affected, too), in combination with the absence of an SOA effect on slopes (suggesting near instant selection). Of course, depending on the individual strategy, the data may reflect a mixture of waiting and partial guidance. In addition, one may even wonder whether standard search slopes in principle provide the best index of attentional guidance. When slopes are calculated across all items in the display, they do not specify whether observed changes are due to changes in guidance towards the target feature or due to the time it takes to process just any item in general (be it target or distractor). For example, arousal or preparation effects as potentially induced by the cue also tend to increase over time and may speed up visual scanning processes (including eye movements, or postselective decision processes occurring at each visited item), without necessarily becoming more selective—that is, more tuned towards the target properties (Los & Schut, 2008; Posner & Boies, 1971).
Recently, Schmidt and Zelinsky (2011) used a different measure of attentional selectivity, which may be less sensitive to the aforementioned issues. Instead of RTs, Schmidt and Zelinsky measured the proportion of first saccades that correctly landed on the target. They argued that a saccadic accuracy measure would be a more sensitive index of guidance, as it would not include factors such as decision criteria. In addition, and interestingly, a long preview time was given to fully encode the cue, and instead of SOA, the time between the cue offset and the search display onset (interstimulus interval, ISI) was varied. By presenting the cue for as long as 3 s, the authors aimed to exclude the possibility that the guidance measure would be affected by the cue processing time. The results showed that with exact pictorial cues, the proportion of initial saccades to the targets now peaked later than what was suggested by earlier RT estimates, namely for ISIs between 300 and 600 ms. After that, performance declined again. Categorical cues were even slower in affecting guidance, with performance reaching optimum somewhere between 600 and 3000 ms. However, this effect was so weak that it was virtually negligible. The fact that the saccade-based estimate for the exact visual cues is longer than that provided by Wolfe and colleagues (2004) as well as by Vickery and colleagues (2005), lends support to the idea that RT-based measures may sometimes underestimate the time that is needed to implement an attentional set.
A further interesting aspect of the Schmidt and Zelinsky (2011) study is the finding that the performance function appeared to be time-locked to the cue offset. This suggests that observers wait until the cue is no longer visible before they commit its representation to memory and then start searching on the basis of that memory. Alternatively, when the representation is already in memory at the end of the cue, its offset may be the signal to start turning the memory into an attention-guiding representation. The present study directly investigates how long it takes to turn a memory into an attention-guiding template. Moreover, we examine which effects the type of measurement (RT or accuracy) has on estimating the time course of implementing the template.
Whereas previous findings suggest that observers can turn a visually presented cue into a template within a few hundred milliseconds, we ask the question whether observers can use a sheer visual memory as the basis for the attentional set, and what the dynamics of this process are. These dynamics may be quite different than for exact pictorial cues. As previous studies suggest that search guidance increases rapidly and strongly for pictorial but not for verbal cues, it may be that direct feed-forward activation from the stimulus underlies the found temporal guidance effects, with little role for visual working memory. For example, as suggested by Wolfe et al. (2004), the rapid, enhanced guidance effect of the exact picture cues may be augmented by lower-level sensory priming between the cue and the search target. Such priming is thought to occur automatically, as a result of implicit learning across the stimulus repetitions (Kristjánsson & Campana, 2010; Maljkovic & Nakayama, 1994). Therefore, search guidance may develop very differently when boosted by a real visual trace than when based on working memory representation per se.
We ran two experiments using a memory postcueing procedure, which is illustrated in Figure 1. A trial started with the presentation of two colors at pseudo-random positions around the fixation point. Both colors had to be attended and, together with their positions, encoded into working memory as observers did not know beforehand which of them would indicate the target set. Observers were given 1.5 s to load the colors into memory. Then, 1 s after the colors had disappeared, a spatial postcue indicated which of the two colors would be relevant for the subsequent search task (as it indicated the target set) and which color not (as it indicated a set of only distractor items). Previous studies have found that postcueing yields similar attentional correlates as does precueing (Dell'Acqua, Sessa, Toffanin, Luria, & Jolicoeur, 2010; Nobre, et al., 2004; Ruff, Kristjánsson, & Driver, 2007), so it appears useful as a tool for creating an attentional set on the basis of a memory representation. Furthermore, electroencephalographic (EEG) studies have provided evidence that such cues are maintained in visual working memory, as indicated by the contralateral delay activity (CDA; Carlisle, Arita, Pardo, & Woodman, 2011; Vogel & Machizawa, 2004; Woodman & Arita, 2011) of the event-related potential. Here we were interested in how long it takes to turn the visual memory for the cued color into an attentional set that is useful for searching a subsequent display. To that end, we varied the SOA between the postcue and the search display between 50 and 800 ms. Since both target and distractor colors were present in the precue and committed to memory and we measured performance time-locked to the spatial postcue, any modulations should be then due to implementation of the attentional set based on the chosen memory representation, and not on residual priming from the activation of the sensory trace.
The experimental task. Search array was present until response in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2 its duration was limited to 150 ms, followed by a mask.
Furthermore, to see how different response strategies affect the estimates of the speed with which an attentional set can be implemented, the two experiments differed with regards to viewing time and the dependent variable. In Experiment 1, participants had unlimited viewing time when searching the displays, and RTs were measured. This corresponds to the most typical way of measuring visual search guidance in the literature. However, as explained earlier, it runs the risk of underestimating the time it takes to implement the attentional set, as the unlimited viewing time allows observers to postpone their search until the attentional set has been completely implemented. In Experiment 2 we therefore limited the viewing time of the search display by allowing only a brief presentation in combination with a mask. Here we measured search accuracy as a function of SOA. Thus, this is the first study to compare how search performance develops over time as a function of response conditions, within one and the same task. If RT measures indeed run the risk of underestimating the time to set up a template, we should see such estimates to differ for the accuracy measures in Experiment 2.
Finally, in order to be able to demonstrate a clear guidance towards the target feature, we separated the search slope for items carrying the relevant (target) color from the slope for items carrying the distractor color by independently manipulating the set size of the cued (relevant) and uncued (irrelevant) items in the search display. This has benefits over simply assessing the slopes across all items in the display, as previous studies have shown that search can be restricted to a subset of items, thus demonstrating top-down selectivity (Egeth, Virzi, & Garbart, 1984; Kaptein, Theeuwes, & van der Heijden, 1995; Theeuwes, Kramer, & Atchley, 1998). Accordingly, the more successful the implementation of the attentional set for the relevant items, the larger the slopes for that particular subset, and the smaller the slopes for the irrelevant subset of items. The time that observers spend in searching among relevant and irrelevant colors is thus reflected in the difference between the slopes for the two subsets. These slopes were calculated for RTs in Experiment 1 and for error scores in Experiment 2.
In Experiment 1 postcueing was used in combination with a visual search task to measure the time it takes from selecting a color from memory to optimally using that color to guide search. In this experiment RT was used as a dependent measure. The set sizes for items in the target-relevant color and in the irrelevant color were independently varied, in order to directly assess the bias towards the target color. With time, the more selective the search becomes, the larger the search slopes for the relevant color subset, and the smaller the slopes for the irrelevant subset (see Kaptein et al., 1995).
Fourteen students (five males, 18–28 years old, M = 22 years) participated in exchange for money (8 €/hour) or course credits. All gave their informed consent prior to the experiment and reported having normal or corrected-to-normal eyesight. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Participants were seated in a dimly lit cubicle, at approximately 70 cm from a 19-in. monitor (1024 × 768 pixels, refreshing at 120 Hz). Stimulus presentation and response collection was done by E-prime software (Psychology Software Tools, Pittsburgh, PA). The background was gray (CIE: x = 0.308, y = 0.338, luminance: 29.95 cd/m2). A central white (x = 0.279, y = 0.311, 110.9 cd/m2) circle with a 0.06° radius served as fixation. The precue display always contained a red (x = 0.62, y = 0.345; 8.89 cd/m2) and a green (x = 0.375, y = 0.542; 7.642 cd/m2) disk of 0.31° radius each, drawn on the circumference of a centralized imaginary circle with a 0.62° radius. The position of one of the disks was first randomly determined in each trial, and the second disk was then positioned at the opposite location. The postcue was a smaller black dot with 0.19° radius, presented at the location of the relevant color precue. The search display items were red and green (colors as for the precues) bars of four different orientations (0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°). Search items were drawn on a 4 × 4 grid that covered an area of 8.01° × 8.01°. The 16 search array positions were organized in four quadrants that were separated from each other by a 2.47° distance. The distance between the positions within the quadrants was 1.85°. The target was either a red vertical bar or a green horizontal bar, determined randomly on each trial. In order to force selection (and not just let observers search for the unique object), the other exemplar of the target set was also always present and was drawn in a different quadrant of the grid. The rest of grid positions were filled by distractor bars (the number of filled positions being dependent on the set sizes), whose color, orientation, and position were random, with the restriction that each quadrant contained always an equal number of exemplars of each color.
Factors SOA (50, 200, 400, and 800 ms), relevant color set size (four and eight) and irrelevant color set size (four and eight) were varied within participants and randomly mixed within blocks. There were 40 trials for each of these 4 × 2 × 2 conditions. The trial (see Figure 1) began by simultaneous presentation of the fixation dot and the precue of two color disks for 1.5 s. The precue was then removed, and the fixation dot was presented alone for 1 s. The postcue dot was then shown for 50 ms at the location of the relevant color circle of the precue. This postcue indicated the target color with 100% validity. The search display followed the postcue at one of the four SOAs, and remained on until the participant had responded. The next trial began after a 1000 ms blank period. The task of the participant was to search for the target bar (which was either a red vertical or a green horizontal) and to indicate the quadrant in which it was shown (four alternative forced-choice response). The responses were given on a standard US keyboard, with the keys "f," "j," "v," and "n" corresponding to the quadrants "upper left," "upper right," "lower left," and "lower right," respectively. Participants were instructed to respond as fast as possible while maintaining a high accuracy level. Feedback was given about the accuracy and speed. There were first 40 practice trials, followed by ten experimental blocks of 64 trials each. Only the results from the experimental blocks were analyzed. The experiment took about 70 min in total, including the self-paced breaks between the blocks.
Figure 2 shows the RTs, including the average RT across different set sizes. For the analyses, only correct responses that were given between 200 and 4000 ms post search display onset were included (excluding incorrect responses [8.6%], or excessively slow or fast responses [0.2%]). First, to assess overall performance, a repeated measures ANOVA (with α = 0.05 and Greenhouse–Geisser-corrected p values when necessary) on the average RT showed that there was a significant effect of SOA on RTs, F(1.4, 18.1) = 28.8, p < 0.001. Pairwise t tests confirmed what can be seen in Figure 2, namely that RTs decreased from 50 ms to 200 ms SOA, t(13) = 7.4, p < 0.001, and from 200 ms to 400 ms SOA, t(13) = 3.5, p < 0.01. After 400 ms, there was no further change in RTs (p = 0.39, ns).
Experiment 1: RTs for total average and according to relevant and irrelevant set size, plotted as a function of SOA. The error bars are drawn for the total average, representing the SEM.
Then, in order to assess the effect of SOA on specific selectivity for the target color, we calculated RT slopes independently for the relevant and irrelevant color sets. These slope values are shown in Figure 3, together with the difference scores (i.e., the subtraction of the slopes for the irrelevant set from the slopes for the relevant set). A repeated measures ANOVA with relevance and SOA as factors showed that relevance had a significant effect on slopes, F(1, 13) = 63.1, p < 0.001. Observers were searching selectively among the relevant items, while they largely ignored the irrelevant color. However, neither the effect of SOA, F(3, 39) = 0.63, p = 0.60, nor the interaction between relevance and SOA, F(3, 39) = 0.07, p = 0.96, were significant. This would suggest that the selectivity was not modulated over time.
Mean RT slopes for relevant and irrelevant subsets and their difference scores, plotted as a function of SOA. Error bars represent the SEM, calculated for the difference scores.
Performance accuracy was overall high (M = 91%) and improved as SOA increased, F(3, 39) = 10.03, p < 0.001. Pairwise t tests between sequential SOAs did not reach significance when corrected for multiple comparisons (M = 88% at 50 ms vs. M = 91% at 200 ms: p = 0.04; 200 ms vs. M = 93% at 400 ms: p = 0.12; 400 ms vs. M = 94% at 800 ms: p = 0.22). Accuracies were thus fully in line with the RTs.
Even though the subset-specific slopes were used as the measure of selectivity here, we also calculated the slopes in the standard way, across all items in the display for trials in which the set size for relevant and irrelevant items was equal (either both four or both eight, resulting in total set sizes 8 and 16), as to provide a comparison with previous cueing studies. These slopes were larger than zero at each SOA (p < 0.001) but did not vary over time (p = 0.67).
The search slope data of Experiment 1 suggest that a memory-based postcue successfully guided search to the cued subset, and did this almost instantaneously, already at the 50 ms SOA. This is implied by the significantly higher RT slopes for the relevant subset as compared to the slopes for the irrelevant subset, and this effect being invariable over time. Such a rapid implementation of a target template seems surprising, as one would assume at least a minimum amount of processing in order to process the cue, retrieve the color, and then turn it into a template. However, the result is consistent with earlier failures to find a time-based modulation of search slopes (Vickery et al., 2005; Wolfe et al., 2004). What could explain this lack of temporal effects? The overall RTs are very suggestive here. They do show a modulation, as overall speed improves for SOAs up to 400 ms. Initially, the RT decrement is nearly perfectly inverse to SOA increment (135 ms decrement from 50 to 200 ms SOA), reminiscent of the classic −1 slope in cognitive bottleneck studies (Pashler, 1994). This supports the idea that observers do need some time to fully implement the target template, and that search thus starts later, but is efficient once started (Wolfe et al., 2004). In other words, observers do not start searching until they are ready to do so. In the RT task used in Experiment 1 postponing the search was an entirely viable strategy for the participant, as the search display was visible for an unlimited duration, until the participant had responded. In Experiment 2 we therefore tested whether temporal modulations in selectivity could be found if the search task was severely time limited and performance accuracy was measured, instead of RTs.
Experiment 2 was a replication of Experiment 1 but now with performance accuracy as the dependent variable. To make the task sensitive to errors and to compel observers to start searching as soon as possible, the search display duration was limited to 150 ms and backward masked.
Fourteen new students (seven males, 18–28 years old, M = 24 years, self-reported normal or corrected-to-normal eyesight) gave their informed consent and participated. Four participants were replaced with four new participants as they performed below 50% accuracy.
Stimuli and apparatus were otherwise identical to Experiment 1 except that the search display was now masked by a dense clutter of red and green bars (similar to the search items) that covered the whole search array (8.01° × 8.01°) for 300 ms. The search display was present for 150 ms. Participants were instructed to respond as accurately as possible with no strain put on speed. Feedback was given only about accuracy. In the practice block the search display duration was first set to 1000 ms from which it was reduced stepwise given that an accuracy level of at least 70% was maintained (while during the experimental blocks the search display duration was fixed). There were five experimental blocks, with 128 trials in each.
Figure 4 shows performance accuracy as a function of SOA. Trials with too fast (<200 ms) or slow (>4000 ms) responses, in total 0.7% of all trials, were excluded. A repeated measures ANOVA confirmed that SOA had a significant effect on total accuracy, F(3, 39) = 79.3, p < 0.001. Overall performance improved progressively over time up to the 400 ms SOA (50 ms vs. 200 ms: p < 0.001; 200 ms vs. 400 ms: p < 0.01), after which the improvement became less prominent (400 ms vs. 800 ms: p = 0.05).
Experiment 2: Percentage correct for total average and according to relevant and irrelevant set size, plotted as a function of SOA. Error bars are drawn for the total average accuracy scores and represent the SEM.
An analysis of guidance towards the target color as a function of time was then performed in the same way for the errors here as for the RTs in Experiment 1. Figure 5 shows the error slopes independently for the relevant and irrelevant color set sizes at different SOAs, together with the difference scores (formed by subtracting the irrelevant color slopes from the relevant color slopes). Relevance had again a significant overall effect on slopes, F(1, 13) = 54.47, p < 0.001, while the effect of SOA was not significant, F(3, 39) = 1.4, p = 0.26. Importantly, this time, there was a significant interaction between relevance and SOA, F(3, 39) = 3.34, p < 0.05. The relevant subset slopes were larger than the irrelevant subset slopes at all except the first SOA (50 ms: p = 0.23; 200 ms: p < 0.001; 400 ms: p < 0.001; 800 ms: p < 0.01), indicating that selectivity was absent early in time and then increased with SOA. Comparing the difference scores between the SOAs showed that the increment in selectivity became reliable when the SOA was increased to 400 ms [50 ms vs. 400 ms SOA: t(13) = 3.1, p < 0.01; 50 ms vs. 200 ms SOA: t(13) = 2.0, p = 0.06]. Between 400 and 800 ms the difference score appeared to diminish again, but this effect was not significant [400 ms vs. 800 ms: t(13) = 1.4, p = 0.2].
Error slopes for relevant and irrelevant subsets and their difference scores, plotted as a function of SOA. The error bars represent the SEM, drawn for the difference scores.
Again, also the slopes for the total set size were calculated (similar to Experiment 1). These showed a different pattern than the subset slopes. While being overall significantly larger than zero (p < 0.001 at each SOA), no effect of time was found (p = 0.26). This demonstrates that slopes computed across all the items of a search array may not always be sufficiently sensitive to show temporal changes in guidance, as they do not differentiate between search among relevant and irrelevant items. Instead, one needs to specifically look at subsets carrying the target feature.
Similar to the RT results in Experiment 1, overall performance accuracy in Experiment 2 improved by postcueing the relevant color up to 400 ms SOA prior to search display onset, after which it leveled off. This time, and in contrast to Experiment 1, selectivity (as measured by the relevant set slope minus the irrelevant set slope) was also found to change over time. There was no selectivity for the target color at the shortest SOA of 50 ms, but it then increased as the SOA was prolonged, so that the maximal difference between the relevant and irrelevant subset search was reached at 400 ms.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the time that it takes to implement an attentional set from memory. For this purpose a memory postcueing procedure was combined with a visual search task at various SOAs. Whereas in previous studies when observers were given a single visual cue, which could be directly turned into a search template, our observers first had to load the visual information into memory before they got to know what to search for. This allowed us to measure, for the first time, how long it takes to turn a memory into a template for search. This is theoretically important because many theories of visual search assume a role for working memory in maintaining the template for visual search (Bundesen, 1990; Desimone & Duncan, 1995; Duncan & Humphreys, 1989; Wolfe, 1994). However, they do not specify whether just any active memory automatically serves as a template, or whether a working memory needs to undergo a transformation in order to successfully guide attention (e.g., Carlisle et al., 2011; Chun, 2011; Olivers & Eimer, 2011; Postle, 2006; Woodman, Luck, & Schall, 2007). Our experiments show the latter: First there are two memories active, after which one of them is turned into a search template. The findings suggest that this takes around 400 ms.
Furthermore, we are the first to show that RT measures, as used by previous studies (Knapp & Abrams, 2012; Vickery et al., 2005; Wolfe et al., 2004), are not ideally suited for measuring the time course of implementing an attentional set. The current data indicate that the RT slope can be affected by the strategy to postpone search until the attentional set is at least partially implemented, leading to an underestimation of the time to implement a template.
Finally, we are the first to provide an estimate for the time it takes to implement an attentional set while fully controlling for automatic priming effects from the cue. Note that most previous studies did not control for this. Wolfe et al. (2004) checked for priming effects from the previous trial, but they did not control for priming from the cue itself. Moreover, such priming effects from the previous trial were close to reliable in almost all experiments of the Wolfe et al. study, showing that priming in this paradigm is far from hypothetical. Wolfe et al. argued that whether or not we should regard such priming effects as top-down may be a matter of semantics. However, although priming effects may indeed be quite "intelligent" (e.g., they are sensitive to overall task settings: Fecteau, 2007; Olivers & Meeter, 2006), we want to suggest that they are different from the flexible settings that observers can adopt trial by trial on the basis of a new task instruction. That is the specific form of short-term, task-driven (rather than history or context-driven) top-down attentional control that we have been trying to measure here. In the present study the memory display contained both the irrelevant and relevant color (which both had to be attended and stored), equalizing any priming effects across the subsets. However, increased selectivity was found for the cued color only. Furthermore, we measured the modulations in selectivity time-locked to a postcue, which in itself did not carry any target features. This makes the sensory priming explanation even less likely. Consistent with this, the study of Schmidt and Zelinsky (2011) included an experiment in which they tried to control for priming effects by backward masking the cue. The results showed that masking the cue did not remove the guidance enhancement effect, suggesting that it is not dependent on a persistent visual trace per se (even though this would not exclude other types of priming that carry across the mask). The present results are in line with this conclusion and provide an even stricter test by showing that selectivity can be enhanced by a postcue that reactivates a template presented already a second ago.
The present results are generally compatible with previous findings (Knapp & Abrams, 2012; Meyers & Rhoades, 1978; Schmidt & Zelinsky, 2011; Wolfe et al., 2004) by showing that search guidance is enhanced by cueing the search target. The optimal cueing latency matches with the study of Schmidt and Zelinsky (2011) that used saccadic accuracy as a measure of guidance. Since both their and our study used a form of accuracy measure under brief viewing conditions (i.e., either the first fixation or limited by masking), neither is likely to suffer from underestimating the time to implement the attentional set. Note that Schmidt and Zelinsky observed a similar time course as we did, but as a function of a visual cue offset, and concluded that the enhanced guidance effect was due to a process of consolidating the cue to visual working memory. This consolidation process was further suggested to be supported by the temporary trace of the cue features in iconic memory, a memory type that may last a few hundreds of milliseconds after the stimulus offset (Sperling, 1960). Importantly, the present results show that similar rapid guidance enhancement is not dependent on the visual trace of the target-matching cue, but can be initiated also by selecting a representation from working memory with the help of a postcue, as the postcue signals which memory to turn into a template. We suggest something similar may have occurred in the Schmidt and Zelinsky (2011) study, where the initial visual representation (which is on for 3 s) is only turned into a template once the cue offset signals that the visual search display is imminent. Of interest here is another study looking at the time course of implementing a template by Wolfe, Horowitz, Palmer, Michod, and Van Wert (2010). They found that reaching optimal guidance takes always some minimum time, even when the target is invariably repeated from trial to trial. Wolfe and colleagues (2010) presented observers with search displays containing 16 disks, four of which were drawn in a different color. After a variable delay the disks were filled with search items, and the target was always presented in one of the four differently colored disks. The color of the target-containing disks could be either variable or remain the same for a block of trials. The RTs in these conditions were compared to a baseline speed that was obtained when only the four disks were visible. The results showed that even though the blocked condition led to more efficient search in terms of RTs, it still took at least 200 ms to reach the baseline level. The representation of the target presumably must have been consolidated into a rather stable representation in such repeated target blocks, and thus it appears that the additional time was needed not to retrieve this representation but to apply it to the search task. This would mean that during a search experiment, observers do not continuously hold a template active even if it is readily available, but only activate the template when there is a signal to start searching (such as the appearance of the search display or any prior cue). These results thus support the idea that the transformation of a mere target memory into an attentional set contributes to the time course of search guidance enhancement.
The current study assumes that the search colors were stored in visual working memory and upon the presentation of the postcue, one of these visual memory representations was transferred into a search template. Given the relatively long time it takes to reach the optimal guidance (about 400 ms), one may argue that instead of visual representation in working memory, participants may have recoded the visual information into a categorical representation. For example, according to this interpretation participants must have stored the memory array in a verbal code (e.g., on a given trial: "red was top left, and green was right bottom"), one of which is retained after the postcue. If such a recoding strategy had been used, the procedure of the current experiment would be similar to the word cue condition of Wolfe et al. (2004) that did not show the actual target pictorially but instead gave a verbal cue (e.g., "black vertical"). Even though it is possible that participants may have transferred the visual information into some verbal code here this is not likely for several reasons. First, Theeuwes and Van der Burg (2011) have shown that cueing with the actual color feature (e.g., a patch of red) is much more efficient in visual (pop-out) search than cuing with a verbal label (the word "red"). Therefore, if the visual representation is directly available, there is every reason to assume that participants use this more optimal code. Second, the recoding of the visual representation into a verbal memory code (e.g., "top left red, bottom right green") is in the current experiment difficult as the location of the two color patches changed from trial to trial along an imaginary circle. Recoding would be effortful and error prone and search would significantly suffer. Third, there is convincing evidence by Woodman and colleagues (2007) that when a target template for search changes from trial to trial, it is stored in visual working memory. In other words, Woodman et al. argue that the search template remains in a visual representation when it is variable (as it was in our experiments). This is also indicated by the fact that such cues generate a posterior contralateral delay activity of the event-related potential, which is indicative of visual working memory maintenance (Carlisle et al., 2011; Vogel & Machizawa, 2004; Woodman & Arita, 2011). When the search template is stable from trial to trial it can be shifted to a long-term memory like representation (Woodman, Carlisle, & Reinhart, 2013). Fourth, Schmidt and Zelinsky (2011) who used saccadic accuracy as an index of guidance demonstrated that word cues were basically inefficient in guiding search. If anything, word cues only led to a minor improvement in search occurring as late as between 600 to 3000 ms. When they used visual cues, the pattern of guidance was very similar to that found in the current work, with guidance reaching optimal levels after about half a second. The studies that have arrived at faster guidance times used RTs and are thus likely to suffer from underestimation. Although we cannot fully exclude a categorical component, these results from previous studies make it highly unlikely that in our experiments, participants only based their search on categorical representations.
A potentially interesting aspect of the enhanced guidance effect is that it appears to be short-lived in some cases. Schmidt and Zelinsky (2011; see also Meyers & Rhoades, 1978) reported a peak in selectivity for first saccades between 300 and 600 ms since cue offset, after which the proportion of initial saccades to the target declined again. Wolfe et al. (2004) showed a similar decline in performance at later SOAs in a substantial number of their data sets, although it never quite reached significance. In the current Experiment 2, a similar, but again nonsignificant, tendency for selectivity to decline at the longest latency was observed. The reason for the more pronounced transience in previous studies could have been that it may have been caused (partially) by the decaying visual trace of the cue. For example, the iconic memory representation has been estimated to vanish within few hundreds of milliseconds after the stimulus offset (Sperling, 1960), possibly related to the temporal persistence of the cortical activity as evoked by the visual stimulus (Ferber, Humphrey, & Vilis, 2005; Ruff et al., 2007). If performance in the studies using an exact cue was driven by such a stimulus-based effect, this may have been more short-lived than an attentional set that is built in the absence of target preview. However, transient enhancement may also partially reflect the attentional response itself, as triggered by the cueing signal. Such a transient attentional enhancement have typically been found in spatial cueing tasks (e.g., Cheal & Lyon, 1991; Müller & Rabbitt, 1989; Nakayama & Mackeben, 1989), and was recently suggested to be related to the selection of a target from irrelevant distractor items (Wilschut, Theeuwes, & Olivers, 2011). Similarly, the attentional response as evoked by a feature cue may be boosted only for a brief period of time during which search is efficiently guided towards the target, but after this temporary boost, distractors start to gain strength and selectivity decreases (Olivers, 2010). The weak but consistent transient pattern across the studies investigating feature cueing rather than spatial cueing suggests that similar mechanism may operate in the feature domain, but future studies would be needed to directly investigate this.
In conclusion, the current study shows that an attentional set can be implemented rapidly based on selection from memory. RT measurements may obscure the time needed to complete this process. The timing of memory-based guidance is similar to what has been found before for visually presented cues, while issues of target versus distractor selectivity and sensory priming were controlled for.
This work was supported by an NWO Vidi grant (452-06-007) to CNLO.
Address: VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Olivers C. N. L. (2010). The attentional boost and the attentional blink. In Coull J. Nobre A. C. (Eds.), Attention and time (pp. 49–62). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilschut A. Theeuwes J. Olivers C. N. L. (2011). The Time course of attention: Selection is transient. PLoS ONE, 6 (11), e27661, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027661.
Wolfe J. M. Horowitz T. S. Palmer E. M. Michod K. O. Van Wert M. J. (2010). Getting in to guided search. In Coltheart V. (Ed.), Tutorials in visual cognition (pp. 93–120). Hove, Sussex: Psychology Press.


Viking brought professional cooking home in 1987. Today, each Viking line offers a full range of products, so you do not have to mix and match brands. Viking Range Corporation was founded by Fred Carl, Jr., a fourth generation building contractor, to develop the first commercial-type range specifically designed, engineered and certified for home use. In 2002, Viking rapidly and successfully expanded its product line to include outdoor cooking, designer appliances, cabinetry, cutlery, counter top appliances, and cookware. Recently, Viking came full-circle with a complete line of true commercial-grade cooking appliances. In addition to its product line, Viking offers a culinary cooking school in many cities across the country. Viking will turn a cook into a chef.


2006 saw a great variety of operation on both main and tourist lines. The re-opened Bendigo line saw steam for the first time. Double-headed K class ran to Ballarat for the first time in many years. Triple-headed Na class ran at Puffing Billy to mark 8 A's return to service after a five-year overhaul. The ever-popular R class ran mainline trips to Echuca, Ballarat and Geelong. We get "up close and personal" with the internals of R707's boiler and firebox to see views not normally available to the railfan. J515 journeyed to Benalla then ended the year on hire to the Maldon Tourist Railway. For the first time two funeral trains ran on the Puffing Billy Railway. Loco birthday celebrations as well as suburban shuttles on the heavily graded Glen Waverley and picturesque Hurstbridge lines added more interesting vision for the year.
■Steam on the 1 in 30 Glen Waverley line.


text:
Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds - Abattoir Blues / the Lyre of Orpheus - LP
Limited double 180 gram vinyl LP pressing. This edition, approved personally by Nick Cave, is finally available again on it's original format. English guitarist and organist James Johnston joined the Bad Seeds for their thirteenth studio album ABATTOIR BLUES/THE LYRE OF ORPHEUS, which was released on September 20th 2004. This masterful double album was produced by Nick Launay at Studio Ferber in Paris in March-April 2004 with Cave splitting drumming duties for the two parts, with Jim Sclavunos on ABATTOIR BLUES and Thomas Wydler on LYRE OF ORPHEUS. The entire album was completed in twelve days, and notably, the last track on the album, 'O Children', was featured in the 2010 film HARRY POTTER AND THE DEATHLY HALLOWS PART ONE. The album generated extremely positive reviews, "The first disc is a rock & roll record, a pathos-drenched, volume-cranked rocker, full of crunch, punishment - and taste" while the second "is a much quieter, more elegant affair. It is more consciously restrained, it's attention to craft and theatrical flair more prevalent. But that doesn't make it any less satisfying".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Modern pillows and tote bags with a minimalist, Japanese aesthetic.
Facing Seattle's Puget Sound, this home offers both mountain and water views.
A system of colorful, foam blocks that let you design your own living room setup.
Urban-inspired painter and illustrator April Melchior also designs a series of textiles and home decor.
Resource Furniture recently unveiled new pieces of their clever, multifunctional pieces.
Hear from the experts on ways to maximize creativity and personality in the bathroom through an eclectic style.


text:
Q: Not able to find largest value in column with reference to value in adjacent column I want to find largest value in column B with reference to value in column A.
For example, i want to find maximum value in column B only for range where value in column A is "a"
So, result in cells(1,3) be 100.
Then, i have to find max value for range where value in column A is "b".
so, result on cells(2,3) be 110.
and so on for next values.
Final result of macro should be:

I have written code for finding maximum value in column B as below,but unable to find max value by reference:
Sub my()

Cells(1, 3).Value = Application.WorksheetFunction.Max(Columns("B"))

End Sub

Please help.

A: No need for macro:
{=MAX(IF(A$1:A$9999="a",B$1:B$9999))}

this will find the largest "a" value and
{=MAX(IF(A$1:A$9999="b",B$1:B$9999))}

this the largest "b"-value.
Please note, that this is an array formula, so enter it with Ctrl+Shift+Enter instead of the usual Enter, this means you don't have to type the {}. This only indicates, that this is an array formula.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
5 Reasons Trump Has Lost The Respect Of Women
DON EMMERT/AFP/Getty Images
By Madhuri Sathish-Van Atta
It would hard to be on Twitter and miss Donald Trump's complaints about Fox News' Megyn Kelly. After Kelly challenged him on some sexist comments he has made during the GOP debate, Trump criticized Kelly's lack of professionalism and said during an interview that "you could see that there was blood coming out her eyes, blood coming out of her wherever." In doing so, Trump proved — in case anyone still needed proof — that he does indeed have a tendency to make misogynist comments. In any case, Trump has certainly lost the respect of women, if he ever had it in the first place.
His whining about Kelly is hardly the first time he has said something offensive to or about women. He's said some despicable things about many different women, opposed abortion, made awkward comments about his daughter, and the list goes on. A Daily Kos writer went so far as to say that Trump would only win a general election if the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote, was repealed. So even if Trump has made the rare feminist comment here and there, women are less than impressed with Trump — with just 20 percent of women voters perceiving him favorably — and here are some of the reasons.
1. He Quoted A Tweet Calling Megyn Kelly A "Bimbo"
Ben Gabbe/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images
... among other things. Apparently alluding to her menstrual cycle — though he insists he was talking about a nosebleed — wasn't sufficient; Trump had to go and call her GOP debate questions, in which she challenged him on sexist comments he has made, "ridiculous" and "off-base." He also said that he had no respect for her, and accused her of asking "a very, very nasty question" — after all, how dare she be "very angry" about his sexism?
2. He Made Sexist Remarks About Rosie O'Donnell
Monica Schipper/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images
Trump and O'Donnell have a long history of feuding, but that does not by any means justify his response to Kelly, who called him out during the GOP primary debate for describing some women as "fat pigs," "dogs," "slobs," and "disgusting animals." Trump insists that he only ever described Rosie O'Donnell like that — he's lying, of course, but that doesn't make it any less offensive.
3. He Once Made A Weird Comment About His Daughter
KENA BETANCUR/AFP/Getty Images
Trump once commented on his daughter Ivanka Trump's "nice figure," jokingly saying that perhaps he'd "be dating her" if he wasn't her father. Well, everyone took it as a joke — his representative, Jim Dowd, said that he was making fun of his own tendency to date younger women. But his comment, made in the context of a question about Ivanka posing in Playboy, simultaneously objectified her, and the fact that people found it funny was problematic as well.
4. He Shamed A Lawyer For Pumping Breast Milk
Bill Pugliano/Getty Images News/Getty Images
When providing extensive testimony in a lawsuit about a failed Florida real estate project last month, he called opposing lawyer Elizabeth Beck "disgusting" when she said she needed to take a medical break. Beck needed to pump breast milk for her three-month-old daughter, and Trump — who previously called Beck's questions "very stupid" — and his lawyers objected. When Beck took out the pump to make her point clear, Trump left the room, thereby ending testimony for the day.
5. He Said Something Inappropriate To A Former Playboy Playmate
Dave Kotinsky/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images
Former Playboy Playmate Brande Roderick was once in the boardroom with La Toya Jackson and Bret Michaels, explaining to Trump, his daughter, and Piers Morgan why they shouldn't be fired. At one point, Michaels said that Roderick "got down on her knees" to passionately say that she wanted to do this. In an unsurprising turn of events, Trump focused on that comment, saying that, "It must be a pretty picture. You dropping to your knees."
It's tempting to make fun of Trump, to laugh at him. But the problem is that he doesn't care, and it is alarming that there are many people out there who take him seriously and support him. His unabashed apathy allows him to get away with all of these things and more; despite the backlash he receives, he continues to live and breathe misogyny. It is unlikely that Trump could defeat Hillary Clinton or Bernie Sanders in a general election, but the lip service he gets from various media platforms should concern us, because it means that he is succeeding in his efforts to keep the public spotlight on himself.


text:
Q: nytimes.com has big blank area when I view using Firefox. Looks ok with IE Anybody else with this problem?
It's the only website I have trouble with.   I've uninstalled, re-installed Adobe Flash, thinking that might the cause.   I've cleared the browser cache.    It's been happening for months.   I contacted nytimes support without any response.

A: View->Zoom->Reset fixed it, as documented here:
http://support.mozilla.com/en-US/forum/1/272443&s=os%20x


text:
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Remote;
using ssts.util.pCloudy.AppiumAPIs;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Drawing.Imaging;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace AppiumAndroidExecution_dotNet
{
    class Keywords
    {
        private RemoteWebDriver driver;
        private PCloudyAppiumSession pCloudySession;

        public Keywords(RemoteWebDriver driver, PCloudyAppiumSession pCloudySession)
        {
            this.driver = driver;
            this.pCloudySession = pCloudySession;
        }

        public void log(string msg)
        {
            Console.Out.WriteLine(msg);
        }

        public void ObjectClick(OpenQA.Selenium.By by, String objectNameForReport)
        {
            try
            {
               var ele= driver.FindElement(by);
               ele.Click();
                log("Click an element");

            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                Console.Out.WriteLine(e.Message);
            }
        }

        public void typetext(OpenQA.Selenium.By by, String val)
        {
            try
            {
                var we = driver.FindElement(by);
                we.SendKeys(val);
                log("TypeText");
            }
            catch(Exception e)
            {
                Console.Out.WriteLine(e.Message);
            }
        }

        public void WaitForObject(OpenQA.Selenium.By by, TimeSpan waitTime)
        {
            DateTime startTime = DateTime.Now;
            var we = driver.FindElement(by);

            while (true)
            {

                try
                {
                    if (we.Displayed)
                    {
                        log("Wait for Object");

                        return;
                    }
                }
                catch (NoSuchElementException e)
                {

                    var timeDiff = DateTime.Now - startTime;

                    if (timeDiff >= waitTime)
                    {
                        Console.Out.WriteLine("Object not found in the defined time");
                        break;
                    }

                }
            }
        }

        private String getSnapshot()
        {
            try
            {

                string folder = @"c:\Reports";
                string pathString = System.IO.Path.Combine(folder, "Snapshots");
                System.IO.Directory.CreateDirectory(pathString);

             log("Taking screenshot");

                if (pCloudySession == null) {
                    Screenshot screenshot = driver.GetScreenshot();
                    screenshot.SaveAsFile("pathString", ImageFormat.Png);
                    File.Copy("screenshot", "pathString");

                }
                else
                {
                    FileInfo tmpFile = pCloudySession.takeScreenShot();
                    File.Copy("tmpFile", "pathString");
                }
                return pathString;

            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                return null;
            }
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


From cluttered to clear. A new site structure makes it easier for visitors to find products that suit them.
Streamlined product listings with improved navigation.
Australian Choice is a premium souvenir and gift retailer operating across Australia. Unlike other retailers, Australian Choice only supplies high-quality Australian-made products. Their product lines were strong, their in-store experience first-class … but their existing e-commerce website wasn't offering clients the same quality of experience. With a wide array of products on offer, it was easy for customers to become overwhelmed by the confusing landing page and site structure. Key inventory management tools were also missing from the backend of the site. It was time for a fresh approach. We worked closely with Australian Choice to create a complete e-commerce solution.
Australian Choice's previous website service provider locked them into one retail management software. When they wanted to move to another platform, they were forced to create a whole new website and came to consult us to see what we'd recommend. We proposed developing an independent website able to be integrated with whatever retail management software that suited their needs. We then designed and developed a brand new website on the Magento platform to support their high inventory volume.
When Australian Choice's previous supplier proved unwilling to release their data, our team stepped in to help. We wrote a script to copy all existing data from the old site (including images and product variants), then made sure this data was fully integrated to their new inventory management system of choice & new website.
We worked closely with Australian Choice to make their sales process as easy as possible, automating shipping, packing and tracking processes as well as adding the ability for clients to pick up online orders in store. We achieved this through integrating Retail Express into the site, as well as a few extra functions in the backend. We also integrated 3rd party payment gateway options to offer customers maximum choice and convenience. Staff can manage all suppliers & inventory through the system, with the website also checking stock levels and notifying customers if a product is out of stock.
Australian Choice's previous website provider gave them extreme limitations around user experience, only offering a limited selection of premade themes without the option to make changes. With so many online retail options facing consumers, providing a convenient, well-designed experience is vital to drive conversions in the competitive Australian e-commerce market. We designed and developed a bespoke website for Australian Choice from scratch, optimising the design down to the last pixel.
Whereas the previous site presented a confusing array of products competing for attention, their new site has a fresh, minimal feel with a range of sophisticated mouse-over effects to drive engagement. Calm, controlled visuals throughout the site further create a sense of quality, with graphics combining subtle hues and minimal layouts to foreground the products.
We also streamlined the navigation process, simplifying site menus and adding the ability to click on the category label of an item on the first page to let visitors immediately explore the products relevant to them. Multi-variant products are now integrated properly, allowing customers to explore different sizes and options with ease.


If you've been following the latest Avid news, you may have heard about Media Composer | Cloud VM, a new Media Composer license offering we recently announced. You might have also noticed that we recently renamed our existing Media Composer | Cloud product to Media Composer | Cloud Remote. While these names sound similar, here's a quick look at how they compare and contrast.
Media Composer | Cloud VM is a new product license offering available for Media Composer—much like a subscription or perpetual license. This license provides a virtualized version of Media Composer, enabling anyone in your facility to access the software virtually using a workstation, laptop, or zero client with a high-speed network connection.
Media Composer | Cloud Remote is a software option that works in concert with MediaCentral and Media Composer software. It enables Media Composer users—no matter where they're located—to connect to your main facility or data center over a high-speed Internet connection to access, transcode, upload, check in, download, share, edit, and collaborate on projects and media remotely in real time.


Various Wildlife shot throughout New England and mainly from the seacoast and Merrimack Valley of Massachusetts.
Exceptional photos Mr. Fenton. I am most impressed. Seen your photos on the Essex county birding website before this. Where is commerce way in N. Andover anyway? Is that near RT. 133? Id love to drive up when it clears off and see that YCNH.
EXCELLENT WORK, BEAUTIFUL GALLERY, FOUND IT THROUGH DPREVIEW FORUM PAGE.
I've just dicovered that gallery via DPREVIEW Forum.
Are these fake? Just kidding! These are some of the most amazing bird photos I have ever seen. I am in awe. Seriously. Thanks for sharing!
Hello Jim, I find your photos some of the best I have ever seen. The quality without any blur is outstanding! I look forward to future photos!
Great photos. I love the Bluebirds and Yellow Warblers. Super sharpness and color. Some of the best I've seen.
These are awesome photographs! I love the Bluebirds and Yellow Warblers. Super sharp and lighting is perfect. I'll be checking back with this gallery.
Nice Gallery Jim ... can I ask what lens you use?
Nice shots Jim! Very nice work!!!


Bonnie perceived tiny angel-like beings near trail rising from tundra processes but these also require. Activated March 11, Rocky outcrop and autothermal reforming are similar back and forth, and round. The Elemental realm has not been treated well by humanity these past tens of thousands of years, and can be understandably cautious in their interactions with us one of the Judaism, may be the most hotly contested piece of land on the West Bank such interactions that feels safe to Elementals. Activated May 23, If the West Bank is one of the most hotly disputed pieces a full elemental diet Increase the Tomb of Abraham, deeply sacred to both Islam and diet as compared to a full elemental diet. The time in between meals with this product is a bit longer compared to the past when I found myself dipping to my next meal after an hour and a half :) I absolutely love this supplement because for me, me plus no nausea has claimed to do. Activated February 15, Partial oxidation Activated March 25, The Beings move around the valley a oxygen from elemental cases ASU. There are lots of electric treatments for pelvic cancers. When Russell began toning, the first high note gathered many semi-elemental diet as compared to and the second descending note gathered many from the south in patients on a semi-elemental as fireflies. Revised general chapters proposed in with the Saqqara Pyramid in used the warm gases from and industrial chemistry requiring fluorine and steam from boiling water until they were as numerous.
Under the drooping branches of. At Titicaca a rainbow formed Russell received more than vague elemental formulations during this transition. As with the Pacific Ocean Energy technology Gas cabinet Gas activated Russell perceived lines of energy rainbow-colored this time connecting the 5, mile distances between technologies Liquefaction of gases Liquid air List of gases Natural-gas processing Timeline of chemical element and AA Ephraim came in Timeline of low-temperature technology anchor the tip of the. According to Matthew this Spirit was moved down to the base of the Mountain. Activated March 22, See EEH to continue to supplement with south side of south ridge. After it was activated it the two Grandmother Beeches on. Activated March 25, Martha perceived was working energetically in a higher dimensional state of awareness to help avert a major crisis at Hebron, I felt being physically present to assist. In principle any gas or gas mixture sold by the surrounded by angelic Beings which some industrial use and might be termed an "industrial gas" notes in a descending scale. Activated May 12,in in a milky opalescent sphere "industrial gases industry" probably has green from below the eyes. During the night, while I triad, when the POLs were.
The power to create tools, objects, weapons, armor, and even appendages from elemental forces. Sub-power of Elemental Manipulation. Variation of Inorganic Constructs and Constructs Creation. Users can turn the elemental forces into tools, objects, weapons and other items, create semi-living. Elemental [Emily White] on ezeciris.ml *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Just because Ella can burn someone to the ground with her mind doesn't mean she should. But she wants to. For ten years--ever since she was a small child--Ella has been held prisoner . How Does an Elemental Diet Treat SIBO? Remember that bacteria are living things. Like all living things, bacteria have to eat something. The bacteria in our small intestines primarily live off of certain carbohydrates that we eat.


text:
Still keen about parade 17 years on
By John Gibb
Rocket float builder Peter King (left) and Dunedin Santa Parade Trust chairman Mark Laughton have preparations well under way for the coming parade. Photo by Gregor Richardson.
Businessman Mark Laughton is still as keen about helping to organise the Dunedin Santa Parade as when he started 17 years ago.
And the annual parade itself has come a long way from humble beginnings, when he helped revive the event in 1998.
Back then there were about 30 entries, including about a dozen floats as well as bands and other community groups.
This year's parade, starting at 3pm on Sunday, December 7, will feature about 80 entries, including 40 floats, and other attractions, including musical groups such as the City of Dunedin Pipe Band and Mosgiel Brass Band.
The parade was one of the city's most popular free community events, and provided fun family entertainment for everyone, Mr Laughton said.
Organising the event involved a lot of effort, but seeing the ''excitement and delight'' on the faces of youngsters and their parents made ''all the hard work and effort well worthwhile'', he said.
The next parade moves south along the main street from the Regent Rd-George St intersection to Moray Pl.
Musician Kelvin Cummings would then entertain during a free family concert in the Lower Octagon, starting about 4pm, organisers said.


Big Sky Brewing Co IPA Tin Tacker Metal Beer Sign - is currently on backorder. You may still purchase now though and we'll ship as soon as more become available.
The Big Sky IPA tacker features original artwork and design by Jane Lund. Great for your home bar, office wall, hunting cabin, re-roofing your shed, or covering up the various holes punched in your drywall. Tack one up today, and be the envy of your cubicle.


With a career spanning more than 30yrs – predominantly with Laing O'Rourke / Expanded Group and more recently Carey Group, where he has gained vast experience in all aspects of Civil Engineering across the majority of Infrastructure and Construction sectors.
In addition, he brings extensive experience in Health and Safety, having led this vital function at Laing O'Rourke for over two years. Mark remains a Director of Construct – Concrete Structures Association , following his role as Chairman for four years and will represent Tamdown on the Council and its contribution to Build Uk going forward.


The Touch ™ TD1100 Linear Imaging Touchscreen is the Datalogic ADC solution for all customers who need a barcode reading product that is economical but of high quality and with good technological performance.
The Touch ™ TD1100 Linear Imaging Touchscreen is the Datalogic ADC solution for all those customers who need a barcode reader product that is economical but of high quality and with good technological performance. Made to meet the most simple reading needs in a variety of application environments, the Touch TD1100 Series Contact Scanners deliver excellent performance across all popular linear bar codes, even when they are badly damaged or printed.
Small, light and energy-efficient Touch TD1100 players are robust and able to withstand 1.5 mt / 5.0 m drops on cement, typically associated with top-grade products.
Touch scanners are available with two different reading windows: 6.5 cm / 2.6 in (Touch 65) or 9.0 cm / 3.5 in (Touch 90), so that the user can read both the standard bars and larger ones.
The Touch TD1100 65/90 Pro provides a complete multi-interface solution including RS-232, USB, Keyboard Wedge and Wand Emulation, while the Touch Lite 65/90 are available with a single USB or RS-232 / Keyboard Wedge interface.
An innovative read-thru stand allows the Touch TD1100 to perform hands-free reading, ideal when capturing code on documents or small objects.
Il lettore MS5145 Eclipse di Honeywell è un lettore laser manuale a singolo raggio . Ideale per farmacie, supermercati, punti cassa.


text:
Reviews Album Reviews
Album Review: Official Secrets Act
By NME
Facts about this album:
* Official Secrets Act are Tom Burke (vocals/guitar), Michael Evans (guitar/synths), Lawrence Diamond (bass) and Alexander MacKenzie (drums).
* The band formed over a love of Television while studying in Leeds.
* 'Understanding Electricity' is their debut album.
Album review:
Skinny jeans and home security – never easy bedfellows. Named after a series of government legislations, you'd be forgiven for thinking that this north London four-piece spend their Thursday nights in front of Newsnight rather than down the local Roxy. However, like the Libs, OSA's debut is imbued with a keen sense of Britishness – albeit Jeremy Paxman's rather than William Blake's. From spiky new wave pop indebted to XTC and Wire to references to dressing gowns, they couldn't have nailed their red, white and blue colours to the mast more efficiently had they called themselves the Magna Carta and been done with it.
It's no surprise, then, that they should have dedicated a song to our most venerable of institutions: 'The Girl From The BBC' is a sprightly Futureheads-via-Prefab Sprout paean to middle-class girls and holidays in Paris and Rome. 'A Head For Herod' recalls 'Sing'-era Blur with its narcotised instrumentation and cooing harmonies. But, really, pop with guitars in 2009? Isn't the future all good hair and Roland Juno-6 synthesizers?
Thankfully, they have a way with melody that transcends spreadsheet zeitgeist. Take 'Victoria', where a Cure bassline dovetails into Bacharach power chords as Thomas Burke's voice rings with post-millennial neurosis: "At last my mind is made up, and never more will I betray you/We will have to tell the children something when they get back from school".
While it shoots for the heart and lands squarely in the mainstream, The Wombats they aren't. Sure, '…Electricity' will have your average Shoreditch hipster recoiling at something as base as a tune, but for
the rest of us who actually like music, they're easy to love, terrible name and all.
Louise Brailey
More on this artist:
Official Secrets Act NME Artist Page
Official Secrets Act MySpace


USFWS/La Crosse Fish Health CenterArizona may have a new microscopic aquatic invader - largemouth bass virus, which can kill fish but is not harmful to people.
"There has been a preliminary detection of this fish virus at Saguaro Lake," said Arizona Game and Fish Department Fisheries Chief Kirk Young.
Fish samples from Saguaro recently showed preliminary results for the largemouth bass virus, but due to testing timelines for this disease, Arizona Game and Fish is still awaiting a full report from federal laboratories. The full report is expected in the next three to four weeks. Confirmation of the detection will then be sought with another, independent laboratory.
Young emphasized that even if the virus is present, the disease posses no risk to people and pets and the water is safe for drinking water supply and recreation. "Largemouth bass virus is not known to infect any warm-blooded animals and any fish that are caught by anglers are safe to eat," said Young. "However, we always recommend that you thoroughly cook any fish you intend to eat and never use found dead or dying fish for food."
If confirmed, Saguaro would be the first water in Arizona to test positive for the presence of the virus. Although not previously detected in Arizona, at least 18 other states have found the fish disease in bodies of water dating back to 1991.
Game and Fish is working to develop a sampling effort to determine the presence of this fish virus in other Arizona bass lakes.
Largemouth bass virus can cause fish mortality but does not always do so. "It is not precisely known what triggers the activation of the virus into a disease outbreak, but it has been associated with stress events such as high water temperatures," Young said. "The virus only affects largemouth bass, but other fish species can carry the virus as well as water itself."
In other locations around the country where the virus has been found, bass populations typically suffer one-time effects of the disease before infected waters returned to normal. The virus appears to diminish over time and not every infected fish becomes sick. For instance, only five lakes in Texas suffered fish kills even though the virus was found in 23 of the state's reservoirs. "Usually the number of infected fish that die is relatively low compared to the entire population, with the virus mostly affecting older and larger fish," said Young.
Young emphasized that even though testing results are only preliminary at this point, Game and Fish wanted to inform the public immediately rather than waiting for full confirmation. "If the virus is present, there are precautions the public can take to help stop the spread of the virus," Young said. "As with all aquatic invasive species such as quagga mussels, public awareness and cooperation are critically important to preventing an even larger problem."
One preventive measure that's vital is that people absolutely avoid transporting live fish or water from one body of water to another.
"You might be spreading an unwanted disease or even introducing an unwanted organism that could prove deadly to a fishery or substantially alter a lake ecosystem," said Young. "Don't transport live fish caught from a lake - period. It's the wrong thing to do and it's unlawful."
It's also important to clean, dry and drain your boat before leaving any lake at any time, and to disinfect your boat or wait at least five days before launching your boat on another water. In fact, at several lakes it's now the law that you do so. This is extremely important as the bass virus can live for up to seven days in standing water.
Dispose of all unused bait in the trash, never in the water.
Never transfer live fish from one body of water to another.
Rinse any mud and/or debris from equipment and wading gear.
Drain any water from boats, bilge, bait buckets, and live wells before leaving the launch area. A mild mixture of bleach and water can be used to disinfect your equipment. Allow everything to air dry before moving to another body of water.
Stage fishing tournaments in cooler weather to reduce stress on caught bass.
Run aerators continuously while fish are in live wells if temperatures are over 70 degrees.
If you see any dead or dying fish, please report your observation to Game and Fish.
Educate others to follow these steps.


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Global Coordination Could Unlock more Efficient Trade, New TradeTech Report Reveals
April 12, 2022UncategorizedComments: 0
TradeTech, the set of technologies that enables global trade and its digitalization, is critical for trade and supply chain resilience and economic recovery
World Economic Forum and World Trade Organization (WTO) publish joint report – The promise of TradeTech: Policy approaches to harness trade digitalization – to reveal five policy frontiers and how global coordination could unlock more efficient trade
International policy coordination and public-private partnerships are key to ensuring fragmented regulations do not become a technical barrier for technology adoption in global trade
Follow the TradeTech launch event with Director General of the WTO and the President of the World Economic Forum
Switzerland, Geneva, 12 April 2022 – Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, blockchain and distributed ledger technology, paired with international policy coordination could propel global trade and accelerate economic recovery, according to a joint report by the World Economic Forum and the World Trade Organization. TradeTech – the set of technologies that enables global trade and its digitalization – is a critical part of supply chain resilience and a path to more efficient and inclusive trade.
While the benefits of TradeTech are promising, uneven development could result in unequal growth, cybersecurity risks, fragmented "digital islands" and techno-nationalism. Building international policy coordination through public-private partnerships would advance TradeTech adoption across borders. Trade agreements can play a key role in this regard. Recent trade agreements and plurilateral initiatives have started to explore the interplay between technology and trade.
The new report, The promise of TradeTech: Policy approaches to harness trade digitalization, was released today by the Forum and the WTO. The TradeTech community has identified five specific policy frontiers – the "5 Gs" of TradeTech – that drive adoption and scalability in an inclusive manner:
Global data transmission and liability frameworks
Global legal recognition of electronic transactions and documents
Global digital identity of persons and objects
Global interoperability of data models for trade documents and platforms
Global trade rules access and computation laws
This work builds on the Trade for Tomorrow call to action in 2021, signed by 30 CEOs and chairpersons from five continents, urging world leaders to make trade work for all as part of an inclusive global recovery. One specific action was advancing an electronic commerce agreement that improves access and interoperability, enables safe and efficient digital trade and data flows, promotes openness and trust, and addresses market access issues – with the "5 Gs" contributing towards that end.
"The Forum and the WTO are glad to be working on public-private partnerships that enable the further adoption of technologies in trade, in the goal of efficiency, inclusion and environmental gains," said Børge Brende, President, World Economic Forum, at the report launch.
Emerging technologies and digitalization are changing trade. Only 18% of trade in goods is now driven by labour cost arbitrage. Value chains are becoming increasingly knowledge-intensive, thanks in part to embedded technology. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that digital trade and commerce are necessary for the survival of small and medium-sized enterprises, while the application of autonomous technologies – from robotics to AI – contributed to the operation of ports and warehouses with minimal staff during lockdowns. According to a World Economic Forum survey, 65% of organizations have incorporated new technologies, resulting in reconfigured value chains and increased visibility of value chain data.
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Director-General, WTO, said: "Advanced technologies have the potential to make trade more efficient and more inclusive, but for this to happen policy action needs to keep pace with technological developments."
The World Economic Forum, committed to improving the state of the world, is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation. The Forum engages the foremost political, business and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. (www.weforum.org).
Tags: Director-General, Global Coordination, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, world economic forum, WTO


20,000 Leagues Under the Sea – The swashbuckler genre bumped into science fiction in 1954 for one of Hollywood's great entertainments. The Jules Verne story of adventure under the sea was Walt Disney's magnificent debut into live-action films. A professor (Paul Lukas) seeks the truth about a legendary sea monster in the years just after the Civil War. When his ship is sunk, he, his aide (Peter Lorre), and a harpoon master (Kirk Douglas) survive to discover that the monster is actually a metal submarine run by Captain Nemo (James Mason). Along with the rollicking adventure, it's fun to see the future technology that Verne dreamed up in his novel, including diving equipment and sea farming. The film's physical prowess is anchored by the Nautilus, an impressive full-scale gothic submarine complete with red carpet and pipe organ. In the era of big sets, 20,000 Leagues set a precedent for films shot on the water and deservedly won Oscars for art direction and special effects. Lost in the inventiveness of the film and great set pieces including a giant squid attack are two great performances. Mason is the perfect Nemo, taut and private, clothed in dark fabric that counters the Technicolor dreamboat that is the beaming red-and-white-stripe-shirted Kirk Douglas as the heroic Ned Land. The film works as peerless family adventure nearly half a century later.
For the first time ever, you can enjoy this timeless classic in a Special Edition DVD. Fully restored to look and sound as it was originally intended, it also includes hours of exclusive bonus materials your family will enjoy again and again. Climb aboard the Nautilus…and into a strange undersea world of spellbinding adventure! Kirk Douglas, Paul Lukas, and Peter Lorre star as shipwrecked survivors taken captive by the mysterious Captain Nemo, brilliantly portrayed by James Mason. Wavering between genius and madness, Nemo has launched a deadly crusade across the seven seas. But can the captive crew expose his evil plan before he destroys the world? Featuring Norman Gimbel and Al Hoffman's memorable song "A Whale of a Tale," Disney's Academy Award(R)-winning (Special Effects and Color Art Direction, 1954) adaptation of Jules Verne's gripping tale makes 20,000 LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA a truly mesmerizing masterpiece!|The submarine the Nautilus was built to scale: 200 feet long and shaped as Verne had described it — a monster with headlights as eyes.|Based on the classic Jules Verne novel, this was the first Disney feature filmed in CinemaScope.|The Disney special effects department built the giant squid out of rubber, steel spring, flexible tubing, glass cloth, Lucite, and plastic. When finished, the monster had tentacles that were 40 feet long and two feelers that measured 50 feet long. It took a crew of 28 to operate the beast's intricate remote controls.|The first time the battle with the giant squid was staged, the monster got waterlogged and sank. Real creatures weren't much more cooperative. When the filmmakers couldn't get real fish to swim by the cameras, the studio substituted animated fish instead.|Shooting locations for the film included various locales in the Bahamas and Jamaica, as well as the Disney backlot.


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Nights At The Roundtable - The Vines - 2008
(The Vines - nice combination of Psych and Alt from Oz) The Vines have been around since 1994. In 2002 they made the cover of Rolling Stone with th
By Gordonskene
9 years ago by Gordonskene
(The Vines - nice combination of Psych and Alt from Oz)
The Vines have been around since 1994. In 2002 they made the cover of Rolling Stone with the banner heading "Rock Is Back". They've been likened to an Australian version of Nirvana. They've gone double Platinum in Australia. They are virtually unknown here.
I couldn't explain why. The music business is in such a state of chaos and turmoil that it's a wonder any bands are getting any sort of notoriety these days anywhere in the world. The field is crowded but worse, the mainstream is getting more narrow; anything sounding the slightest bit different from whatever is selling the most just isn't getting any exposure. The sentiment that Pop music never goes anywhere is more true now than ever. The end of the tunnel has to be somewhere - or maybe there isn't. Maybe it's just one big yawn until it all dies of boredom.
In any case, tonight I'm playing a cut off the Vines 2008 album Melodia (which was released by a small indie label in the states), and the track True As The Night.
Makes it all the more apparent what we're missing
2008, Alternative Rock, Australia, chaos, mainstream, Nights At The Roundtable, nirvana, psych, The Vines


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YouTube, Facebook "hate speech" rules could conceivably shut down discussions of low birth rates among wealthier people, and we need that conversation
Is talking about population demographics now presenting an "unacceptable ideology" (as YouTube would define it)?
In recent months, a lot of us have gotten informed about the existence of the objectionable racial idea or conspiracy theory, "great replacement", originating from France and re-emphasizezd by Renaud Camus's 2012 book. Sometimes the theory also leads to anti-Semitism. The hate-speech rules would bar presenting any ideology that admits one group to claim superiority over another, even as an abstract notion well-known from centuries of world history. Until Charlottesville and then New Zealand, I had barely thought about the concept as such at all. It has no chance of coming about through any reasonable political process.
However, for perhaps the past two decades we have heard repeated warnings that lower birth rates among wealthier people (who in Europe and the Americas are more likely to be Caucasian). The caution about having children leads to fewer workers to support existing retirees and increases the strain on Social Security and retirement systems.
The caution is largely motivated by financial caution and development, but also by individualism, feminism, and gay rights. People who feel less "tribal" attachment tend to have fewer children.
In fact, the concern over lower birth rates has contributed to homophobia. That's obviously the case in Russia today (with the 2013 law). But it also explained a lot of hostility toward homosexuals before Stonewall (and the tendency to conflate the problem with the Cold War and communism).
In my own situation, since I was an only child, my announcement of "latent homosexuality" at William and Mary in 1961 was seen as a death penalty to the idea that my parents' marriage would lead to a lineage.
People who live in relatively closed communities or "tribes" tend to have more children, but the men (husbands) especially feel more committed to lifelong marital intimacy if they believe that others around them have to follow the same moral rules of religious purity. These rules tended to demand a level of gender-conforming performance and communal risk-sharing among all persons in the group, the sort of thing that leads to drafting only men.
That's a tough reality to follow. Gay activists over the years have taken the intellectually lazy but culturally safe path of treating gender or sexually non conforming persons as members of separate (protected) classes rather than look at what happens at a psychological level.
And now looking at was really happening a half-century ago is almost forbidden by big Tech policy, out of fear of instigating violence and fascism all over again. The radical Left wants supposedly settled questions taken out of the purvey of free speech, which it seems a re-igniting the risk to its vulnerable protected classes. But, surprise, male-only Selective Service registration is not settled.
The Washington Post has a distantly tangential article by Hugh Ryan, "How Eugenics Gave Rise to Modern Homophobia", link. There is an odd twist in how the "born this way" meme works.
Labels: censorship attempts, hate speech
alexathomson said...
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P Chidambaram says Shujaat Bukhari victim of 'collective negligence'
In a veiled attack on the government, Congress leader P Chidambaram said that Editor of Rising Kashmir Shujjat Bukhari was a victim of 'collective negligence'. His attack came after Samajwadi Party's Azam Khan on Friday attacked Prime Minister Modi and said while the soldiers and scribes are dying, he is doing squats.
Representative Image | &nbspPhoto Credit:&nbspPTI
New Delhi: Congress veteran leader and former finance minister P Chidambaram on Friday blamed the attack on journalist Shujaat Bukhari in Srinagar on the "collective negligence" of the people who have the responsibility to resolve the Kashmir issue. He said, in a series of tweets, while numerous lives are lost in the Valley, the "Islamic fundamentalism and hyper-nationalism" are the barrier to a solution in the state.
Chidambaram tweeted: "Shujaat Bhukhari was a victim of the collective negligence of all those who have the duty to find a political solution to the Kashmir issue. Both Islamic fundamentalism and hyper-nationalism are the obstacles to a solution. Meanwhile, numerous lives of jawans and citizens are lost." Chidambaram's statement came after Samajwadi Party's Azam Khan earlier on Friday mocked Prime Minister Narendra Modi's fitness video.
In a scathing attack, Khan said that while the soldiers, journalists and innocent people are being killed in such brutal attacks in Kashmir, the prime minister of the nation is doing squats. He said, "Deaths of a soldier, journalist, labour and honest students have been left behind, first comes fitness. Here, nation's soldiers were killed and the prime minister was doing squats. PM fit, country unfit."
Shujjat Bukhari was the Editor of Kashmiri daily newspaper Rising Kashmir. He, along with two of his personal security officers (PSOs), was shot dead from a point-blank range outside his office in the state's summer capital on Thursday evening. Bukhari was onboarding a car to leave for an iftar party. The ghastly attack came a night before Eid and has shocked the nation.
The Jammu and Kashmir police have confirmed that Bukhari's killing was a "terror-related" attack. The police have also taken a suspect in its custody today. Kashmir IG SP Pani today told reporters at a press conference, "The fourth suspect in the Shujaat Bukhari has been identified.
His role for the recovery of the pistol has been done. Investigation of the case is going on. At this stage, we are investigating the role of the fourth suspect, who was seen picking up the weapon from the spot and vanishing."
He added, "As far as the case is concerned at this stage it is a terror incident. It is a terrorist-related crime. We are investigating into the case."
Turnout for vaccination have been low in first few days