Venue is the appropriate place of trial, as between different geographical subdivisions of a state or between different federal districts It is determined by constitutional, statutory, and administrative provisions. Venue should be distinguished from the related concepts of jurisdiction, vicinage, and cross-sectional representation.
Subject matter jurisdiction, which includes territorial jurisdiction, is a court's power to try cases based on a state's sovereign power to make laws for acts that occur in or have an effect in its territory. Lack of venue in one situs can result in the transfer of a prosecution to another county or district, while lack of jurisdiction terminates the prosecution by other courts of the same sovereign. Although venue can be waived or conferred by consent, jurisdiction cannot.
Vicinage is the right to be tried by a jury drawn from the vicinity in which the crime occurred. Although a defendant may claim it, the vicinage requirement protects the right of the offended community to pass judgment in criminal matters. Venue and vicinage are usually the same, but a jury of the vicinage may decide a case in which venue has been moved to another district.
The right to cross-sectional representation is a demographic requirement, which assures a criminal defendant a trial by a jury selected without systematic or intentional exclusion of cognizable economic, social, religious, racial, political, and geographical groups. In recent times, decisions regarding change of venue have raised questions concerning cross-sectional representation, leading some commentators to suggest that changes of venue be made to a district or county with a similar racial composition as the original venue.
The U.S. Constitution guarantees trial by jury and venue ". . . in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed in any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed" (Article III, section 2, clause 3). The Framers' concern for the locality of criminal prosecutions was generated by the threat of the Crown to try American revolutionaries in England or other colonies. This was condemned in the Declaration of Independence, charging the King for "transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offenses." The Sixth Amendment includes a vicinage right, often treated as a venue provision, that draws vicinage more tightly than Article III venue: "In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law."
The Framers' belief that venue is an important safeguard to liberty has been borne out in political trials. There is strong historical evidence that President Thomas Jefferson sought a venue favorable to the prosecution of Aaron Burr for treason in 1807. An account of a more recent trial of political dissidents suggests that federal prosecutors virtually constructed a group of conspirators in the 1968 trial of Dr. Benjamin Spock for antidraft activity during the Vietnam War in order to find a more favorable venue (Boston) than New York or Washington, where prominent antiwar activity occurred.
The Supreme Court has not coherently articulated underlying venue policy. Although it has, at times, suggested that fairness and convenience to defendants should be the underlying policy, it has more often ruled that the basic requirement of placing venue in the district wherein the crime has been committed must be determined from the nature of the crime alleged and the location of the act or acts constituting it. The Court has said that questions of venue in criminal cases "are not merely matters of formal legal procedure. They raise deep issues of public policy in the light of which legislation must be construed" (United States v. Johnson ). The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure adhere to the basic rule that the prosecution shall be had in a district in which the offense was committed, but allow the courts to consider such factors as the convenience of defendants and witnesses and the prompt administration of justice in setting venue and considering motions for the change of venue.
There is no single defined policy or mechanical test to determine constitutional venue. In determining proper venue federal courts have created a number of tests. These tests may be complementary, overlapping, or contradictory in their effects, thus creating confusion in properly laying venue. Where the crime is unambiguously committed in one district, the venue lies there. At common law there was a single situs test that was modified by statute when that rule proved too restrictive. Where the acts constituting the crime and the nature of the crime charged implicate more than one location, the constitution does not command a single venue. A variation of the single situs test is that for some crimes venue lays in the district in which the effects of the act occur. Thus, in a homicide prosecution, where the act or omission is inflicted in one venue and the victim dies in another, English statutes placed venue in the place where death occurred, but the federal statute lays venue in the district where the injury was inflicted. Advances in communications and transportation and the expansion of federal criminal law have made it increasingly difficult to determine where, for the purpose of laying venue, a crime is committed.
Congress usually appends a venue provision to criminal statutes, which provides a method of fixing the place of prosecution. Congress is free to establish venue in any district that has a minimal contact with the crime. To this end, Congress has provided that "any offense against the United States begun in one district and completed in another, or committed in more than one district, may be inquired of and prosecuted in any district in which such offense was begun, continued, or completed." As a general rule, then, venue in "continuing crimes" may be laid in any district in which the crime occurred. Venue in conspiracy cases, for example, is proper in any district where the agreement was formed or where an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy was performed. On the other hand, federal courts have held that venue for the prosecution of a substantive crime that arises out of a conspiracy lies only in the district where the substantive crime occurred. To lay venue in any district in which the conspiracy occurred would in effect engraft a forum shopping option as to the substantive offense on the already broad venue rule for conspiracy.
When a statute contains no venue provision, the situs of the crime must be determined from the nature of the crime alleged and the location of the act constituting it (United States v. Anderson ). To this end federal courts have had recourse to a "key verbs" or "essential verbs" test. This has led to formalistic decisions. For example, the Court held that in a prosecution for failure to file a required statement regarding the harboring of an alien, venue was improperly laid in the defendant's home district in the state of Washington because filing does not occur until the document is delivered and received. Since the culpable omission was "committed" where the duty should have been performed, venue lay only in the District of Columbia and not where the required statement would normally be prepared and mailed (United States v. Lombardo ).
The limitations of the key verbs test is seen in the current division among federal circuits over where to lay venue in prosecutions for obstruction of justice when the defendant allegedly acted in one judicial district to obstruct a proceeding that was pending in another. The obstruction of justice statute is complex and includes verbs that point to venue where the acts occurred ("injures") or in the affected or "focus" district ("influences"). It is apparent that in some instances, the key verbs test is no test at all.
The examination of verbs, as the Supreme Court has made clear, is not an exclusive method of determining the proper venue. Another, somewhat broader, test used by some courts is the "elements of the crime" test, said to be more true to the overriding principle that venue depends on the nature of the crime. Courts have also examined legislative intent. A test supported by many commentators may be called the "ease of fact finding" test. The source of this test is an opinion by Justice John Marshall Harlan, dissenting in a case where a union officer was charged with making and filing false affidavits with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). The majority held that venue lay only in Washington, D.C., where the documents were sent, and not in the district (Colorado) where the affidavits were made (Travis v. United States ). The fact-finding test examines the nature of the crime alleged and the location of the act or acts constituting it. This test views the basic policy of the Sixth Amendment as providing for trial in the vicinity of the crime as a safeguard against the unfairness and hardship involved when an accused is prosecuted in a remote place. Thus, where a minimal contact exists, venue lies where the witnesses and relevant circumstances surrounding the contested issues more probably will be found.
An even broader "substantial contacts" rule incorporates several of the previously noted tests and takes them all into account—the site of defendants' acts, the elements and nature of the crime, the locus of the effect of the criminal conduct, and the suitability of each district for accurate fact-finding. This approach is taken by the Second Circuit and results in the greater likelihood that venue will be found to exist in the district of the trial (United States v. Reed ).
After a hiatus of two decades, the Supreme Court has begun to resolve conflicts regarding venue, holding in United States v. Cabrales (1998) that venue for a prosecution for money laundering is the district where the money laundering took place and not the district of the anterior criminal conduct that yielded the funds allegedly laundered. The Cabrales case, holding the government to a strict account of venue, appears to express a different policy concern than the decision in United States v. Rodriguez-Moreno (1999), which held that the venue for a prosecution of the crime of using a firearm during a crime of violence may be laid in any district where the predicate crime of violence occurred, even if no weapon was used in that district. The Court, in deprecating the verb test, expressed a concern that a close adherence to that test "creates a danger that certain conduct prohibited by statute will be missed." Thus, the Court's recent venue rulings again fail to provide a consistent policy.
Venue is a fact that the prosecution must prove. Beyond this, rules as to the proof of venue vary among jurisdictions. Some states have a statutory presumption that venue is proper in the absence of contrary evidence. The federal rule is that venue may be proven by a preponderance of the evidence. This is followed by a majority of states ruling on the question, based on the idea that venue is neither an essential element of a crime nor of the same nature as defenses that relate to guilt or innocence. The Model Penal Code and a few states have ruled that venue must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. This rule is based upon the view that venue is a material fact or issue in a criminal prosecution that the prosecution is required to prove.
Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure a defendant can move for a change of venue because of prejudice in the district depriving the defendant of a fair trial, for the convenience of parties and witnesses, and in the interest of justice. A motion for change of venue is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial judge. The Supreme Court noted nine factors to be considered in making a change of venue determination for the convenience of the parties: (1) location of the defendant; (2) location of witnesses; (3) location of events likely to be in issue; (4) location of documents and records; (5) disruption of the defendant's business; (6) expense to the parties; (7) location of counsel; (8) relative accessibility of place of trial; and (9) docket conditions in each district (Platt v. Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co. ). A district court can transfer the prosecution to any district, including a district in which no part of the offense was committed.
State venue and change of venue provisions parallel federal venue rules. Some state laws provide that venue for offenses committed near the boundary between counties is proper in either county. When a crime is committed on a train or other public conveyance, the "common carrier exception" allows venue to be laid in any county through which the vehicle passed, even if it is clear that all of the elements of the crime occurred in one county. The states are split on whether a prosecutor may seek a change of venue, and some states restrict the number of times that a change of venue is permitted. Some states allow a change of venue on the grounds of the bias or prejudice of the judge, as well as on such factors as pretrial publicity and the convenience of the parties.
See also Federal Criminal Jurisdiction; Jurisdiction; Jury: Legal Aspects; Publicity in Criminal Cases.
Platt v. Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co., 376 U.S. 240 (1964).
Travis v. United States, 364 U.S. 631 (1961).
United States v. Anderson, 328 U.S. 699 (1946).
United States v. Cabrales, 524 U.S. 1 (1998).
United States v. Johnson, 323 U.S. 273 (1944).
United States v. Lombardo, 241 U.S. 73 (1916).
United States v. Reed, 773 F.2d 477 (2nd Cir. 1985).
United States v. Rodriguez-Moreno, 526 U.S. 275 (1999).
"Venue." Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice. . Encyclopedia.com. 20 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
A place, such as the territory from which residents are selected to serve as jurors.
A proper place, such as the correct court to hear a case because it has authority over events that have occurred within a certain geographical area.
A basic principle of U.S. law is that a civil or criminal action will be decided by a court in the locality where the dispute or criminal offense occurred. This principle is expressed in the concept of venue. In accordance with this principle a civil action must be started where either the plaintiff or the defendant resides, where the cause of action arose, or, if real property is at issue, where the real property is situated. In criminal cases proper venue is in the locality where the crime was committed or where a dead body was discovered.
State and federal venue statutes govern where a case will be tried. State venue statutes list a variety of factors that determine in which county and in which court a lawsuit should be brought, including where the defendant resides, where the defendant does business, where the plaintiff does business, or where the seat of government is located.
A plaintiff may bring his action in any of the places permitted by state law. Most commonly, states allow a lawsuit to be brought in the county where the defendant resides. Choosing the wrong place is not fatal to the plaintiff's action, however. Statutes usually provide that a judgment rendered by a state court is valid even if venue is improper. If a defendant believes the suit is being tried in the wrong venue, she usually must object at the outset of the case, or she will be presumed to have waived the right to object.
In criminal cases the defendant must be tried in the venue where the crime was committed or where the body of a victim was discovered. In extraordinary circumstances, however, a court may grant a change of venue. The request for a change of venue is usually made by the defendant, but it can be made by the prosecutor. The court itself may also initiate the transfer of venue.
Changes of venue are governed by statute, but the court has great discretion in applying the statutory grounds. In Alaska, for example, the law gives the court the ability to move a case from one place to another place within the judicial district or to a place in another judicial district. Reasons for a change of venue in Alaska include the belief that an impartial trial cannot be held or that the convenience of witnesses and the ends of justice would be promoted by the change (Alaska Stat. § 22.10.040). The most common reason for a change of venue in criminal cases is pretrial publicity that makes it unlikely that an impartial jury could be selected in the community where the crime occurred.
Different rules regulate venue in the federal courts. The federal court system is divided into judicial districts, which can cover an entire state or, in the case of populous states, only a portion of the state. The federal venue statute (28 U.S.C.A. § 1391) refers to these districts in the way state venue statutes refer to counties. Except when a special law applies to a particular type of case, proper venue is determined by the factor that allows the case to be brought in federal court.
If the court derives its authority because the plaintiffs and defendants are residents of different states (known as diversity jurisdiction), then the proper venue is the judicial district where all the plaintiffs or all the defendants reside or the district where the claim arose. In lawsuits where the federal court has jurisdiction because a question of federal law is involved (known as federal question jurisdiction), venue lies only in the district where all the defendants reside or where the claim arose.
Trial judges are generally reluctant to grant a defendant's request for a change of venue in a criminal trial. A change of venue is inconvenient to the trial participants and is often financially costly. Nevertheless, when a judge believes that a defendant cannot receive a fair trial in the place where the crime was committed, he can order that the trial be moved to another location.
The attorneys for Timothy J. McVeigh and Terry L. Nichols, who were charged in federal court with the April 19, 1995 bombing of the federal office building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, that resulted in the deaths of 168 people, sought a change of venue from Oklahoma City. The defense attorneys argued that there was substantial prejudice against McVeigh and Nichols in Oklahoma City and the state of Oklahoma, making it impossible for them to receive a fair and impartial trial.
In an order issued on February 20, 1996, Judge Richard P. Matsch agreed. The news coverage of the events surrounding the bombing, its aftermath, and the arrest of McVeigh and Nichols had been extensive in Oklahoma. Matsch noted that the Oklahoma news media had "demonized" the defendants and run news stories suggesting that they had been associated with right-wing militia groups. Because the defendants had been charged with capital crimes, Matsch was concerned that Oklahoma jurors would not be able to set aside their prejudices and emotions to determine first whether the defendants were guilty or innocent and then, if found guilty, whether they deserved to be executed.
Therefore, Matsch ordered a change of venue to Denver, Colorado. Though he acknowledged that the victims of the bombing wished to attend the trials and that a change of venue would cause them hardship, Matsch concluded that the "interests of the victims in being able to attend this trial in Oklahoma are outweighed by the court's obligation to assure that the trial be conducted with fundamental fairness and with due regard for all constitutional requirements."
In June 1997 McVeigh was found guilty of bombing the federal building and was sentenced to death. Nichols's trial began in October 1997.
Hoffman, David. 1998. The Oklahoma City Bombing and the Politics of Terror. Venice, Calif.: Feral House.
Terrorism "The Oklahoma City Bombing" (Sidebar).
Special statutes set different rules for admiralty, patent, and interpleader lawsuits and lawsuits in which the United States is a party. An alien can be sued in any district in the United States, but if the alien is a defendant along with citizens, venue lies where all the citizens reside. A case transferred by removal from a state court to a federal court goes to the federal court in the district where the state action was started.
Casad, Robert C. 1999. Jurisdiction and Forum Selection. 2d ed. Eagan, Minn: West Group.
Clermont, Kevin M. 1999. Civil Procedure: Territorial Jurisdiction and Venue. New York: Foundation Press.
Davies, Martin. 2003. "Forum Selection Clauses in Maritime Cases." Tulane Maritime Law Journal 27 (summer).
Ryan, Antony L. 2003. "Principles of Forum Selection." Defense Law Journal 52 (spring).
"Venue." West's Encyclopedia of American Law. . Encyclopedia.com. 20 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
ven·ue / ˈvenˌyoō/ • n. the place where something happens, esp. an organized event such as a concert, conference, or sports event: the river could soon be the venue for a powerboat world championship event. ∎ Law the county or district within which a criminal or civil case must be heard.
"venue." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Encyclopedia.com. 20 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
B. †arrival XIV (rare); (leg.) place where an action is laid or to which a jury is summoned XVI; place of meeting, locality XIX. — (O)F., sb. use of pp. fem. of venir :- L. venīre COME.
"venue." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. . Encyclopedia.com. 20 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"venue." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. . Encyclopedia.com. 20 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Venue" refers to the location of a trial. Article III of the Constitution specifies that federal crimes be tried "in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed." This provision is reinforced by the sixth amendment's guarantee of trial by jury "of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed." Although the incorporation doctrine has made the Sixth Amendment's jury trial guarantee applicable to the states, the Supreme Court has not yet had occasion to decide whether that amendment's venue provision also limits the states. However, state law itself usually provides for trial in the locality where the crime is alleged to have been committed.
Some crimes are committed in more than one place: interstate transportation of a stolen automobile, for example, or certain criminal conspiracies. The Supreme Court has upheld congressional legislation allowing prosecution in any of the districts in which such a crime is committed.
Venue in civil actions is not limited by the Constitution. By statute, Congress has established an elaborate set of rules governing venue in federal civil cases. Because these rules are designed for the parties' convenience, the right to assert them can be waived. Thus a defendant in a federal court civil action must raise the objection of improper venue before trial, at the pleadings stage of the case.
Wright, Charles Alan 1983 The Law of Federal Courts, 4th ed. Chap. 7. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co.
"Venue." Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. . Encyclopedia.com. 20 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.


text:
\section{Introduction}

We have learnt that a logarithmic divergence could occur in the computation of entropy  $\sigma$ for stationary scalar fields thermalized with infinite large Schwarzschild black hole in the near-horizon Rindler space\cite{Susskind:1994sm,Fiola:1994ir};
\begin{equation}
\sigma \sim \frac{1}{6} \ln \frac{\l}{\epsilon},
\end{equation}
for the IR cutoff scale $\l$ and  UV cutoff scale $\epsilon$.   We remark that the coefficient is related to the conformal anomaly and different for fermions and gauge fields.  In the case of gauge fields, to match the perpendicular component of electromagnetic field across the entangling surface, one has to include the edge modes in order to reproduce the universal result for log-divergent term \cite{Donnelly:2014fua,Huang:2014pfa}.
At the finite Hawking temperature, a similar time-independent logarithmic divergence appears in the computation of entanglement entropy from CFT side and can be verified in the holographic picture using BTZ black string\cite{Hartman:2013qma}
\begin{equation}\label{log_div}
S_{div} = \frac{c}{6}\ln (\frac{\beta}{4\pi\epsilon})
\end{equation}
In particular, $\beta=2\pi\l/\sqrt{M}$ for nonrotating BTZ black hole.  Regardless its divergence, one can obtain a finite quantity by comparing this logarithmic term before and after the black hole radiates a mass or energy quantum $\omega$.  We define the difference
\begin{equation}\label{log_diff}
\Delta S_{div} = S_{div}\big|_{M-\omega} - S_{div}\big|_{M} = -\frac{c}{12}\ln (1-\frac{\omega}{M}).
\end{equation}
It is tempted to think that this finite quantity associates with the information leakage via its radiation.   The one-partite information could be defined as the loss of entropy, that is $I^{[1]}=-\Delta S_{div}$\cite{Kuwakino:2014nra}.  It grows exponentially at later stage of evaporation, as shown in the figure \ref{fig:Page_time}.  It is amusing to see that retentive information is only available to observer outside the horizon at very late stage, as first pointed out in the \cite{Page:1993wv}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[clip,width=10.0cm]{1partite.eps}
    \caption{ \label{fig:Page_time}Proposed one-partite information per central charge grows exponentially at later stage of radiation.  The Page time is defined at the half of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy.  For illustrative purpose, we draw the Page time for $M/\omega \sim {\cal O}(500)$.  Practically a stellar black hole could weight $10^{40}$ in the Planck unit and Page time would be at $\omega/M \sim {\cal O}(10^{-40})$.}

  \end{center}
\end{figure}

The logarithmic form (\ref{log_div}) reminds us of a universal logarithmic correction to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy:
\begin{equation}\label{log_correction}
S^{q}_{BH} = \alpha \ln \frac{A}{\l_p^2}
\end{equation}
In the case of BTZ black hole in AdS$_3$ with radius of curvature $\l$, where $A=2\pi \l \sqrt{M}$, equation (\ref{log_correction}) takes same form as (\ref{log_div}) if we recall $\beta= 8\pi \l/\sqrt{M}$, and the UV scale can be set by the Planck length, say $\epsilon \sim \l_{p}$.   The central charge $c$ encodes the degrees of freedom in the field theory, while the constant of proportionality $\alpha$ could depend on species and spins of radiated particles\cite{Fursaev:1994te}.  These similarities between (\ref{log_div}) and (\ref{log_correction}) as summarized in the Table \ref{table:similar}, have made us propose a $(0+1)-$dimensional quench model such that a massive radiated particle comes in sudden entangled with a black hole of mass $M$ would carry the entanglement entropy $S_E \sim \ln (M/m_{p})$ at late time\cite{Kuwakino:2014nra}.  In fact, the entropy difference (\ref{log_diff}) agrees with the definition of one-partite information in our quench model and the two-partite information are closely related to the definition of mutual information in the Parikh-Wilczek tunneling model\cite{Parikh:1999mf,Zhang:2009jn,Chen:2009ut}.  In addition, the $n$-partite quantum information, which carries alternative signs for even or odd $n$, also agrees with that computed in the holographic model\cite{Alishahiha:2014jxa}.  We summarize these results in the Appendix A.

In this letter, we would like to further investigate this similarity between entanglement entropy in the conformal field theory and that in the black hole radiation.  To be specific, while the seemly finite one-partite information (\ref{log_diff}) could still suffer from divergence when the black hole becomes Planck size, say $M\to \omega$.  We would like to point out that this potential sickness in the black hole entanglement entropy could be cured in a similar manner as that in the field theory side.  We discuss its impact to the final stage of black hole, and its relation to higher loop correction and higher spin to the Hawking temperature.  This paper is organized as follows: In the section II, using the replica trick, we propose a modified form for (\ref{log_correction}) such that the entanglement entropy remains finite at its IR limit.  In the section III,  we discuss the impact of modified entanglement entropy to its IR behavior and show its connection to the higher loop quantum correction and higher spin through modification of the Hawking temperature.  At last, we briefly introduce the definition of n-partite information from quantum quench model and derive the corrected Hawking temperature in higher spin black holes in the Appendices.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
    \begin{tabular}{ c | c | c }
     & CFT & BTZ  \\ \hline
    time scale & time $t$ & inverse Hawking temperature $\beta$ \\ \hline
    UV scale &  cutoff length $\epsilon$ & Planck length $\l_p$ \\ \hline
    degrees of freedom & central charge $c$ & $1-$loop coefficient $\alpha_1$ \\ \hline
    entanglement entropy &  $c\ln \frac{t}{\epsilon}$ & $\alpha_1\ln \frac{\beta}{\l_p}$ \\
\hline
    \end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{table:similar}Similarities between late time entanglement entropy in CFT and proposed logarithmic entanglement entropy of BTZ}
\end{table}

\section{BTZ black hole and finite entanglement entropy}
For simplicity, we will focus on the nonrotating BTZ black hole in the asymptotic $AdS$ with curvature radius $\l$.  The metric reads
\begin{equation}
-(-M+\frac{r^2}{\l^2})dt^2+(-M+\frac{r^2}{\l^2})^{-1}dr^2+r^2 d\phi^2,
\end{equation}
where the horizon is given by $r_+=\l \sqrt{M}$.  The Hawking temperature and Bekenstein-Hawking entropy are given by
\begin{eqnarray}
&&T_{H}=\beta^{-1}=\frac{\sqrt{M}}{2\pi \l},\\
\label{eqn:BTZ_entropy}&&S_{BH} = \frac{A_H}{4G}=\frac{\pi \l \sqrt{M}}{2G},\\
\end{eqnarray}

Before a regularized form for (\ref{log_diff}) could be proposed, we would like to obtain some insights from the entanglement entropy in the CFT.  In the analysis of $2m$-point functions, the growth of entanglement entropy $\Delta S_A^{(m)}$ is suggested to take following form\cite{Caputa:2014vaa}:
\begin{equation}
\Delta S_A^{(m)} \simeq -\frac{1}{m-1}\ln \big[ \frac{1}{D_m} + \mu_m \cdot (\frac{\epsilon}{t})^{\nu_m} \big],
\end{equation}
for positive $D_m$ and $\nu_m$.   The entanglement entropy grows like log$(t)$ at small $t$, but approaches a finite constant for large $t$.  The above formulas can be obtained by replica trick\cite{CC1}, where the regularized R{\`e}nyi entropy is defined as
\begin{equation}
I_n=\big[ \frac{1}{D_n}+ \mu_n \cdot (\frac{\epsilon}{t})^{\nu_n}\big]^{\Delta_n},
\end{equation}
for $\Delta_n = \frac{c}{12}(n-\frac{1}{n})$.  The two-point function or entanglement entropy is obtained by taking the limit
\begin{equation}
S_A = -\partial_n I_n \big|_{n=1} = -\frac{c}{3}\ln \big[ \frac{1}{D_1} + \mu_1 \cdot (\frac{\epsilon}{t})^{\nu_1} \big].
\end{equation}
Similarly, at the finite temperature, we propose the R{\`e}nyi entropy, originally defined in \cite{Hartman:2013qma}, would be regularized as
\begin{equation}
I_n = \big[ \frac{1}{D_n}+ \frac{2\pi\epsilon}{\beta} sech(\frac{2\pi t}{\beta}) \big]^{\Delta_n},
\end{equation}
which gives rise to the regularized entanglement entropy
\begin{equation}
S_A = -\frac{c}{3}\ln \big[ \frac{1}{D_1} + \frac{2\pi\epsilon}{\beta} sech(\frac{2\pi t}{\beta})\big]
\end{equation}
The time-independent {\sl divergent} piece can be retrieved at limit $t\to 0$, that is
\begin{equation}\label{finite_entanglement}
S_{div} ^\prime= -\frac{c}{3} \ln \big[ \frac{1}{D_1}+\frac{2\pi\epsilon}{\beta} \big].
\end{equation}
We remark that this regularized term is now finite at the limit $\epsilon\to 0$ or $\beta \to \infty$.  The regularized one-partite information $I^{[1]}=-\Delta S_{div} ^\prime$ also becomes finite at limit $M\to \omega$.  We compare the behavior of (\ref{log_div}) and (\ref{finite_entanglement}) in the Fig. \ref{fig:log_entanglement}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[clip,width=10.0cm]{log_entanglement.eps}
    \caption{Divergent logarithmic growth with $\beta$ (\ref{log_div}) (dotted black) and its regularized form (\ref{finite_entanglement}) (solid red).  The regularized logarithmic term approaches constant at large $\beta$ or low temperature. }
    \label{fig:log_entanglement}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Perturbative correction to Hawking temperature}

Taking the perturbative approach towards quantum black holes, the Hawking temperature is expected to receive one-loop quantum correction as follows\cite{Govindarajan:2001ee,Banerjee:2008ry}:
\begin{equation}
T^{[1]}_H = T_H/ (1+\alpha_1\frac{\hbar}{r_+}).
\end{equation}
As a result, the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is corrected by a logarithmic term\cite{Fursaev:1994te,Carlip:2000nv}:
\begin{equation}\label{BTZ_entropy}
S^{[1]}_{BH} = \int{\frac{dM}{T^{[1]}_{H}}}=\frac{\pi r_+}{2G} + \alpha_1\hbar\frac{\pi}{2G}\ln r_+
\end{equation}
To avoid divergence, the second logarithmic term is expect to be regularized at the limit $r_+\to 0$.   If one assumes the logarithmic correction term behaves just like the entanglement entropy as discussed in previous section, one may guess the regularized form
\begin{equation}\label{BTZ_entropy_regular}
S^{[1]\prime}_{BH} = \frac{\pi r_+}{2G}   -c \ln\big[ \frac{1}{D} +\frac{2\pi\l_p}{\beta}\big],
\end{equation}
for  a positive constant $c=\frac{|\alpha_1|\pi\hbar}{2G}$ given $\alpha_1<0$\cite{Carlip:2000nv}.   Here we have explicitly used Euclidean time period $\beta$ and chose the Planck length $\l_p$ as UV cutoff scale.  We remark that the IR divergence of (\ref{BTZ_entropy}) is in fact consistent with discussion in the \cite{Mallayya:2014xwa} where it was argued that the IR divergence is due to the scaling symmetry in the free two-dimensional CFT.  However, we expect a finite system can only store finite amount of entanglement entropy and this calls for some boundary effect or nonperturbative interaction, which gives rise to the regularized form in (\ref{BTZ_entropy_regular}).

We would like to comment on the physical meaning of $D$.  If the BTZ completely evaporates at final stage with zero temperature, then (\ref{BTZ_entropy_regular}) leads to a nonzero value $c\ln D$.  Since there is nothing left to host this entropy, it is better to set $D=1$.  On the other hand, we have learnt that $D_n$ is related to the quantum dimension $d_{\cal O}$ through $D_n = (d_{\cal O})^{n-1}$ \cite{He:2014mwa}.  If $D$ were the very $D_1$ in the (\ref{finite_entanglement}), then it also suggests that $D=(d_{\cal O})^0=1$.  This may imply that all the degrees of freedom responsible to entanglement are frozen in the ground state.

With a choice of $\alpha_1 = \frac{\l^2}{\hbar\l_p}$, the correction term, which was argued to be related to the entanglement entropy, has the same form as the R{\`e}nyi entropy:
\begin{equation}
S_{R} = \frac{1}{c}\ln\big[1+ cS_{BH}\big],
\end{equation}
for $c=\frac{\pi \l^2}{2G\l_p}$ and BTZ entropy $S_{BH}$ given in (\ref{eqn:BTZ_entropy}).

Another scenario is to assume there is a warm remnant at the final stage\cite{Adler:2001vs,Chen:2014jwq,Xiang:2006mg}, say $\beta = 2\pi \l_p$, then we would have
\begin{equation}
D^{-1} = \exp \big[\frac{\pi \l^2}{2cG\l_p}-\frac{S_{rem}}{c} \big]-1,
\end{equation}
where the remnant carries entropy S$_{rem}$.  We plot the black hole entropy versus $\beta$ in the figure (\ref{fig:BH_entropy}).

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[clip,width=10.0cm]{BH_entropy.eps}
    \caption{Logarithmic corrected Bekenstein-Hawking entropy versus $\beta$ for different choices of $D$.  At the final stage, the black hole could evaporate completely (red dotted) or a warm remnant forms (blue solid).}
    \label{fig:BH_entropy}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

The value of $D$ can also be determined if one further considers two-loop quantum correction to the Hawking temperature:
\begin{equation}\label{2-loop}
T^{[2]}_H = T_H/ (1+\alpha_1\frac{\hbar}{r_+} + \alpha_2\frac{\hbar^2}{r_+^2})
\end{equation}
such that
\begin{equation}\label{entropy_2-loop}
S^{[2]}_{BH} = \int{\frac{dM}{T^{[2]}_{H}}}=\frac{\pi r_+}{2G} + \alpha_1\hbar\frac{\pi}{2G}\ln r_+ - \alpha_2 \hbar^2 \frac{\pi}{2G r_+},
\end{equation}
Now we expand $\beta$ in the (\ref{BTZ_entropy_regular}) around $2\pi \l_p$:
\begin{equation}\label{UV_expansion}
S^{[1]\prime}_{BH} \simeq \frac{\pi r_+}{2G}  -c \ln \frac{2\pi \l_p}{\beta} -c \ln (1+\frac{\beta}{D}) \simeq \Lambda -c \ln \frac{2\pi\l_p}{\beta} -c \frac{\beta}{4\pi\l_p D} + \cdots.
\end{equation}
The additional linear $\beta$ term corresponds to last term in  (\ref{entropy_2-loop}) and one obtains
\begin{equation}
D = \frac{\l^2|\alpha_1|}{2\l_p\hbar \alpha_2}.
\end{equation}

In conclusion, both choices of $D$ have suggested that (\ref{BTZ_entropy_regular}) would be a good academic guess for a regularized black hole entropy.  At least it either serves as an effective model at final stage of evaporation, or provides a close form to match up with two-loop quantum correction.

We have discussed the connection between large radius expansion of (\ref{BTZ_entropy_regular}) and loop corrections (\ref{entropy_2-loop}).  Now we would like to explore its possible connection to the higher spin gravity.   Tensor fields of higher spin are easily found in the higher dimensional theory such as superstring.  The entanglement corresponds to the conical entropy with surface term contribution and the string scale serves as a natural cutoff\cite{He:2014gva}.  The higher spin black holes in $AdS_3$ were studied in the Chern-Simons formalism \cite{Gutperle:2011kf,Kraus:2011ds} and the leading correction to the Hawking temperature, which is derived in the appendix, has the following form:
\begin{equation}\label{Hawking_T_highspin}
T_H^{[3]} \simeq T_H/(1- \frac{16G|\sigma| \mu^2}{\l}r_+^2+\cdots),
\end{equation}
where $\sigma<0$ is the arbitrary constant used to normalize the high spin generator and $\mu$ is the source or coupling to the high spin current.  According to the first law of thermodynamics, this leads to a correction to the thermal entropy
\begin{equation}
S_{BH}^{[3]} = \frac{\pi r_+}{2G} - \frac{8\pi |\sigma| \mu^2}{3\l^3}r_+^3+\cdots.
\end{equation}
In comparison with the small radius expansion of (\ref{BTZ_entropy_regular}), which reads
\begin{equation}
S_{BH}^{[1]\prime}=\frac{\pi r_+}{2G} + c\ln{D} -\frac{2\pi \l c D}{\beta} +  \frac{2\pi^2\l^2 c D^2}{\beta^2}   -\frac{8\pi^3 \l^3 c D^3}{3\beta^3} + \cdots.
\end{equation}
We see the higher spin correction may contribute to order ${\cal O}(\beta^{-3})$ and after.

As a final remark, in this letter we only discuss the black hole whose inverse Hawking temperature $\beta$ only depends on single charge $M$.  Therefore one can easily establish connection between real time $t$ and black hole mass $M$.  It would be interesting to further investigate the applicability of similar entanglement model to those black holes with multiple charges.

\begin{acknowledgments}
The author is grateful to inspiring talks and discussion during the KEK theory workshop at the late stage of this project.   This work is supported in parts by the Taiwan's Ministry of Science and Technology (grant No. 102-2112-M-033-003-MY4 and No. 103-2633-M-033-003-).
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Hurricane boats for sale in United States
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Hurricane SunDeck 237 OB
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Hurricane SunDeck 187 IO
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With its innovative hull design, the SunDeck 2400 OB offers a fun and versatile platform for enjoying a full day on the water. Boat has great features like, Powerful and quiet Yamaha 250 with low hours, Polk Sound System (Amp, Sub, and Speakers), Full Bimini Top, Exterior Sink, Enclosed Head and Sink, Lowrance Elite-4X GPS, 12 Person Capacity, Seagrass Flooring, 2 In-floor storage compartments, Integrated Cooler Storage, Tons of under-seat storage, 12 Person Seating Capacity.Comes on aluminum dual axle McClain Trailer with 4 new tires.
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Hurricane SD2690
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Here is a very clean well kept Hurricane SD 2690. This Boats powered by a 300 Yamaha Outboard! The boat features a large swim platform an enormous cockpit with storage under every seat. two ski lockers, a fresh water washdown at the aft, a freshwater sink behind the Capt's seat and also at the bow of the boat. Two very large comfortable seats at the helm. Up front is plenty more seating along with more storage and a bow ladder for days at the sandbar. If You have questions You can contact John Kraft , FINANCING AVAILABLE and WE ACCEPT ALL TRADES #A-1176 *** picture #1 is a stock photo
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text:
Page 1 of 15 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ... 15
Blondes...
News, discussion and entertainment for Coventry area dwellers past and present.
Switch to full style
(no racial sterotyping or sexually explicit language please)
Location: Spon End
A blonde and her husband are lying in bed
Listening to the next door neighbor's dog.
It has been in the backyard barking for hours and hours.
The blonde jumps up out of bed and says,
"I've had enough of this".
She goes downstairs.
The blonde finally comes back up to bed
And her husband says "The dog is still barking,
What have you been doing?"
The blonde says,
"I put the dog in our backyard,
let's see how THEY like it!
rebbonk
Re: Blondes...
One day a big group of blondes met in New York to show the world that blondes aren't dumb.
They begged: "Ask any of us any question, and we will show you that we're not dumb."
The group caught the attention of a passer by, who volunteered to ask them some questions. He climbed up on a car and randomly picked a blonde out of the crowd.
She got up on the car too and the man asked: "What is the first month of the year?"
The blonde responded: "November?"
"Nope," said the man. At this point the crowd began to chant, "Give her another chance, give her another chance."
So the man asked: "What is the capital of the U.S.A ?"
The blonde responded: "Paris?"
So the crowd began chanting again: "Give her another chance, give her another chance."
The man said: "Okay, but this is the last one. What is one plus one?"
The blonde replied: "Two?"
"Give her another chance, Give her another chance." screamed the crowd.
Lynn and Judy were doing some carpenter work on a Habitat for Humanity
House. Lynn was nailing down house siding, would reach into her nail
Pouch, pull out a nail and either toss it over her shoulder or nail it
Judy, figuring this was worth looking into, asked, 'Why are you
Throwing those nails away?'
Lynn explained, 'When I pull a nail out of my pouch, about half of
Them have the head on the wrong end and I throw them away.'
Judy got completely upset and yelled, 'You moron! Those nails aren't
Defective! They're for the other side of the house!'
Location: The Garden of England
A blonde walks into a pharmacy and asks the assistant for
some rectum deodorant.
The pharmacist, a little bemused, explains to the woman
that, they don't sell rectum deodorant and never have.
Unfazed, the blonde assures the pharmacist that she has
been buying the stuff from this store on a regular basis
and would like some more.
'I'm sorry,' says the pharmacist, 'We don't have any.'
'But, I always buy it here,' says the blonde. 'Do you
have the container that it came in?' asks the pharmacist.
'Yes,' said the blonde, 'I'll go home and get it.'
She returns with the container and hands it to the
pharmacist who looks at it and says to her,
'This is just a normal stick of underarm deodorant.'
Annoyed, the blonde snatches the container back and
reads out loud from the container ...
'TO APPLY, PUSH UP BOTTOM.
A blonde calls her boyfriend on the phone with a problem.
"What's the matter?" he asks.
"Well, I've bought this jigsaw puzzle, but it's too hard.
None of the pieces fit together and I can't find any edges."
"What's the picture of?" he asks.
"It's of a big rooster," she replies.
"All right," he says, "I'll come over and have a look."
When he arrives, she thanks him for coming over and leads
him over to the kitchen table where she has it laid out.
He takes one look at what she's been struggling with and
says, "First of all, no matter what we do, we're not going
to be able to assemble these pieces into anything resembling
a rooster." He takes her hand and says, "Second, I want you
to relax. Let's have a nice cup of tea, and then....." he
sighed, "...let's put all these cornflakes back in the box."
Legend has it that there is a bar in New York where, in
the Ladies Room there is a very special mirror. If one
stands in front of the mirror and tells the truth, one
is granted a wish. However, if one tells a lie - *poof*
- you are instantly swallowed up by the mirror, never
to be seen again.
Sooooo, A redhead of questionable looks walks into the
Ladies Room and stands before the mirror and says, "I
think I'm the most beautiful woman in the world." - -
*poof* The mirror swallows her.
Next a rather large brunette stands before the mirror
and says, "I think I'm the sexiest woman alive." - -
Then an absolutely gorgeous blond comes in and stands
before the mirror and says, "I think..." - - - *poof*
Did you hear about the two blondes who froze to death in a drive-in movie?
They had gone to see 'Closed for the Winter.'
A contestant, Sally, on 'Who wants to be a Millionaire?' had reached the final plateau. If she answered the next question correctly, she would win $1,000,000. If she answered incorrectly, she would pocket only the $25,000 milestone money. And as she suspected the Million Dollar Question was no pushover.It was, 'Which of the following species of birds does not build its own nest but instead lays its eggs in the nests of other birds?Is it: A) The condor B) The buzzard C) The cuckoo D) The vulture? The woman was on the spot. She did not know the answer. She had used up her 50/50 Lifeline and her Ask the Audience Lifeline.All that remained was her Phone-a-Friend Lifeline.She hoped she would not have to use it because....Well, her friend was, well, a blonde. But she had no alternative.She called her friend and gave her the question and the four choices. The blonde responded unhesitatingly: 'That's easy. The answer is C: the cuckoo.'The contestant had to make a decision and make it fast... She considered employing a reverse strategy and giving any answer except the one thather friend had given her. And considering her friend was a blonde that would seem to be the logical thing to do. But her friend had respondedwith such confidence, such certitude, that the contestant could not help but be convinced.Crossing her fingers, the contestant said, 'C: The cuckoo.''Is that your final answer?''Yes, that is my final answer.''That answer is absolutely correct! You are now a millionaire!'Three days later, the contestant hosted a party for her family and friends, including the blonde who had helped her win the million dollars. "Jeni, I just do not know how to thank you?" said the contestant. "How did you happen to know the right answer?"
''Oh, come on,' said the blonde 'Everybody knows that cuckoos don't build nests... "
"...They live in clocks.'
Bob walked into a bar at 9:58. He sat down next to a blonde. The 10:00 PM news was just coming on.
The news crew was covering a story of a man on a ledge of a large building preparing to jump.
The blonde looked at Bob and said, "Do you think he'll jump?"
Bob says, "You know, I bet he'll jump."
The blonde replied, "Well, I bet he won't."
Bob placed £20 on the bar and said, "You're on!"
Just as the blonde placed her money on the bar, the guy on the ledge did a swan dive off the building, falling to his death.
The blonde was very upset, but willingly handed her £20 to Bob, saying, "Fair's fair. Here's your money."
Bob replied, "I can't take your money, I saw this earlier on the 5 PM news and so I knew he would jump."
The blonde replied, "I did too; but I didn't think he'd do it again."
Bob took her money
A blonde teenager, wanting to earn some extra money for the summer, decided
to hire herself out as a "handy-woman" and started canvassing a nearby
well-to-do neighborhood. She went to the front door of the first house,
and asked the owner if he had any odd jobs for her to do.
"Well, I guess I could use somebody to paint my porch," he said, "How much
will you charge me?" Delighted, the girl quickly responded, "How about
$50?" The man agreed and told her that the paint brushes and everything she
would need was in the garage. The man's wife, hearing the conversation
said to her husband, "Does she realize that our porch goes ALL the way
around the house?"
He responded, "That's a bit cynical, isn't it?"
The wife replied, "You're right. I guess I'm starting to believe all those
blonde jokes we've been getting by email lately."
Later that day, the blonde came to the door to collect her money.
"You're finished already?" the startled husband asked.
"Yes, the blonde replied, and I even had paint left over, so I gave it two
coats."
Impressed, the man reached into his pocket for the $50.00 and handed it to
her along with a $10.00 tip.
"And by the way, "the blonde added, "it's not a Porch; it's a Lexus
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text:
Trace Yourself
The "Book"
HHH History
What Language Did We Speak?
Jacob's Nephew Isaac
Why We Immigrated
Amerikalied
Indian Issues & Interactions
The Massacre
John's Little House
Our Gatherings
Odd Nuggets
Descendents of
Jacob Hochstetler
Where We Came From & Who We Are
There is proof the name Hochstetter is found as early as 1290 A.D. in Germany and Austria. At that time they were of the higher class of merchants and businessmen. According to Count Ferdinand Von Hochstetter (1829-1884) whose family has been traced back ten generations, all of the Hostetlers living in Europe trace their origin from one family living in Augsburg, Bavaria in the 14th Century. The name itself comes from the word Hostet or Hochstatt meaning "high place". Thus Hostetler is someone living in a high place or on high ground.
The Swiss recognize the Schwartzenburg region of Canton Bern Switzerland as the "Heimat" or original home of the Hostettlers. The family name is still one of the most common in that region today. Schwarzenburg is about twenty miles south of Bern, nestled among hill, farms and hamlets. It is divided into four communes: Ruschegg, Guggisberg, Albligen and Wahlern. Guggisberg and Wahlern each have a "hof" or farm that is called 'Hostet' and is recognized as the traditional home of the Hostettler family. About five miles southwest of Guggisberg, high on a steep elevation is Hostet, a farm that has long associations with the Hostettler family. Hostett is also the name of a small hamlet of farms in the commune of Wahlhern, about two miles east of Schwarzenburg. Family names were adopted around 1400 and 1550 so those coming from Hostett came to be called Hostettler or settlers from Hostett. These parishes were parishes of the State Church, first Catholic and then Reformed.
The Hostettler (Swiss spelling today) family originated, perhaps in
the 1300s or 1400s, in the Schwarzenburg, Switzerland area about
30 kilometers southwest of the capital of Bern. Some of them
became a part of the Anabaptist reform movement in the 1600s.
These Anabaptists, or Swiss Brethren, tried to follow the Bible and
restore the biblical church, which they understood to be a believers'
church made up of members baptized as adults upon their
confession of faith in Jesus and who lived out the ethic of love
and non-violence taught by Jesus. Due to brutal religious
persecution by the state churches, both Catholic and Reformed,
our ancestors along with many others left Switzerland. The man
we now believe was the father of the immigrant Jacob left his
native Schwarzenburg area in the late 1600s and settled in Echery
near St. Marie-aux-Mines in Alsace (now in France), where Jacob
was born in 1712.
The immigrants that we are descended from lived in Alsace for
many decades and were constantly on the move. They didn't live
in settled communities, and always were working for someone else.
So they adapted their dialect to the place they lived, which in the
last case was "Pfälzisch" which was the nearest speech to "Pennsylvania Dutch" to be found in Europe. And that is what Jacob's descendants spoke until they switched to English.
MENNONITE-AMISH HOSTETLERS
At the Castle of Heidelberg in Germany the tour guide tells of Amish and Mennonite people being invited into the Palatinate, Germany. This was after the Thirty Years War which depleted the population (1650). They were welcomed there because of their industrious ways. Later, after the Church and State were combined, they moved, either freely or by persecution back to Switzerland where they could practice their own religion.
However, Switzerland was not the land of tolerance that we see today; as we find the State Church persecuting the Anabaptist (Amish-Mennonites) causing them to move on to Neuchatel in French Switzerland. In Neuchatel the old castle houses archives which contain letters concerning sectarians who had taken land from local farmers and did not attend the State Church. Among those mentioned were two families named Hostetler, identified as Anabaptist from the district of Schwarzenburg, commune of Wahlern and the hamlet of Nydegg.
Nydegg, thus, had some families of Mennonite Hostettlers at the beginning of the eighteenth century. This is significant because most of the other branches of the family belonged to the Reformed Church. Nydegg is a small hamlet of three or four farms about five miles east of the highway from Lanzenhausern between Schwarzenburg and Bern. It still has some Hostettler traditions. According to an old farmer, Otto Gilgin, in 1971 stated that his family had owned his house for about a hundred years but that the immediate preceding family had been named Hostettler. There is a wooden door there carved with the initials HH, CH, PH, which his family traditions state to be Hans, Christian and Peter Hostettler. There is an old oven built into the house that bears the date 1719: However if the Hostettlers lived there in the years preceding 1870 they would not have been Mennonites because all had left the region by that time. However, they could have been members of the family who stayed with the State Church.
Today Hostetlers are found in all of Europe with the spelling either Hoch or Hos. Most of the Hostetlers in Canton Bern, Switzerland today are of the Swiss Reform faith.
It is known that Jacob had a nephew Isaac (1740 - Mar.29 1817). He corresponded with his uncle in America and one of his sons, Peter, preserved a letter received from America telling of the massacre by the Indians. There are currently descendents of Issac known to exist in Cologne and Bavaria, Germany, and in America.
One European branch of the family traces their family in the following manner:
(1) Jakob Hochstetler (Sr.); born Switzerland, died Ste Marie-aux Mines, Alsace.
(2) Johannes Hochstetler; b. ca. 1710 Alsace, m. Anna Wagler (3) Isaak Hochstatler(DJH9000); 1740 -1817, Alsace & Germany, m. Maria Siegel (1st wife of 4). Nephew of our Jacob.
(4) Jakob Hochstattler; 1765 - 1857, Munsterhof, Germany, m. Barbara Holly (5) Jakob Hochstattler; 1796 - 1885, Munsterhof, Germany, m. Barbara Spring (6) Jakob Hochstattler; b. 1822, Munsterhof, Germany, m. Barbara Maurer (7) Frederich Wm. Hochstattler; b. 1851, Munsterhof, Germany, m. Maria Magdalena Neu (8) Jakob Hochstattler b. 1898 in Munsterhof, d. in Cologne Germany, m. Anna Ems (9) Erwin Hochstattler; b. 1926, lives in Cologne, Germany, m. Helena Lehnen
ORIGIN OF H/H/H/ FAMILY AND NAME
(Comments by Daniel E. Hochstetler, Editor of the H/H/H Newletter in the March 1992 edition)
On July 1st, 1989 Dr. Rudolf Ramsmeyer from the University of Bern and an expert in the origin of Swiss family names met the Hochstetler Heritage Tour group at Moosegg near Langnau. After dinner he gave an explanation of Swiss communities and family origins. He presented a map copied and marked by Mr. John Hostettler from Schwarzenburg, Assistant Archivist of the State Archives of Canton Bern, showing "Hostetten" southwest of Guggisberg. Professor Ramseyer agrees with John Hostettler that this farm hamlet Hostetten is the special origin of the Hostettler families. He says the prefixes hof- and hos- mean the same, meaning "farm" or more specifically "orchard".
Werner Gilgen was the local historian assigned by the Schwarzenburg, Switzerland tourist bureau to be the personal guide for the Hochstetler Heritage Tour group which visited in that area in July 1989. In a Sept. 20, 1989 letter to tour director Dr. Delbert Gratz, Bluffton, Ohio, Gilgen includes this paragraph, translated by Virgil Miller, describing the origin of the first Hostettler couple:
"Now I want to tell you something else about the origin of the name Hostettler. My mother's maiden name was Hostettler. She came from Nydegg, about four kilometers from my home. She told me, and this is still claimed today, that in 1349 the Plague was raging and the population was greatly decimated. So in Aekenmatt (a hamlet near Nydegg near the Schwarzwasser Bridge), there was only one person left, and as a result, in the evening only one candle was burning, only one light shone. Similarly, two kilometers northwest of there, in the hamlet of Hostettlen in Canton Freibourg (separated from Aekenmatt across the deep chasm of the Schwarzwasser stream), there was also only one person. Thereupon the two persons found each other, got married and founded a family. Because the man came from the hamlet of Hostettlen, the family was called Hostettler. `Hostettler' is the original form of the name, and the names Hofstettler and Hochstettler are variations. Is this a legend, or is there some truth in it? I don't know, but the tradition seems believable. The Plague has caused much harm here; that is traceable."
-Werner Gilgen, Schwarzenburg, Switzerland
OUR FAMILY IN EUROPE
In 1697, 1699, 1701, 1703-4, 1708-14, and 1719-21 Jacob Hostettler is recorded as living in Ste. Marie-aux-Mines, Alsace, France. A document in the Bern state archives says that when Amish Mennonite leader Jacob Hostettler (Sr.) returned from Alsace to Schwarzenburg in 1720 he was arrested. At that time he said he was born in Winterkraut, Switzerland. In 1699, 1703, 1708, 1712 and 1713 the names of Hans, Christian and Peter Hochstettler are mentioned as being Anabaptist / Mennonites living in the valley of St. Marie-aux-Mines in Alsace, documented in the Archives of Colmar. They were among a group of Amish-Mennonite refugees who had been forced to escape from Canton Bern. There is no proof that these three are our ancestors and it may be coincidence, since they are among the most common Swiss personal names. Later a Hans and Christ Hochstetler moved from St. Marie to Clairegoutte, near Montbekiard in 1715, then a duchy belonging to Wurttemberg, but now part of France.
We are concluding that our Jacob was the son of Jacob who lived at St. Marie-aux-Mines between 1697 and 1721. Custom dictated naming the eldest son after the grandfather, which would make Jacob Sr.'s father either a Peter or a John.
OUR ANCESTOR IN AMERICA
In the BOOK OF DECENDENTS OF JACOB HOCHSTETLER By HARVEY HOSTETLER, 1912, we find that there was evidence that Jacob the Immigrant came to America on the ship Harle out of Rotterdam in 1736 with his wife (name unknown) and one or two children. Now we find that Paul Hostetler, grandson of the William Hostetler, who wrote the introduction to that book, has researched further and found the 1736 Jacob followed the Moravian Church and records there record him living in Lancaster County and having ten children. However, there is another Jacob who arrived on The Charming Nancy in 1738 out of Rotterdam and arrived in Philadelphia Nov. 9, 1738, wife again unknown, with a son and perhaps another child.
This second Jacob Hochstetler was registered as being age 26 on List A of Strassburger-Hinke's published ship lists. He had signed with an "X" just as our relative Jacob had signed so by their sign-ins, they would be indistinguishable. There were three lists containing his name: A) the Captain's list, B) the Immigration officer's list, and C) the allegiance to the Colony list. The name was spelled differently on each list: on list "A" it was Jacob Hostedler; on list "B", Howstetter; and on "C", Hochstadler. The names were written in English as the recorder seemed to have spelled them as he had heard them pronounced in German.
There are still some questions unanswered. Since there were two Jacob Hochstetlers who immigrated only two years apart, were they related? At this time there is no indication that they were. They likely did not know each other either. The first Jacob evidently was a part of the Moravian community. Paul V. Hosteller reports that he belonged to the Reformed Church in Lambsborn, Zweibrucken, and later at Muddy Creek in Brecknock Twp. in Pennsylvania. We also know very little about his descendants, even though he had nine children. Perhaps they did not all immigrate with the parents. There are thousands of Hostetlers in America and it is also possible that the first Jacob has many descendants. Some future research may reveal their lineage as well as ours. [Virgil Miller and others in past issues of the H/H/H Family Newsletter have reported that some of the Harle Jacob's descendants may spell their name Hufstedler, and some are believed to live in North Carolina.] The next question is, was Jacob illiterate? Couldn't he read nor write? He signed his name on the register with an "X." He also signed his land warrant with an "X." This might indicate that he was illiterate. However, let us review the story. First, Jacob was a German speaking Amishman and did not know the English language. Upon landing in a strange and foreign land among people speaking a language he did not know he was likely rather shy and inhibited.
The register clerks spoke English, and being rushed to list all the new ship load of immigrants, they spoke hurriedly, abruptly and authoritatively. The German immigrants could not understand them. Neither were the clerks concerned with accuracy and details. When Jacob arrived in line to the clerk he was likely carrying his three year old son John in his arms. Suddenly he was accosted, "What is your name?" Jacob did not know English and did not know what he was asked. The clerk repeated and insisted on a ready response. Jacob realized the question and answered his name in German. The clerk wrote in English, spelling the name as he thought it sounded. Then he said, "Put an X here." Jacob likely didn't understand, so the clerk demonstrated and Jacob put an "X" at the place indicated. Many other immigrants had similar experiences, since there are many "X's" in the list. Similar confrontations occurred in the purchase of land.
Does all this mean that our ancestor was illiterate? As a devout Amishman he likely had a German Bible he could read and an Ausbund song book from which he sang. A few years ago a European printed copy of an Ausbund hymn book was found with a paragraph of German script written on the fly leaf. It was either copied or composed, and is followed by the signature of Christian Hochstedler as the owner. He no doubt received it from his father Jacob who would have brought it from Europe. [See "Jacob Hostedler's European Ausbund," by David Luthy, in Family Life, January 1988.] No doubt Jacob taught his children to read and write in German or, at least, in the dialect that he knew. His son John wrote a fair readable hand as he signed his name to a legal paper as a witness on February 1, 1755.
The ship captain on his list of passengers noted that Jacob was a yeoman. This is a term of distinction. I believe that Jacob was an astute business person. He was a farmer and horticulturist, having planted fruit trees on his homestead. After his sons moved to Somerset County in western Pennsylvania, they apparently discussed the possibility of returning to Europe in an attempt to retrieve the property and holdings of their father which he had left behind. Several other descendants have made references to their family stories concerning the tradition that some estate resources were left behind, probably due to flight under severe persecution. Thus it seems that Jacob might have inherited and held a major estate in Switzerland prior to his immigration.
In America we believe Jacob was recognized as a manager and astute community person. He purchased land, improved it, planted fruit trees, built a rather substantial two story cabin with basement, built other farm buildings, and managed his affairs. It seems that Jacob was well versed in the teaching of the Bible. At the time of the captivity by Indians he stood for peace in the face of death. He commanded his sons when taken captive to not forget their names and the Lord's Prayer. He later composed, or directed someone, to write petitions for the release of his sons from the Indians. Our conclusion is that Jacob, our ancestor, was not illiterate. He was only dealing with the language problem from the German to the English as a recent immigrant.
The first group of organized Amish-Mennonites had arrived one year earlier in October of 1737 and this ship carried many of this faith. (Pennsylvania German Pioneers - 1934).
After his arrival we find records that Jacob had obtained warrants for well over 500 acres of land but apparently had disposed of most of it by the time he had moved to the Amish settlement in the Northkill, in Bern township. The land he finally chose for his home covered many acres. It is located about one mile west of the present village of Shartlesville in Upper Bern Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania, on Old Route 22. The original farm once included the land on which the tourist attraction "Roadside America" is located. At the present time the property includes the house and 27 1/2 acres.
In 1757 we find Jacob with a fine log house, spring house, bake oven, several other
out buildings and a large orchard. With him, at this time, was his wife and three
sons, Jacob, Joseph and Christian and daughter, whose name is unknown. His older
son John was married and living on land within sight of the Homestead. His other
Daughter, Barbara, was also married and no longer lived at home.
The French and Indian War (1754-1765) was moving ever southward over the Blue
Mountains toward the Northkill. There had been several killings and people captured
by the Indians even though there had been a fort built in the area.
There had been no trouble since June. Therefore the young people planned to have
an apple peeling party at the Hostetler home on September 19, 1757. It was the
custom for the young people to have a social or frolic after the work was done and
sometimes it continued well into the night. After the young people had gone home
and the family had retired the dog made an unusual noise waking Joseph, who
opened the door and was shot in the leg. He slammed the door and immediately
everyone was awake. The family saw 8 or 10 Indians standing near the bake oven.
There was no moon that night so it must have been near daybreak. There were several guns and plenty of ammunition and all the boys were good shots as was their father. As they got ready to defend the family, Jacob reminded them that their faith pledged them to Non-Resistance against their fellow men and he could not give his permission for the use of the guns. Soon the Indians set fire to the house and the family fled to the cellar throwing cider on the burning spots.
Finally, the Indians left one by one and the family felt that they could no longer remain in the smoke filled cellar. They quietly proceeded to climb out through a small window but one warrior, Tom Lions, who had stayed behind eating some peaches, saw the mother, who was a fleshy woman, having difficulty getting out and he sounded the alarm. The others quickly returned. The Indians killed and scalped the mother, Jacob Jr., the daughter, and captured Joseph, Christian and Jacob Sr.
John, the eldest son, saw the burning house and hid his wife and child and crept close. But, fearing for the lives of his own, could not interfere. A neighbor, Jacob Kreuter and family, also saw the burning but arrived too late to help as the Indians were already leaving with their prisoners. The remains of the victims were buried near the foundation wall.
The massacre was reported in newspapers of the day and on the military records which included a soldier who was killed by the Indians on the same day. There is also a letter reported sent to the European Hochstetlers and preserved by a great nephew of Jacob.
In 1959 the Pennsylvania Historical Society placed a large marker near "Roadside America" telling of the Northkill Amish and the massacre of the Hochstetler family.
It seems that the children were separated from Jacob and he told them to remember their German language and to continue to say the Lord's Prayer.
Apparently Jacob was considered a "safe" prisoner and they gave him the job of bringing in the meat for the camp when the warriors were gone. He was given a gun and had to account for each bit of powder and shot that he used. He found a place in the woods and each day he stored a bullet or powder there. He finally fled alone not knowing the direction of his home. He found a river, built a raft and drifted down stream. Near present day Harrisburg he was spotted by someone and they took a skiff out to get him. By this time he was too feeble to stand.
He was given food and clothing and regained his health. He had been a captive for three years. It is believed that he escaped from northeastern Ohio or northwest Pennsylvania which was all Indian territory at that time. He believed that he was on some other river besides the Susquehanna, probably the Ohio.
Although Jacob had returned home, he was concerned with his captive children and with a friend's help, as Jacob himself did not write well, a petition was made to Governor Hamilton for help in recovering his sons, Joseph and Christian. It is dated August 13, 1762 and can be found in the Pennsylvania Archives.
Christian had been adopted into full fellowship with the Indians. He was with them approximately seven years. It is stated that one day he returned home and the family, who was eating dinner, offered him food. He accepted but took it back outside and sat on a stump. Jacob, after finishing his meal went out to talk with him believing he was an Indian. In broken German he said "My name is Christian Hochstetler". He was gladly received but some time elapsed before he could again take up the white man's ways. He later married an orphan girl, Barbara Rupp, joined the Tunkard Church (Church of the Brethern) and became a preacher in that church.
In October, 1764, a Colonel Bouquet called a council with the Indians, who had been severely defeated during the past year by the army, and demanded that the Indians return the white prisoners. In November the Delaware chiefs brought in all but 12, but Colonel Bouquet would not shake hands with them until they returned all of them and on May 8, 1765 a treaty of peace was signed. It is not known if Joseph was returned in the fall or early spring but we do know that the Indians wanted him to remain with them and even though he returned he visited with them often and continued to hunt and fish with them. Later he married and became a landowner.
After Jacob's return and the return of his children we find a record of him buying 43 acres of land on June 23, 1765 in Heidelburg Township. (John was living on the land where the massacre took place.) This is about 10 miles from his Northkill farm and there is some indication that he resided there with his son Joseph.
Christian moved to the Lancaster, Pa. area early in 1772. On April 7, 1772 he bought 150 acres. On March 2, 1775 he deeded this land to Jacob his father. Therefore we can assume that Jacob was living with his son Christian at this time. Jacob died intestate and the court records in Lancaster, Pa. dated February 17, 1776 record the sale of land located in Lebanon Township, now Lebanon County, Pa. This document also lists the widow Anna (second wife) and the children of the late Jacob Hostetler. It is believed this was Jacob's last farm. This farm is believed to be about a mile west of Annville, Pa.
Located nearby is a Kauffman Church of the Brethren dating back to Jacob's time. Christian was a member of this denomination and this church shared its cemetery with the people of the Amish/Mennonite faith. It is possible that Jacob is buried here.
Harvey Hostetler comments
The author of our namesake historical index book, Harvey Hostetler, made these comments about Jacob & the larger Amish community in Council Bluffs, Iowa, on Nov. 9, 1911.
PASSIONATE PEOPLE:
Website Design and Content by Dan Hostetler and Dan Hochstetler


text:
package info.interactivesystems.spade;

import info.interactivesystems.spade.dao.NilsimsaSimilarityDao;
import info.interactivesystems.spade.dao.service.ReviewContentService;
import info.interactivesystems.spade.entities.NilsimsaSimilarity;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import name.fraser.neil.plaintext.SemanticBreakScorer;
import name.fraser.neil.plaintext.diff_match_patch;
import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
import org.springframework.test.context.testng.AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;

import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.util.List;

@Slf4j
@ContextConfiguration(locations = {"classpath:beans.xml"})
public class DiffTest extends AbstractTestNGSpringContextTests {

	@Resource
	private ReviewContentService service;

	@Resource
	private NilsimsaSimilarityDao nilsimsa;

	@Test
	public void comparableTest() {

		diff_match_patch dmp = getDiffMatcher();
		List<NilsimsaSimilarity> relevantPairs = nilsimsa.find(0.915, false, 20, 30);
		for (NilsimsaSimilarity nilsimsaSimilarity : relevantPairs) {
//            Review reviewA = service.findReview(nilsimsaSimilarity.getReviewA());
//            Review reviewB = service.findReview(nilsimsaSimilarity.getReviewB());

//            LinkedList<Diff> diff_main = dmp.diff_main(reviewA.getContent(), reviewB.getContent());
//            String diff_prettyHtml = dmp.diff_prettyHtml(diff_main);
//            System.out.println("
Similarity: " + nilsimsaSimilarity.getSimilarity() + "

" + diff_prettyHtml + "

");
		}

	}

	private diff_match_patch getDiffMatcher() {
		SemanticBreakScorer scorer = new SemanticBreakScorer() {

			@Override
			public int scoreBreakOver(String one, String two) {
				return 0;
			}
		};

		diff_match_patch dmp = new diff_match_patch(scorer);
		return dmp;
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Digital Tabletop: The Old Republic's Other Bad Guys
When I last talked about Star Wars The Old Republic, I really only touched on the Sith characters. Like the Republic, there are another two character classes lacking Force Powers and lightsabers, but are equally as deadly and fun to play, the Imperial Agent, which is the closest in play style to the Republic's Smuggler, and the Bounty Hunter, which is closest to the Republic's Trooper. There are a few differences between them even though they're comparable classes, mainly stemming from weapon's choices and abilities tied to those weapons, but they fill a similar role. I'd actually say they're the bigger step away from mimicking the other classes they fill the role of, while the Jedi and Sith more closely mimic each other.
The Imperial Agent, as far as play style goes, compared to the Smuggler, is more about controlled attacks, rather than frantic attacks. Instead of a blaster pistol, the Agent is equipped with a sniper rifle. They share a similar crouch mechanic, and while the Imperial Agents attacks are a bit more devastating, they do attack slower than the Smuggler, although they both share some quick attacks as well as some of the sneaking abilities should you go down that path. That really changes up the play style a bit between the two, not that they're a big change, but it was enough of one for me to really notice it swapping between characters.
While the Sith character storylines really engaged me and sucked me into them, the Imperial Agent's started off much slower. The cloak and dagger you use against the Hutt's feels like it takes to long to really get interesting, and without that I found myself not really caring about the events all that much or really what was going on until I was just about to leave and head to the Imperial Fleet. Bear in mind this was my experience with it. That's not to say Hutta was a bad planet, but the Agent just lacked something to hook me. I've heard the exact opposite from people about the Smuggler storyline though, which I absolutely loved. My wife has started an Imperial Agent and loves the storyline enough that she's overlooking playing a ranged character without a lightsaber and force powers. She's more a fantasy lover than sci-fi, so for her to be playing something with a rifle and enjoying it enough to keep playing is a big deal. It really comes down to personal taste really, and while I liked the class mechanics, my Imperial Agent might sit unused for awhile.
The Bounty Hunter has grown on me. At first the story line felt, well, bland to be honest. After a few excursions out though, things really pick up. But I'm getting ahead of myself. The Bounty Hunter is the equivalent of the Trooper, with wrist rockets and blasters instead of powerful slung rifles and grenades. The Bounty Hunter feels faster-paced in combat than the Trooper, but with a similar survivability. They can play DPS/Healer or Tank just like the Trooper, but instead of pelting with heavy blasters and grenades, you quick fire off like the Smuggler with quick blaster attacks, and my new personal favorite, Death From Above where you kick in your rocket pack, yes, rocket pack, and lift off the ground and deliver a lethal AoE attack using your wrist rockets. It's a thing of beauty and I had to go do another circuit around Hutta laying waste to random NPCs just to continue trying it out after I picked it up from my class trainer.
Getting back to the story for the Bounty Hunter, it starts off a little slow, with you trying to figure out a way to get into the Great Hunt, a way for Bounty Hunters to make a lot of money and make a name for themselves. You do have much clearer goals than the Agent, which I think carried me through to when it gets really interesting. Since this happens so early in the game, I don't think it's a spoiler, but you've been warned. The guy assembling you and a few others as a team gets killed by a Mandalorian looking to make a name for himself in the Hunt, but has decided to eliminate his non-Mandalorian competition beforehand. You and your computer hacker, Mako, decide to get some revenge and do what you intended in the first place, enter the Great Hunt, win it, and kill the guy.
This puts you into some shady deals with a Hutt named Nem'ro who is basically looking to use you and toss you aside, barely interested in sponsoring you in the hunt at all. I think one of the more interesting things is that the Bounty Hunter gets a companion that can heal as their first. None of the other classes I've played do that, at all. So really, if you're looking to solo, and in an MMO I can't see why you would except to kill time, the Bounty Hunter is a great choice at first as it is much easier to play with a healer starting out. This is a bit like LOTRO and WoW in that you can solo if you want and don't have to work with others quite so much. Granted you don't get Mako until you're done with a good chunk of Hutta, but after that it's all gravy.
So while I loved playing the Sith characters, the rest of the Imperials, the Agent and Bounty Hunter, ended up being a mixed bag. The Bounty Hunter has become my second favorite class behind the Smuggler while the Imperial Agent has slid to my least favorite of the classes available to play, but I didn't hate it. This can obviously change as I get further and further into their respective stories, but this is my first impressions with the classes and those do count for quite a bit.
Archive, Columns, Top Story
Bioware, Digital Tabletop, EA, LucasArts, Star Wars, Star Wars: The Old Republic


text:
CHRIS VANJONACK
Chris Vanjonack is an M.F.A. candidate at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, an editorial assistant for Ninth Letter, and an occasional contributor to Denver Westword. He's also a former language arts teacher from Fort Collins, Colorado, where he co-founded Slamogadro, and wrote + performed in three wildly unprofessional theater productions for the Fort Collins Fringe Festival.
He is a recipient of the 2020-2021 AWP Intro Journals Award, and his fiction and creative non-fiction have appeared or are forthcoming in One Story, Barrelhouse, Diagram, The Rumpus, Hobart, CRAFT Literary, Carve Magazine, Quarterly West, and elsewhere.
Phases, One Story
Thunderstorm Facts, Hobart
Elizabeth Kaplan's Best Day Ever, Quarterly West
What We Look Like Together, CRAFT Literary
Monkey Men, The Rumpus
A Survey of the Landscape, Ninth Letter
Invent Everything, Carve Magazine
Rebooting How I Met Your Mother for the 2020-2021 Network TV Season, No Contact
photo by: @sweetfacedfriends
If you're looking to connect, feel free to send electronic mail across time and space to chrisvanjonack@gmail.com.
You can also find him on Twitter @chrisvanjonack and on Goodreads.
Follow @chrisvanjonack


Graeagle and the surrounding area is full of fantastic amenities. Within just a few miles from town, there are four 18 hole, championship golf courses, plus world class restaurants which offer unique dining in relaxed atmospheres. Once in town, you can casually stroll down the main street and visit many of the quaint local merchant shops and discover some of their one-of-a-kind wares.
In summer, have fun cooling off in the Mill Pond, the local swimming hole, or hiking the many nearby mountain trails. In fact, only about ten minutes from town, you can enjoy the Lakes Basin recreation area which features over seven mountain lakes just waiting for activities such as swimming, fishing and even water skiing. In the winter, the Lakes Basin is also popular with snowmobiling, snowshoeing, and cross country skiing.
Each year, the area is known for celebrating July 4th with special events such as the Mohawk Valley Independence Day Parade, which includes an aerial fireworks display over the Mill Pond.
Easily accessible in the winter time, the area is only an hour away from major shopping stores, but still offers all the peace and quiet one would expect far enough away from the fast pace of city life.


text:
↪ Chapter 13A. Revised Real Property Tax Sales.
↪ Subchapter IV. Foreclosure.
↪ § 47–1385. Transition provisions; applicability of chapter.
§ 47–1384. Construction of chapter.
Chapter 14. Taxation of Recordation and Transfers of Real Property.
§ 47–1385. Transition provisions; applicability of chapter.
Chapter 13 [of this title] shall apply to any tax sale made or instituted, and any agreement executed between the District and any third party with respect to such sale, before January 1, 2001. This chapter shall apply to any tax sale made or instituted (or which could have been made or instituted), and any agreement executed between the District and any third party with respect to such sale, after December 31, 2000.
(June 9, 2001, D.C. Law 13-305, § 507(a)(2), 48 DCR 334.)
For temporary (90 day) addition of section, see § 7 of Real Property Tax Clarity and Litter Control Administration Emergency Act of 2001 (D.C. Act 14-22, March 16, 2001, 48 DCR 2706).
For temporary (225 day) addition of section, see § 7 of Real Property Tax Clarity and Litter Control Administration Temporary Amendment Act of 2001 (D.C. Law 14-8, June 13, 2001, law notification 48 DCR 5916).
D.C. Law 20-141 became effective on Dec. 4, 2014, but was repealed prior to its effective date by emergency D.C. Act 20-377, § 7114, eff. July 14, 2014, 61 DCR 7598, by emergency D.C. Act 20-449, § 7104, eff. October 10, 2014, 61 DCR 10915, by emergency D.C. Act 20-566, § 7104, eff. January 9, 2015, 62 DCR 884, and by D.C. Law 20-155, § 7104, 61 DCR 9990.
D.C. Law 20-141, effective Dec. 4, 2014, would have added § 47-1390, concerning the Office of Real Property Tax Sale Review; however, D.C. Law 20-141 was repealed prior to its effective date by emergency D.C. Act 20-377, § 7114, eff. July 14, 2014, 61 DCR 7598, by emergency D.C. Act 20-449, § 7104, eff. October 10, 2014, 61 DCR 10915, by emergency D.C. Act 20-566, § 7104, eff. January 9, 2015, 62 DCR 884, and by D.C. Law 20-155, § 7104, 61 DCR 9990.
§ 47-1390 Office of Real Property Sale Review. [Repealed].
[Repealed.]
(Dec. 4, 2014, D.C. Law 20-141, § 101(c)(32)(A), 61 DCR 7763; Feb. 26, 2015, D.C. Law 20-155, § 7104, 61 DCR 9990.)


LEAP is intended to be a continuous process that supports teachers in setting professional growth goals, meeting for progress checks midway through the year and having strong end-of-year conversations about final ratings. At the beginning of each school year, teachers and school leaders should collaborate to set goals that focus on the teacher's areas of needed growth.
There are several resources available to you designed to ensure your teachers have clear expecations regarding their performance, a fair assessment of their strengths and areas for growth, and helpful feedback about their development.
Instructional Leadership Team Calibration - Click here to begin the scheduling process. The Peer Observer team will also be reaching out regarding scheduling.


text:
Goldwater Institute Urges Congress to Let the Commission on Native Children Complete its Work
In a letter to members of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee today, the Goldwater Institute urged passage of S.325, a bill that would extend the deadline for the Commission on Native Children to complete its review of the problems confronting one of America's most vulnerable minorities. The Commission's work was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and with its deadline looming, it's important for Congress to allow it extra time to finish its work.
Native American children face many hardships, but one of the severest is the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), a federal law that hampers the ability of child safety officers to protect Native children who are abused or neglected—and makes it virtually impossible to find these children adoptive homes when needed. ICWA imposes a set of rules to govern child welfare cases involving children that the law deems "Indian"—rules that make it harder to rescue kids from abuse and that even restrict the rights of Native parents who want to protect their own children. And, unlike any other federal Indian law, the Indian Child Welfare Act is triggered by biological criteria, meaning that a child who has no cultural connection to a tribe and has never set foot on a reservation is deemed "Indian" based purely on the blood in her veins—and is thus subject to the Act's burdens—whereas a child who is fully acculturated to a tribe is not deemed "Indian" if she does not fit the Act's racial profile.
The consequence is that although the Act was intended to protect Native kids, it actually hurts them—depriving them of the legal protections that children of all other races enjoy. It essentially treats "Indian children" as if they were foreigners, when in fact they, like all Native Americans, are citizens of the United States and deserve the equal protection of the law.
It's critical that Congress complete its important work in evaluating the situation of Native American kids, and it's particularly imperative for the Commission to examine the way the Indian Child Welfare Act strips these kids of their constitutional rights and takes away the legal protections that they and their parents need.
For more on the Indian Child Welfare Act, check out our Equal Protection for Indian Children Project page.
Timothy Sandefur is the Vice President for Litigation at the Goldwater Institute.


text:
Q: How to activate UITextView embedded in a navigation bar on view load? I'm working with Xcode 4.3.3 and iOS 5.1, developing an iPad app.
I have a UITextField as the titleView of a navigation bar (in a Storyboard), hooked up to an outlet like so:
@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UITextField *textFieldName;

At the end of my implementation of viewDidLoad, I call:
[self.textFieldName becomeFirstResponder];

And...nothing happens.  I can tap on the UITextField to activate it, but can't seem to have the field active when the view launches.
Background: Upon adding a row in the previous view (a UITableView), I'm segueing to this view and want to enable the text field if what would normally be presented as the title of the view is empty.  That is, upon creating a new row in my database, I want the user's first action to be entering a title.  I'm open to other approaches, but would still like to know how to accomplish the stated question.
EDIT
I was able to get it working by calling:
 [self.navigationItem.titleView becomeFirstResponder];

A: Your code there should be working.
I'm guessing there is a simple step you might be missing, like adding the UITextFieldDelegate. I would just suggest going through each step and trying to figure out which isn't working. If that doesn't work, post your Xcodeproj and I (or someone else) can take a closer look.

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text:
La rivière Jolicœur est un affluent du littoral est de la baie James. Ce cours d'eau coule dans la municipalité de Eeyou Istchee Baie-James, dans la région administrative du Nord-du-Québec, au Québec, au Canada.

Géographie
La rivière Jolicœur prend sa source dans un petit lac sans nom (altitude : ) entouré d'une zone de marais à l'ouest du lac Kamaministikuch et à l'est du lac Namepi, au nord du lac Mirabelli, près de la "route de la Baie James".

La rivière Jolicœur coule sur  vers l'ouest, répartis dans les segments suivants :
  vers le sud-ouest en recueillant les eaux de la décharge du lac Namepi et du lac Kanisukamwawesteko, jusqu'aux environs de la zone nord du lac Mirabelli (altitude : ) ;
  vers l'ouest jusqu'au début d'une importante zone semi-maracageuse ;
  vers l'ouest jusqu'au début d'une importante zone de marais ;
  vers l'ouest en zone de marais ;
  vers le nord en zone de marais, où elle recueille les eaux de la rivière Jolicœur Nord-Est (venant de l'est), pour se déverser sur la bature de la rive Est de la baie James.

Les cours d'eau voisins de la rivière Jolicœur sont :
 côté nord : rivière Eastmain, rivière à l'Eau Froide ;
 côté sud : rivière Pontax.

Le principal affluent de la rivière Jolicœur est la rivière Jolicœur Nord-Est dont l'embouchure est à  de l'embouchure de la rivière Jolicœur. La partie basse de cet affluent coule surtout en zone de marais, plus ou moins en parallèle (côté nord) de la rivière Jolicœur.

Toponymie
Le terme "Jolicœur" constitue un patronyme de famille d'origine française.

Le toponyme rivière Jolicœur a été officialisé le  à la Banque des noms de lieux de la Commission de toponymie du Québec.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Eeyou Istchee Baie-James, une municipalité
 Baie James
 Rivière Eastmain, un cours d'eau
 Rivière Pontax, un cours d'eau
 Jamésie

Liens externes

Cours d'eau au Nord-du-Québec
Système hydrologique de la baie James
Eeyou Istchee Baie-James
Fleuve côtier au Canada

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