text:
sado- ramblings
June 25, 2021 June 25, 2021 / Ayana
I'm out of the loop with anime stuff which is fine. I like being at my own pace but Rin showed me this anime series called, "Don't Toy with Me, Miss Nagatoro" (Ijirinaide, Nagatoro-san) a week ago and my first reaction to the screenshot she showed me was, "Wtf is with all these smugtm looking anime girls?!"
I swear to Ra, it's like a virus, lol. I've been seeing those faces so often I wonder if that's the new trendy thing like how moe yanderes became big and trendy in the 2000s/early 2010s (I'm not sure but I distinctly remember the plethora of yandere anime girl series that cropped up during those years. )
Anyway, I was curious. I thought of watching an episode of it. Like, maybe it's better than Uzaki chan and I'm judging too much.
Ummmmm…..
First episode and I was already disturbed. The animation was good and it was refreshing seeing a darker skinned Japanese girl but I don't understand the appeal of the series at all. She taunts and bullies the MC until he cries and I'm supposed to root for them as a couple?
(RANT AHEAD.)
I thought of giving it a chance so I decided to watch three more episodes and by the fourth one, I wanted to drop it.
It is nothing more but a masochist fetish piece masquerading as a romantic comedy anime series. Already in the fourth episode, the MC was sexually assaulted by Nagatoro and her friends.
You have them taunting the MC for being a virgin which is…quite strange and degrading imho. Strange in a way because usually the male virgin-shaming comes from guys themselves from my personal experience. It's often guys who bully other guys for being virgins. toxic masculinity, as usual.
This was clearly written by a guy, lol.
There are some girls who do mock guys for being virgins but only when the guy is acting all incel-ish and entitled towards them. An example would be when a videogame featured a female character with a peach fuzz recently, and some gamer guys were complaining, saying she "looks trans" all because she had those baby hair that everyone has in their face. Comments were like,"Tell me you're a virgin without saying it…" In this context, male virgins are those guys who come across as if they've never actually seen a woman irl and are only surrounded by 2d waifu, distorting their ideas of women.
But Nagatoro and her friends are "bullies" so it's obvious they'd be fixating on the MC's virginity especially?
Why the fuck are all the characters here constantly fixated on male virginity? it's so creepy.
It clearly was just made for guys with a femdom/ humiliation fetish. Even in this interview by Anime Corner with the creator of the series, when questioned if he had any interactions irl with women like Nagatoro and her friends, he replied, "Unfortunately, I haven't."
Yyyyup. Definitely a kink.
Anyone who has experienced bullying of this magnitude would never romanticise this or even kawaii/moe-fy it. I've experienced bullying from girls and guys akin to this kind (without the virgin shaming and sexual assault) as a child and a teen and it's not cute. It's traumatising and goddamn depressing.
Let me be clear that there is nothing wrong with having that kind of fetish but to market it as "romantic comedy" is appalling. It's not romantic, in my opinion. It's abuse. She's only abusing him for fun and gratification. At most, it's just a fucked up and very unhealthy relationship. If they're aiming for the whole romantic story set-up instead of being transparent that it's a masochist kink and softcore porn/ecchi anime, then they're sending a terrible message to the audience especially towards impressionable guys and bullying victims, in general. "They just bully you because they like you. You should be receptive and not stand up for yourself. " How fucking toxic.
And…I've seen people excusing how she's just bullying the MC so he can have more spine and be out there, basically justifying her bullying. What kind of mental gymnastics is this? Bullying a person NEVER ever makes anyone more socially adept and confident.
eughh…
I know it's a bit hasty for me to judge the series in just four episodes along but even then, reading the synopsis, it seems to just be a masochist/bullying fetish anime. Nagatoro's bullying or "teasing' if you want a softer language, is the center of the story, regardless. I don't think she's redeemable in my book no matter how hard the story tries to insist "she gets better."
She won't stop with her animu smug tm face because that is what she's known for. That's what the entire series is known for. She's a sadodere, another dere term for a girl who likes to manipulate people's feelings. and finds pleasure in hurting others.
Sigh..another dere archetype in anime.
I'm really exhuasted with these archetypes frankly. There's nothing wrong with having a dere archetype, yeah but the problem for me is the execution. ___dere should be the basic archetype for a personality, not the whole thing. It feels like nowadays, they just pull some cliches together and call it a day. Just making the character into a caricature.
That's a big problem when it comes to the writing of female characters in anime. Their personality is an archetype, a cliche. It's not complex or multifaceted. It's the __dere that defines their entire being. It's kind of sad, really. It's not just in anime but even in western animations that male characters seem to have a more varied, complex personality compared to female ones. Like, I often noticed in western animations I've seen that female characters there are either the outspoken, overachieving, smart feminist who is the voice of reason (the brains) or the airheaded bimbo.
Ahh..I've gone on a tangent and ranted about moe anime again. I still love anime. Though it seems I'm more fond of the older ones atm and will stick to them.
Geez, what's the next trendy dere type I wonder?
NGL, I've been incredibly suspicious with the anime industry lately with them releasing….er…very problematic seinen isekai series for the past year or so. Apparently, there was a recent anime that aired about some paedophile who got reincarnated as a kid and uses it to molest people with no consequences, and Redo of a Healer which seems to be a Revenge Rape Fantasy porn and from what I've seen in forums, incels seem to idolise the MC of that series. And another recent isekai anime, "Rising of the Shield Hero" that shows casually having slaves is okay, good slavery is okay, slaves being part of his harem and fans using "muh historical realism" as an excuse even though the series is in some fantasy land with loli girls having angel wings and a bird horse flying around.
goddamnit.
At this point, isekai as a genre is already a big write off for me, lol. It's a shame that such a compelling and good genre has been plagued by these kinds of series.
Gods, I have so much to talk about in terms of media and writing, lol. Why does it have to be late at night? ORZ
personal stuff, rambling, rant
← lulz
mirror pup 1 →
2 thoughts on "sado- ramblings"
blue_so9hie
I will admit, and hopefully, you won't judge me too harshly for this ^^;;;, but Nagatoro was a guilty pleasure for me when it started coming out. I have a humiliation kink, the protagonist is basically a guy version of me, and sado-deres are something you don't see much in mainstream anime. So this show was right up my alley. However, I dropped this show right quick when it was trying to be a harem anime on the side. The harem is pretty much pointless because you already know who the protagonist is going to end up with. And even with that in mind, we never get know these girls on the same level as Nagatoro. They're just there to create nonexistent competition for Nagatoro and it gets annoying to watch after a while.
Nah, I'm not judging you, don't worry. It's fine to like the anime. I don't hate Nagatoro fans just as long as they're not acting so defensive and obnoxious with criticisms (muh SJWs/feminists seem to be their battle cry).
It has good stuff. The animation and visuals were superb and high quality, I'd give them that. And they have a main female character who is dark-skinned which is very refreshing as anime does have a huge problem with colourism, often only featuring fair-skinned characters. ^^
It is an anime for people with humiliation kinks and there's nothing wrong with humiliation kinks as I've said. My problem was how they're not transparent with it being a fetish anime and just marketing it as just some normal slice of life, romantic comedy series. Especially with how Japan treats bullying victims, it just gives them and young kids/impressionable guys the wrong message and imo, the entire thing just felt sleazy.
They seem to be the mainstream ones now, though. Nagatoro, Uzaki and Takagi-san have very big fanbases in the anime sphere esp Nagatoro.
Ahh thanks for warning me about that now I'm gonna drop it totally, haha. I hate harems, lol. And yeah, it's not just Nagatoro, I've seen quite a lot of seinen anime that forces a harem later in the episodes. I don't know why they want to add harems. It just makes the story go in circles. It is a frustrating cliche at this point, lol.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Our Economy / Our Schools / Our Youth / STEM
Local STEM tour reveals engaged students, creative teachers and great potential careers
by Rufus Woods · Published November 4, 2016 · Updated November 6, 2016
The magic of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineer and Math) and project-based learning were abundantly on display last week for a group of educators and civic leaders who took part in the Apple STEM Learning Tour.
We saw engaged students in the Wenatchee and Eastmont school districts and teachers who were actively figuring out how to teach in that kind of facilitated environment. We also got a look a how Pacific Aerospace and Electronics uses team approaches to problem solving and a culture of innovation at work. They showed us where STEM education can take our students. At the North Central Regional Library's distribution center, we learned about how our library system is figuring out how to bring technology tools and programs to outlying areas.
The Apple STEM Network is building a grass-roots effort to support teachers learn how to effectively teach using STEM approaches and also helping students make the connection between and students and both higher education in STEM fields as well as STEM-related jobs in manufacturing, agriculture and virtually any other business.
The network is a collaboration of three school districts (Wenatchee, Eastmont and Cashmere), Wenatchee Valley College and the North Central Educational Service District, plus the Greater Wenatchee Area Technology Alliance and Chelan County Public Utility District.The implementation effort is co-chaired by Dr. Sue Kane of Wenatchee Valley College and Jenny Rojanasthien, the executive director of the GWATA.
A number of other businesses and organizations are supporting this effort. The network received an $111,000 grant that has been more than matched by local partners to implement the locally developed business plan.
I came away from the tour highly impressed with the level of engagement of students, the creativity and courage of teachers who were out of their comfort zone in teaching things like small engine repair, woodshop activities and robotics.
It was readily apparent that this kind of education could be transformational for students but at the same time create some challenges for our local teachers. That's why the network business plan is emphasizing ways to support teachers as a key part of the initiative. It cannot be emphasized enough that this collaborative, cooperative locally-driven effort is likely to have much greater success than the top-down solutions with penalties for non-compliance than our friends in the Legislature impose on schools.
The tour was launched with a lunch gathering at the North Central Regional Library's distribution center, where Luke Ellington, the assistant tech services and bookmobile manager, and tech director Chad Roseburg talked about the initiative to develop programs for the maker space tools that the library has acquired. "Maker spaces are becoming part of our main mission," said Ellington. They're experimenting with ways to deliver effective services to the kids who use the libraries throughout the system.
Our second stop was a mind-blowing, behind-the-scenes tour of Pacific Aerospace and Electronics, a tech company that has seen tremendous growth in the last few years. Ed Phinney, PA&E's chief executive officer, showed us one kind of high-tech environment that is creating jobs for not only those with engineering degrees but also youngsters with aptitude coming out of high school and our community college.
The company has unique expertise in ultra-hermetic packaging applications that keep electronics operational in extreme conditions where failure can be fatal.
Sixty percent of PA&E's sales are for military purposes, such as parts for the F35 Joint Strike Fighter and the Javelin anti-tank missile. Another 30 percent of sales are for medical devices such as heart parts and cochlear implants, Phinney said.
Sales have doubled from $20 million to $40 million in the last eighteen months, he said, and employment has increased from 165 to 270 in that period. PA&E has a STEM-rich environment and the culture is similar to what we saw in STEM efforts at local schools with a focus on teamwork, innovation and problem solving. There are great-paying jobs for talented people with STEM skills and the collaborative culture was a model for effective leadership.
At Orchard Middle School, our third stop, we saw innovative STEM efforts being developed under the guidance of Principal Taunya Brown. I have visited my share of middle school classrooms over the years and I don't recall ever seeing students as energized as the students here and at Eastmont. One class, led by math teacher Darrell Moser, was taking apart small engines. Moser told us that he was learning along with the students.
Watching girls and boys figuring out how to take apart the engine parts had these students completely absorbed. Another class was doing woodshop projects, a third was creating a roller coaster out of paper and tape, and a fourth was doing tech work for teachers and administrators.
Our final stop was at Eastmont High School. Teacher Travis Kane of Sterling Middle School had some of his 36 students who stay after school to work on robotics show us what they are doing. We also saw the work of the high school robotics club and chatted with the students.
Expanding and growing the efforts in local schools is a key part of the Apple STEM Network initiative. Building our local resources and helping our kids connect with rewarding work that is otherwise going to be filled by people being recruited outside of area is a huge opportunity for us to build community.
Mark my words, folks. The Apple STEM Network is going to be a real game changer for this valley.
Teacher Darrell Moser helps a student dismantle part of a small engine at Orchard Middle School
Sterling Middle School teacher Travis Kane explains the robotics after-school program.
Wenatchee School District technology leader Ron Brown, left, with Ed Phinney, CEO of Pacific Aerospace and Electronics
Dr Sue Kane will co-chair the Apple STEM Network effort
Pacific Aerospace and Electronics CEO Ed Phinney
Manson schools engaging community to transform student learning
by Rufus Woods · Published May 10, 2016 · Last modified May 19, 2016
The healing magic of Alatheia Therapeutic Riding Center
by Rufus Woods · Published November 26, 2018
Share a story or reflection about the late Wilfred R. Woods
Next story Methow Conservancy's community-building efforts highlighted at regional conference
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Doña Josefina lived on the outskirts of Ciáles, a small town in the highlands of Puerto Rico. Her tiny house was as spotless as a porcelain teacup. Although she lived alone, except for her dog, Ladrón, and her cat, Misifú, Doña Josefina was too busy to ever be lonely.
She spent all her waking moments tending her beloved garden. Doña Josefina was known throughout the island for her mano santa--the blessed hand that turned all plants she touched into breathtaking specimens of splendrous color and robust good health.
But she could find no clue.
That night, Doña Josefina didn't sleep. She stayed up all night watching from her window for the culprit to appear. Just before dawn, something crept into the garden. Doña Josefina held her breath and waited. As she watched, the thing seemed to rise into the air and take the shape of a small white goat. The goat floated toward a hydrangea plant. When it reached the plant, the goat began to feast on the large balls of blossoms.
"Ay, ay, ay!" cried Doña Josefina. "A cabra is destroying my precious darlings!"
Doña Josefina ran through the living room and out the front door. When she raced down the slick, tile-covered steps, her heel slipped, and she twisted her ankle.
"Oh, no!" she cried. "What shall I do?"
Unable to continue into the garden, Doña Josefina hobbled back into the house and called her dog.
"Ladrón, I will give you an extra helping of meat today if you'll go into the garden and chase away that cabra."
"¡Seguro!" Ladrón replied with an enthusiastic bark. "Of course I'll do it!"
Ladrón raced to the garden, his jowls drooling at the thought of an extra helping of meat. He sniffed loudly as he trotted around the flower beds, searching for the goat.
To Ladrón, the tiny goat seemed to have grown ten times its size. He swore that the goat's evil eyes glowed like burning coals. Its teeth would put a crocodile to shame. He didn't want to put those terrible teeth to a test, not for all the delicious meat in Puerto Rico!
Ladrón became a blur of spots and dust. He didn't stop running until he was safely under Doña Josefina's bed. There, he turned into a mass of trembling fur and clattering teeth. He refused to come out until morning, untempted by Doña Josefina's promises of roasted meats and spicy sausages.
"Ay, ay, ay!" cried Doña Josefina. "Now, what shall I do?"
At that moment, Misifú rubbed up against the old woman's leg.
"Ah, Misifú!" said Doña Josefina, stooping to pick up the white cat. "I'll give you two extra helpings of fish tonight if you'll just go into the garden and chase away that peskycabra."
"Why not?" Misifú replied with flick of her tail. "¿Porqué no? It might be interesting to chase a goat."
In no particular hurry, Misifú sauntered out to the garden. Because she made no effort to hide herself, the goat spotted her strolling down the main garden path.


text:
Outcomes of adult patients with sickle cell disease admitted to the ICU: a case series*
Crit Care Med. 2014 Jul;42(7):1629-39. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000316.
Jérôme Cecchini 1 , François Lionnet, Michel Djibré, Antoine Parrot, Katia Stankovic Stojanovic, Robert Girot, Muriel Fartoukh
1 1Service de Réanimation médico-chirurgicale, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. 2Service de Médecine interne, Centre de référence de la drépanocytose adulte, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. 3Service d'Hématologie biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000316
Objective: Sickle cell disease is associated with a decreased life expectancy, half of the deaths occurring in the ICU. We aimed to describe the characteristics of sickle cell disease patients admitted to ICU and to identify early predictors of a complicated outcome, defined as the need for vital support or death.
Design: Retrospective observational cohort study of sickle cell disease patients over a 6-year period.
Setting: ICU of a French teaching hospital and sickle cell disease referral center.
Patients: Hundred thirty-eight ICU admissions in 119 sickle cell disease patients.
Interventions: None.
Measurements and main results: ICU admission was mainly indicated for sickle cell disease-related events, especially acute chest syndrome. Mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drugs, and renal replacement therapy were administered to 25 (18%), 10 (7%), and 10 (7%) episodes, respectively. The complicated outcome group (n = 28; 20%) was characterized by a more aggressive acute disease within the 48 hours preceding ICU admission, with a higher respiratory rate, a more frequent acute kidney injury, and a more sustained drop of hemoglobin (all p < 0.01). All nine deaths (7%) were sickle cell disease related. None of the sickle cell disease baseline characteristics predicted accurately a complicated outcome. In multivariate analysis, hemoglobin less than or equal to 7.8 g/dL (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.1-11.9), respiratory rate more than or equal to 32 cycles/min (odds ratio, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.8-17.2), and acute kidney injury on ICU admission (odds ratio, 11.5; 95% CI, 2.5-52.6) were independently associated with a complicated outcome.
Conclusions: Sickle cell disease patients are at high risk of complications when admitted to the ICU. A sustained drop of hemoglobin, acute respiratory distress, and kidney injury at admission are strong predictors of a complicated outcome.
Acute Chest Syndrome / etiology
Anemia, Sickle Cell / complications*
Anemia, Sickle Cell / mortality
Cardiovascular Agents / administration & dosage
Hospital Mortality
Hospitals, Teaching
Intensive Care Units / organization & administration*
Intensive Care Units / statistics & numerical data*
Renal Replacement Therapy / methods
Respiration, Artificial / methods
Cardiovascular Agents


text:
package cn.edu.pku.ss.jddatamining.analyse;

public class ComputerInfo {
	String Price;
	String Brand;
	String Platform;
	String OS;
	String CPU;
	String Ram;
	String Harddrive;
	String Size;
	String Weight;
	String Goodcomment;
	String Mediacomment;
	String Badcomment;
	String Comment;

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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Dr Alexandros Charalambides is a Mechanical Engineering graduate and holds a PhD from Imperial College London. His PhD project was funded by Honda R & D Co, Ltd of Japan. He has worked at Imperial College London, at the University of Tokyo and on his return to Cyprus, at the Energy Service of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism. In 2009, he was appointed a Lecturer in the Department of Environmental Science and Technology of the Cyprus University of Technology.
His research interests are focused on experimental fluid dynamics and their adaptation to non-traditional energy systems, as well as on the creation of a proper policy in Cyprus for tackling climate change. In particular he is working on:
Conducting studies on energy saving measures and on the use of renewable energy.
Improving Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines.
Energy production from swine waste using algae.
The impact of local weather conditions on solar energy
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text:
//
//  W A R N I N G
//  -------------
//
// This file is not part of the Qt API.  It exists purely as an
// implementation detail.  This header file may change from version to
// version without notice, or even be removed.
//
// We mean it.

#ifndef Patternist_Primitives_H
#define Patternist_Primitives_H

#include <QtGlobal>
#include <QtCore/QHash>
#include <QtCore/QUrl>

/**
 * @file
 * @short Contains enumerators and typedefs applying
 * for Patternist on a global scale, as well as central documentation.
 */

/**
 * @short Contains Patternist, an XPath 2.0, XQuery 1.0 and XSL-T 2.0 implementation.
 *
 * @author Frans Englich <frans.englich@nokia.com>
 */
QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE

class QString;

/**
 * @short The namespace for the internal API of Qt XML Patterns
 * @internal
 */
namespace QPatternist
{
    /**
     * @defgroup Patternist_cppWXSTypes C++ Primitives for W3C XML Schema Number Types
     *
     * The implementations of W3C XML Schema's(WXS) number types, more specifically
     * their value spaces, must in the end be represented by primitive C++ types.
     * In addition, there is an extensive range of functions and classes that in
     * different ways deals with data that will end up as instances of the WXS
     * types. For this reason, a set of typedefs for these primitives exists, that
     * are used throughout the API. This ensures consistency, reduces the amount
     * of conversions, and potentially precision loss in conversions.
     *
     * @author Frans Englich <frans.englich@nokia.com>
     */

    /**
     * This is the native C++ scalar type holding the value space
     * for atomic values of type xs:double. Taking this type, xsDouble,
     * as parameter, is the most efficient way to integrate with xs:double.
     *
     * @ingroup Patternist_cppWXSTypes
     */
    typedef qreal xsDouble;

    /**
     * This is the native C++ scalar type holding the value space
     * for atomic values of type xs:float. Taking this type, xsFloat,
     * as parameter, is the most efficient way to integrate with xs:float.
     *
     * @ingroup Patternist_cppWXSTypes
     */
    typedef xsDouble xsFloat;

    /**
     * This is the native C++ scalar type holding the value space
     * for atomic values of type xs:decimal. Taking this type, xsDecimal,
     * as parameter, is the most efficient way to integrate with xs:decimal.
     *
     * @ingroup Patternist_cppWXSTypes
     */
    typedef xsDouble xsDecimal;

    /**
     * This is the native C++ scalar type holding the value space
     * for atomic values of type xs:integer. Taking this type, xsInteger,
     * as parameter, is the most efficient way to integrate with xs:integer.
     *
     * @ingroup Patternist_cppWXSTypes
     */
    typedef qint64 xsInteger;

    /**
     * This is the native C++ scalar type holding the value space
     * for atomic values of type xs:integer. Taking this type, xsInteger,
     * as parameter, is the most efficient way to integrate with xs:integer.
     *
     * @ingroup Patternist_cppWXSTypes
     */
    typedef qint32 VariableSlotID;

    typedef qint32  DayCountProperty;
    typedef qint32  HourCountProperty;
    typedef qint32  MinuteCountProperty;
    typedef qint32  MonthCountProperty;
    typedef qint32  SecondCountProperty;
    typedef qint64  MSecondCountProperty;
    typedef qint32  SecondProperty;
    typedef qint32  YearProperty;
    typedef qint8   DayProperty;
    typedef qint8   HourProperty;
    typedef qint8   MinuteProperty;
    typedef qint8   MonthProperty;

    /**
     * Milliseconds. 1 equals 0.001 SecondProperty.
     */
    typedef qint16  MSecondProperty;

    /**
     * The hour property of a zone offset. For example, -13 in the
     * zone offset "-13:08".
     */
    typedef qint8   ZOHourProperty;

    /**
     * The minute property of a zone offset. For example, -08 in the
     * zone offset "-13:08".
     */
    typedef qint8   ZOMinuteProperty;

    /**
     * The full zone offset in minutes.
     */
    typedef qint32  ZOTotal;

    typedef xsDouble PatternPriority;

    /**
     * Signifies the import precedence of a template. For instance, the first
     * stylesheet module has 1, the first import 2, and so forth. Smaller means
     * higher import precedence. 0 is reserved for builtin templates.
     */
    typedef int ImportPrecedence;

    /**
     * @short Similar to Qt::escape(), but also escapes apostrophes and quotes,
     * such that the result is suitable as attribute content too.
     *
     * Since Qt::escape() is in QtGui, using it creates a dependency on that
     * library. This function does not.
     *
     * The implementation resides in qpatternistlocale.cpp.
     *
     * @see Qt::escape()
     */
    QString Q_AUTOTEST_EXPORT escape(const QString &input);
}

QT_END_NAMESPACE

#endif


Blowfish, Optimized Blowfish, Encryption Time, Decryption Time, Throughput.
Cryptography is the science that is widely used for network security . Cryptography means to transfer sensitive information across insecure networks such as internet -. Key aspects of cryptography are confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non repudiation  . An original message is known as the plaintext, while the coded message is called the ciphertext. The process of converting from plaintext to ciphertext is called encryption; restoring the plaintext from the ciphertext is decryption .
Cryptographic algorithm is classified into two categories: (i) Symmetric Key Cryptography where one key is used for both encryption and decryption. (ii) Asymmetric Key Cryptography where two different keys are used one for encryption and other for decryption . Symmetric key cryptography is divided into two types on the basis of their operations : (i) Stream Cipher: A stream cipher is one that encrypts a digital data stream one bit or one byte at a time. (ii) Block Cipher: A block cipher is one in which a block of plaintext is treated as a whole and used to produce a ciphertext block of equal length .
Blowfish is a symmetric block cipher designed by Brute Schneier in December 1993. Blowfish is a replacement of DES or IDEA . Blowfish algorithm is a symmetric block cipher with a 64-bit block size and variable key length from 42 bits to 448 bits  .
Manikandan G, Rajendran P, Chakarapani K, Krishnan G and Sundarganesh G (2012) modified the Blowfish algorithm for enhancing data security. They designed a software tool for encrypting the file. A file is divided into a number of pieces depends upon the users specification and then the encryption algorithm is applied. To enhance the performance of the software they modified the F-function in Blowfish algorithm. The F-function consists of 4 S- boxes (S1, S2, S3 and S4). The F-function is defined as F(X)=(( S1+ S2 mod 232) XOR S3+ S4 mod 232. They modified this F-function into F(X) = ((S1 XOR S2 mod 232) + (S3 XOR S4 mod 232)). They experimentally proved that the execution time of modified Blowfish is 14% lesser than the original Blowfish algorithm .
Monika Agrawal and Pradeep Mishra (2012) enhanced the security level of Blowfish algorithm and decrease the time for encryption and decryption. They generate the random number within the range 0 to 65535. Set the flag value to zero. Convert random number into 16 bit binary form and finds the positions that are holding 0 entries, change the flag value to one otherwise flag is zero. If the flag is 1 then the F-function will not work, it the flag is 0 then the Ffunction will work. In every round a new random number is generated and this as a result gives difference in the application of F function. They analysed that the encryption time and decryption time is reduced compare than original Blowfish algorithm .
Israa Tahseen and Shatha Habeeb (2012) proposed a new approach to generate a random number using image. Read the picture by pixel, select the specific location randomly pick any two colors. Apply XOR between two selected colors then specify the length of the key. This key is used to encrypt or decrypt the plaintext. They apply this key generation method in to Blowfish algorithm. Finally they suggest that this type of key generation is suitable for short keys in symmetric system .
Ratinder Kaur and V. K. Banga (2012) proposed a security of image using Blowfish algorithm. They divide the original image into a random number of blocks and then the blocks are transformed into new locations. For better transformation divide the blocks into a smaller number of blocks because fewer pixels keep their neighbours and difficult to predict neighbours pixels. For better performance divide the block into larger number then the correlation was reduced even further and the entropy was increased. After that transformation encrypt the block of images using Blowfish algorithm. Finally they analysed that combination of transformation and encryption provides better security for image .
B.Geethavani, E.V.Prasad and R.Roopa (2013) proposed a new approach for secured the data, transfer in audio signals using discrete wavelet transform. They derived to new hybrid technique from the combination of cryptography and stegnography for transmitting the message in a highly secured manner. The plaintext is encrypted using Blowfish algorithm and the resulted cipher text is embedded into an audio file using discrete wavelet transform. Finally they suggest this method is efficient method for hiding text in audio files such that data can reach the destination in a safe manner without any modification .
This paper is organized as follows: section III describes optimized Blowfish encryption algorithm and section IV provides the Pseudo code of Optimized Blowfish comparative analysis of original Blowfish and optimized Blowfish encryption algorithm based on execution time and throughput, and section V presents the conclusion and future enhancement.
Optimized Blowfish is a 64 bit block cipher with a 448 bit key length. It is a Feistel network consisting of 16 rounds. The relative strength of the encryption algorithm is based on key length. Optimized Blowfish algorithm keeps two sub key arrays: P-array and two 32 bit S-boxes. This algorithm is divided into three main parts: sub keys generation, S-Box preparation and Encryption.
Description of optimized Blowfish Encryption Algorithm Sub key generation (P-array): Initialized the P-array with fixed string. It contains eighteen 32 bit sub key values. Separate the key string into eighteen 32 bit. The first P-array (P1) value is XORed with the first 32 bit key (K1), second P-array (P2) value is XORed with the second 32 bit key (K2), third P-array (P3) value is XORed with the third 32 bit key (K3) up to 18 rounds. That means each eighteen 32 bit P-array value is XORed with eighteen 32 bit key values. All zero string is encrypted using optimized Blowfish encryption algorithm. This process is executed in 18 rounds. After that the sub key values are stored in P-array.
S-Box preparation: Initialize the four S-boxes with fixed string. Each S-box consists of 256 entries. These S-box values are encrypted using Blowfish encryption algorithm. After that first and second S-box values are concatenated and third and fourth S-box values are combines together. Finally the four S-box values are reduced into two S-boxes.
Data Encryption: Data encryption consists of F function with 16 rounds. Each round consists of a key dependent permutation and a key-and-data dependent substitution. Each round every left half is affected by the right half as well as every subkey is affected by every key. The figure 1 shows the structure of Blowfish algorithm. This structure is same as optimized Blowfish algorithm.
Function F is not reversible, gives the best possible avalanche effect for a Feistel network. The original Ffunction consists of four S-boxes. The input of 32 bit is divided into four 8 bits. These four eight bits values are mixed using addition modulo and combined using XOR. The figure 2 illustrates the function F.
The only change is S-boxes in the F-function. The Feistel structure of Blowfish algorithm is not changed but the structure of F-function is modified. The original Blowfish algorithm F-function has four S-boxes but the optimized Blowfish F-function has two S-boxes. The figure 3 illustrates the modified structure of F-function.
1. Initialized the P-array and four S-boxes, in order with a fixed string.
2. Encrypt the key and P-array for prepare the sub keys.
4. Divide the 64 bit input data into two 32-bit halves (left and right). The left half is denoted by XL and right half is denoted by XR.
5. The 32 bit left half XL is XORed with the sub key P1 and assigned into the XL. The XL is fed into the F function.
6. The F function consists of two S-boxes. F function splits the 32 bit of input into two 16 bit halves and each half is input to each S-boxes.
6.1 The first 16 bit S-box (S1) and second 16 bit S-box (S2) are added.
6.2 The 32 bit resulted bit is XORed.
6.3 The optimized F function is as follows: Divide XR into two 16 bit halves: a, and b.
F(XL) = F(a, b) = (S1 ? S2) Here "?" is XOR.
8. Interchange (Swap) the XL and XR values that means right half (XR) becomes new left half and left half (XL) become new right half (XR).
10. Finally XL and XR are recombined using exclusive OR.
11. Decryption is same as encryption, but P0, P1,..., P17 are used in the reverse order. In case of original F-function which executes in sequential order and it requires two Addition operations and one XOR operations. But in the case of optimized F-function requires only one XOR operation. To reduce four S-boxes entries in to two S-boxes cannot affect the security.
Step 2: F(xL)=((S0,a+S1,b mod 232)^S2,c)+S3,d mod 232.
Step 1: Divide xL into two sixteen-bit quarters: a, and b.
xL is XORed with P[i].
F(xL) is XORed with xR.
Step 3: Interchange xL and xR.
Step 4 : xR is XORed with P.
Step 5: xL is XORed with P.
Step 6: Finally combine xL and xR.
Step 4: xR is XORed with P.
A comparative analysis of original Blowfish and Optimized Blowfish is performed to provide some measurements on the encryption and decryption. The following parameters are used as the performance criteria, such as input size (in bytes), Encryption time, Decryption time and throughput.
These algorithms are implemented in Java jdk1.7 and developed using in Eclipse (4.2.0) integrated environment. Performance was measured on a Intel(R) Core(TM)2 DUO CPU T6600 @ 2.20 GHz processor with 3GB RAM running Windows 7 Home Basic 2009, Service Pack 1.
The comparison is conducted for the text or message only. Encryption time is one of the performance parameter, which is defined as the amount of time required for converting plaintext into ciphertext at the time of encryption. Decryption time is also one of the performance parameter, which is defined as the amount of time required for converting ciphertext into plaintext at the time of decryption. To improve the accuracy of the timing measurement, the program is executed in 10 times. The encryption time and decryption time is measured by milliseconds. The sum of encryption time and decryption time is considered as the execution time.
Execution time=Encryption time + Decryption Time. Table I shows the total execution time.
From the result identified that the average execution time of optimized Blowfish is 6.83 milliseconds and the original Blowfish is 7.03 milliseconds; comparison of these two average execution time, optimized Blowfish algorithm is less than original Blowfish algorithm.
The throughput of the execution scheme is calculated as the total encrypted plaintext size in bytes divided by the total execution time. Throughput indicates the speed of encryption. The throughput of the execution scheme is calculated using the following formula.
Throughput=Total size of plaintext /Total execution time. Where plaintext size is measuring in bytes and total execution time is measuring in milliseconds. Comparison of throughput of these algorithms is shown in Figure 4.
The throughput of the execution scheme is calculated as the total encrypted plaintext size in bytes divided by the total execution time. Throughput indicates the speed of encryption. The above graph shows the result based on the throughput of the execution time with different input size. It shows that the throughput is high for optimized Blowfish when compared to original Blowfish algorithms. As the throughput value is increased, the execution time of encryption is decreased.
In this paper an optimized Blowfish has been developed. The longer key size is more secure but the encryption time and decryption speed is slow. In order to overcome this problem in Blowfish algorithm reducing of two S-boxes will increase the speed and provide the better security to data. The main advantage of optimized Blowfish is that the execution time is reduced to 0.2 milliseconds and the throughput is increased to 0.24bytes/milliseconds compare than original algorithms. In future, cryptanalysis of optimized Blowfish algorithm will be investigated and this algorithm is tested with other data type such as text file, audio and video.
Behrouz A. Forouzan, "Cryptography and Network Security", Tata McGraw-Hill, 2nd edition, 2008.
Anand Kumar M and Dr. S. Karthikeyan, "Investigating the Efficiency of Blowfish and Rejindael Algorithms", International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security, pp. 22-28, 2012.
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Md Imran Alam, "A Comparative Analysis of Different Encryption Techniques of Cryptography", International Journal of Advanced and Innovative Research, Vol. 2, Issue 9, pp. 160-166, 2013.
Ali M Alshahrani, "Different Data Block Size Using to Evaluate the Performance Between Different Symmetric Key Algorithms", International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 89-97, 2014.
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Neeraj Khanna et al, "New Symmetric key Cryptographic algorithm using combined bit manipulation and MSA encryption algorithm: NJJSAA symmetric key algorithm, IEEE, pp.125-130, 2011.
Manikandan G, Rajendran P, Chakarapani K, Krishnan G and Sundarganesh G, "A Modified Crypto Scheme for Enhancing Data Security", Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol. 35, No.2, pp.149-154, 2012.
Ashwak Alabaichi, Faudziah ahmed and Ramlan Mahmod, "Security Analysis of Blowfish algorithm", IEEE, pp. 12-18, 2013.
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Israa Tahseen and Shatha Habeeb, "Proposal New Approach for Blowfish Algorithm by Using Random Key Generator", Journal of Madent Alelem College,Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-10, 2012.
Ratinder Kaur and V. K. Banga,"Image Security using Encryption based Algorithm", International Conference on Trends in Electrical, Electronics and Power Engineering (ICTEEP'2012), pp. 110-112, 2012.
B.Geethavani, E.V.Prasad and R.Roopa, "A New Approach for Secure Data Transfer in Audio Signals Using DWT", IEEE, 2013.
Bruce Schneier, "Applied Cryptography", John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, New York, 1996.


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Mercedes Extends Deal with Bottas for 2021 F1 Campaign
Photo: Steve Etherington/Courtesy of Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team
Luis Torres	 Aug 06, 2020
By Luis Torres, Staff Writer
Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team announced Thursday that veteran driver Valtteri Bottas has agreed on a one-year contract extension to stay with the race team.
The new deal will mark the Finnish racer's fifth straight season piloting the No. 77 "Silver Arrow" where he's scored all eight of his Formula One victories, including this year's season opening Austrian Grand Prix.
"I'm very happy to stay with Mercedes in 2021 and build on the success we've enjoyed together already," said Bottas. "Thank you to everyone in the team and the wider Mercedes family for their continued support and their trust in me. I'm very proud to represent this great team and the three-pointed star on our journey together again next year.
"The past few years have been all about continuous improvement, working on every aspect of my performance. I'm confident that today I'm the strongest I've ever been, but I can always raise the bar. Mercedes embraces the same philosophy: They always want to get better and are always hungry for more.
"Ever since I fell in love with F1 as a kid it's been my dream to one day become world champion. I'm in the fight for the title this year and staying with Mercedes puts me in the best possible position to compete for it next season as well.
"We're in the middle of a shortened season and I want to give my absolute best in every single race we'll go to this year. The puncture last weekend was a bit of a blow in my fight with Lewis, but I'm determined to come back strong this weekend on the same track."
Heading into the 70th Anniversary Grand Prix at Silverstone, Bottas sits second in the World Championship standings, trailing teammate Lewis Hamilton by 30 points after four rounds.
More importantly, the duo have scored a combined total of 146 points, we'll ahead of Red Bull Racing Honda in the Constructors' standings by 68 points as they're determined of going 7-0 in the Hybrid Era.
Team Principal and CEO Toto Wolff shared his excitement of having Bottas back for at least another season due to his ever improving characteristics on and off the track.
"We're seeing the strongest Valtteri we've ever seen this year – in terms of his on-track performance, but also physically and mentally. He is second in the championship, finished the last season in P2 and plays a very important part in our overall team performance," said Wolff.
"I'm confident that we have the strongest driver pairing in F1 today and signing Valtteri is an important first step in retaining this strength for the future.
"Valtteri is a hard-working, straightforward guy who has a good relationship with the entire team – including his team-mate, which is not a given when both drivers are fighting for the championship.
"I'm looking forward to seeing him continue to raise the bar together with us this year and in 2021."
Tags : 2021, contract extension, driver announcement, F1, Formula One, Mercedes AMG Petronas Motorsport, Toto Wolff, Valtteri Bottas
About Luis Torres
From the Pacific Northwest, Luis is a University of Idaho graduate with a Bachelor's degree in Broadcasting and Digital Media. Ever since watching the 2003 Daytona 500, being involved in auto racing is all he's ever dreamed of doing. Over the years, Luis has focused on writing, video and photography ranging from Idaho athletics to auto racing with ambitions of having his work recognized.