text:
She began to explain, `` There was this poet, in Italy '' He interrupted, `` Please don't judge all poets ''.
Page "adventure" ¶ 889
from Brown Corpus
She and began
She too began to weep.
She began it deliberately, so that none of her words would be lost on him.
She began to watch a blonde-haired man, also in shorts, standing right at the rear of the wrecked car in the one spot that most of the crowd had detoured slightly.
She began to laugh.
She began to doubt whether there had been in fact a lethal dose of opium in the cup.
She turned and began to walk toward the house.
She lost control over Nero when he began to have an affair with the freedwoman Claudia Acte, which Agrippina strongly disapproved of and violently scolded him for.
She was admitted to the District of Columbia Bar in 1980 and began her law career as an associate with the Washington, D. C. firm of Wald, Harkrader & Ross.
She claimed that she was able to heal others and began to be called out to the bedsides of those whom the medical faculty had not been able to help.
She and her surviving siblings — Branwell, Emily, and Anne – created their own literary fictional worlds, and began chronicling the lives and struggles of the inhabitants of these imaginary kingdoms.
She again played the role for the Los Angeles production which began performances on February 7, 2007.
She then transferred with the L. A. company, to play the role once again, in the San Francisco production which began performances January 27, 2009.
She slowly began to turn into a black poplar, the bark spreading up her legs from the earth, but just before the woody stiffness finally reached her throat and as her arms began sprouting twigs her husband Andraemon heard her cries and came to her.
She began collaborating with Vertov, beginning as his editor but becoming assistant and co-director in subsequent films, such as Man with a Movie Camera ( 1929 ), and Three Songs About Lenin ( 1934 ).
She became his girlfriend shortly thereafter and began acting in his films.
She began her musical career in 1980, when she briefly joined her family band Clannad before leaving to perform solo.
She was born Frances Barton, the daughter of a private soldier, and began her career as a flower girl and a street singer.
Carangi is considered by some to be the first supermodel, although that title has been applied to others, including Janice Dickinson, She usually used cocaine in clubs, but later began to develop a heroin addiction.
She was a devoted Catholic who believed that she could turn the clock back to 1516, before the Reformation began.
She contributed to the resurgence of the Russian nobility that began after the death of Peter the Great.
She began creating works of fiction at a very early age.
She began singing in the local choir and expanded her listening to blues singers such as Odetta, Billie Holiday and Big Mama Thornton.
The article began, " She goes barefooted when she feels like it, wears Levi's to class because they're more comfortable, and carries her Autoharp with her everywhere she goes so that in case she gets the urge to break into song it will be handy.
She and explain
She used the term ' visio ' to this feature of her experience, and recognized that it was a gift that she could not explain to others.
She later formulated a theory to explain how symbiotic relationships between organisms of often different phyla or kingdoms are the driving force of evolution.
She developed theories to explain the repression or expression of genetic information from one generation of maize plants to the next.
She had used poor health to explain her prolonged visit to Switzerland, the journey having been arranged by Adélaïde.
She starts to explain her resentment of her, nervously fidgeting ( which causes her to cut her own leg ) and then attacks her.
She adds, " At the same time there was a power about him and an equanimity to his presence that was phenomenal, that I don't know how to explain.
She has ruined her friends ' ambitions, like throwing George's toupee out the window after trying to explain the irony behind it in " The Beard " or revealing what Jerry said in " The Cheever Letters " about the " panties her mother laid out for her ".
She came to the conclusion that the existing theory of the firm was inadequate to explain how firms grow.
" She went on to explain, " When you ask, ' What are you?
She began to explain the cross, and as she talked, his delirium quieted and he questioned her with growing interest.
She often places Ward in a position where he must " explain " or apologize for his uncle.
She goes on to explain that " everything daemonic is between divine and mortal " ( 202d-e ), and she describes daemons as " interpreting and transporting human things to the gods and divine things to men ; entreaties and sacrifices from below, and ordinances and requitals from above ..." ( 202e ).
She is unable to do so, but Pixie, Illyana, and Shan teleport into Cerebra and explain that the others have been taken to Limbo.
She created the Reporter Plan, which educated female party workers on New Deal programs so that they could explain them to voters.
But people who explain intentional behavior have several choices to make, and the theory identifies the psychological antecedents and consequences of these choices: ( a ) giving either reason explanations or " causal history of reason ( CHR ) explanations " ( which refer to background factors such as culture, personality, or context — causal factors that brought about the agent's reasons but were not themselves reasons to act ); ( b ) giving either desire reasons or belief reasons ; and ( c ) linguistically marking a belief reason with its mental state verb ( e. g., " She thought that ..."; " He assumes that ...").
She says that she has come to explain to John what is really happening.
She later goes to Oliver to explain herself, and decides to help him if he encounters any supernatural foes along the way by leaving him her phone number.
She spent four months campaigning for the FN leadership, holding meetings with FN members in 51 departments to explain in detail her political views and projects for the party.
She works on several of the competing models of string theory in the quest to explain the fabric of the universe.
She did not appear in season 6's " Disclosure " or season 7's " Inauguration " except in clips from previous episodes and was completely absent from season 8's " Prometheus Unbound " and the season nine episodes " Avalon ( Part 2 )", " Origin ", " The Ties That Bind " and " The Powers That Be " due to Tapping's maternity leave ( she appeared briefly in " Avalon ( Part 1 )" to explain her absence ); and season ten's " Bad Guys ".
She became a nun after being impressed by the missionary work of her aunt, this after she had to explain to the fiancee of a toy salesman who dated Elsie for eight months the real reason that they broke up that she was the one that wanted to see other people but when she mentioned to him that she might "... join a convent " he blamed himself and had to seek help over what happened after they crossed paths again during a vacation at a San Juan hotel.
She returns to the ship to explain the situation to her companions while Lobo hitches the ship to his space bike.
She was unable to fully correct the tilted sky which is said to explain the phenomenon that the sun, moon, and stars move towards the northwest, and that rivers in China flow southeast into the Pacific Ocean.
She shoots him as he is trying to explain to her the truth about Roman and Margaret.


text:
package com.dianping.cat.consumer.transaction;

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

import junit.framework.Assert;

import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.unidal.helper.Files;
import org.unidal.lookup.ComponentTestCase;

import com.dianping.cat.Constants;
import com.dianping.cat.analysis.MessageAnalyzer;
import com.dianping.cat.consumer.transaction.model.entity.TransactionReport;
import com.dianping.cat.message.Message;
import com.dianping.cat.message.internal.DefaultTransaction;
import com.dianping.cat.message.spi.MessageTree;
import com.dianping.cat.message.spi.internal.DefaultMessageTree;

public class TransactionAnalyzerTest extends ComponentTestCase {
	private long m_timestamp;

	private TransactionAnalyzer m_analyzer;

	private String m_domain = "group";

	@Before
	public void setUp() throws Exception {
		super.setUp();

		m_timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis() - System.currentTimeMillis() % (3600 * 1000);

		try {
			m_analyzer = (TransactionAnalyzer) lookup(MessageAnalyzer.class, TransactionAnalyzer.ID);
			SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd HH:mm");
			Date date = sdf.parse("20120101 00:00");

			m_analyzer.initialize(date.getTime(), Constants.HOUR, Constants.MINUTE * 5);
		} catch (Exception e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}

	@Test
	public void testProcess() throws Exception {
		for (int i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) {
			MessageTree tree = generateMessageTree(i);

			m_analyzer.process(tree);
		}

		TransactionReport report = m_analyzer.getReport(m_domain);

		report.accept(new TransactionStatisticsComputer());

		String expected = Files.forIO().readFrom(getClass().getResourceAsStream("transaction_analyzer.xml"), "utf-8");
		Assert.assertEquals(expected.replaceAll("\r", ""), report.toString().replaceAll("\r", ""));
	}

	protected MessageTree generateMessageTree(int i) {
		MessageTree tree = new DefaultMessageTree();

		tree.setMessageId("" + i);
		tree.setDomain(m_domain);
		tree.setHostName("group001");
		tree.setIpAddress("192.168.1.1");

		DefaultTransaction t = new DefaultTransaction("A", "n" + i % 2, null);
		DefaultTransaction t2 = new DefaultTransaction("A-1", "n" + i % 3, null);

		if (i % 2 == 0) {
			t2.setStatus("ERROR");
		} else {
			t2.setStatus(Message.SUCCESS);
		}

		t2.complete();
		t2.setDurationInMillis(i);

		t.addChild(t2);

		if (i % 2 == 0) {
			t.setStatus("ERROR");
		} else {
			t.setStatus(Message.SUCCESS);
		}

		t.complete();
		t.setDurationInMillis(i * 2);
		t.setTimestamp(m_timestamp + 1000);
		t2.setTimestamp(m_timestamp + 2000);
		tree.setMessage(t);

		return tree;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


European custom built, 3 levels, with over 4000 square feet of luxury living. Mountains views. Entrance with granite floors, grand staircase, livingroom with gas fireplace, formal diningroom and french doors to gourmet kitchen, cherrywood stain maple cabinets. Huge island with sink breakfast bar, granite counters. Double Dish Washer, double ovens, gas range & pantry. Eating area with huge family room with gas fireplace, all tiled floors. Main living area views all of backyard. Laundry room on main floor, 1 bedroom & 3 piece bath. Upper levels have 4 bedrooms. Master bedroom with mountains views, gas fireplace, luxury ensuite with jacuzzi tub, large shower, double sinks, bidet, huge walk-in closet with built-in organizers. 2nd master with full ensuite, plus 2 bedrooms share full bath. Basement with recreation, gas fireplace, sauna plus bath. Double attached garage & double detach garage. 12000 sqft. Cul-de-sac lot. Great street appeal & beautiful neighbourhood to raise the kids.


text:
Thelaira medvedevi är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Richter 2004. Thelaira medvedevi ingår i släktet Thelaira och familjen parasitflugor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Parasitflugor
medvedevi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Sunday، 18 October 2020 06:09 PM
US Secretary of State Pompeo Warns of Sanctions For Any Arms Sales to Iran
US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has announced that arms sales to Iran would breach UN resolutions and lead to sanctions.
"The United States is prepared to use its domestic authorities to sanction any individual or entity that materially contributes to the supply, sale, or transfer of conventional arms to or from Iran...Every nation that seeks peace and stability in the Middle East and supports the fight against terrorism should refrain from any arms transactions with Iran," Pompeo's statement reads.
"For the past 10 years, countries have refrained from selling weapons to Iran under various UN measures.
Any country that now challenges this prohibition will be very clearly choosing to fuel conflict and tension over promoting peace and security," Pompeo added, as quoted by AFP.
This comes after Iran announced earlier this week that all restrictions on the transfer of arms, related activities and financial services to and from
Iran had expired under the terms of the UN resolution that confirmed the JCPOA signed between Tehran and world powers in 2015.
In 2018, the US withdrew from the nuclear deal and began reintroducing sanctions on Iran.
Pompeo: US committed to Saudi Arabia to deter Iran
Pompeo says U.S. will do all it needs to ensure Iran sanctions enforced
Pompeo: US to press ahead with efforts to extend Iran arms embargo
Pompeo: US may take measures to ensure Iran arms embargo continues
US to sanction 2 leaders of Iran's nuclear enrichment program
US will not allow Iran to buy arms when UN embargo ends: Pompeo
Pompeo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
A.C.E.
Home Opinion Ungodly Alliance – PART IV – Canada's dirty little secret
Ungodly Alliance – PART IV – Canada's dirty little secret
Opinion Jim Windle • December 1, 2021 • 0 Comment Share
In this, the final installment of "Ungodly Alliance", we talk with Rev. Dr. Wendy Fletcher, who served as the Anglican Church's, Huron Diocese historian and researcher before taking the job as Dean and Principal of the Vancouver School of Theology.
Several pleas by government-appointed doctors who were given the task of assessing the health of residential school students called for much closer attention to be paid to the health and welfare of children within the system, but they all fell on deaf ears.
One communication which is found within the Anglican Archives and dated Sunday, January 27, 1907, between lawyer S.H. Blake and Frank Oliver, Minister of the Interior, warns Oliver of possible liability for the frightening situation regarding the number and frequency of deaths of Native children in Canada's Indian schools. The letter states, "doing nothing to obviate the preventable causes of death … it was in the unpleasant nearness to the charge of manslaughter."
The total of money being spent for healthcare on the entire Native student population within Canada was only one-third of that being spent on the citizens of Ottawa alone. This was despite clear knowledge of the health concerns and death rates within the residential schools system.
Secretary of the Indian Department, J.D. McLean, received a letter from J. Woodsworth, Principal of the Red Deer Industrial School, in which he calls the conditions at his school, "nothing less than criminal … We have no isolation ward and no hospital equipment of any kind." He reports that "the dead, the dying, the sick and the convalescent, were all together" in the same unventilated dorms.
The same practice seemed to be entrenched as policy in all residential schools across Canada, including the Mohawk Institute. He pleaded with the department to do something as soon as possible since, "at present, it is a disgrace."
Even in death, there was no dignity offered the victims of the system.
Woodsworth told McLean that, to conserve costs, the dead children were being buried two to a grave.
There is a chilling letter in the Canadian archives from a young Indian boy, which was intercepted and forwarded to Minister of Indian Affairs, Duncan Campbell Scott.
The child, only known as Edward B, wrote his parents saying, "We are going to tell you how we are treated. I am always hungry. We only get two slices of bread and one plate of porridge. Seven children ran away because they're hungry. I am not sick. I hope you are the same too. I am going to hit the teacher if she is cruel to me again. We are treated like pigs, some of the boys eat cats and wheat. I never ask anyone to give me anything to eat. Some of the boys cried because they are hungry. Once I cry too because I was very hungry."
The cold-hearted Scott dismissed the letter ordering it not to be published because he considered it to be libelous.
Sexual abuse was always close by at all residential schools right up to the closure of the last school in the late 1980s.
Children were used for pleasure not only by some of the Principals and teachers but also by the support staffers and even financial donors. Forced sex was an all too normal form of punishment as well.
Two British Columbia girls wrote of experiences they had with their Principal in a letter they gathered the courage to send directly to the B.C office of the Department of Indian Affairs.
"He called me to his room. He says he'd strap me. He went into another room to get the strap. He told me to take off my jeans and my panty. Instead, I pulled it down to the knees. He tells me to kneel down. So I do. He gave me thirteen straps. He also waits a little moment every time I had the strap…. He puts his feet or I should say I had my body between his legs. That was kneeling down. Then he lets me go. He waits a little after giving me the strap."
The second girl added her complaint to the page. "The first thing Father wanted me to go to his office so I did. He asks me a few questions. And then he brought me to the other office. He told me to kneel and then he pulled my skirt up and then pulled my pants down. He put my head between his legs and he started to give me the strap. I had the strap at 9:00 pm I had around 10 straps."
The letters seemed to disappear into a sea of denial and nothing was ever done.
There were many other similar letters written over the years from schools across the country as well, but as late as 1990, the official response from the Department was, "We didn't know."
In the case of Brantford's Judge Hardy, who went on to become Ontario's first Premier, the use of older, high school-aged Native girls by Brantford's society families as part-time housekeepers, many times resulted in unwanted pregnancies.
There is also testimonial evidence that indicates Mohawk Institute Principal Zimmerman often took a few of the older, prettier, girls with him when he attended some of his "gentleman's club" meetings. Some believe that is how Judge Hardy made initial contact with the Mohawk girl he admitted to impregnating. The resulting offspring were born at the Mush Hole, named Sarah Hardy, and lived almost her entire life there, first as a student, later as a teacher, all paid for by the good Judge Hardy.
There are many reported cases of sexual abuse at the Mush Hole, and many of those victims are still alive today. But it doesn't stop there. The fact is, the accumulated result of abuse in all of its forms, has seriously damaged a second, and in some cases, even a third generation of Six Nations families.
"The legacy of the residential schools is something that should be known by all Canadians and should no longer be hidden from history," says Six Nations' Leona Moses, who helped Dr. Fletcher for a time in her research.
Bud Whiteye, a former columnist for the Brantford Expositor, who was also a resident at the Brantford school as a child, wrote a short but powerful book about his experiences at the "Mush Hole" including being abused by the school's janitor in the furnace room.
In one of his last columns published in the Expositor before the paper was sold to the Sun Media Group, he wrote about how he and the other kids learned not to make eye contact with their abusers out of fear, or with their fellow students, out of shame.
Whiteye is an Ojibwa from Walpole Island but was sent to the Mohawk Institute. This practice became a concern for one Walpole Island Principal who admitted in 1959 he had "qualms of conscience" about sending Walpole Island children to "the Mohawk" which by this time had become more of a welfare shelter for children who had no proper home life and for troubled children rather than an institution of education. He worried about the effect on Walpole Island children mixing with" those children", who "through no fault of their own, are a different type". He feared they would be damaged by the troubled students at the Mohawk Institute, which, rightfully or not, had a bad reputation, even amongst other residential schools, as a catch-all for unwanted, mentally and emotionally disturbed kids.
There is also on record a pamphlet distributed at a Residential School Principal's Workshop held in Elliott Lake in 1966. A copy, which exists in the Anglican archives, describes the conditions at the Mush Hole where "90 percent of the children suffered from diet deficiency and this was evident in the number of boils, warts, and general malaise that existed within the school population."
The writer of the pamphlet was a former student at the school who later became a broadcaster and federal civil servant. He describes "children at the M.I. eating from the swill barrel, picking out soggy bits of food that were intended for the pigs."
He said heads were routinely shaved because of lice. He also told of, what he called, "unusual beatings." "I have seen Indian children having their faces rubbed in human excrement," he wrote. "The normal punishment for bedwetters was to have your face rubbed in your own urine. Recaptured runaways were forced to run the gauntlet when they were struck with anything that was at hand." He said he had "seen boys crying in the most abject misery and pain with not a soul to care."
Leona Moses, who was fortunate enough not to attend a residential school herself, but knows and has known many who have, talks about a large table with a floor-length table cloth on it where sexual abuses against young students took place regularly.
According to stories told to Moses over the years, to deflect the horror of what was happening to them, many of the children would write their names on the bottom of the table, sometimes while being abused. The table is still in use in the library of what is now the Woodland Cultural Centre in Brantford, and those names are still visible today if one were to look under it.
One day, Moses noticed that a corner had been cut off the one end of the table to make it fit in its new location. She was appalled.
"That table should be removed from the library and put in the museum, upside down with a sheet of glass or something to protect it, and where people can read the names," says Moses.
With the advent of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Dr. Wendy Fletcher is encouraged by the fact that the new chair of the Commission is John Milloy, who is the author of the book, "A National Crime", which Fletcher calls "the quintessential book on the residential school's system in Canada."
But at the same time, she is concerned about whether the church and/or the government will allow the whole truth to be presented and recorded as a part of Canadian history.
"The idea which lies behind the Truth and Reconciliation Commission holds the wisdom that assumes if we can confront the truth, speak the truth, and own the truth, then social and personal reconciliation and healing just might become possible," says Fletcher. "But for reconciliation to be possible, the truth must be spoken and it must be heard. It must be received and acknowledged.
The success or failure of the TRC will be realized in this movement: will those who have been harmed speak the truth, and will those who inherit the responsibility for having caused harm receive it, acknowledge it, let it stand as the record of history – our history as a nation."
She believes the revelations that could come from open and unabashed discussion and the release of documents she and others have collected from several sources on behalf of the Anglican Church's Huron Diocese will pave the way to true reconciliation between residential school survivors and the government, as well as a healing of the church itself.
"This, then, is the challenge for Canadian society," she says. "Even in cases where we do not understand, are we willing to hear and acknowledge the truth of the other, such that we as a society may begin to move beyond what we have done, beyond what has happened, beyond where we are?"
Fletcher had tried to encourage her church to reveal the findings of her research much earlier than now but without success. That frustration led, in part, to her decision to quit the research team, leave the Huron Diocese, and move to the west coast. She says that she could never understand why her former Bishop was so reluctant to reveal the truth.
The current Bishop, Bishop Bennett, has very recently authorized the Diocese's full cooperation with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and has promised to release the documents gathered by Fletcher's team.
"To be rendered mute in the face of the legacy of colonization is one, perhaps, enticing option for those of us who have lived on the domination side of social discourse," she says. "However, the world continues to suffer and the idea that we might heal continues to summon us beyond the deathscapes of our own making. To remain mute, for fear of causing further harm is to create new genres of harm. There is a medieval play entitled, 'The Life of Any Man.'
In this play, Satan is the central character. Unlike the Hollywood version, Satan in this play is an ordinary man. He wanders through every scene of 14th-century life saying only one line. As he encounters the various faces of human suffering in that time of the "black death", of poverty, famine, and war Satan has only one line. He approaches those who suffer and sadly he says, 'There is nothing to be done; nothing to be done.'"
Dr. Fletcher is a strong believer in the power of the truth, even when the truth is hard to face, or maybe even more powerful when it's hard to face.
"The lessons of history and the wisdom of our healing traditions encourage us to see that passivity in the face of despair is perhaps the greatest threat of all," she says.
"As Canadians, we must face the future keenly aware that the experience of some, in this case those harmed by earlier renditions of social and political power, pushes us to remake our sight. What Canada will we become? Time will tell and our capacity to speak truly and hear openly will be the criteria by which this nation's future is determined."
A note from the author: My journalistic journey into the hell that was the Mush Hole has impacted me greatly. As a non-Native who grew up only a few blocks from the Mohawk Institute, I am even more aghast at what was happening in the name of education right under my nose and the noses of almost everyone else in Brantford. I can only imagine the depth of the scars of those who went through it. I am also aware that not every student suffered as badly as others, but even if it was just one student treated in the way former residential school survivors described to me, and I have read testimonies of, it was one too many. As a Christian, flawed as I am, I am appalled at the things done in the name of Christ. And as a Canadian, I am angry and disappointed by the things done by my government, in my name, and I will not be quiet about it. Many thanks to Leona Moses and Dr. Wendy Fletcher for breaking the silence and trusting me to tell their story. For more on the subject, read John Milloy's book, "A National Crime" or go to www.hiddenfromhistory.org. Other important books on the subject include; "Kill the Indian, Save the Man" by Ward Churchill; "Finding my Talk; How fourteen Canadian Native women reclaimed their lives after Residential School" by Agnes Grant; "Behind Closed Doors" by Jack Agnes; "Shingwauk's Vision: A History of Native Residential Schools" by J.R. Miller; "Victims of Benevolence" by Elizabeth Furniss: or "Broken Circle" by Theodore Fontaine.
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An Ungodly Alliance – PART III – known health concerns ignored
By Jim Windle In Part III of "Ungodly Alliance" we investigate more documentary evidence which was known by both the church and state on abuses…
Ungodly Alliance – PART II – Concrete evidence of abuse at the "Mush Hole"
WARNING: This story has disturbing details about residential and boarding schools including The Mohawk Institute (aka) The Mush Hole. The immediate source of this story…
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text:
=head1 NAME

B<Fype> is B<F>or B<Y>our B
rogram B<E>xecution

B<Fype> is B<F>ree B<Y>ak B
rogramed for B<E>LF

It's not a hype - it's B<Fype>!

=head1 SYNOPSES

=over

=item B<fype> [-[hsvTV]] file.fy

=item B<fype> -e "fype code string;"

=back

=head1 ABOUT

Fype is not yet released! Lots of basic stuff is still missing! See the
TODO file of the source distribution of Fype!

Fype is a 32 bit scripting language created for fun. You can use it and comment on it if you like. You could also write patches and mail them to fype at dev dot buetow dot org! Or go visit the IRC channel #coding at irc.german-elite.net and ask rantanplan.

Fype is developed under the BSD license. See the COPYING file which is included in the source tree.

Fype should be "at least as good as AWK". This does not mean it will be a replacement for AWK but it should support functions, loops and arrays like AWK does but with a different syntax. It should also get extension support like AWK has. I am not talking about GNU AWK but about New AWK, which is included in the *BSD distributions! Fype already has a few features which are not available in AWK. However, AWK has still many features which are not available in Fype as well ;)

Fancy stuff like OOP or unicode or threading is not yet planed. But fancy stuff like function pointers and closures may be considered for one of the first releases of Fype :)

=head1 PARSING / CODE GENERATION

The Fype syntax is very simple and is using a maximum look ahead of 1 and a very easy top down parsing. Fype is parsing and interpreting its code simultaneous. This means, that syntax errors are only detected during program runtime.

=head1 REQUIREMENTS

Fype only has been tested on FreeBSD 7.0. Linux may work too. Windows support is not planned. But may work using Cygwin or SFU. Linux users have to install pmake before compiling Fype!

You will need:

	GNU GCC C Compiler (gcc.gnu.org)
	NetBSD Make aka pmake (GNU Make will not work)

NetBSD Make is included in any *BSD and can be run with just B<make>.

=head1 GETTING STARTED

On Linux: Extract, compile and install Fype:

	tar xvjf fype.tar.bz2
	cd fype
	pmake
	sudo pmake install
	pmake clean

On FreeBSD: Extract, compile and install Fype:

	tar xvjf fype.tar.bz2
	cd fype
	make
	sudo make install
	make clean

Run a .fy file:

	fype test.fy

See the ./examples subdir of the Fype source distribution for examples! See also fype -h for a list of all options.

=head1 DATA TYPES

Fype uses auto type conversion. However, if you want to know what's going on you may take a look at the provided basic datatypes.

=head2 The basic data types

=over

=item I<integer>

Specifies an integer number

=item I<double>

Specifies a double number

=item I<string>

Specifies a string

=item I<number>

May be an integer or a double number

=item I<any>

May be of any type above

=item I<void>

No type

=item I<identifier>

It's a variable name or a procedure name or a function name

=back

=head2 Explicit type conversions

=over

=item (I<integer>) B<integer> I<any>

Converts any type to an integer

=item (I<double>) B<double> I<any>

Converts any type to a double

=item (I<string>) B<string> I<any>

Converts any type to a string

=back

=head1 SYNTAX

=head2 Comments

Text from a B<#> character until the end of the current line is considered being a comment. Multi line comments may start with an B<#*> and and with an B<*#> anywhere. Exceptions are if those signs are inside of strings.

=head2 Statements

A Fype program is a list of statements. Each keyword, expression or function call is part of a statement. Each statement is ended with a semicolon. Example:

	my bar = 3, foo = 1 + 2;
	say foo;
	exit foo - bar;

=head2 Paranthesis

All paranthesis of function calls are optional. They help to make the code better readable. They also help to force precedences of expressions.

=head2 Scopeing

A new scope starts with an { and ends with an }. An exception is a procedure, which does not use its own scope (see later in this manual). Control statements and functions support scopeings.  The B<scope> function will print out all available symbols at the current position. Here is a small example of how to use scopes:

	my foo = 1;

	{
		# Prints out 1
		put defined foo;
		{
			my bar = 2;

			# Prints out 1
			put defined bar;

			# Prints out all available symbols at this
			# point to stdout. Those are: bar and foo
			scope;
		}

		# Prints out 0
		put defined bar;

		my baz = 3;
	}

	# Prints out 0
	say defined bar;

=head2 Control statements

Fype knows the following control statements:

=over

=item if I<<expression>> { I<<statements>> }

Runs the statements if the expression evaluates to a true value.

=item ifnot I<<expression>> { I<<statements>> }

Runs the statements if the expression evaluates to a false value.

=item while I<<expression>> { I<<statements>> }

Runs the statements as long as the the expression evaluates to a true value.

=item until I<<expression>> { I<<statements>> }

Runs the statements as long as the the expression evaluates to a false value.

=back

=head1 VARIABLES

Variables can be defined with the B<my> keyword. If you don't assign a value during declaration, then it's using the default integer value 0.  Variables may be changed during program runtime. Variables may be deleted using the B<undef> keyword! Example of defining variables:

	my foo = 1 + 2;
	say foo;

	my bar = 12, baz = foo;
	say 1 + bar;
	say bar;

	my baz;
	say baz; # Will print out 0

You may use the B<defined> keyword to check if an identifier has been defined or
not.

	ifnot defined foo {
		say "No foo yet defined";
	}

	my foo = 1;

	if defined foo {
		put "foo is defined and has the value ";
		say foo;
	}

=head1 SYNONYMS

Each variable can have as many synonyms as wished. A synonym is another name to access the content of a specific variable. Here is an example of how to use synomyms:

	my foo = "foo";
	my bar = \foo;
	foo = "bar";

	# The synonym variable should now also set to "bar"
	assert "bar" == bar;

Synonyms can be used for all kind of identifiers. It's not limited to normal variables but can be also used for function and procedure names etc.

	# Create a new procedure baz
	proc baz { say "I am baz"; }

	# Make a synonym baz, and undefine baz
	my bay = \baz;

	undef baz;

	# bay still has a reference of the original procedure baz
	bay; # this prints aut "I am baz"

The B<syms> keyword gives you the total number of synonyms pointing to a specific value:

	my foo = 1;
	say syms foo; # Prints 1

	my baz = \foo;
	say syms foo; # Prints 2
	say syms baz; # Prints 2

	undef baz;
	say syms foo; # Prints 1

=head1 BUILT IN FUNCTIONS

In Fype, operators are built in functions as well. The difference is, that they may be written in infix notation instead in front of the arguments. The types inside the () specify the return types.

=head2 Math

=over

=item (I<any>) I<any> B<+> I<any>

Special string behavior: A string will get auto convertet into an I<integer>.

=item (I<any>) I<any> B<-> I<any>

Special string behavior: A string will get auto convertet into an I<integer>.

=item (I<any>) I<any> B<*> I<any>

Special string behavior: A string will get auto convertet into an I<integer>.

=item (I<any>) I<any> B</> I<any>

Special string behavior: A string will get auto convertet into an I<integer>.

=back

=head2 Conditional

=over

=item (I<integer>) I<any> B<==> I<any>

=item (I<integer>) I<any> B<!=> I<any>

=item (I<integer>) I<any> B<<=> I<any>

=item (I<integer>) I<any> B<E<gt>=> I<any>

=item (I<integer>) I<any> B<<> I<any>

=item (I<integer>) I<any> B<E<gt>> I<any>

=item (I<integer>) B<not> I<any>

=back

=head2 Definedness

=over

=item (I<integer>) B<defined> I<identifier>

Returns 1 if I<identifier> has been defined. Returns 0 else.

=item (I<integer>) B<undef> I<identifier>

Tries to undefine/delete the I<identifier>. Returns 1 if success, otherwise 0 is returned.

=back

=head2 Bitwise

=over

=item (I<integer>) I<any> B<:<> I<any>

=item (I<integer>) I<any> B<:E<gt>> I<any>

=item (I<integer>) I<any> B<and> I<any>

=item (I<integer>) I<any> B<or> I<any>

=item (I<integer>) I<any> B<xor> I<any>

=back

=head2 Numeric

=over

=item (I<number>) B<neg> I<number>

This function returns the negative value of I<any>

=item (I<integer>) B<no> [I<integer>]

This function returns 1 if the argument is 0, otherwise it will return 0! If no
argument is given, then 0 is returned!

=item (I<integer>) B<yes> [I<integer>]

This function always returns 1. The parameter is optional.

	# Prints out 1, because foo is not defined
	if yes { say no defined foo; }

=back

=head2 System

=over

=item (I<void>) B<end>

Exits the program with the exit status of 0

=item (I<void>) B<exit> I<integer>

Exits the program with the specified exit status

=item (I<integer>) B<fork>

Fork forks a subprocess. It returns 0 for the child process and the pid of the
child process otherwise! Example:

	my pid = fork;

	if pid {
		put "I am the parent process; child has the pid ";
		say pid;

	} ifnot pid {
		say "I am the child process";
	}

=item (I<integer>) B<gc>

Executes the garbage collector and returns the number of items freed! You may
wonder why most of the time it will return a value of 0! Fype tries to free not
needed memory asap. This may change in future versions in order to gain faster
execution of scripts!

=back

=head2 I/O

=over

=item (I<any>) B<put> I<any>

Prints out the argument

=item (I<any>) B<say> I<any>

Same as put, but also includes an ending newline

=item (I<void>) B<ln>

Just prints a newline

=back

=head1 SELF DEFINING PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS

=head2 Procedures

A procedure can be defined with the B<proc> keyword and deleted with the B<undef> keyword.  A procedure does not return any value and does not support parameter passing. It's using already defined variables (e.g. global variables). A procedure does not have its own namespace. It's using the calling namespace. It is possible to define new variabes inside of a procedure in the current namespace.

	proc foo {
		say 1 + a * 3 + b;
		my c = 6;
	}

	my a = 2, b = 4;

	foo; # Run the procedure. Print out "11\n"
	say c; # Print out "6\n";

=head2 Nested procedures

It's possible to define procedures inside of procedures. Since procedures don't
have its own scope, nested procedures will be available to the current scope as
soon as the main procedure has run the first time. You may use the B<defined>
keyword in order to check if a procedure has been defined or not.

	proc foo {
		say "I am foo";

		undef bar;
		proc bar {
			say "I am bar";
		}
	}

	# Here bar would produce an error because
	# the proc is not yet defined!
	# bar;

	foo; # Here the procedure foo will define the procedure bar!
	bar; # Now the procedure bar is defined!
	foo; # Here the procedure foo will redefine bar again!

=head2 Functions

A function should be defined with the B<func> keyword and deleted with the B<undef> keyword. Function not yet return values (will be changed in future versions) and supports not yet parameter passing (will be changed in future versions). It's using local (lexical scoped) variables. If a certain variable does not exist It's using already defined variables (e.g. one scope above).

	func foo {
		say 1 + a * 3 + b;
		my c = 6;
	}

	my a = 2, b = 4;

	foo; # Run the procedure. Print out "11\n"
	say c; # Will produce an error, because c is out of scoped!

=head2 Nested functions

Nested functions work the same way the nested procedures work, with the exception that nested functions will not be available any more after the function has been left!

	func foo {
		func bar {
			say "Hello i am nested";
		}

		bar; # Calling nested
	}

	foo;
	bar; # Will produce an error, because bar is out of scope!

=head1 AUTHOR

Paul C. Buetow (http://buetow.org)

=head1 WEBSITE

The Fype Language

=head1 SEE ALSO

awk(1) cc(1) make(1)


text:
Health Provider in Arizona to Pay $6M Settlement in Breach
A Phoenix, Ariz.-based health provider has agreed to settle a lawsuit over a computer data breach that may have compromised health and personal data of about 3 million patients, employees, health insurance customers and others.
The class action lawsuit against Banner Health stemmed from a 2016 cyberattack that exposed the information, The Arizona Republic reports.
The settlement, up to $6 million, includes free insurance coverage for claims of up to $1 million to cover financial losses and two years of free credit monitoring through Identity Guard Total, officials said.
When the breach occurred, Banner Health initially gave those affected a year of free credit monitoring, officials said.
Those affected would be able to file claims for up to $500 for ordinary expenses or up to $10,000 for extraordinary expense reimbursement such as lost time at work or professional help with identity theft issues under the settlement agreement, company officials said.
"All things considered, this settlement compares very favorably with those that have been approved in other data breach cases," said Andrew Friedman, one of the lawyers representing the plaintiffs.
The settlement was granted preliminary approval and is subject to final court approval April 21, officials said.
"This is still a pending legal matter, so we are unable to discuss details. However, we are hopeful that it will be resolved soon, at which time those who were impacted can learn additional information," provider spokeswoman Becky Armendariz said.
Banner Health has also agreed to improve its information security systems, officials said.
"In the meantime, data security is one of our highest priorities and we continue to work diligently to protect the sensitive information of our patients and employees," officials said.
From:insurance journal
← Moderna Receives FDA Fast Track Designation for Zika Vaccine mRNA-1893
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text:
English (pdf)
Print version ISSN 1677-0471On-line version ISSN 2175-3431
Aval. psicol. vol.15 no.3 Itatiba Dec. 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.15689/ap.2016.1503.07
DOI: 10.15689/ap.2016.1503.07
Convergent and criterion-related validity for a brief scale of the Five-Factor model
Validade convergente e baseada em critério externo para marcadores reduzidos de personalidade
Validez convergente y de criterio para los marcadores reducidos de la personalidad
Juliane ParizI; Emily HaddadII; Wagner de Lara MachadoIII
IGriffith University, Gold Coast-QLD, Austrália
IIUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre-RS, Brasil
IIIPontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brasil
This study sought evidence for the validity for the Reduced Markers Scale (EMR) in a population of university students (n=175, mean age=28.5, SD=7.4). The EMR is composed of 25 items that measure and evaluate personality according to the Five-Factor Model. For convergent validity, we analyzed the correlations between the EMR and the Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade (BFP). For the criteria-related validity, regression analyses were conducted for EMR and the Positive Mental Health Scale. The results indicated high significant correlations between the EMR and BFP, except for the factor of Sociability and Openness to Experiences. Both EMR and BFP showed similar abilities to explain the external criterion, and the BFP accounted for 10% of the residual variance. The EMR proved to be suitable for evaluating personality in this sample. However, we consider there are some limitations due to the amount of information provided by the instrument.
Keywords: psychological assessment; personality; typical traits.
O presente estudo buscou evidências de validade para a Escala de Marcadores Reduzidos (EMR) em uma população de estudantes universitários (n=175, média de idade=28,5, DP=7,4). A EMR possui 25 itens que avaliam a personalidade baseados no Modelo dos Cinco Grandes Fatores. Para a validade convergente, analisaram-se as correlações entre a EMR e a Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade (BFP). Para a validade baseada em critério externo, realizaram-se regressões para a EMR junto à Escala de Saúde Mental Positiva. Os resultados indicaram correlações significativas altas entre a EMR e BFP, exceto para os fatores sociabilidade e abertura à experiência. Tanto EMR quanto BFP demonstraram semelhante capacidade para explicar o critério externo, e a BFP foi responsável por 10% da variância residual. A EMR mostrou-se indicada para avaliar a personalidade na amostra estudada. Entretanto, consideram-se algumas limitações na quantidade de informação fornecida pelo instrumento.
Palavras-chave: avaliação psicológica; personalidade; traços típicos.
Este estudio buscó pruebas de validez de Escala Reducida Marcadores (EMR) en una población de estudiantes universitarios (n=175, edad media=28,5, DE=7,4). El EMR tiene 25 ítems que evalúan la personalidad basado en el modelo de los cinco grandes factores. Para la validez convergente, se analizaron las correlaciones entre el EMR y la Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade (BFP). Para la validez basada en criterio externo se llevó a cabo regresiones de EMR junto a escala de la salud mental positiva. Los resultados indican correlaciones significativas entre la EMR y BFP, con excepción de los factores sociabilidad y apertura a la experiencia. Tanto EMR como BFP mostró capacidad similar para explicar el criterio externo, y el BFP representó el 10% de la varianza residual. La EMR resultó ser adecuado para evaluar la personalidad en la muestra. Sin embargo, consideramos algunas limitaciones en la cantidad de información proporcionada por el instrumento.
Palabras clave: evaluación psicológica; personalidad; trazos típicos.
The Five-Factor Model (FFM) is globally recognized as one of greatest contributions to personality psychology (Gomes & Golino, 2012; Jenkins-Guarnieri, Wright, & Johnson, 2013; Joshanloo & Nosratabadi, 2009). To develop this model, personality theorists identified the existence of five factors that best explained the human personality. They proved through factorial analysis that these five factors were a sufficient representation of all human personality framework traits. This evidence was developed into the Five-Factor Model (Fiske, 1994; McCrae & Costa, 1996). More recently, a variety of studies involving personality trait descriptors reached similar and more significant results that reinforced the five constant factors used to describe the human personality traits: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism and Openness to Experience (Gomes & Golino, 2012; Hauck, Teixeira, Machado, & Bandeira, 2012b)
Conceptually, Extraversion is characterized by assertiveness, communication, and an individual's ability to be socially active. Agreeableness refers to pro-social tendencies, altruism, and flexibility of the subject. Conscientiousness indicates the individual's level of discipline, organization, and persistence. Neuroticism refers to the characteristics of anxiety, depression, and links to negative emotions in general. The Openness to Experience factor expresses curiosity, intellectual flexibility, and the desire for new, complex and varied experiences (Hauck, Machado, Teixeira, & Bandeira, 2012a; Mullins-Sweatt, Jamerson, Samuel, Olson, & Widiger, 2006; Nunes, Hutz, & Giacomoni, 2009). Thus, the FFM assembles a structure that summarizes a complex set of different features of human behavior and arranges them into five basic, universal personality traits called factors (Fiske, 1994).
However, in this structure, each factor covers dozens of specific facets. These facets are behavioral predisposed responses to life situations. Therefore, the FFM are five isomorphic factors that constitute basic and fundamental aspects of personality present in many cultures of the world (McCrae & Costa, 2008).
Personality assessment: measures based on the FFM
Globally, the instruments to assess personality are mainly scales and inventories that investigate personality by either descriptor-items, which are affirmative sentences, or marker-items, consisting of adjectives (Goldberg, 1992; Mullins-Sweatt et al., 2006). The main instruments that were either adapted or created for Brazil use descriptor-items in the FFM which are: NEO – Personality Inventory-Revised and NEO Five-Factor Inventory – short form (NEO-PI-R and NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 2007), Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade (BFP; Nunes, Hutz, & Nunes, 2010a), and The Big Five Inventory (BFI; Andrade, 2008). There are also scales with descriptor-items that measure one specific factor: Escala Fatorial de Extroversão (EFEx; Nunes & Hutz, 2007a), Escala Fatorial de Neuroticismo (EFN; Hutz & Nunes, 2001), Factorial Scale of Agreeableness (EFS; Nunes & Hutz, 2007b) and the Open to Experiences Scale (EAE; Vasconcellos & Hutz, 2008). In contrast, marker-item devices are less common in Brazilian psychology. Currently, there are only two measures that use marker-items for personality evaluation based on the FFM: Escala de Marcadores Reduzidos (EMR; Hauck et al., 2012b) and Escala de Marcadores de Personalidade (Hutz, Nunes, Silveira, Serra, Anton, & Wieczorek, 1998).
Studies indicate that the existing personality measures in Brazil are too lengthy under specific assessing contexts where time needs to be optimized. For example, 60 to 150-item instruments evaluating personality usually require more than twenty minutes for a participant to answer, making data collection more difficult (Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann Jr., 2003; Hauck et al., 2012a). There are also a variety of settings in the practical psychological context, such as in clinics and hospitals that seek to use faster and simpler instruments. In this context, there may not be much time to spend with a patient, and only a short screening of the personality traits is needed rather than a full evaluation (Gosling et al., 2003). Therefore, short measures are necessary and helpful in several contexts of the psychological praxis.
Most research that seeks validity evidence for brief measures have primarily been conducted by international studies using marker-item instruments (Goldberg, 1992; Gosling et al., 2003; Mullins-Sweatt et al., 2006). International sources state that brief measures of FFM have several benefits, but caution is required as well. The most reported advantages for shorter measures are both the elimination of redundant items and time optimization (Gosling et al., 2003; Hauck et al., 2012a). Hence, the scope of personality evaluation increases especially when there are several other constructs in the psychological assessment battery (Nunes, Muniz, Nunes, Primi, & Miguel, 2010b). Furthermore, short measures are also useful for online data collection given that online research usually require follow-up studies from the same survey. Thus, shorter measures potentially reduce both the rates of frustration and boredom among respondents whereas larger scales can overwhelm participants (Gosling et al., 2003).
Caution is also necessary when using short scales. Two points are frequently highlighted in the scientific literature. Firstly, shorter measures usually demonstrate psychometric weakness when compared with larger scales (Goldberg, 1992). Secondly, that they often fail in evaluating minor facets of the human personality (Carvalho, Nunes, Primi, Nunes, 2012; Mullins-Sweatt et al., 2006).
In the Brazilian context, the EMR was developed in order to attend to both the lack of brief instruments for personality evaluation and the current gap in the landscape of marker-item measures (Carvalho et al., 2012; Hauck et al., 2012a; Passos & Laros, 2015). EMR is a 25-adjective-item instrument composed of five scales, which correspond to the five FFM factors. The items are evaluated by a Likert scale of five points, where 1=Strongly Disagree and 5=Strongly Agree. This is a smaller version of Escala de Marcadores de Personalidade (EMP; Hutz et al., 1998), which is a 64-item measure from Goldberg's robust set of 100-item measure (1992). For the Brazilian sample, the EMP reported robust reliability, with Cronbach's alpha ranging from .78 to .88 across its five subscales (Hutz et al., 1998).
Despite both the development and small size of EMR, one previous study highlighted three different aspects. First, in the process of developing items, the authors have carefully combined theoretical, semantic and statistic criteria, in order to maximize the content validity of the subscales (Hauck et al., 2012a). Second, the EMR revealed the reliability index comparable to EMP, with Cronbach's alpha ranging from .61 to .83 for its subscales (Hauck et al., 2012b). Third, another previous study has demonstrated that the EMR had "covered the latent trait comparable to instruments with a much higher amount of items", despite setting only five adjectives in each of the five scales (Machado, Hauck, Teixeira, & Bandeira, 2014). Yet, all of these studies support the importance of future research using both Item Response Theory and confirmatory techniques in order to investigate the criterion and convergent-related validity evidence for EMR (Hauck et al., 2012a; Machado et al., 2014). Therefore, this study aims to investigate convergent and criterion-related validity for the EMR.
In the context of Brazil, unlike in the international studies, there are few convergent validity studies with psychological instruments for assessing personality (Nakano, 2014). Convergent validity contributes to preserving the underlying theoretical model of the psychological test, which make it secure to use in combination with other validated instruments. Consequently, this research investigated the convergent validity of EMR by comparing it with a longer 126-item instrument developed in Brazil, the Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade (BFP).
Positive Mental Health and the Five-Factor Model
This research analyzes the validity of the EMR in light of an external criterion: Positive Mental Health. The term "Positive Mental Health" arises from the positive elements encompassed in the concept of mental health. One of these elements is operationally referred to as well-being. As proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), well-being is an important concept of mental health that allows individuals to realize their full potential (World Health Organization, 2008). Keyes (2002; 2007) has subdivided the concept of well-being into emotional (or subjective) well-being, psychological well-being, and social well-being. In order to evaluate these three Positive Mental Health factors in adults, Keyes (2002) also built the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) in the United States. The Brazilian version of the MHC-SF is called Escala de Saúde Mental Positiva and was adapted and validated by Machado and Bandeira (2015).
The concept of well-being refers to "the capacity of the individual to fully dispose of their skills and abilities to meet their needs, personal and interpersonal goals and values" (Machado & Bandeira, 2015). Therefore, the evaluation of Positive Mental Health reasonably correlates with the ways of being, thinking, and feeling, which are considered intrinsic components to characterize human personality (Keys, 2007; Machado & Bandeira, 2012). Moreover, the literature reports the strong association between the prediction of the facets of subjective, psychological, and social well-being to the factors of Extroversion, Neuroticism, and Agreeableness (Hauck et al., 2012a; Joshanloo & Nosratabadi, 2009; Machado & Bandeira, 2012; Nunes et al., 2009). These findings increase the correlation between Positive Mental Health and the personality model proposed by the FFM. Aside from the verification of the convergent validity with BFP, we sought to verify the ability of both of these measures to predict Positive Mental Health.
The sample for this study was composed of 175 adults, ranging from 18 to 70 years old (M=28.5; SD=7.4; 57.8% female). The sample consisted of students and staff at a university located in southern Brazil. The director of the institution signed a release authorizing the research and the participants signed the consent form at the time of data collection.
• Reduced Markers Scale (Escala de Marcadores Reduzidos – EMR; Hauck et al., 2012a): an instrument that measures the FFM's five factors using five subscales composed of five adjectives each. This measure is evaluated from the Likert scale of five points, where 1=Strongly Disagree to 5=Strongly Agree. The study of validity evidence for the EMR revealed appropriate psychometric proprieties, α ranging from .61 to .83.
• Factorial Personality Battery (Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade – BFP; Nunes et al., 2010a): an instrument with 126 descriptor-items measuring the five factors and its facets according to the FFM. Each of the five dimensions of FFM possesses 17 facets. The responses are provided through a 7-point Likert scale based on agreement (1=totally disagree; 7=totally agree). The α reported for the five dimensions of the BFP and its facets ranged from .57 to .89.
• Positive Mental Health Scale (Escala de Saúde Mental Positiva – ESMP, adapted for Brazilian culture by Machado & Bandeira, 2015). A 14-item scale divided into three subscales, which measures subjective well-being (three items), psychological well-being (six items), and social well-being (five items). The responses are provided by a 6-point Likert scale based on frequency. The original American version of this scale (Mental Health Continuous – Short form) reports Cronbach's Alpha above .80 for all subscales and the global scale (Keys, 2005). The Brazilian version, in turn, also demonstrates strong psychometric properties, with the general factor of Positive Mental Health explaining 50% of variance and a reliability index above .70 (Machado & Bandeira, 2015).
In this study ethicality was ensured according to the National Health Council's resolution No. 466/2012 of the Ministry of Health. Additionally, the approval and all procedures recommended by the Ethics and Research Committee were followed closely.
There were two steps in the data collection procedures. First, the researchers provided a self-applied protocol to the university participants, each one containing the instruments mentioned in this research and a cover page presenting the study along with a statement of consent. Second, the university delivered these questionnaires to the professors that were, in turn, responsible for collecting the protocols in their respective classrooms. Once completed, the researchers used statistical software to release the results from the instruments to proceed with the analysis.
Three statistical analyses were performed. First, in order to estimate the association among the personality evaluations through EMR and BFP, Simple Bivariate Correlations were used. This provided the effect description of each of the two equal factors achieved when comparing two instruments. Second, Multiple Linear Regression determined the association between the facets of each factor of PFB and the EMR factors, as well as the correlation of these two measurements with the external criteria (Mental Health Positive Scale). Finally, a Canonical Correlation investigated the correlation between the total set of facets of BFP and of the five factors of the EMR. In order to measure latent variables (which were not directly observed), the Canonical Correlation combined the total number of variables in the two instruments and then provided the amount of information in common. This analysis also provides a score of shared variance. Reliability indexes were also estimated by Cronbach's alpha.
Convergent validity analysis
Considering the total sample, the association between the factors of EMR with facets of BFP indicated that all the factors of the EMR were significantly correlated with each of the facets of the BFP (p<.01, Table 1). In addition, the correlations were shown to be mostly weak. Weaker correlations were found to be both Agreeableness and Openness to Experience factors of EMR in association to both Agreeableness and Openness to Experience facets of BFP. These results support the hypothesis that the two instruments cover the evaluation of personality traits as proposed by the FFM.
In order to further the association between the two instruments that assess personality in the FFM, a second analysis aimed to investigate how each of the facets of BFP and the EMR factors helped to explain personality. Thus, as shown in Table 1, the results for this Multiple Correlation Analysis indicated both significant (p<.001) and moderate to strong correlations for all facets and factors of the two tests.
Finally, a Canonical Correlation related all facets of the EMR to all the factors of BFP, seeking a linear combination to summarize the set of facets and factors. The results showed high correlation of .82 (Wilk's Lambda=.11, F(25, 614.4)=20.1, p<.001) reporting 67% of shared variance. Therefore, the two instruments demonstrated high explanatory power of personality traits, according to the FFM. The reliability indexes (Cronbach's alpha) calculated for the factors of BFP and for the EMR respectively were: α=.89 and .76 for neuroticism, α=.75 and .71 for extroversion, α=.72 and .75 for agreeableness, α=.84 and .77 for conscientiousness and α=.50 and .52 for open to experience.
External Criterion-related validity analysis
The external criterion-related validity was investigated by a Multiple Linear Regression for the five personality factors of both EMR and BFP, with the Escala de Saúde Mental Positiva (ESMP). Separate regression models of both personality scales indicate that the coefficient of determination for the BFP's items were R2=.65 (F(5, 169)=24.9; p<.001), while for the EMR's items were R2=.62 (F(5, 169)=21.0; p<.001). Those findings support that both measurements have a similar magnitude of explanation compared in relation to the criterion variable. Finally, a hierarchical regression has indicated that the BFP accounts for about 10% of the residual variance criterion measured after regression EMR [F(5, 164)=9.12; p<.001], demonstrating the amount of information lost by the investigator by using the shorter instrument. As previously described in the scientific literature (Hauck et al., 2012a; Joshanloo & Nosratabadi, 2009; Machado & Bandeira, 2012; Nunes et al., 2009), the association between the Positive Mental Health Scale and all the factors of BFR and EMR was found in this study. More specifically, there was strong association between the external criterion and the Extroversion, Neuroticism, and Agreeableness factors in EMR.
According to previous studies, it is expected that brief measures show psychometric weakness when compared to larger scales (Carvalho et al., 2012; Goldberg, 1992; Mullins-Sweatt et al., 2006). In contrast, the convergent validity evidence between EMR and the BFP presented in this paper showed strong psychometric properties in the mini markers for personality assessment. In addition, the EMR also showed to be helpful in assessing personality traits, as indicated by the high rate of shared variance (67%), demonstrating the ability of the two instruments (EMR and BFP) to explain the personality framework according to the FFM. Furthermore, EMR also showed moderate to high correlations with various facets in each of the BFP factors.
According to the criterion-related validity, the residual variance accounted by BFP indicated that the EMR loses only 10% of the capacity to explain the external criteria, in comparison to the longer measure. However, it is important to consider that future studies can investigate the psychometric proprieties of EMR with other measures that evaluate personality according to FFM. Thus, both the high level of shared variance in the convergent validity analysis and the low level of residual variance in the criterion-related analysis, suggest EMR as a good fit rather than a limitation of both convergent and criterion measures. These results expand the personality evaluation in contexts where assessing personality were lengthy, but a necessary task. EMR has shown to cover the latent personality traits comparable to large instruments, even with only five adjectives in each of the five scales (Machado et al., 2014).
In contrast, there were weak significant correlations between the factors of the EMR and the following BFP facets: A2 (.09), A3 (.26), C2 (.28), O2 (.18), and O3 (.24) (Table 1), indicating that EMR must not be used to deeply evaluate these facets. This result supports that brief instruments are an inappropriate choice to evaluate specific facets of each of the five factors in the FFM (Goldberg, 1992; Mullins-Sweatt et al., 2006). Thus, we consider this as an intrinsic limitation for the EMR as well, indicating that caution is required when using this brief instrument to evaluate personality. In this respect, the purpose of the evaluation needs to be carefully considered before choosing the measures in the psychological battery (Passos & Laros, 2015). By choosing EMR, the facets of the individual's personality will not be integrally known, which could compromise some assessments.
The EMR has proven be a good instrument for characterizing personality in the FFM. However, the findings also support that EMR cannot completely replace longer instruments as it provides a smaller amount of information in its results.
In Brazil, much of the difficulty in psychological assessment praxis lies in the quantity of instruments. Therefore, the EMR could be an exceptional option specifically among the limited number of small measures for personality evaluation in the Brazilian context. However, we consider that the lack of knowledge regarding the methodological aspects of the development of these psychological tests' worrying. It may compromise both the correct choice and use of a test in different contexts of the psychological assessment. Developing this type of knowledge and increasing the number of quality psychological instruments is one possible solution. Professionals could then make better choices about the measure that best fits in each assessment situation and objective. Future studies should further the discussion regarding the validity of brief markers to evaluate personality facets in each of the Five Factors. In addition, further research in this field may also attempt to expand the EMR correlations with external criteria and conduct studies of predictive validity and compare it with other measures.
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instrument of the five-factor model. Assessment, 13(2), 119-137.
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Nunes, M. F. O., Muniz, M., Nunes, C. H. S., Primi, R., & Miguel, F. K. (2010b). Escala fatorial de socialização - versão reduzida: seleção de itens e propriedades psicométricas. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 23(2), 345-353. [ Links ]
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Vasconcellos, S. J. L., & Hutz, C. S. (2008). Construção e validação de uma escala de abertura à experiência. Avaliação Psicológica, 7(2), 135-141. [ Links ]
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recebido em dezembro de 2015
reformulado em maio de 2016
aprovado em junho de 2016
Endereço para correspondência:
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campus II. Avenida John Boyd Dunlop, s/n, Jardim Ipaussurama, 13060-904, Campinas-SP, Brasil. E-mail: wagner.machado@puc-campinas.edu.br
Juliane Pariz é psicóloga, especialista em Avaliação Psicológica (UFRGS), mestre em psicologia (UFRGS) e doutoranda em psicologia (Griffith University).
Emily Haddad é socióloga, mestre em sociologia e doutoranda em psicologia (UFRGS).
Wagner de Lara Machado é psicólogo (ULBRA), doutor em Psicologia (UFRGS) e professor do programa de pós-graduação stricto sensu em Psicologia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas).


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What a great subcontractor does is invaluable. They do more than a task. They should expand your team with professional knowledge, experience. The best sub-contractors aren't the lowest cost ones, they are the one's who have "been there, done that".


It is great. And it does make you feel good about yourself. But the time I've spent as a competitive cyclist and now runner/occasional triathlete have shown me how the barriers to participation, let alone access, are still very high. I'll return to this point toward the end of my post but to explain how I've come to this point, I'm afraid I need to indulge in some autobiography about my history as an athlete.
I've always been active and in love with running around and doing things, whether kicking or catching a ball, riding my bike on dirt or on roads, running around a track, or running on trails. But I always did this activities without any support network, with no understanding of training or technique or even nutrition, and – with the exception women like Missy Giove that I'd see in glossy magazines – with almost no role models. This isn't surprising considering I grew up in the 70s and 80s, on what was then the isolated world of Vancouver Island. Still, I had this lurking belief I could be good at sport – that I was capable and strong, even if there was no real evidence for this belief.
I threw myself into training and racing road bikes for five years and, for those years, the sport gave me everything I was missing in the academic workplace. I wanted community, friends and connection and I found these things in spades, especially as a beginning Cat 4 racer. These women I trained and raced with, week in and week out for months at a time, were incredible – we pushed each other harder than we thought was possible; we learned together; we cheered each other on; we suffered together. It was a remarkable experience, especially compared to the profoundly isolationist and individualistic culture of academia.
Those years racing and training also made me a more interesting person, one who became capable of talking with lawyers, accountants, physiotherapists, marketing managers, and sales associates. Not only did I learn about and engage with communities outside of academia but I also developed a more expanded sense of where exactly I stood in relation to my local and global community. It's such an obvious revelation, that existing only in a university environment makes one uni-dimensional. It's also obvious one cannot and should not work as many hours a day and days a week as one can hack. But somehow, academia – largely made up of type-A personalities who cannot stop striving seven days a week because of the lack of clear work-life boundaries – makes access to these obvious revelations very difficult.
I quit training and racing road bikes a couple years ago when I realized I'd achieved the goal I'd set out for myself (all I wanted was to become a Cat 2 racer, because somehow, narrowly, I thought that would mean I could finally tell myself I was "good" at this sport) and I was finding the 15 hours of training a week onerous rather than empowering. But still, the act of training taught me one lesson in particular that still hasn't left me: the value of having clear and bounded goals coupled with an acceptance of what I have today, who I am today, instead of who I could be or would like to be or should be.
All I have to offer here are my personal revelations about why my personal and professional life would be so much less if it weren't for sport. I especially can only speak for myself here, as I'm reminded of the day I showed up for my first cat 2 race and I saw only women who were either professional bike racers or women who were retired or women whose children were now in college or women who were fortunate enough not to have to work at all. It's a tremendous privilege to have the time and the resources I have to train, to hire a coach, to travel to races, to set goal race times and so on.
Then imagine what women could accomplish.
Lori Emerson is amateur runner, cyclist, and fresh air lover in Boulder, Colorado. She is also an Associate Professor of English and Intermedia Arts, Writing, and Performance at the University of Colorado and Director of the Media Archaeology Lab.


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WoodysProduce
Music producer, mixer and recording engineer, WoodysProduce is taking the world by storm, or at least it looks that way. It goes without saying he's been hard at work, developing tracks for The 1975, Iggy Azalea, and Casey Veggies, working on his cartoon show, the Gooberz, or even curating a summer playlist for your listening pleasure. Despite his big year last year, performing at Coachella and The Hudson Music Project, he's been able to find time to blow us away this year with a journey of sorts; a new project, N° 31. I caught up with Woody via Skype to talk about his beginnings, what he's been working on and what's to come.
NT: Hey man! What's going on?
WoodysProduce: I'm at the office. I'm developing a cartoon with a few friends of mine, so I'm at the office right now. Animating and doing cool stuff. We have a cartoon that's like hip hop themed and I do a voice over thing, do all the music for the show. We have episododes up on YouTube it's called the Gooberz.
NT: I was hoping to start off by giving the readers a little background on you and some of your work.
W: So I've been making music my whole life. I fell into being a hip hop producer, I've worked with rock bands, been in bands growing up. Moved to Los Angeles about eight years ago. I just always wanted to be a music producer. My goal was to get on a major record. I always looked up to Swiss Beatz, and Dr., Timbaland and stuff. I did it man, I just came down here and did what I wanted to do. I got on Iggy Azalea's album and I've got to work with a bunch of talented people. I'm most known online for doing remix stuff; Notorious B.I.G. remixes, a 50 Cent 'In Da Club' remix.
NT: When did you start producing and what is your musical background?
W: I went to engineering school and I was actually an engineer in like 2007 I got trained at a studio in Los Angeles where I got to see everybody. I was like a grunt, I was getting Kanye West turkey burgers, Nelly would come in. All the big people would come through the studio. So I learned a lot from the whole started from the bottom thing, it's very real [laughs]. Getting to experience that stuff really lead to realizing that it was possible to achieve all these things. Just worked really hard. I linked up with a dude named Charles Hamilton and he signed to Interscope at the time and I just ended up dropping everything and moving to New York and I lived in Harlem for a year with him, we made music and from it just happened
NT: Last year was arguably your breakout year, with performances at Coachella and the Hudson Music Project, how is this year going so far for you?
W: This year's great man! It's funny because – so the Coachella thing happened which was like above and beyond a dream, that was very surreal and then I just kinda got slapped on the wrist for doing remix stuff. Soundcloud has threatened to delete my account. I've had my YouTube account suspended. I don't know who's watching me in the government but they're pinpointing me! They're like "yo you can't do any more remixes, copywritten stuff is off limits". I actually took down all my remixes off of my Soundcloud. It's been an interesting year and this project that I'm doing, 31, is kind of reflecting where I'm at with the current style of music I'm making obviously, but also with the copywrite stuff. I decided I needed to put out a slew of original music. So I decided to switch gears and do this and it's like an audio/visual thing. It's cool man, this year is going great! I'm learning to traditionally DJ so I can start playing out more and I'm working on my cartoon called the Gooberz and music videos, and just trying to a be a renascence man.
NT: I want to talk about your project this month next. In previous interviews you've said you wanted to do some original stuff, would you say this is you vision fulfilled?
W: Yeah, for sure and it's funny because last year I did a remix project called "Summer Citrus Remixes" and I was putting out a remix every week for the entire summer and it just kind of popped up and I was like, you know what? I've dabbling in video stuff and work with a close friend of mine, Colin, who directs music videos and does a bunch of stuff in video and it's just been really cool trying to put out as much stuff as I can and being as creative as I can.
NT: How long did it take to film the scenes and produce the music featured in your videos?
W: I'm doing it day by day. Some of the ideas – I definitely have a folder on my computer that's like ideas but they're not finished as far as the music goes. Sometimes I'll dabble in that folder, sometimes I'll start from scratch. The video stuff…like today I don't know what I'm doing [laughs] so I'm gonna go film something and turn it in to a music video and mix a song tonight. I'm yet to figure it out and it's almost 5:00 PM. So I film the ride home and have it be in slow motion, I'm not sure [laughs] but it'll be something that is cool. It's definitely a tasteful thing and I've been pulling from other people. My friend, Rossco Soletrain has been sending me some video stuff but I'm curating everything and editing everything and making it mine for this project. It's a handful!
NT: Despite every music clip and video being unique, would you say there's an overarching theme between the visuals and music?
W: Yeah, I think the music has a general vibe. I'm definitely in a headspace where I'm making similar type music. As I'm sure all artists do, you fall into a zone of making a certain thing. So sonically I think it's very similar, but video I want them to coincide with each other, it's difficult. For example to other day I filmed – we have a pet snake at my house and we fed a rat to it and I filmed it and just chopped it up and I had an idea already of what it should sound like so putting that to the snake video made it a symbiotic piece of art. It's really weird to explain but I had this idea and I was like the snake needs to be fed and filmed and I've been getting a lot of positive feedback on that video. So it's really a day by day thing, so that's why it's definitely an interesting project!
NT: How would you describe your approach to the project or producing something in general?
W: I think it's come to a point where I believe that if you're an artist and you do something it should come pretty easily to you. If you're with the technology that's readily available you should be able to do a painting, or make a song, or shoot a video, or whatever with the technology that's given to you these day. I just also wanted to have a statement. If you're an artist, just make hella music, you know, but a bunch of shit out, all the time and I think that the industry's changing in such a matter that you're almost gonna have to do that, you know? It used to be you would work for a year on an album and then you'd come out with an album in a year. That's like insane for me! If you have a laptop, just make music, put it out for the world to see. It's really a beautiful thing. I want to be a frontrunner and a part of the next generation that puts out a ton of music that it's almost like a blog subscription or something that you go to, like: "oh, this is cool, weekly music!" So I think the industry's definitely changing
NT: Which artists and styles do you see as your primary inspirations?
W: I love weird hipster music. Anything that's like I'm on HypeMachine and HypeM a lot and I just kinda make my playlist that I listen to in my car or whatever from there. Some of the times I don't even know who I'm listening to. There's this band Sails, they're really cool, this guy on guitar and this girl singing, it's just very stripped down. If it sounds good to me sonically I love it. That's kind of what inspires me. There's definitely been like Tycho or something that I can listen to the whole entire project, or Phantogram. But the majority of stuff I'm influenced by is just randomness that is just on my phone
NT: Are there any artists that you would like to work with or a genre that you've kind of been hesitant to dabble with?
W: Oh, hesitant to dabble with! I'm a step a head in a lot of ways. I always want to do something different. I don't know if I'm necessarily ahead, I think it's just wanting to do something different. You know, like when dubstep was cracking I was like: "Aw man, I don't really want to do dubstep" and now it's like trap music and sort of like EDM, trappy sort of stuff is really popping off and I've kinda found myself dipping away from there and making more chill ambient, sort of hip hop influenced but still hipster-style music. I want to find a female singer and make an '80's Janet Jackson Control sounding album or Paula Abdul or something. I want to go all the way to the other side of the field and just push boundaries and stuff. That's why I appreciate artists like Kanye West or something, when they come out and do something completely off kilt and shatter boundaries. It's awesome and that's what we're supposed to do as artists, push the envelope so that's what I'm trying to do.
NT: Besides the project this month, what other things are you working on now? What can we expect from you in the near future?
W: I'm working with a handful of artists that I've been working with for a while: DJ Sheba, Raven Sorvino, just a bunch of people I'm working with on original production stuff and I'll probably just continue to put out random music here and there. But towards the end of the year I'm working on a documentary with some friends of mine, we just interviewed AFI, the other day for the documentary. It's kind of just a seed right now but music has touched a big part of my life, but it's such a small part of what I want to accomplish in the grand scheme of things. I want to make a movie next year, and I like want to – it sounds super cheesy – but I want to learn how to water colour paint anything. So musically, yeah I'm going to keep putting out original stuff and playing out and gigging more but I want to learn how to do so much other creative stuff.
Interview by Sean Carlin
Posted 15 August 2015
File under: Interviews


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Home Obituaries Manny Weizman
Manny Weizman
IJN StaffJun 06, 2019Obituaries0
Manny Weizman (Manys Wajcman), a Holocaust survivor, husband of Marcia Slutz Weizman and father of Hal M. Weizman and Bonnie S. Weizman, passed away May 22, 2019. Rabbi Yaakov Chaitovsky and Cantor Joel Lichterman officiated at the May 26 graveside service at Rose Hill Cemetery. Feldman Mortuary made the arrangements.
"My dad worked hard his entire life — physical labor, and he was not afraid of it," his daughter Bonnie eulogized at the service. "I remember him leaving the house early in the morning and coming home late at night in the dark winter months.
"He would wash his hands with Borax soap to remove the deep ingrained grime and dirt of the day's toils from underneath his fingernails and in crevasses, only to be replaced by the next day's labors."
Mr. Weizman was born March 25, 1926, in the small village of Pionki, Poland to Rivkah and Herschel Weizman. The youngest of four children, he was just 13 when his family was transferred to a forced labor camp.
From 1939-1945, he experienced the horrors of the Holocaust in several forced labor and concentration camps, including Auschwitz and Buchenwald.
Mr. Weizman was liberated from Buchenwald in 1945 and reunited with his mother and siblings in a DP camp in Germany. His father did not survive.
The family, who left Germany on the SS Marine Marlin, arrived in New York and settled on Denver's West Side in 1949.
Shortly thereafter, Mr. Weizman was conscripted into the US Army, even though he was not yet a US citizen, and served in the Korean War, 1950-1952. He was in the reserves until his honorable discharge in 1957.
A student at the Emily Griffith Opportunity School, Mr. Weizman studied English in order to pass his citizenship test. Judge Sherman Finesilver was his teacher.
He married Marcia Slutz in New York on Aug. 17, 1957. The couple returned to Denver in 1961.
Mr. Weizman started and ran Continental Construction, Inc., building dozens of large-scale commercial projects around the Denver metro area including nursing homes, a car dealership and a HUD apartment building.
He remodeled Monaco Lanes bowling alley and volunteered his carpentry skills to Rodef Shalom and other synagogue projects.
"Many persons and entities were generous to my dad and his family," Bonnie said at the service. "Jewish Family Service and many rabbis and synagogues provided for him . . . Mr. Laizer Rosen opened his arms to my father to build a business and stellar reputation in the community."
There were many others: Bob Tynan and the Tynan family; Jim France; John Milan and the Milan family; and Dr. Jeff Wallace, "who showed my dad the deepest compassion in his most difficult, declining and later years."
Their generosity instilled Mr. Weizman with the desire to be generous in return.
But most importantly, Bonnie said, his immediate family decided they must be " 'generous and kind and compassionate with each other, and together we will heal our wounds of war, torture, tragedy, injury and loss in each of us. And together we will be stronger.'
"And they were."
Manny Weizman is survived by his wife Marcia Weizman; children Hal and Bonnie; and an extended family encompassing generations of nieces, nephews and cousins.
Contributions may be made in Mr. Weizman's name to the Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles or US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC.
Copyright © 2019 by the Intermountain Jewish News
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IJN Staff


This freestone creek is nestled in a picturesque pine tree filled valley lying at the base of 13,000 foot mountains. Perhaps the most gorgeous setting you could imagine to fly fish for trout. The Joaquin offers a variety of fishing opportunities for both novice and experienced anglers. Wild trout thrive in sections that require hiking away from the campgrounds. The CDFW plants fish near the INFS campground facilities. The SJ has a reputation of being one of the best dry fly fisheries in the region.
The San Joaquin can be a monster during high run-off, and you do not want to wade this river when it is raging. During the mid-summer and fall months this river can get very gentle with ideal riffle/pool configurations. Pocket water abounds during this period, and the trout are very "opportunistic". They will aggressively hit most dries and nymphs in the #14-18 range. During lower flows the water will be gin clear, and longer upstream casts may be necessary to fool the wild fish.
Attractor patterns such as Trudes and Royal Wolfe's; caddis and mayfly imitations will all get looks. There are also plenty of hoppers, ants, and beetles for the summer month terrestrial patterns. Dry dropper nymph rigs are deadly here in the deeper pools, and these can get you the larger wild and holdover fish.
Take Hwy 395 and exit at Hwy 203 to Mammoth Lakes CA. Follow the signs to Devils Post Pile National Monument and Reds Meadow. You will pass the Mammoth Mountain Ski area. There are vehicle restrictions and a daily use fee that goes to the INFS.


Fender's upgraded MC-1 mini classical guitar now provide an improved playing experience akin to that of more expensive full-size instrumen..
Fender's upgraded MC-1 mini classical guitar now provide an improved playing experience akin to that of more expensive full-size instruments. With a shorter body and neck scale, the Three-Quarter sized body is perfect for starting out.
The ultimate entry-level guitar - start here!
These great-sounding, solidly built 3/4 size guitars are perfect for school music programs, individual students and beginners who are more comfortable with a smaller guitar.
Nylon strings are perfect for beginners, who are often turned off by the sharp initial discomfort of steel strings, and with a smaller nylon-string guitar like the MC-1, it's much easier to practice without finger pain.
The Fender MC1s new features include upgraded tuners for more stable intonation, a gig bag, Fender headstock logo, and back and sides made from a beautifully grained tropical wood called sapele, which produces a sweet, full tone.
Classical guitars typically have thinner tops and lighter bracing than steel-string guitars, with a bracing pattern that "fans" out from the soundhole toward the bottom of the guitar. This fan-like placement of the individual braces makes an important contribution to the rich nylon-string classical tone that guitarists and listeners have loved for ages.
The smooth sheen and silken feel of a satin finish impart a classic air of stylish elegance to any acoustic instrument. For a refined look and comfortable fretting-hand feel, a satin finish makes for a smoothly satisfying playing experience.
With a pleasingly dark look, solid strength, smooth feel and excellent tonal quality, rosewood is a longtime standard for crafting quality acoustic instrument bridges and fingerboards, from the mightiest jumbo guitar to the most diminutive ukulele.