text:
Chapter 9: Christianity and the Race Problem
by Georgia Harkness
We come now to one of the most baffling and difficult of all contemporary problems. In the world scene, questions of race and color mingle with those of national status and of economic abundance and poverty to create great restlessness and tension. In our own land, the violent reactions evoked by the Supreme Court's decision of May 17, 1954, that segregation in the public schools is unconstitutional have revealed how deep are the differences that divide us. Though integration in the schools is accepted more readily in northern states, there is scarcely a community anywhere, North or South, that does not show the marks of racial cleavage in segregated housing, employment, and social attitudes.
Even in churches this virus is widely prevalent. It was not a theological, but a racial, issue that split the Methodist Church in 1844 and kept it in sectional units for almost a hundred years, with the breach only partially healed by the formula of union in 1939. The northern and southern Presbyterians and Baptists are still separated with race in the background, though with important theological differences in addition to the racial attitudes that have prevailed in Methodism. Yet it is the existence not of separate denominations, but of segregation within virtually every denomination, that is the most telling evidence of the depth of the problem. This separateness, whether or not required by organizational structures, is everywhere present. One has but to enter almost any church and look around to discover it.
Paradoxically, it is this issue among all our major social problems on which there is the greatest agreement in principle. Representative church bodies have again and again called for a "nonsegregated church In a nonsegregated society." The Federal Council of Churches in 1946 declared:
The Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America renounces the pattern of segregation in race relations as unnecessary and undesirable and a violation of the gospel of love and brotherhood. Having taken this action the Federal Council requests its constituent communions to do likewise.1
Similar resolutions, including endorsement of the Supreme Court decision, have been passed by the churches again and again. One of the most significant of these is the affirmation of the Southern Baptist Convention in 1956 in view of the fact that this is the largest southern denomination and its members are widely involved in current tensions:
We recognize the fact that this Supreme Court decision is in harmony with the constitutional guarantee of equal freedom to all citizens and with the Christian principles of equal justice and love for all men. . . . [We urge our] people and all Christians to conduct themselves in this period of adjustment in the spirit of Christ.2
Comparable declarations have been made by other churches even in those areas where racial tensions are most acute. "Denominational conference statements of the mainline Protestant churches in the South have almost uniformly affirmed the incompatibility of segregation with Christian principles and the need for revision of local practice." 3
To cite one more statement from an inclusive perspective, the World Council of Churches at Evanston in 1954 issued an extraordinarily forward-looking statement on race relations which contains these words:
When we are given Christian insight the whole pattern of racial discrimination is seen as an unutterable offence against God, to be endured no longer, so that the very stones cry out. In such moments we understand more fully the meaning of the gospel, and the duty of both Church and Christian.
The skeptic is prone to say that the churches make these "ringing resolutions," yet hypocritically disregard them. That there is wide disregard is evident, but it cannot be charged simply to hypocrisy. The issues are complex, and we must attempt to sort out some of the interwoven strands that constitute the ugly net of race prejudice.
1. Biblical foundations
As has been done in other chapters, let us take a look at the biblical foundations of the Christian view. This can be brief, for the directives are unequivocal.
In the first chapter of Genesis it is written,
Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let
them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth." So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. (1:26-27.)
There is no suggestion here of a white God, or even of a Semitic God. Nor is there any intimation that some who are thus to "have dominion" are to constitute a dominant race while others do the menial tasks of mankind. Even though Negroes be assumed to be the descendants of Ham, the Jews of Shem, and the Aryans of Japheth — a view which anthropologists discredit — all are equally the Sons of Adam and made in the divine image. There is not a little religious exclusiveness in the history of the Hebrews as it is recorded in the Old Testament, and this gave rise to a Jewish particularism which the greater prophets had to condemn as they stressed the love of God for all men.4 Yet the doctrine of creation that is the common heritage of Jewish and Christian faith asserts unequivocally the unity of mankind and leaves no standing ground for racial exclusiveness.
In the New Testament this becomes unmistakable. The equality of all persons before God was basic to the outlook of Jesus. The parable of the good Samaritan is the most dramatic challenge to racial exclusiveness, but it appears again and again in Jesus' own service to human need regardless of racial or national backgrounds and in his portrayal of the conditions of entrance into the Kingdom. In the last judgment scene, it is not one's Jewish ancestry but care for the hungry and thirsty, for the naked, sick, and imprisoned, that will determine one's place (Matt. 25:31-46). In the great consummation, "men will come from east and west, and from north and south, and sit at table in the kingdom of God" (Luke 13:29). Jesus did not hesitate to condemn the shallow self-confidence of those who trusted in their Jewish prerogatives, or to commend the faith of a Roman centurion as being superior to theirs (Matt. 23; 8:10-13). Had Jesus been willing to be neutral toward Jewish exclusiveness for fear of causing trouble, he might have escaped crucifixion but he would not have been our Lord.
In the early Church, the contest between Jewish exclusiveness and Christian universalism was at first sharp, but the latter won out to become the settled policy. The decision recorded in Acts 15:19-21 thereby becomes a watershed in the history of the Church. Peter's vision (Acts 10) and its bearing on the acceptance of the Roman centurion Cornelius into Christian fellowship bears directly on the issue of segregated churches today, and the truth could hardly be more forcefully put than in Peter's words that clinch the matter, "Truly I perceive that God shows no partiality" (v. 34). Paul repeatedly declared that "all men, both Jews and Greeks, are under the power of sin" (Rom. 3:9), but that Christ died for the redemption of all, and has reconciled us to God and to one another. "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus." (Gal. 3:28.) No greater charter of race equality need be cited than that found in Ephesians, "For he is our peace, who has made us both one, and has broken down the dividing wall of hostility" (2:14).
But why multiply citations? The record is so clear that almost any Christian will admit that in principle race prejudice is wrong. But what of our practice?
2. The causes of race prejudice
Race prejudice is a pervasive human phenomenon. Yet clearly it is not inborn. Colored and white children will play together when permitted to do so with full friendliness. On the street where I live there is also a Negro physician and his fine family, and it is an attractive sight to see these children playing with the white children of the neighborhood. Little Gentiles get along very well with the little Jews, or at least, as well as with other little Gentiles. It is when frightened parents erect prohibitions that the seeds of prejudice are planted. These in most cases are planted early and grow luxuriously.
By the time of adolescence, unless positive steps are taken to counteract it, segregation has emerged as a dominant pattern. So powerful are the drives toward conformity in high school and college years that it is not uncommon to find an intense and irrational cruelty toward those of other races. On the other hand, young people are more apt than their elders to break through the patterns of racial discrimination if there are democratic and Christian influences upon their thinking and friendly group contacts are possible with those of another race. Where segregation is removed in practice, its justification in principle rapidly subsides.
Confront an adult with the fact of his race prejudice, and he will do one of three things. He will deny it, he will admit it but admit also that it is irrational, or he will begin to rationalize his attitudes. The rationalizations will usually take the form of words about being different from "our kind of people"; about inferior and superior races; about dirt and smells, or dishonesty and treachery and the "yellow peril"; about the danger of intermarriage; about how those of other races are "creeping up on us" and "don't know their place." When sifted out these rationalizations indicate that psychological, cultural, social, nationalistic, and economic factors have been superimposed upon and confused with biological facts. As a result, we have a "color caste" of which the roots are not primarily to be found in biological differences, but with its evil effects irrationally transferred to great groups loosely designated as racial.
Race is a most ambiguous term, in which many national, geographical, cultural, and linguistic elements are mixed. Though race is sometimes correctly designated by basic biological types as Caucasian, Mongolian, or Negroid, in practice it is more often indicated by color, as black, white, red, yellow, or brown; or by nationality, as Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Mexican; or by geographical origin, as Oriental, Asiatic, European, African; or by a combination of ethnic, national, and geographical factors, as Nordic, Teutonic, Slavic, Latin American, French Canadian. A particular problem is posed by an attempt to classify the Jews, for while they are a Semitic people who have had relatively little racial intermixture through the centuries, it is an ever-present problem as to whether the terms "Jew" and "Jewish" refer mainly to a race or to a religion.
Such adjectives give evidence that the race problem is never wholly a matter of biological distinction and stratification. Racial intermixtures have produced some very white-skinned Negroes with blue eyes and fair hair, yet the product of such a union remains a Negro.5 Race as the term is commonly used designates very nearly what the Germans call Volk — a group sharing a common cultural tradition, whether of achievement or servitude, with some measure of national, geographical, and biological affinity. Our language being what it is, we must use the term "race" in spite of its looseness.
Racial prejudice is, first of all, a psychological factor, rooting in collective egotism and pride and the pervasive human tendency to dislike the different. Though an ancient evil, it began to receive intellectual defense more recently than most evils, for it was only a century ago that Count Gobineau published in French his four-volume Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, in which he contended that color of skin determines mental and spiritual differences, and that mixture of blood produces degeneracy and the fall of civilizations. There was little, if any, racial discrimination in the early or medieval Church, the conditions of membership and fellowship being determined by faith in Jesus Christ and fidelity to the ordinances of his church. "Race and color did not count in the early existence of the Protestant church. It was when modern Western imperialism began to explore and exploit the colored peoples of Africa, Asia and America that the beginning of segregation and discrimination based on color and race was initiated." 6 Nevertheless, the roots of race prejudice are as old as the human race in the tendency to like those who are like oneself and to dislike those who for any reason, biological or cultural, are different.
Sometimes this psychological dislike of the different is intensified by proximity, again by separation. For example, it is not uncommon for American Christians to be quite concerned to send missionaries to the Negroes of Africa, and to admire greatly Albert Schweitzer's service to them, and yet to stand rigidly for segregation in one's own community or church. it is easy for persons in New England to be more "broad-minded" on the matter of racial integration than they would be if they lived in Mississippi. Nevertheless, proximity need not breed tension; it can create fellowship. As we shall observe in noting what the Church can do about racial tension, one of the first steps in overcoming it is to bring people together, both physically and spiritually, so that what seems to be difference can be discovered to be kinship. This calls for a mingling of the races wherever this can be done without fresh outbreaks of animosity, and a sharing of the best in every cultural tradition.
Another form of rationalization, we noted, was the claim of "superior" and "inferior" races. Count Gobineau's contentions were widely believed until quite recently, and are still bandied about by those who never heard his name. Yet for the past two decades they have been scientifically exploded, and no reputable psychologist or anthropologist now accepts them. In 1938 the American Psychological Association went on record as declaring that there are no innate mental differences among races. In the same year the American Anthropological Association asserted that there is no scientific basis for the biological inheritance of cultural traits, or of any traits implying racial inferiority.7 These judgments have been corroborated by medical science in reference to the Negro blood bank by declaring that there is no difference in the blood of colored and white persons, thus reinforcing the biblical word that God "hath made of one blood all nations of men" (K.J.V.) to dwell together.
There are, of course, primitive and advanced groups even as there are stupid and highly capable individuals within every group. These discernible differences have lent support to the myth of natural inequality. Informed opinion, however, agrees with Gunnar Myrdal in An American Dilemma that there is a vicious circle at this point.8 Denied the cultural, educational, and economic advantages held by others, underprivileged groups tend to remain in this status, as in America the restriction of Negroes to unskilled labor and meager educational facilities has prevented their advancement to positions of leadership comparable with the more privileged. Increasingly in the world scene, as in America, it becomes evident that there are persons of extraordinary ability in every racial group, and the flowering of such talent awaits only the opportunity.
Cultural aversion to those of other races, whether in the form of depreciating their ability or in more offensive matters of name calling and the attaching of uncomplimentary labels, eventuates from the common tendency to commit the fallacy of hasty generalization. Some Negroes have grown up in circumstances where they have not learned to bathe; hence it is assumed that all are dirty. Under economic pressure for many centuries, some Jews have developed a tendency to drive a sharp bargain; hence it is assumed that this is a universal racial trait. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, and China is held by the Communists; hence nobody from the Orient is to be trusted! The internment and relocation of 110,000 Japanese on the Pacific Coast during the Second World War, not for any acts of disloyalty but simply through a suspicion based on racial identification, was less virulent in its effect than the Nazi destruction of the Jews but equally irrational. The outbreak of violence, intimidation, and the formation of "white citizens' councils" that has come with the effort to desegregate the schools is a carry-over both from the Negro's former status as a slave and from the assumption by white persons of the Negro's general inferiority.
Such hasty generalization cannot be dealt with simply by demonstrating its irrationality. That it is irrational to judge whole peoples by mass standards of approval or disapproval rather than by individual status is certainly true, and needs to be constantly kept in mind. But since this type of judgment is basically a matter of feeling rather than reason, only a change of feeling can correct it. This is why the Christian faith, when it is made vital in terms of the equal worth of all persons to God, is a more effective solvent of ill feeling than argument, even as a sense of sin about race prejudice is a necessary prelude to repentance and change.
This cultural aversion appears in its most potent form in the fear of intermarriage. This is cited again and again as the all-sufficient reason why there must be no social intermingling of the different racial groups, and in particular why the young people must be kept apart not only in schools but in churches. About this two judgments must be passed. The first is that miscegenation ought not to be encouraged. Not because any biological inferiority results from a mixing of racial stocks, but because in the present state of society tensions are more often increased than abated by it, intermarriage is on the whole a step away from the solution of the race problem rather than toward it.
The second judgment is that there is no law of God against such intermarriage, and there ought to be none of the State. The World Council of Churches took a bold and true step when it declared:
While it can find in the Bible no clear justification or condemnation of intermarriage, but only a discussion of the duties of the faithful in marriage with partners of other religions, it cannot approve any law against racial or ethnic intermarriage, for Christian marriage involves primarily a union of two individuals before God which goes beyond the jurisdiction of the state or of culture.
Some intermarriages have produced happy and effective Christian homes; others have not. Here as elsewhere, hasty generalization must be avoided. What can be said with certainty is that the fear of intermarriage, erected as a barrier to social fellowship, does harm and thwarts constructive effort far in excess of the actual justification of such a fear.
Ramifying through all these factors are economic rivalry and a fear of the loss of prestige or power through the influx or advancement of those of other racial stocks. This is evidenced by the fact that in industry, schools, and many other aspects of community life, a racial minority will be tolerated as long as it is a very minor minority. Let the numbers increase, or the positions other than those of unskilled manual labor be taken by those of another race, and there is an outbreak of objection which is easily stirred into violence.
Paradoxically, labor unions have gone further than any other group in America, not excepting the churches, to witness against racial injustice and try to secure equality of treatment. This is probably due chiefly to a certain sense of solidarity in injustice in protest against the dominant white, bourgeois, employing classes. Yet in both labor unions and churches, the official group pronouncements are on a higher level of insight than the actual practices of great numbers of their membership. While the unions exercise a coercive power that the churches cannot, psychological reaction to economic rivalry follows a consistent pattern. Wherever status is touched or income is jeopardized, the liberality of attitudes tends to shrink and rationalizations of discrimination to emerge.
Racial and cultural are mixed with national factors to make the term "foreigner" one of opprobrium. This is evident in the tendency to speak of the Italians, Mexicans, French Canadians, or Irish as a separate racial stock, the degree of acceptance even in the "melting pot" of democratic America being by no means certain. In the Old Testament the Jews drew tight lines between themselves as the chosen people of God and their neighbors, in the New Testament the "Jews have no dealings with Samaritans," and in every culture from the beginning of recorded history to the present there are evidences of antipathy between the "in-grout and the "out-group." Robert P. Tristram Coffin in a whimsical but nevertheless serious poem has represented the men of Ur and Akkad as telling why they do not like each other:
The Man of Akkad:
The men of Ur have heads too round.
They have to build themselves a mound
To reach their god. Their toes turn in,
They have no hair upon their chin.
They are not men. Their women wear
The finer wool and build their hair
High as towers in their pride,
The men go meekly dressed in hide.
They eat the fat part of their goats,
Their speech is low down in their throats.
To them the only proper word
Is the thin edge of a sword.
The Man of Ur:
The men of Akkad have no faces.
Their curled beards are the nesting places
Of the vermin and the flea.
They turn their toes out wantonly.
Their heads are squeezed too long for brains,
They have to ask their gods for rains.
They beat their wives, they wear soft clothes,
Their speech is high and through the nose,
Their noses are as great as plows,
They eat the udders of their cows.
The language that will suit them best
Is the arrow through the breast.
Ur and Akkad are dead sands,
But they have sons in living lands.9
Thus far we have been noting the merging of race prejudice with cultural, economic, and political antipathies in the domestic scene. Yet no informed person needs to be told that racism is a world-wide phenomenon and that in our interdependent world, racial antipathies anywhere endanger the security and welfare of persons everywhere.
Let us look, therefore, somewhat more briefly at the effects of race prejudice.
3. Effects of race prejudice
Racism imperils the peace of the world. Not race, which in the order of nature has been established by God that there may be variety among his children, but racism. Racism is the perversion of this variety, the injection of attitudes of domination, superiority, and enmity where there ought to be fellowship within this diversity. Since this is a moral universe, racism cannot continue without injury and peril to all — to those who dominate as well as to those who suffer from the domination of others.
In the past the major wars have been fought between those of Caucasian stock. The colored peoples of the earth, though outnumbering the white peoples two to one, have lacked not only the incentive of hope of victory, but the economic resources and the technical skills by which massive conflicts could be waged. In the past two decades this situation has changed radically. Many millions of persons formerly in colonial status have come to a new nationhood since the Second World War — India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, the Philippines, Indonesia, South Korea, and South Viet-Nam, with at least nominal freedom also in North Korea and Viet Minh. Others feel the ferment of the possibility of both political freedom and release from hunger, and will no longer accept domination complacently. In two of the most troubled areas of the earth, South Africa and the Middle East, racial conflict and tension are at an all-time high, with no hope of any immediate abatement.
There is no evidence that any of the peoples just mentioned desire, or will press for, world conquest. There is, however, another power in Eastern Europe that apparently does desire world domination and with great skill manipulates the longings of these people for racial equality, economic subsistence, and political freedom. If they do not receive support from the West in these legitimate aspirations, they will look to the East to get it. The result could be a third world war and global destruction.
It cannot be said that there is complete racial equality within Communism, for Jews have been discriminated against in Soviet Russia as elsewhere. Yet there is little doubt that race equality is practiced further under Communism than is general in the democracies of the West, and it is certain that our racial inequalities, though exaggerated, are a chief weapon in the psychological war against us.
I make no claim to being a prophet. Yet in 1944, when Russia was still generally viewed as a faithful ally, I wrote these words:
Let us rejoice heartily that there is race equality anywhere, whether under a Christian or Communist ideology. But let us beware. When the time comes to make the peace, the suppressed longings of the colored and racially underprivileged peoples of the world, if they do not see freedom in prospect elsewhere, will turn to Russia to get it. The color question cannot fail to be a powerful leverage to enhance the authority of Russia after the war. One may doubt whether Russia is altruistic enough to use this authority to increase the welfare of the world; one cannot doubt that the union of capitalism with race discrimination puts a weapon of incalculable power in the hands of Mr. Stalin.10
Since that time Stalin has passed from the scene and his authority as well, but what he set in motion has not passed away. Since that time also, the emergence of the atomic and hydrogen bombs has vastly increased the peril to the total world that racial conflict might fan to hideously destructive power.
But what of the effects of race discrimination in the immediate, domestic setting?
The effects upon its recipients are so manifold in the form of hurts, frustrations, denials of opportunity, and the continuance of a rankling sense of injustice that I shall make no attempt to catalogue them.
In our own country millions of people especially American Negroes are subjected to discrimination and unequal treatment in educational opportunities, in employment, wages and conditions of work, in access to professional and business opportunities, in housing, in transportation, in the administration of justice and even in the right to vote.11
In recent years some advance steps have been made, as in the opening of Pullman cars and diners to Negroes, elimination of segregation in the armed forces, and the admission of Negroes to some southern state universities. Yet the attempts made to nullify the Supreme Court decision even at the cost of eliminating the public schools and passing acts of open defiance in state legislatures, to say nothing of rioting and violence and the nonviolent but intimidating acts of white citizens' councils, indicate how long a road there is yet to travel. Not since the Civil War has the internal harmony of the United States been so seriously disturbed.
Not only does race discrimination hurt those who are its recipients, but those who practice it become also its victims. As Benjamin Mays, himself an eminent Negro college president, stated eloquently before the World Council of Churches in Evanston,
Usually the question is: What does discrimination or segregation do to the person segregated, to the disadvantaged person? . . . But we seldom realize what discrimination does to the person who practices it. It scars not only the soul of the segregated but the soul of the segregator as well. When we build fences to keep others out, erect barriers to keep others down, deny to them freedom which we ourselves enjoy and cherish most, we keep ourselves in, hold ourselves down, and the barriers we erect against others become prison bars to our own souls.
A major effect in the domestic scene is what racism does to public respect for the principles of democracy and of Christianity. In both connections there are endless reverberations, which can be touched upon only in barest mention. When one becomes accustomed to perversions of justice with reference to those of another race, these are likely before long not to seem perversions, and the democratic conscience that should be demanding "liberty and justice for all" is dulled into acquiescence. Those on the receiving end of the injustice can scarcely avoid the feeling that democracy is being flouted, and the temptation to flout it in return is strong. Both of these reactions together are responsible for not a little of the domestic unrest and incidence of crime in our society.
In the Church also there is a sheaf of bad effects. The most obvious one, by the continuance of segregation, is to negate the principle of the equality of all men before God, which even the most casual secularist recognizes to be Christian, and thus to bring the Church into disfavor. More subtle effects, however, are found in the thwarting of the growth of Christian personality by denials of opportunity and fellowship that should be open to all, and in the deepening of the sin of moral dullness through all the forms of rationalization that have been outlined.
Only God can judge fully the range and depth of these evil effects. In an issue so complex and so serious, claims of human omniscience are very inappropriate. There is need to be tolerant and understanding, to "judge not, that you be not judged." Yet there is need also to be clear-sighted and to be firm. To be neutral or acquiescent in conditions so clearly at variance with the Christian gospel is to deny our faith.
4. Proposals for Christian action12
The Church cannot let these conditions continue without action. The security of the world calls for the mitigation of racial tensions through justice. Yet deeper than the demand for security is the obligation of the Christian gospel to increase love in human relations.
In the first place, the Church must understand and proclaim its gospel. Vague generalities about the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man have often been spoken which do not cut down through our crust of convention to where the race problem is. We need to recover the insights of Jesus on this question. And one of the most amazing things about Jesus is how he met the racism of his day. Reared in a Jewish tradition that prided itself on being the chosen people of God, living in occupied territory where Roman superiority and Jewish superiority were always in uneasy tension, he lived on a plane that made a Roman centurion say of him, "Truly this was a son of God!" (Matt. 27:54). Jew, Roman, Samaritan, Syrophoenician, were to him equally the children of God. In the presence of human need, his healing knew no bounds.
If we examine the democracy of Jesus — a democracy which he never talked about but always practiced — we discover in it both the fountainhead of our democracy and certain radical challenges. We talk much about the dignity of man. This he did not deny; in fact, he assumed it, but always in the framework of man's dependence upon God and the obligation to obey God and love one another. His emphasis was not on the claim of personal rights, as so much of ours is, but on the doing of duties. This may well lead to the claiming of rights for others, but such a demand must first be expressed in the acts and attitudes of daily life. These four — divine dependence, mutual obligation stemming from love, sound judgment of human nature, and the practice of brotherhood in daily experience — are the basis of any true democracy. Not until the Church both preaches and practices such Christian democracy will it touch the fringe of the race question.
Second, the Church must put its own house in order. This means the welcome presence of colored Christians in the membership, the worship services, church schools, discussion groups, and social gatherings of the Church. It means the presence of colored persons in the conferences and policy-making bodies of the Church. It means the refusal to permit segregation in the living arrangements connected with church meetings. It means the sharing of the recreational, educational, and hospital facilities of the Church with all who need them. It means the interchange of pulpits between colored and white ministers, and much further advance in what has already been here and there undertaken, an interracial ministry. As qualified persons can be found or trained, there must be interracial teaching, medical, and administrative staffs in the institutions of the Church. In such arrangements there must be equal and nonsegregated living and working conditions, equal pay, equal opportunities of promotion, regardless of color. Differentiation on grounds of contribution and fitness does not justify differentiation on grounds of race. If such a program arouses opposition, as it is likely to, this calls for the tactful but courageous insistence that the house of God is a place of prayer and service for all peoples and the Church of God cannot sanction discrimination at any point.
I am aware that the relatively mild proposals of the preceding sentences, if acted upon, would be revolutionary. Already I hear someone say, "You couldn't do that in my church!" Have you tried? The ideal of race equality will not arrive all at once. But it will not arrive at all until we stop conforming to prevailing attitudes and practices and give the Church an opportunity to lead in the shaping of community standards. Even conflict, if dealt with in love, can prove a creative experience.
In bringing about such changes, there is particular need to avoid incrimination and self-righteousness and to act upon the basis of true facts and principles, not upon emotional impulse. Race prejudice, we have seen, is basically a matter of emotion, and there can be no effective challenge of it without right counter-emotions. Such depth of concern does not justify unloving attitudes toward or name calling of one's opponents. "Speaking the truth in love" is a supreme need.
It is easy for one to say this who has not personally felt the sting of race discrimination. Yet the need becomes far more eloquent when it comes from the lips of one who bears the brunt of it, yet without hatred. It was put in words that ought to become classic by the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., a few hours after his arrest as a leader of passive resistance against segregation in the Montgomery, Alabama, bus lines:
If we are arrested every day, if we are exploited every day, if we are trampled over every day, don't ever let anyone pull you so low as to hate them. We must use the weapon of love. We must have compassion and understanding for those who hate us. We must realize so many people are taught to hate us that they are not totally responsible for their hate. But we stand in life at midnight; we are always on the threshold of a new dawn.13
The race problem must, for the most part, be met by person to person contacts which create understanding. This calls for more intervisitation and social fellowship, both locally and nationally, and as occasion permits, in the world community. It is hard to remain hostile toward a people whose individuals one has come to know and love. Such fellowship has been one of the major contributions of the ecumenical movement.
In cases of racial discrimination by public agencies within the community, the Church must be willing to stand up and be counted on the side of equality. It must act in co-operation with other community forces if possible, but in any case it must act. Not alone prophetic indictment, but patient mediation, is the function of Christian leaders.
From time to time, political aspects of the question call for action. Among these are the steps to be taken toward desegregation in the schools and universities, the poll-tax issue, the passage of guarantees of fair employment practices, the removal of restrictions in housing and the use of public facilities. Segregation cannot be justified on the ground of "separate but equal" facilities, for what is separate is discriminatory and hence not equal. Though the right next steps to take are not always clear, the principle is, and Christian citizens who take their gospel seriously should lead the way.
Since the race question is a world issue, and not simply a local or national one, education and action as to its world implications are necessary. Support by citizens of such action as will lift the living standards and the human dignity of the millions of underprivileged, nonwhite peoples of the earth is imperative. Congressmen must be made to feel that their constituencies insist upon it.
Finally, the total problem must be lifted into the realm of prayer and worship. We must pray for those of other races; we must be responsive to the awareness that they are praying for us. When one enters truly into the mood of intercession, bitterness departs and fellowship takes its place. It has been the contention of this chapter that the removal of race prejudice is a duty laid upon us by God, and if it is God's business we are engaged in, we must give God an opening in our souls.
Since it is God's business, let us not despair. The solution will not come tomorrow, but it will come. In the midst of the walls of opposition erected by men stands Christ, who breaks down the "dividing wall of hostility" that separates us. It is the business of Christians to give him a chance to act.
1. Quoted by John C. Bennett in Christian Ethics and Social Policy (New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons, 1946), p. 10 n.
2. The Christian Century, June 23, 1954, p. 759.
3. Waldo Beach in "Storm Warnings from the South," Christianity and Crisis, March 19, 1956, p. 30.
4. As in Amos 9:7 and the "servant songs" of Isaiah. Cf. Isa. 49:6; 51:4; 52:10; 56:3, 6-8.
5. For very telling evidence of this fact, read A Man Called White (New York: Viking Press, 1948), the life story of a very light-skinned Negro, Walter White, who was long the general secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and one of the outstanding leaders of his race.
6. From an address by Dr. Benjamin Mays at the Second Assembly of the World Council of Churches in Evanston, III., August 21, 1954.
7. H. A. Wallace, et al., Christian Bases of World Order (New York and Nashville:
Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1943), pp. 104, 107.
8. Ch. 3, sec. 7.
9. Used by permission of the author's estate.
10. Ibid., pp. 196-97.
11. From the report of the Delaware Conference of the Federal Council of Churches, March, 1942. This statement, though old, puts the issues as succinctly as they can be put.
12. The remainder of this chapter is reprinted with some changes and additions from my article on "The Racial Issue and the Christian Church" in The Church and the New World Mind. Used by permission of the Bethany Press.
13. The New York Times, February 24, 1956.
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Better Health News » Drugs In Your Drinking Water? Say It Isn't So!
Drugs In Your Drinking Water? Say It Isn't So!
A new report today from the Associated Press revealed an alarming finding: numerous pharmaceutical drugs in drinking water – your municipal drinking water.
41 Millions Americans are estimated to be exposed.
The type of drugs found? Pain meds (tylenol, motrin), seizure drugs, mood stabilizers, steroids, cholesterol and asthma meds, and even antibiotics and drugs that treat mental illness showed up on analysis.
The worse city cited in the article? Philadelphia – 56 drugs were found in treated drinking water. Even more were found in the watersheds. It appears that most major metropolitan areas are affected to some degree.
So how are these drugs getting into your drinking water? Some are leaching in. Many are never completely removed by water treatment facilities. The potential health risks of this type of exposure is unknown. To learn more, read the original article here.
HomeHealth MattersDrugs In Your Drinking Water? Say It Isn't So!


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Category: South Sudan
Home Archive by Category "South Sudan" (Page 9)
South Sudan suspends training of unified forces over Coronavirus
March 28, 2020 Breaking News, News, South Sudan, Top Stories3 commentssouthsudannews
Juba, March 28, 2020 (SSNA) — South Sudan has suspended the training of the unified forces over Coronavirus fear, army spokesman Lul Ruai Koang says. The announcement came less than a week after the transitional government banned all fights and closed borders. "We had to do that because of coronavirus, to prevent our forces from…
Health minister, Coronavirus, and English language fluency nonsense
March 27, 2020 Analyses, Articles, Opinion, South Sudan14 commentssouthsudannews
By Duop Chak Wuol March 27, 2020 (SSNA) — In recent days, the newly appointed minister of health Elizabeth Achuei Yol has come under intense criticism from many South Sudanese, most of whom mocked the minister on social media platforms. The minister was condemned because she incorrectly pronounced the COVID-19 or Coronavirus at a news…
Sudan's defense minister dies in Juba
March 25, 2020 News, South Sudan, World1 commentsouthsudannews
Juba, March 25, 2020 (SSNA) — Sudan's defense minister, Lt. General Jamal Omar, has died in Juba this morning, a senior South Sudanese government official told the South Sudan News Agency (SSNA). The official, who asked his name be kept anonymous because of the sensitivity of the issue reveals that the late Sudanese minister died…
Coronavirus fears force South Sudan to ban international flights
March 24, 2020 Breaking News, Health, News, South Sudan, Top Stories2 commentssouthsudannews
Juba, March 24, 2020 (SSNA) — The newly-formed transitional government of national unity has banned all international flights coming into or going out of the country due to fears of Coronavirus, the government said on Monday. Juba asserted that the move is to prevent the spread of the deadly virus. The government also banned public…
The Defection of General James Koang Chuol Ranley: What went wrong?
March 21, 2020 Analyses, Articles, Opinion, South Sudan4 commentssouthsudannews
By Duop Chak Wuol March 21, 2020 (SSNA) — The 17th of March 2020 defection of a Sudan People's Liberation Army-In Opposition (SPLA-IO) high-ranking military officer Lieutenant General James Koang Chuol Ranley—a former armed opposition deputy chief of General Staff for Administration and Finance and former co-chair of Joint Defense Board (JDB) has raised many…
Deadlock emerges as peace partners failed to agree on states distribution
March 21, 2020 Breaking News, News, South Sudan, Top Stories10 commentssouthsudannews
Juba, March 21, 2020 (SSNA) — South Sudan's main peace partners President Salva Kiir and First Vice President Dr. Riek Machar have been in talks over states division and the two leaders failed to agree on who should take what state, a newly appointed minister who prefers to remains anonymous because he was not authorized…
Eastern Jikany Peace Initiative Committee (EPIC) Joint Press Release on Defection of Lt. Gen. Koang Chuol Ranley
March 20, 2020 News, Press Releases, South Sudan2 commentssouthsudannews
Re: Eastern Jikany Peace Initiative Committee (EPIC) Joint Press Release on Defection of 1st Lt. G. Cdr Koang Chuol Ranley and Condemnation of unknown Eastern Jikany Youth Worldwide Support behind the defection Office of the EPIC Executive Council March 20, 2020 (SSNA) — We the Eastern Jikany Peace Initiative Forum do hereby strongly condemn the…
South Sudan deputy interior minister questions the viability of peace agreement
March 17, 2020 Breaking News, News, South Sudan, Top StoriesNo Commentssouthsudannews
Juba, March 17, 2020 (SSNA) — South Sudan's newly appointed deputy minister of interior, Mabior Garang de Mabior, says he is not sure if the September 2018 revitalized agreement will achieve reforms needed by his part, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-In Opposition (SPLM-IO). His comment came days after his appointment. The SPLM-IO figure discloses that…
The analysis of Chapter Five of the Revitalized Agreement on Conflict Resolution in South Sudan (R-ARCISS)
March 17, 2020 Articles, Opinion, South SudanNo Commentssouthsudannews
By Peter Reat Gatkuoth Abstract March 17, 2020 (SSNA) — A key element in resolving the brutal civil conflict, which has cost about 400, 000 lives and displaced more than 4 million people since its beginning in December 2013, is the signing of the Revitalized Agreement on conflict resolution in South Sudan (R-ARCSS), which was…
Is SPLM-IO a family business?
By Duop Chak Wuol March 13, 2020 (SSNA) — The recent appointments of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-In Opposition (SPLM-IO) national ministers and deputy ministers have been widely welcome in South Sudan and around the world. However, there are some people who believe that the nomination of Angelina Nyajany Teny as a minister of defense…
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


€29 for a 60-minute hot oil massage Learn more about what to expect at a massage.
Expires 90 days after purchase. May be repurchased every 30 days. Limit 1 per person, may buy 1 additional as a gift. Booking required, please call +35315636111; quote Groupon code. Same day appointments accepted. Present printed Groupon on arrival. 24-hour cancellation policy. New customers only. Must be 18 or older. Valid for option purchased only. Each customer may only use a voucher once. Some types of massage may not be suitable for pregnant or elderly women. Valid Mon-Sat 11am-6.30pm.
The staff at Acupuncture Healing Clinic offer a wide selection of relaxation and wellness services. Options include acupuncture, moxibustion, hot cupping and ear candling, as well as facials, massages, reflexology and acupressure treatments.


1. Preheat a BBQ or grill pan on a medium high heat. Cut the peaches in half, remove the stones and cook on the grill for 5 minutes or until the peach just begins to soften. Remove from the pan, then cook the chicken until completely cooked through and golden.
2. Slice the chicken and peaches, then place in a large bowl with the salad leaves and red onion. Pour over lemon juice, oil, salt and pepper. Use clean hands to mix all ingredients together and then heap onto plates and sprinkle over pine nuts and feta.


Industrial Paper Cutter Machine Repair | Call Today!
Hi, my name is Don Mcintyre of the Don Mcintyre Service and welcome to our site.
Before starting out this paper-cutter repair service, I used to work as a field engineer but unfortunately, our division had to be shut down in 1976. It was somewhat a blessing because it gave me the chance to open up my own industrial paper-cutter machine repair service.
Our experience and skills from being in the business for four decades can demonstrate how committed we are. Not only that, we are proud to say that the quality of our paper-cutter machine repair service is exceptional. We could not make it this far without the assistance we received from our technicians as well - their dedication and commitment.
Don Mcintyre Service can carry out repair service to any paper-cutter machine - be it a new or used one. We have all the necessary tools and are always up to date on how best to repair these machines.
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You just need to get in touch with us - either through our email address at [email protected] or you can also give us a call at (240) 423-1772. We will be able to give you a quick demo, if necessary. On the other hand, you can also use the same communication channels, if you want to book a repair service with us.


EIT Health Germany is pleased to announce that – effective 1st April 2018 – Eva-Maria Markutzik (neé Gottmann) will assume the role of Innovation Manager of EIT Health Germany. Eva joined EIT Health Germany in 2016 and has – for the past 18 months – provided business creation and education services to EIT Health Germany members and German/Swiss start-ups in the field of biotech, medtech and digital health. In her role as Innovation Manager for the CLC, she will now focus her attention on building cross-border and cross-sectional innovation projects between EIT Health partners from different regions and with different strengths in developing and implementing innovative healthcare solutions for the benefit of patients and people in Europe.
You can read more about Eva in this profile.


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Tag Archives: Iraqi war map
#IRAQ 1 - 21.08.2017
ISIS Claims 3 Successful SVBIED Attacks Against Advancing Iraqi Forces In Tal Afar Area
The ISIS-linked media has released own version of the results of the first day of the Iraqi operation to liberate…
#FROMTHEFRONT 10 - 03.08.2017
Military Situation In Iraq On August 3, 2017 (Map Update)
This map provides a general look at the military situation in Iraqi on August 3, 2017. The Iraqi Popular Mobilization…
#FOOTAGE 3 - 18.07.2017
Map Visualisation: Battle For Mosul, November 2016 – July 2017
A major military operation aimed at liberating the Iraqi city of Mosul from ISIS terrorists started on October 16, 2016. On…
#FROMTHEFRONT	14.04.2017
Military Situation In Iraqi City Of Mosul On April 14, 2017 (Map Update)
This map shows the military situation in the Iraqi city of Mosul on April 14, 2017.
#FROMTHEFRONT 1 - 03.04.2017
Military Situation In Mosul On April 3, 2017 (Iraqi Map Update)
This map shows the military situation in the Iraqi city of Mosul on April 3, 2017.
Military Situation In Mosul On March 31, 2017 (Iraqi Map Update)
This map shows the military situation in the Iraqi city of Mosul on March 31, 2017.
Military Situation In Iraq On March 24, 2017 (Map Update)
This map provides a general look at the military situation in Iraq on March 24, 2017.
This map shows the military situation in Iraq on March 20, 2017.
Military Situation In Iraqi City Of Mosul On March 6, 2017
This map shows the military situation in the Iraqi city of Mosul on March 6, 2017. Iraqi security forces liberated…
Military Situation In Area Of Mosul On March 2, 2017 (Iraqi Map Update)
This map shows the military situation in the area of Mosul on March 2, 2017:
Reports appear that the Iraqi army and the Popular Mobilization Units (PMU) are preparing for a wide-scale operation aimed to retake…
Military Situation In Iraq On February 27, 2017
This map provides a general look at the military situation in Iraq on February 27, 2017.
Military Situation In Iraq City Of Mosul And Its Countryside On February 24, 2017 (Maps)
These maps show the military situation in the Iraqi city of Mosul and its countryside on February 24, 2017.


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Key Duplication & Lock Replacement
OFFERING THE BEST SOLUTION FOR YOUR HOME, BUSINESS, AND AUTOMOTIVE LOCKSMITH NEEDS IN MADISON AND SURROUNDING AREA
Originally settled by Europeans around 1641, Madison was called East Guilford throughout the 18th century, but when it was formally incorporated as a town in 1826, it was renamed Madison in honor of James Madison, the fourth President of the United States.
Speaking of former Presidents, Bill Clinton singled out Madison in his 2004 memoir, My Life, referring to the town as an "especially old and beautiful" favorite from his time at neighboring Yale University.
In a further link (of sorts) to a former U.S. President, the E.C. Scranton Memorial Library in Madison was given as a gift to the townspeople by Mary Scranton in 1801, with the original building being designed by architect Henry Bacon, who went on to design the famous and iconic Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C.
Bill Clinton got himself in a lot of trouble (almost losing his Presidency in the process) by taking advantage of a young and naive staff member in the White House, then lying about it under oath when discovered. But we here at SURE LOCK & KEY would never dream of taking advantage of nor lying to our valued customers as we strive earnestly to bring them the very best local residential, commercial, and automotive locksmith service imaginable near you.
Let us call You:
We're a full-service locksmith repair, replacement, and installation company founded by four brothers with over 35 years experience in the industry and built upon three core principles that we operate daily upon; namely great service, fair pricing, and prompt response. We also have an unshakeable belief in treating each and every one of our valued customers with dignity, honor, and respect in everything we do. We're more than just a company, we're a family, and we aim to have every one of our customers feel like part of the family by providing a local locksmith service near you that is both prompt and personable.
To that effect, we offer the following services to and for our valued customers;
24/7 emergency locksmith services.
A promise that all phone calls to ourselves will be answered by a live expert operator.
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A completely FREE no-obligation assessment and quote from our technician.
The most competitive locksmith prices in the current marketplace.
With an unswerving dedication to customer satisfaction, we offer a complete range of residential, commercial, and automotive locksmith services, including but not limited to;
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… and much, much more (please see our Services pages for more details).
Such is our dedication to providing our valued customers with the very best service imaginable, we employ only the most qualified, experienced, and expert technicians in the field, who upon you contacting ourselves, will visit you at a mutually-agreed time of your convenience, quickly and accurately assess your underlying locksmith needs, and should you decide to utilise our services, will then work tirelessly to meet those needs both effectively and efficiently, keeping you informed and consulted at every stage of the process, and providing you not only with unrivaled expertise, unmatched, workmanship, and peerless customer service and support, but also peace of mind and an assurance that with SURE LOCK & KEY, you'll be in good hands, whatever your residential, commercial, or automotive locksmith requirements may entail.
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Total Electric Cost Comparison Spreadsheet, Texas Electric Cost Calculator - Excel file free XLS download for individuals. Contact me for business, or other than individual pricing.
NOTE: Another web site exists that might help you find a lower priced provider than this program, You should probably take a look at http://www.texaspowerguide.com before you sign up for a plan. His database contains additional pricing information that is NOT included in the PTC online database OR collected for use by this program. It also uses your actual monthly usage data to find the lowest cost provider for a year of service, similar to this program. A $10 donation is requested if you find the program helpful.
New File Version (Feb 5, 2015) Fills in much more information for you automatically, including many of the low usage limits and fees! Info on how to calculate using credits from your solar panel (selling power back). Improved ease of finding best provider. If you have the option to choose your electric power provider, you have probably spent some time comparing the rates of different companies to decide who you should use.
To save some time while comparing different electric providers, I created an XL spreadsheet to do many of the calculations for you. You will need to enter or estimate your monthly electricity usage to help decide which plan is best for you. Look for the kWh usage on your monthly bills from last year and fill it in on the spreadsheet. Take a guess for any missing months. If necessary, adjust the usage for the extra insulation that you recently added to your attic. Make sure to save the file with YOUR usage information on YOUR computer. You will probably find it handy again in about a year. If you have a Texas smart meter, you may be able to download your usage HERE. Click on the USAGE TAB, pick your meter, then click the button to EXPORT REPORTS and pick the monthly data report.
Try to pick a provider that looks like it will be operational in a year. It is quite a pain when your electricity provider declares bankruptcy (experience speaking here). Also consider other fees--such as the fee for breaking the contract, if that is a possibility.
Download CompareElectricRates_Feb2015 if you would like to try the Excel spreadsheet. This version of the file that allows you to import data from PowerToChoose.org and to do much faster comparisons than you could by manually entering all of the data. You should find that this file allows a much better chance to find YOUR lowest cost electricity provider than by using the Power To Choose (PTC) web site.
NOTE: The PTC site was MUCH worse the last time I checked. Providers are custom designing plans to be at the top of the PTC web site list (lowest cost provider) for the 500, 1000, or 2000 kWh pricing points that PTC checks now. Below is an example of what the top rated (lowest cost) plans are starting to look like now on PTC. It is easy to beat the PTC system, since it appears to have been designed for failure. The top rated plans look to be some variation of the worst plan below (different slopes to the lines). This worst plan in the chart below allows you to be the top ranked PTC plan for ALL 3 pricing points, but probably be one of the most expensive plans in the world for consumers to choose. Using the PTC site to pick a plan right now can be very a expensive mistake (Nov 2016)!! Additional details in my proposed FACTS form.
This file allows you to sort the offers by different usage costs, your estimated yearly electric bill, and other items. This file also calculates the monthly fee and kWh rates for many providers, so that you only need to verify the numbers for the lower cost providers by reading the FACTS sheet or by calling the provider. You will still need to closely read the FACTS from PTC for a minimum usage fee for less than 500 kWh of usage. This is a popular fee that is currently hidden from the PTC imported data file, since it is not included in the file. You also need to closely read the FACTS because of all of the junk PTC plans being offered now. WARNING!!, Some of them also come up as the best priced plans using my program. Improvements coming soon, hopefully. I can only do so much with the CSV data file we have now. If you want to manually input all of the data yourself, here is an older version of the file.
Please make sure to verify all calculations with the provider before you make a decision on electric providers. If you DO NOT agree to verify the calculations, you ARE NOT authorized to download the spreadsheet. You should read off various months of your calculated bill amounts to the new provider candidate and make sure the untaxed calculations roughly match BEFORE YOU SIGN UP. The junk plans being offered now on PTC MANDATE that you input YOUR actual usage numbers, and definitely NOT the numbers 500, 1000, or 2000 kWh. You MUST have EXCEL or another spreadsheet program that opens Excel files on your computer to use this spreadsheet. You need real MS Excel for the latest version of the file.
You should use this program to sort the offers by YOUR price for a year of electricity, hidden Fees excluded. The program also allows you to manually input the additional data required for a more exact calculation, after you have manually read the FACTs. If you wonder why this program is necessary and why you have to manually read every FACTs label of interest to compare your yearly electric cost between different providers, maybe you should talk to PowerToChoose.org and ask them to explain it to you. Better yet, Email the governor and ask him to explain it. Call your state government representative and ask him. Email your local newspapers or Mr. Trump. Feel free to link to this page.
It seems to me that the answer is yes. The complete pricing for many of the plans on Power to Choose, can be defined by providing 13 numbers or less to a computer program. The most complex plans could probably be defined by less than 35 numbers. Numbers can be read by computers. Put all these numbers in a database, and you can calculate the lowest cost provider from thousands of plans in seconds. Don't think that is possible to define the plan prices that easily? Look at this file and tell me why not? The numbers that the provider will input are shown with a white background with blue letters. Everything else is calculated. The BLUE background numbers are sent to the CSV database.
What do you want to know when you are looking for the lowest cost electricity provider? I want to know the bottom line on how much their plan costs for a year of service. I don't want to read about how much they are paying somebody else, how they are tricking PTC in to a top rating, or how to write a computer program to calculate their price. I just want to know the price. And do you know what else I want? I DO NOT want to be forced to read ANY of the FACTS labels for ANY of the plans I am considering, (this extra step prevents many people from switching providers and saving $$$). Just give me the 13+ numbers that I need in a CSV database for all plans and I will do the calculations myself if PTC refuses to do them.
So far, Power to Choose has chosen not to collect and save these 10 to 35 numbers in a database to define each plan pricing. That is probably why so many people are wasting so much time and money each year. That is probably why so many people STILL overpay for electricity. In the meantime, the state of Texas (consumers like you and me) are still paying power to choose (Public Utility Commission??) employees for a job well done.
How do we solve this problem? It is actually pretty easy if you really WANT to solve the problem.
1. Create a standardized FACTS to be used by every electricity provider. I have already mostly done that part here.
Complaint: Oh, but I can NOT define my pricing with that form!
Reply: Fine, use the Alternate FACTS form and PTC could mark all of your problem prices as estimates. Advise any potential customers to verify every single monthly price before they sign up. If you can not define your pricing with either form, just rely on the old FACTS sheets that you have to manually read and see how many people sign up for your plan.
Complaint: It will take too much time to do all of that I don't know how.
Reply: If you can not calculate how much your customers monthly bill will be with your own plan, then who can do it? See the discussion below about how many years of time customers are wasting each and every year reading and interpreting the current FACTS labels being used today.
Complaint: I do not want everybody to know how much I am charging. I will not do it.
Complaint: It is not possible to do that. We need an order from the Texas legislature to do that.
Complaint: It will be too expensive to do that. it is not in the budget.
Reply to the Texas PUC: You have permission to use this proposed FACTS form for FREE and start sending it out TODAY. You do NOT have permission to alter in any way that it makes if MORE DIFFICULT for consumers or businesses to find the lowest cost electricity provider for their EXACT YEARLY USAGE. I would suggest protecting all sheets with a password. You may replace the check mark input boxes with numerical input so that anybody could fill out this form using FREE Google Sheets. If you are unable to do this and agree to start collecting most plan information and make it publicly available, I will remove the check box input for you FREE.
2. Put this information in a CSV database for every provider.
Complaint: Oh, but that is not easy to do. It will take years to implement.
3. Have a program or web site that will read the database and calculate the cost for an entire year of electricity for each household, and give them the top 10+ cheapest providers specifically for their usage.
Complaint: Oh NO, that is not easy to do. It will take years to implement.
Reply to the Texas PUC: I can modify the program offered for free above. Quickly. Maybe today. Definitely within a week. The revised program will do exactly that, if Power to Choose refuses to do it. I plan to offer it for FREE, as it is now. If I can do it, so can many others. You have had how many years now to do this?
Complaint: Oh, but people will not spend the time to input their monthly electricity usage. It is just too hard.
Reply: They can put in a few months and guess the rest. This information may also be available online HERE. They can also go meet their neighbor and ask them what their usage is in the middle of summer and/or winter and share a beverage. PTC could allow you to input your meter number and retrieve this information for you. The customer could write these 12 numbers down and use them again next year. If the proposed form was in use now, they could possibly find these numbers in the file on their phone that they use to check their bill each month.
Problem solved. Have we consumers gained anything by doing this? Well, let me see. Maybe 1/2 a billion dollars or more per year? Maybe MUCH more.
Google says that there are over 8 million households + maybe 2 million businesses in Texas. Wikipedia.org site says: 85% of Texas power consumers (those served by a company not owned by a municipality or a utility cooperative) can choose their electricity service from a variety of retail electric providers (REPs). Let's say that at least 8 million people can pick their electricity provider.
If 2 million people can skip reading these FACTS forms each year (because they are standardized and included in the PTC CSV database) we consumers save a lot of time. If each person saves 60 minutes in their search for a low cost provider, this saves 120,000,000 minutes (228 years) of wasted time every single year. The proposed FACTS file I created allows you to put in your own numbers to do these time/money savings calculations.
If 2 million people read the FACTS and ATTEMPT to switch each year, then maybe 4+ million are NOT switching providers each year because it is CURRENTLY a lot of trouble to make an informed decision. Some were probably mislead by top rated junk plan offers and made a poor choice. If the lowest cost provider could be found in minutes and they could save hundreds of dollars, how many people would switch providers each year? Probably more than 4 million.
1. Your meter number or you manually input your monthly usage and zip code.
2. The date your service expires and how soon before it expires that you want the Emails to start.
3. Your Email Address and then check the box saying: I only want to see fixed price plans lasting 12 months or longer.
4. You tell PTC to start Emailing you the 10 lowest price plans for your usage every day until you pick a new provider. You tell PTC to use last years usage numbers, an average of the last 2 years, last years numbers adjusted by some percentage, or some other method.
5. You sign up with a new provider, or get your old provider to do a price match.
6. You click a button in the PTC Email that says: I signed up for a 12 month plan. Remind me again before it expires next year.
7. This takes maybe 15 minutes the first year, and very little time every year after that. Is the 4 million number high enough?
If you multiply 480 million dollars by 12 years, you come up with 5.7 BILLION DOLLARS. That should be enough lost time and money that somebody in power would force changes (or somebody would be fired or thrown in jail). Maybe people will start calling and sending emails to their elected representatives, PUC officials, and the media. Maybe you can get the head of the Texas PUC to respond to you or your elected representative.
If people are not wasting time reading FACTS, they might be able to enjoy taking more frequent walks and enjoying life. They might do volunteer work somewhere and save a life. They might get healthier. It might help save their own life. If they donate some of the money they save, this might also save some lives.
If you do not have Excel, below is a partial summary of the information in my proposed FACTS file above. NOTE, the form seems to calculate correctly on my android phone or PC using Google Sheets, except that the check boxes do not work (check boxes are not needed by consumers). Electricity providers would need to use Excel 2003 or newer to fill in the check boxes, or the form would need to be modified. This will be an easy way to check your electric bill using your phone each month and keep a record of monthly usage, assuming the Texas PUC adopts the proposed form.
Simple chart to allow easy yearly electricity cost calculations. This could be the standard FACTS used by all Electric Providers.. Electric provider to fill in red values.
ADD MORE LINES, IF NECESSARY.
Free electricity times and dates, if applicable.
1. Politicians might be influenced by lobbyists with money or people sending them mass Emails, or not.
2. Companies that do these calculations for you might be influenced by whoever is paying them to be at the top of their list and for advertising.
If you would like to make a donation for this spreadsheet, click the BUY NOW! button below and fill in the desired dollar amount --OR-- do some research, find a worthy organization, and THEN make a donation to them. Here is one that I support. Or, send out some emails and make some phone calls to help stop the consumer bleeding.


Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) documentation tips and strategies for comprehensively documenting NPWT application.
Well … Monday morning I came in to work and was greeted by my boss, when he asked to have a quick chat about the all-staff memo that went out Sunday afternoon.
Continued from part 1…..Click here to read the part-1………. Centrifugal Pumps (Fig. 4): A centrifugal pump is one of the simplest pieces of equipment in any process plant.
BY: NANCY MORGAN, RN, BSN, MBA, WOCN, WCC, CWCMS, DWC What exactly is wound exudate? Also known as drainage, exudate is a liquid produced by the body in response to tissue damage.


text:
Tag Archive | Forsvarets M/49
in military history, weapons
Fans of classic P210s may have something to cheer about
The Sig P210, derived from Charles Petter's Modèle 1935A pistol in 1937 and improved on a number of points, is perhaps the nicest single-stack military-issue combat handgun to come out of the 20th Century (unless you are a well-tuned 1911 purist). The Swiss military and police adopted them for generations as did the West German GSG-9 anti-terror teams and Monaco's ancient Company of Carabiniers. The gun has a downright cult following and surplus Swiss-made 210s go for big money (like $2K) while Sig Sauer-USA in New Hampshire has begun low rate commerical production (at $1,700) to fill the niche.
However, it looks like there could be a big cache of vintage 1950s-era P210s coming on the surplus market as Denmark, who bought some 20,000 of these sweet 9mms, had recently signed a $3 million contract for new Sig XCarry P320s.
Denmark chose the Sig P320 X-Carry to replace the Sig P210 pistols they have used for more than the past half-century. The latter of which in turn replaced the M1910/21 Bergmann and Lahti M40 handguns in 1949 (Photo: Danish Ministry of Defense)
Tentatively announced in Denmark a few months ago and confirmed by Sig this week, the X-Carry will replace all of the handguns in the Danish military and serve with the country's Army, Navy, Air Force, and Special Operations Command.
The gun was tested in a month-long competition against the Glock 17 Gen 5, Beretta APX, and Canik TP 9 SF to replace the classic but obsolete Forsvarets M/49 "Neuhausen" pistol, the Danish designation for the Sig P210 adopted after World War II.
Danish Sig P210 Semi-Automatic Pistol (M49), 9mm, complete with classic 21-groove European walnut grips, and crown "HTK" markings to left side frame rail,
The Neuhausen has been a staple of the Danish military since 1949 and, while a number were sold surplus in the 1990s by Sig, the replacement by Sig– who is making more P210s as we speak– could be a good sign for collectors (Danish Ministry of Defense)
The P320 was the unanimous choice after evaluators ran the handgun through grueling field tests followed by accuracy, drop and safety tests. When compared against the legacy Sig, the X-Carry has more than double the magazine capacity (17 or 21 vs. 8) and the capability to use suppressors, tactical lights, lasers and red dot sights. In Danish service, the X-Carry will mount XRAY 3 night-sights, use an enhanced grip with deep trigger guard undercut, flat trigger and extended removable mag well.
More on all this in my column at Guns.com


text:
Eosinophilic metaplasia in transurethral resection of the prostate
Maria S Koleva1, Dorian I Dikov2, Veselin T Belovezhdov1, Victoria Sarafian3
1 Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical University - Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
2 Department of Pathology, Jossigny Hospital, Jossigny, France; Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical University - Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
3 Medical Biology, Medical University - Plovdiv; Technological Center for Emergency Medicine, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Click here for correspondence address and email
Date of Decision 05-Nov-2019
Date of Acceptance 19-Nov-2019
Date of Web Publication 7-Aug-2020
Background: To investigate prostatic eosinophilic metaplasia (EM) in a large series of cases and their relationship with the basic prostate pathology in TURP-material: benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), National Institutes of Health category IV prostatitis (also called histologic prostatitis or HP), and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa). Aim: The relation between EM and basic prostate pathology: BPH, PCa, and HP. Materials and Methods: Around 61 consecutive TURP-specimens were reviewed for the presence of EM. The tissue sections were stained routinely with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron (HPS), and periodic acid-Schiff's procedure. Simultaneously BPH, HP, and PCa were evaluated. Results: We found EM in 55.7% of TURP-specimens. EM is located more often in the ductal epithelium (58.8%) and is usually focal (73.5%) and in small groups (88.2%) of secretory luminal cells. They are associated with BPH and with a variable degree of HP in all cases. However, there is no association with PCa. Eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules in EM are better visualized with HPS. Zones induced by tissue electrocoagulation which mimic EM, are seen in the periphery of TURP-fragments. Conclusion: EM in prostate is presented by the presence of eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules in benign secretory epithelium. The study presents the first attempt to investigate EM in a large series of patients. Our results enrich the available information about the histoepidemiology of prostatic EM. Moreover, EM is more common in a focal lesion, found in small groups of ductal secretory epithelial cells while EM in TURP-specimens is associated with BPH and HP in all the cases.
Keywords: Eosinophilic metaplasia, prostate, prostatitis
Koleva MS, Dikov DI, Belovezhdov VT, Sarafian V. Eosinophilic metaplasia in transurethral resection of the prostate. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2020;63:423-6
Koleva MS, Dikov DI, Belovezhdov VT, Sarafian V. Eosinophilic metaplasia in transurethral resection of the prostate. Indian J Pathol Microbiol [serial online] 2020 [cited 2021 Jan 16];63:423-6. Available from: https://www.ijpmonline.org/text.asp?2020/63/3/423/291678
The presence of bright eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules in prostatic epithelium on routine-stained sections is a vaguely recognized morphological phenomenon, which in the early descriptions is known as Paneth cell-like changes (PCLC) or Paneth cell-like metaplasia (PCLM).[1],[2] According to the modern concepts of this prostatic epithelial metaplasia, the terms PCLC or PCLM remain reserved only for prostatic carcinoma (PCa), containing neuroendocrine cells with large eosinophilic granules.[3] According to the most recent definition, the presence of eosinophilic granules with different sizes in the benign prostatic epithelium is termed "eosinophilic metaplasia" (EM).[4],[5] The granules are positive for the periodic acid-Schiff's procedure (PAS) and immunohistochemically for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), α-1-antichymotrypsin, and MUC1 while neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin, synaptophysin, serotonin, and neuron-specific enolase), lysozyme, and S100 protein remain negative.[1],[4],[5]
The frequency of EM is investigated in specimens of prostatic needle biopsies and total prostatectomies.[4] Only single cases of EM in transurethral resection of prostate (TURP)-material have been described until now.[1],[2],[6] No studies on this lesion in large series of TURP-specimens are available so far.
The aim of the current investigation is to examine some histoepidemiological indicators of EM in the patient population from a general hospital, in the context of the basic prostate pathology in TURP-material.
A retrospective record review was performed on 61 TURP-specimens for a period of 1 year (2014 year). The study was approved by the hospital ethics committee.
The age of the patients ranged from 54 to 88 years (mean 72.2 years). The leading clinical symptoms covered the so-called prostatic syndrome typical for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), representing a basic indication for surgical intervention. Neither radiation treatment of the genital area nor chemotherapy within the last months before TURP was performed.
All specimens were routinely fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin for histological evaluation. Tissue sections from 1 to 10 paraffin blocks for each case, stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), were examined retrospectively for EM independently by two pathologists.
EM is characterized by the presence of intensely eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules with different sizes (large and small) filling the apical cytoplasm of the benign prostatic secretory epithelium.[4],[5]
The histological distribution of EM is reported as focal when EM is seen in only one field of view and affects a part of one glandular duct or lobule at moderate microscopic magnification (×100). EM is reported as diffuse when it is multifocal and/or affects several adjacent fields of view at the same microscopic magnification. EM may be distributed in single or small groups of cells (<10 cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm), and in large groups of cells (>10 cells).
Simultaneously, BPH, National Institutes of Health (NIH)-category IV prostatitis (so-called histologic prostatitis (HP)),[7],[8] and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) were also evaluated.
In 20 cases with EM, standard 4-μm-thick consecutive tissue sections were cut and stained with HE, hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron (HPS), and PAS, to compare the standard histological procedures and the artifact phenomena in TURP's EM.
EM was detected in 34/61 cases (55.7%) localized in the transition zone of the prostate [Figure 1]a. The apical portions of secretory epithelial cells showed either partial or complete EM and were filled with PAS-positive eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules of different sizes, [Figure 1]b and [Figure 1]c.
Figure 1: Eosinophilic metaplasia (EM) of the prostate: (a) EM in ductal secretory epithelium on the right side of the image (arrows). (b) The apical portions of secretory cells show partial or complete EM. (c) The eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules in EM are positive with periodate Schiff's procedure (PAS) ×400. (d) EM is found in ductal (thin arrows) and acinar (thick arrows) structures; moderate to high grade of glandular, periglandular and intesrtitial chronic histologic prostatitis is also present: Hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron, (a) ×200; (b) ×400; (c) serial sections from (1b) ×400; (d) ×200
Depending on the location, EM was found in glandular structures with predominantly ductal (20/34 cases; 58.8%) or predominantly acinar architecture (8/34 cases; 23.6%). In 6/34 (17.6%) of the cases, both ductal and acinar localization was observed [Figure 1]d and [Figure 2]d. Basal cells were readily apparent or prominent in all involving ducts and acini with EM.
Figure 2: The histological distribution of eosinophilic metaplasia (EM) may by focal (a, thin arrows) and diffuse (b, thick arrows). Benign prostatic hyperplasia (a) and moderate periglandular chronic histologic prostatitis (b) are also observed. EM is found in single or small groups of cells (c) or in large groups of cells in ductal (thin arrows) and acinar (thick arrows) structures (d): Hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron, (a) ×100; b) ×100; (c) ×630; (d) ×200
The histological distribution of EM was focal in 25/34 cases (73.5%) and diffuse in 9/34 (26.5%) of cases [Figure 2]a and [Figure 2]b]. In 30/34 (88.2%) of cases, EM was found in single or small groups of cells, and in 4/34 (11.8%) in large groups of cells [Figure 2]c and [Figure 2]d. The age of the patients with EM ranged from 54 to 87 years (mean 71.8 years).
BPH was detected in all TURP-cases. HP was identified in 77% of all TURP cases (47/61). Low Gleason grade PCa was found in 4/61 cases but not in association with EM. Both BPH and HP (of moderate-to-high grade with glandular, periglandular and stromal localization) were noted in all cases with EM [Figure 1]d and [Figure 2]b.
The comparative study of both standard histological procedures carried out in 20 cases showed better visualization of EM with HPS than with HE staining (18/20 cases) [Figure 3]a and [Figure 3]b.
Figure 3: Visualization of eosinophilic metaplasia (arrows) with hematoxylin-eosin (a) and hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron (b) staining serial sections: (a) hematoxilin-eosin, ×400; (b) hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron, ×400
Relatively often (11/20; 55%), in the electrocoagulated periphery of TURP-fragments, secretory glandular cells showed PAS negative pseudoeosinophilic cytoplasm, unlike the real EM [Figure 4].
Figure 4: Secretory glandular cells located in the electrocoagulated periphery of some TURP-fragments show pseudoeosinophilic cytoplasm (a, arrows) which is negative with periodate Schiff's procedure (PAS) (b, arrows), while EM in eosinophilic metaplasia in secretory prostatic epithelium is stained positively with PAS: Serial sections: a) hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron, ×100; (b) PAS × 100
Literature data revealed that the frequency of EM varies from 12% to 23% of prostatic needle biopsies and represents 20% of total prostatectomies.[4] Only single cases of EM in TURP-material have been described so far.[1],[2],[6],[9]
We present herein the first histoepidemiological study of EM in a large series of TURP-specimens. We show an increased frequency of EM in TURP (55.7%.) This observation is twice more common than in prostatic needle biopsies and total prostatectomies.[4] Our quantitative results support the data of other authors,[1] that EM is often a focal lesion (73.5%), found in small groups (88.2%) of secretory epithelial cells of predominantly ductal structures (58.8%).
EM in TURP-specimens is combined with BPH and HP in all of the cases.
The mean age of the patients with EM is 71.8 years, similar to those in previous studies [1] and identical to the patients with HP in our TURP series. Our results confirm the primary hypothesis underlined in the present study that the histopathological study of EM in TURP material is a suitable model for finding a link between EM and two of the most important socially significant prostate diseases: BPH and prostatitis from category IV. In addition, the results obtained by us give new extra information about the frequency of EM and the histological distribution of the process.
The pathogenesis of EM has not been discussed in the scarce literature available on the topic. Our results provide extra data about the pathogenesis and morphogenesis of EM. There is a single observation showing a variable degree of association of EM with chronic inflammation. Our results confirm this relationship.[4],[6],[9],[10] Cheng et al. describe EM as a lesion that is frequently encountered in inflammatory conditions, suggesting a host response to an altered cellular milieu.[4] Gaudin et al. described EM, in benign prostate in 32% of the patients with post-radiation therapy for PCa, in close association with chronic inflammation.[10] We published two case reports revealing the association of chronic prostatic inflammation (nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis) with EM in TURP-material.[6],[9]
The current internationally recognized and worldwide accepted NIH classification of prostatitis syndrome includes four categories: acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis (category I and II); the previously known "nonbacterial chronic prostatitis" which has been divided into two categories respectively: inflammatory (category IIIA) and noninflammatory (category IIIB) chronic prostatitis; and a completely new entity, asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis (category IV) which has been neglected for a long time in previous classification systems.[7] Category IV prostatitis or histologic prostatitis (HP) is the most frequent inflammation of the prostate in men with no clinical symptoms related to urinary tract infection or pelvic pain.[11] HP is an incidental pathological finding, which appears to be the most common type of prostatic inflammation diagnosed in patients biopsied for prostate cancer screening or operated by TURP for BPH.[12],[13],[14]
The coexistence of EM with both BPH and HP in all of the cases shows that EM is a process that may reflect the morphological status of urinary obstruction due to BPH and to supplementary low or high-grade HP. It could be speculated that the more common localization of EM in prostatic ducts reflects the histological mechanics (compression of BPH-nodules) or/and inflammatory (HP) obstruction. That is why EM is more frequently observed in prostate specimens from TURP with BPH and HP rather than in thin needle biopsies and radical prostatectomies.[4] In a histopathological study of the epididymis, EM (earlier known as PCLC) is interpreted as intracytoplasmic lysosomal accumulation which serves as a microscopic indicator of ductal obstruction.[15]
We assume that the presence of EM in prostate ductal or acinar secretory epithelium in association with HP represents a mechanism of phenotypic cellular adaptation to the changes in the prostate due to persistent active inflammation.[6],[9] This idea is supported by the MUC-1 expression in EM that we reported recently,[5] knowing that the MUC-1 protein plays protective and immunoregulatory functions.[16],[17] The expression of MUC-1 in EM shows that phenotypically modeled secretory cells in EM try to maintain the lumenization of tissue structures in conditions of chronic impairment and inflammation (HP).[5]
In the present investigation, we do not establish an association between EM and PCa.
In addition, in our comparative study of two standard histological techniques, we show for the first time, that better visualization and reproducible interpretation of EM is seen by using the HPS stain. The phloxinophilia and positivity for PAS show that the cytoplasmic granules in EM contain proteins and carbohydrates. Phloxine is used as a component of the basic staining technique (HPS) in the French-speaking countries and is also applied to prove protein-rich zymogenic (exocrine) granules.[18]
During our investigation, in 55% of the cases, we found ductal or acinar benign glandular structures with cytoplasmic eosinophilia located in the electrocoagulated periphery of resected TURP-fragments. The negativity of these cells for PAS, unlike secretory cells with EM, shows that this cytoplasmic pseudoeosinophilia is an artifact caused by the electrocoagulation during TURP-surgical procedure. Obviously, when reporting the EM lesion in TURP-specimens, such areas should not be considered. The strengths of the present study are the complement of histopathology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis of EM. The limitations of the present study include the lack of data about the serum level of PSA and the weights of TURP-specimens. This, in turn, limits, although insignificantly, the complexity of the clinicopathological correlations of the data presented.
Further investigations of large series of patients with different types of prostate materials (autopsies, fine needle biopsies, adenomectomies, and TURP) with statistical data processing is necessary to make a more detailed characterization of the close relationships of EM, HP, and BPH.
In conclusion, we report the first quantitative study of EM in TURP-material. Our investigation presents a histo epidemiological analysis of EM in relation and correlation to the basic prostate pathology in TURP-specimens: BPH and NIH-category IV prostatitis (HP).
Weaver M, Abdul-Karim F, Srigley J, Bostwick D, Ro J, Ayala A. Paneth cell-like change of the prostate gland. A histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic study. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:62-8.
Frydman CP, Bleiweiss IJ, Under PD, Gordon RE, Brazenas NV. Paneth cell-like metaplasia of the prostate gland. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1992;116:274-6.
Ablakha H, Bostwick DG. Paneth cell-like changes in prostatic adenocarcinoma represent neuroendocrine differentiation: Report of 30 cases. Hum Pathol 1994;25:135-9.
Cheng L, MacLennan GT, Abdul-Karim FW, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R. Eosinophilic metaplasia of the prostate: A newly described lesion distinct from other eosinophilic changes in prostatic epithelium. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2008;30:226-30.
Koleva M, Dikov D, Belovejdov V, Sarafian V. Expression of MUC1 in eosinophilic metaplasia of the prostate. The Prostate 2019;79:622-7.
Dikov D, Vassilev I, Dimitrakov J. Nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis with calculous ductal ectasia and extensive Paneth cell-like epithelial metaplasia. Case report. APMIS 2005;113:564-7.
Krieger JN, Nyberg L, Nickel JC. NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA 1999;282:236-7.
Nickel JC, True LD, Krieger JN, Berger RE, Boag AH, Young ID. Consensus development of a histopathological classification system for chronic prostatic inflammation. BJU Int 2001;87:797-805.
Dikov D, Koleva M, Peshev J, Belovejdov V. Nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis in association with eosinophilic epithelial metaplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma: A case report. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2017;60:409-11.
Gaudin PB, Zelefsky MJ, Leibel SA, Fuks Z, Reuter VE. Histopathologic effects of free-dimensional conformal external beam radiation therapy on benign and malignant prostate tissue. Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:1021-31.
Porter CM, Shreshta E, Peiffer LB, Sfanos KS. The microbiome in prostate inflammation and prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2018;21:345-54.
Gurel B, Lucia MS, Thompson IM Jr, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Kristal AR, et al. Chronic inflammation in benign prostate tissue is associated with high-grade prostate cancer in the placebo arm of the prostate cancer prevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23:847-56.
Sfanos KS, Hempel HA, De Marzo AM. The role of inflammation in prostate cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 2014;816:153-81.
Robert G, Descazeaud A, Nicolaiew N, Terry S, Sirab N, Vacherot F, et al. A inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia: A 282 patients' immunohistochemical analysis. Prostate 2009;69:1774-80.
Shah VI, Ro JY, Amin MB, Mullick S, Nazeer T, Ayala AG. Histologic variations in the epididymis: Findings in 167 orchiectomy specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:990-6.
Kato K, Lillehoj EP, Lu W, Kim KC. MUC1: The first respiratory mucin with an anti-inflammatory function. J Clin Med 2017;29;6:110.
Dhar P, McAuley J. The role of the cell surface mucin MUC1 as a barrier to infection and regulator of inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019;24;9:117.
Doglioni C, Laurino L, Dei Tos AP, De Boni M, Franzin G, Braidotti P, et al. Pancreatic (acinar) metaplasia of the gastric mucosa. Histology, ultrastructure, immunocytochemistry, and clinicopathologic correlations of 101 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1993;17:1134-43.
Maria S Koleva
Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical University – Plovdiv, Bul., Vasil Aprilov" 15A, 4002 Tsentar, Plovdiv
DOI: 10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_593_19
Koleva MS
Dikov DI
Belovezhdov VT
Sarafian V
Eosinophilic metaplasia


text:
package co.phoenixlab.phoenixpac;

import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;

public class ReadTest {

    private Path pacPath;
    private String testString;
    private byte[] rawData;
    private TypePurposeUniqueId typePurposeUniqueId;

    private PacFile pacFile;
    private AssetHandle handle;

    @Before
    public void setUp() throws Exception {
        pacPath = Paths.get(".").toAbsolutePath().resolve("test.pac");
        testString = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890ëèï▲↔ƒ";
        rawData = testString.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        typePurposeUniqueId =new TypePurposeUniqueId(0xAABB, 0xCCDD, 0xDEADBEEF);
        MemoryAssetHandle assetHandle = new MemoryAssetHandle(rawData);
        HandledPacFile memoryPacFile = HandlePacBuilder.newBuilder().
                buildHeader().withLatestVersion().setFlag(PacHeader.FLAG_USE_LONG_OFFSETS, true).finishHeader().
                newEntry().
                withTPUID(typePurposeUniqueId).
                withAssetHandle(assetHandle).
                withMemorySize(rawData.length).
                withNoCompression().
                withComputedSha256Hash().
                add().
                finish();
        PacFileWriter writer = new PacFileWriter(pacPath, false);
        writer.writeNew(memoryPacFile);
        writer.close();
        PacFileReader reader = new PacFileReader(pacPath);
        pacFile = reader.read();
        handle = pacFile.getHandle(typePurposeUniqueId);
    }

    @Test
    public void headerTest() throws Exception {
        PacHeader header = pacFile.getHeader();
        Assert.assertNotNull(header);
        Assert.assertEquals(PacFile.MAJOR_VERSION, header.getMajorVersion());
        Assert.assertEquals(PacFile.MINOR_VERSION, header.getMinorVersion());
        Assert.assertEquals(0L, header.getReservedA());
        Assert.assertEquals(0L, header.getReservedB());
        Assert.assertTrue(header.getFlag(PacHeader.FLAG_USE_LONG_OFFSETS));
        Assert.assertTrue(header.getIndexSectionOffset() > PacHeader.SIZE_OF);
        long metaOff = header.getMetadataSectionOffset();
        Assert.assertTrue(metaOff > PacHeader.SIZE_OF || metaOff == 0);
        long trashOff = header.getTrashSectionOffset();
        Assert.assertTrue(trashOff > PacHeader.SIZE_OF || trashOff == 0);
    }

    @Test
    public void indexTest() throws Exception {
        Index index = pacFile.getIndex();
        Assert.assertNotNull(index);
        Assert.assertEquals(1, index.getNumIndexEntries());
        Assert.assertEquals(index.getNumIndexEntries(), index.getEntries().size());
        Assert.assertTrue(index.getEntries().containsKey(typePurposeUniqueId));
    }

    @Test
    public void handleTest() throws Exception {
        Assert.assertNotNull(handle);
        Assert.assertEquals(0, handle.getCompressionId());
    }

    @Test
    public void handleByteArrayTest() throws Exception {
        byte[] bytes = handle.getRawBytes();
        Assert.assertArrayEquals(rawData, bytes);
        assertString(bytes);
    }

    @Test
    public void handleInputStreamTest() throws Exception {
        InputStream inputStream = handle.getRawStream();
        ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        byte[] buf = new byte[16];
        int len = 0;
        while ((len = inputStream.read(buf)) != -1) {
            outputStream.write(buf, 0, len);
        }
        byte[] bytes = outputStream.toByteArray();
        Assert.assertArrayEquals(rawData, bytes);
        assertString(bytes);
    }

    @Test
    public void handleByteBufferTest() throws Exception {
        ByteBuffer buffer = handle.getRawByteBuffer();
        byte[] bytes = new byte[buffer.limit()];
        buffer.get(bytes);
        Assert.assertArrayEquals(rawData, bytes);
        assertString(bytes);
    }

    private void assertString(byte[] bytes) throws Exception {
        String string = new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        Assert.assertEquals(testString, string);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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