Philadelphia, PA – Today At-Large City Councilman William Greenlee announced that he is endorsing Rich Negrin for Philadelphia District Attorney in Tuesday's Democratic primary.
Councilman Greenlee's endorsement follows the recent endorsement for Negrin by the Philadelphia Inquirer, the Philadelphia Daily News, Councilman Kenyatta Johnson, the Sheet Metal Workers, Hispanic community leaders, and others. For a full list of Negrin endorsements, please visit: richnegrin.com/endorsements.


© 2017 Aiello et al.
Keratoconus (KC) is a common ectatic disorder resulting in progressive corneal thinning and irregular astigmatism. It has been observed that patients affected by KC are more likely to develop lens opacities earlier compared to non-keratoconic patients.
Intraocular lens (IOL) selection and refractive outcome prediction are among a number of factors that can make cataract surgery in keratoconic patients challenging. Accurate biometry is often difficult to obtain due to unreliable K measurements and lack of dedicated biometric formulae. The use of toric IOLs has also been investigated.
Determining the stage of KC, pre-operative patient counselling and the preferred method of refractive correction are all crucial to obtain successful postoperative outcomes and good patient satisfaction. The use of toric IOLs can achieve good results only in selected low-grade keratoconic eyes.
Keywords: Keratoconus, Cataract surgery, Biometry, Toric IOL, Pearls, Collagen.
Keratoconus (KC) is a non-inflammatory corneal dystrophy resulting in progressive corneal thinning and steepening. These corneal changes are responsible for an increase in irregular astigmatism and keratometric myopia resulting in blurred vision . The prevalence of the disease has been estimated to be between 29 and 229 individuals per 100, 000 according to population studies [2-5]. The condition usually begins at puberty, progresses at variable speed over 10-20 years and then stabilizes before the 40's . Consequently, KC management is mainly determined by the grade of disease and patient age with a treatment aim of both visual improvement and/or disease stabilization .
The majority of early KC patients are treated with glasses or with rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lens (CL) in order to improve the visual acuity. In the late stages of the disease where good visual acuity is limited by poor CL visual performance, corneal scarring or CL intolerance, corneal transplantation becomes the only feasible therapeutic approach, with up to 20% of affected individuals requiring a corneal graft [6, 7].
Prevention of KC progression is important as it may reduce the need for keratoplasty especially in young patients and the morbidity associated with more advanced KC disease . Thus far corneal collagen cross-linking has been shown to be the only treatment option capable of slowing down or halting KC progression . Although nearly all patients will eventually develop visually significant cataract, this tends to occur at a younger age in patients with KC compared with the general population . Cataract surgery in patients with KC is challenging due to the difficulties associated with interpreting keratometry readings, determining the amount of astigmatism, measuring axial length and thus obtaining an accurate IOL power estimation. In addition, cataract surgery in keratoconic eyes can be more technically demanding due to corneal thinning and scarring.
This article aims to analyze the pre- and intra- operative problems that surgeons may encounter when approaching a keratoconic patient requiring cataract surgery.
All currently available biometry formulas require the axial length and keratometry as minimum parameters to evaluate the total eye's refractive power. In keratoconic eyes the keratometry is the most challenging parameter to measure due to the irregular corneal shape and K values, which vary significantly between those at the cone apex and those from the remaining cornea. Clinical reports have indicated that corneal topography measurements are more variable for steeper corneal curvatures and in the presence of corneal irregularity and scarring . In addition, the reliability of corneal topography and K measurements in KC patients can be adversely affected by fixation difficulties and a displaced visual axis during measurements . Furthermore, it has been well described that each keratometer machine has its specific repeatability that decreases in keratoconic eyes [11, 13, 14].
Hassan Hashemi et al.  reported the repeatability of keratometry measurements with five different devices (Pentacam, Eyesys, Orbscan, IOLMaster, Javal manual keratometer) in eyes with different grades of KC. The study enrolled 78 eyes of 45 keratoconic patients with no history of eye surgery or contact lens use at least one month before their scans. Three measurements were taken for each device recording the keratometric value on flat and steep axis. Keratometry repeatability was investigated in three different groups according to KC severity: group 1 composed by 27 eyes with maximum K value less then 50.0 diopters (D); group 2, 26 eyes with maximum K value between 50.1-55.0 D; group 3, 25 eyes with maximum K value greater then 55.1 D. Results showed that in patients with K values up to 55.0 D keratometry readings had good repeatability among all the devices with better results in group 1 compared with group 2. The Pentacam device had the highest repeatability while the Orbscan II device the lowest. In Group 3 (K> 55.1D) all 5 devices had low repeatability. Similarly, Yagci R et al.  evaluated two newer devices for corneal topography repeatability in keratoconic eyes compared with a control group of normal patients. In this study, the Galilei dual Scheimpflug analyzer (Galilei DSA; Ziemer) and Nidek AL Scan (Nidek CO, Aichi, Japan) biometry machines were assessed. The Nidek AL Scan is an optical partial coherence interferometry-based ocular biometry device that analyses the corneal curvature radius (refractive power) over 2.4 and 3.3 mm diameters. The Galilei DSA associates a dual rotating Scheimpflug cameras with a Placido disc for the anterior segment evaluation with more than 122,000 data points measured per scan. Sixty-two healthy eyes and 88 eyes with keratoconus were enrolled in the study. The intra-device repeatability of Ks readings of both devices was excellent in normal and keratoconic groups although in eyes with stage III KC repeatability was worse compared with stage I and II. However, K readings (K flat, K steep, and K medium) taken with the Nidek AL Scan were significantly higher than those taken with the Galilei DSA (P < 0.05). As expected, both devices demonstrated worse repeatability in more-advanced KC stages. These results highlight the difficulty in obtaining reliable values in K measurement that can be safely used in biometry calculation.
Mcmahon et al.  compared the precision of three Placido corneal topography instruments (Dicon CT 200, EyeSys Model II and Keratron Corneal Analyzer) in keratoconic patients. Sixteen eyes of 9 patients were enrolled and 4 scans were acquired for each eye. The study established that measurement variability (in dioptres) was significantly larger among KC patients compared with normal subjects using similar devices. Furthermore, the repeatability and the accuracy of the scans were reported to be low for all three instruments. The above reports of poor repeatability and accuracy in Ks measurements among different devices elucidates the problem of poor reliability of K values available for the biometric calculation.
Thebpatiphat et al.  assessed different biometry formulas for IOL calculations in eyes with KC undergoing cataract surgery. Twelve eyes of 9 patients were enrolled in the study. Severity of KC was recorded according to measured K values: <48 dioptres (D); between 48-52 D and >52D corresponding to mild, moderate and severe KC respectively. The authors retrospectively evaluated the difference between intended and achieved refractive outcome applying three different biometry formulas; SRK, SRKII, or SRKT. Overall it was found that the SRK II formula provided better accuracy for IOL power calculation in patients with mild keratoconus. For patients with moderate and advanced KC, IOL calculation was less accurate with no significant difference between calculation formulas found. In standard biometry calculation, many values remain an assumption; in particular it is presumed that Ks measured are the same at the steepest point and at the visual axis and that the posterior corneal surface consistently has a radius of curvature 1.2 mm steeper than the anterior corneal radius . However, these assumptions are not valid for eyes with KC and therefore can lead to inaccurate IOL calculation . The disparity between the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces is not only greater than in normal eyes but also K values and both anterior and posterior corneal surface can be completely irregular in eyes with KC which has an unpredictable impact on all IOL power calculation formulas . Furthermore eyes with KC tend to have longer axial lengths and deeper anterior chambers , making the effective estimated lens position less accurate compared with normal eyes .
All these variables contribute to significantly less reliable IOL calculations and should be taken into account during the pre-operative patient counselling. The work of Watson et al.  in a retrospective study evaluated the refractive outcome of keratoconic patients undergoing cataract surgery at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London. The authors reviewed 126 eyes of 91 patients who underwent surgery between 1996 and 2010. Ninety-two eyes (64 patients) met the inclusion criteria for analysis. All eyes were divided into three groups accordingly the grade of disease: K<48D, K between 48-55 D and K>55 were classified as mild (35 eyes), moderate (40 eyes) and severe (17 eyes) respectively. In the mild and moderate group, K values from optical biometry calculation (IOL Master – Carl Zeiss) were used. In the severe group, a standard K value of 43.25D was used for 9 eyes and optical biometry derived Ks for 8 eyes. Postoperative outcome measures included biometry prediction error (BPE) and postoperative refraction correction needs (spectacles or contact lenses). The BPE was defined as the difference between the planned refraction determined by biometry and the spherical equivalent of the final refraction.
In the mild group, the mean BPE was 0.0 D (range: 5.2 D to −3.0 D) with 60% of eyes achieving a postoperative spherical equivalent error within ±1 D of the intended refractive outcome. Four patients changed their preferred refraction error correction from glasses to contact lenses after surgery, 8 patients discontinued distance correction (spectacle or rigid contact lens) and 4 patients changed from rigid contact lenses to glasses. In the moderate KC group, the mean BPE was −0.3 D but again the BPE range was wide (from 3.2 D to −3.8 D). All patients in the moderate KC group required distance glasses or contact lens correction after the surgery. Seventeen eyes were enrolled in the severe KC group where optical biometry actual Ks values were used for 8 eyes and standard K values for 9 eyes. Where actual K values were used, the authors found a BPE mean of 6.8D (range 0.2–17D). Conversely, refractive outcome was more predictable for the 9 patients where standard K values (43.25D) were used resulting in a mean BPE of 0.6 D (range: 6.2D to −5.8D). In all cases the SRK-T formula was used with a refractive target of mild myopia. This study offers a helpful description of possible refractive outcomes after cataract surgery according to KC grade aiding ophthalmologists with pre-operative planning and patient counselling. Leccisotti  published data on 34 consecutive eyes affected by KC grade I or II that underwent refractive lens exchange. Holladay 2 formula was used for all cases and K measurements were taken from topography over the central 3mm of the cornea. Preoperative mean spherical equivalent (SE) was -11.0 ± 4.65 D (range: -5.75 to -22 D). The author performed intraoperative autorefraction followed by immediate IOL exchange in cases with spherical refractive error 1.5 D (7 eyes, 26%). IOL exchange was performed in 25% of eyes with stage I disease compared with 50% of eyes with stage II disease, suggesting reduced accuracy of biometry in the latter group.
Toric IOLs have been designed to correct astigmatism after cataract surgery. Literature regarding the use of toric IOLs in keratoconic eyes remains scarce with few published papers demonstrating the use of toric IOLs in KC patients with good outcomes.
Hashemi et al.  investigated the changes in refraction, uncorrected and corrected visual acuity of 23 eyes of 17 patients affected by stable KC who received a toric IOL implant during standard cataract surgery. The severity of KC was classified as mild (10 eyes), moderate (10 eyes) and severe (3 eyes) disease when the Kmax was <48 D, between 48-52 D and >52 D respectively. The Hoffer Q, SRK II, Holladay I, and SRK/T formulas were used for patients with AL 22mm, 22-24.5 mm, 24.5-26 mm, and 26 mm, respectively using the IOL Master (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) biometry.
Authors found that uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved significantly after surgery in the mild and moderate group. In addition, there was a mean BCVA improvement of 2.25 ± 1.50 lines postoperatively in the 3 eyes of severe KC compared with preoperative BCVA. In a similar study, Nanavaty et al.  reported 83% of their patients achieving BCVA of 20/40 or better in their series of 9 patients (12 eyes) with mild-moderate stable KC after cataract surgery. In addition, mean uncorrected distance visual acuity improved significantly from 20/400 preoperatively to 20/40 postoperatively. Authors highlighted that the most important predictive factor for a successful outcome with toric IOL implant in keratoconic eyes is good preoperative visual acuity with spectacle correction. A history of contact lens dependency, surface irregularity, and corneal scarring over the visual axis are predictive factors for poor visual outcome.
Modern phacoemulsification with IOL implantation in keratoconic eyes can be technically challenging with the difficulty of surgery being related to the grade of KC disease. Early KC can be managed in a similar manner to normal cataract surgery; however, severe KC with steep meridians and possible corneal scars can be troublesome. In modern cataract surgery the astigmatism induced by the single main clear corneal incision has become negligible. However, when the main incision is performed in a cornea with abnormal structural properties as in keratoconic eyes, post-operative K values and corneal shape can change in an unpredictable manner. Therefore, cataract main incision sites should be planned during preoperative examination according to the peripheral corneal thickness rather than the astigmatism axis. In the case of infero-temporal cone, the main incision should be placed superiorly or supero-temporal. Vice versa, in rare cases of rare superior steep cone the main incision should be placed temporally.
Planning the location of the incision should also consider the presence of corneal scarring which is common in advanced KC. In these cases, the main incision should be placed 90 degrees apart from the scar location. In cases of inferior scarring, a superior approach is not advised as this will lead the phaco-probe to point inferiorly (underneath the scar) rendering all manoeuvres more challenging due to the reduced intraocular visibility. Additionally, keratoconic corneas are thinner and floppier and therefore clear corneal wounds are more prone to leak after surgery. Thus, a well-constructed 2 steps sclero-corneal is advisable to reduce the risk of post-operative wound leak and to induce less change in corneal shape.
The use of a corneal suture to secure the wound can be advisable. In the presence of diffuse scars, the surgeon should expect a worse view under the surgical microscope compared with the slit lamp examination. This is due to the different light sources employed: a sharp oblique light at the ophthalmic slit lamp versus a central diffuse light under the surgical microscope. The latter will cause a light scattering together with shadows and reflections that will make the surgical steps more difficult. To improve intraocular visibility and reduce image distortion due to the corneal irregularity it can be useful to spread a dispersive ophthalmic viscoelastic device such as the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel onto the cornea. This will improve the epithelial hydration rendering the corneal surface more regular and provide a mild magnification of the intraocular view . After making the corneal incisions, even in cases of good red reflex the use of capsular staining dye is recommended to enhance capsular visualisation during continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis.
This will make the capsulorhexis and subsequent surgical manoeuvres easier by increasing the contrast between intraocular structures and the perception of depth otherwise reduced by the corneal refractive multifocality. In order to overcome the poor visibility during cataract surgery in keratoconic eyes, Oie et al.  described a new technique using a rigid gas permeable contact lens during the procedure. After sterilizing the contact lens with low temperature (55°C for 210 minutes) and ethylene oxide gas, the authors applied the lens onto the corneal surface applying a cohesive viscosurgical device to fill the eye-contact lens interface. Although only 2 cases were described, the authors found a significant improvement in visibility at each stage of cataract surgery.
During the surgery, it is also important to attempt to minimize the intraocular pressure by modifying the phacoemulsification machine parameters to reduce stress on the cornea.
Cataract surgery in keratoconic eyes is technically more challenging compared with normal eyes. When elderly patients develop visual deterioration, a thorough assessment should be performed to determine the cause. The KC progression tends to stop when patients enter their 30's and consequently, its progression is extremely unlikely after 50. Thus, a careful evaluation of corneal topography measurements within suitable repeatability limits is required .
Keratoconic eyes tend to be a very unstable optical system compared with normal eyes and can be much more sensitive to lenticular changes . We suggest that in keratoconic eyes small changes in lens clarity can significantly impact upon the visual axis which could be largely responsible for visual symptoms rather than an actual progression in the KC. This is important because as mentioned previously keratoconic patients tend to develop lens opacification earlier on in life .
Therefore, when ophthalmologists decide to proceed with cataract surgery, accurate IOL selection presents a significant challenge. Existing methods to determine the IOL power are not entirely suitable for keratoconic eyes. Furthermore, results vary for different grades of the disease. In mild keratoconus, better results can be obtained compared with severe KC and toric IOLs can be carfully considered.
As showed by Watson et al. , the use of actual biometry derived K values aiming for a low myopia refractive target can give acceptable results for mild to moderate KC. However, in eyes with mean K >55D the use of standard K values and low myopia refractive target should be considered. Consideration should also be taken regarding the options for postoperative refraction correction.
If a CL had been worn prior to the development of the cataract, continued use is necessary after surgery to maximise visual function. Without continued CL wear, the best possible visual acuity post surgery can only be expected to be equal to the best spectacle corrected acuity prior to the development of the cataract. A large majority of keratoconic patients, with more than just mild disease are dependent on CL for useful vision, which would remain the case post surgery since the IOL can only correct the spherical refractive error.
A low myopic post-operative refractive target is preferable compared with a hyperopic refractive outcome not only to enable unaided near vision but also to facilitate scleral CL wear. This is related to the optics of a scleral lens. The pre-corneal tear fluid reservoir usually works as a very high power minus lens, sometimes up to –15.00 D. Thus, in the case of a postoperative hyperopic refractive outcome, the use of scleral CLs would be more difficult. This is because positive powered scleral CLs are less satisfactory and they require greater central thicknesses with smaller front optic zone diameter resulting in a CL that is usually more mobile in situ and with higher degrees of optical aberration.
In conclusion, the grade of KC is crucial in determining the strategy of cataract surgery. Due to the scarcity of literature for IOL selection and the difficulty in obtaining reliable keratometry, the most important step in planning the cataract surgery in the keratoconic eye is not only the IOL selection but also patient counselling especially the discussion of the postoperative outcomes. In light of generally unpredictable post-operative refractive results, patients using spectacles preoperatively may require contact lenses after surgery and vice versa. Where there is an unacceptable refractive surprise IOL exchange or piggyback lens placement may be necessary. With appropriate patient selection, toric IOLs are justified to be used in cases with stable non progressive keratoconus and where there is a good level of spectacle corrected visual acuity.
 Nielsen K, Hjortdal J, Aagaard nohr E, Ehlers N. Incidence and prevalence of keratoconus in Denmark. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2007; 85(8): 890-2.
 Ihalainen A. Clinical and epidemiological features of keratoconus genetic and external factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. Acta Ophthalmol Suppl 1986; 178: 1-64.
 Pearson AR, Soneji B, Sarvananthan N, Sandford-Smith JH. Does ethnic origin influence the incidence or severity of keratoconus? Eye (Lond) 2000; 14(Pt 4): 625-8.
 Kennedy RH, Bourne WM, Dyer JA. A 48-year clinical and epidemiologic study of keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol 1986; 101(3): 267-73.
 Tuft SJ, Moodaley LC, Gregory WM, Davison CR, Buckley RJ. Prognostic factors for the progression of keratoconus. Ophthalmology 1994; 101(3): 439-47.
 Fung SS, Aiello F, Maurino V. Outcomes of femtosecond laser-assisted mushroom-configuration keratoplasty in advanced keratoconus. Eye (Lond) 2016; 30(4): 553-61.
 Thebpatiphat N, Hammersmith KM, Rapuano CJ, Ayres BD, Cohen EJ. Cataract surgery in keratoconus. Eye Contact Lens 2007; 33(5): 244-6.
 McMahon TT, Anderson RJ, Joslin CE, Rosas GA. Precision of three topography instruments in keratoconus subjects. Optometry and vision science: official publication of the American Academy of Optometry 2001; 78(8): 599-604.
 Tan B, Baker K, Chen YL, et al. How keratoconus influences optical performance of the eye. J Vis 2008; 8(2): 1-10.
 Hashemi H, Yekta A, Khabazkhoob M. Effect of keratoconus grades on repeatability of keratometry readings: Comparison of 5 devices. J Cataract Refract Surg 2015; 41(5): 1065-72.
 Yağcı R, Kulak AE, Güler E, Tenlik A, Gürağaç FB, Hepşen IF. Comparison of Anterior Segment Measurements With a Dual Scheimpflug Placido Corneal Topographer and a New Partial Coherence Interferometer in Keratoconic Eyes. Cornea 2015; 34(9): 1012-8.
 Cua IY, Qazi MA, Lee SF, Pepose JS. Intraocular lens calculations in patients with corneal scarring and irregular astigmatism. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003; 29(7): 1352-7.
 Bozorg S, Pineda R. Cataract and keratoconus: minimizing complications in intraocular lens calculations. Semin Ophthalmol 2014; 29(5-6): 376-9.
 Piñero DP, Nieto JC, Lopez-Miguel A. Characterization of corneal structure in keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg 2012; 38(12): 2167-83.
 Kovács I, Miháltz K, Németh J, Nagy ZZ. Anterior chamber characteristics of keratoconus assessed by rotating Scheimpflug imaging. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010; 36(7): 1101-6.
 Watson MP, Anand S, Bhogal M, et al. Cataract surgery outcome in eyes with keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 98(3): 361-4.
 Leccisotti A. Refractive lens exchange in keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32(5): 742-6.
 Hashemi H, Heidarian S, Seyedian MA, Yekta A, Khabazkhoob M. Evaluation of the Results of Using Toric IOL in the Cataract Surgery of Keratoconus Patients. Eye Contact Lens 2015; 41(6): 354-8.
 Nanavaty MA, Lake DB, Daya SM. Outcomes of pseudophakic toric intraocular lens implantation in Keratoconic eyes with cataract. J refractive surg (Thorofare, NJ : 1995) 2012; 28(12): 884-9.
 Chen YA, Hirnschall N, Findl O. Comparison of corneal wetting properties of viscous eye lubricant and balanced salt solution to maintain optical clarity during cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2011; 37(10): 1806-8.
 Oie Y, Kamei M, Matsumura N, et al. Rigid gas-permeable contact lens-assisted cataract surgery in patients with severe keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg 2014; 40(3): 345-8.
 Flynn TH, Sharma DP, Bunce C, Wilkins MR. Differential precision of corneal Pentacam HR measurements in early and advanced keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol 2015.
 Al-Yousuf N, Mavrikakis I, Mavrikakis E, Daya SM. Penetrating keratoplasty: indications over a 10 year period. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88(8): 998-1001.


text:
from kombu import Exchange, Queue

task_exchange = Exchange('task_exchange', type='direct')
task_json_queue = Queue('task_json_queue', task_exchange,
                        routing_key='json_queue')
task_pickle_queue = Queue('task_pickle_queue', task_exchange,
                          routing_key='pickle_queue')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
by David | Sep 21, 2019 | David, Europe, Italy, Travel | 1 comment
Bologna is the "business" part of our trip — 5 days of baseball, for a potential article or book about the the internationalization of the sport.
The World Baseball Softball Confederation have organized the Europe/Africa Olympic qualifiers, split between stadiums in Bologna and Parma, here in Italy. Six teams qualified, five from Europe (Italy, Netherlands, Spain, the Czech Republic, and Israel) and one from Africa (South Africa, who I'd seen decisively clinch their berth at the African Championships in May).
This tournament is a round robin with no playoffs. The top team will earn one of only 6 spots at the Tokyo Games next July. The second place team will hang on for a chance at a final play-in berth next spring… although likely against very good squads from the Americas and Asia. The other four will have their Olympic dreams end.
I'd gambled staying in Bologna. Unfortunately, more of the games (and more that I'd like to see) are in Parma, which is only 30 minutes by fast train but tough to get to and back again for games that begin at 8pm and the last train that leaves at 11:30pm.
So while I wanted to see Italy play South Africa on Wednesday night in Parma, instead I attended Spain vs. Israel here in Bologna. It turned out well. The Parma game got rain delayed with it tied 4-4 in the 5th and then moved to Friday morning for completion. The rains held off here in Bologna, and Israel — with a roster of American-born players, many rushed into citizenship before the European championships a few weeks ago — won a pitcher's duel with a 3-0 win. Danny Valencia (former Blue Jay) led the way with a 2-run homer and a sac fly.
The next day, we all attended the afternoon (1:30pm) game between South Africa and Spain. Another tight pitcher's duel got blown open with a 5-run fifth inning by Spain. who won 7-1. I returned alone for the evening game, with Italy facing the Czech Republic. The stands were closer to half full, after the sparsely populated earlier games I'd watched. The Czechs scored first, but Italy quickly tied it 1-1 with a Chris Colabello (another former Blue Jay!) hitting a sac fly. He added 3 more runs with a homer in the third and Italy cruised to a 5-1 win. More shocking, in the other night game in Parma, Israel scored 6 quick runs and beat the top-ranked Dutch 8-1 to upset predictions of who would earn the berth in Tokyo.
Chris Colabello after Italy's win over the Czech Republic
The next day, alas, the big games were in Parma, so we did a sojourn into the old city of Bologna (to visit a zoological and anthropological museum and buy AJ the rain jacket he forgot to pack!) and then I watched the erratic live streams of the key matches back at our suburban apartment in Bologna.
Italy won the rain-delayed game (starting at 11am) in weird fashion, scoring 6 runs in the top of the 10th inning (world baseball rules put runners on 1st and 2nd base in extra innings, but 6 runs is still a lot!) and then ending the game in the bottom of the inning with a dubious triple play (off the first batter!) when Rowan Ebersohn fouled a pitch off home plate that appeared to then hit his leg and roll into fair territory. The umpire didn't see the ball hit his leg, the Italian catcher threw to third, who threw to second, who threw to first, and a video review was disallowed (you can't review fair/foul calls) so the missed call stood. Game over.
That set up the biggest game of the tournament so far: Italy vs. Israel in Parma in a battle of undefeated teams. The winner would control their destiny. Israel flirted with danger, as Italy kept putting runners on base early. But Italy left 10 runners on base over the nine innings and had their hopes fall to pieces in the top of the 8th, after Chris Colabello got beaned and had to leave the game in the bottom of 7.
The dominant Italian pitcher Luis Lugo was removed after beaning the first Israeli batter (perhaps in retaliation), and then Pat Venditte (famed ambidextrous former major leaguer!) struggled to shut down the inning and had to be removed. A squeeze bunt muffed by Colabello's replacement at first base gave Israel a 3-2 lead. Another muff by the shortstop loaded the bases. And then three straight singles by Israel added 5 more runs.
Italian fans were stunned. And the Italian team could muster nothing in their final two innings. Team Israel had taken control of the tournament and only needs to win one of its games versus the Czech Republic or South Africa (both lower ranked teams) to secure their ticket to Tokyo. The final game in Bologna, with Italy versus Netherlands, had promised to be the big match. Now it looks like it might be the playoff for second place and a last shot at the Olympics.
Ron Manzer on September 21, 2019 at 4:05 pm
Thanks for this very interesting report on the road to Olympic baseball in Tokyo 2020. What surprised me, but should not have done, is the presence of former major leaguers recently recruited as players for their (ancestral) countries. Interviews would be difficult in the circumstances, but it would be also interesting to know more about how these players experience playing for a change to be Olympic athletes in 2020.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.langpath.mongo.command;

import com.langpath.mongo.model.User;
import com.langpath.mongo.repository.UserRepository;
import com.service.api.CrudApi;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import java.util.Optional;

/**
 * Created by root on 12.10.16.
 */
@Service
class DeleteWordGroupCommand {

    private CrudApi<User, String> userCrud;

    DeleteWordGroupCommand(@Qualifier("userCrudService") CrudApi userCrud) {
        this.userCrud = userCrud;
    }

    void removeWordGroup(final String userId, final String wordGroupId) {
        userCrud.findById(userId)
                .flatMap(u -> Optional.ofNullable(u.removeWordGroup(wordGroupId)))
                .ifPresent(u -> userCrud.save(u));
    }

}


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Fatty Liver- Is it the fats' fault?
Just a quick post that my talk from the 2013 Ancestral Health Symposium is up. Alas, there were some technical difficulties and the last few minutes weren't recorded, but most of the meat of the talk is there.
**Apparently the video has been set to private. I'll update when it's back!
Also, the slides are up on Slide Sharer here (there were a few reveals/animations that didn't make the upload, but again the meat of the topic is there!).


This property is a credit to its current owners and at 204sqm including balcony with ocean views and double garage is generous to say the least (exclusive use land area 367sqm). Now you have the opportunity to secure this spacious, immaculately maintained, Town house with amazing separation of bed rooms and living areas complete with modern features. 3 bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms and Study or 3rd living area.
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The Chefs kitchen has a good sized meals area and full sized family room opening out to a generous paved court yard. The minor bedrooms are not so minor both with robes and a central bathroom to share in their own wing of the property.
To attend this property drive into the rear carpark of Makit Hardware, park your car and walk the 100m down Bingham Lane OR drive down Bingham Lane 2 houses past and park in the visitors bays on your left.


This is the kind of weekend trip you shouldn't wait for a weekend for. Take that sick leave, pack your bags, and head to the mountains – the little mountain town of Dharamshala is calling! Plus, it's on weekdays that Learning and Ideas for Tibet (LIT) organises its movie-and-dinner nights. Watch movies and documentaries about the Dalai Lama and the struggles of his homeland while tucking into authentic Tibetan fare like thenthuk soup, momos and even Tibetan pizza. The non-profit organisation also lets you volunteer to teach English to local kids or learn to cook hearty Tibetan cuisine that you'll fall in love with here.
The weekdays will also let you skip the crowds up at the Kangra Fort. Soak in the sweeping views and wander at leisure through the fort. It's known for being impregnable, with the Banganga River on one side and a cliff on the other. Fun fact: Maharaja Sansar Chandra had soldiers suspended on ropes to smoothen the fort's rock face, so that the enemy would gain no foothold. Pick up an audio guide to walk around the fort – the guide will take you back in time to the fort's glory days. Also visit the Royal Kangra Museum that's dedicated to Maharaja Sansar Chandra.
Then, remember that you're taking it easy, and in Dharamshala, one of the best ways of doing that is by sipping a cup of hot chocolate at one of its many rooftop restaurants, like the Village Meeting Point Café. Soak in the views of the valley on one side, and look at the market on the other, where visitors navigate the streets, past Tibetan curio stalls, tiny stores and restaurants. It's the perfect way to warm up on a chilly evening.
Since you're in the hills, you're also going to be able to make the most of the great outdoors. The picturesque village of Naddi, which is the starting point for many treks in the area, is four kilometres away, The hike there isn't too difficult, and will take you past neon-green wheat fields, Himachali slate-roof houses, rosy-cheeked kids playing cricket and shaggy goats grazing happily. The Dhauladhar mountain range keeps you company throughout, until the trek ends at the Bhagsu waterfall. The tiny Buddhist village, deep in the forest, has a stupa surrounded by modest huts. It's so quiet, the village almost seems deserted, but that's only because the monks inside the huts meditate all day long. You'll find prayer flags fluttering up in the trees and the sweet smell of pine cones, burnt to purify the air. It's a serene spot, and you're bound to feel grateful that you took chose this short break from the city.


In our latest article -- "The Hidden Weapon of "Gun Control" Advocates" by Kirby Ferris, we expose the "Rules for Radicals" used by our enemies to destroy our ability to stay alive.
You will learn the techniques of treachery and how effective they are and how we can use them to preserve the Second Amendment.
"Advocates of victim disarmament in today's American politics owe their tactics and techniques to a man whose name is becoming more and more familiar: Saul Alinsky.
Hillary Clinton actually sat at his feet. Barack Hussein Obama was spoon fed his teachings. Bill Clinton was Saul's ideological son................ "
Read the entire article .
Use our latest 2A Today handbills - make copies and hand out to all who wear uniforms, as well as passing on the link to all your contacts.


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Home Entertainment President Biden Is "Not Considering" Canceling $50K Of Student Loan Debt Per...
President Biden Is "Not Considering" Canceling $50K Of Student Loan Debt Per Borrower But Is Taking A "Hard Look" At Other Options
President Biden said on Thursday he's looking into offering a solution to student loan debt, but he will not be canceling $50,000.
After speaking on funding for Ukraine, Biden spoke about the student loan debt that exceeds more than $1.7 trillion and has an estimated 10 million people in default.
I am considering dealing with some debt reduction. I am not considering $50,000 debt reduction. But I'm in the process of taking a hard look at whether or not there are going – there will be additional debt forgiveness, and I'll have an answer on that in the next couple of weeks.
He didn't specify just how much debt he would cancel, but while campaigning for president Biden mentioned that the amount being considered is $10,000.
California Democratic Rep. Nanette Barragá said, Biden seemed "positive" about canceling $10,000 for borrowers at the Congressional Hispanic Caucus on Monday, CNN reports.
According to CNBC:
"Canceling $10,000 per borrower would wipe out $321 billion of federal student loans, and eliminate the entire balance for nearly 12 million people. Around 70% of student loan borrowers would still be left with the debt.
Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York and Sen. Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts have requested Biden to cancel up to $50,000 of student loan debt for each individual.
As you know, he recently extended the pandemic pause plan until August 31st.
As previously reported, the US Dept of Education the US Department of Education agreed to cancel $415 million of student loan debt in February.
The website stated:
Nearly 16,000 borrowers will receive $415 million in borrower defense to repayment discharges following the approval of four new findings and the continued review of claims.
This includes 1,800 former DeVry University students who will receive "approximately $71.7 million in full borrower defense discharges." It was determined the university gave widespread misleading information about job placement rates.
Roomies, how do y'all feel about this?
The post President Biden Is "Not Considering" Canceling $50K Of Student Loan Debt Per Borrower But Is Taking A "Hard Look" At Other Options appeared first on The Shade Room.
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Introducing, Jimmy High, The Creative Mind Behind, "TowerBeatz"


Birthplace: Flushing, New York, U.S.
Jon Favreau is an American actor, comedian and director. He is also the founder of the Fairview Entertainment production company.
Films (actor): "Rudy", "Very Bad Things", "Chef".
Films (director): "Iron Man", "Iron Man 2", "Chef", "The Jungle Book".
He has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and he has won a Tribeca Film Festival Award.
He is of Jewish, Canadian and Italian descent. He is married to Joya Tillem and they have 3 children together. Actor Robert Downey Jr is one of his best friends.
Actor and film director Jon Favreau promoting the film "Iron Man" in Mexico City.
Jon Favreau is a famous American actor, comedian and director, who was born on October 19, 1966. As a person born on this date, Jon Favreau is listed in our database as the 4th most popular celebrity for the day (October 19) and the 32nd most popular for the year (1966).
People born on October 19 fall under the Zodiac sign of Libra, the Scales. Jon Favreau is the 200th most popular Libra.
Aside from information specific to Jon Favreau's birthday, Jon Favreau is the 1405th most famous American and ranks 3rd in famous people born in Flushing, New York, U.S.
In general, Jon Favreau ranks as the 2458th most popular famous person, and the 514th most popular actor of all time. "The Famous Birthdays" catalogs over 25,000 famous people, everyone from actors to singers to scientists to serial killers and more. If you're curious to see who was born on your birthday, you can use our database to find out who, what, where, when and why. You can search by birthday, birthplace, claim to fame or any other information by typing in the search box, or simply browse our site by selecting the month, the day, the horoscope, or any other clickable option.
3rd born in Flushing, New York, U.S.


Paco Rabanne Lady Million Perfume // There's been a tiny amount of this sitting in the bottle for a month or two as I couldn't bring myself to finish it but I finally did. I love this scent and it's the perfume I get the most compliments and questions about when I wear it. This is my second bottle and no doubt I'll buy another bottle soon.
Alison Claire Mango Body Butter // I'm not normally a huge fan of body butters as I find them too thick but I completely fell in love with this one. Although it's a body butter and is still quite thick, it sunk into the skin easily and very quickly. I also really loved the mango scent and the packaging is really nice. I will be buying the full size of this once I've finished the other body moisturisers I have.
Philip Kingsley Daily Damage Defence Conditioning Spray // I bought this mini bottle completely on a whim while ordering other Philip Kingsley products without reading any reviews on it. I'm pleased to say, I really loved it. I sprayed it all over towel dried hair to condition as well as detangle. I have a couple other leave in conditioners to use first but this is on my repurchase list.
La Roche-Posay Effaclar Duo // I loved this when I bought it and completely raved about it since it really helped to clear my skin. Recently though it's been causing really bad breakouts so I stopped using it. I'm pretty sure it's the fragrance in it that my skin doesn't like as I've reacted to other products in the Effaclar range which is a shame. There's a tiny amount left but I know I'm not going to use it again so there's no point keeping it.
L'Occitane Pivoine Delicate Hand Cream // Peonies are one of my favourite flowers and I really loved this hand cream. It was quite a light hand cream so great for during the day. I have a million other hand creams to use so don't need to repurchase just yet.
Clinique High Impact Extreme Volume Mascara // I'm a huge fan of the original High Impact Mascara so was really excited to try the Extreme Volume version. I really loved how it made my lashes look and I would definitely buy it again but it dried up pretty quickly.
Lush Ponche Shower Gel // This is a Christmas limited edition I bought in the sales in 2012. I tucked it away in my room and completely forgot about it till the other month when I started using it again. It smells of oranges and tequila and one that I use in the morning. It isn't available anymore but will definitely buy another bottle if it comes out again this Christmas.
Lush Snow Fairy Shower Gel // This is another one that I completely forgot I had. I also bought enough bottles the other year I didn't need to buy any this Christmas! I love using this shower gel for bubble bath as the scent is so strong it fills the whole house and creates a lot of bubbles. I tend to use this at night as the scent lingers on your skin for a long time. I still have another bottle to use so don't need to worry about it till next Christmas.
The Body Shop Almond Conditioning Hand Wash // I was quite disappointed with this hand soap. It is very moisturising and nice to use but it never felt like it was washing my hands especially if they were greasy or dirty from cooking. I bought this using a 40% off voucher so never paid full price which I'm pleased about and I wouldn't buy it again.
La Roche-Posay Micellar Solution // I really enjoyed using this micellar solution from La Roche-Posay and it didn't irritate my skin like other LRP products have. It still doesn't beat bioderma and I don't think I'd buy another bottle.
Mario Badescu Cream Soap // I had about a quarter of this cleanser left but after the hole Mario Badescu Control Cream having unlisted steroids in it I didn't really want to finish it off. Mario Badescu not listing every ingredient in products has really made me think about buying their products in the future. I still have two masks from the brand which I'm still not sure if I'll use or not.
balance Me Rose Shower Gel // I love the scent of this shower gel as it's a fresh rose scent and not a horrible old lady rose. It's also great for sensitive skin and doesn't irritate my eczema. I do find myself going through it quite quickly though which is it's only downside.
Can you tell me more about the Badescu story? I almost bought a couple of products the other day.
I really enjoy reading 'empties' posts, it shows that you really know about these products and haven't just used them once or twice.
I have tried a few testers of the Effaclar Duo, and like you I really loved the effect it had on my skin at first but now I feel like it isn't making much difference to my skin. I much prefer to use the LUSH Grease Lightning.
I have tried La Roche-Posay Effaclar Duo too and I so love it. No wonder why you love most of these products for they seem to be great products to try out. Among these products that you have shown, I wanna try the Clinique High Impact Extreme Volume Mascara. I am on hunt for the best mascara and I wanna know if this is the one for me.


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Monday, July 27, 2020 | History
3 edition of Why breed draft horses found in the catalog.
Why breed draft horses
Wayne Dinsmore
by Wayne Dinsmore
Published 1918 by Drovers Journal Press in Chicago .
Horses -- Breeding
Other titles Draft horses.
Statement by Wayne Dinsmore, secretary, Percheron Society of America.
Contributions Percheron Society of America.
LC Classifications SF311 .D6
Learn why Morgan Horses made our list of the 11 Best Breeds for First Time Horse Owners. Morgan horses are "America's first breed" and helped form many other breeds we love today, including the Quarter Horse, Standardbred, and Tennessee Walking Horse. What horse breeds may be used for logging? Any breed of draft horse can log. By draft horse I mean a large, heavy boned working animal weighing around 1, pounds. Smaller draft animals can log, but will be limited in their abilities by their size. Many people log with oxen. I work Suffolk horses, but any breed can do the work.
Find and save ideas about horse breeds on Pinterest. A nice alternative to a full-blooded draft breed is a draft crossbreed. Horse breeds, including Clydesdales, Shires, and Percherons, have been successfully crossed with thoroughbreds, quarter horses, and paint horses to produce docile horses of a smaller stature. This can make them easier for beginners to mount, ride, and maintain.
The stud book was founded in and Herman Biddell (secretary of the Suffolk Horse Society) is credited with properly establishing the breed. "The Horse, With A Treatise On Draft" by William Youatt () states: Horses for slower draught, and sometimes even for the carriage, are produced from the Suffolk Punch, so-called from his round. Horse Breeds. The Clydesdale is known as a Draft Horse or Heavy horse. The Draft horse is also known as the Draught Horse or Dray Horse. 'Dray' is a word derived from the Anglo-Saxon term for 'to haul' or 'to draw'. Draft horses are large and hardy, much heavier and broader than the light horses.
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Why breed draft horses by Wayne Dinsmore Download PDF EPUB FB2
It gives good information on the various breeds of draft horses, buying and caring for your horses, as well as chapters on showing, breeding and working draft horses.
This book is easy to read and gives a very good overview of the basics of draft horse ownership. Written inthe information is very up-to-date/5(23). Smallest Draft Horse Breed: Halflingers.
Haflingers are one of the most beloved breeds of ponies. They are known for being dependable, versatile, athletic, and witty. Haflingers are easy to pick out of a crowd due to their characteristic sorrel and palomino coloring.
Draft horse - Wikipedia. The Morgan horse is one of the earliest horse breeds developed in the United States. Tracing back to the foundation sire Figure, later named Justin Morgan after his best-known owner, Morgans served many roles in 19th-century American history, being used as coach horses and for harness racing, as general riding animals, and as cavalry horses during the American Civil.
While the Percheron is a draft horse breed, they were originally used as war horses. In fact, equine experts speculate that either the Arab, Roman or Persian armies introduced the breed's ancestor to France during the various wars that have taken place between the Franks and those empires.
Myth #2: Draft horses are harness horses, not riding horses. Reality: It's true that the colossal size of some draft horses makes them majestic creatures. But don't be put off by their height or weight - they're nicknamed "gentle giants" for a reason. And not all draft breeds are made up of towering horses.
BREEDs oF DRAFt HoRsEs Belgian The Belgian draft horse, as the name indicates, originat-ed and was developed in Belgium. In the Belgian Draft Horse Society was organized to encourage the breeding of native draft horses and to maintain a stud-book for the breed. The breeding of Belgian draft horses is also promoted by the Belgian government.
The book is aimed at draft horses, but most of the information pertains to any breed of horse or mule. This book should be included in anyone's reference library that owns horses.
Some of the included chapters: Conformation and Breeds of Draft Horses; Buying a Team; Feeding, Care, and Housing; Shoeing and Foot Care; Harness and Hitching. Shire, draft horse breed native to the middle section of England. The breed descended from the English "great horse," which carried men in full battle armour that often weighed as much as pounds.
Shires were improved as draft and farm animals in the latter part of the 18th century by breeding. A history of the Percheron horse: including hitherto unpublished data concerning the origin and development of the modern type of heavy draft drawn from authentic documents records and manuscripts in the national archives of the French government together with a detailed account of the introduction and dissemination of the breed throughout the United States to which is.
Draft horse breeding programs in Canada flourished during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in response to the agricultural sector's demand for more horsepower. Photo courtesy of the Provincial Archives of Alberta.
Horse Breeding. Horse breeding programs flourished in the late s and in the early part of the s. Percheron, heavy draft-horse breed that originated in the Perche region of France.
The breed probably stems from the Flemish "great horse" of the Middle Ages; modified by Arabian blood to develop a coach-horse type, it was changed again in the 19th century by introduction of draft-type blood to produce animals for heavy farm work. In my research on this subject I didn't find one breed of draft horse any better than another to ride.
The people, who own them, work with them, and love them may have favorites as far as breed goes, but for the person wondering about and contemplating a draft horse in their life can choose which one would suit their love and desire the best.
Check out the 9 Largest Living Horse Breeds In The World. From the strongest horses to the most beautiful horse like the belgian draft horse, this top 10 lis. Selecting, Training, and Using Draft Horses Merle Saxon A helpful booklet for newcomers to draft horses to choose the draft horse breeds and how to use them.
Black and white photos. 46 pages. 7 X 9" $ So you want to Show Draft Horses Draft Horse Journal A 44 page pamphlet explaining how to judge, show and care for draft horses. Also. In the official stud book was established, and the national show in Brussels became the great annual showcase.
The result was a rapid improvement as the draft horses of Belgium came to be regarded as both a national heritage and treasure. The American Belgian is an offshoot to the Brabant horses - the big fellows bred in the lowlands.
Today's best-known breeds of draft horses are said to date back to the great war horses of Medieval times. But while these great titans clashed in mortal combat, the quiet farmers of eastern England went about developing their own breed of heavy horse, the Suffolk Punch.
Our Animals - Percheron Draft Horse. Our Animals > Percheron Draft Horse. The Percheron is a breed of draft horses that originated in the Perche valley in northern France.
Percherons are usually gray or black in color. They are well-muscled, and known for their intelligence and willingness to work. The Irish Draught Horse developed as a working horse on Irish farms with references to the breed dating as far back as the 18th century.
Due to the small size of farm holdings in Ireland at the time most farmers could not afford to keep more than one horse and as a result Irish breeders developed an adaptable draught horse capable of carrying out all of the work on the farm as.
The Conestoga breed was a medium to heavy draft horse, developed both for pulling and riding. It had a strong body with long striding legs giving it a steady active motion. It was probably about 16 to 17 hand high and weighed around 1, pounds ( kg).
All of the features of a breed areclearly defined, and recorded by a breed society, which keeps a special list or Stud Book and a registry of the individual horses belonging to that breed.
Other than horse breeds, there are also "types" of horses that do not belong to a breed witha stud book or pedigree.As GIs returned from World War II, there were fewer than 2, registered draft horses left in the country, and the future of these hard-working equines looked bleak: Many breed associations ceased operations, and some breeds, like the Suffolk Punch, bordered on the brink of extinction.Thinking of acquiring a horse?
Studying equine breeds and traits? Or simply curious about the magnificent creatures? This book, with profiles of one hundred horse, pony, and draft breeds, is the most comprehensive field guide to horses ever published. Illustrated.
esthetic-tokyo.com - Why breed draft horses book © 2020


Here is the third installment about Joe Newton's and my skitrip up on the Finnmarksvidda, or Vidda, at the northernmost corner of Europe.
It had snowed quite a bit during the night and the wind had created beautifully formed drifts where our tents had disrupted the flow of whiteness on whiteness. The morning was cold and fairly still, with good visibility. Being forced out of the tent around 5 o'clock in the morning by an insistent bowel movement, I soon weaseled back into the tent again. With a temperature of around -11 C, the wind chill factor made sure you did not spend too much time contemplating during potty breaks.
Inside the tent the usual snow melting and breakfasting took a couple of hours, but then we were on skis again, heading in a south-easterly direction. We wanted to pick up the valley of the Vuoldávzi to use as a handrail, going pretty well straight south on this featureless, flat plateau qwned by snow and wind and with few visitors. We were beginning to get a hint of why.
Visibility soon got worse, much worse. Not only did the wind increase again, stilll thankfully more or less at our backs. But clouds complemented the wind whipped snow and at times we only had the direction of the wind, on the back of our right shoulder, and the mildly shining disc of the sun straining throught the whiteness, to guide us onwards.
We made pretty good time inspite of the poor conditions, but the white out got more and more impregnable to the eyw as the morning progressed. We found our hand rail valley alright and followed its shadowy presence in the distance, when we could discern it. At times not even the sun could penetrate the whiteness of the sky to give us a pinpoint of light to use as direction of our skiing. But we pressed on, using a compass and our general feel (which at times can lead you very wrong) for direction. Now and then the sun could be glimpsed and give us corrections.
The whiteout made it increasingly difficult to see gradients in the snow in front of our skis. It was difficult to see if the ground was slooping up or down. Or to see if the snow was collected in soft drifts or if it was sastrugi, hardened by the wind and with not much grip for our steel edged skis.
Around the middle of the day the whiteout was total in the direction we were heading, south and towards the sun. To the east we could glimpse our handrail valley, petering out. We were aiming for a lake where the valley and our handrail river had its source, that was where we wanted to cross this particular watershed on our way to Kautokeino.
Close to that lake, as far as we could judge in the difficult circumstances, we saw a reindeer fence on the other side of our handrail, this now receeding and pretty shallow valley. Thefence was also on the map, and a kink in its straight line not far a away would give us a welcome GPS fix and a definite position on which to build our continued navigation.
The area between where we were standing and the fence seemed to be just a slight dip in the snow, a couple of hundred meters down would lead us to the fence and we would be over the watershed. However, on the map we could see that the valley still showed fairly steep walls in the general area where we were, and knowing the deceptiveness of this snow and light we started down the slight incline towards the beckoning fence with care.
I was in the lead, enjoying the fact that gravity made my skis slide easily downhill, something we had not seen much of so far on this trip. But I took care, not wanting to ski out on and fall down a crumbling corniche, which could easily hide itself in the featureless whiteness.
It was not a corniche but a crevasse that suddenly manifested itself, not far in front of my skis. Looking to the left, north from were we came, I could make out a deep, narrow twisting gully looking like a crevasse in a glacier. Not my favourite spot for a picknick. To the right, south where we were going, I could see absolutely nothing. Everything was white with silvery trimmings.
I carefully made a 90 degree turn and started south, hoping to follow the crevasse to a point were it petered out and allowed us to cross. Contrast and visibility was nil, as I skied carefully forward. Looking back over my left shoulder, however, I could dimly make out the crevasse. It came slithering after us like deadly silent white snake. Inching closer it seemed.
Taking a close look at this scary feature both Joe and I realized that this was not something we would risk to chance that we could follow in these blinded conditions. We carefully started inching our way back up the slight incline we had just come down, hoping to distance ourselves from the scary maw in the snow by moving at what we hoped was a 90 degree direction from were the silver serpent was moving.
Back up out of the slight hollow we felt safer again, but visibility was still zero in the direction which we were going, and it was midday. We decided to take a lunch break and pitched our tents. For me procedures were the same as the day before. Soaking socks and soaking/frozen boots off. Dry socks on and wrap the feet in a quilt. Hot water bottle to thaw the toes out.
In the relative peace of the tent I could also dig out all our 50 K maps and take a look at terrain and distances. Not cheerful, considering this was our third day, not counting the first afternoon. We only had three full days and this half-day to our disposal and were not even a third of the distance to Kautokeino.
After lunch I called Joe over to my tent and we looked at the hard evidence. With the whiteout making it more or less impossible to see where we were going and the knowledge that none of us could stay longer than Tuesday next week due to our work commitments, the decision was logical. We had to leave Kautokeino for another time and get out of our present situation some other way.
As usual when it came to route finding we reasoned along the same lines, came to the same conclusions and were of the same mind. This certainly made us strong team. However, getting off the Vidda did not look any easier than getting onto it. One thing was certain, none of us had any wish to go down the way we came; down the hillside from hell. So what other alternatives did we have.
East of us ran highway 93 from Alta to Kaoutokeino. The distance was only 20 kilometers as the bird flies. However, not being birds, we would have to negotiate not only the valley that had proved a hinder only half an hour ago. On the other side of this valley, towards highway 93, was also the much bigger, deeper and steeper valley of Vesterelven, one of the bigger tributaries of the mighty Alta river. Chances were, that lacking local knowledge, we could get bogged down on any number of hillsides from any number of hells getting into and out of that valley.
Looking at the maps we saw only one route that looked attractive, although it brought no cheers to our lips. It meant backtracking, passing this mornings camp anew, and then heading in a generally northerly direction. Following a more modest-looking river valley would then bring us to a small road, that would bring us to bigger road that would bring us to highway 93 pretty close to Alta. There we ought to be able to hitch a ride or call a cab.
One huge disadvantage, but one that had to be managed, would be that we would now be heading more or less straight into the hard wind. Something that is very much different from going with such a wind at our backs. At temperatures around -10 C and winds around 15 meters per second that we were experiencing, the wind chill factor on our faces would be equal to -30 C weather without wind. We would have to bundle up and take care, watching noses and cheeks carefully.
Said and done, we bundled up and headed back north. After a while it became clear that Joe was the better lead dog, having less trouble than me at guesstimating where our handrail valley was (now on our right hand side) in the intermittent whiteout and whipping snow. Taking the lead he soon developed interesting icicles protruding from his face and googles. I could relax in the slipstream behind him, simply concentrating on never letting the back of his skis slip away from me. "Voss, Voss, Voss...".
Later Joe said that this was a mental low for him, but he sure hid it well and it did not affect his performance. We simply bullied our way north, against the wind and the snow. Later going to the airport in Alta, we heard from the taxi driver that the airport and all roads in the area had been closed that Friday, due to the harsh weather conditions. So we were not the only ones having a hard time that day.
Thankfully, few things keep you warmer than vigourous exercise, and we were well clothed and warm in our mitts and parkas, with only small portions of our faces exposed to the winddriven snow. Checking these portions every now and then against frostbite we made surprisingly good time going north and when it was time to camp we had proceeded quite a bit north from our last camp. In fact, a GPS check later that night showed we were closer (as the bird flies) to our first camp in the Mattis Valley.
The wind was decreasing as the hours passed and when time came to set up camp the weather was quite manageable, I'm guessing at 8-10 meters per second, and visibility was among the better for several days.
After having eaten I ventured briefly outside to fill my bag with fresh snow to melt in the morning. Coming back into the tent and getting things organised for the night, I realized there was one thing missing.
Real Turmat freeze-dried foods are mostly excellent. The new Oriental Casserole can be recommended. These pouches that you fill with boiling water and let cure for 5-10 minutes are also useful for other purposes. I find these bags, when empty, to be excellent pee bags at times when you do not want to venture outside your tent. You pee in them and then close the ziploc, leaving you a closed bag that can be put in a corner of the tent, ready to empty when convenient.
Well, my aim had been to empty the pee bag when sticking my head out to collect snow. But I had forgotten, and now the pee bag was nowhere to be seen. Now, as everyone having looked everywhere for something in a tent, and still not found it knows, there is only one place left where it can be. Yes; under you.
The impressively flat pee bag was resting tranquilly in a pool of pee underneath my closed cell foam pad. Fortunately, the lumpy snow surface underneath the silnylon tent floor had managed to keep it reasonably contained in a small hollow. Since snow is excellent at soaking up moisture I grabbed handfulls from my snowbag and could soon dump a load of soaking, yellow putty outside the tent leaving a mostly dry floor. The tent served me well for the rest of the trip, but stunk to high heavens when we hung it up to dry at the motel in Alta. By popular demand it was relegated to the porch outside the motel.
Lesson learned: Avod going where you cannot see. Avoid sitting on your pee bag.
Great idea to have separate acounts of the trip but did you really have to make it a serial?
I don't ski, have never been further north than Newcastle in the UK, but now I really want to! This is an epic adventure. Thank you for sharing. Both yours and Joe's accounts make great reading. I'm really glad google reader recommended your blogs.
Glad you enjoy our blogs. And I do not ski much either, I just walk on skis. If you keep it up long enough it car take you far..
Very nice reading again. It makes me want to go up north, back to the winter. I will also try to remember the second lesson.
Another great episode in the saga, Jorgen. Looking forward to tomorrow's.


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$X=\{ 1, \ 2 \}$ , and $R=(P(x), \Delta , \cap )$
$A=\{ \phi , \ \{1\} \}$ , prove that $(A, \Delta , \cap )$ is ideal in Ring $R$.
I know how can I prove that, but I only have qusetion in intersction
know, if I want to find $A \cap \{1\}$,
is it like this
$A \cap \{1\} = (\{\{1\}, \phi \}) \cap \{1\}= \{1\}$
or like this
$A \cap \{1\} = (\{\{1\}, \phi \}) \cap \{1\}$
$\{1\} \cap \{1\} = \{1\} $
$\{1\} \cap \phi = \phi$
so $A \cap \{1\}=\{\phi, \{1\}\}=A$
what's the true answer ?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Page of "#AudioBookBlogTour #BookReview – The Kaleidoscope by Beverly Nault".
#AudioBookBlogTour #BookReview – The Kaleidoscope by Beverly Nault
Blog Post	08/10/2020 08/03/2020
Author: Beverly Nault
Narrator: Joseph Vernon
Length: 9 hours 20 minutes
Publisher: Beverly Nault
Genre: Romantic Thriller
When Harold becomes the guardian of a beautiful, handcrafted kaleidoscope with mysterious powers, his world spins from black-and-white boring into technicolor chaos. Along with Pepper, their journey becomes a life-threatening race to save the 'scope from falling into the wrong hands.
Harold's a reclusive computer forensics expert forced to become an amateur detective when a mysterious kaleidoscope shows viewers more than pretty shapes and colors. He's soon joined by Pepper, a spunky breast cancer survivor who challenges him to color outside the lines and look at life – and himself – differently, and Morrie, his only real friend who has his own secrets. Together they must solve the riddle of what makes the 'scope work before the bad guys get their clutches on the valuable future-telling device.
Brilliant but socially inept, Harold has distanced himself from any connection to his dysfunctional childhood. Abandoned by a father accused of his mother's death, Harold trusts no one until the 'scope forces him to accept a circle of people he must learn to rely on. Just as he is on the verge of learning how it works and why his past connects to his future, he must face disturbing truths he's run from all his life. Join Harold and his new group of friends, including Rhashan the mail room guy always ready with Caribbean-spun folklore, to Pepper who's embracing life for all it's worth. Keith and his partner Frank are also crucial to the solving but have some unfinished business of their own. When Harold's past meets his future, everyone in the gang works side by side to discover who's behind the incredibly exciting, but scary, advances in technology only dreamed of until now.
Bev's been writing creatively since her first story, "The Line Who Joined the Parade," won honorable mention in her mother's extremely objective opinion. She and husband Gary have downsized and now live full time in their RV traveling the country when they're not spoiling their grandkids.
"The Kaleidoscope" was a finalist in the San Diego Book Awards Thriller/Mystery category, earned InD'Tale Magazine's Crowned Heart and a Must-Read Review. Reader's Favorite reviewers called it "the perfect combination of mystery, science fiction, romance and, of course, action."
Awards for Beverly's Fresh Start Summer series include the San Diego Christian Writer's Guild Excellence in Writing Award, Real Simple's 21 Best Summer Reads list, and Honorable Mention in the Reader's Favorite Writing Awards (2011). Her short story, "Camouflaged Christmas," appears in the "21 Days of Christmas, a fiction devotional (2015, Broadstreet Publishing).
Beverly also co-wrote "Lessons from the Mountain, What I Learned from Erin Walton," (Kensington) with Mary McDonough about her years working on the acclaimed television program, and her life growing up in Hollywood. "Lessons" won the Ella Dickey Literacy Award and has gone into five printings.
Website⎮Twitter⎮Facebook
Since 2019 I've been happily creating audiobooks in the small studio that I built in our home. My wife and I own and operate a lovely bed & breakfast in upstate New York and the business affords me time to record every day (when I'm not preparing pancakes or Eggs Benedict).
In my younger days, I was a stage actor (I studied with Uta Hagen in Manhattan in the 90's) and I really enjoy having the opportunity to work as a voice actor. I have recorded a number of novels as well as non-fiction books and I'm comfortable with a variety of regional American accents as well as British dialects. In addition, I've recorded vignettes for a sci-fi/fantasy series which releases monthly audio posts.
I serve as my own production engineer and I've invested in high quality recording equipment to help bring your prose to life!
Forced into hiding and sacrificing everything precious to him, Walter had accomplished something the rest of the tech-world vigorously debated was impossible. He'd worked as quickly as his limited resources allowed, but he finally reached his goal. Now the prototype awaited on final step, and it would be ready for real-world testing. A few more tweaks and the soft launch of which he'd dreamed was within his grasp. He unwound the protective length of fabric from the metal tube and exhaled a breath of adoration and pride. He'd polished the creation until it glimmered in the rays probing down through the high window into his basement workroom-slash-bedroom. He sighted down the shaft. His masterpiece, his swan song, was almost ready for the world.
Do you know what kaleidoscope is? For those of you who do not know, it is a toy consisting of a tube containing mirrors and pieces of colored glass or paper, whose reflections produce changing patterns that are visible through an eye hole when the tube is rotated. If you had an object that could show you your future instead of these mirrored pieces of colored glass, would you use it? Or if you had a chance to view your innermost desires or fears, would you jump at the chance to view them? This concept is very trivial, yet inspirational in the technological advancement arena. Nault brings an interesting story to readers about a man who is given a Kaleidoscope, not knowing anything about it, and forced to come to terms with being comfortable with uncertainty.
When Harold gets a chance at a promotion of a lifetime, he knows this will show his ex how serious he is about his life. Being known as a passerby of his own life has taken him down some pretty shoddy paths, but no more. This promotion means everything. Determined to make his trust issues take a back seat, he becomes entrusted with a wacky kaleidoscope that was given to him by just as wacky of a man. Homeless in the park, this man gives him this object, before he is dragged away. Little does he know, this object has unknown powers. Everyone who looks in sees something different about their life. Some brush it off as a cool kinda toy, but some are perturbed by it and awed, even downright greedy to get their hands on it. Harold, being a tech geek himself, knows that there is a story behind this object if only he can find that homeless man and figure out why it had to be him to receive it. Being abandoned at an early age by his father after his mother's death, he has always believed that his father was the murderer. Meeting a quirky, yet cute neighbor next door has lightened him up to the possibility that he shouldn't keep living in the past. As his relationship grows with Pepper, so too does an age old mystery that may connect him back to his father and give him the answers he so desperately longs for about his mother's death. Finally, he may be able to leave the past…in the past.
Nault has a compelling story filled with creativity and well-defined characters. The story is fast-paced and the characters are fun and unique; Harold being a tech savvy gent who lives in the past and Pepper being a spunky cancer survivor living as much as possible in the now. The author will most likely not have a problem luring readers in with the cover artwork because it is colorful and eye-catching. Since this is a review of the audio book, the story appears to be well-written solely by the narration alone. Vernon is fun and breathes life into Nault's characters. His vocals are on par with situational cues and the emotional bouts that the characters face. There are a few hiccups in the narration, like a line or two would be repeated or a longer than average pause, but not enough to hinder enjoyment of the audio book. If you are a reader of fantasy and mysteries, you may be interested in traveling alongside Harold and Pepper in their quest to find answers about the mysterious Kaleidoscope.
An audio book was provided to Turning Another Page by Audiobookworm Promotions and in no way affects the honesty of this review. We provide a four-star rating to The Kaleidoscope by Beverly Nault.
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You are here: Home >> Forschung >> Frankfurt Research Center for Postcolonial Studies
Colonial rule and expansion is an efficacious event in the histories of both the global North and the global South leaving a distinct mark on current scholarship, culture, philosophy, literature as well as the economy, politics, law and society. In the past three decades Postcolonial Studies has emerged as a trans-disciplinary research field, which has provided the impetus for important critical interventions within numerous academic disciplines – from Literary and Cultural Studies, History, Sociology, Ethnology and Political Science to Philosophy. Other trans-disciplinary research areas, such as Gender Studies, can no longer be imagined without recourse to postcolonial approaches.
Postcolonial Studies aims to explore the legacies and consequences of European colonialism in its various aspects – literal, figurative, spatial, historical, political and economic. In so doing, the specific focus is never placed on particular countries, regions or even disciplines, but rather the aim is to bring to the forefront past and current interdependences and entanglements in a trans-disciplinary perspective. That which is often referred to as "modern Europe" is read as an outcome of colonial interaction, even as (former) colonies are understood as "laboratories of modernity". As an influential body of theory, Postcolonial Studies includes analyses of the political, economic and cultural developments in the global South as well the examination of the above-mentioned entanglements with the global North. Furthermore, the strategies of justification of various colonial and neocolonial discourses are also investigated, so that the normative violence, which is exerted in the name of rationality, progress and development, may be critiqued.
Postcolonial Studies is an attempt to reconstruct the effects of Western imperialism, which are at play up to the present day. However, the field also aims to document how precarious and contested these power formations have been, so that the postcolonial constellations can be grasped in their complex and contradictory nature. In the various areas of scholarship it attempts to show the sustained and ambivalent effects of colonial power structures on knowledge production. Postcolonial Studies intends to deconstruct the Eurocentrism that underlies a large part of theory-building in the West. However, it not only challenges Eurocentric claims of universality, but also the complementary assertions of global particularism and cultural relativism.
A postcolonial perspective has also proven to be indispensable for an analysis of political practice and norms. In today's times global dimensions of social inequalities have to be taken into account. On account of our entangled histories and futures, it is insufficient to seek to address political responsibility only within national borders. Postcolonial theorists have established that it is impossible to write a history of the West without taking into account the histories of the colonies and vice versa. Despite multiple attempts to comprehend global power constellations from a multidimensional perspective − owing to the relatively short German colonial period − critical approaches in German-speaking academia have often neglected to consider the colonial context within which transnational problems and conflicts originated. As a result, in contrast to Anglo-American academia, postcolonial perspectives have for a long time only been per- and received as marginal. The current interest in postcolonial theory in German-speaking countries has now led to a formerly neglected research area receiving attention, contributing to an expansion of critical theory-building and its institutionalization.
Within the German-speaking academic discourse the Frankfurt Research Center for Postcolonial Studies (FRCPS) aims to provide a platform for postcolonial theory in general and feminist-postcolonial theory in particular. The first of its kind in the German Social Sciences landscape, the trans-disciplinary research center intends to promote postcolonial perspectives with a Social Science focus, to further consolidate Postcolonial Studies within Germany, even as it seeks to set new trends within postcolonial theory production itself. The Cluster of Excellence "The Formation of Normative Orders" as well as the Goethe-University Frankfurt, where the FRCPS is located, will visibly be able to distinguish themselves in an influential research area.
The FRCPS researches postcolonial constellations and conflicts in all their complexity. In comparison to other Postcolonial Studies institutes, FRCPS does not only emphasize cultural politics and hybridization processes, but also places an equally strong emphasis on questions of decolonization and democratization in the postcolonial contexts of developing socio-economic and political areas. Investigating the conceptual and cultural flows between the "South" and the "North" also always brings with it recognizing violent and socio-economic exploitation as a defining moment of colonialism. The intermingling of diverse normative orders and their multifaceted impact marks an important point of departure for theory-building and critical intervention. The analyses of different types of norms – juridical, moral or social – and their interaction in different contexts of domination, for instance in regulating gender and sexuality, is indispensable in understanding how colonial justification narratives such as the mission civilisatrice operate. On the other hand, the FRCPS addresses the critical impetus of norms – such as equality, liberty and justice – which anti-colonial liberation movements have historically employed to challenge colonial rule and which have been mobilized by women's movements globally in support of their emancipatory claims. By framing gender relations as normative orders, the FRCPS strives to integrate a perspective critical of heteronormativity, which raises important questions such as: How are gender relations and sexualities in postcolonial contexts structured? How can gendered structures be deconstructed? And how do global labor and production processes effect gender relations both within as well as between the "North" and the "South"?


Let me take a moment to introduce myself, after all if you are reading my blog you may want to know a thing or two about me (for as they say in the literary world, context is everything!).
Introduci ng myself to others used to be a rather simple process. All I needed to say was, "Hi, I'm Rachel/Victoria/AJ's mom." Now that my parenting duties have officially terminated with the graduation of my third kiddo, I need to get a bit more creative. On that note, I have come up with six specific traits that I feel define me.
I am an Army wife. This fact alone has been a major factor in defining me. I have learned to run the house in a way that would make any Drill Sergeant green with envy. I can bark orders with efficiency and my three little soldiers have learned, as any good soldier does, to tune me out and continue with the status quo. I have learned to be flexible and go with last minute TDY orders, combat deployments, and any other ridiculousness the Army throws our way.
I am a survivor. My first lessons in survival came with the decision to homeschool my three kids. Little did I know what I was stumbling into with this decision and I am so happy to announce we have survived 20 years of homeschooling with all three of my kids living to tell the tale! My second lesson in survival came from the eight-year battle with the medical profession before I was finally diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Yes, I am exhausted, in pain, and rather irritable roughly 90% of the time, and no, it is not because I am an Army wife and homeschool mom to three children.
I am a warrior. As if being an Army wife for over 20 years and a homeschooling mom with an autoimmune disease did not qualify me, life has handed me one more battle to solidify my status as a warrior. In January of this year, while my husband was deployed, I was diagnosed with metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of the liver, a very rare and incurable form of cancer. All I have to say to this new challenge is bring it on; I am dug in and ready to fight.
I am an avid reader and passionate bibliophile. Okay, so these are really two separate traits, but I feel they go hand in hand. While I will read just about anything, my key requirement is that the author is dead; I am not too keen on live authors. I thrive on non-fiction, gothic, and British literature (please, do not even mention Twilight or Harry Potter. These works are not gothic and certainly not literature in my estimation). As a voracious reader, I have felt the need to amass a vast collection of material to have at my beck and call. I have bookshelves and "decorative" piles of books in almost every room of the house. My latest purchase, inspired by the Confederate flag controversy, has been 63 volumes of The War of Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. I am now on the lookout for the remaining 60 volumes to complete the collection. Due to this ever-expanding mass of books, I am now seriously considering transforming our formal dining room into a library (one can eat in any room; therefore, a house does not necessitate a room dedicated to eating).
Above all these things, I am a devoted follower of Christ. It has been my faith in Christ that has allowed me to weather the storms that life has handed me. I can stand because Christ is going before me, fighting my battles, and restoring my soul. It has been my faith that has shaped my response to having cancer, and it will be faith that carries me through the next steps in treating this dreadful disease. It is also faith that has allowed me to see having cancer as the chance to pursue dreams I would have never considered. Faith has opened my eyes to new doors of opportunity just waiting for me to grab ahold of and embrace. It is through the power of Christ that I am able to be an Army wife, a survivor, a warrior, and to read the works of so many to hear their cries, share their trials, and through them truly understand what it means to be human.
Now that you know a bit more about me, I hope that you will join me on this literary adventure!


In an interview on Fox News, President Trump blasted GM CEO Mary Barra for idling its Lordstown, Ohio plant, but said it didn't matter because the jobs would be replaced in two minutes under his leadership.
CLEVELAND, Ohio -- It's already known the President Trump doesn't like to read. Turns out he's also better at boasting than telling time.
In a Thursday interview with Harris Faulkner on Fox News, Trump called GM CEO Mary Barra's decision to idle the automaker's Lordstown, Ohio plant "nasty." But Trump said, "It doesn't really matter because Ohio is under my leadership from a national standpoint. Ohio's going to replace those jobs like in two minutes."
It has now been over 480 hours since GM announced its job cuts. And the estimated 1,600 jobs that are being lossed in Lordstown have not been replaced.
But Governor John Kasich and Governor-elect Mike DeWine need not fret. Just has Trump told Chuck and Nancy he will take ownership of a government shutdown, Trump declared on Fox News "Ohio is under my leadership." So failure to replace the job losses should fall on him, not them, right?
Senator Sherrod Brown and Rep Tim Ryan rebuked Trump's nonchalance "like in two minutes."
"It may not seem like a big deal to someone about to spend 16 days at Mar-a-Lago, but it really matters to families whose holidays have been ruined by layoffs. GM announced this a lot longer than 'like 2 mins' ago - these workers are still waiting for action," said Senator Brown.
Rep. Tim Ryan tweeted: "Shame on you, Mr. President. Come to Lordstown and say to these workers' faces that their jobs don't matter."
In fairness to Trump, he has been a booster of U.S. auto manufacturing. Recently he insisted on having his 8-car American made presidential motorcade drive him 250 feet across the street from The White House to greet the Bush family staying at staying at the Blair House.
Barra announced at the end of this week that there are 2,700 open jobs at GM plants around the country that displaced GM workers can apply for, and that GM will provide job placement services.
The UAW points out that under the current contract GM is required to try and relocate displaced workers.
In addition to all the negatives that go along with having to uproot lives to move to another part of the country, relocating workers does nothing to help Lordstown and the Mahoning Valley.
Trump threatened that GM "is not going to be treated well " by him. But so far, it's the Lordstown workers who aren't being treated well by his flippant two-minute boast.
Not enough people were buying the Chevy Cruze, made in Lordstown. How many people in Ohio will still be buying Trump's empty rhetoric and lies in 2020 if he runs for re-election?


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Côte d'Ivoire–Ghana
In 2014, Ghana sought arbitration to resolve their maritime boundary dispute with Côte d'Ivoire. Their case was brought before a Special Chamber of ITLOS, and after three years of legal proceedings, an Award utilizing a strict application of the equidistance methodology was handed down. The maritime boundary begins a point BP 55+, located at the extension of the land boundary and the coast, and then proceeds seaward passing through six defined points (A–F) each located within the Parties' EEZ. From the 200 nautical mile limit the boundary was then defined as continuing on its directional bearing until the Party's extended continental shelf claims were fully delimited.
For access to the full Côte d'Ivoire–Ghana Boundary Brief, contact us.
LAND MARITIME
Algeria–Libya
Algeria–Mali
Algeria–Mauritania
Algeria–Morocco
Algeria–Niger
Algeria–Tunisia
Algeria–Western Sahara
Benin–Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso–Ghana
Burkina Faso–Mali
Burundi–Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cameroon–Central African Republic
Cameroon–Chad
Cameroon–Gabon
Cameroon–Republic of the Congo
Central African Republic–Democratic Republic of the Congo
Chad–Libya
Chad–Niger
Chad–Nigeria
Chad–Sudan
Côte d'Ivoire–Guinea
Côte d'Ivoire–Liberia
Côte d'Ivoire–Mali
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda
Democratic Republic of the Congo–South Sudan
Eritrea–Ethiopia
Guinea–Liberia
Guinea–Mali
Guinea–Sierra Leone
Lesotho–South Africa
Liberia–Sierra Leone
Libya–Niger
Libya–Tunisia
Malawi–Mozambique
Malawi–Tanzania
Mali–Mauritania
Mali–Niger
Mali–Senegal
Mauritania–Senegal
Mauritania–Western Sahara
Morocco–Western Sahara
Mozambique–Tanzania
Mozambique–Zambia
Mozambique–Zimbabwe
Niger–Nigeria
Tanzania–Uganda
Bangladesh–India
Bhutan–China
Cambodia–Thailand
Georgia–Russia
Iraq–Kuwait
Israel–Lebanon
Malaysia–Philippines
Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan
Belize–Guatemala
Costa Rica–Nicaragua
France (Saint Martin)–Netherlands (Sint Maarten)
Guatemala–Mexico
Honduras–Nicaragua
Mexico–United States
French Guiana–Suriname
Guyana–Suriname
Guyana–Venezuela
Angola–Namibia
Benin–Nigeria
Cabo Verde–Mauritania
Cabo Verde–Senegal
Cameroon–Nigeria
Comoros–Mozambique
Comoros–Seychelles
Comoros–Tanzania
Cyprus–Egypt
Egypt–Saudi Arabia
Equatorial Guinea–Nigeria
Equatorial Guinea–São Tomé & Príncipe
Eritrea–Yemen
France (Glorioso Islands)–Seychelles
France (Réunion)–Madagascar
France (Réunion)–Mauritius
Gabon–São Tomé and Príncipe
Guinea-Bissau–Senegal
Guinea–Guinea-Bissau
Italy–Tunisia
Kenya–Tanzania
Libya–Malta
Mauritius–Seychelles
Seychelles–Tanzania
The Gambia–Senegal
Bulgaria–Turkey
Cyprus–Israel
Cyprus–Lebanon
Cyprus–United Kingdom (Akrotiri & Dhekelia)
Georgia–Turkey
Israel–Jordan
Jordan–Saudi Arabia
Russia–Turkey
Russia–United States
Saudi Arabia–Yemen
Turkey–Ukraine
Albania–Italy
Bosnia & Herzegovina–Croatia
Croatia–Italy
Croatia–Slovenia
France–Italy
France–Monaco
Greece–Italy
Italy–Montenegro
Italy–Slovenia
Italy–Spain
Romania–Ukraine
Bahamas–Cuba
Barbados–France (Martinique)
Barbados–Trinidad & Tobago
Canada–Denmark (Greenland)
Canada–France (St. Pierre & Miquelon)
Canada–United States (Gulf of Maine)
Colombia–Costa Rica (Pacific Ocean)
Colombia–Dominican Republic
Colombia–Haiti
Colombia–Jamaica
Colombia–Nicaragua
Colombia–Panama
Costa Rica–Ecuador
Costa Rica–Panama
Cuba–Honduras
Cuba–Jamaica
Cuba–Mexico
Cuba–United States
Dominica–France (Guadeloupe & Martinique)
Dominican Republic–Venezuela
France (Guadeloupe & Martinique)–Venezuela (Aves Island)
France (Guadeloupe)–United Kingdom (Montserrat)
France (Martinique)–Saint Lucia
France (St. Martin & St. Barthelemy)–Netherlands (Sint Maarten)
France (St. Martin & St. Barthelemy)–United Kingdom (Anguilla)
Grenada–Trinidad & Tobago
Honduras–Mexico
Honduras–United Kingdom (Cayman Islands)
United Kingdom (BVI)–United States (USVI & Puerto Rico)
United States (Puerto Rico & US Virgin Islands)–Venezuela
Argentina–Chile
Argentina–Uruguay
Brazil–French Guiana
Brazil–Uruguay
Chile–Peru
Colombia–Ecuador
Ecuador–Peru
Netherlands (Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire)–Venezuela
Trinidad & Tobago–Venezuela
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Gareth Edwards wasn't the only celebrity walking the floor in disguise at Celebration Europe. Alden Ehrenreich took a stroll around the floor in a stormtrooper mask just hours before he was unveilled as the new Han Solo. This follows in the footsteps of John Boyega and Daisy Ridley (Finn and Rey) who walked the floor at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim last April.