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Arizona Has Permitted All Mail Elections For 30 Years
Jan 05, 2022 Jan 05, 2022	 By USA Today
Nearly every claim made by Cyber Ninjas and other Arizona Senate contractors who reviewed Maricopa County's 2020 presidential election was either misleading, inaccurate or false, according to a point-by-point response issued by county officials on Wednesday.
The 93-page report, months in the making, studied every question the contractors raised about the election and analyzed thousands of individual voter records. It explained that the contractors made faulty assumptions and false accusations, in part because of mistakes they made during their analysis but also because they were inexperienced and misunderstood how the county and state's elections work.
"It's my hope this will be the last word on the November 2020 election," Supervisor Bill Gates, chairman of the Republican-controlled board, said Wednesday.
"Don't count on it," Arizona GOP Chairwoman Kelli Ward responded to Gates on Twitter. Ward posted on social media throughout the county's presentation, taking aim at fellow Republicans at the county.
Ward was among those who filed an unsuccessful election challenge in court after the general election. She also pressured county supervisors on behalf of former President Donald Trump in the days after the election.
The election review was a fundraising windfall for the state GOP, with the party using it as a way to raise funds for its causes and candidates.
The county's report, obtained early by The Arizona Republic, was presented at a 1:30 p.m. public meeting on Wednesday presided over by the county's Board of Supervisors and including County Recorder Stephen Richer and several of the county's top election staff.
While Cyber Ninjas raised questions about more than 50,000 ballots cast in the election, a wider margin than President Joe Biden won in the state, the county's analysis of those claims found fewer than 100 instances of potential voter fraud or double-counted ballots. That's far fewer than it would have taken to impact the outcome of any race, and within the expectations of an election with nearly 2.1 million voters.
After analyzing each claim, the county is referring 37 cases of potential voter fraud to the Arizona attorney general, including 26 potential deceased voters, six voters who may have voted twice, and five voters who may have voted in more than one county.
The county also found that it accidentally double-counted 50 ballots, as the Cyber Ninjas discovered during its hand count.
County Elections Director Scott Jarrett said the county is improving some of its processes. Some improvements he and other county staff listed during the meeting include adding another process to better identify double-counted ballots, a new system to check for deceased voters, and changing how it tracks and stores duplicate ballots.
Vice Chairman Clint Hickman said no election is perfect, but Maricopa County's was "about as close as you can get" due to proven processes. "If one of your preferred candidates or causes lost in 2020, that is not proof of fraud — that is proof of democracy working," Hickman said.
The county's response comes three months after Senate Republican contractors presented the Sept. 24 results of their monthslong election review, an unprecedented undertaking in the state fueled by Trump's unsupported claims of election fraud. The review and results ultimately did little to instill confidence in the county's elections and did not claim any fraud, but did spread more misinformation and attempt to raise questions about the county's elections.
The county's response comes one day before the one-year anniversary of the deadly Jan. 6, 2021, riot at the U.S. Capitol, a reminder of the danger of election misinformation, and a week before the convening of the Arizona Legislature, in which lawmakers likely will introduce new voting and election laws, some encouraged by the claims the county says are false or misleading.
Gates said lawmakers should not use the Cyber Ninjas report to make laws.
"It's been debunked and it was written by people who were not experts in the field," he said.
County officials say the timing of the report was not intentional. It just took time.
"In addition to administering the November 2021 jurisdictional election, the county thoroughly researched and analyzed all of the claims made by the Senate's contractors," said Megan Gilbertson, spokesperson for the county's Elections Department. "Today's meeting is the culmination of that time."
The county hired Scottsdale-based cybersecurity firm PacketWatch to analyze and respond to some of the technical claims made about the county's election management system. Overall, the county and PacketWatch did not identify any systematic problems with the county's election.
Here is a summarized breakdown of the county's explanation to the contractor's claims.
5 stories we followed in 2021 on The Gaggle
Claims of potential fraudulent voters
Claim: 33,102 mail-in ballots were cast from old addresses. The claim was made as an attempt to show that the ballots may have been cast illegally.
Reviewing thousands of the voters listed in the dataset from the Cyber Ninjas, the county found five of the ballots may have been cast illegally.
The county explains that there are numerous reasons why mail-in ballots may be cast from old addresses, such as overseas voters or voters who moved shortly before an election, and they are all legal. Also, Cyber Ninjas used commercial software to complete what the county called an insufficient "soft match" to find voter addresses, using first name, first initial and year of birth. That means they potentially identified different people as the same voter. In one case, the county said, Cyber Ninjas identified twins as the same voter.
Janine Petty, the county Recorder's Office senior director of voter registration, said that commercial databases are inaccurate.
"We cannot deny a voter their right to vote using a commercial database."
The county spot-checked the Cyber Ninjas' dataset using far more criteria, such as full name, full date of birth, Social Security number, driver's license or state ID, residential history and signature.
The five ballots that may have been cast illegally include instances where the voter potentially voted in more than one Arizona county. The county found the five after reviewing 1,815 of the 4,295 voters who Cyber Ninjas said may have cast two ballots. The county turned over the five cases to the state Attorney General's Office for further review.
Gates said that the thoroughness of the county staff's review should get a grade of A, while Cyber Ninjas' review should get "somewhere between a D and F range."
"Talk about jumping to conclusions," he said, "they did it in immeasurable ways."
The largest claim, by number, in the Cyber Ninjas report was that 23,344 ballots were voted from a prior address, either after the voter moved within the county, out of the state or within the state to another county. The county found these ballots represented either a legal vote or an incorrect voter match on the Cyber Ninjas' part. Of these, none of the voters identified voted twice, according to the report.
Out of these 23,344, for example, 1,256 of the new addresses identified by Cyber Ninjas were P.O. boxes, which does not indicate a move because voters cannot be registered to vote at a P.O. box.
"Pretty packed living quarters there," Petty said.
The company also included 1,331 uniformed and overseas citizens and absentee voters, who may legally vote from their prior address.
Claim: Information in the voter registration database allowed 1,370 ineligible voters to vote an official ballot, including voters with incomplete names, deceased voters, late registered voters with counted votes, voters with duplicate IDs and voters with multiple tracking numbers.
Reviewing each of these types of issues, the county found that 32 voters may have cast ballots illegally.
The Cyber Ninjas did not provide the county a list of the 282 voters it estimated had died before casting ballots in the election. The county conducted an independent analysis of voter records and recorded deaths and found 26 possible instances of a ballot being processed and potentially counted for a voter who passed away prior to the ballot being returned. These instances are being sent to the Arizona Attorney General's Office for further review. The county is reviewing its current process to identify deceased voters for potential improvements.
The county identified six potential instances of double voting after the review, and those cases were referred to the Attorney General.
Claims of problems with county's election management system
Claim: The county deleted files on its election management system, including perhaps intentionally in February, the week before the county's independent audit of voting machines took place.
A subcontractor of Cyber Ninjas, CyFIR, studied the county's voting machines and election management system, the system that contains and processes votes during the election. The county says the firm made several false claims about deleted files, including that the election management system database was purged, that election files were deleted, that there was "election activity" on the system, and that there were corrupt or missing ballot images.
Regarding files that the contractor claimed were missing, the county said it archived the November 2020 General Election tabulation data, and the Senate didn't request the backup hard drives that contain the archived files.
That includes on Feb. 2, when county staff make a copy of the server for a March 2021 jurisdictional election, and prepared the machines for a logic and accuracy test being performed by an outside contractor the county hired to examine the machines. That type of machine audit requires votes to be zeroed out.
Nate Young, Recorder's Office information technology director, said he could still access any files from the 2020 election to this day.
"Any claims that these processes are not aboveboard are just wholly inaccurate," Young said.
Regarding the claim that some ballot images were missing or corrupt, the county said that on March 3, the county used the November 2020 election archives to restore ballot images onto the election management system to comply with the Senate's subpoenas. After the claim was made, the county checked for corrupt files on a copy of what it provided CyFIR, and could open each one.
Claim: Employees logged into the election management system to run scripts that query the system. These actions were cast as something nefarious to hide older information on the system for the audit. One example given was an employee running a script in early March that queried the system thousands of times.
The county said that actions logged during the March time frame were really just county staff gathering materials for the Senate's subpoena and to conduct the March jurisdictional elections. But the county said there were not tens of thousands of logs, as claimed, as that amount would surpass the amount of space available.
Some of the actions were part of an automated and standard process that systematically connects from the election management system to the vote counting, adjudication, and administrative computers to ask if these devices have any data that can be passed back to the server. This happens at all times, not just during elections, the county said.
Claim: Anonymous user accessed the election management system server. This claim was made to seem nefarious, as if unauthorized users gained access to the system.
An analysis of the security logs by an independent cybersecurity firm, PacketWatch, concluded these logins were legitimate and were part of typical behavior for that type of Microsoft server. It's typical that the automated logins sometimes do not list a user or computer name.
Claim: Maricopa County's election management system was connected to the internet.
In four of the six claims made on the topic, the county found that the connections between the machines were within the county's air gapped election management system, and none of the connections spanned outside that network or to the internet. In the other two cases, the servers that CyFIR said were connected to the internet were simply the county's web servers that host the Recorder's Office website. Those servers are not connected to the air-gapped election management system.
The county points out that the instances in which machines within the air-gapped system attempted to reach outside networks were unsuccessful, as noted by error messages.
The county hired PacketWatch, the cybersecurity and incident response firm, in October 2021 and the company confirmed that the county's air-gapped network was not connected to the internet. That's the third time the county's independent auditors have found that to be the case.
Another claim, that a dual hard drive found on a machine could have indicated that one of the hard drives was connected to the internet, is false, the county said. An independent audit commissioned by the county in February 2021 found that the extra hard drive had never been connected to the county's network.
Claim: The county didn't follow cybersecurity best practices, including for installing software, updating antivirus systems and password management.
The county says the practices cited in the report do not apply to air-gapped election management systems — systems configured to not have any outside network connections — and if done, could introduce vulnerabilities into the system.
The county can only use machines and software within its air-gapped system that are certified by the Election Assistance Commission, and so the county only made updates to its system based on what was certified.
The county listed the numerous security protocols in place for employees who access the ballot tabulation center in order to get access to the election management system. While the county was criticized for having employees share passwords, the county said that it can tell which employee accesses which machines by looking at written logs and video time stamps.
Claims of problems with county's early ballot processing
Claim: The county had 17,126 duplicate early ballot images.
EchoMail, another Cyber Ninjas subcontractor led by conspiracy theorist Shiva Ayyadurai, or "Dr. Shiva," studied copies of the envelopes that voters use to return their ballots, which include voter signatures and are used to track ballots in the county's system.
The county says the false claims were "found to be based in a misunderstanding of Arizona's laws and county early ballot procedures."
EchoMail raised suspicion over the fact that the county had on file 17,126 duplicate images of the same early ballot envelope, but that's explained because the county sometimes has to take multiple images of the same envelope. If a voter sends in an envelope with a bad signature, the county still takes a photo, and then the county takes another photo when the signature is corrected. The ballot inside is only counted once.
Claim: The county processed early ballots with bad or no voter signatures.
The county has a multilevel signature verification process to ensure they are from the correct voter, including a technical and multistep comparison with the signatures on record for the voter. The county followed that process, according to its response.
While the county was accused of reducing the verification process to speed things along, Celia Nabor, Elections Department assistant director of early voting, said Wednesday that was not the case.
"We did not tell staff to stop looking at signatures," Nabor said. "That would be illegal."
The EchoMail conclusion that a "scribble" could not be viable as a valid signature is incorrect, the county said, for multiple reasons, including natural shifts to a signature over time, deterioration with age, writing service and medical conditions.
"I remember how my grandmother's signature changed after her stroke," Hickman said.
While EchoMail showed some envelopes that looked blank, the company only studied the area within the signature box. Voters often sign outside the box, the county said.
The county explained issues mentioned about the stamp the county uses to verify receipt of an envelope, such as multiple stamps or the stamp looking like it is behind a printed triangle on the envelope. One reason for multiple stamps is verification of an assisted voter. And the stamp sometimes looks as if it is behind the triangle because of the way the envelopes are scanned in.
Chairman Bill Gates' final comments ending Board of Supervisors meeting"We're done," says Chairman Bill Gates on the 2020 election results at a special meeting of the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors on Jan. 5, 2022.Maricopa County
Claims of problems with county duplicating, tracking and counting ballots
Claim: There were more duplicate ballots than original ballots.
The county duplicates ballots that cannot be read by vote-counting machines, such as damaged ballots, Braille and overseas ballots. The contractors claimed that there were more duplicate ballots than original ballots, but the county says that was not the case.
The county says it has record of 27,879 ballots, and it doesn't know why Cyber Ninjas got a different count. The company's hand count process was unreliable, the report says.
In a county court case after the election, the county's duplication process was challenged. After ordering a random sampling of duplicated ballots, the court found that the process was reliable with few errors.
Claim: Duplicated ballots had missing serial numbers or duplicate serial numbers.
Cyber Ninjas did not include a dataset that included any information for this claim for the county to review.
The county said it is not aware of any instances of missing serial numbers. Sometimes, the serial numbers could be difficult to see on the original ballot when it overlaps other text. The county said it is making changes to ensure the duplication number is visible and streamlining serial numbers.
Claim: The county double-counted 50 ballots.
The county said after a review of ballot IDs, it found that it counted 50 ballots twice. A vote-counting machine operator "inadvertently included an already tabulated stack of 50 ballots from a previous batch in a subsequent batch," county officials wrote. In an analysis, the county found that this gave 14 more votes for Joe Biden and 15 more votes for U.S. Sen. Mark Kelly.
"This had no impact on the outcome of any contest," the report says.
Claim: Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA) ballots were counted incorrectly.
The county says Cyber Ninjas used the wrong data from the U.S. Elections Assistance Commission to compare the number of UOCAVA ballots counted and reported to the EAC. The company pulled the wrong number from an EAC spreadsheet, according to the county.
Cyber Ninjas also assumed that two UOCAVA ballots in the same fax to the county were the same ballots, counted twice, when sometimes families send their ballots together in the same fax.
Other claims about the county's election
Claim: There was a breach in the county's voter registration database during the election.
The county says the voter registration database is protected by "multiple layers of authentication and security controls." When an unauthorized person gained access to voter information on the county's website in November 2020, an incident that the county investigated, the person did not gain access to the database.
Claim: The Cyber Ninjas hand count produced similar results to county's results.
The county analyzed the Cyber Ninjas' hand count reports and said that more than 28% of hand count batch totals produced by the company did not match a separate machine count of ballots conducted by the Senate, which closely tracked to the county's results.
The county says the hand count was flawed because it didn't follow the correct method to count ballots and tally votes under state law, and because the procedures changed constantly.
Claim: The county used questionable ballot paper and out-of-calibration printers.
These claims are false, the county said. The county hasn't identified any use of other types of paper other than the one it prints ballots on. The bleed-through of Sharpies may have happened but didn't affect the results, since the voter selections are offset on either side of the paper — something that Cyber Ninjas noted in its report. There may be microscopic yellow dots on some of the papers, from some of the printers used to print ballots, but that doesn't affect the vote tally.
Reach the reporter at [email protected] or at 602-444-8763. Follow her on Twitter @JenAFifield.
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Source : https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2022/01/05/maricopa-county-responds-each-cyber-ninjas-election-claim/9083810002/
Filed Under: USA Today
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Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, 1983.
S.M. degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, 1979.
S.B. degree in Computer Science and Engineering, MIT, 1976.
William H. Bonsall Professor in the Humanities, Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, 1999-.
Visiting Faculty, LSA Linguistic Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, July 2011.
Chair, Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, 2010-2011.
Visiting Faculty, LSA Linguistic Institute, University of California, Berkeley, July 2009.
Chair, Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, 2003-2007.
Visiting Faculty, LSA Linguistic Institute, MIT, July 2005.
Chair, Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University, 1996-1999.
Professor, Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University, 1995-1999.
Visiting Faculty, LSA Linguistic Institute, Cornell University, July 1997.
Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University, 1992-1995.
Visiting Scholar, Department of Linguistics, Rutgers University, Fall 1993.
Visiting Scholar, Research Institute for Speech and Language, University of Utrecht, December 1992.
Assistant Professor, Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University, 1987-1992.
Coordinator, Lexicon Project, Center for Cognitive Science, MIT, 1983-1987.
Fellow, Cognitive Science Society, 2019.
GradEd Champion, Office of the Vice Provost for Graduate Education, Stanford University, 2018.
Fellow, Linguistic Society of America, 2014.
Humanities and Sciences Dean's Award for Excellence in Graduate Education, Stanford University, 2013.
Fellow, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, 2008.
Erskine Fellow, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, July 2004.
Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, 1999-2000.
Return to Beth Levin's home page.


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text:
The Falcon Bowling and Social Club has enjoyed over a century of history in the making. During this time it has seen and accommodated many changes and influences which have shaped and developed its aims and objectives, leading it ever upwards to the prestigious and affectionate position it enjoys within the bowling fraternity of Essex and the rest of the UK.
A remarkable collection of archived records, reports and photographs have been cared for and stored during each step of the club's evolution, marking its growth, successes and defeats along the way.
From Humble Beginnings ...
Information dating back to the club's early humble beginnings provide fascinating reading where, in 1908, at a meeting held at the Bell Hotel, Tindal Square, Chelmsford the club was formally launched. The first elected President was W B Mair Esq, Works Manager of the Hoffman Manufacturing Co Ltd and membership was fixed at a maximum of 50 with a 2/6d entrance fee and an annual subscription of 7/6d.
Sharing Club Treasures
With such interesting historical records available, the club wishes to share the information with those interested in following the club's development or perhaps even visitors with an early family tie they wish to trace.
Below is a list of viewable documents which offer a chronological record of the club's fascinating history, right through to honours of the most recent seasons. New documents will be added on a regular basis as the records are collated.
To view the following information, simply select the document title of interest and click on the 'Click Here to View Online' text.
Indoor Club - Gentlemen's Honours List
Click Here to View Online a fascinating and comprehensive collection of records which provide information on the Club's Indoor Office bearers, Leagues and Teams from as early as 1964 to present day.
Indoor Club - Ladies' Honours List
Click Here to View Online a fascinating and comprehensive collection of records which provide information on the Club's Ladies' Indoor Office Bearers, Leagues and Teams from as early as 1964 to present day.
Outdoor Club - Gentlemen's Honours List
Click Here to View Online a fascinating and comprehensive collection of records which provide information on the Outdoor Club's Gentlemen's Office Bearers, Leagues and Teams from as early as 1964 to present day.
Outdoor Club - Ladies' Honours List
Click Here to View Online a fascinating and comprehensive collection of records which provide information on the Outdoor Club's Ladies' Office Bearers ( up to the amalgamation of the outdoor sections in 2010), Leagues and Teams from as early as 1964 to present day.
More Information Always Welcome
If you or a family member has a past association with The Falcon Bowling and Social Club and hold any historical photographs or information, we would be delighted if you could contact us and let us know the details – it is always such a pleasure to add to our historical archives, painting an even fuller picture of the background to the organisation that has become The Falcon Bowling and Social Club.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
L'hydroélectricité aux États-Unis se situe en 2021 au  mondial pour sa production avec 6,1 % de la production mondiale, derrière la Chine, le Canada et le Brésil. Sa puissance installée la situe au  avec 7,5 % du total mondial en 2021, derrière la Chine et le Brésil. La puissance de ses centrales de pompage-turbinage se situe au  avec 13,3 % du total mondial, derrière la Chine et le Japon.

Elle a fourni 6,2 % de la production d'électricité du pays en 2021, année marquée par des sécheresses sévères. Les États-Unis importent aussi de l'hydroélectricité canadienne : près de 1 % de la consommation d'électricité des États-Unis.

La première centrale hydroélectrique des États-Unis fut inaugurée en 1882. La grande époque de l'équipement hydroélectrique a commencé avec le New Deal avec la Tennessee Valley Authority, l'équipement de la Columbia et le barrage Hoover sur le Colorado ; elle s'est poursuivie jusqu'au début des années 1990. Il reste encore un potentiel inexploité important, en particulier dans le domaine de la petite hydraulique et pour le pompage-turbinage.

Potentiel hydroélectrique
Le potentiel hydroélectrique théorique des États-Unis était estimé en 2013 par le Conseil Mondial de l'Énergie à  et son potentiel techniquement exploitable à  ; la part déjà exploitée de ce potentiel technique était en 2011 de , soit 20 %, et un rapport de 2006 du Idaho National Laboratory estime le potentiel d'accroissement réaliste est d'au moins 50 %. Le potentiel de la petite hydraulique (< ) est estimé à  techniquement exploitables, dont  économiquement exploitables, pour seulement  exploités en 2008.

Le Département de l'énergie a publié en 2017 un rapport décrivant un programme de développement des capacités hydroélectriques du pays de  en 2016 à  en 2050, dont  par modernisation de centrales existantes ou par l'ajout de centrales hydroélectriques à des barrages ou aménagements hydrauliques existants et  de nouvelles centrales de pompage-turbinage ; plus de la moitié de cette progression pourrait être réalisée avant 2030. Les États-Unis comptent plus de , dont seulement 3 % sont équipés pour la production d'électricité ; équiper les cent sites les plus viables, en particulier ceux qui sont gérés par le US Army Corps of Engineers sur les fleuves Mississippi, Ohio, Alabama et Arkansas pourrait apporter  de puissance additionnelle.

Alors que la croissance des capacités hydroélectriques du pays se limite désormais à de petits projets, le Département de l'énergie estime en 2019 le potentiel non encore exploité à , dont  de pompage-turbinage et  d'équipement des barrages existants non exploités pour la production d'électricité. La plupart des États se fixent des objectifs de décarbonation et comptent sur l'hydroélectricité pour y contribuer.

Histoire de l'hydroélectricité aux États-Unis

La première utilisation industrielle de l'hydroélectricité aux États-Unis survint en 1880, lorsque 16 lampes à arc pour l'éclairage public furent allumées à partir d'une turbine à eau à l'usine Wolverine Chair Factory à Grand Rapids, Michigan. La même année, Thomas Edison inventait la lampe à incandescence.

La première centrale hydroélectrique des États-Unis fut inaugurée sur la Fox River près d'Appleton (Wisconsin), le , pour alimenter des moulins à papier.

Les centrales se multiplièrent ensuite, en particulier aux chutes du Niagara en 1895.

La Tennessee Valley Authority fut créée en 1933 par le président Franklin Delano Roosevelt, dans le cadre du New Deal. Cette entreprise publique du gouvernement fédéral était chargée de produire de l'électricité, d'assurer la navigabilité du fleuve de façon à attirer les industries (notamment les industries de transformation d'alumine pour l'entreprise Alcoa), restaurer l'équilibre écologique de la vallée du Tennessee, gravement altéré par la déforestation et l'érosion, améliorer la productivité agricole, et sortir la région de sa misère en créant des milliers d'emplois ; son territoire couvre la plus grande partie du Tennessee et des portions de six États voisins. De nombreux barrages hydroélectriques furent construits sur le Tennessee dans les années 1930 et 1940, l'effort de guerre augmentant la demande en énergie. À la fin de la guerre, la TVA était le premier producteur d'électricité du pays. Dans les années 1950 et 1960, la TVA diversifia sa production d'électricité pour faire face à une importante croissance économique dans la vallée : elle construisit des centrales thermiques au charbon, puis des centrales nucléaires : Browns Ferry, Sequoyah et Watts Bar.

Parmi les autres réalisations marquantes de l'époque du New Deal il faut citer le barrage Hoover (en anglais  et anciennement ), barrage voûte/poids construit durant la Grande Dépression sur le fleuve Colorado, près de Boulder City, à la frontière entre l'Arizona et le Nevada. Dès le début du , le Black Canyon et le Boulder Canyon avaient été étudiés pour leur capacité à accueillir un barrage capable de réguler le débit du Colorado, de permettre l'irrigation et de fournir de l'électricité. Le préalable le plus ardu à résoudre fut celui de la répartition des eaux pour l'irrigation : l'accord Colorado River Compact prévoyant la répartition de l'eau entre les sept États concernés fut signé le . En 1928, le Congrès des États-Unis approuva ce projet financé par l'État fédéral à travers le Bureau of Reclamation. Le contrat pour la construction fut accordé à un consortium appelé  qui entama la construction au début de l'année 1931, et la termina en 1936. Sa construction impliqua des milliers d'ouvriers dans des conditions difficiles qui causèrent la mort de 111 d'entre eux.

L'aménagement hydroélectrique du bassin du fleuve Columbia est le plus important aux États-Unis. Le Columbia possède à lui seul un tiers du potentiel hydroélectrique des États-Unis.

En 1933, le président Franklin Delano Roosevelt signa une loi qui a permis la construction des barrages de Bonneville et de Grand Coulee comme des projets majeurs de travaux publics.
Les inondations de 1948 ont poussé le Congrès américain à passer le Flood Control Act de 1950, autorisant le gouvernement fédéral à construire des barrages supplémentaires et d'autres mécanismes de contrôle des inondations. En 1961, les États-Unis et le Canada ont signé le traité du fleuve Columbia sur la lutte contre les inondations et la maximisation de la production d'électricité en aval.

Aujourd'hui (2008), le cours principal du Columbia compte quatorze barrages, dont trois au Canada et onze aux États-Unis. D'autres barrages sur la Snake et des écluses permettent aux navires et barges venus de l'océan Pacifique d'atteindre Lewiston (Idaho). Le bassin du Columbia dans son ensemble compte plus de  pour l'énergie hydroélectrique et l'irrigation.

La puissance installée totale du pays est passée de  en 1970 à plus de  en 2008. En 1940, les États-Unis comptaient  hydroélectriques, mais ce nombre avait chuté à  en 1980 ; depuis lors, nombre de ces centrales ont été restaurées, portant le décompte à  en 2008, hors pompage-turbinage.

Production hydroélectrique

La production hydroélectrique conventionnelle des États-Unis a atteint  en 2021 (hors petite hydraulique), soit 6,2 % de la production d'électricité du pays, dont  ont été consommés par les centrales de pompage-turbinage. L'été 2021 a été marqué par une sécheresse intense, en particulier en Californie. Sur les 11 dernières années (2011-2021), la production a fluctué entre  en 2015 et  en 2011.

Selon l'Association internationale de l'hydroélectricité (IHA), la production de 2021 représentait 6,1 % du total mondial, au  mondial derrière la Chine : , le Canada :  et le Brésil : . La production de 2020 représentait 6,7 % du total mondial, au  mondial derrière la Chine : , le Brésil :  et le Canada : .

En 2019, la production de  représentait 6,4 % du total mondial, au  mondial.

Les États-Unis importent aussi de l'électricité canadienne, d'origine hydroélectrique pour l'essentiel :  en 2021, moins  d'exportations. La ligne d'interconnexion Appalaches-Maine, approuvée en 2020, accroitra ces importations à partir de 2023 en fournissant  au Massachusetts et  au Maine.

Au début de 2018, le Department of Energy a approuvé le projet de ligne de transport d'électricité de Northern Pass qui acheminera sur  l'hydroélectricité produite par Hydro-Québec vers le New-Hampshire et le reste de la Nouvelle-Angleterre, mais le Comité d'évaluation des sites du New-Hampshire s'y est opposé. Le projet de ligne Manitoba-Minnesota a aussi subi des retards.

En 2016, les importations depuis le Canada s'élevaient à  par an en moyenne (importations nettes), soit 1,6 % de la consommation d'électricité des États-Unis. Le potentiel hydroélectrique du Canada permet d'accroître ces importations. Les projets d'interconnexion en cours de développement sont le Champlain Hudson Power Express, ligne en grande partie subaquatique (au fond du lac Champlain, puis du fleuve Hudson) de  depuis la frontière canadienne jusqu'à New York, prévu pour mise en service en 2017, et la Great Northern Transmission Line, ligne de  reliant l'état du Manitoba au Minnesota. La demande croissante d'énergie renouvelable aux États-Unis suscite le déploiement de nouveaux projets hydroélectriques au Canada, où plus de  sont en construction. Autre projet d'interconnexion : celui de Northern Pass, une ligne à courant continu haute tension entre le Québec et la Nouvelle-Angleterre.

En 2012, le Département de l'énergie prévoit une forte expansion de l'hydroélectricité, car sur les  que compte le pays, seuls  sont équipés de générateurs ; la puissance du parc pourrait progresser de 15 % par l'installation de turbines sur 600 barrages existants ; par ailleurs, des projets d'envergure sont en cours, comme le barrage de Watana, en Alaska (), dont la construction, démarrée en 2011, s'achèvera en 2022.

Une illustration très parlante de l'ampleur des variations hydrologiques est fournie par la sécheresse qui sévit depuis 2011 en Californie et atteignait en septembre 2014 dans 58 % de l'état le niveau « exceptionnel », catégorie la plus élevée de l'échelle de sécheresse : la production hydroélectrique, qui représente en moyenne 20 % de la production totale au  sur les 10 années précédentes, est tombée à 10 % au  2014, et la consommation de gaz naturel dans les centrales électriques a augmenté de 16 % pour compenser ce déficit.

Puissance installée

La puissance installée des centrales hydroélectriques des États-Unis atteignait  fin 2021 ; c'est le  hydroélectrique au monde, avec 7,5 % du total mondial, après celui de la Chine () et celui du Brésil () ; sur ce total, les centrales de pompage-turbinage représentent . En 2021,  ont été mis en service, dont  d'augmentation de la puissance de la centrale de pompage-turbinage de Bad Creek en Caroline du sud. Les mises en service de 2020 ont été faibles : .

Les États-Unis ont mis en service  au cours de l'année 2018. Ils avaient mis en service  en 2017 et  en 2016.

En 2017, plusieurs projets de suréquipement ont ajouté  à des centrales existantes et  de capacités de pompage-turbinage ont été ajoutées aux centrales de Northfield Mountain au Massachusetts et de Ludington au Michigan. Selon le Department of Energy (DOE),  pourraient être ajoutés d'ici 2050, dont  de suréquipements et optimisations,  par l'équipement en turbines de barrages existants non producteurs d'électricité,  par des groupes immergés et  en pompage-turbinage. La Chambre des Représentants a voté deux lois promouvant les projets de pompage-turbinage et ceux d'addition de turbine à des barrages non encore équipés (barrages d'irrigation ou d'approvisionnement en eau potable) avec un budget de deux milliards de dollars.

Fin 2015,  étaient inscrits auprès de la Commission Fédérale de Régulation de l'Énergie (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission - FERC), avec une puissance installée totale de . American Municipal Power construit une série de nouveaux aménagements sur la rivière Ohio : quatre centrales au fil de l'eau totalisant  dont la mise en service est attendue fin 2016, dont celle de Meldahl () qui sera la plus puissante sur l'Ohio ; la compagnie publique Consumers Energy investit huit cents millions de dollars dans la rénovation de la centrale de pompage-turbinage de Ludington au Michigan afin d'accroître sa production de 15 % ; sa puissance passera de  à .

Le secteur hydroélectrique aux États-Unis employait 200 à  dans 2500 entreprises en 2009 ; selon la FERC, 71 % des  non-fédérales ont moins de  ; une étude de la National Hydropower Association (NHA) conclut qu'en utilisant les ressources inexploitées, les États-Unis pourraient ajouter  d'ici 2025, créant potentiellement près de  pendant la construction.

Répartition géographique

Les États du nord-ouest, comme le Washington, l'Oregon et l'Idaho, comptent plusieurs bassins hydrographiques aménagés, en particulier celui du fleuve Columbia ; la construction des barrages du bassin versant du Tennessee par la Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) figure parmi les réalisations marquantes du New Deal du président Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

Politique énergétique
L'hydroélectricité est la seule ressource énergétique renouvelable dont la licence soit accordée au niveau fédéral. Elle est également soumise à des contrôles au niveau des États et au niveau local. Le Congrès envisage des réformes pour moderniser ces procédures d'autorisation. Les politiques varient d'un état à l'autre.

L'Energy Policy Act de 2005 accorde un « crédit d'impôt pour la production d'électricité de source renouvelable » (Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit : en 2013,  par kWh pendant dix ans), pour toute extension de capacité ou amélioration apportant un gain de production hydroélectrique. D'autres aides sont accordées sous forme de garanties d'emprunts, de prêts fédéraux pour les projets d'énergies renouvelables (Clean Renewable Energy Bonds) ou pour l'efficacité énergétique (Qualified Energy Conservation Bonds). Au niveau des États, les Renewable portfolio standards (normes de portefeuille renouvelable) sont des réglementations qui fixent aux fournisseurs d'électricité (public utilities) des objectifs de part renouvelable dans leurs approvisionnements ; 24 États ont imposé ces normes, qui incluent l'hydroélectricité dans tous les cas.

Au début de 2014, le président Obama a ratifié deux lois visant à simplifier le processus d'approbation de petites installations hydroélectriques pour les infrastructures hydrauliques existantes : l'Hydropower Regulatory Efficiency Act relève le seuil de capacité des centrales hydroélectriques admissibles à une exemption de permis de 5 à  pour les sites dotés d'infrastructures hydrauliques existantes ou pour ceux présentant un potentiel hydroélectrique naturel.

En 2018, le Congrès a approuvé un « Water Infrastructure Act » dont plusieurs dispositions faciliteront le déploiement de l'hydroélectricité.

En novembre 2021, le Parlement vote le « House Infrastructure and Investment Jobs Act » qui inclut  de crédits pour l'hydroélectricité, le pompage-turbinage et les énergies marines, ainsi qu'un programme de subventions de  pour soutenir la résilience du réseau, améliorer la sûreté des barrages et les aménagements environnementaux des aménagements hydroélectriques ; un programme de subventions de  incitera à ajouter des installations hydroélectriques aux barrages non-électrogènes existants et  pour améliorer l'efficience des centrales hydroélectriques.

Principales centrales hydroélectriques conventionnelles

Centrales de pompage-turbinage
Les États-Unis se classent au  mondial en 2021 pour la puissance installée des centrales de pompage-turbinage avec , soit 13,3 % du total mondial, derrière la Chine ( ; 21,8 %) et le Japon ( ; 16,7 %). En 2021, un projet de modernisation de la centrale de pompage-turbinage de Bad Creek en Caroline du sud a augmenté sa puissance de .

En janvier 2020, l'administration a accordé trois licences pour  de nouveaux projets de pompage-turbinage et  supplémentaires ont reçu des autorisations préliminaires ; le principal obstacle au développement de ces projets est la difficulté à obtenir des financements à long terme.

Selon le Department of Energy (DOE),  pourraient être ajoutés d'ici 2050 en pompage-turbinage. La Chambre des Représentants a voté une loi promouvant les projets de pompage-turbinage et d'autres projets avec un budget de deux milliards de dollars. La FERC a autorisé le projet de Gordon Butte () à Meagher County (Montana), dont la construction est prévue de 2018 à 2022.

Ils sont le  au monde, après la Chine, pour le nombre de centrales de pompage-turbinage de grande taille ( et plus) : dix centrales d'une puissance totale de . La plus puissante d'entre elles, qui est également la plus puissante du monde, est la centrale de Bath County () en Virginie, à la frontière de la Virginie-Occidentale, mise en service en 1977 avec une puissance de  et complétée en 1985 ; de 2004 à 2009, ses six turbines Francis ont subi une mise à niveau, portant leur puissance unitaire à .

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Autres références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Énergie hydroélectrique
 Pompage-turbinage
 Électricité aux États-Unis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you are considering rescuing a four-legged member into your family, there are many good books about dogs and kids. Please educate your family for a successful adoption.
Below are some hints and ideas from Childproofing your Dog By Brian Kilcommons and Sarah Wilson.
First and foremost. Dogs and toddlers should never be left unsupervised. Even the most mellow dog will react when cornered by a child trying to measure the depth of the canine ear with a pencil. It is the parents' job to keep the dog and the child S.A.F.E.
Keep them in your vision at all times or keep them physically separated, with the child in a play pen or dog in a crate. This means ALL times. From the stories we hear, problems occur when adult eyes are elsewhere. It is amazing how fast a dog and child can make mischief together! WATCH THEM!
A dog has only a few ways of protesting. He can hop up on the furniture, move away or go under a bed. Once he has done this he has no other way of stopping a child other than a bark, growl or nip. If you see the dog retreating from the child, stop the child! Anticipate problems before they happen. Do not expect your dog to tolerate something that you wouldn't.
If you say it, mean it. If you tell your child to stop bothering the dog, enforce that. If you tell the dog to sit, make him sit. ALL things are easier if your child and your dog know that you mean what you say and say what you mean.
This means child and dog. Teach your children by word and example that the animals are to be treated with care. Do not allow hitting, teasing, or other harassment. Teach your dog by practice and patience that most people- children especially – make mistakes and how to behave when mistakes are made.
If you keep both S.A.F.E., you have taken steps to prevent the preventable.


Home / Music / I listened to a lot of songs today… for once!
Mucky Pup\Can't You Take A Joke\07 – F.U.C.K.
Hades\Resisting Success\01 – The Leaders!
Caruso was a HUGE help. Actually he was overseeing everything and probably responsible for more than half the picks on the list. Meow.
There were so many songs I hadn't heard in a long time and it reminded me to never forget to keep a broad range of influences flowing. Just what I needed to get ready to get into the groove of writing some new Primitive Brutality! Until next time… smoke 'em if ya' got 'em!


text:
Oceana Canada
It's time for action
Over the past six years of Fishery Audits, the federal government has made significant investments, developed new policies and updated laws to improve fisheries management. The true measure of success, however, is on the water: have these changes led to healthier fisheries?
According to the indicators in this latest Fishery Audit, the answer is no. Fewer than one-third of wild fish stocks are considered healthy, and the vast majority of critically depleted stocks lack rebuilding plans.
The new Fisheries Act rebuilding regulations introduced in April 2022 can — and must — mark a turning point. Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) now has a legal requirement to rebuild Canada's fish populations to support sustainable and prosperous fisheries, healthy coastal communities and a more resilient, bountiful ocean.
This is long overdue.
But to trigger the legal rebuilding requirements, stocks first need to be assigned a health status. And unfortunately, a large proportion of stocks — 37 per cent — continues to languish in DFO's "uncertain" category.
That's unnecessary. Enough data already exists to assign many of these stocks a provisional status to start managing them effectively. According to Oceana Canada's recent analysis, nearly a quarter of these 'uncertain' stocks are likely critically depleted.
But as this year's Fisheries Act highlights, that's not the only issue the government needs to address.
Three years after the national Fishery Monitoring Policy was released, it has yet to be fully implemented in a single fishery. Meanwhile, the percentage of stocks with a recent stock assessment has declined.
DFO is also failing to take a growing body of climate research into account. Although many studies show how climate change is affecting fish, that science isn't being reflected in assessments or management plans for fisheries. This is worrisome for species like shrimp and snow crab that are especially vulnerable to ocean acidification, extreme marine heat waves and other climate-related impacts.
Credit: iStock/LaSalle-Photo
Another concern is the state of forage fish: the species that feed whales, seabirds and many commercial fish. This year, DFO stopped commercial fishing on two critically depleted herring and mackerel stocks. However, other dangerously depleted forage stocks, like capelin, continued to be overfished. With the capelin quota set contrary to scientific advice and precautionary principles, the population is not being given any chance to recover.
The Canadian government has applied precautionary fisheries management inconsistently for too long — with disastrous consequences. Instead of focussing on short-term yields, it's time to prioritize the long-term value of a resilient ocean.
There is broad consensus on the way forward: DFO must take an ecosystem-based approach that reflects the interrelationships between species and a changing environment. It must follow its own policies to make decisions informed by the best available science and not allow the absence of data to delay needed action. It must do more to mobilize Indigenous Knowledge Systems to advance reconciliation and leverage valuable expertise and lessons from Indigenous Peoples. The recommendations in this Audit propose practical steps to act on these priorities.
When we give oceans the chance, they have enormous potential to rebound, help sustain coastal communities and cultures, support a thriving seafood industry and feed people around the world.
There is no more time to lose. Canada has the laws and resources to restore abundance to our oceans. Now the government must act. The health of our oceans and all who rely on them depend on it.
THE 2022 SCORECARD
For six years, Oceana Canada has been evaluating the state of Canada's fisheries and how well — or poorly — the government is using the best available science, monitoring and management capabilities to restore abundance to our oceans. In 2022, progress on many management indicators continued to stagnate, despite clear policy and work plan commitments from DFO. The result is depleted stocks, overfishing, a lack of robust data and insufficient efforts to recover depleted populations. This scorecard presents the top-line results for 2022, while a deeper dive into the findings begins on page 8.
Overall Stock Health Status
Nearly one in five stocks are still critically depleted
For more than half a decade, the indicators of good fisheries management have largely remained unchanged. This year — once again — less than a third of marine fish and invertebrate stocks can be confidently considered healthy, and nearly one in five stocks are still critically depleted. In fact, the number of healthy stocks has declined since 2017.
In the six years Oceana Canada has been producing these audits, the number of healthy fisheries has decreased and most of the management indicators haven't budged.
DFO continues to classify more than a third of all stocks as "uncertain." However, Oceana Canada's analysis suggests that enough data exist to assign many of them a provisional health status.† And that's a crucial first step toward effective and informed management.
Shifting stocks out of the uncertain category and assigning them to healthy, cautious and critical categories provides essential guidance for what management approaches to take. Under the new laws and regulations of the modernized Fisheries Act, all stocks in the critical zone require rebuilding plans. These plans must define objectives to rebuild the stock, including measurable targets and timelines. Meanwhile, stocks in the cautious zone are required to be managed at levels that support growth toward the healthy zone.
Over time, this will result in a greater number of healthy stocks and should prevent stocks in the cautious zone from slipping into critical territory. But none of this can happen until DFO does the basic research required to determine the health status of the 72 stocks in the uncertain category.
DFO has three categories of fish stock health. They are often defined relative to the stock biomass that would produce a maximum sustainable yield (BMSY). Maximum sustainable yield is the largest volume of fish that can theoretically be harvested without reducing the size of the population over the long term.ϐ
A stock is considered healthy if its biomass is greater than 80 per cent of that which would support BMSY. When a stock is in this zone, fisheries management decisions are designed to keep it healthy.
CAUTIOUS
A stock falls in the cautious zone if its biomass is between 40 and 80 per cent of BMSY. If a stock falls into this zone, harvesting rates should be reduced to avoid seriously depleting it and to promote rebuilding to the healthy zone.
A stock falls in the critical zone if its biomass is less than 40 per cent of BMSY. If a stock moves into the critical zone, serious harm is occurring, and conservation actions become crucial.
Rebuilding wild fish and ensuring healthy fisheries requires
Sound science
to understand the status of stocks, their biology and how fishing pressure and environmental factors will affect them in the future.
Effective monitoring
to determine how many fish are harvested and discarded from all sources of fishing activity.
Good management decisions
based on data that considers stocks in the context of a changing ecosystem and prioritizes long-term health, abundance and prosperity over short-term yields.
2022 Hits and Misses
This year, the federal government made several difficult but necessary decisions that prioritized rebuilding fish abundance. But in other cases, it failed to follow scientific advice and DFO's guidance on the Precautionary Approach. This inconsistency highlights that more work needs to be done to improve fisheries management in Canada.
Following scientific advice
Reduced fishing pressure to support the population recovery of depleted stocks
Pacific herring
Atlantic spring and fall herring (4T)☼
Atlantic mackerel
Atlantic cod (3Pn4RS)
Failing to follow scientific advice
Maintained dangerously high fishing quotas on depleted stocks, risking their recovery
Capelin (2J3KL)
Northern cod (2J3KL)₸
Atlantic herring (4VWX)¤
The goal of ecosystem-based management is to maintain the health of the whole as well as the parts. It acknowledges the connections among things.
Pew Oceans Commissionϖ
† For details, see Oceana Canada's report, A Fuller Picture of the State of Canada's Fisheries: Assessments for Data-Limited Stocks. Available at https://oceana.ca/en/reports/a-fuller-picture-of-the-state-of-canadas-fisheries-assessments-for-data-limited-stocks/
ϐ Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is a globally accepted standard for fisheries management. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization's Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, to which Canada is a signatory, indicates governments or other agencies responsible for fisheries management need to adopt appropriate measures, based on the best scientific evidence available, that are designed to maintain or restore stocks at levels capable of producing MSY.
ϖ https://www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/assets/2003/06/02/poc_summary.pdf
☼ Refers to the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) Convention area corresponding to the stock management area. See map for more: https://www.nafo.int/About-us/Maps
₸ There remains a moratorium in effect for the Northern cod commercial fishery, however, the Stewardship Fishery allowed a maximum authorized harvest level of 12,999 tonnes. This is a rollover from the 2021 amount, which does not follow scientific advice to keep fishing removals to the lowest possible level. There is also substantial, yet unaccounted for, fishing pressure from the ongoing recreational fishery.
¤ The Total Allowable Catch (TAC) was reduced by 33 per cent from the previous year. However, this decision was not in line with the Precautionary Approach Framework and went against the result of the government's own management strategy evaluation which proposed a quota reduction of 63 per cent. Further, removals of bait are not accounted for and are largely uncertain. See link for more: https://oceana.ca/en/blog/forage-fish-are-essential-to-the-marine-ecosystem/
In the face of overfishing, mismanagement and accelerating climate change and biodiversity loss, the need to rebuild depleted wild fish populations has never been more urgent.
Josh Laughren, Executive Director, Oceana Canada.
© Copyright 2022 OCEANA CANADA. All rights reserved.


Whether or not you're a marketing consultant, at an agency, or part of an in-house group, if you happen to observe hours on tasks and manage various duties, our time monitoring and challenge management software program will prevent time and an entire lot of trouble.
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The app is free to obtain and allows customers to add up two credit cards for free. Deconstructing the process of establishing epistemologically authoritative information thus highlights how mediation, information values, source practices, and image conventions are relied on to carry out credibility.
Word: The obtain hyperlink for: Firefox prefetching: what it's essential to know you will discover on the end of put up. Apple has plenty of methods of raising the focus on an app (Staff Picks, Themes and so on). I used the blue stacks android emulator app on my PC. It was fairly good, but every app was not supported. One neglected dimension within the 12 months previous: a key source of renewed revenue in news in 2010 was the recovery in the auto industry, aided by the decision to lend federal money to save U.S. carmakers.
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We know how much you value your child's education. We also know how hard it can be sometimes to balance the importance of that education with the cost. That's why we started the Half-Price Tuition campaign. It's our mission to work with schools throughout the Bryan/College Station area to provide tuition for families at half the normal cost. We work with all kinds of schools in the city and in the suburbs. These offers are exclusive to us, and the number of vouchers are limited. It's our desire to provide your family with excellent educational value.


While tech pundits have long been anticipating some form of cross-breeding between OS X and iOS, not until today have we seen any real evidence for such a trend. And while I, as a Mac user, am excited to see Apple returning to its roots in the Mac, I found myself more troubled by questions about what was revealed than giddy with anticipation.
Much of my trepidation comes from the software side of the equation. OS X 10.7, or Lion, provides an intriguing look into the future of desktop computing. But I can't help from feeling, to a certain extent, like Apple is trying to fit a square peg in a round hole. Granted, the enhanced multitouch features of Lion like Launchpad and full-screen apps — shamelessly ganked from iOS — provide a new and compelling raison d'etre to products like the Magic Mouse and Magic Trackpad that had previously lacked one. Given the apparent lack of a niche for those two products at their respective launches, and knowing that Apple has a plan for just about everything, it wasn't unreasonable to expect something like this to happen.
But like the original MacBook Air, Lion seems to be ahead of its time — and not in a good way.


The Center for Global Business Studies publishes the full transcripts to of previous William A. Schreyer Symposia as well as research on international business issues.
The Center for Global Business Studies publishes the full transcripts of previous William A. Schreyer Symposia as well as research on international business issues. Contact Nancy Dull Stuck (814-865-0544) for more information.
Fariborz Ghadar has authored his latest book on thirteen global trends that will present the most formidable challenges to world business leaders in the next thirty years. Dr. Ghadar has updated his first book with forecasts out to 2050. With this new edition, the 12 global trends initially identified — such as shifts in population, changes in governance, and the rise of biotechnology — are updated to reflect the current situation so that business leaders can better prepare for the future.
If you are interested in reading Dr. Ghadar's book in its entirety, it is available on Amazon.
Oil & Gas Monitor: "A China Syndrome?"
Inside Supply Management: "The Changing Winds of Population Growth"
Harvard Business Review: "Why Life Science Needs Its Own Silicone Valley"
Industrial Management: "Nanotechnology: Small Revolution"
Industrial Management: "The Growth of Biotechnology"
LA Times Op-Ed: "Will They Still Feed Us When We're 65?"
Harvard Business Review Article: "The Dubious Logic of Global Megamergers"
"The Evolving Role of Global Business"


text:
Q: Using a non-template nested class in a template I am new to templates, and I have been forced to use one in a function while the underlying class used is not a template.
A very simple case where my problem occurs is the following :
//test.h

struct Top
{
    struct Bottom
    {
    };

    Bottom bot;
};

//test.cpp

void without_template(Top content)
{
    Top::Bottom bot = content.bot;
}

template<typename T>
void with_template(T content)
{
    // Uncomment to get an error :
    // T::Bottom bot = content.bot;
}

template<typename T>
void with_template_2(T content)
{
    auto bot = content.bot;
}

(Currently, my code works using "auto", but I would like to avoid using it like that, this looks really unsafe.)
(Also, in the actual code, everything is in .h, but the same thing occurs.)
The error is C2760 : syntax error: expected ";" after "T" ; followed by C7510 : 'Bottom' : a dependent type name has to be preceeded by 'type name'
(sorry for not quoting it exactly, my compiler is in French)
I though templates were basically just inlining the type name, but apparently not. So what is going on here ? In particular, there is an error even if "with_template" is never called...
My best guess is that the syntax "T::..." is simply not supported, but I don't see why that would be the case.
Is there an elegant fix ? (appart from making the underlying class a template, which would just propagate the use of templates in my code)
(I also tried "using namespace", but it doesn't seem to work.)

A: In a template function, the template parameters are unknown when the compiler parses it. That means that anything that depends on a template parameter is basically also unknown. Because the compiler can't know what Bottom is, you need to tell it what to expect.
If you don't tell it anything the compiler will assume it's a member or member function, this it will figure out by itself from context. But if it's a type, you need to explicitly say so.
template<typename T>
void with_template(T content)
{
    typename T::Bottom bot = content.bot;
     // ^-- typename here tells the compiler that Bottom is a type
}

More information on dependent names.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


If you are looking for cheap apartments for rent in Columbus Ohio, you have come to the right place. With hundreds of rental apartments listed on the internet, finding the perfect apartment isn't easy. You should be doing the necessary research before choosing the best apartment in Columbus Ohio. Here are some of the most important things to look for when choosing the perfect rental apartment in Columbus Ohio.
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text:
Ladysmith Tourism Guide
Smart Guide to Local Business Directory
U.S.-based Lyft has focused its marketing on providing safe transportation for women. (Lyft)
Ride hailing might be B.C.'s Christmas present, John Horgan says
Premier says it's a bit early to talk about unionizing drivers
B.C. Christmas partiers might be able to hail an Uber, Lyft or Tappcar in time for the holiday season, but Premier John Horgan is making no promises.
The NDP government's promise to have smartphone-based ride hailing up and running by the end of 2019 still isn't a sure thing, Horgan told reporters Thursday as the B.C. legislature wrapped up its fall session.
"We have 20 companies that have applied to operate in B.C., and Passenger Transportation Board is doing its job to ensure that we follow through on our commitment in a way that meets the needs of everyone in the community," Horgan said. "Not just ride-hailing companies, not just those who are seeking ride hails, but also the existing [taxi] industry. I believe that's appropriate."
RELATED: B.C. ride hailing fees set, applications open
RELATED: Minister defends new steps for ride hailing
Horgan was also asked about the United Food and Commercial Workers' application to the B.C. Labour Relations Board to declare Lyft and Uber drivers as employees rather than contractors. He allowed it's a little early to do that, before drivers obtain their Class 4 commercial driver's licences and companies are in a position to hire them.
"I would think we would want to get the ride hailing in place first, before we speak about how we deal with the labour board," Horgan said. "That's entirely within the purview of the unions and the drivers to work out how they would work with the companies that employ them."
CCTS says telecoms complaints surge for another year on billing, contract issues
B.C. forest industry aid on the way, Doug Donaldson says
'Snowmaggedon 2020' has passed, but 20-30 milimetres of rain expected Friday
Residents should brace for rain and clear drains to prevent localized flooding
What happens in the Cowichan Valley when an earthquake strikes
When an earthquake does happen, will the Cowichan Valley be ready for it?
Exploring life, the afterlife, and near death experiences with Dr. Lynn Echevarria
Echevarria will deliver a talk to the LRCA Seniors Centre Tuesday, January 21 at 1:30 pm
Winter storm warning now in effect for Island's east coast
Environment Canada issues new weather warning late Wednesday afternoon
Town of Ladysmith snow removal crews prepared to respond to overnight snowfall
10 to 15 centimetres of snow are expected for Ladysmith overnight Tuesday into Wednesday morning
Explore Ladysmith Chronicle
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Most of them are 18 and they've already signed a blank check for their country.
They're future soldiers, already enlisted in the Army, and many of them head to basic training in the next few weeks.
In Smithfield on Saturday, 40 of them from recruiting centers all over Eastern North Carolina – a company including Smithfield, Goldsboro, Rocky Mount, Elizabeth City and Greenville known collectively as the Greenville Bloodhounds – competed in the Bloodhound Olympics.
Smithfield defended its title Saturday with a win, and its team kept the trophy and will host the next event.
The competition included a litter run, where teams of 10 ran with 45-pound jugs of water and a stretcher for about a mile and a half, then loaded one of their teammates into the stretcher and ran all the way back. While running, the teams had to remember signs posted along the way and race to complete a quiz when they reached the finish line.
Teams ended the day with a water balloon fight, awards and lunch.
Altheia Balageo, 18, just graduated from Princeton High School, where she excelled academically and played four sports. The Army came looking for her and now she's enlisted in the Army Reserves and will be headed to basic training on Sept. 6.
Balageo plans to pursue medical school, she said. Her military occupational specialty, or her job in the reserves, is health care specialist – a combat medic, she said.
For Balageo, the Bloodhound Olympics litter run was especially meaningful.
Balageo and her team hustled along the Buffalo Creek Greenway in Smithfield but finished the race second, just behind the Greenville team. Their edge was fewer penalties and the quiz.
Twins Michael and Patrick Connor, 18, are seniors this year at Cleveland High School. They've been in ROTC throughout school and have already enlisted in the Army. They head to basic training on June 20.
Michael will be a 19 Delta Cavalry Scout, a reconnaissance specialist. Patrick will be an 11X Infantryman, the main land combat force in the Army.
The brothers said they grew up knowing they wanted to be soldiers, and have a family history of service with a grandfather who was in the Navy, two soldier cousins and a Marine cousin. They said they enlisted to help people.
"I love the idea of helping people who can't help themselves and defending this country from anyone who opposes it or attacks it," Michael said.
Also at the event was Julie Radford, a recruit who worked hard to lose 44 pounds to be eligible to enlist. She's back from basic training and headed to her duty station in Georgia soon, but for the past few weeks she's been working with her recruiting center and helping other future soldiers.


text:
Converse Shoes Boys
been reluctant to elaborate on the reasons for the failures.
by the Norfolk CCGs is being used to ensure staffing levels and skill mixes are in place to deliver safe, high quality services during this period of change for the trust."
"Quite often, we get frustration because of a failure to share information between organisations, but for this to happen within the same organisation is an extraordinary situation.
He also expressed concern an emergency GP referral which should have been followed up within four hours took two days, Trust staff told the inquest that was because a computer system was in its infancy.
"We are determined that all lessons can and will be learned and, since Matthew's death, the trust has conducted a full investigation into what happened and has reviewed the areas of policy and practice raised at the inquest.
Health minister says mental health trust needs to answer questions following tragic death of Norwich man
The trust said it has taken steps to improve care since the tragedy, and acknowledges two main issues were a delay in Mr Dunham receiving an appointment and information not being shared appropriately between clinical teams, but bosses have Converse Purple Cactus
But we were told the trust was not prepared to answer them on a point by point basis, because the issues had been discussed at the inquest.
Staff told the inquest they now had a new computer system where you could see which other mental health workers were seeing a patient.
They did issue a statement from Roz Brooks, director of nursing and patient safety at Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, who said: "The trust is deeply saddened by the tragic death of Matthew Dunham and I would like to reiterate how sorry we are for his family's loss.
We asked the trust a string of questions about the circumstances which led to the tragedy.
Mr Armstrong said: "There was no lack of help being given to Mr Dunham, but the care and support was clearly fragmented and uncoordinated. The evidence reveals problems accessing information and about sharing information. These are serious inadequacies that must be addressed. It's alarming that information about a patient's care was not being shared."
"The first practitioner who saw him had rated his suicide risk as high, so what did that trigger within the trust?
The inquest was told he was being treated by Lauren Lawrie, a psychological well being practitioner with the trust, and he told her he had suicidal thoughts, including jumping off Castle Mall. She assessed him as a seven out of 10 suicide risk.
However, Norfolk MP and health minister Mr Lamb said the trust owed it to the public to answer questions about what had gone wrong with Mr Dunham's care.
At an inquest, Norfolk coroner William Armstrong said there were "fundamental deficiencies" in the trust's care for Mr Dunham.
And North Norfolk MP Norman Lamb, whose portfolio as health minister includes mental health services, said the situation sounded "chaotic" and the trust' should explain itself.
The inquest heard Ms Hare had no knowledge Mr Dunham had previously expressed suicidal thoughts, before talking to him.
Mr Dunham, 25, a web designer who lived in St Augustine's Street in Norwich, jumped to his death in the city's Castle Mall on May 9.
While bosses at Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust have said they will learn lessons following the tragic death of Matthew Dunham, the trust has yet to explain exactly what went wrong to cause what a coroner described as "fundamental deficiencies" in his Converse Rubber Shoes With Wedge Heels
He said; "If two people were supporting him and did not know of the other's involvement that is extraordinary. It sounds chaotic and poor care.
"Patient safety is and remains a key priority for the trust. Information sharing has been improved and new patient safety indicators have been developed.
Beverley Hare, a charge nurse with the trust's crisis team, spoke to Mr Dunham on April 24. Following their conversation, he Converse Shoes Boys was passed back to the trust's assessment team and an appointment made for May 23.
He had been rated a seven out of 10 suicide risk by one practitioner at the mental health trust, but two other workers in contact with him were not able to access that information.
However, the trust did say a full investigation had been carried out, and the report shared with Mr Dunham's family.
Mr Armstrong stressed no individuals were to blame, but the problems were systemic. He said it was encouraging the trust had continued talking to Mr Dunham's family.
"Transitional funding provided Black And White Converse High Tops
Mr Armstrong concluded Mr Dunham intended to kill himself, while suffering from a mental disorder.
Mental health nurse Robert Carey said he subsequently met Mr Dunham, but had not known Miss Lawrie had been treating him.
"These are reviewed regularly by myself and the medical director and shared with the Clinical Commissioning Groups.
"The coroner's conclusions are pretty damning and the trust has to explain how this could have happened.
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