text:
\section{Introduction}
The imaging discovery of the three \citep{Ma08}, and now four \citep{Mr10} planets around HR~8799 is a significant achievement in the search for and study of planets orbiting other stars. For the first time, the thermal emission of planets in orbit around another star has been unambiguously detected.

The dynamical evolution of a planetary system is complex. From the basic planet formation assumption that planets form by the core accretion or disk instability scenario in a disk along the star's equatorial plane, systems can suffer drastic changes; planet-planet perturbations, interactions with a disk or stellar encounters can change a planet's orbital inclination, its semi-major axis, its orbital eccentricity or even eject it \citep{Ra10}. In the case of HR~8799, it is not impossible that a close encounter occurred prior to planet formation, since its relatively high galactic velocity compared to the Columba association and its far distance away from the other association members \citep{Hi10} are suggesting that it may have been kicked out and is probably moving quickly away from its birth place. Such an encounter could have tilted a disk relative to the star's equatorial plane and induce perturbations that may have led to planet formation where planets would have a non-negligible orbital inclination relative to the star. Radial velocity searches have confirmed such chaotic behaviors by detecting systems where planets are orbiting well away from the star's equatorial plane (\citealt{Tr10} and references therein), although for close-in extrasolar planets this misalignment could also be caused by the Kozai mechanism \citep[e.g.][]{Wu07,Fa07,Wi09}. For the wide HR8799 planets the Kozai mechanism is not operational (even if the system had a stellar companion in the past); finding a misalignment between the star and the planet's orbital plane would be a sign of a significant dynamical interaction in the system past.

\citet{Ma08} have suggested that the HR~8799 planets are in a similar orbital plane with a low inclination and have mostly circular orbits. This is because the detected orbital motions are close to their expected face-on circular orbit values, the orbital motion is mainly in azimuth and the star is known to be a slow rotator (thus it would be viewed mainly pole-on). Dynamical analyses \citep[e.g. ][]{Re09,Fa10,Mo10,Ma10} have confirmed that the planets are mostly in the same plane with small eccentricities, although such fits are still very uncertain due to the limited amount of orbital coverage available. In addition, the planets also all orbit in the same counter-clockwise orientation, further supporting the idea that they formed in a disk, similar to the Solar system planets. Assuming a circular orbit for b, \citet{La09} found $i\sim$13$^\circ$--23$^\circ$; while attempting a coherent analysis of various portions of observational data on known components of the system, \citet{Re09} concluded that $i$ should range between 20$^\circ$ and 30$^\circ$. Also,  Spitzer observations of HR~8799's complex debris disk suggest that any inclination angle larger than $\sim$25$^\circ$ should be excluded \citep{Su09}. Using a statistical distribution of star's rotation speed \citep{Ro07}, HR~8799 with its 37.5$\pm$2 km\,s$^{-1}$ V\,sin\,$i$ \citep{Ka98} would be consistent with an inclination of $\sim 23.5^\circ$ if it is an A5 star or $\sim 18.5^\circ$ if it is an F0 star (HR~8799 spectral classification is uncertain mainly due to its low metallicity that is affecting it's broad band colors). Such a determination is of course statistical and a direct star's inclination determination is required for a meaningful comparison with the estimated planet orbital plane inclination.

HR~8799 is an intrinsic photometric and spectroscopic variable \citep{Ro95,Ma04}. It has also been confirmed as a $\gamma$\,Doradus (Dor) variable \citep{Ze99}. The $\gamma$\,Dor stars are late A to early F stars whose pulsations are driven by a flux-blocking mechanism at the base of their convective envelope \citep[e.g.][]{Du04}. The $\gamma$\,Dor nature of HR~8799 offers a unique opportunity to estimate its inclination via an asteroseismic analysis of the observed $g$-modes. In a previous asteroseismic analysis using photometric frequencies \citet{My10} has shown that an age determination for the system, which allows to discriminate between planets and brown dwarfs, is a difficult task with the current information and discussed the importance of an inclination determination since the equatorial rotational velocity can be used in constraining the age of the system.
In this letter, we present a spectroscopic asteroseismic analysis and also obtain limits for HR~8799's stellar inclination. The data have been acquired from an extensive multi-site ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy campaign. Section~2 describes that data used in this letter. Section~3 discusses the pulsation mode identification and the determination of the stellar inclination and Section~4 describes the conclusions.

\section{Observations}
In this letter we examine data collected from Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP) using the SOPHIE spectrograph. We have 650 SOPHIE observations taken from 28/09 - 12/10/2009. They cover a wavelength range between 3875--6940\AA~with a spectral resolution of R$\sim$75\,000. These data are the largest single-site subset of more than 2000 observations taken during an intensive spectroscopic multi-site campaign devoted to this star. Only the OHP spectra will be examined in this publication as study of the complete combined data set of observations will be left until the detailed publication.

The data were treated using the local reduction packages written specifically for the SOPHIE spectrograph data.
This produced reduced, merged and automatically continuum normalized 1-D spectra which were further manually normalized using a synthetic spectrum for guidance.

Instead of using single spectral lines, we examined the cross-correlation profile (CCP). This profile is obtained using the normalised 1-D spectra cross-correlated with a line mask. The line mask was produced with the SYNSPEC software \citep{Hu95} using a T$_{eff}$=7500 K, $\log(g)=4.0$ and Z=-1.0. All the telluric and H/He affected areas were removed from the spectral line for which we estimated the equivalent widths. These equivalent widths were used for the weightings given to the delta-functions in the cross-correlation.
An analysis of the variation of several isolated spectral lines gave similar results to those outlined for the CCPs below. Since the signal-to-noise ratio of the individual spectral lines is much lower than that of the CCPs only the CCPs are discussed here.

The resulting line variation was examined using the first moment of the line profile which is similar to the radial velocity of the line (shown in Figure 1: left). A Fourier analysis of the first moment gives two strong frequencies 1.9875\,d$^{-1}$ and 1.7475\,d$^{-1}$ (shown in Figure 1: right). These frequencies by themselves produce a good fit to the observed radial velocity variations. They closely correspond with those found in photometry by both \citet{Ze99} and \citet{Cu06}.

\section{Pulsation mode identification}

It is possible to identify further frequencies present in the data but upon examination it is observed that extraction of any combination of the other frequencies present does not alter the results for the 1.98\,d$^{-1}$ frequency. The focus for this letter is on the inclination restrictions possible from the 1.98\,d$^{-1}$ frequency, hence we will continue without examining any further frequency information, and leave that for the detailed publication based on the whole dataset of the campaign.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{figure1.eps}
\caption{OHP Radial velocity data and 1.9875\,d$^{-1}$ and 1.7475\,d$^{-1}$ fit for the first half of the OHP data (left). Frequency analysis of the radial velocity of the OHP data (right) with lines marking the frequencies determined.}
\end{figure}

To determine the degree $\ell$ and azimuthal order $m$ of the pulsation mode using the FAMIAS software\footnote{The software package FAMIAS developed in the framework of the FP6 European Coordination Action HELAS (http://www.helas-eu.org/)} \citep{Zi08} we extract the Fourier parameters, i.e. the zero point, the amplitude and the phase distributions across the CCPs, for the two frequencies. The Fourier parameters of 1.9875\,d$^{-1}$  are shown as a solid line in the panels of Figure 2. The Fourier parameters of 1.7475\,d$^{-1}$ were not sufficiently well matched by the FAMIAS software to consider this pulsation mode identified or constrained. This is probably a result of other pulsation frequencies present in the data that have not been detected or removed, and that have sufficient amplitude to affect the parameters of the 1.7475\,d$^{-1}$ mode.

The FAMIAS software uses a first order Coriolis force approximation, limiting the pulsation models that can be used to fit the Fourier parameters to those respecting $\nu \leq$ 1, where $\nu$ is the so-called ``spin-parameter''. This parameter is defined as $\nu$ = 2 f$_{\Omega}$/f$_{corot}$, where f$_{\Omega}$ is the rotation frequency and f$_{corot}$ is the pulsation frequency in the corotating frame. f$_{corot}$ is connected to the observed pulsation frequency f$_{obs}$ through: f$_{corot}$ = f$_{obs}$ - $m$f$_{\Omega}$ and, hence, changes for different values of $m$ of the model being fitted. As for f$_{\Omega}$, its changes depend on the inclination used by the model. On the other hand, one could wonder how significant is the effect of stellar rotation when $\nu >$ 1 and if the fit of the Fourier parameters could still be trusted passed this limit. \citet{To03} examined the effects of the increasing Coriolis force on high order ($n$) low degree ($\ell$) gravity-modes (see Figure 1 of \citealp{To03}) and found that prograde modes ($m>$0, this paper; $m<$0 in \citealp{To03}) suffer reduced changes from increasing Coriolis force. Using this study we can estimate more appropriate $\nu$ limitations for the FAMIAS models of the 1.9875\,d$^{-1}$  frequency. For the values of $m$=-3:3, limits of $\nu\leq$8 for $m$=3, $\nu\leq$5 for $m$=2, $\nu\leq$2 for $m$=1 and $\nu\leq$1 for $m\leq$0 are reasonable. Using these $\nu$ limitations and the estimated stellar parameters R$_\ast$=1.5\,R$_\odot$ \citep{Gr99}, V\,sin\,$i$=39.5 km\,s$^{-1}$ \citep[i.e. a value within the uncertainties given by this study and by][]{Ka98} we can place restrictions on the inclination for which the FAMIAS models are valid for each value of $m$, they are $i$= 60$^{\circ}$, 37$^{\circ}$, 32$^{\circ}$, 32$^{\circ}$, 15$^{\circ}$, 0$^{\circ}$ and 0$^{\circ}$ for $m$= 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2 and -3, respectively.

These model limits imply that we cannot test all the inclinations between 0$^\circ$ and 90$^\circ$. However, one has to consider that an inclination lower than 5$^{\circ}$ is physically impossible, since it would imply an equatorial rotation velocity higher than the break-up velocity when using an estimated mass of M$_\ast$=1.5\,M$_\odot$ \citep{Gr99}. Moreover, models with $m$=1, 2 and 3 are limited to $i>$16$^{\circ}$, 33$^{\circ}$ and 54$^{\circ}$ respectively to be physically possible (f$_{corot}>$ 0). A summary of the limitations on the inclination of the pulsational axis is given in Table 1. From this table it can be seen which are the physically possible values of $m$ and inclination that we are unable to test due to the FAMIAS model restrictions. However, these ``holes'' can be mitigated by the fact that at lower inclinations than those imposed by the model limits, the $\nu$ value, and hence the Coriolis force, becomes large enough that the pulsations surface deformations begin to be limited to an equatorial waveguide \citep{To03}. In these cases just the regions about the equator are varying, but we would be viewing the star from low inclinations. This means that only a small area of the visible surface would be experiencing pulsation and the radial velocity amplitude would be expected to be low when compared with observed radial velocity amplitudes in other $\gamma$\,Dor stars. To give an example of this, if $i$=20$^{\circ}$ and the mode was $m$=0 then approximately one quarter of the full surface variability is visible since more than half the pulsation amplitude is constrained to within 35$^{\circ}$ of the equator. In contrast, the 1.98\,d$^{-1}$ frequency in question has an amplitude of 1.09 km\,s$^{-1}$ which is comparable to the radial velocity amplitudes of the strongest mode in other $\gamma$\,Dor stars e.g. 1.3 km\,s$^{-1}$ in $\gamma$\,Doradus \citep{Bl96}, 0.35 km\,s$^{-1}$ in HD49434 \citep{Ut08}, 1.45 km\,s$^{-1}$ in HD189631 and 0.49 km\,s$^{-1}$ in HD40745 \citep{Ms10}. Therefore, it is unlikely that we are dealing with a strong Coriolis force and hence a high $\nu$ value for a given $m$ value. Because of this the inclination ``holes'' mentioned previously, which are associated with high $\nu$ values, can be considered as unlikely solutions.

\vspace{10pt}
\begin{table*}[!ht]
\caption{Table of constraints on the inclination from both the model limitations and physical constraints}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lccccccc}
$m$ value				&3	&2	&1	&0	&-1	&-2	&-3	\\
\hline
model $i$ limits ($^{\circ}$)		&$>$60	&$>$37	&$>$32	&$>$32	&$>$15	&$>$0	&$>$0	\\
physical $i$ limits ($^{\circ}$)	&$>$54	&$>$33	&$>$16	&$>$5	&$>$5	&$>$5	&$>$5	\\

\end{tabular}
\end{table*}
\vspace{10pt}

All $\ell$ and $m$ combinations from $\ell$=0 to $\ell$=3 were tested keeping in mind the restrictions from Table 1. Higher values of $\ell$ were not considered because the 1.9875 d$^{-1}$ is a strong photometric frequency found in the data of \cite{Ze99} and modes with $\ell$\,$>$ 3 are hard to detect in such ground-based photometric studies due to geometric cancellation effects. The input parameters to FAMIAS were permitted to vary as shown in Table 2. The two best fitting modes with different $\ell$ and $m$ values obtained with FAMIAS are shown in Figure 2. The dashed-dotted line corresponds to an $\ell$=1 $m$=1 mode with $\chi^2_{red}$=30.0 and the dotted line to an $\ell$=2 $m$=-2 mode with $\chi^2_{red}$=43.9. This figure confirms that the best fitting mode is the $\ell$=1 sectoral mode as the $\ell$=2 $m$=-2 solution does not match the shape of the amplitude distribution well.
The extremely small uncertainties in the zero point distribution cause any deviation from a perfect fit to rapidly increase the $\chi^2_{red}$ value. Hence, the value of $\chi^2_{red}$=30.0 should be considered as a very good fit. On examination of the amplitude and phase distributions across the profile for all of the modes tested, only the $\ell$=1 $m$=1 mode demonstrates a good match in shape for both and is considered conclusively the best solution for this pulsation frequency. The values for the input parameters to FAMIAS resulting from this mode are given in the last column of Table\,2. The errors are estimated based on an examination of the $\chi^2_{red}$ results.

\begin{table*}[!ht]
\caption{Table of parameters for genetic algorithm search. Both the allowed range and best fit results, an $\ell$=1 $m$=1 mode, are shown. Uncertainties are estimated based on $\chi^2_{red}$ results}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
Parameters				&Allowed ranges		&Best fit	\\
					&min : max		&		\\
\hline
M$_\ast$ (M$_\odot$)			&1.2 : 1.8		&1.5$\pm$0.3		\\
R$_\ast$ (R$_\odot$)			&1.2 : 1.8		&1.5$\pm$0.3		\\
Inclination ($^{\circ}$)		&5 : 90			&65$\pm$25		\\
V\,sin\,$i$ (km\,s$^{-1}$)		&36 : 46		&39.8$\pm$0.4		\\
intrinsic width (km\,s$^{-1}$)		&5 : 15			&8.3$\pm$0.5		\\
pulsation amplitude (km\,s$^{-1}$)	&0.1 : 10		&0.659$\pm$0.05		\\
pulsation phase	(2$\pi$)		&0 : 1			&0.95$\pm$0.03		\\
\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{figure2.eps}
\caption{Zero point profile (top), amplitude distribution (middle) and phase distribution (bottom) for the frequency 1.98\,d$^{-1}$ is the solid line. The best fit $\ell$=1 $m$=1 mode is the dashed-dotted line with a $\chi^2_{red}$ of 30.0. The next best fitting mode of those tested is the $\ell$=2 $m$=-2 mode shown as a dotted line with $\chi^2_{red}$=43.9.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{figure3.eps}
\caption{The inclination dependence of the genetic algorithm search for the best fitting $\ell$=1 $m$=1 mode. The inset figure is a zoom in on the region of low $\chi^2_{red}$. For inclinations i$\gtrsim$40$^\circ$ the differences in $\chi^2_{red}$ is small.}
\end{figure}

Figure 3 shows the inclination dependence of the genetic algorithm search for the best fitting $\ell$=1 $m$=1 mode. Based on Table 1 we can confidently use the FAMIAS results for $i\geq$32$^{\circ}$. The best fit inclination has $i$=65$^{\circ}$. For $i$= 35$^{\circ}$, 40$^{\circ}$ and 90$^{\circ}$, we find $\chi^2_{red}$= 37.2, 32.9 and 31.07, respectively. It is obvious from Figure 3 that  the $\chi^2_{red}$ does not change much in the range $i$= 40$^{\circ}$ to 90$^{\circ}$ but it rises quickly at lower inclinations. From this we obtain our result $i\gtrsim$40$^{\circ}$.

The FAMIAS software assumes that pulsation axis is aligned with the rotational axis, but this is not necessarily the case in all stars. However, such misalignment is unlikely in the case of HR~8799 because, in that case, some modulation of the pulsation properties by the rotational period would have been observed. In addition, it would have led to more complex amplitude and phase across the profile, and the fits that we have achieved would not have been as good.

It is worth noting that no planetary reflex velocity is identified. This was expected since the amplitudes of the quite distant and low orbital inclination exo-planets would be only fractions of a meter per second which would be masked by the much larger (km\,s$^{-1}$) pulsational velocities and is also beyond the precision attainable by our observations.

\section{Conclusions}
We conclude that the stellar rotational inclination axis has a value i$\gtrsim$40$^\circ$ based on identification of the 1.98\,d$^{-1}$ frequency as an $\ell$=1 $m$=1 mode. This is the strongest pulsation in both photometry \citep{Ze99,Cu06} and spectroscopic radial velocities. Through dynamical analyses it is suspected that the planets are mostly in the same plane with small eccentricities and that the planets orbit inclination axis is $\sim$20$^\circ \pm$10$^\circ$ \citep{Re09,La09}. The current data suggests a misalignment of $\Delta i \gtrsim$20$^\circ$ between the stellar rotational inclination and planetary orbit axes, though more detailed pulsational analyses and better orbital fits are needed before this can be confirmed.

\acknowledgments

We thank A. Moya for helping discussion and useful advices. Wright acknowledges support from the Belgian Federal Science Policy (project MO/33/021). ANC acknowledges support from Comit\'e Mixto ESO-GOBIERNO DE CHILE and from BASAL/ FONDAP project. PDC acknowledges financial support from the Fund for Scientific Research - Flanders (FWO; project G.0332.06). Portions of this work were performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE- AC52-07NA27344.

{\it Facilities:} \facility{OHP-1.93m (SOPHIE)}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Argentina's Move To Cancel Soccer Match With Israel Draws Cheers, Condemnations
Ofer Eini and Rotem Kamer, president and CEO of the Israeli Football Association, respectively, address the media Wednesday in the town of Ramat Gan, east of Tel Aviv. The men announced that the organization will file a formal complaint to FIFA against the Palestinian Football Association.
The soccer match scheduled for Saturday between Israel and Argentina was to have little consequence, at least as far as the teams' standings were concerned. It was just an exhibition in Jerusalem, a way for Argentine players to get their legs warm before the World Cup and for Israeli fans to get a glimpse of such superstars as Lionel Messi.
Now Argentina has called off the game — and disputes over why, exactly, have shifted the confrontation from the soccer field to the international political arena.
Argentinian officials said Wednesday that they had their players' safety in mind.
"What has happened in the last 72 hours — the actions, the threats that have occurred — have led us to make the decision not to travel," Argentine Football Association President Claudio Tapia said at a news conference in Barcelona.
He added that, in his position of leadership, it is his responsibility to protect "the physical integrity and safety of the entirety of the entire delegation."
Palestinian officials quickly celebrated the decision.
The head of the Palestinian Football Association, Jibril Rajoub, had pushed for days to have Arab soccer fans protest the game. Rajoub condemned the decision to hold a match in Jerusalem just weeks after the U.S. moved its embassy to the disputed city, and after Israeli troops killed more than 100 Palestinians during weeks of protests, some violent, on the Gaza border.
"Rajoub had accused Israel of playing politics with the game, by moving it from its original location in Haifa to Jerusalem," as The Washington Post reports, "and by trying to link it to celebrations surrounding Israel's 70th anniversary."
He changed his tone drastically Wednesday after the cancellation, at least when it came to the Argentine players. Rajoub even held a news conference beside a sign specifically declaring, "From Palestine, Thank you, Lionel Messi!"
The Argentine national team even got a rousing thanks from Hamas, Gaza's de facto ruler and a group the U.S. and Israel consider a terrorist organization.
"Argentina's decision to cancel a friendly match with the Israeli Occupation's team is highly commendable and is a very appreciated position," said Husam Badran, a member of Hamas' political arm.
Abbas Momani / AFP/Getty Images
Jibril Rajoub, head of the Palestinian Football Association, stands in front of a sign thanking Argentine star Lionel Messi for his boycott of the Latin American country's pre-World Cup friendly with Israel. Palestinian leaders celebrated the cancellation of the friendly match at a news conference Wednesday.
Israeli leaders expressed dismay and anger over the decision, casting it as an unfortunate concession to Palestinian pressure. Elad Ratson, a diplomat with the country's foreign affairs ministry, dismissed the Palestinian reaction as a bid to "sell everyone the 'not coming because I'm afraid', as a 'not coming because I support.' "
The Israeli Embassy in Argentina, in announcing the game's "suspension," chalked up the Argentine decision to "the threats and provocations directed at Lionel Messi," noting that nevertheless the decades-long friendship between the two countries does not hinge entirely upon a single football match.
Israeli Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman came out stronger in response.
It is "too bad" that the Argentines did not "withstand the pressure of the Israeli-hating inciters," he tweeted, according to a BBC translation. "We will not yield before a pack of anti-Semitic terrorist supporters."
Ofer Eini and Rotem Kamer, the Israeli Football Association's chairman and CEO, respectively, convened a news conference Wednesday to announce that they were taking the matter up with FIFA, soccer's international governing body.
"The Association views with severity the physical and brutal threats, which crossed every red line," the IFA said in , calling out Rajoub by name. And the organization vowed to "do everything in its power in the world football institutions to hold Rajoub and the Palestinian FA accountable."
Even as the volleys of criticism and condemnation have flown back and forth above their heads, the players themselves have remained relatively silent.
But Argentina's Gonzalo Higuain stood by the decision when he spoke with ESPN about it on Tuesday.
"They've finally done the right thing," he told the network.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
News - Thu 11 Jan 2018
Independent Venue Week
We are committed to supporting new music and emerging artists, and to keeping music live.
Independent Venue Week is a week-long celebration of small music venues around the UK. We're delighted to be taking part by hosting Slow Readers Club and Richard Hawley in some very special gigs which will delight regulars and bring scores of new audiences to The Met.
Every year Independent Venue Week brings together a string of vibrant small music venues to create a series of remarkable gigs across the country. They help to raise the profile of the incredible work these small venues do, year-round, to provide audiences with memorable experiences. These venues are the backbone of the live music scene in this country. They give artists their first experience of playing live in front of an audience and build a following. For fans small venues are places where they can get up-close to artists who, one day, may well be playing stadiums and festival main stages.
So music fans, we challenge you to help us keep music live: please come back to The Met and see an artist who is new to you!
https://www.independentvenueweek.com/news
Music - Last session: Wed 21 Feb 2018 at 8:00 PM - This event has now passed
Orphan Colours
Orphan Colours is an English band formed by former Ahab members Steve "Seebs" Llewellyn and Dave Burn. They have been dubbed a "supergroup"[1] because they are joined by former Noah and the...
Music - Last session: Fri 16 Feb 2018 at 8:00 PM - This event has now passed
The Eskies
Having been cast out, blacklisted, rejected and ejected from gentlemen's clubs far and wide, five dejected cast asides joined forces in what was to be their own celebration of commonality.
Music - Last session: Fri 9 Mar 2018 at 7:30 PM - This event has now passed
Son of Town Hall
Victorian-era outfits, meditations about the sea, and songs that beg you to sing along.


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Here is my DBLP entry. My Erdos number is 4.
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text:
package api

import (
	"fmt"
	"net/http"

	"github.com/tedsuo/ifrit"
	"github.com/tedsuo/ifrit/http_server"
)

func NewRunner(port uint, handler http.Handler) ifrit.Runner {
	return http_server.New(fmt.Sprintf("0.0.0.0:%d", port), handler)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Searching for the semantic boundaries of the Japanese colour term 'AO'
Author(s): Francis Conlan 1
1 Edith Cowan University, Perth
Source: Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, Volume 26, Issue 1, Jan 2003, p. 71 - 86
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.26.1.06con
The Japanese language has a colour term, 'ao', which is usually referred to in bilingual dictionaries as being the equivalent of English 'blue'. Very often, however, it is used to describe things which English speakers would describe as being green. Granny Smith apples are 'ao', so are all Westerners ' eyes, regardless of whether they would be described as being 'blue' or 'green' in English. The sky and the sea are prototypically 'ao', but this term is also used to describe lawns, forests, traffic lights and unripe tomatoes. What, then, do Japanese native speakers (JNS) understand by this term? How do its semantic boundaries relate to those of the term 'midori' ('green')? What is the JNS understanding of the foreign loan words 'guriiri (green) and 'buruu' (blue)? This paper reports on 'ao' prototypes and prototype theory's good and bad examples of referents for these four colour terms. It explores, from a semasiological perspective, both the relationships of entailment and the processes of exclusion which operate when JNS select amongst these colour terms. The possibilities and non-possibilities for the shared use of these colour terms are identified for a variety of referents.
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10.1075/aral.26.1.06con


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U.S. Vice President Traveling To Ukraine, Georgia
U.S. Vice President Joe Biden
WASHINGTON (Reuters) -- U.S. Vice President Joe Biden travels to Georgia and Ukraine next week to reassure the two U.S. allies that the Obama administration has not abandoned them in its efforts to "reset" ties with Russia.
Biden's trip comes just two weeks after Obama visited Moscow for talks with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin aimed at improving ties that hit a post-Cold War low under former President George W. Bush.
"Our efforts to reset relations with Russia will not come at the expense of any other countries," Biden's national security adviser, Tony Blinken, said on July 17.
Russia regards the former Soviet states as part of its sphere of influence, a view Obama has strongly rejected. Moscow has also fiercely resisted proposals -- led by the Bush administration - to bring the countries into NATO.
Blinken stressed that the message of continued U.S. support to Ukraine and Georgia was not a blank check and Biden would press them to carry out economic and democratic reforms.
In Kiev, Biden's first stop, he will deliver a major speech and urge Ukraine's squabbling leaders to make "hard choices" on energy sector reforms seen as vital for the country's recovery from a severe economic contraction.
The International Monetary Fund last month called on Ukraine's leaders to agree on restructuring the country's ailing state energy firm, Naftohaz.
A European Union official said in Brussels on July 17 that Ukraine had promised to raise household gas prices and enforce payment of bills to strengthen Naftohaz's finances.
The IMF and other international institutions are discussing financing for Ukraine to pay for Russian gas. In January a dispute over payments led Moscow to turn off supplies to Ukraine of Russian gas destined for Europe for two weeks.
'Political Paralysis'
"Our hope is these leaders will live up to the promise of the revolution and make the hard choices to work together," Blinken said, referring to the mass "Orange Revolution" rallies that swept President Viktor Yushchenko to power.
He said the Obama administration was concerned about the "political paralysis" in Kiev that has seen constant bickering between Yushchenko and Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko.
Biden's trip to Georgia comes nearly a year since his last visit, during Russia's invasion to thwart an assault by Tbilisi to try to reestablish control over its breakaway region of South Ossetia.
In Tblisi, Biden will push for constitutional and electoral reforms, saying that, as in the case of Ukraine, its revolution "remains a work in progress." Georgia's opposition has accused President Mikheil Saakashvili of monopolizing power since the 2003 "Rose Revolution."
On the politically thorny issue of NATO membership, Blinken said it was up to Ukraine and Georgia to decide whether they wanted to join the alliance.
Obama has been less aggressive than Bush in pushing for the two countries to sign up to NATO, which has said they will join eventually but has declined to put them on an immediate path to membership.
Georgian Opposition Leader Alasania Forms New Party
CEE Region Welcomes Open Letter To Obama
'Bruno' Banned In Ukraine
Ukrainian Leader Bemoans Poorly Functioning Parliament


Outlines the steps to prepare a kete application itself to run in the context of the installation guide.
Originally written by Walter McGinnis, Kete Project Lead for Katipo Communications, Ltd.
Important Note: This step assumes that you are logged in as the user who will be running your Kete. For demos and development this is likely your normal account, for production this is the "kete" account if you have followed the conventions laid forth in the last step.
Kete currently is NOT running on the latest version of Ruby on Rails (i.e. Rails 3). For compatibility we must uninstall the version of Rails (and the dependencies the Rails gem comes with) that is distributed with Ruby Enterprise Edition and downgrade to Rails 2.3.5 before we install the gems that Kete needs.
Important Note for Mac OS X: the "sudo su -" command isn't necessary for install using Homebrew, but the rest are. They should be run as normal user and you should ignore "root@host: #" and think "$" prompt for the rest of the "Prepare Kete" section.
If this uninstall command fails because something wasn't installed, just recompose the command subtracting what isn't listed in "gem list".
Warning for users of Kete 1.2: Kete 1.2 is not compatible with the latest Nokogiri gem and causes issues with search results. You can fix this by downgrading to Nokogiri version 1.3.3, which is known to work. The following commands will help to do that.
Now switch back to your normal user, if necessary, with the "exit" command! Running the rest of the commands in the "Prepare the Kete Application" section as root can cause problems later!
If you get an error like "No such file or directory - /tmp/mysql.sock", try replacing "localhost" with 127.0.0.1 in your config/database.yml file.
There are 46 comments in this discussion.
"this may take awhile and have a lot of output. you can ignore warnings."
"requires sudo or root privileges. you will be prompted for password if necessary."
sorry, user kete is not allowed to execute '/usr/local/bin/gem install -y piston' as root on commstest.slwa.wa.gov.au.
sorry, user kete is not allowed to execute '/usr/local/bin/gem install -y capistrano' as root on commstest.slwa.wa.gov.au.
sorry, user kete is not allowed to execute '/usr/local/bin/gem install memcache-client' as root on commstest.slwa.wa.gov.au.
sorry, user kete is not allowed to execute '/usr/local/bin/gem install mime-types' as root on commstest.slwa.wa.gov.au.
sorry, user kete is not allowed to execute '/usr/local/bin/gem install unicode' as root on commstest.slwa.wa.gov.au.
sorry, user kete is not allowed to execute '/usr/local/bin/gem install zoom' as root on commstest.slwa.wa.gov.au.
sorry, user kete is not allowed to execute '/usr/local/bin/gem install redcloth' as root on commstest.slwa.wa.gov.au.
sorry, user kete is not allowed to execute '/usr/local/bin/gem install hpricot' as root on commstest.slwa.wa.gov.au.
I am keen to find out if anyone else has tried an installation on Centos and if they had (or solved) this problem or if anyone can suggest what the fix is.
We had selinux turned on at one stage, but it is now deactivated.
Great to hear that you are pioneering a new platform for Kete. If you had any steps that differed from the Debian steps for installing required software, I would encourage you to create a topic for it, or at least post comments on the Debian topic.
One of the prerequisites for the kete unix user is that it have sudo privileges (usually ALL, but you could do a little research and limit it to a specific set of commands). Can you confirm that you have given that user sudo in /etc/sudoers? I assume that is where it would be on Centos.
It looks as though there are bad or no proxy settings. Yet I have set HTTP_PROXY in both the root user and kete user. Wget works fine.
Is there something else I should be looking at?
if all that works, try the command rake prep_app command one more time. If it dies with the same error, try it with rake prep_app --trace and post the results here.
Ah, didn't read your last post fully. Looks like you can get out from the box via http as tested by wget (how else would you be able to install the other required software, of course).
If trying again doesn't produce better results, do the --trace step as mentioned and we'll go from there.
I ran the rake process with trace. The result is below.
I stopped it before it finished. I hope the information is sufficient.
I might also add that we tried a test where this server was configued to connect directly to the internet and ran the rake process ran successfully.
It would seem then that the problem is in the way gem handles the proxy settings or that the proxy server (MS proxy) is filtering out the gem requests.
Sorry, I don't have experience with MS Proxy. I guess my suggestion would be to go with the direct internet until you finish the prep_app task, which it sounds like you may have done already, and then reinstate the proxying.
Or you could see if the 2.3 Authenticating Windows Proxy Problems answer from the rubygems FAQ does the trick. I found it in the Ruby Gems Manual.
Or the "Running gem install when you are behind a proxy." section of http://wiki.rubyonrails.org/rails/pages/GemRails might do the trick. Though it sounds like you may have done some of that already.
I am logged in as the user "kete" and that is the same username I granted sql permissions to for each of the three databases. I'm really not sure what to do from here... there doesn't appear to be anywhere in the rake command that would accept an option of the mysql password. I actually set the mysql password for user kete to the same as its account password.
Thanks for the complement on the instructions. Now lets see if we can get things going for you.
If you can connect successfully that way, let us know and we dig deeper.
I'm not sure if my post is even there... I've seen it come and go... in any case, even though the grants looked fine, I just gave ALL permissions to my kete user and it was able to bootstrap OK.
Great to hear you are back in the swing of things. You should be pretty close then. Enjoy your new Kete instance!
Thanks for your help learning command lines.
Below is my trace any help appreciated.
Glad you made it a bit further down the track. Almost there, really. Are you using any version control system (Git, Subversion, CVS) with your copy of Kete's code on top of the git clone of the Kete repository? It looks to me like you have code in that file from a "conflict".
When version control systems encounter two versions of a file that contradict each and can't be "merged" logically, they mark the file as conflicted and add "<<<<<" and "=====" and ">>>>>" demarcating the two versions' sections that they can't resolve to the file. That is what looks like it is going on here.
This could simply be the result of you doing a local edit and then doing a "git pull" to update your copy of Kete, since Git (our version control system) may have said the file is conflicted.
Could you email me the file in question (config/environment.rb) and I'll have a look. Walter -a t- katipo dot co . nz.
I am installing the Kete on a open suse linux server. Everything so far is ok, but I get stuck with the load the default data.
I decide to use just the root account the my colleague gave me to keep it simple.
Can we do a manually mysql data import ? I am from PHP. So my knowledge about ruby is nearly 0.
Really appreciate if anyone has any ideas about it.
I already edit the host in the database.yml to the server ip address.
From the looks of it, you're using the most recent codebase (nokogiri is a Ruby Gem used in Kete 1.2).
This site only has installation articles for 1.1, so some require installation steps may be missing.
Try running the following and give it another shot.
Nokogiri is actually a Ruby gem that you need to install or possibly is not visible to your Unix user (root user it sounds like) because it can't be found in its PATH.
The data loading is OK now.
"sudo gem install hoe && sudo gem install tenderlove-frex -s http://gems.github.com && sudo gem install racc"
And I've left it for like half an hour and nothing happens.
"sudo gem install -y memcache-client"
"sudo gem install -y packet"
So sorry, in returning to this problem I discovered that the "kete" user had been created with a different shell (inexplicably, to me at least) and the .bashrc (and therefore the PATH statement) was not being read. I also had a different syntax for the PATH statement than elsewhere (like my account) where the "which gem" command returned the right path. Thanks a lot for that check, by the way, as it made it easy to see where the problem was.
I suspect that since I was installing it improperly the first time and that I had to abort it, that there is some cleanup I need to do before attempting it again, but I don't know enough about the architecture to know where to go to clean things up. Or is it something else?
What I am missing here? please help me!
The latest version of the nokogiri gem has the functionality that we need for Kete. Until the latest nokogiri release, we were required to build it from source before to get the functionality we needed.
Hopefully that does the trick and you can continue on with the installation steps. Sorry for the delay responding.
Debian Lenny users: When installing, you might encounter issues with sudo not install gems as it should. If this happens, you'll need to login as root and run the following manually.
You should see a result that indicates are using the gem under Ruby Enterprise Edition, otherwise you may be installing your gems under the Debian default gem command which Kete doesn't use.
Re: Walters comments, please make sure you installed it via root, and not via kete user or sudo. When I tested kete installation on Debian Lenny, there were issues with sudo that caused gems not to install properly into the correct directory structure when using Ruby Enterprise Edition (which if you've followed the install guide thus far, you'll probably be using). sudo refused to respect the users path, so used the built in ruby /usr/bin/ruby instead of the REE installed one (/opt/ree/bin/ruby), thus when REE tries to use the gem from the gems directory in the current PATH, it won't find it.
Login as root on the box, run 'which ruby' to make sure it's pointing at Ruby Enterprise Edition, and give installing all the gems as root user another go.
Update: I've made a few updates to the commands Debian Lenny users need to run. Namely, frac gem is no longer needed, rexical gem replaces it, and nokogiri no longer needs to be compiled, just install the gem like normal.
Which version of Kete are you running? If you're on Kete 1.2, could you please test Kete master (pre 1.3) and see if it has the same problem. If you're running on master already, please make sure it is up to date (try a 'git pull' from the clone of Kete) and check if it still occurs in the latest version.
If it continues to be a problem, I'll need some debug info. For starters, where exactly are you seeing this error occur? When running the server? when running the console? when you browse to the site? Is there a long stack track you can paste or is 'Could not find RubyGem racc (>= 0)' the only thing you can see?
Can you also please run the following to ensure your installation of Rubygems is up to date (on Lenny, run also gem commands as root, not using sudo or the kete account).
Then run the following and paste the output in a new comment.
Paste the output in a new comment. In particular, I'm looking for racc in either of these folders. If it isn't, then gem install is either installing to the wrong place, or is failing to install.
Hopefully by now it'll be working, else I'll examine the console output you paste and advise some more steps to take.
You might even have to do it twice. My guess for what has happened for you is that you application was partially installed as far as the database schema and perhaps the seed data. By resetting, this should clear the failed stuff out of the way and get ready for configuration again.
I'm starting with the linux system, and a total newbie regarding the ruby on rails environment. I'm trying to install the latest kete.master version from the git depository, on Fedora 12 with ruby-enterprise-1.8.7-2010.02.
I followed the process in order to set a development environment, until being stop at the "rake db:bootstrap" command step. Also, when I try the "rake gems" command, this is aborted at the same "Execute environment" stage.
It seems that the problem involve both gems : the vendor i18n-0.1.3 gem within activesupport and a later version of i18n (that I can't uninstall because these are dependencies from other gems), any help is appreciated ! Thanks.
The "rake gems" command produces almost the same exit.
This is a known issue and an adjustment for the installation guide is in the works. I'll put the edit together for you tomorrow. After that you should be able to resume the process.
I think that should do it. Let us know if you have any more problems.
And Thank you for resolving my case here!
After that every thing went fine.
For the curious ones, a smooth process goes like this.
> And Thank you for resolving my case here!
> After that every thing went fine.
Great! Glad to hear it.
WARNING: 'require 'rake/rdoctask'' is deprecated. Please use 'require 'rdoc/task' (in RDoc 2.4.2+)' instead.
I'll try and drop by the IRC channel during NZ working hours.
Did you do the "gem uninstall" step? It looks to me like you probably have the incompatible i18n gem (and its friends) installed.
Because your "--dont-install-useful-gems" install of REE failed and you opted to drop the flag, some default gems were installed that are in conflict with Kete (I bet).
So do the gem uninstall step and what follows up to the point it says you should go back to stuff skipped earlier, go back to the stuff that says "skip for now" in the Debian Squeeze topic, and then continue and see how that goes.
And i skipped Step 3 from http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com/download.html, which is what failed when I ran with the --dont-install-useful-gems option during the first attempt.
When I did # gem uninstall abstract actionmailer actionpack activemodel activerecord activeresource activesupport arel bundler daemon_controller erubis mail i18n rails railties rack rack-mount rack-test tzinfo treetop thor passenger it looked like none of them were installed, including i18n.
I downgraded i18n to version 0.3.7, and that enabled me to get past "rake db:bootstrap". Yay!
But now I'm getting pretty much the same error when I try to open the site ( http://hordakete.libriotech.no/ ) in a browser. Perhaps Apache is not seeing the right gems?
> seeing the right gems?
Odd that bootstrap worked and the site didn't. They both appear to be looking in the same place for gems (/opt/ruby-enterprise-1.8.7-2012.02/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/) and ANY installation of the i18n gem will likely come into conflict because the version of Rails we are running (2.3.5) has it included in its code rather than as a separate gem.
So quick suggestion is completely uninstall i18n, but there may be some other gems that are in conflict, too.
Could you paste the output of "which gem" and also "gem list" please?
P.S. - a better handling of this is in the works with Bundler support.
Downgrading all the way back to 0.1.0 seems to have solved the last problem too. Yay!
Try downgrading the rake gem to 0.8.7. You can do that by doing "gem uninstall rake" and then "gem install rake --version 0.8.7".
That did it!! Thank you so much!!


Stephen Birmingham, Portfolio Manager, uses his extensive experience and asset-allocation expertise to manage clients' investments. Working in tandem with the financial coaches at Goldman Financial Planning, he implements the investment plans the coaches establish with clients. His goal is to generate the returns that help make each financial plan successful while taking individuals' risk preferences into account.
The foundation for Stephen's career was in place long before college because his father, an investor, gave his family exposure to investing. Although Stephen planned to study engineering in college, he discovered that he preferred economics. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Economics, but due to a recession, he was hired as a bank teller. When his job expanded to trading stocks and bonds, his superiors noticed his capabilities. Soon he was managing clients' accounts. Amidst bank acquisitions, his trade specialist position with Maine Bank and Trust eventually turned into the role of senior Portfolio Manager. After 18 years in the business, Stephen retired as vice president at People's United Bank®.
Stephen came out of retirement two years later when he found a financial planning firm where he could use his investment skills. Goldman Financial Planning was the perfect fit because the organization's approach coincided with his methods. He also shared the company's primary focus: doing what is best for clients. Stephen prefers working at a smaller company where he can empower individuals to reach their goals. He likes helping people by translating the investment world for them.
Stephen loves boating of any kind, including sailing, power-boating and rowing crew. An amateur hockey player, he is also a volunteer for the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary, Maine Island Trail® Association and Portland Community Rowing Association. Stephen lives in Cape Elizabeth with his wife, who first got him interested in rowing.


Optimus has its origins in Sweden and has been manufacturing outdoor stoves and accessories for more than a century. Savor every outdoor experience with outdoor cooking equipment that is safe and easy to use.
Optimus has its origins in Sweden and has been manufacturing outdoor stoves for more than a century. At the end of 2007, the Swedish Optimus was integrated into the Swiss Katadyn Group. Since its formation in Stockholm in 1899, Optimus has been developing and improving its products to become the clear first choice of demanding users throughout the world. Openair life is very much associated with activity, movement, and physical endeavour, often struggling with the weather at the same time. Optimus wants to give its users the opportunity of an hour's peace with products that are safe and easy to use.


Bundestag's Chairman of the European Affairs Committee Gunther Krichbaum said on Thursday, February 7 in Bucharest that France and Germany, although having their own candidates for the European Prosecutor's Office, could reach a compromise to support the former head of Romanian National Anticorruption Directorate (DNA), Laura Codruţa Kovesi.
"Ms Kovesi's competencies are undoubtedly true, she is practically predestined for this position and I could imagine, for example, that Germany and France could reach a compromise and find a mutually agreed solution in favour of the Romanian candidate," he was quoted as saying, local G4media.ro reported.
"I also made a request to the Romanian justice minister to support the Romanian candidate because she is a candidate who has a chance to reach a high European position and she would practically be challenged by her own people," Krichbaum said on Thursday in a press conference in Bucharest.
The statements sounded somehow ironic, as Romania's justice minister Tudorel Toader has already vowed to do everything in his power to block his own country's lauded candidate for the new role of EU public prosecutor. Toader and the ruling coalition have managed last year to dismiss Kovesi from DNA's helm, despite public support, proven performances and formal endorsement from President Klaus Iohannis.


With more than 1 billion websites out there (data updated to February 2014), it is clear that a lot of people are aware the Internet is full of possibilities.
Today, it only takes a few minutes to get a new domain name and build a website.
All this is very attractive and tempting, raising our hopes to be a successful blogger.
However, achieving success as a blogger isn't that easy.
During the latest 5 years, since I started my online journey, I saw many bloggers quitting.
It was not because they were not good enough, but because they could not reach a full-time income working with Internet (or at least, enough to live with).
You want to receive a good monetary compensation for your efforts (Jon Morrow is making $100k per month).
Here are 11 blogging tips you need to consider if you want to take blogging seriously, with mention of resources and tips I found useful during my online experience.
All the most popular bloggers have a great passion for what they do, and you can feel it reading their content.
Without that, you cannot go very far.
Internet is full of blogs with ten or twenty posts (or even less), with thin content (most of the times created with automatic software), just with the purpose to make a few bucks with Google Adsense.
However, the time has changed. Search engines are constantly being updated to ensure a positive experience for their users.
Tip: If you want to make money with your blog and be a successful blogger, my suggestion is thinking about a topic that you would like to write about every free moment of your day (in this way, you should be able to find the right subject for your site).
Choosing the right niche, together with your keywords, already affects half of your success as a blogger.
Recently, thanks to a great tool named LongTailPRO, I started a site niche project (to be monetized with Amazon and Adsense later on), for a long tail keyword I found with low competition and a decent amount of monthly searches.
After finding your niche, understanding your audience is the next most important step, in order to be able to create useful articles only for those specific users (e.g. creating content that satisfy their needs or problems).
Tip: SearchMetrics is a tool you can use for SEO purposes, with many features. You can analyze specific websites, and gather interesting data, such as visibility, back links and more. I like the social ranking option, and the keywords ranking tool is great to find interesting opportunities.
As many other businesses offline, also in the case of blogging, you will see the fruits of your work over time.
It took me more than 3 years to start creating a solid income online, while still working full time at another job (I believe that 12-18 months could be enough to create a steady monthly revenue if you can dedicate all your time).
Try to publish your posts with constancy, and you will be rewarded by search engines, receiving a traffic increase.
It is very important that you decide the timing to publish your content.
Think about your duties and commitments, and choose between posting everyday, two or three times or just one article a week. Then stick with this program.
This is very important, in order to respect your readers and build a solid base of fans.
Think for example of a blogger that publishes a post everyday for two weeks and then disappears for a month. This attitude, rather than retain visitors, will make them runaway.
Tip: I use tools like ViralContentBuzz and Triberr to reach more people and amplify my audience. You do not want just to get more shares for your content, but also build more connections.
As a good blogger, you should have the courage to show your personality and not be afraid of it.
It took me three months when I started my first website, before displaying my picture with my face.
You should explain what YOU think, expose yourself, and assume your responsibility for what you write.
We may even say that a good blogger is brave.
Tip: You can learn a lot from experienced people in your niche. Seeing how, you can prove your personality and transfer it in the content of your blog.
Don't be afraid of guest posting, it is still a great way to increase your audience and improve your authority (creating links through guest blogging should be the last benefit to consider).
Connections are everything. Both online or offline.
As a successful blogger, you should be able to establish a productive dialog with the public on your site.
Involve your visitors within the content, push the comments, ask questions from your visitors, you may even ask them for some help!
Try to respond to all comments, even the critical ones.
As a good blogger, you should share your knowledge with your readers. It is a fundamental thing. Don't be greedy.
You should give away at first.
Also, take some time to create connections outside your website.
Share other bloggers content, comment to awesome posts, help some people.
From time to time, you should share some of your secrets, or personal tips, something that you have learned with years of experience.
Tip: I use MyBlogU, to find opportunities to showcase my knowledge. Through the interview section, you can find relevant topics and submit your answers, to be then featured on the blogs of other users. It is great to increase your online reputation and authority as a blogger (and to build new connections too).
It is always the same suggestion, the first and most important one.
In a few words, if you want to become a famous blogger, it is essential to know how to create quality content for your audience.
We can say that the content is of quality when it solves a real problem for people in your niche.
If you keep writing fantastic content, your visibility and popularity around the web will increase, along with the traffic to your site.
Tip: You should build a mailing list from the day one of your blogging careers. GetResponse is a great tool to use for email marketing. Give your subscribers the best of your knowledge and content, and don't be afraid to show your personality.
As a successful blogger, you should master the SEO techniques.
You need to know how to optimize the content of your blog, while writing for your readers.
After all, it is pointless to have a blog full of high-quality content, which nobody reads (because they cannot find you!).
Be sure to respect the most important aspects of Search Engine Optimization (on-page and off-page).
Even today, getting links to your blog is very effective.
The more frequently your site appears on the search engines, the more visitors you will receive.
Tip: Try to write long, detailed posts that mesmerize your readers. This way, they will mention and link to your site naturally (this is called, link baiting).
What are some effective techniques for building links? Check out Matt Cutt's video for it.
Your authority or web reputation, also pass through an impeccable spelling, grammar and syntax in your articles.
Writing skills also means knowing how to involve your audience, through a personal and lively prose.
Keep writing, and you will learn how to do it better.
In essence: your authority on the web depends on the quality of your writing and style of communication.
Tip: I use Grammarly to improve my content.
Adding images to a post makes your communication more effective.
Remember to optimize the images with SEO techniques. For that you need to use your keywords in the description and take care of the alt text or tags.
Be sure to choose pictures that match your content.
Moreover, remember to use not only images, but also try audio and video files to enhance your posts.
Tip: Consider using podcasting as an alternative method to communicate with your readers.
Design is the dress of your blog. In other words, your theme.
I use Genesis framework for my main sites (plus, some other professional and good looking themes for my niche blogs).
It is your responsibility to find an artwork that expresses your taste, and which, at a glance, perceives the type of communication that you want to create between yourself and your audience.
Tip: Avoid any unnecessary coding on your blog pages, or Java Scripts in the content area, or even worse flash objects.
This is one of the most basic rules for a good investor.
And since you're investing your time to become a full time and successful blogger, you cannot focus all your resources on one single project or source of income.
I own several websites and I earn through different revenue streams.
Of course, you need to maintain your "main blog", which identifies you and know where to focus the most of your efforts. This will be also the place where people can find you.
But having different projects, websites, products or services, will give you more chance to be successful.
This year, I want to build 2-3 niche sites (I have already achieved excellent results with the first project) and monetize them with Amazon affiliate program (and eventually Adsense), in order to make at least 500$/month for each of them (stay tuned on NoPassiveIncome blog as I'll reveal the exact steps which led me reaching success with my first niche site).
Also, since the last few months I've built my personal website (domain with my name), where I offer my freelance writing services.
I'm aware, I'm very far from becoming a good writer (I am very picky and I do just enough), but as far as I am concerned, I have accomplished many things in the last 5 years.
My first language is Italian, and I speak Spanish much better than English (even though in the last few months I have improved a lot).
What I want you to understand is that you need to have a plan if you want to earn online (and make it for life).
Think out of the box, be different, and always try something new. If you fail, you would simply have found another way to not be successful.
In fact, I have failed a lot and learned so many lessons until today.
I hope these insights could help you improve your site or your blogging journey.
Remember, using the right web tools also influence your chances to become a successful blogger.
Do you have any other blogging tip or information to add or any other suggestion, based on your blogging experience?
Please, share your views in the comments below, thanks!
Erik Emanuelli is a professional blogger and passionate traveler. He loves extreme sports and when he's not skydiving in the blue skies, he likes to write about blogging and making money online on NoPassiveIncome.
good to hear you enjoyed the reading of my contribution.
Thanks for commenting, and best of luck!
I loved this post. The best thing is, you share great tools. I adopted this strategy from Neil Patel, and it really worked for me. I'm going to keep an eye on your content now.
Thanks for spending time on creating this post. I know it takes days to create a high-quality blog post.
I always try to share something "useful" in my content.
In a few words, I try to add that extra value to the posts I write.
Thanks for the kind comment, and have a great week ahead.
Keep working and studying hard, Hassann!
Really helpful and a complete guideline for new bloggers.
I hope, you will continue inspiring us !
Hope you found the post useful.
Thanks for a great and encouraging post that's come at just the right time for me as I was feeling a bit discouraged.
I've actually been online longer than that, but my first few years were a disaster because I'd no idea what I was doing and made tons of mistakes, before seeking advice from good bloggers.
I (hope) I've done, or in progress of doing, many of the tips and the only one that I won't be following blogging-wise is about working on more than one blog. I HAVE more than one blog, but found I was spreading myself too thinly. So I'm concentrating on my main one for the moment.
Thanks for an encouraging and helpful article.
Well, I think is normal having ups and downs.
And yes, it took me 3 years to creating a solid earning.
I was taking a look at my income during my first year online, and it was ZERO!
Well, I was doing a full (offline) time job at that time, and I could dedicate just a few hours weekly to my online activities.
Things take time and we often lose hope or expect to make it in the first year itself. I think anything new, whether it's your business or blogging, takes a while to seep in, and once it does, you are good to go.
You're surely not alone because only once you realize what's lacking do you start working on it. Look at us, we've started now to think on the lines of business etc! That's the right thing to do I think – so that your focus remains on the present one.
It was a pleasure to see you at Aha! Now.
I agree with you about passion. If we do our passion, then we will do it with pleasure and without burden. I think, it will increase our productivity in doing something.
Oh yes, I could not agree more with consistent. There is no hard work in vain. The hard work will definitely have fruit. I believe it.
Build good relationships with other bloggers also be essential if we are serious about blogging, of course, quality content is a must.
Thanks for sharing this, Erik.
It's really great and informative post!
It's really exciting to be here as a contributor.
And glad to hear you enjoyed the reading of my post.
are all ingredients of success.
I appreciate you visiting and commenting, Nanda.
I'm so excited to be featured as a contributor at Aha-Now.