text:
HIST 401 - HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH
This course will explore the ways in which changing scientific and philosophic definitions of health and disease have framed population health concerns, such as quarantine, occupational safety, maternal health, epidemiology, and fears of contagion, both real and imagined. By focusing on the intersection of health, politics, and ideas of gender, race, class, and ethnicity, this course will adopt a comparative approach and emphasize the relationship between social context and transformations in public health practice and policy in contexts ranging from ancient Rome to twentieth-century Chicago.
Course Notes: Graduate Standing
HIST 402 - RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION
Society, economics, ideals, and politics in Western Europe from the mid-13th century to 17th-century religious wars.
HIST 403 - IMMIGRATION, ETHNICITY, AND THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE
Reading and research on changing trends in immigration, assimilation efforts, and immigrant politics and policies.
HIST 404 - 1960s AMERICA
This course looks in depth at the politics, foreign policy, and especially social movements that shaped the America during the decade and beyond. Politics will include an analysis of the Kennedy and Johnson Democratic administrations and the rise of Nixon and the Republicans in the late 1960s in relation to how ordinary Americans interpreted and shaped these politics. Foreign policy will include the Cuban Missile crisis, Vietnam War, and other Cold War entanglements. Protest movements will incorporate civil rights, anti-war, feminism, and Black Power movements. In looking at the history of this decade by theme and chronologically, students in this course will get an in-depth understanding on the actual history -- rather than popular memory that has developed since -- of a decade of fundamentally changed American identities and society.
HIST 405 - COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL EUROPE
An examination of the European colonial systems as a cultural and social expression of and response to imperialism in the modern era from the 18th century through its collapse after World War II. Topics include European conquest and exploitation of Africa and the Middle East; relationships of power, race, and gender; the breakdown of 19th century models of colonialism and the legacy of European dominance on former colonies. Emphasis on visual representation and historical biographies.
HIST 407 - HISTORY OF CHICAGO
Growth of the city and suburbs, land use and economy, changing ethnic and social components, and politics and culture.
HIST 408 - WOMEN & THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
This course will examine women's struggle to expand their public role and legal rights in Russia in the half century prior to the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. Key topics include: women's participation in organized revolutionary movements; challenges to everyday meanings of gender, marriage, motherhood, and sexuality; and contributions to the eventual overthrow of the tsarist regime.
HIST 410 - EUROPE FROM ABSOLUTISM-REVOLUTION
European society and government from the height of absolute monarchy to the dawn of democracy. Social and cultural trends; Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment; the rise of European overseas empires.
HIST 411 - SOCIAL & CULTURAL MEDIEVAL EUROPE
Social, cultural, and political institutions in Western Europe from later Roman Empire to mid-15th century.
HIST 414 - POLITICS & CULTURE IN AMERICAN REVOLUTION
This course will introduce students to the major ideas and events in American history from 1763 to 1800 that spurred political, cultural, and social change. We will examine the political theories that inspired Revolutionary calls for independence and the government created in its aftermath. We will also, however, consider the Revolution and its aftermath from the perspective of ordinary people, including artisans, laborers, slaves, free blacks, and women.
HIST 415 - COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA
This course analyzes the history of Latin America from pre-Hispanic times to the revolutions of Independence. Reading will focus on political, social and cultural historical processes, including the following topics: Amerindian societies, conquest, colonization, empire, the Atlantic World, frontiers, environmental changes, gender, race & ethnicity, slavery, administration and corruption.
HIST 416 - LATIN AMERICA SINCE INDEPENDENCE
Socioeconomic structures, law and politics, ideologies, growth and distribution of power and resources, religious culture, reform and revolution from independence to present.
HIST 419 - THE WORLD TURNED UPSIDE DOWN: HAMILTON'S AMERICA
This course explores the political changes leading to the American Revolution along with the intellectual, cultural and social revolutions that occurred during the eighteenth century. Family relations, consumer behavior, even the way people spoke—all underwent profound transformations. While the American Revolution gave birth to a new political order, these other revolutions gave birth to a new way of being in the world, one that continues to shape our lives.
HIST 423 - URBAN VISION:CITIES & SUBURBS HISTORY
Cultural and social history of US cities from colonial small town to 21st-century megalopolis. Focus on environment, politics, immigration, race and ethnicity, work, family life, reform, mass culture, and suburbanization.
HIST 426 - TOPICS IN AMERICAN SOCIAL HISTORY
Topics include gender roles, gender and labor, childhood in America, food history, and slavery.
HIST 427 - WORKING MEN & WORKING WOMEN
Development of labor organizations from 1840 to present and changing lifestyle of the laboring population.
HIST 428A - READINGS IN U.S. HISTORY TO 1877
Intensive readings seminar in US history from the colonial period through reconstruction designed to familiarize students with the significant topics and historiography associated with this field.
HIST 428B - READINGS IN U.S. HISTORY FROM 1877
Intensive readings seminar in US history from 1877 to present designed to familiarize students with the significant topics and historiography associated with this field.
HIST 429A - READINGS IN EUROPEAN HISTORY, 1400-1750
Intensive readings seminar in European history from 1400 to 1750 designed to familiarize students with the significant topics and historiography associated with this field.
HIST 429B - READINGS IN EUROPEAN HISTORY, 1750-PRESENT
Intensive readings in European history from 1750 to present designed to familiarize students with the significant topics and historiography associated with this field.
HIST 430 - CONQUEST, COLONIZATION, AND RESISTANCE IN EARLY AMERICA
This course examines the interaction of Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans in North America from initial contact through the Revolutionary War in the United States. It will emphasize cultural, political, and economic change, adaptation and resistance to colonization, and issues of race, ethnicity, gender, and nationalism.
HIST 433 - HISTORY & MEMORY OF THE CIVIL WAR
This course explores the history and political and cultural memory of the Civil War. Among the subjects to be examined include the commemoration of the dead, the place of slavery in the memory of the Civil War, disputes over the teaching of the Civil War, the role of the Confederate flag and the lost cause, changing perceptions of notable figures, and the experiences and reminisces of regular soldiers and citizens.
HIST 435 - HISTORY OF NATIONALISM
This course will examine the birth and development of nationalism from the beginning of the 1800s through the beginning of the twenty-first century and will draw its main examples from England, France, Germany, and Russia, as well as post-colonial independence movements conducted in the name of nation. Particular attention will be given to literature, art, film, propaganda, and public symbols and ceremonies that helped to create, promote, and sustain the idea of nation and the ideologies of nationalism.
HIST 436 - READINGS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY
Intensive readings seminar in African American history from the colonial period to the modern era designed to acquaint students with the major topics and historiographical traditions in this field.
HIST 437 - HISTORY OF UNITED STATES REFORM MOVEMENTS
Analysis of reform movements including abolitionism, populism, progressivism, New Deal, the 1960s, and recent reform movements.
Attributes: Women Gender Studies
HIST 438 - READINGS IN ATLANTIC WORLD HISTORY
Intensive readings seminar in Atlantic World History designed to acquaint students with the major historiographical traditions in the field.
HIST 441 - TOPICS IN EUROPEAN HISTORY
Topics may include Russian and Soviet histories; class formations and divisions, intellectual currents, and revolutionary upheavals.
HIST 442 - TOPICS IN WORLD HISTORY
Asian, African, and Latin American studies; topics may include global linkages.
HIST 447 - TUDOR/STUART ENGLAND
This course will explore the history of England from the accession of Henry VII in 1485 to the so-called "Glorious Revolution" at the end of the seventeenth century. In seeking to understand the emergence of the English nation, the clash between royal and parliamentary authority, and the relationship between gender and power, we will give particular attention to the vivid personalities of English rulers and the impact of their policies on religious, social, and political life throughout the British Isles. Assigned readings will focus on the intersections between religion, rebellion, and revolution in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and the ways in which ordinary Englishmen and women experienced the dynastic crises and upheaval of the period that launched England from peripheral European state to one of the wealthiest and most powerful nations of the modern era.
HIST 448 - SOCIAL & CULTURAL HISTORY OF MEDICINE 1500-PRESENT
This course will explore the social and cultural history of medicine in urban settings from the sixteenth century to the present and the ways in which urban culture shaped the development of the modern medicine and its practitioners. This course assumes no special technical knowledge of the biomedical sciences.
HIST 450 - GRADUATE SEMINAR
Historiographical exploration and research of a select and signicicant topic.
HIST 452 - MAKING MODERN AMERICA 1880-1929
Explores American politics, culture, society and economics from the end of Reconstruction through the 1910s, a period of intense industrialization, immigration, and urbanization. Recognizing the contested nature of race and gender in this era of substantial wealth inequality reframes traditional narratives of the second industrial revolution, partisan politics, class warfare, consumerism, imperialism and reform as the U.S. made its bumpy transition from the Victorian to modern era.
HIST 453 - AMERICA TRANSFORMED: 1929-1945
Study of the tumultuous years from the Great Depression through World War II with emphasis on social, political, and cultural history.
HIST 454 - HISTORY & MEMORY OF WORLD WAR TWO IN THE U.S. AND EUROPE
This course considers the Second World War from the perspective of ordinary people, victims of oppression, resisters, collaborators, common soldiers as well as political and military leaders. It also examines the collective memory of the war--how it was and is remembered in Europe and the United States in film and popular culture. The course includes a two-week study abroad trip to Europe.
Attributes: International Studies, Travel Based Study
HIST 457 - THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1945
Major issues that have shaped the US in recent decades emphasizing both domestic, social, and political history and foreign policy.
HIST 460 - THE AMERICAN POLITICAL EXPERIENCE
A historical and historiographical study of the founding of the American republic and its aftermath.
Course Notes: Graduate-only course; 2-credit course open only, to those registered in the Newberry Seminar, on the American Political Experience., Registrants must apply to be students-at-large, ($25 student-at-large fee will be subsidized)
HIST 468 - SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN THE ANTEBELLUM ERA
Emergence and development of a new government under the Constitution of 1787. Political re-formation from the election of Andrew Jackson to the election of Lincoln; Jacksonian Democracy; importance of slave labor and wage labor as cores of the market economy; religious-based reform; countervailing influences of nationalism and sectionalism.
Course Notes: Grad. standing.
HIST 483 - WOMEN, GENDER, AND POWER IN UNITED STATES HISTORY
This course, while providing a broad survey of women's experiences in the US since the colonial period, will focus in on events, people, and issues that help illuminate how gender has been defined, contested, and lived. Through close readings of primary and secondary sources, we will engage with questions of power, critically examining the intersections of gender, race, sexuality, and other markers of identity and difference.
HIST 484 - INTERNSHIP IN HISTORY
Internship with a local organization involving a significant history component. An internship requires working the equivalent of 8 hours/week (10 hours summer) for a total of at least 120 hours at the site of the selected organization. The student will keep a journal or log of weekly work and write a final paper that reflects upon the organization and its relationship to the history community or a particular historical subject related to his/her work. Offered in conjunction with faculty advisor, by faculty consent, and requires an advanced signed contract.
Attributes: Transformational Service Learning
Course Notes: Consent of advisor.
HIST 485 - INTERNSHIP IN TEACHING HISTORY
Student is apprenticed to an experienced teacher in history and participates in all aspects of class planning and procedures, including construction of the syllabus, lesson plans, lectures, writing assignments and exams. The student will participate in facilitating class discussion, some lecturing, and grading papers and exams.
Course Notes: Graduate standing and consent of professor.
HIST 486 - TOPICS IN HISTORY OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM
Students step outside the classroom to experience history as it is practiced and lived. Through active, hands-on learning, students apply historical skills and methods to uncover, preserve, disseminate, and/or utilize history for a wide variety of purposes and audiences. Potential projects may include researching and mounting a historical exhibit; assisting archivists in collecting and organizing materials; conducting oral histories; building primary source databases; or mapping historical topics.
Course Notes: Students will be required to work on projects off campus., Details on this off-campus work will be, specific to the topic being taught.
HIST 490 - THESIS
Course Notes: Consent of instructor.
HIST 490Y - MASTERS THESIS COMPLETION
HIST 495 - INDEPENDENT STUDY


austin western jaw crushers. austin western jaw crusher parts,Austin Western crusher parts. manufacture a mass of crusher spare parts to suit different kinds of .
Eagle Austin Western Jaw Crushers For Sale, Portable Eagle Austin Western 32 X 40 Jaw Crusher Spare (#004400) 3406 C At Diesel,With 2-bearing Generator.
Eagle Austin Western jaw crusher spare parts Austin Aust. Sanatı Hakkında Bilgi Ekle. Hatalı olduğunu dşndğnz bilgi nedir?Western Kid 0 yorum 0 hayran.


text:
About My Way Radio
Radio Hosts / DJ's
Kate Shemirani
Natural Nurse In A Toxic World
Health and wellness expert and Co-Founder of the British Nursing Alliance. A nurse with diplomas in personal nutrition, cancer and alternative therapies. A show not to be missed!
It's Chico Time
A born entertainer who embodies the PMA philosophy (positive mental attitude) and a person who makes you believe that you can achieve whatever you put your mind to. An X-Factor contestant and now a spiritual Hu-Breath teacher, encompassing mind, body and soul in his healing therapies and retreats in Portugal. Chico's passions are music and fitness so he created www.blockfit.co.uk which is four workouts in one class, dance, combat, and yoga mediation to original music. Chico will be delighting our airways speaking with passion about truth, spirituality, fitness and music.
Shaun Quinn
From breaking news to in-depth analysis, Shaun gives expert info on his beliefs and his knows. Covering controversial topics in a very raw and intriguing manner. Shaun constantly questions the narrative and makes us question ourselves! Shaun claims everything we want to know, is on the other side of fear! A show NOT to be missed.
The Sons Of Liberty Show
Host Tim Brown
Get ready for the revolution with The Sons of Liberty show! Tim delivers a hard-hitting message of truth, whilst exposing unconstitutional policy through constitutional law.
Lee Ransom
Lee's passion is helping people optimize their physical performance. However, since qualifying as Personal Trainer in 2005 and a need to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that affect the human body, he began studying with the CHEK Institute and then with Integrative Health Education and FMA Strength Institute. Through this journey, Lee discovered how the body is an integrated system of systems and that underpinning performance is the state of our own true health and well-being. Lee went through his own healing journey that involved addressing lifestyle choices, physical, mental, emotional and spiritual factors that affect the functioning of the physical body. Lee is now studying an MSc in Strength and Conditioning as he looks to combine an holistic approach with the latest scientific conditioning methods to help people achieve their own optimal health and performance.
Jonnie Pratt
Tribulum Treats
Raised on the outskirts of Dublin with a large market garden, it was only natural that Jonnie turned to food to express his creativity and skill whilst developing his enthusiasm for entertaining and delighting guests. Having worked in Dublin, the Caribbean, New York, Switzerland, Ireland and now at the Tribulum Restaurant in Algarve Portugal.
Jonnie has excelled in a wide variety of international establishments. Jonnie has extensive experience as a chef within restaurants, 5-star hotels, cruise ships, outside catering, cookery schools and also in private dining settings.
Jonnie has a strong culinary foundation ensuring that the food and service meet his own high standards. Always seeking to source and support local suppliers, Jonnie prides himself on understanding the produce used and making as much of the offering as possible from scratch.
Jonnie has a renowned history of exceeding customer expectations and his vast array of knowledge and experience in the kitchen is evident in every dish served at Tribulum! Jonny will join us with his "Tribulum Treats" podcast.
Mike Wise
Cannabis Activist
Mike Wise is a skateboarder, wake-skater, and National Champion athlete with The University of Texas where he graduated with a degree in Radio-Television-Film. In 2009, he helped lead the University of Texas to a 2nd Place finish in the Collegiate Nationals as the team's sole wake-skater and captain. In 2010, they came back to finish first and win the National Championship. He began growing cannabis in 2005 before being arrested and spending 2 years in a Texas prison while on pre-trial for a crime he did not commit. In 2014, he moved to Colorado and filmed: 'Illegally Alive', a documentary that is focused on several families who uprooted their lives to obtain access to medical cannabis for their children. As a caregiver, he has made cannabis oil for over 2,500 patients and cured his own Crohn's disease by ingesting the very same oil.
After moving to Amsterdam and launching his own company, OG Labs Genetics, he has traveled the world in search of more information and data on the cannabis plant; most recently to Africa with Rick Simpson. Mike is a photographer for The Cannabis Project and is an educated advocate and activist often seen at various State Capitol and City Hall buildings speaking on behalf of cannabis patient rights. He fights for the repeal of prohibition, and is most notably known for his work as an activist filmmaker, public speaker, gonzo journalist, and medicine man. He is a Producer on Greg Palast's latest film: 'The Best Democracy Money Can Buy', and Mike just released his latest documentary film which you can watch for free on YouTube entitled: 'Rick and Me'.
Andrea Ramirez
Fortuna Living Podcast
Andrea has always been an intuitive person, having intense metaphysical experiences since a very early age. This gift led her to learn and develop skills and techniques like channeling, Reiki, color therapy, tarot for personal evolution, NLP, Ho Oponopono, hypnosis, guided meditation, and work with the Demartini method to keep refining her vision and mission.
Experiencing bullying from an early age at home and school left her unable to express her feelings and needs healthily, bringing unbalanced relationships, mental health problems, and the need to excel at all costs to overcompensate for the feeling of not being good enough. All this unresolved trauma created a disconnection in her life that manifested into an acute autoimmune disease flair up that nearly cost her her life.
This traumatic experience changed her, setting her on a path focused on rebuilding her life and relationships, learning, integrating, and eventually healing her body and soul.
Andrea has traveled and worked in many different countries. In 2005 she established herself in Barcelona where she created her own company in the tourism industry.
The knowledge and years of experience have led Andrea to help entrepreneurs and professionals in all areas to reconnect with their spirituality, helping when in need of a boost, bringing balance and an uplifted mindset to navigate through life and business in a coherent, meaningful, happy and healthy way.
Today Andrea spends her time between Barcelona, Spain, Lisbon, and the Algarve in Portugal.
Living The Dream with Curveball Podcast
Curtis is originally from Louisiana, but now lives in Kansas. He have been blind since birth due to Congenital Glaucoma. Curtis went to public school and graduated from DeRidder High school In DeRidder Louisiana in 1997. He has an associate's degree in Office Administration Technology and also graduated from the Academy of Radio and TV Broadcasting out of Huntington Beach California with academic excellence in 2020. The executive producer and host of the "Living The Dream with Curveball Podcast" where he interviews guests that teach, motivate, and inspire. Curtis is also an internet radio DJ as well as a podcast editor. Blindness hasn't stopped Curtis from living the dream and we're pleased to have him on the My Way Radio team.
My Way Radio is a division of Mani-Mitchell Enterprise Unipessoal LDA
www.mywayradio.org / info@mywayradio.org

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Longer Telomeres Are Associated with Cancer Risk in MMR-Proficient Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer
Nuria Seguí,
Affiliation Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
Elisabet Guinó,
Affiliation Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL and CIBERESP, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
Marta Pineda,
Matilde Navarro,
Fernando Bellido,
Conxi Lázaro,
Ignacio Blanco,
Victor Moreno,
Affiliations Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL and CIBERESP, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
Gabriel Capellá,
Laura Valle
* E-mail: lvalle@iconcologia.net
Nuria Seguí Elisabet Guinó ... Laura Valle
Aberrant telomere length measured in blood has been associated with increased risk of several cancer types. In the field of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (CRC), and more particularly in Lynch syndrome, caused by germline mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes, we recently found that cancer-affected MMR gene mutation carriers had shorter telomeres and more pronounced shortening of telomere length with age than controls and unaffected MMR gene mutation carriers. Here we evaluate blood telomere length in MMR-proficient hereditary non-polyposis CRC, i.e. familial CRC type X (fCRC-X). A total of 57 cancer-affected and 57 cancer-free individuals from 34 Amsterdam-positive fCRC-X families were analyzed and compared to the data previously published on 144 cancer-affected and 100 cancer-free MMR gene mutation carriers, and 234 controls. Relative telomere length was measured using a monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR method, following strict measures to avoid sources of bias and adjusting by age. Despite the retrospective nature of our study, the results show that longer telomeres associate with cancer risk in fCRC-X, thus identifying different patterns of telomere length according to the status of the MMR system.
Citation: Seguí N, Guinó E, Pineda M, Navarro M, Bellido F, Lázaro C, et al. (2014) Longer Telomeres Are Associated with Cancer Risk in MMR-Proficient Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer. PLoS ONE 9(2): e86063. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086063
Editor: Amanda Ewart Toland, Ohio State University Medical Center, United States of America
Received: October 8, 2013; Accepted: December 9, 2013; Published: February 3, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Seguí et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy (State Secretariat for Research, Development and Innovation) (grants SAF2012-38885 to LV and SAF2012-33636 to GC; and Ramón y Cajal contract to LV); L'Oréal-UNESCO "For Women in Science"; the Scientific Foundation Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer; the Catalan Government (grant 2009SGR290); and Carlos III Health Institute (fellowship to NS). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Family history is one of the strongest risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and is involved in approximately 20% of all CRC cases. However, only 2–6% of all CRCs are explained by germline mutations in known high-penetrance CRC genes. The Amsterdam criteria were defined to identify hereditary non-polyposis CRC cases, considering young age (<50 years) at cancer diagnosis and high familial aggregation of CRC (Amsterdam I) or other related tumors (Amsterdam II). Approximately 60% of the families that fulfill the Amsterdam criteria show DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency as a consequence of a germline mutation or epimutation in a MMR gene, i.e. MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2 (Lynch syndrome; LS). The remaining 40% do not show MMR defects and the genetic cause of the familial CRC aggregation is still unknown, having been grouped as familial CRC type X (fCRC-X) [1], [2].
Chromosome telomeres consist of multiple short repeats (TTTAGG) that protect against large-scale genomic rearrangements. Telomeres shorten with cell division, eventually leading to cellular senescence. On rare occasions, cells that aberrantly bypass replicative senescence with critically short telomeres may develop genomic instability and potentially become tumorigenic. In cancer cells, however, as in stem cells, telomerase, the enzyme that adds telomeric repeats to the chromosome ends, is expressed, compensating for telomere erosion and preventing senescence/apoptosis [3]–[5].
Germline mutations in the components of the telomerase complex cause dyskeratosis congenita. Patients with this disorder have short telomeres, which lead to bone marrow failure and increased cancer risk [6]. Likewise, mouse models with telomerase deficiency and short telomeres have high risk of cancer [7]. Recent epidemiological studies have evaluated telomere length measured in peripheral blood DNA as a potential biomarker of cancer risk. Several studies have reported associations between telomere length and cancer risk, although the data are inconsistent among studies and tumor types [8]. In CRC studies, contradictory results have been observed, apparently due to differences in study population, study design, analytical approach, sample size, or exposure to environmental factors [9]–[15].
Regarding hereditary CRC, our group recently reported that cancer-affected MMR gene mutation carriers had shorter telomeres and showed faster telomere attrition with age, measured in blood, than controls and cancer-free MMR gene mutation carriers [16]. Nevertheless, the role of telomere length as cancer risk modifier in LS could not be asserted since it had been argued that the shortened telomeres observed in retrospectively collected samples from cancer-affected individuals might be a consequence of the disease [8], [14]. However, the fact that cancer-free mutation carriers had longer telomeres than cancer-free controls provided additional evidence in support to the hypothesis that telomere length might act as a cancer risk modifier in LS [16].
Here we report the first study of the behavior of blood telomere length in MMR-proficient hereditary non-polyposis CRC, i.e. fCRC-X, and compare it to the behavior observed in controls and in hereditary non-polyposis CRC with a MMR defect, i.e. LS (previously published [16]).
Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of IDIBELL (ref. PR221/09).
Study Participants
A total of 114 individuals, 57 cancer-affected and 57 cancer-free, from 34 fCRC-X families were included in the study. These families fulfilled the Amsterdam criteria but did not show MMR defects (microsatellite instability or loss of expression of the MMR proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2). In all, 76.5% (26/34) of the families fulfilled Amsterdam I criteria and 23.5% (8/34) Amsterdam II. For comparative purposes, previously published telomere length data from individuals belonging to LS families and from controls were included in the analyses [16]. Familial CRC-X, LS and control samples were all of Caucasian origin and recruited from the same homogeneous population (the Spanish region of Catalonia) through the Hereditary Cancer Program of the Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the fCRC-X cases studied, comparing them to the LS individuals and controls previously analyzed [16].
Table 1. Characteristics of the hereditary non-polyposis CRC and control groups studied. Data on Lynch syndrome families and controls were published previously [16].
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086063.t001
Relative Telomere Length Measurement
Relative telomere length (RTL) was assessed using a monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR method [17], under the same conditions as in Segui et al. [16]. Moreover, MMR-proficient hereditary cases were run together with LS cases and controls. In order to rule out artifacts or technical sources of variation, a standard curve was included in each run (384-well plate), each sample was assayed in triplicate, and whenever possible, equal numbers of samples from different clinical groups were run in the same plate. Storage and DNA extraction from peripheral blood were performed at the same facility and using the same extraction methods, as recommended for retrospective telomere length studies [8].
RTL was adjusted by age based on the telomere length shortening occurring with age in the general population (controls), as previously reported [16], [18]. Differences in age-adjusted telomere lengths were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney U). The Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test was used to compare the demographic characteristics among groups. All tests were two-sided and p-values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The analyses were performed using R statistical software.
Age-adjusted RTL was evaluated in 57 cancer-affected fCRC-X patients and 57 unaffected individuals from 34 fCRC-X families. The results were compared to the results we published in a previous study of 144 cancer-affected MMR gene mutation carriers, 100 unaffected MMR gene mutation carriers and 234 controls [16].
Cancer-affected fCRC-X cases showed significantly longer telomeres than unaffected fCRC-X individuals (p = 0.009) and cancer-free controls (p = 0.013) (Fig. 1). These results were in sharp contrast to those previously observed in LS, where telomere lengths detected in cancer-affected MMR gene mutation carriers were shorter than those in unaffected mutation carriers (p = 0.032) [16]. On the other hand, cancer-free fCRC-X cases showed shorter telomeres than cancer-free MMR gene mutation carriers (p = 0.015), but of similar length to controls (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Age-adjusted RTL in subjects belonging to fCRC-X and LS families.
The different groups correspond to: cancer-affected fCRC-X cases (median age-adjusted RTL: 0.017); cancer-free individuals from fCRC-X families (median: −0.215); cancer-affected MMR gene mutation carriers (median: −0.131); cancer-free MMR gene mutation carriers (median: −0.079); and cancer-free controls (median: −0.092). Differences in age-adjusted RTL were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney U). The boxes represent the interquartile range of distributions (25th and 75th percentiles); the horizontal lines within the boxes, the medians; and the vertical lines, the 5th and 95th percentiles. Data from LS families and controls were published previously [16].
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086063.g001
We found that longer telomeres are associated with cancer in fCRC-X. Moreover, based on data previously published by our group [16], MMR-deficient and -proficient non-polyposis hereditary cases show distinct patterns of blood telomere length, suggesting that the status of the MMR system is key in defining telomere length in hereditary cases.
Several epidemiological studies have investigated the association of telomere length with CRC risk in the general population, producing conflicting results [19]. Evidence from retrospective studies indicates that telomeres in peripheral blood cells are shorter in CRC cases than controls. However, this association has not been replicated in prospective studies, suggesting that the association between short telomeres and CRC in retrospective studies is somehow the result of disease, treatment or differential survival rather than the cause (effect of reverse causation) [14]. Regarding prospective studies, no association was found in three relatively small studies (134–191 cases vs. 306–406 controls) [9]–[11]. However, more recently, larger prospective studies found that longer telomeres were associated with higher CRC risk (cases/controls = 2,157/3,921) [14], or that both long and short telomeres increased CRC risk (cases/controls = 441/549) [15].
Despite the retrospective nature of our study, we found that cancer-affected fCRC-X individuals had longer telomeres than cancer-free members of the same type X families, controls, and cancer-affected members of LS families (MMR gene mutation carriers). Therefore, longer telomeres are associated with cancer risk in MMR-proficient hereditary non-polyposis CRC, as observed in large prospective population-based CRC series [14], [15]. Further studies assessing telomere length before and after cancer diagnosis in fCRC-X cases will be crucial to demonstrate the precise effect of cancer on blood telomere length in this group of patients.
Previous evidence supports the hypothesis that long telomeres might increase cancer risk: first, long telomeres may delay cellular senescence and apoptosis, increasing the chance that genetic abnormalities will accumulate [5], [20]; secondly, a subset of colorectal tumors has longer telomeres than the adjacent non-tumor colon mucosa [21]. Telomere length assessment in fCRC-X tumors will provide additional insight into whether MMR-proficient hereditary tumors also have elongated telomeres. Similarly, knowing the levels of telomerase expression or of enzymatic activity in peripheral blood and tumor samples might aid the design of specific therapeutic and/or preventive approaches for fCRC-X patients in the future [22].
Our findings, together with those observed in large population-based CRC series [14], [15], suggest that longer telomeres are a risk factor for hereditary and sporadic MMR-proficient CRC. Following this observation, it is plausible to hypothesize that longer telomeres also act as modifiers of the age of onset of cancer and/or polyposis in other MMR-proficient CRC syndromes.
In conclusion, in contrast to in the observations for LS but in line with the results of large CRC prospective studies, elongated telomeres are associated with increased cancer risk in Amsterdam-positive MMR-proficient hereditary non-polyposis CRC.
Conceived and designed the experiments: LV NS. Performed the experiments: NS LV. Analyzed the data: EG NS LV VM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MP MN FB CL IB GC. Wrote the paper: LV NS. Critically revised the manuscript: MP IB GC VM.
1. Lynch HT, Lynch PM, Lanspa SJ, Snyder CL, Lynch JF, et al. (2009) Review of the Lynch syndrome: history, molecular genetics, screening, differential diagnosis, and medicolegal ramifications. Clin Genet 76: 1–18.
2. Ku CS, Cooper DN, Wu M, Roukos DH, Pawitan Y, et al. (2012) Gene discovery in familial cancer syndromes by exome sequencing: prospects for the elucidation of familial colorectal cancer type X. Mod Pathol. 25: 1055–1068.
3. Blasco MA (2005) Telomeres and human disease: ageing, cancer and beyond. Nat Rev Genet 6: 611–622.
4. Stewart JA, Chaiken MF, Wang F, Price CM (2012) Maintaining the end: roles of telomere proteins in end-protection, telomere replication and length regulation. Mutat Res 730: 12–19.
5. Hou L, Zhang X, Gawron AJ, Liu J (2012) Surrogate tissue telomere length and cancer risk: shorter or longer? Cancer Lett 319: 130–135.
6. Alter BP, Giri N, Savage SA, Rosenberg PS (2009) Cancer in dyskeratosis congenita. Blood 113: 6549–6557.
7. Blasco MA (2005) Mice with bad ends: mouse models for the study of telomeres and telomerase in cancer and aging. Embo J 24: 1095–1103.
8. Prescott J, Wentzensen IM, Savage SA, De Vivo I (2012) Epidemiologic evidence for a role of telomere dysfunction in cancer etiology. Mutat Res 730: 75–84.
9. Zee RY, Castonguay AJ, Barton NS, Buring JE (2009) Mean telomere length and risk of incident colorectal carcinoma: a prospective, nested case-control approach. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18: 2280–2282.
10. Pooley KA, Sandhu MS, Tyrer J, Shah M, Driver KE, et al. (2010) Telomere length in prospective and retrospective cancer case-control studies. Cancer Res 70: 3170–3176.
11. Lee IM, Lin J, Castonguay AJ, Barton NS, Buring JE, et al. (2010) Mean leukocyte telomere length and risk of incident colorectal carcinoma in women: a prospective, nested case-control study. Clin Chem Lab Med 48: 259–262.
12. Bozzao C, Lastella P, Ponz de Leon M, Pedroni M, Di Gregorio C, et al. (2011) Analysis of telomere dynamics in peripheral blood cells from patients with Lynch syndrome. Cancer 117: 4325–4335.
13. Maxwell F, McGlynn LM, Muir HC, Talwar D, Benzeval M, et al. (2011) Telomere attrition and decreased fetuin-A levels indicate accelerated biological aging and are implicated in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 17: 5573–5581.
14. Jones AM, Beggs AD, Carvajal-Carmona L, Farrington S, Tenesa A, et al. (2012) TERC polymorphisms are associated both with susceptibility to colorectal cancer and with longer telomeres. Gut 61: 248–254.
15. Cui Y, Cai Q, Qu S, Chow WH, Wen W, et al. (2012) Association of leukocyte telomere length with colorectal cancer risk: nested case-control findings from the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 21: 1807–1813.
16. Segui N, Pineda M, Guino E, Borras E, Navarro M, et al. (2013) Telomere length and genetic anticipation in lynch syndrome. PLoS One 8: e61286.
17. Cawthon RM (2009) Telomere length measurement by a novel monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR method. Nucleic Acids Res 37: e21.
18. Martinez-Delgado B, Yanowsky K, Inglada-Perez L, Domingo S, Urioste M, et al. (2011) Genetic anticipation is associated with telomere shortening in hereditary breast cancer. PLoS Genet 7: e1002182.
19. Savage SA, Gadalla SM, Chanock SJ (2013) The long and short of telomeres and cancer association studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 105: 448–449.
20. Lan Q, Cawthon R, Shen M, Weinstein SJ, Virtamo J, et al. (2009) A prospective study of telomere length measured by monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 15: 7429–7433.
21. Bisoffi M, Heaphy CM, Griffith JK (2006) Telomeres: prognostic markers for solid tumors. Int J Cancer 119: 2255–2260.
22. Hu J, Hwang SS, Liesa M, Gan B, Sahin E, et al. (2012) Antitelomerase therapy provokes ALT and mitochondrial adaptive mechanisms in cancer. Cell 148: 651–663.
We want your feedback. Do these Subject Areas make sense for this article? Click the target next to the incorrect Subject Area and let us know. Thanks for your help!
Is the Subject Area "Telomeres" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Colorectal cancer" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Heredity" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Cancer risk factors" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Mutation" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Blood" applicable to this article?
Germline mutation
Is the Subject Area "Germline mutation" applicable to this article?
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
Is the Subject Area "Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer" applicable to this article?


text:
@interface NSString (URL)

- (NSURL *)url;
- (NSURL *)encodedURL;

- (NSString *)urlEncode;

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Simple, easy, and delicious Mexican Food, this makes a great side dish for a milder chicken or fish dish and yellow rice.
2. Remove the stems from the peppers and cut in half lengthwise. Remove the seeds.
3. Brush the cavities of the peppers with olive oil.
5. Sprinkle a small amount of cheese on top of each stuffed pepper.
6. Place on a baking sheet or in a baking pan. Bake for 30 minutes.


text:
Peter Burness
Pen & Sword
This short book, part of the 'ANZAC Battles Series', explores the action of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade on 7th August 1915 when four successive waves of dismounted Light Horsemen charged into a withering maelstrom of Turkish rifle and machine gun fire armed only with bayonets fixed to unloaded rifles, an action immortalised in the 1981 film Gallipoli.
The Brigade had landed at Gallipoli towards the end of May 1915 and was almost immediately thrown into action. The men quickly became aware of the realities of trench warfare; the conditions paid no distinction to rank and fighting and disease started to cause the loss of experienced officers and affected the men's morale.
In a portent of things to come the Turks launched their own unsuccessful attack across The Nek on 30th June. As Burness states, 'In their attack across The Nek, the Turks had demonstrated, to their great cost, that it was impossible to cross this narrow stretch of ground in the face of machine-guns and massed rife fire.' With this in mind it seems even more incredulous that the Australians were ordered to undertake the same suicidal task.
The ANZAC attack on The Nek was part of a series of interlinked assaults required to take the Sari Bair heights. It relied on surprise but the artillery bombardment warned the Turks an attack was coming. Even more seriously, the bombardment finished seven minutes too early, giving the Turks ample time to man their parapet. This costly error was never fully explained but Burness briefly provides a plausible explanation.
Despite failures in other areas of the assault, Birdwood (commander of the ANZAC Corps) still pressed ahead and ordered the attack. The first and second waves were mown down almost instantly as the full weight of Turkish fire was brought to bear on them across just 50 yards of no man's land; no officers from the first wave survived. After the third line was also cut down, desperate attempts were made to halt the advance of the fourth line, however due to communication difficulties part of the fourth line still went forward. The fact that the troops still advanced knowing full well the fate that had befallen their comrades is testament to both their training and character.
A chapter titled 'Reflection' provides a measured analysis of who was at fault, with the entire senior command structure facing criticism for the parts they played. Burness deftly examines the strained relationship that existed between the 3rd Light Horse's Brigadier, Brigade Major, and regimental officers, and the effect that this had on the events that day. Ultimately it was an over-ambitious plan and the Brigadier and Brigade Major were too far removed from the action to make effective decisions. Whether the attack could have succeeded is touched on briefly, but Burness asserts that given the variables involved this was highly unlikely.
The book has comprehensive notes, and whilst it lacks a bibliography it is clear that the excellent resources at the Australian War Memorial have been widely consulted. With 400 casualties suffered by the attacking troops thankfully Burness does not lose sight of the ordinary soldiers who were involved, and intertwines their stories into the narrative. Several examples of men who survived the action only to lose their lives later on are given; such was the relentless and indiscriminate nature of the war.
Logical and well written, this is an excellent account of the action that day and the personalities involved, balanced by a measured analysis of the reasons for its failure.
Buy this book from Amazon:
The Nek: A Gallipoli Tragedy (Anzac Battles)


text:
Home / Partnering locally / Thriving communities embrace economic mobility
Thriving communities embrace economic mobility
This article, written by Wendy Stewart, originally appeared in The Atlanta-Journal Constitution on November 17, 2017.
The grim statistics tell the story. Economic mobility, the ability to move from a low income to a middle or higher income, is stagnant or falling in Atlanta and many American cities, according to the National Bureau of Economic Research's 2015 Equality for Opportunity Project Study. The best predictor of whether a person will be poor, middle class or wealthy is whether that person's parents were poor, middle class or wealthy.
In Atlanta, according to the NBER, a person who grows up in a family whose income is below the poverty line has less than a five percent chance of escaping poverty. On the opportunity scale, that's a failure rate of 95 percent.
Numerous organizations - public, private and nonprofit - seek to address this fundamental issue. United Way, The Posse Foundation, Urban League, Year Up, Boys & Girls Clubs, Junior Achievement, 100 Black Men and a myriad of other organizations have programs that pursue systemic solutions, or work to help individuals or groups.
These organizations garner support from the community, including my own company, Bank of America. Parents care passionately about enabling their children to embrace opportunities. Our educators know the depth of the problem. Faith leaders persistently urge our involvement. Many political leaders are informed and engaged. The corporate community often steps up, backs programs and voices its support.
But meaningful progress remains elusive.
The costs to society are well-known: a seemingly permanent underclass of people who have little hope; a declining tax base that fails to keep up with the cost of providing necessary services and infrastructure; a loss of human capital - a lack of development of the talent we need to ensure our society and our community's economic vitality.
Despite metro Atlanta's great attributes, a city in which 24.6 percent of people live below the poverty line with little hope of ever emerging from it will challenge and even stifle economic development and quality of life for all residents.
A renewed and sustained commitment is urgently needed. We must bring consensus to the problem, enact collaborative solutions that address fundamental causes and sustain a decades-long effort to change this dynamic.
Bank of America is pledging to engage in and sustain a civic dialogue. Our concerns are nonpartisan. They are nonracial. And they are not limited to any geography in the metro area.
Our first step will be to continue our support for those organizations dedicated to workforce development, affordable housing and education. These include longtime Bank of America grant recipients, such as Atlanta CareerRise, Habitat for Humanity and the Atlanta Neighborhood Development Partnership. But it also includes programs like the Junior Achievement Academy - an innovative school model with Fulton County Schools hosted at Banneker High School that combines rigorous education, entrepreneurship and financial literacy skills - and organizations like the Georgia Council on Economic Education, which helps prepare teachers to teach economics and financial literacy to our K-12 students.
The problem is severe. It transcends municipal boundaries. And its solutions lie in a sustained effort to educate the larger community to its perils and to engage a broadrange of citizens, organizations, governments and nonprofits in a variety of solutions.
What is at stake is our viability as a community that attracts and creates good jobs, sustains healthy neighborhoods and understands that our greatest resource is the untapped potential of everyone who lives and works in our city.
Our company's philanthropic and volunteer work is committed to this effort. This year, we're again investing more than $1.6 million in grants in the metro Atlanta area to help individuals and families chart a more successful future. That's part of $43 million that Bank of America is investing in similar programs across the U.S.
Simply put, our purpose is to make financial lives better by focusing our resources to tackle the most-pressing issues facing Atlanta. We're investing in the following areas: stable affordable housing; educational opportunities and access to career skills training; workforce development - with a focus on meaningful employment for adults and youth; financial counseling - helping launch successful businesses; community development - infrastructure (arts and culture, parks and green space, livable neighborhoods); and basic needs - stem hunger and supportive services.
My colleagues at Bank of America urge everyone to select at least one area of concern and immerse yourself and your company in driving toward a solution. Working together, we can create the conditions that enable economic mobility, thereby ensuring that the opportunities we want for all of our citizens and the strong economy we want for our community are within reach.
Wendy Stewart is Bank of America's Atlanta market president and co-head of Bank of America Merrill Lynch's Global Commercial Banking practice for the Southeast region.
Working together, we can create the conditions that enable economic mobility, thereby ensuring that the opportunities we want for all of our citizens and the strong economy we want for our community are within reach.
Wendy Stewart
Bank of America's Atlanta market president


He said kids "Coming out the womb freestyling"
none of them were mixing. They're just slamming them in.
echo rooms..back in the day those watkins echo chambers were the thing!
I still have my master tapes. and gave it to him so he can tell the difference between a skilled rapper/MC and hot garbage rappers.
my adopted baby brother was playing yachty and told him to turn that off and he know better.
Still feel that way now. It's the artist me to come with a dope alternative to what is out to keep my mind at ease until something new and dope come out.
I felt the bouncy crunk juice musice was just for the clubs for the chickens and chickenhawks alike to party to.
if you find them get them up on datpiff!
For me, 2 hours was standard, I wanted my listeners to hear all the dope flavors that the mainstream don't like to play. I have them stored on my harddrive somewhere.


Back in 2016 a promotional journey began and the Maroon Ribbon Campaign returned to share support and encouragement for females working and involved in the music industry.
Born out of the Women in Music Festival the Ribbon & Rose was designed to inspire and support the awareness of women undertaking occupational roles in an entertainment sector with low female percentage.
The Maroon Ribbon Campaign, first introduced in 2008 as part of the Uniting The Nations Weekend is stepping into the new year embarking on a mission to gain global support for a day of unity for females across the world. We invite you all to join us @maroonribbon as the date of March 28 draws closer with each day; show your support for all the females you know working in the music industry and help pave the way for generations to come. Register your female music service /company with us.


Wondering if you could point me in the right direction.
I am trying to limit a products 'purchaseability' based on region.
Coming from 3dcart, I've been very disappointed in the shipping options thru woocommerce.
I have specific products that need to be available for local pickup, delivery and flat rate shipping. But delivery is an all or nothing – it's either available for all products or none. But only some of my products can be delivered. And it can't be contained by zip code – it needs to be limited by product.
Woocommerce has some great flexibility. But it's still way far behind other carts like 3dcart.
I've had to spend $900 so far on a developer to get basic features.
Looks like 3dCart is an all-in-one solution, rather than a WordPress plugin. So these are wildly different.
It's not going to fit perfectly for everyone of course. Sounds like Local Pickup plugin ($79) would do what you need. There are also a few plugins to extend your shipping options.
Is it possible to set up a free shipping method for products over lets say over $100.00 and if a product under 100 there would be a $15 charge for shipping using the basic shipping module in woocommerce?
I am racking my brain over this trying to figure out shipping.
Any step by step procedures to accomplish this would be greatly appreciated.
Sorry for the slow reply, just saw your comment.
Then just setup a flat-fee shipping cost for anything under $100.
We represent in multiple projects over 20 artists around the world. They all ship our print orders from different locations.
Do you know a method or plug-in to set multiple shipping origins?
And then having them applied to any order based on where the products are being shipped from. We would need of course rates applied appropriate to the artist for a single vendor order, or calculated from multiple sources for a multi-artist order.
I am looking at shipping classes, but have yet to come across a method to apply this to any shipping calculations. Appreciate any tips or solutions you may be able to suggest!
Unfortunately I don't think theres anything out of box or in plugin form that will do what you're looking for. I know there were previously talks about building this type of functionality but not sure it gained any traction.
One way you might consider is Vendor Stores, when products get added to a cart it should break up shipping based on each seller shipping origin. I haven't used this plugin so I'm not 100% – but it should get you going and in the right direction.
We are trying to correct some shipping issues with our site and one of the challenges we are facing is this: Assume there are three types of products that each have a shipping class assigned to them that has a flat cost i.e.
I have selected shipping by class and if a buyer orders one product from each class (eg. one a, one d and one f) it – correctly – calculates the shipping to be $10 + $15 + $20 = $45.
But if a second product of the same class is added to the order e.g. two of a or one a and one b, the total shipping remains $45.
What we need to happen is to either add one more shipping cost of the class of the additional product or – if the weight takes the products to the next weight class – change the shipping cost to that class (the second option is better but I would be happy with the first one too).
Any ideas if I can do that in WC directly or through some plugin?


text:
Yannick Vanderborght - What Does the Research Say?
Exploring Basic Income in a Changing Economy Teach-Out
The United States social safety net is a complex system with many programs and often difficult eligibility requirements. Many of these programs only deliver in-kind aid (not cash) to people living in poverty, a lot of whom can fall through the cracks and can't make ends meet. Basic income, the idea of providing people with a minimal level of cash support on a consistent basis, remains a point of debate in the United States and beyond. In this Teach-Out, you will join leading experts to explore the emerging idea of basic income and other associated social safety net programs. The Teach-Out will address the following questions: What is basic income? What is the difference between basic income and universal basic income? Why is basic income generating so much interest now? How does basic income work? What are the benefits and the challenges? How might basic income help create an inclusive economy? What is the social safety net? Who does it help and who does it leave out? How do we currently measure poverty and determine who is eligible for safety net programs? How do automation and a changing economy affect the basic income conversation? Note: This Teach-Out originally launched in July 2018. Some of the examples, studies discussed, and perspectives may have changed since we recorded these conversation, but the core content of the Teach-Out remains extremely relevant today. Please enjoy this relaunched version of the Teach-Out, we encourage you to engage in the discussion forums with other learners.
Real World Cases and Conclusion
Yannick Vanderborght - What Does the Research Say?30:00
Elizabeth Rhodes - Y Combinator Demonstration19:34
Mayor Michael Tubbs - Stockton Economic Empowerment Project10:57
Luke Shaefer
Associate Professor of Social Work, School of Social Work, Faculty Associate, Survey Research Center, Faculty Associate, Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, Associate Professor of Public Policy, Gerald R Ford School of Public Policy and Center Director, Poverty Center


There are several ways for the hackers to access your social media account credentials and misuse them. It is crucial to keep your social profile safe as now it is hugely used for the business purpose too. In the post, we have shared the five ways to keep your social media account safe from the hackers.
With the emergence of the number of social media sites, we have made the world smaller and closer to each other otherwise it was before. The increasing technology has not only led to increase and modify our knowledge but also the chances of our information getting steal is also on the rise. The social media accounts have made our information vulnerable to everyone, and thus it becomes risky to share anything on the web.
The hackers can creep into your profile and send some useless and NSFW links to your followers or friends list.
They can steal everything which is supposed to be personal, and it may be misused by them.
The chances are they can phish all the personal information and anytime they can misuse those credentials for the selfish means.
There are lot many reasons and causes for your social media profile to be hacked. Therefore, we are here sharing the useful tips to manage your social media accounts along with setting the strong password on the profile.
Currently, all the social media websites are offering and asking their users for the two-factor authentication for the security purpose. Well, many of our readers may not understand the essentiality of it, but it is a most useful way to make the social account secure and safe from the hackers. The verification is done with the combination of two different methods i.e. setting account password. Once you have set the strong password for the social account, the confirmation code is sent to you either via email or text. The set up is done in few seconds and helps you to stay safe from the hackers.
There is high risk involved when the password is set up to by the human capacity. We may create and manage the strong password for the accounts but the chances are still the profile can get hacked. Sometimes, we might not remember the password we have set up, and thus we may end with creating the new one which may or may not is safe. Here you can rely on the online password creator tool available online or even the applications will work well. You can generate the secure and strongest password for your social accounts with them.
Have you ever tried the Funtest.com on the Facebook? Maybe yes. When you are launching the link of the website, the app asks for the access of the account, and we click on OK. Well, in this way you are allowing the hackers to creep into your profile and collect your information available on the profile. The best way is, to reduce the use of third party application or the website. Better, if they ask for the permission to access the account, do not click on OK. Doing this, you can keep your account safe from hackers.
What is observed on the common scale is several users like to keep the same email ID for the personal and professional purpose. This can be the increased risk factor for the hackers to crawl into your social media account easily. The best way to reduce the risk is, maintain different email ID for social activities and other purposes. It is not the hard task to manage two emails for different purposes than to regret the whole life for putting everything personal on the risk.
Well, we not like to update the contact number on Facebook when they ask us to do with the fear that it might get misuse or may be visible to other people on the friend list. There is nothing such, so all you need to be relaxed on this feature. You can provide your contact number to the social media accounts for the recovery purposes. If by any means, your social media is hacked or accessed by third party groups, your social account profile contact number will allow you to recover every data which was existing on your account before the mishap happened. It is a good idea to consider for the safety purpose.
Thanks a lot for this post! I actually use one password for all sites and apps I visit and use :D. Now I won't! I can't even imagine what I would do if someone stole my personal information. Thanks again for so useful tips.


KABUL, Afghanistan -- Two American-made UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters arrived in Afghanistan on Monday, the first of nearly 160 such aircraft that the country's air force will get in the coming years as part of an ongoing modernization plan.
NATO has repeatedly stressed that building a modern, sustainable air force is vital for the Afghans to counter Taliban insurgents, who have made substantial gains in recent years.
The Black Hawks will eventually replace an aging fleet of Russian-made Mi-17 helicopters, which are used to transport troops and supplies, perform medical evacuations and provide close air support.
The Black Hawks will make the Afghan force more "capable and sustainable," NATO's Resolute Support mission said in a tweet on Monday.
The initial two aircraft, which were unloaded at Kandahar Air Field, will be used for training, as will two additional Black Hawks to be delivered on Oct. 23, Resolute Support said. A total of 159 Black Hawks are expected to be delivered between now and 2023.
The United States initially bought Mi-17s for the Afghans to speed development of their fledging air force, which has used earlier versions of the helicopter since the 1970s.
But in 2013, under pressure from Congress, the Pentagon blocked a purchase of more than $1 billion worth of new Mi-17s. The following year, after Moscow's military involvement in Syria and Ukraine, President Barack Obama issued restrictions on doing business with Russian arms manufacturers.
The Pentagon predicts Afghanistan's battle-worn Mi-17 fleet will become unsustainable by the middle of next year, largely because of lack of parts and aging airframes. It requested funds from Congress in November to modify older-model Black Hawks to enable them to perform the tasks of the Mi-17s.
Critics have said the push to replace the Russian aircraft with American models has been motivated primarily by politics. They fear a disruption caused by the switch -- at a time when the Taliban are said to be stronger than at any other point since 2001 -- could further benefit the insurgents.
U.S. military officials have offered assurances that any disruption would be minimal and that the Black Hawks, which U.S. forces already use in Afghanistan, are superior to the Mi-17s.
Training for the Afghans on the Black Hawks is scheduled to start next month in Kandahar and at Fort Rucker in Alabama. Mi-17 pilots could be ready to fly Black Hawks with as little as 12 weeks of instruction, according to the Pentagon's estimates.
Gen. Mohammad Radmanish, deputy spokesman for the Afghan Defense Ministry, said Afghan forces were excited to start the Black Hawk program after many months of anticipation.
"After we get all the helicopters and our forces get trained, I believe it will help us a lot in the fight against terrorism," Radmanish said.
Zubair Babakarkhail contributed to this report.


The research in my lab aims to understand the fundamental principles of neural circuit organization and how this organization relates to the computations that support sensory and behavioural function. The approach we take is to (i) record activity in identified neurons in large ensembles to uncover the computations taking place during sensory processing and sensory-guided behaviours, and (ii) understand how these computations arise from the neural hardware: from the synaptic interactions between identified cell types that differ in the patterns of input and output connectivity.
For this purpose, we focus on sensory processing in visual cortex and connected brain areas of the mouse using a combination of methods, including two-photon calcium imaging in anesthetized and behaving mice, in vitro whole-cell recordings, in vivo whole-cell and extracellular recordings, optogenetics, genetic labelling and anatomical tracing, single-cell transcriptional profiling, visual behavioural tasks, and computational modelling.
Each region of the neocortex comprises a diversity of cell types whose complex interactions govern information processing. The nature of these interactions and resulting computations is poorly understood. Our research has begun to uncover the rules of connectivity between identified cell types that underlie specific computations during sensory processing in visual cortex of the mouse. To this end, my laboratory has developed a method by which visual response properties of neurons are first characterized with two-photon calcium imaging in vivo, and then synaptic connections between a subset of these neurons are assayed with multiple whole-cell recordings in slices of the same tissue (Ko et al 2011 Nature). Using this approach, we discovered several principles of circuit organisation. First, neurons with correlated responses to visual stimuli connect most frequently with strong and reciprocal connections (Cossell et al 2015 Nature). This circuit architecture — comprising strong recurrent excitation within subnetworks of correlated neurons — supports amplification of responses to specific sensory stimuli, and thus promotes robust coding and effective information transmission to multiple postsynaptic targets. Second, the highly structured connectivity between excitatory cells emerges during development via correlation-based learning rules (Ko et al, 2013 Nature). Third, excitatory connectivity in visual cortex is constrained by long-range projection targets, whereby neurons projecting to the same target area are preferentially connected to each other but not to neurons projecting to another target area (Kim et al, unpublished). Thus, neurons belonging to each projection class form mutually exclusive subnetworks that separately process information before relaying it to distinct target areas. Fourth, unlike the specific connectivity between excitatory neurons, a subset of local inhibitory interneurons expressing parvalbumin is interconnected densely and promiscuously to the local network (Hofer et al 2011 Nature Neuroscience). This explains their broad selectivity for sensory features and suggests their main role is normalisation of excitatory neuron responses.
We are extending this work by identifying additional connectivity motifs between different excitatory and inhibitory cell types within and across cortical layers. Our next big challenge is to combine these connectional and functional datasets into a computational model of the visual cortex circuit to create a unified framework for testing the contribution of identified network components to the representation and transformation of visual information (in collaboration with Angus Silver at UCL, and with Maneesh Sahani at the Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit).
While connections between nearby neurons mediate local information processing within a cortical region, extensive long-range axonal projections are fundamental for exchange of information between brain areas specialised in different functions. Surprisingly little is known about the rules of connectivity and resulting computations in long-range circuits that link cortical areas. This knowledge is crucial for developing conceptual frameworks for understanding what the cortex actually computes, with respect to associations, predictions, and transformations of information in hierarchical networks.
Information from visual cortex is broadcast via long-range axonal projections to many other cortical and subcortical areas that process different aspects of the visual scene or guide behavioural decisions based on visual input. Virtually nothing is known about the number of unique projection classes and what information they convey to target areas. To address this, we are characterising the diversity of excitatory projection neuron classes - defined by their projection fields in different target areas - using serial-section two-photon microscopy and single-cell whole-brain anatomical reconstructions. This is revealing distinct projection types originating in visual cortex each targeting a unique set of cortical areas. Next, we use imaging in identified projection neurons to determine what information they broadcast to downstream targets during different behavioural tasks. To this end, we have developed several behavioural tasks in a virtual reality environment (Poort et al 2015 Neuron) that engage the visual system in different ways: visual pattern discrimination, visual spatial attention, memory-based visual expectations, motor-based visual expectations and visually-guided action. The hypothesis we wish to test is whether there is dynamic routing of information through selection of most relevant output channels as a function of task demands. Finally, we plan to use optogenetic manipulations to test the requirement of identified projections for perception and behavioural decisions.
Activity in sensory areas of the neocortex not only reflects the occurrence of external stimuli but also contains information about stimulus context, its behavioural relevance, as well as current goals, expectations, actions, or past experience (reviewed in Harris & Mrsic-Flogel 2013 Nature). These originate in specialised cortical areas, carried to the visual cortex by an extensive network of intracortical long-range projections. Current research in the lab is focused on understanding the circuit mechanisms by which diverse contextual signals are integrated with feed-forward visual information (Poort et al 2015 Neuron), and how such signals emerge through experience. By labelling, imaging and manipulating the candidate long-range projections innervating visual cortex (and related cortical areas) during different visually-guided behaviours, we aim to identify (i) what information is fed back from other cortical areas, (ii) how the nature of this information is modified by task-engagement, attention and expectation, and (iii) the circuit mechanisms by which top-down projections influence visual processing in relation to different excitatory projection types and inhibitory cell classes in visual cortex. To this end, we discovered that long-range feedback projections from a higher visual area preferentially target neurons in primary visual cortex which project to the same target area, thereby forming reciprocal long-range networks (Kim et al, unpublished).
Ultimately this research will provide an insight into the information that is exchanged and the computations taking place between pairs of connected areas as a function of tasks requiring vision to guide behaviour. This will be verified by simultaneously imaging two or more connected areas using large field-of-view two-photon microscopy. This knowledge will be used to constrain models of cortical processing (such as predictive coding in hierarchical networks).
The Neuropixels probes will allow scientists to simultaneously record from more individual neurons than ever before.
Professor Thomas Mrsic-Flogel has today been announced as the new Director of the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour.


Carbon capture and storage involves capturing carbon dioxide from large industrial sources and storing it deep underground. The International Energy Agency says that carbon capture and storage is one of the most promising technologies available today to significantly reduce global carbon dioxide emissions.
Scotford Upgrader in Alberta, Canada.
We are developing the Quest carbon capture and storage (CCS) project to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from our oil sands operations in Alberta, Canada. Quest will potentially capture more than 1 million tonnes of CO2 a year and store it 2 km below the surface, safely and permanently, when it starts operations from around 2015. This is equivalent to removing around 175,000 cars from the road. The provincial government of Alberta and the federal government of Canada are supporting its development with funding of C$865 million as part of their CO2 reduction plans.
Pioneering CCS projects like Quest are needed to show how existing technologies can work together effectively. Our Quest project will demonstrate and develop the combined technologies. Many have long been used by the energy industry. For example, the technology to pipe and inject liquefied CO2 underground has been used to increase the flow of liquids from oil fields in North America for more than three decades. If CCS is to have a significant impact on global CO2 emissions it needs to be supported by governments and taken up widely by industry, including power generation companies that produce electricity from coal, gas and oil.
Quest is being constructed on behalf of the Athabasca Oil Sands Project (Shell interest 60%). It will capture up to 35% of the current CO2 emissions from the Scotford Upgrader, a facility around 40 km from the city of Edmonton, Alberta. The Scotford Upgrader is where bitumen, a heavy oil, is turned into synthetic crude oil using hydrogen.
The captured CO2 will be compressed to a liquid state. It will be transported 60 km through an underground pipeline to three wells north of the Upgrader in Thorhild County. The CO2 will then be injected into an underground porous rock formation, below multiple layers of impermeable rock. To protect shallow ground water during injection, the wells will have three barriers of steel casing, each cemented in place.
There is a rigorous monitoring programme in place to confirm that the CO2 remains safely and securely underground. This will involve drilling and monitoring additional wells near the injection wells and testing existing ground-water wells to establish a baseline allowing us to verify that there are no impacts from the project.
Before the project began we were aware that public acceptance and local community support would be critical to the success of the project. We have engaged extensively with communities, including holding meetings with local residents to offer information about the project and to address any concerns. Consultation with landowners has led to a number of changes to the originally intended route of the pipeline. We are also avoiding farmland during harvest season while constructing the pipeline.
We have established a community advisory panel, with 10 members from the community, as a way of sharing information about the monitoring programme. The panel will review the results of the monitoring programme and serve as advisers to Quest's monitoring team. The panel members include local land owners, a county councillor, an emergency services worker, a university professor, a school principal and a government medical representative.
Shell is also involved in other CCS projects. In Australia we are a partner in the Gorgon offshore natural gas project (Shell interest 25%). This will take naturally occurring CO2 produced with natural gas – which would otherwise be released into the atmosphere – and store it over 2 km underground. We are also a partner in the CO2 Technology Centre in Mongstad, Norway, which is developing and testing CCS technology.
We have also submitted a proposal to the UK government for a project to store CO2 in a depleted gas reservoir in the North Sea. During 2013, this project, which will potentially capture and store around 10 million tonnes of CO2 from a gas-fired power station in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, was chosen by the UK government as one of two preferred candidates to progress to the next phase of engineering design. In early 2014, Shell signed an agreement with the UK government to progress detailed design of the Peterhead CCS project.


text:
This is a list of events in British radio during 1969.

Events

January
18 January – Saturday Club is aired on BBC Radio 1 for the final time.

February
14 February – Radio comedian Kenneth Horne collapses and dies of a heart attack while hosting the annual Guild of Television Producers' and Directors' Awards at The Dorchester hotel in London, having just presented an award to Barry Took, co-scriptwriter of Round the Horne, and invited viewers to tune in to its fifth series, due to start on 16 March. By 24 February the BBC has decided that Round the Horne cannot continue without its star and the scripts for series five are hastily reworked by writers Johnnie Mortimer and Brian Cooke with Myles Rudge into a new vehicle for former co-star Kenneth Williams called Stop Messing About which opens on BBC Radio 2 on 6 April and runs for two seasons.

March
No events

April
25 April – The last edition of daily soap opera The Dales is broadcast on BBC Radio 2 after 5,531 episodes.
28 April – The first edition of daily soap opera Waggoners' Walk is broadcast on BBC Radio 2, replacing The Dales.

May
No events

June
11 June – The Organist Entertains, presented by Robin Richmond, is broadcast for the first time.

July
10 July – The BBC publishes a report called "Broadcasting in the Seventies" proposing the reorganisation of programmes on the national networks and replacing regional broadcasting on BBC Radio 4 with BBC Local Radio. The report begins to be implemented the following year and the former BBC Home Service regions gradually disappear although regional programming on Radio 4 does not end fully until the end of 1982.
20–21 July – BBC Radios 1 and 2 stay on air all night to provide live coverage of the landing on the Moon and of Neil Armstrong's first steps onto the Moon's surface.

August
No events

September
No events

October
No events

November
No events

December
No events

Station debuts

Programme debuts
 28 April – Waggoners' Walk on BBC Radio 2 (1969–1980)
 11 June – The Organist Entertains on BBC Radio 2 (1969–2018)
 6 July – The Big Business Lark on BBC Radio 4 (1969)

Continuing radio programmes

1940s
 Sunday Half Hour (1940–2018)
 Desert Island Discs (1942–Present)
 Family Favourites (1945–1980)
 Down Your Way (1946–1992)
 Letter from America (1946–2004)
 Woman's Hour (1946–Present)
 Twenty Questions (1947–1976)
 Any Questions? (1948–Present)
 A Book at Bedtime (1949–Present)

1950s
 The Archers (1950–Present)
 Listen with Mother (1950–1982)
 From Our Own Correspondent (1955–Present)
 Pick of the Pops (1955–Present)
 The Clitheroe Kid (1957–1972)
 My Word! (1957–1988)
 Test Match Special (1957–Present)
 The Today Programme (1957–Present)
 The Navy Lark (1959–1977)
 Sing Something Simple (1959–2001)
 Your Hundred Best Tunes (1959–2007)

1960s
 Farming Today (1960–Present)
 In Touch (1961–Present)
 The Men from the Ministry (1962–1977)
 I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again (1964–1973)
 Petticoat Line (1965–1979)
 The World at One (1965–Present)
 The Official Chart (1967–Present)
 Just a Minute (1967–Present)
 The Living World (1968–Present)

Births
February – Fi Glover, radio presenter
20 February – Robin Ince, comedian
11 April – Cerys Matthews, Welsh singer and broadcaster
7 June – Adam Buxton, actor and comedian
14 June – Shaun Ley, news presenter
13 August – Toby Foster, comedian, promoter and radio presenter
22 August – Kathy Clugston, Northern Ireland-born newsreader
22 September – Sue Perkins, comedy performer and broadcast presenter
2 December – Matthew Sweet, cultural historian and broadcaster
12 December – Rodney P (Panton), MC, "godfather of British hip hop" and broadcaster

Deaths
14 February – Kenneth Horne, radio comedian (born 1907)
25 March – Billy Cotton, bandleader (born 1899)
27 October – Eric Maschwitz, broadcasting executive, scriptwriter and lyricist (born 1901)

See also
 1969 in British music
 1969 in British television
 1969 in the United Kingdom
 List of British films of 1969

References

Radio
British Radio, 1969 In
Years in British radio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


At the beginning of this year, I asked myself whether I wanted to go to the upcoming season's Paris Fashion Week or not. To be completely honest with you, I wanted to (of course I did) but the thing is that I didn't really want to go through all this process of organizing everything all over again.
Believe it or not, the organizational part before the PFW is a big production. Flight tickets, hotel arrangements, presentations and shows, plus emails, emails, emails…So I was kind of skeptical and couldn't make up my mind. For that reason, I called my friend Polina in Athens to see what her intentions were, since we spent the previous fashion week in Paris together, and we could make a decision this time together again. Together, it's always better.
All this lasted until the moment an email from MAISON CARTIER hit my inbox. It made me change my mind immediately! Wouldn't you change yours as well? I was kind of flattered, to say the least, that I was invited by such a huge renowned French Jeweler and Watchmaker to visit Paris for the Press day. So I felt it was meant to be and hopped on a flight to Paris on the first of March. I had a Rendezvous avec Cartier. How cool! But I didn't stay for just one day. I stayed the whole week, but more of that on next photo blog posts.
The event took place at Hotel Pourtales. During the Rendezvous avec Cartier, I didn't take many photos, nor had someone with me to take photos of me or for me (which could have been an option as I noticed from watching the others). My focus was rather on the collections, to see and try out some of my favourite pieces (of which you can see here), the Cactus de Cartier for instance, which reminds me of my days in Morocco, and meeting new people.
And I know, I know before you say anything…I should have published my photos from the event much earlier, but don't be harsh with me : ) The last months I've been traveling non stop, and I finally found some time right now to deal with all the editorial content from Paris before I leave for the next travel adventure. I hope I will finish my work before Sunday night, because the next departure is on Monday morning.


text:
              <img class="push-down-10" alt="Footer Logo" src="<?php echo ORGANIQUE_DIR;?>/images/logo-footer.png" width="139" height="35">

<?php echo $options['web_slogan']; ?>

Kami juga hadir di social media:

              <a class="social-container" href="<?php echo $options['company_fb_link']; ?>">

              <a class="social-container" href="mailto:<?php echo $options['company_email']; ?>">

Commerce

Home

<a href="<?php echo base_url('frontpage/payment_confirmation');?>">Konfirmasi Pembayaran

<a href="<?php echo base_url('points');?>">Beli Poin

Panduan

<a href="<?php echo base_url('page/how-it-works');?>">How It Works

<a href="<?php echo base_url('page/terms-and-conditions');?>">Terms and Conditions

Contact Us

                <?php echo $options['company_name']; ?>

                <?php echo $options['company_address']; ?>

                <?php echo $options['company_address_2']; ?>

                <?php echo $options['company_city']; ?>, <?php echo $options['company_province']; ?>

                 <?php echo $options['company_mobile']; ?>

                 <?php echo $options['company_email']; ?>

               © Copyright 2015. <?php echo $options['web_title'];?>

              Made with  by Licosyd


Cape Town is the one of the finest destinations for those people who are living the coldest climates \across the globe. This is a fairly cheap city compared to North America or Europe, so bargains are not hard to find on the ground. Of course, hotels will be cheaper in early December than during Christmas week. 3-star hotels are available from $61 for a couple. There is so much to see and do here from the stunning nature to water sports and beaches.


text:
Science Reporter Fired for Reporting Attacks on Science
Check out the story by streaming video from America's Investigative Reports, a news show from PBS. (Episode 111, November 10, 2006.)
Paul Thacker was not hired to do investigative reporting, but rather general news reporting for ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, a peer-reviewed scientific journal serving environmental scientists worldwide. Thacker, however, found himself investigating junkscience.com, and debunking its operator. He went on to cases in which seemingly grassroots organizations promoted industry arguments on environmental issues.
The summary notes:
Thacker's investigative reporting, he says, didn't please some of the people he worked for, and he soon found his career on the line. He says a board member of the American Chemical Society (ACS), which publishes ES&T, objected to a story he wrote about the Weinberg Group, an international scientific and regulatory consulting firm which specializes in, among other things, "product defense." Thacker's story examined a proposal made by The Weinberg Group to chemical giant DuPont. The document outlined a detailed product-defense strategy regarding PFOA, a chemical DuPont uses in the production of Teflon. The letter arrived as DuPont was facing pressure from the EPA and a civil-action lawsuit by West Virginia residents who claimed to suffer serious health effects from exposure to PFOA. Thacker says the ACS board member suggested he was focused on "muckraking rather than reporting news." He further claims that he was told to stop his investigative reporting.
He didn't. Several months later, Thacker unearthed evidence that the White House had tried to prevent scientists from speaking out about the link between climate change and the increasing strength of hurricanes. He says ES&T refused to allow him to follow the story, so he found a home for it at salon.com. Then, he says, he was fired from ES&T. In a written statement, an ACS representative told AIR, "...it is not the policy of the American Chemical Society to comment on conditions of individual's employment or departure."


text:
Very Related Related Somewhat Related Mentioned
Sort By Date By Rank
'Hereditary' restores faith in horror genre
Lindsey Bahr Jun. 07, 2018 | 12:15 AM
The first thing writer-director Ari Aster felt after the midnight premiere of "Hereditary" at the Sundance Film Festival was relief. People didn't hate it.
'Hereditary' brings cursed genetic destiny to horror
Jake Coyle Jun. 19, 2018 | 12:38 AM
In "Hereditary" Annie (Toni Collette), an artist and mother of two teenagers, sneaks out to a grief support group following the death of her mother, she tells...


text:
Difference between revisions of "WinterMilestone 1 Dubs"
Gabrielbayomitinocokalejaiye (Talk | contribs)
== Milestone Contributors ==
Our contributors:
*Flavio Scorpione - @scorpione
*Gabriel Bayomi - @gbayomi
Click on the EDIT Button on the top-right of this page to edit.
2.1 Considerations
2.2 Good qualities/Positive aspects
2.3 Bad qualities/Negative aspects
4.2 Daemo
5 Milestone Contributors
Reflect on your experience as a worker on Mechanical Turk. What did you like? What did you dislike? If you're from outside the USA and unable to access MTurk, try try the worker sandbox, or other sites like CrowdFlower or Microworkers or Clickworker.
First of all, this is definitely a hard problem to solve. There are infinite possibilities of works that can be requested and it's complicated to create a system that can not only serve all the possibilities, but also maintain a good traction with all of them. Usually, there is a trade-off with specificity and traction. How to make a good service for a diverse group of requesters. Here, we will try to consider some opinions we had about the requesting systems, with some comments that can lead to future implementations/suggestions.
Good qualities/Positive aspects
Straight-forward publication. Except from the very beginning (login, etc), there are not a lot of doubts about how to use the system. It's a very direct process, but a limited one.
There is a certificate system. Although there are a lot of ways to improve it, it's interesting to avoid scammers/bad workers/bad intentions in the community.
Pre-organized models. There are some models to help you get ready to create something, so you don't necessarily need to start from the scratch.
HTML edition. There are possibilities to edit the HTML and there is some bootstrap/css on it already.
It generates a .csv file that can later be used for other programs/analysis.
Cheaper than hiring a group of people to do the same. It's pretty cheap to the requester to get work done and it's a pretty random group of people, which is good for statistics.
Bad qualities/Negative aspects
Limited edition options. It's possible to edit the HTML, but the way the structure is constructed makes it really hard to truly make a task different from the sample ones provided. An API or a system that could connect different systems/apis/etc with them in an easy/intuitive way would be a huge step forward to guarantee that all kind of tasks could be done with the application.
Old design. We believe that especially when we're dealing with money, the design takes an important place: it inspires reliability. The way MTurk is currently designed doesn't really bring any kind of confidence for someone that wants to invest money.
It's restricted for people outside the US. We are Brazilians and, although we could use it since one of our members is in the US right now, it's a really bad problem. Currency can be a big deal for a lot of workers. For instance, the Brazilian currency is around 1 to 4 right now. It means that a Brazilian worker would really benefit for a payment made in dollars from the same system and would be great for requesters (not too good for american workers though).
The data visualization is poor. Even though the results page is interesting, it could have a way better system to visualize data. D3.js could be really useful to truly bring meaning to the data acquired. Certainly, it would depend on the acquired data, but it would be a good possibility for a lot of parameters or sample batches.
Payment systems could be easier to navigate. For instance, the MTurk fees are not explained, so it's not possible to know the exact total amount of money needed before finishing the batch. It would be really useful to know it before. Also, sometimes you don't have enough money to make a batch public on the MTurk account and it takes too long to put money again. Maybe, we could have an easier way to refill the account.
tags to match workers/requesters
Compare and contrast the crowd-labor market you just explored (TaskRabbit/oDesk/GalaxyZoo) to Mechanical Turk.
What do you like about the system / what are its strengths?
What do you think can be improved about the system?
Milestone Contributors
Flavio Scorpione - @scorpione
Gabriel Bayomi - @gbayomi
Henrique Orefice - @horefice
Lucas Bamidele - @lucasbamidele
Teogenes Moura - @teomoura
Retrieved from "http://crowdresearch.stanford.edu/w/index.php?title=WinterMilestone_1_Dubs&oldid=13694"


You can input unicode characters by name, hex code, recently used and even an editable favorites list. Press ctrl+shift+u to start the unicode input widget, shown below.
In Code mode, you enter a unicode character by typing in the hex code for the character and pressing enter, for example, type in 2716 and press enter to get ✖. You can also choose a character from the list of recently used characters by typing a leading period and then the two character index and pressing Enter.
In Name mode you instead type words from the character name and use the arrow keys/tab to select the character from the displayed matches. You can also type a leading period and the index for the match if you don't like to use arrow keys.