The final race of the 2014 Garmin Hamble Winter Series was ushered in by sunshine and an unseasonably warm breeze – quite a change from the previous week's biblical rain and cold wind.
In IRC 0, Martin Dent's JElvis added another first place to her scoreline to win the class overall by eight points. Paul Aisher's Tangent Minus 1 took second overall to take her to equal points with Louise Makin's Journeymaker II who didn't race this week, but whose score gave Journeymaker II third place on countback. The final results gave all three podium places to J/111s, with Chris Body's Icarus second overall.
IRC1 was won by Tim Octon's Doyle Sails this week, with Mark Devereux and his Ker 32 Raygun in second. Third place went to Bernard Olesinski's Xinska, but that was still enough to hand Xinska first place overall, seven points clear of second placed Doyle Sails. Stuart Wilkie's Puma finished third overall despite a seventh place in the final race.
HOD35 Malice put in a great performance to post her third win of the series in IRC 2, taking her to within two points of overall winner, Richard Searle's Pincer Movement, who only managed a fourth in the final race. Mike Bridges' Elaine finished second on Sunday, with Lis and Robbie Robinson on Hot Rats in third, leaving them only a point behind Malice in the overall results.
J/97s filled the first two podium spots in IRC 3, with Charles Ivill's ETB Tyres Just Like That first overall, four points clear of Andy Howe's Blackjack II. However, the final podium place was a much closer affair, with a series-long battle for third place between HRSC boats Wee Bear and La Nef IV.These two boats were within a place or two of each other throughout the series, but at the end Wee Bear's score gave them a two point lead over La Nef in the final standings.
At the start of the final race, only a few points separated the top three boats, with any capable of winning the series. Jynnan Tonnyx won Sunday's race, with Jolly Jack Tar second – but this wasn't quite enough to knock Jolly Jack Tar from the top spot, which she won by a point. Roger Phillips' Designstar 2 fell a place to third, only a point behind second place.
In the Sigma 38s, Nigel Goodhew's Persephone posted another first place to take them seven points clear at the top of the podium, beating With Alacrity by 42 seconds. Light was third, and these positions reflected the top three overall.
In IRC 4, things were turned on their head this week as newcomer, quarter tonner Whiskers won the class by three minutes. Impala Polly was second, with Crakajax in third. Sigma 33 Stan the Boat finished seventh, but won the class overall by three points from Crakajax, with Flashheart in third overall. The seven-strong Impala 28 fleet, racing as part of IRC 4, was won by Polly. Two Frank was second Impala, with Imptish third both on the water and in the overall results.
Day prizes were provided by Wadworth's Brewery, as crews with sun-kissed faces returned to the HRSC clubhouse after racing. Thanks must go to the army of volunteers who run the event, from race teams to mark-layers and kitchen and bar staff – the event wouldn't happen without them! Grateful thanks also go to the event sponsors, from title sponsor Garmin to the day sponsors who provided the weekly prizes.
Next Saturday sees the event prizegiving at 6pm in the clubhouse, where event sponsors Garmin will be on hand to distribute prizes to boats on the podium. Thank you to all competitors who have sailed in the Garmin Hamble Winter Series in 2014 – we hope to see you on the water again next year!


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Charters & Choice News Roundup: More School Choice for All?
By Arianna Prothero — November 07, 2014 1 min read
School choice supporters won big in the 2014 midterm elections this week, and new federal numbers show the charter sector continues to grow. For this Charters & Choice weekly news roundup, I have stories on what the elections mean for school choice policies, but first let's start with some articles that speak to the new roles charters are playing in the changing education ecosystem.
A high-performing charter school chain in New York City hosts a training for district teachers only...
The burden is on all of us to learn from each other," [ ... ] "There's nothing proprietary here" Uncommon Schools' CEO told the New York City-based online publication, Capital. Critics charge that charters have abandoned their original mission to be laboratories for educational innovations for the broader school system.
And in the world of school choice, some parents choose both...
Interesting perspective: "Charter and district schools should not be at odds; my family relies on both" http://t.co/MaPK5q8Hvf #parentvoice
— Green Dot (@GreenDotSchools) November 6, 2014
In school voucher news... enrollment in Indiana's program soars, while achievment drags in Louisiana.
Your parents can teach you math, but they can't necessarily provide you with a football team... A bill that would allow home-schooled students to play on public school sports teams is likely to re-emerge in the Missouri legislature, according to The Columbia Missourian.
Now, how did those midterm elections shake out for school choice?
Several state-level victories went to charter school and voucher supporters which may lead to an expansion of school choice.
I think in a few of these places it was an issue that may have helped push some of these folks over the finish line," Todd Ziebarth of the National Alliance of Public Charter Schools told me in a post-election Q&A.
The good news for school choice advocates doesn't stop there.
Traditionally school choice has been far more of a state policy issue, but two GOP heavyweights at the federal level, Speaker of the House John Boehner (R-Ohio) and Senate Minority Leader (and presumptive Majority Leader) Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.), are listing school choice as a top priority for the now Republican-dominated 114th Congress. School choice policies have become signature issues for several other high-profile Republicans (and presidental hopefuls) writes my collegue, Lauren Camera for the Politics K-12 blog.
An education system that denies choice to parents and denies a good education to too many children" is among one of the most "pressing challenges facing the country" Boehner and McConnell wrote in an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal.
If you see a good story you think should be included in the Charters & Choice weekly news roundup, tweet it to me @ChartersNChoice.
Arianna Prothero
Arianna Prothero is a reporter at Education Week who covers students and their well-being.
A version of this news article first appeared in the Charters & Choice blog.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Since the world's population is growing, there is also a rising demand for the construction of houses. Major investments are taking place in the construction industry. Increased investments in real estate show that this is a growing market. Governments all over the globe are renovating their infrastructure after maintenance came to a complete standstill during the financial crisis. All these projects are causing an increased demand for heavy machinery and construction equipment. Mobile cranes are very versatile and extensively used in various projects in shipping, the oil gas industry, power plant construction, rail and road building, and the construction of dams.
In the Asia-Pacific region there is a large number of emerging countries. Combined with the high rate of growing urbanization and industrialization, it's not surprising that this is one of the leading mobile crane markets. The European crane rental market is also significant, but not as large as the Asia-Pacific region. The Middle Eastern and North American markets, however, are quite saturated due to the declining demand for oil over the past few years.
When it comes to mobile cranes, we're talking about several different types: all-terrain cranes, rough-terrain crawlers, truck cranes, crawler cranes, and others. All these types of cranes are used in a variety of industries. One of the largest industries that use mobile cranes is the mining industry. It uses very large cranes for the excavation of raw materials from open-cast mining fields. It's not the fastest growing industry, but it has existed for a very long time and is still growing gradually. Therefore, there will always be a high demand for these cranes. Over the years, the need for crane rental software has increased as well.
DynaRent has piqued the interest of several crane rental companies. First of all, this is because it is a proven equipment rental solution, but also because several crane rental companies already use it successfully. Curious to know more about our solutions? Fill out the form below to contact us.


1Choose Playlists from the Navigation panel in the Music app.
You will see some options for your music.
2Tap the Create New Playlist button.
Make sure you have thought about which music you want in your playlist.
3Type a name for the playlist, and then tap the Save button.
Keep the name short and descriptive.
After naming the playlist, you see the Add to Playlist screen, where playlist is the name of the playlist, such as 1990s.
All songs available to your phone appear on the screen. Swipe the tabs left and right to display the songs by artist, album, song, or genre.
4Tap the Plus icon (+) by a song to add it to the playlist.
Repeat this step over and over to build the playlist.
5Tap the Done button to create the playlist.
The playlist appears on the list of playlists, under the name you chose in Step 3.
You can edit the playlist to modify it at any time. Select the playlist and tap the Edit button. Remove songs by tapping the Minus icon (–) next to the song; add more songs by tapping the Plus icon atop the screen. Rearrange the order by dragging up or down the tabs on the left end of a song.
You can have as many playlists as you like on the phone and stick as many songs as you like into them. Adding songs to a playlist doesn't noticeably affect the phone's storage capacity.
Removing a song from a playlist doesn't delete the song from the music library.
To delete a playlist, long-press its entry on the Playlists screen. Choose the Delete from Cloud command. Tap the Delete button to confirm, and the playlist is gone. This action doesn't delete any of the playlist's songs.


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SSENSE and Element AI Partner to Bring Generative AI to Fashion
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AI has inserted itself into nearly every industry, and a new announcement from a retailer and a leading tech company in Canada shows just how true that is.
SSENSE has joined forces with Element AI to release FashionGen, a collection of hundreds of thousands of images from SSENSE's platform to be shown at this year's European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). On top of that, the two Canadian companies will jointly sponsor a small prize based on an image generation challenge.
These two organizations are coming together to show how AI can be utilized in a multitude of different scenarios, including retail and fashion. Element AI will manage the challenge and use it as an opportunity to bring academic and research into SSENSE's world to better understand just how AI can influence the industry.
"AI has the potential to power distinctive customer experiences across our online and physical touch points. A key pillar of the AI strategy at SSENSE is finding and interacting with the right set of partners such as Element AI," said Vincent Ho-Tin-Noe, VP of product management for SSENSE.
SSENSE's Montreal office.
SSENSE has a large-scale data set through their e-commerce platform, and by combining that with Element AI's expertise, the firm can better understand hierarchies of visual features and advance their understanding of deep learning. The idea here is to just make more data available to the right partners so they can, in turn, streamline how those industries work and scale.
"Fashion is in the midst of a technological revolution and machine learning is key to unlocking a new universe of possibilities," said Element AI CEO Jean Francois Gagné. "New technologies are within reach and are now closer to reality thanks to the comprehensive collection of e-commerce images SSENSE is releasing and Element AI's ability to layer our advanced computer vision and machine learning abilities over the data."
Many might not think AI has a real fit in the fashion world, but that all comes down to the use of what's called generative design and augmented creativity. If AI can help create and fine-tune features such as style-transfer, semantic manipulation, latent-space interpolation and text-to-image generation, designers can instantaneously create and change ideas on the fly, leading to more inventive art and a quicker turnaround.
However, exploration in this area has been slow due to the lack of wide datasets. SSENSE is hoping to fix that by releasing their images to partners through the FashionGen platform. These are not just photos of models; the platform includes tens of thousands of objects rotated in multiple poses, descriptive captions from experts, deep metadata, and HD photos taken in studio conditions.
The Montreal-based SSENSE is an e-commerce fashion platform with over 50 million monthly page views and is a member of the SCALE.AI supercluster announced earlier this year. Element AI is one of the most recognizable AI firms in Canada and works to turn innovative ideas into scalable business solutions.
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Looking for a cool work location where you can create out-of-the-box print and web designs? Vitamin T is looking for a Sr. Designer with a crisp, clean, modern aesthetic for a corporate client. The Sr. Graphic Design role is full-time, permanent in Toledo, OH. The Senior Designer is responsible for the creation of all online visual design, including typography, visual concept, logo and icon design for the Internet and interactive platforms. They effectively communicate and coordinate with the information architect, writer and production artists to ensure that the visual design communicates the desired message, and functions successfully for varying technical and performance specifications. The candidate must be capable of leading the creative aspects of a project and have demonstrated strong business acumen .
Strong design style, including creative design solutions within the constraints of the Internet.
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But, it is only today, that I have been able to gather the courage to meet the darkness inside me.
For, I had decided to make my heart as strong as a diamond now.
when you made heartache a beautiful experience for me.
"Is this how you love?" She said as tears pelted down her eyes.
The last lines on her ex's letters spoke of an unfaithful memory.
I have in this entire world.
Some stories unspoken and unheard.
And I have collected those petals in our grave of memories.
for a time too long.
"Did you ever feel for me?"
"No," I'll deny with a laugh.
Love is an emotion that not only exists between you and your partner. It is the bond that keeps you attached to all your loved ones, be it your children, siblings and parents.
E- Enforcing their thinking and perceptions on you.
The most important thing about love is that, it should give you freedom. It should not bind you in a circle of pain and social tensions. After all, love is all about setting your heart free of all the miseries and unworthy incidents from your life.
HOPE is my favourite word! It is also the most important word in my life. Hope is not just a four letter word which means a belief that something would happen but, it is the driving force behind waking up everyday in the morning after failing multiple times during the previous day. Such is its power!
It is true, we often feel distressed and hopeless because of failing or having bad experiences before, but if we don't give hope to our ownselves then how will we get the inspiration to move ahead in life.
"I had buried my dreams a long time back," Said the mother to her son.
"And I will breathe life into them, mom!" Said the son, as he prepared her for her first dance class after a gap of twenty years.
Roles reversed in the most emotional manner that day.
you know that I've become your unforgettable madness.


text:
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The Nationalists' Dilemma: Minorities, Revolt and Violence in French-Occupied Syria
Discussion published by Emmanuel Dalle Mulle on Friday, December 20, 2019
H-Nationalism is proud to publish here the second post of its "Minorities in Contemporary and Historical Perspectives" series, which looks at majority-minority relations from a multi-disciplinary and diachronic angle. Today's contribution, by Joel Veldkamp (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva), looks at the nationalists' dilemma of how to include minorities in their national project through the case of the Great Syrian Revolt of 1925-27.
The "Great Syrian Revolt" of 1925-27 was the largest and bloodiest uprising against European rule in the interwar Middle East. The leaders of this uprising, nearly all of whom were Sunni Muslims or Druzes, strove determinedly to include other religious groups in their coalition. These efforts largely failed, as did the revolt itself. In this article, I explore the reasons for that failure.
In February 1926, Fawzi al-Qawuqji was feeling frustrated. He had already served as a military officer for two defeated states – the Ottoman Empire, vanquished in World War I, and Amir Faysal's Kingdom of Syria, which had been destroyed by a French invasion just a year and a half after it was born. Afterwards, Qawuqji had reluctantly joined the French Syrian Legion as a cavalry captain. In July 1925, however, an uprising against French rule had begun in Syria's Druze region, an uprising which quickly scored some stunning victories and gave hope to erstwhile nationalists like Qawuqji. That October, he and his men mutinied and joined the revolt. But the momentum of the revolt had stalled over the long winter, and Qawuqji had been reduced to fighting a bloody guerilla war in the Damascus countryside. From his headquarters on Mount Qalamoun, Qawuqji sent an angry letter to the leaders of Salamiyya, a village inhabited mostly by Ismaʿili Shiʿite Muslims:
I would never have believed that the Ismaʿilis, our brothers in religion, nationality and soil, would carry the arms of the enemy to fight their Syrian brothers and walk down the path of the Armenians… I pity enormously those who will, in our country, have a fate similar to the Armenians in Turkey. …If you don't want to join us, then at least be neutral.[1]
This letter (unearthed by Laila Parsons in her indispensable biography of Qawuqji), and its clear, disturbing reference to the recent murder of over a million Armenians by the Ottoman State, calls for close examination. Although he was a pious Sunni Muslim, Qawuqji was no religious extremist, nor is there any evidence that he was prejudiced against Shiʿites. On the contrary, as this letter shows, he wanted the Ismaʿilis to join him. Moreover, the revolution itself had been launched by leaders from another religious minority group, the Druzes in southern Syria. The leader of the Druze forces, Sultan Pasha al-Atrash, proclaimed that Druzes, Muslims and Christians were "brothers in nationality"[2] and said, "We make no distinction in religion or sects, as our only aim is to obtain our legitimate rights, which are for all the sons of the Syrian nation, regardless of class or sect."[3] For the leaders of the revolution, the liberation of Syria was and had to be an ecumenical project.
Why, then, this outpouring of sectarian venom in Qawuqji's letter? I argue that it stems from the "nationalists' dilemma" – the inability of nationalists to persuade minorities to forget their past alienation and join the national cause without using means that were in themselves alienating.
At the time of the revolt, even more so than today, the lands of Syria were home to an array of religious and ethnic groups – Sunni Muslims, Ismaʿilis, ʿAlawis, Druzes, Yazidis, Christians, Jews, Arabs, Kurds, Turks, Armenians, Circassians, and more. Although Sunni Islam had been the politically supreme religion in the region for nearly a thousand years, in 1925, only 56% of people in the French-ruled territories in Syria and Lebanon were Sunni Muslims; only 49% were Arab Sunni Muslims.[4] France perceived this diversity as Syria's all-defining political feature, and often sought to use religious and ethnic minorities as a wedge against a potential resistance movement led by Syria's Sunni Muslim elites. Among other policies, they created five distinct administrative regions in Syria for Christians, ʿAlawis, Druzes, Sunnis and Turks,[5] recruited Armenian refugees to fight against rebels in the region, patronized Catholic leaders and institutions, and distributed weapons to Christian villages.
The classic descriptor for these colonial tactics, both in the academic and popular literature, is "divide and rule." While accurate in many ways, in other ways this phrase masks the scale of the challenge Syria's nationalists had taken on. They were not simply trying to unite and liberate a nation – they were trying to create one. Despite the decisive rejection of "methodological nationalism" by historians in recent decades, it is still all too easy for modern historians to receive the rhetoric of the rebels of 1925 uncritically, to accept that they were fighting for the independence of a preexisting entity called "Syria," a real whole that the French were trying to "divide." But in 1925, "Syria" had never existed as an independent nation-state. (Indeed, since the rebels' vision of "Syria" included Lebanon, Palestine, and Alexandretta, it arguably still has not.) Not even the borders of the Ottoman-era provinces in the region could be claimed as a precedent for the creation of such a state. Thus, when Qawuqji addressed the Ismaʿilis as "brothers in nationality," he was, as Benjamin Thomas White observes, "not reflecting the actual existence of such a whole, but rather attempting to bring it into being."[6] He was, as it were, trying to create a "myth of homogeneity."
The rebel leadership clearly understood that sectarian divisions could be their undoing, and that the French would exploit that possibility. The rebels acted accordingly. Michael Provence cites an August 1925 letter from Sultan Pasha al-Atrash to the Greek Orthodox Patriarch in Damascus, "apologizing for rebel misdeeds, promising to compensate losses, guaranteeing security in the name of the insurgent government, and pledging to eliminate further problems."[7] When Fawzi al-Qawuqji tried to seize Hama in October 1925, he designated a special unit to protect the city's Christian neighborhoods.[8] A remarkable American diplomatic report from 1926 says, "Four men from the Bab-Sharki section of [Damascus] were kidnapped on March 25th but were allowed to return when it was found that they were Christians. …The rebels apparently are eager to avoid all signs of a religious struggle."[9]
Unfortunately for the rebels, this solicitousness rarely motivated religious minorities in Syria (other than the Druze) to support them. Their gospel of a homogenous "Syrian nation," in which sect would not matter, was simply not believed. One month before receiving Qawuqji's letter, the Ismaʿilis of Salamiyya wrote to the French authorities, asking for support to form a 200-strong all-Ismaʿili cavalry unit to fend off attacks by rebels (and raids by Bedouin tribes who did not believe the gospel of Syria either).[10] While some Christian intellectuals supported the revolt, and some Christian villages like Saydnayya gave it material support (under varying degrees of duress), Christians who actually took up arms for the armed revolt appear to have been few in number indeed. (In my research, I have found three individuals.)[11] Overall, the reaction of a Christian jeweler in the village of al-Ruhaybah north of Damascus appears to have been representative: "We were warned on October 14 that the Druzes were coming to attack the region," he told French investigators in September 1926, "and as I was the only Christian in the village, I left my home and came to seek refuge in Damascus."[12]
These incidents testify to the enduring ways in which sectarian categories structured the thought and rhetoric of political actors in Mandate Syria. If Qawuqji did not have sectarian goals, he did have a sectarian vision. He perceived the Ismaʿilis as acting as a group against the revolution, he addressed them as a group, and he threatened them with the fate of another ethnoreligious group. Qawuqji took it for granted that the Ismaʿilis should be addressed as Ismaʿilis, just as the Christian jeweler of al-Ruhaybah took it for granted that his religious identity would make him a target for the rebels. And just as Qawuqji carried the memory of the extermination of a troublesome ethnoreligious group by the empire he had once fought for, so members of minority religious groups in Syria carried the memories of past large-scale violence against them.
During the mid-19th century, for reasons that scholars continue to debate, the lands of Syria witnessed unprecedented communal violence, culminating in the massacre of thousands of Christians by Druze fighters in Mount Lebanon, and the subsequent murder of thousands of more Christians by Sunni rioters in Damascus. The killings triggered a French military expedition to Mount Lebanon, which forced thousands of Druzes to leave their homes and relocate to southern Syria, where their descendants and coreligionists would launch the Great Syrian Revolt 65 years later. Throughout the Revolt, Christian publications in Syria and Lebanon drew parallels between it and the 1860 violence. In August 1925, the second month of the revolt, the American consul in Damascus reported that after a minor quarrel between peasants outside of Damascus, "The sound of shooting aroused the Christian quarter, the inhabitants of which became panic stricken believing that the Druses had arrived in Damascus to massacre them" [13] (again).
Rebel solicitousness towards religious minorities, and the rebel gospel of a non-sectarian Syria, were thus working against a long and complicated legacy: a religious hierarchy created by more than a millennium of Muslim rule in Syria, a colonial-era practice of Western intervention on behalf of Christians and other minorities, and powerful memories of large-scale communal violence.
Nevertheless, the rebels could not tolerate the minority groups' reluctance to join them. The assertion that the revolution was for all "Syrians" regardless of sect would be meaningless if only "Syrians" from certain sects embraced the cause. The success of the rebels' national vision required the enthusiastic assent and cooperation of groups which would be religious minorities within the nation they planned to create. If the rebels could not win their cooperation by solicitousness, they would have to try to compel it.
Qawuqji's threatening letter to the Ismaʿilis is one of an entire genre of letters written by rebels to religious minorities. Elizabeth Thompson cites a rebel leaflet which charged Christians in Lebanon with being "complicit with foreigners against your brothers," and urged them to "abandon resignation, which is sterile, and run for your sword."[14] Provence documents a demand sent to "a prominent Greek Orthodox Christian" in December 1925, for either 800 Ottoman gold pounds or fifty rifles and thirty Greek Orthodox men to join the uprising. "The unmistakable impression," Provence concludes, "is that [this rebel leader] sought men more than money and wanted to include Christians among his rebels."[15] The American consul in Damascus reported in April 1926 that a Christian leader in Damascus had received another rebel demand for money or men for the fight, "saying that so far, although the rebel cause was likewise theirs [the Christians'], they had done nothing to aid it."[16] Qawuqji himself, in leading an assault on the Christian mountain town of Maʿalula, demanded that twenty men from the town join his rebel force in exchange for breaking off his attack.[17] The demand, like most, possibly all, of the others, was refused.
The effortless toggling in these letters between embrace and menace, between hailing religious minorities as "brothers in nationality and soil" and accusing them of treason and threatening them with genocide, exemplifies the nationalists' dilemma. The rebel leaders felt compelled to resort to coercion to bring minorities into the fold. But the inherently threatening nature of this coercion made minorities even more loath to cooperate. The result was a spiral of exclusion and self-exclusion that imprinted a violent alienation onto minority status from the very birth of the Syrian nation-state, an alienation which resonates in Syrian political culture to this day.
In the event, the rebels' attempts to coerce Christians into joining the Revolt often drove them further towards the arms of their ostensible protectors – the French. At the same time, the refusal of Christians to join the revolt strengthened the already-present perception among the rebel rank-and-file that the Christians were pro-French, and numerous incidents of anti-Christian violence ensued. Maʿalula was besieged repeatedly. Across southern Syria and Lebanon, thousands of Christians fled or were pushed out of their homes. When the Druzes arrived in al-Ruhaybah, the Christian jeweler's Muslim neighbors burned his house down and looted his belongings. Events like this created new memories of violence, to which Christians and other minorities would return again and again. When France entered into negotiations over Syrian independence with Syrian nationalist leaders in 1936, leaders from religious minority communities across the Mandate territory wrote to the French authorities and to the League of Nations, warning of the dangers they would face as "minorities" in an independent Syria. They often cited the 1925 violence as an example.[18]
Much recent scholarship has emphasized the historical novelty of "minorities" as a political category. This scholarship has tied the emergence of this category to the emergence of the modern nation-state in Eastern Europe and the Middle East after the destruction of the Ottoman and Hapsburg empires in World War I. The reasoning goes that it was only with the establishment of states whose raison d'être was to embody the will of a majority that the concept of "minorities" made sense. The modern nation-state, we are led to conclude, changed everything.
But in highlighting the novelty of minority politics and the nation-state, historians also should attend to the ways in which people's experience of the past informed the way they integrated these new ideas into their politics and life experience. This calls for attention to historical continuities as well as novelties. The identification of Arabs and Sunnis as "the majority" and of Christians and Druzes as "minorities" within the "nation" of "Syria" might have all been new, but the way that Syrians received these new concepts was to a large extent determined by memories of past violence. That very process of reception, in turn, engendered more violence. Under French colonialism, the Syrian national state had a long and painful gestation, and the "minority" category in this state was marked from the beginning by violence and exclusion – not as a consequence of the functioning of the modern state, but because of the past's long shadow.
Today, Syria is once again passing through a revolution. And once again, despite concerted efforts early on by the revolutionaries to create cross-sectarian bonds of solidarity against the regime, strikingly few religious minorities have been willing to shed the regime's protection, and fewer still to make common cause with the rebel movement, which has become increasingly sectarian and extreme over time. The sobering power of these historical continuities should be a subject of reflection for historians.
Joel Veldkamp is a PhD student at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, where he is writing a dissertation entitled "The Politics of Aleppo's Christians and the Formation of the Syrian Nation-State: 1920-1936". His research interests include modern Middle Eastern history, the history of sectarianism, U.S.-Syrian relations, and the history of Christianity.
The Minorities in Contemporary and Historical Perspective series is organized by the Myth of Homogeneity Research Project at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva. For more information, please visit: https://themythofhomogeneity.org/
[1] Laila Parsons, The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence, 1914-1948 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016), 83.
[2] Secret Despatch No. Pol/306/4 from Colonel G.B. Symes to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, 4 September 1925, [FO371/10851]. Original text not available; quote is from a (poor) British translation. Reprinted in ed. Bejtullah Destani, Minorities in the Middle East: Druze Communities, 1840-1974, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Archive Editions, 2006), 399
[3] Keeley to Kellogg, Despatch 295, December 3, 1925, 890d.00/328, 1910-1929 CDF, RG 59, USNA. Letter from Sultan al-Atrash enclosed.
[4] N.E. Bou-Nacklie, "Les Troupes Speciales: Religious and Ethnic Recruitment, 1916-46, » International Journal of Middle East Studies, 25:4, (Nov 1993), 646
[5] The State of Greater Lebanon, the State of the ʿAlawis, the State of Jabal Druze, the State of Syria and the Sanjak of Alexandretta, respectively. The latter was annexed by Turkey in 1939, the former still exists today as the Lebanese Republic; the others were eventually absorbed into the Republic of Syria.
[6] Benjamin Thomas White, The Emergence of Minorities in the Middle East: The Politics of Community in French Mandate Syria, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), 83
[7] Michael Provence, The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2005), 62
[8] Parsons, Commander, 72
[9] Keeley to Kellogg, Despatch 351, March 29, 1926, 890d.00/378, 1910-1929 CDF, RG 59, USNA
[10] White, Emergence of Minorities, 89
[11] Two Christian officers from Fawzi al-Qawuqji's unit in Hama, and a mysterious figure named ʿUqla al-Qitami, a village leader from the Druze region who some French officers insisted was the bastard son of a Druze leader. See N. E. Bou-Nacklie, "Tumult in Syria's Hama in 1925: The Failure of a Revolt," Journal of Contemporary History 33, No. 2, (April 1998), 286, note 48; Provence, Great Syrian Revolt, 61
[12] Enquête du Colonel Raynal, 3ème Partie : Damas, Dossier de Procès-verbaux à Témoins, September 10, 1926, Levant, Syrie-Liban 1918-1940, Vol. 237, #156, Centre des Archives diplomatiques de La Courneuve.
[13] Keeley to Kellogg, Despatch 267, August 15, 1925, 890d.00/202, 1910-1929 CDF, RG 59, NA
[14] Elizabeth Thompson, Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 47
[15] Provence, Great Syrian Revolt, 119
[16] Keeley to Kellogg, Despatch 355, April 12, 1926, 890d.00/384 1910-1929 CDF, RG 59, USNA
[17] "Al-Thawra fii Jabaal al-Qalamoun," [The revolution in the Qalamoun mountains] Al-Maҫarrat, No. 16, (July 1926), 419-429
[18] For example, on March 7, 1936, the bishops of Aleppo for seven different denominations wrote to the French High Commissioner, copying in the League of Nations' Permanent Mandates Commission, to express their concern over the treaty negotiations: "In 1925, during the revolt in Syria, the Armenians of Damascus and the peaceful Christian farmers of Syria and Lebanon were pillaged and massacred."
"PETITIONS, au nombre de 98, en six catégories, relatives à L'UNITE SYRIENNE," May 28, 1936, p. 83, Syria: General, Carton 4097, Jacket 4, 6A-4892-1469, UN Archives
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Spain has long been a favorite retirement destination and little wonder. With so many beautiful locations to choose from, the biggest challenge for would-be retirees is how to settle on what is the best place to retire in Spain.
A fabulous climate, a vibrant and engaging culture, awe-inspiring natural beauty, heavenly cuisine, festivals, and mile after mile of brilliant coastline dotted with divine beaches are attracting expats in Spain to retire permanently.
Add to its extensive benefits, the low cost of living in Spain plus a well-developed national health system and Spain is an attractive option. Here, are our Top 10 fabulous suggestions on where to live in Spain.
Madrid is Spain's capital, a cosmopolitan city combining old-world charm, oodles of historical heritage with a modern infrastructure and its status as economic and financial center.
Spain takes its arts and culture seriously, and today the city has more than 60 museums, headlined by the sublime Prado Museum of Art. Culture vultures, who live and work in Spain will also adore the Reina Sofía National Art Centre, dedicated to late 19th-century contemporary Spanish works and home to Picasso's Guernica together with the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum.
In addition to the arts, expats in Spain can enjoy a stroll in Madrid's extensive park and garden system, indulge in people watching from a quiet outdoor table in a local café or enjoy the city's vibrant nightlife.
Madrid is where the bounty of Spain arrives at your table. Whether its seafood from Galicia, cider straight from the Asturian Highlands, or flamenco music from Spain's south, Spain's capital is a mixing pot of cultural traditions and delicious cuisine. It's the place to enjoy a taste of the very best this vibrantly diverse country offers.
Echoes of Madrid's imperial past appear in its beautiful public gardens. Feeling overwhelmed by sheer volume of fabulous art on display in the Prado? Head for the nearby Botanical Gardens for a green experience. Here you will discover a lush, shady refuge from the hustle and bustle of this vibrant city.
Alternatively, hop aboard the metro and three stops away, you'll discover the Retiro Park, one of this great city's green lungs. Here you can easily while away your day watching the world go by as you laze around one of the Retiro's many ponds, or just enjoy a time out from the city bustle. All this, plus its affordability contrasted to comparable European capitals makes Madrid an attractive answer to the puzzle of where to live in Spain.
Europe's largest Mediterranean city and Spain's second largest city, Barcelona is a serious contender for those considering emigrating to Spain. Barcelona boasts a host of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including Antoni Gaudi's magnificent Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family and the Palace of Catalan Music.
One of the legacies of playing host to the 1992 Olympic Games is Barcelona's modern infrastructure and amenities. The city offers prospective retirees brilliant outdoor recreation and beautiful beaches; sensational cuisine and divine wine, fabulous arts and culture, the world-class Barcelona Football team, an epic sweep of history, sublime architecture and a thriving nightlife.
Barcelona is stylish, vibrant, and simply oozes colorful Catalan culture. Barcelona offers a heady mix of old and new. Its highlights include Gaudí's eye-popping architecture, the Ramblas pedestrian mall, and the atmospheric Barri Gòtic medieval maze.
Barcelona's beating heart is the historical Plaça de Catalunya, which separates the old Barcelona of 133 the Romans and the Visigoth dominion from the grid-layout street plan of the late 19th century Eixample neighborhood. Below this vast square, sprawl the flower stalls and street entertainers of the famous Ramblas as it flows down to Barcelona's waterfront and the Columbus monument.
Affordable dining, excellent cuisine, high fashion, and serious street chic add luster to Barcelona's allure. Combine those high points with a thriving, non-stop nightlife and stunning Mediterranean sunshine, and you'll quickly discover Barcelona delivers on almost any facet you desire. Whether your passion is beaches, ballet or music, Barcelona is unquestionably one of the best places to retire in Spain.
Nestling at the foot of the rugged Sierra Nevada Mountains in Spain's southern Andalusia region Granada is famous for being home to the exquisite Alhambra also known as the Red Fortress, a lavish Moorish fortress complex of palaces, battlements, thrusting towers and glorious gardens and the Albayzín, a historical residential barrio featuring a mix of prominent Moorish and Andalusian influences. Both are acclaimed UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
If you are looking for right places to live in Spain, Granada has to be on your list. Expats enjoy snow sports in the winter atop the lofty Sierra Nevadas, gleaming sandy beaches throughout the summer, and dramatic flamenco shows, exciting museums, colorful festivals, theatre and Arab baths all year round.
Alicante located on Spain's eastern Mediterranean coast is a bustling contemporary city home to around 334,000 residents. One of Spain's most modern cities, Alicante's international airport has made it a gateway for those emigrating to Spain, while it has established a reputation for having some of the most sought-after property in Spain.
A trendy Spanish tourist destination, Alicante's Mediterranean setting attracts sun lovers and beach fanatics from the world over. Despite this fluctuating flow of tourists, Alicante remains a Spanish city, with its inviting small-town vibe very much.
Thanks of its warm climate, visitors can take a stroll along Alicante's beach from March through to October, while over the sun shines most days during the winter meaning you only a need jacket to stay cozy.
Just a few steps from its iconic, urban sandy beach you will discover a historic town center populated by winding pedestrian thoroughfares and cream-colored buildings housing charming cafés, hedonistic restaurants, and character-laden hotels. Is it any wonder, Alicante is a strong candidate for the best place to retire in Spain?
Potential retirees looking at houses in Spain need search no further than Alicante. Despite Alicante's reputation as a tourist hotspot, house prices here remain affordable.
Spain's sixth largest city, Málaga lays claim to being one of the world oldest cities. Set on the evocative Costa Del Sol, Málaga is an immensely popular destination on Spain's southern Mediterranean coast and a strong contender for the best place to retire in Spain.
This vibrant and dynamic city offers would-be retirees a host of museums, great shopping, superb restaurants and cultural events, which bring the city alive including the annual Málaga Film Festival and the Holy Week celebrations. Supporting its place on the list of good places to live in Spain is Málaga's very mild winters and wonderfully sunny summers.
Málaga as a city is sparkling clean, boasting a pedestrian-only city center and a revitalized harbor precinct that is a wonderful spot for a leisurely stroll. The city is brimming with museums, offers plenty of great dining, and heaps of shopping to suit all budgets and tastes.
Topping off Málaga's magnetic attraction for expats in Spain is its glorious sunshine, long flowing coast, genuinely balmy winter temperatures and gentle sea breezes blowing off the Mediterranean, which cool even the fiercest hot summer days.
Above all else, Málaga is welcoming, spirited city, exuding its trademark Andalusian luster. Best of all, even in its major tourist areas, it remains at its heart a very Spanish city. To top it all off, Málaga remains very affordable, living up to the reputation of the low cost of living in Spain.
The medieval city of Valencia sits on Spain's eastern Mediterranean coast along the evocatively named Orange Blossom Coast. Spain's third-largest city, Valencia is renowned for its serried orange groves, dazzling beaches, mild climate, and its la Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias or City of Arts and Sciences, an architecturally daring futuristic complex that is host to an interactive science museum, an IMAX theater, Europe's largest aquarium and an opera house.
The Metropolitan Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady of Valencia known more prosaically as Valencia Cathedral is believed to play host to the 2,000-year-old Holy Chalice. The very chalice Jesus Christ used during the Last Supper.
As Spain's third-largest city, Valencia has all the attractions anyone could expect from a major metropolis. The town enjoys efficient air and rail connections with the rest of Europe and beyond, plenty of green spaces, sound healthcare infrastructure, and long-established universities.
Expats in Spain will enjoy a lazy stroll through Valencia's beautifully designed parks, under the dappled shade of leafy trees, while music seems to fill the very air. Valencia abounds in culture for all tastes, spanning art and science museums, bewitching concert halls and one of Europe's largest sprawling historical centers.
Valencia is also a beach town thanks to its setting right on the Mediterranean. Moreover, central Valencia's population of only around 800,000 lends it a small town atmosphere.
While Valencia enjoys an expansive set of contemporary amenities and resources for residents, the cost of living and property prices in Valencia remain lower than for comparable property in Barcelona and Madrid, making it indeed one of the most enjoyable and affordable places to live and work in Spain.
Bilbao on Spain's lush green north coast is a modern urban transformation miracle. Over the past 20 years this once industrial port city, the pride of the Basque region has metamorphosed from a grim, gritty metropolis into one of Europe's poster children for urban revitalization.
Along the way, Bilbao resolutely preserved its romantic, medieval heritage. This epic sea change has garnered Bilbao international acclaim together with a shower of awards. The resultant explosion of tourism has made Bilbao one of Europe's most livable cities and a strong contender on expatriate where to live in Spain lists.
The city's 352,000+ residents can enjoy miles of green, leafy parks stretching languidly on both sides of the inlet. Today, visitors and residents alike can walk from one side to the other of central Bilbao without leaving its leafy green waterside spaces.
Locals and tourists take advantage of this beautiful landscaping to stroll, bicycle, and skate along this promenade, while children play contentedly in playgrounds dotted along the way. Delicate pedestrian bridges arc over the water to connect both sides of the estuary, further adding to its lustrous charm.
While San Sebastian's cost of living is relatively expensive, the city compensates with its charming elegance, typified by its glittering gastronomy and famous 'pinchos.' Moreover, the city has the striking "La Concha" beach on its very doorstep.
This unashamedly stylish seaside city sits on Spain's north Atlantic coast and enjoys a legendary charm. San Sebastian is perhaps one of the world's most beautiful urban beachfront developments. Curving, manicured golden sandy beaches like Playa de la Concha, with its signature promenade, beguile the spectators' eyes. Equally gorgeous is the city itself, with its wide boulevards and unapologetic frothy belle époque architecture.
A resort destination since the mid-1800s, San Sebastián typified the attractiveness of property in Spain. It first became popular under Queen Isabella II, who enjoyed summering here with her court and harbored ambitions to create a resort to rival France's famed Biarritz, sitting just over the border.
Of course, where the queen went, the court inevitably followed, and over the years San Sebastián evolved into an architectural more recently a shopping destination. With all the attractions this sophisticated city offers today, its gorgeous beaches simply represent the veritable icing on the cake.
Naturally, these attributes signal San Sebastián as being one of the best places to retire in Spain. While its population can almost double during the July to September peak tourist months, crowds are smaller the rest of the year while temperatures remain mild, even in the dead of winter.
If you are exploring houses in Spain, off-season and long-term rentals can be very reasonable. For glamour, sophistication, and sheer beauty, San Sebastián is hard to beat.
In compiling a short list of the best place to retire in Spain, the Balearic Islands are rarely top of mind. Known more for their hedonistic lifestyle and wild nightlife, hot spots such as the island of Ibiza is famous more for its vibrant party atmosphere and pulsing club scene than its Mediterranean-style tranquillity.
Tranquillity is found in these warm, sun-kissed islands. Over the years, the Balearic Islands have proven to be a popular choice for expats in Spain. Palma de Mallorca is a city renowned for its welcoming climate, quality of life and beautiful Mediterranean environment.
If you are looking at houses in Spain, don't forget to include the Balearic Islands in your Google search.
A balmy climate featuring mild, all year round temperatures, brilliant blue skies, clean air and warm sunshine, make the Canary Islands one of the most special places to live in Spain. Perfect for those looking restore their health, the Canary Islands are a unique and exclusive destination for prospective expats in Spain.
If you suffer from rheumatism, asthma, arthritis or experience pulmonary problems, one of the Canary Islands enchanting locations may be for you. Peace and tranquillity coupled with a winsome natural environment make Lanzarote and exciting choice.
If you are in search of seclusion and solitude head for La Palma, Gomera, and El Hierro. Alternatively, if you prefer a more city emphasis in your city and nature divide, Tenerife or Gran Canaria could provide a more hospitable home base for you. Once you begin exploring your options in the Canary Islands, your hardest question will be where to live in Spain?
One of the most influential features attracting expats is the low cost of living in Spain. Spain has never been more affordable for expats than it is right now. Day-to-day living expenses can be meager by international standards, while modern amenities are in abundance, whether you prefer cinemas or museums, music or live theatre scene, Spain has it in abundance.
Spain has a well-developed national health system supported by an extensive Healthcare infrastructure. The system is accessible to everyone, even expats, although there are some limitations in service provision. Many retirees in Spain opt for private healthcare cover to avoid waiting lists for treatment and operations.
Little wonder so many international expats find a happy post-career lifestyle in sunny Spain. Here expats can discover low-cost homes by the sea; a fabulous range of cuisine while the mild weather makes al fresco dining a true joy. Also, wherever you opt to settle, you are bound to find ready friends amongst your fellow seniors. Happily, the Spanish people are warm and welcoming, and the Spanish government makes it comparatively easy for expatriates to readjust to their new life in glorious Spain.
Prospective retirees searching for new cultural experiences, fabulous cuisine, a sunny, welcoming climate and access to affordable healthcare may consider Emigrating to Spain for their retirement. Spain offers balmy weather, a treasure-trove of historical and architectural delights, a vibrant arts and culture scene, fabulous food, and wine, wonderful outdoor recreational options, astounding natural beauty and hundreds of miles of inviting coastline, coupled with a low cost of living and a mature healthcare system.
How to make friends in your new country?


Customers are considered as the lifeblood of every business without whom, there will not be any sales and you will not be able to earn any revenue and profits by selling your brand, products and services. Therefore it is your responsibility as a business owner that you engage your customers in the right way so that it will be beneficial for your business on the long run. Thus you will need to know the 5 Ways to build engaged communities around open data so that you will establish relationship with your customers that will strengthen over time. Moreover you will need to plan and design engagement events for your customers so that you will enjoy better customer loyalty and higher conversion rates.
Know what data engagement is?
When setting out in creation of engagement strategy, you will need to build a more transparent, inclusive, interactive and collaborative community that helps you to use new tools and approaches for reaching larger customer base. This can be achieved by increasing the participation of the customers to multi way dialogue rather than being a one way communication. You will be able to get the desired outcome when you stimulate interactive collaboration and dialogue with the cross section of community.
5 ways to build engaged communities around open data includes- Defining your target audiences- you might have different groups of customers who might use different products and services and for this you will need to build engaged communities around the open data so that you will enjoy maximum benefits with regards to the revenue and profits of your business. you will look for ways of fulfilling their needs and demands with regards to data usage and awareness so that your business objectives is fulfilled.
Use different digital properties- the success of your open data portal will depend on the use of different digital mediums that will help you attract the attention of a large number of customers. They will look at your business websites for searching for any specific products and services and you will need to convert these websites visitors into engaged audiences by promoting your data in the right manner as it will help you capture the interest of your customers.
Make the data available- data might change overtime and you need to stay in the trend by updating the data and letting the customers know about any changes that takes place. This will help you get engaged audiences as customers who will use your new data sets for knowing more about your business so that they will be interested in your business offerings.
Ask for feedbacks and reviews- if you are building engaged communities around open data then you should ask your customers to share their success stories, outcomes and feedbacks so that you will know how your data is working.
Give importance to your customers- let your customers judge how successful has your business data has been for them and you will need to stay ahead with the times so that you can meet the demands and requirements of your customers.


Synopsis: High pressure centered over our region will slowly shift southeastward on Wednesday and will gradually weaken as weak low pressure moves across Deep South Texas. Southerly winds will strengthen on Thursday evening in advance of a cold front that will be progressing eastward across the southeastern states. Showers and a few embedded thunderstorms will reach our waters on Friday, with activity decreasing on Friday night as the front crosses our region. Onshore winds will briefly strengthen in the wake of this front by late Friday night and Saturday morning as high pressure builds into the southeastern states, with winds and seas diminishing by Saturday night as high pressure weakens just north of our waters.
69 nautical miles east of Flagler Beach. 80 nautical miles east of Saint Augustine Beach. 90 nautical miles east of Jacksonville Beach. 101 nautical miles east southeast of St Simons Island.
South southwest winds 10 to 15 knots. Seas 2 to 3 feet. Dominant period 8 seconds. Inland waters a light chop.
Southwest winds 5 to 10 knots, becoming southeast 10 to 15 knots in the afternoon. Seas 2 to 3 feet. Dominant period 8 seconds. Inland waters a light chop.
South southwest winds 10 to 15 knots. Seas 2 to 4 feet. Dominant period 8 seconds. Inland waters a light chop.
South southeast winds 10 to 15 knots. Seas 2 to 4 feet. Dominant period 10 seconds. Inland waters a light chop.
South winds 15 knots. Seas 2 to 4 feet. Inland waters a moderate chop.
South southwest winds 15 knots. Seas 2 to 4 feet. inland waters a moderate chop. Showers likely and a chance of thunderstorms.
West southwest winds 5 to 10 knots, becoming north northeast 15 knots after midnight. Seas 2 to 3 feet. Inland waters becoming a moderate chop. A chance of showers and a slight chance of thunderstorms.
East northeast winds 15 knots. Seas 2 to 4 feet. inland waters a moderate chop. A chance of showers.
East winds 10 knots. Seas 2 to 4 feet. Inland waters a light chop. A slight chance of showers.
East southeast winds 5 to 10 knots. Seas 2 to 3 feet. Inland waters a light chop. A chance of showers.


Our partnership with Microsoft and extensive experience within the ICT industry can give your organisation the advantage it needs to be successful when deploying Microsoft technologies, servers and products.
We are able to provide clients with best of breed IT infrastructure and implementation services and an exceptional standard of desktop and helpdesk support services through structure services level agreements.
To find out more about our professional services solutions please call one of our consultants who will be glad to arrange an on-site visit and consultation so that we may understand your requirements further.
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text:
Ореховня — историческая область, в XV—XVI веках волость Вяземского, затем Можайского удельных княжеств, в XVI веке — Можайского уезда. Центр села располагался в современных селе Ореховня и деревне Кузнецово.

История
В 1486 году служилыми людьми удельного  князя углицкого и можайского Андрея Васильевича Большого были разорены волости Могилен, Негодин, Миценки и Ореховна,  принадлежавшие старшему вяземскому князю Михаилу Дмитриевичу Чёрному. Осенью 1486 года нападению подверглись Дубровский двор и Дубровская волость Михаила Дмитриевича на реке Жижале. В волости Ореховне  люди Андрея Васильевича организовали слободу,  сама волость была объявлена «издавна» принадлежащей Можайску. Не позднее 1488 года люди князя Андрея Васильевича нападают на Дмитровскую волость(города Дмитровец) со стороны Ореховны вдоль левого берега Вори. Также  дважды подверглась опустошению волость князей Глинских Турье (на реке Турея). Нападение велось с востока детьми боярскими князя Андрея Васильевича  из Ореховны, брагинского волостеля  (волость Брагин Холм), сосницкого доводчика ( волость Сосновец).

В духовной грамоте Ивана III,  в 1504 году в составе Можайского уезда  упоминается «город Можаескъ с волостьми, и с путми, и з селы, и со всеми пошлинами, и з Чягощъю, и с Турьевым, и с Ореховною, и с Могилном, и с Миченками, и съ Шатеш(ь)ю, и з Сулидовым, и з Дмитровцом по обе стороны Угры, и с ыными месты, что к ним потягло»

В 1626 году в писцовых книгах Можайского уезда в дворцовой Турьевской волости Ореховской сотни Орининской половины значится сельцо Кузнецово на речке Городенке, а в сельце место церковное, что была церковь Параскевы Пятницы. После 1635-го года сельцо Кузнецово имело придаточное имя Орехово. В 1678-ом упоминается погост Ореховня, Кузнецово тож.

С 1861-го года Ореховенская волость Медынского уезда.

Примечания

Волости Можайского уезда

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The best shorts from these American comedy icons.
Curly is a violin-crazed fighter.
A group of repeatedly humiliated misfits and outcasts take on the popular jocks on campus.
A baseball team tries to retrieve an autographed baseball after a ferocious dog steals it.
A group of misfits are picked to form a baseball team that manages to surprise everyone.
During a family vacation at a lakeside resort, easygoing Chet Ripley must contend with his obnoxious brother-in-law and snooty family.
When five very different students report to a Saturday morning detention, they come to find that they actually have more in common than they had originally thought.
A wealthy businessman hires a free-spirited call girl to be his companion for a week. Slowly they draw things from each other and from within themselves that make them hope against their own sceptical nature for a fairy tale ending.
Diana fights the magical and turns her back on her witch heritage, but things turn dark when Satu is sent to intimidate her.
Domenico takes information he's extracted from Satu to menacing vampire Gerbert, who gains the advantage he has been waiting for. After sending Juliette into the world to do his bidding, Gerbert consults with Meridiana.


text:
Higher-performance, cheaper propulsion systems for satellites
tesseract.space
Livermore California
Hardware Infrastructure B2B Space Science
All satellites need propulsion to get into orbit and stay there, but the current options use toxic fuels or perform poorly – and they're all expensive. So, we invented a new system: it's twice as good and half the cost of our closest competitor.
Erik Franks CEO @ Tesseract
Last Funded December 2018!
total funds raised
total investors
Grapevine 155
Ask a Question 94
Why you may want to support us...
1 Customers include NASA and OrbitFab (flown several missions to the International Space Station).
2 Y Combinator 2017 alum. Other alumni include Dropbox, Stripe, and Airbnb.
3 Providing the propulsion system for the CAPSTONE mission, launching in Dec 2020.
And Our Major Accomplishments
Erik Franks
Previous startup had 50 employees, shipped 1.6M orders, and earned $3M/year in revenue. Built and test flew an airplane.
Jacob Teufert
Worked on Space Shuttle and at Aerojet, the largest builder of satellite rocket engines today.
Built guided missiles at United Technologies & developed guidance systems for reusable rockets.
Some of our investors
we've raised $2,290,891 from 1229+ investors since our founding
Founder of NerdWallet. Entrepreneur-in-Residence and Investor at 500 Fintech.
Seed funded 1500+ startups (including AirBnB) with total valuation over $85 billion. 70 startups valued over $100m.
Nick Ladd
Software Engineer at Wefunder
Austin Moss
An accounting Ph.D. student with research interests in the informational economics underlying market efficiency (alphanomics), market microstructure, and company valuation.
Carlos J Abad
Angel Investor in South America and mentor of startups
Edward McMahon
Electronics Manufacturing Business Founder and Owner
Stanley Forwand
Semi-retired cardiologist doing locum tenens work up to four days a month. the rest of my time I'm playing tennis.
Julian E. Metcalf
Local government and public sector consultant.
Jeff Wilber
Army veteran. Doodler of ideas.
along with 1220 other investors
January 6, 2020 @ https
The Rapidly-Changing Satellite Industry Needs a Better Propulsion System. So We Made One.
Satellites Are Getting Smaller and Cheaper
We're at the dawn of a new era in satellites. Most of the 1,500 satellites currently in space are large machines that cost upwards of $300 million each. Driven by the large drop in cost to launch a satellite, companies are now launching many small, inexpensive satellites instead of a few large ones. By having a blanket of small satellites, we can send the Internet to hard-to-reach places and expand satellite-powered observation to improve our understanding of the planet we call home.
Current Propulsion Systems Are Too Expensive for Small Satellites
All satellites need propulsion, but the traditional systems, designed in the 1960s, were meant for large satellites. They rely on highly toxic fuels and require expensive materials. Just fueling the system costs $500,000, in addition to the cost of the propulsion system itself! For a large $300 million satellite, this high cost was a drop in the bucket. But for cost-sensitive small satellites, the old technology is far too expensive.
Our System Performs Twice as Well for Half the Price
Read More of the story
For small satellites, the status quo is simply too expensive. Operators can't afford to spend $500,000 just to fuel a satellite, not to mention the cost of the propulsion system itself. Our system solves both these problems without compromising performance.
Our propulsion technology can work for satellites of any size. We've identified 100kg satellites as our go-to-market opportunity because they're a large section of the upcoming market and our customers building these satellites are searching for propulsion that better meets their needs.
Investor Q&A
Where will your company be in 5 years?
We are on the cusp of a massive satellite market that will bring Internet access to every corner of the world, vastly expand our Earth-imaging capabilities, and contribute to humanity in ways we haven't even imagined yet. Simply put, our propulsion system is better and cheaper than all the other options. We have a real opportunity to be on every satellite heading to space.
What is Tesseract?
Tesseract is a space transportation company that builds maneuvering rocket propulsion systems for satellites. All satellites need propulsion but current options are expensive, toxic, and/or have poor performance. We offer a better, safe-to-handle, higher-performance propulsion option for the large number of small satellites that will soon be flying in space.
What's the propulsion system for?
The satellite's propulsion system allows it to maneuver to its desired operational orbit after being launched and to keep itself there. Satellites get to space by riding on a launch vehicle, like Falcon 9, but can't remain in their desired orbit without onboard propulsion to provide "stationkeeping". Propulsion is also used to change to a different orbit. When the satellite is first launched into space, often it needs to shift to a different position on the orbital ring, or to move to a higher altitude orbit than where it's delivered by the launch vehicle. Then, over the course of its lifetime, the satellite must use occasional propulsion to maintain that orbit. Lastly, at the end of a satellite's life, it also needs propulsion to deorbit into the Earth's atmosphere so that there isn't a buildup of debris in space.
How is your system better than the old way of propelling satellites?
The engines and other subcomponents used in conventional propulsion systems were mostly developed at the beginning of the Space Age, back in the 50s and 60s, and have not been improved much since then. They also typically use hydrazine fuel. It's high performance, remains stable for years in space, and has been used in operational satellites for decades. The challenge with the chemical is that it's extremely toxic. It's worse than the chemical weapons that were used during World War I in Europe, so safely handling it drives a huge amount of fueling cost for the satellite operators down here on Earth. Imagine if you had to fuel up your car with Sarin gas, and you'll have an idea what it's like to fuel up a satellite today. Satellite manufacturers build the entire satellite system, and at the last minute they have to have everyone else leave the facility and spend about three days fueling the satellite with highly trained technicians in expensive hazmat suits. It's a very expensive operation, taking about a dozen people and costing as much as half a million dollars per satellite. Traditional propulsion systems also need to use very expensive materials such as platinum, resulting in a high cost just to build the hardware. Our hardware is the alternative to that. By designing our thrusters so they can use modern low-toxicity fuels, we eliminate the high cost of fueling the satellite. In addition to lowering the handling hazards and cost, the fuel offers higher specific impulse (the spacecraft equivalent of miles per gallon) than the incumbent standard. The fuel also burns at a lower temperature, allowing for the use of cheaper materials to keep costs low.
What's the specific innovation you've made to satellite propulsion?
Our innovation is in designing a new kind of satellite thruster that can use low-toxicity fuels and is optimized to be made with modern manufacturing techniques and automation, instead of conventional manual manufacturing, to drive large reductions in hardware cost. We identified an opportunity to use a chemical system of two different liquids with a simple, passive ignition method. The chemicals used are far less toxic than traditional fuels, resulting in significantly safer and more affordable handling before launch. Our thrusters are fine-tuned to take maximum advantage of the new propellants and provide superior performance at reduced hardware cost. The technology is extremely difficult (it is literally rocket science!). However, we're more agile than our incumbent competitors and have the experience needed to bring these products to market quickly. Even if our largest competitor wanted to pursue similar technology, it would still take them years to get up to speed and have a product that's ready to fly in space.
Can you give a brief overview of satellites in space?
There are about 1,500 satellites in space today. Up until recently, these satellites have been manufactured by large defense contractors and government agencies, and would typically fly for 15 to 20 years before being retired. Often times those satellites would cost $300 million or more and weigh several thousand kilograms. They are very expensive and the programs to develop them could take 10 or more years for each satellite. That's changing today with small satellites. SpaceX and other launch companies have lowered the cost of launch by 40% which is allowing the space industry to grow quickly. This cost reduction, along with Moore's law, is resulting in an influx of smaller telecommunications satellites that are networked together into orbital constellations. This new generation of satellites weigh more like a hundred kilograms each, and are intended to be replaced every 3 to 5 years to ensure the latest technology is on-orbit. The growth of this new kind of communications satellite is driven by the growing demand for high-speed internet access across the globe. Only about 50% of the world's population is on the internet today, and the demand for broadband connectivity is growing exponentially. Fiber optics can only cover a fraction of the people who still don't have online access, while satellites can deliver ubiquitous internet coverage to every location on Earth. In addition to communications, another growing segment for commercial satellites is Earth observation. There is rapid growth in capability for imaging and signal monitoring satellites to feed the growing demand for data across nearly every industry on the planet. Everything from agriculture, transportation, urban planning, climate science, and more are benefiting from increased insight provided by space-based data. These satellites need propulsion, and no system currently on the market can meet the cost and performance required by these commercial endeavors.
How do you see the industry growing or evolving?
It is still the early days for the use of commercial satellites in space. There are about 1,500 satellites currently up in space, and there have been over 23,000 announced just in the last few years. Estimates are that at least 50% of those will get flown. SpaceX by itself is talking about over 7,000 satellites. OneWeb is talking about 2,700 satellites. These companies have already built factories and they're putting a lot of money into this. A large Japanese bank called SoftBank has invested $1.5 billion into the OneWeb constellation of satellites for telecommunications. It's something that's well-financed and is moving quickly towards deployment into space.
Why do companies make different sizes of satellites?
Large communications satellites are an artifact of the earlier days of aerospace, when launch was more expensive and it was beneficial to have a small number of geostationary satellites (your satellite dish could be pointed at one spot in the sky and never have to move). These satellites have to be positioned in very high orbits, and are designed to service a large number of signals over a large geographic area, for an operational life of up to 20 years to make the business case close. These factors drove designs that had to reliably survive in a harsh environment (even for space) for a long time, resulting in a snowball effect on the cost of building, launching, and operating satellites. This older model is similar to how mainframes were used during earlier days of computing. Large satellites have been used because launch was 70% more expensive before SpaceX brought lower prices to the market. SpaceX is continuing to drive prices lower, and Blue Origin, led by Jeff Bezos of Amazon, is likely to add even more competition. Small satellites can do much of the work of large satellites of decades past because of Moore's Law. Due to the effects of Moore's law and significant reduction in launch costs, the industry is shifting to a different model, where fleets of small satellites are taking over. Small satellites, positioned in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), can be used in a networked configuration that allows for high bandwidth and low latency using smaller electronics. Lower cost to build and launch these satellites mean that their operational lifetime can be on the order of 3-5 years, allowing for the use of cheaper commercial electronics and compounding the cost savings. While our systems are scalable to a wide range of sizes, this class of satellite is where the largest growth is, and it's also where our technology can make the biggest impact.
We've removed a significant portion of the technical risks. The chemistry and physics work, and now we are simply working through standard engineering design, testing, and space qualification. We may have to do some iterations on the design to get to that 99% efficiency that we and our customers are looking for. One of the challenges that we could hit is that we may have to do a bit more iteration than we're expecting, and that could drive additional costs for unforeseen hardware and testing. Though developing rockets is always risky, it's something we've done before. We've solved tough engineering problems, and understand how to get a system from concept to production.
What would your main competitor tell me is not good about what your company is doing?
Their concern would likely be that we haven't flown in space and haven't completed qualification testing. The space industry has historically been fairly risk-averse due to the cost of production and launch, but many of our customers are fed up with the status quo and are looking for ways to disrupt the current system. Our primary goal to address this is to build up the test equipment that will allow us to do hot-fire tests in a simulated space environment. Once we've demonstrated further maturity of the technology, there are opportunities with several customers to sell products that will fly in space.
Do you have to pay for your own testing?
For most testing, yes. We use our own equipment for hot-fire testing of thrusters, and contract out environmental testing (thermal, vibration, radiation, etc.) to various test service providers. Some potential customers have offered testing services at their facilities, which may become available as part of future contracts.
How does your propulsion system compare to other systems?
A figure of merit often used for spacecraft propulsion is something called Isp, or Specific Impulse. It's a measure of efficiency for rockets, similar to MPG for cars. New low-toxicity monopropellant systems being offered by competitors have an Isp of about 206 seconds, which is a significant compromise over traditional hydrazine bi-propellant systems (approximately 300 seconds). It's about a 33% discount in performance per pound or kilogram of fuel. Our systems have an Isp of up to 320 seconds, allowing for safer, environmentally friendly propulsion without compromising performance. Some small satellite platforms use a method called differential drag for orbit phasing. They open up their solar panels and slowly maneuver using air resistance in the upper atmosphere. Using differential drag can take several months for newly launched satellites to reach their intended orbit, meaning a significant delay before they start producing valuable data and revenue. Since the satellite has a limited orbital lifetime, this revenue, which can easily be millions of dollars, is not just delayed but lost entirely. By adding our propulsion system, the satellites can maneuver to their desired orbit in a matter of minutes, and start generating revenue almost immediately to make the most of the satellite's lifetime.
Do you see the company's focus staying on propulsion systems or will that focus change as the industry evolves?
Our focus will grow to include space transportation systems on a larger scale. Once we've established ourselves as a propulsion system supplier, we will develop the next generation of "space tugs" and rocket stages to move materials around the solar system. One of the big things that's allowed small satellites to come online and for large numbers of them to be flying is Moore's Law. Cheap chips and everything else that's coming off cell phones is going into satellites and allowing them to go from a mainframe model of a few satellites flying each year to more of a cell phone model with thousands and eventually, millions of satellites. That's going to make a big difference for the industry. But propulsion and physics don't conform to Moore's Law. There's nothing in there that's going to benefit from that. There has been a similar system flown on satellites since the very beginning of the Space Age back in the '50s, and there have been very few updates. The same model numbers have been on those satellites since the 1960s. What we're doing is disrupting a market that's been the same for more than 50 years.One of the challenges is that satellites are a very conservative industry, and if you're flying a few $300 million satellites a year, then you're willing to take on the huge operational cost of fueling, and you'll choose a system that works even if it's super toxic and very expensive. But for small satellites, the status quo doesn't work. You can't spend half a million dollars just to fuel each satellite when you're flying 2,000 of them. That's our opportunity.
You've mentioned a couple things that are left to do: figure out the injection system, test it in a vacuum, get it on a rocket and get it into space. Is there anything else you're focused on?
These are the primary milestones we're pursuing to commercialize our first products, but we do have some longer-term projects we're working on as well. In particular, we're making development plans for larger scale propulsion systems and stages using cryogenic propellants, electric propulsion, and even nuclear power! The transportation capability we develop will help explore the solar system and enable the new in-space economy.
Who would be your next hire?
Our next hire will be another propulsion test engineer to help get us through development and qualification testing. We have several interested and highly qualified candidates that we've worked with before that will join as our next employees. Additional hires are needed as we scale the company because every rocket must be thoroughly tested before shipment. If we're shipping 200 systems a year we'll need to grow significantly.
What's the endgame for a business like yours?
Ultimately, our goal is to become the premiere space transportation company of the 21st century. As earth's economic sphere expands further outward, there will be exponentially increasing demand for transportation of commercial and scientific spacecraft, raw materials, and even humans. To position ourselves for this future, we're building a business to address the current limitations of in-space propulsion. Our first products will be used by companies that are launching telecommunications and Earth observation satellites, as well as exploratory missions to the Moon, Mars, and Near-Earth Asteroids. We'll use the revenue from our initial chemical propulsion products to fuel development in electric and nuclear systems as the demand for transportation grows. We'll expand our product line to work with large satellites, interplanetary spacecraft, launch vehicles, and eventually, space tugs moving extremely valuable, raw materials around the solar system.
How and why did your team get into satellite propulsion?
Jake and Jeff have known each other since college, and we met several years ago at a previous job. We each have over a decade of experience in aerospace, developing complex propulsion systems for missiles, satellites, and even the Space Shuttle. We worked together for almost four years on several projects, including rocket engines for NASA, and a reusable launch program for the Department of Defense and DARPA. We've all been interested in the commercialization of space for a long time, and have been quietly looking for opportunities to help the industry. The timing is right for better satellite propulsion, so we quit our jobs to build just that.
Why are you uniquely qualified to make this happen?
I have an economics degree from the University of Texas at Austin, and Master's degree in Space Studies from International Space University. After undergrad, I started my first company, an online bookseller called Frugal Media. I ran it successfully for nine years, building it up to 50 employees, and shipping over 1.6 million items to customers. After realizing I was interested in aerospace, I sold the business and spent two and a half years building my first airplane. After completing and selling the aircraft, I obtained my Master's in Space Studies and worked for several years developing and operating reusable rockets. Jake and Jeff both have undergraduate degrees in Aerospace Engineering, as well as Master's degrees in Space Systems and Aerospace Engineering. They've been working together on projects since undergrad, and each have over 10 years of experience in aerospace. Jake worked on propulsion and pyrotechnic systems on the Space Shuttle, before going to Aerojet Rocketdyne, the largest manufacturer of in-space propulsion systems. Jeff worked at Goodrich and UTC Aerospace, developing guidance, navigation, and control systems for missiles. More recently, they both worked for several years in Mojave building reusable rockets, which is where we met.
Tesseract has financial statements ending December 31 2017. Our cash in hand is $515,000, as of March 2019. Over the three months prior, revenues averaged $0/month, cost of goods sold has averaged $0/month, and operational expenses have averaged $70,000/month.
May 15 to December 31
-$250,893
Short Term Debt
Raised in 2017
Cash on Hand
Given the Company's limited operating history, the Company cannot reliably estimate how much revenue it will receive in the future, if any.
Tesseract Space, Inc. was incorporated in the State of Delaware in May 2017.
Since then, we have:
Y Combinator 2017 alum. Other alumni include Dropbox, Stripe, and Airbnb.
Historical Results of Operations
Our company was organized in May 2017 and has limited operations upon which prospective investors may base an evaluation of its performance.
Revenues & Gross Margin. For the period ended December 31, 2018, the Company had revenues of $90 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, when the Company had revenues of $0. Our gross margin was 100.0% in fiscal year 2018, compared to % in 2017.
Assets. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had total assets of $272,432, including $515,000 in cash. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had $0 in total assets, including $0 in cash.
Net Loss. The Company has had net losses of $250,893 and net income of $0 for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Liabilities. The Company's liabilities totaled $0 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 and $0 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017.
Liquidity & Capital Resources
To-date, the company has been financed with $5 in equity, $19,995 in convertibles, and $1,104,500 in SAFEs.
After the conclusion of this Offering, should we hit our minimum funding target, our projected runway is 11 months before we need to raise further capital.
We plan to use the proceeds as set forth in this Form C under "Use of Funds". We don't have any other sources of capital in the immediate future.
We will likely require additional financing in excess of the proceeds from the Offering in order to perform operations over the lifetime of the Company. We plan to raise capital in 14 months. Except as otherwise described in this Form C, we do not have additional sources of capital other than the proceeds from the offering. Because of the complexities and uncertainties in establishing a new business strategy, it is not possible to adequately project whether the proceeds of this offering will be sufficient to enable us to implement our strategy. This complexity and uncertainty will be increased if less than the maximum amount of securities offered in this offering is sold. The Company intends to raise additional capital in the future from investors. Although capital may be available for early-stage companies, there is no guarantee that the Company will receive any investments from investors.
Runway & Short/Mid Term Expenses
Tesseract Space, Inc. cash in hand is $515,000, as of March 2019. Over the last three months, revenues have averaged $0/month, cost of goods sold has averaged $0/month, and operational expenses have averaged $70,000/month, for an average burn rate of $70,000 per month. Our intent is to be profitable in 11 months.
No material changes. We're continuing to work on the design, build, and test of thrusters and components for our first product line, while engaging in ongoing discussions with prospective customers.
We are in discussions with large satellite constellation builders and companies seeking rockets for the first commercial Lunar mission later this year. If one of these contracts is secured we will have funding of $1.5M-$5M. Expenses will increase if we raise over $750k total as we've set that milestone to hire additional employees to accelerate development and testing of our propulsion systems.
A note from Wefunder. Unlike companies on the NASDAQ, early-stage startups have little operating history. Financial analysis is not as useful when there is limited data. It's more important to predict the size of the future market. If the founder achieves their vision, will enough customers pay the company enough money?
It's also common for fast-growing startups to lose money even faster: they are investing in future growth. In these cases, it's often better to check if the Cost of User Acquisition (CAC) is lower than the Lifetime Value (LTV) of that customer. If one spends $1000 today to make $10,000 over the next five years, that may be a smart bet. Amazon is a famous example of re-investing potential profits to maximize growth over 20 years.
Net Margin:
-278,770%
Gross Margin:
Return on Assets:
Revenue per Employee:
Cash to Assets:
Revenue to Receivables:
Debt Ratio:
Tesseract Space Inc. Financial Statements- Reviewed.pdf
Tesseract has demonstrated hypergolic ignition but needs to work through design, manufacture, and test of our propulsion system. We have experience doing this work but engineering can take longer than expected. Our primary risk is burning through capital before completion of space qualification. Our estimate is January 2019. A green light schedule is Fall 2018 and yellow light Summer 2019. Our fundraise is to extend runway into 2019.
The Company may never receive a future equity financing or elect to convert the Securities upon such future financing. In addition, the Company may never undergo a liquidity event such as a sale of the Company or an IPO. If neither the conversion of the Securities nor a liquidity event occurs, the Purchasers could be left holding the Securities in perpetuity. The Securities have numerous transfer restrictions and will likely be highly illiquid, with no secondary market on which to sell them. The Securities are not equity interests, have no ownership rights, have no rights to the Company's assets or profits and have no voting rights or ability to direct the Company or its actions.
Completing contracting takes longer than expected. We have a proposal we are competing for that is working toward a decision on 300 satellites with our propulsion system. It is expected that contracting will be in Q1 2019 at which point a payment of $5M would be received for non-recurring engineering out of the $50M contract award. Contracting can take time with large aerospace firms and we must have sufficient runway to reach initial payment.
If our competitors lower their prices below our break even for initial product build then this could be problematic. Competition from other more established companies in the industry may have more tools, capital and resources upon which to rely, which could be a threat to our growth.
Our future success depends on the efforts of key personnel and consultants, especially our founders, Erik, Jeff and Jacob. We heavily rely on our small management team. The loss of services of our founders or any key personnel may have an adverse effect on us. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in attracting and retaining other personnel we require to successfully grow our business.
It would be problematic if we don't win government grants such as NASA or DOD SBIR other solicitations. These are from $125k to $2M grants which are non-diluting. Grants would help pay for testing and qualification but funding should be available from investors or customer contracts. Despite the fact that we have previously won SBIR and Tipping Point contracts there is still no guarantee that we will win more.
Electric propulsion continues to take market share from chemical propulsion, including our product. Electric propulsion for huge satellites is high efficiency but for small satellites major technical challenges have been found shrinking high voltage electronics required. Electric also requires abundant solar energy to offer any performance and for the growing low Earth orbit market satellites are eclipsed 50% of the time by the Earth leading to poor performance. With the cost of launch being reduced by SpaceX, Rocket Lab, and Virgin Orbit the mass savings of electric propulsion are not worth the 1000x lower thrust available and 3-12 month transfer times, compared to hours for our system.
Read More Risks
Erik Franks CEO @ Tesseract Space, Inc. 2017
Jeff Gibson COO @ Tesseract Space, Inc. 2017
Jacob Teufert CTO @ Tesseract Space, Inc. 2017
Erik Franks CEO 2017
Jeff Gibson COO 2017
Jacob Teufert CTO 2017
Securities Held
Jacob Teufert 3,000,000 Common Stock 31.0%
Jeff Gibson 3,000,000 Common Stock 31.0%
Erik Franks 3,000,000 Common Stock 31.0%
Past Equity Fundraises
12/2018 $929,391 SAFE
05/2017 $19,995 Convertible Note
05/2017 $5 Priced Round
12/2017 $47,500 SAFE
Convertible Notes Outstanding
Valuation Cap
05/30/2017 $19,995 0.0% 0.0% None 05/30/2022
$50,000 95% of these funds would be sufficient to finish the vacuum chamber so that we can start the testing of our rockets in "a space like environment". Following this we can sign the official contracts. 5% Wefunder intermediary fee
$575,000 95% will allow us to complete testing and space qualification of our 1N (1/4 lb f) thrusters and associated propulsion system. We've received LOI's for 200-300 propulsion systems each year at a price of $500k each. 5% Wefunder intermediary fee
$1,070,000 95% will allow us to complete testing and space qualfication of our 1N and 450N thrusters and associated propulsion systems. We've received LOI's for hundreds of systems per year and have additional interest for more products including this 450N rocket engine. Our 450N rocket will allow access to the Moon, Mars, or asteroids with small spacecraft and there is significant demand from customers. 5% Wefunder intermediary fee
Class of Security
(or Amount)
Common Stock 15,000,000 10,105,583 Yes
Form C Filing on EDGAR
The Securities and Exchange Commission hosts the official Form C on their EDGAR web site.
Great news keep up the good work
Carl Russo on Oct 13 2019
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Q: How can you customize the response message of the post in django? I am trying to make a membership API using django rest frameworks.I made a code and checked that the function was working properly. In my current code, if the data of the email, password, and username are empty, the message is given as follows.
{
    "email": [
        "This field is required."
    ],
    "username": [
        "This field is required."
    ],
}

But after talking about this with my team's client developers, they said it was better to give a unified message as below.
{
    "message": "email field is required."
}

How can I customize the value like this? Here's my code.
class customSignUpView (GenericAPIView) :
    serializer_class = customRegisterSerializer

    def post (self, request) :
        user = request.data
        serializer = self.serializer_class(data=user)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        serializer.save()

        user = User.objects.get(email=serializer.data['email'])

        token = RefreshToken.for_user(user).access_token

        current_site = get_current_site(request).domain
        relativeLink = reverse('emailVerify')

        absurls = F'http://{current_site}{relativeLink}?token={token}'
        email_body = F'Hi {user.username} Use link below to verify your email \n{absurls}'
        data = {'email_body': email_body, 'to_email': user.email, 'email_subject': 'Verify your email'}
        Util.send_email(data)

        return Response({'message': 'check your email.'}, status=201)

A: you need to customize customRegisterSerializer further by adding a custome validate method to it, just try to do something like this
class YourSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
     field1 = serializers.CharField(args)
     ...
     fieldn = serializers.CharField(args)

     def validate(self, data):
         error = {}
         if 'some_field' in data:
            test field is valid here
            if data['some_field'] is not valid:
                error['some_field'] = 'your message'
         .... ad nauseam
         if error:
             raise serializers.ValidationError(error)
         return data

pass the arguments as the data parameter, and you should be able to customize everything however you want

A: First of all would like to say that the standard DRF approach to error messages is more universal, as it allows sending several messages for several fields in a unified way. I.e. that in the returned JSON key is the field name and value - the list of messages. Which also allows FE to display the messages next to the appropriate field.
Cause with the format you're trying to achieve comes the question of what kind of message to send if both email and username were not provided but are required (for e.g. should it be one message string or a list of "{field_name} is required" strings?).
But if you really need to achieve the approach you mentioned, let me elaborate on the answer by @vencaslac. So in your case the serializer should roughly look like:
class CustomRegisterSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
     ...

     def validate(self, data):
         if not data.get("email"):
             raise serializers.ValidationError({"message": "email field is required."})
         return data

The validate() method is the same for both Serializer and ModelSerializer. You can find more info in the docs. But again, with this approach you need to figure out an answer to the question I mentioned above.

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