text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sect:intro}

Accretion processes have been extensively studied during last decades and several types of the accretion models have been proposed to explain certain observational features of some of the astrophysical objects. Most of the models assume that the accretion process occurs as one-component gaseous fluid. But there are strong observational and theoretical arguments which imply at least some of accreting systems are clumpy so that they consist of cool clumps embedded in a much hotter and more tenuous gaseous fluid. For example, observational evidences show that broad-line region of active galactic nuclei (AGN) has a clumpy structure (\citealt{Rees+1987}; \citealt{Krolik+Begelman+1988}; \citealt{Nenkova+etal+2002}; \citealt{Risaliti+etal+2011}; \citealt{Torricelli-Ciamponi+eta+2014l} ). The broad emission lines in the spectrum of AGNs are attributed to an assembly of clouds which are moving through a hot intercloud medium. Clouds' basic properties are estimated according to the photoionisation models. These models predict that clouds' typical size is $10^{12\pm  1} {\rm cm}$ and their number density is $10^{10\pm 1} {\rm cm}^{-3}$ (e.g., \citealt{Rees+1987}; \citealt{Krause+Schartmann+Burkert+2012}). Orbital motion of BLR clouds is a rich source of information for estimating the mass of the central black hole (e.g.,\citealt{Netzer+Marziani+1994}). One can neglect collisions between the clumps and investigate the orbit of an individual clump in the presence of the central gravitational force and possible radiation field like a two-body classical problem (e.g., \citealt{Netzer+Marziani+1994}; \citealt{Krause+Burkert+Schartmann+2011}; \citealt{Krause+Schartmann+Burkert+2012}; \citealt{Plewa+Schartmann+Burkert+2013}; \citealt{Khajenab+2015}  ).  Although there are theoretical concerns about the stability of the clumps, it is generally believed  that magnetic fields provide a confinement mechanism (e.g., \citealt{Rees+1987}).

Another approach to study dynamics of the clumps embedded in a hot medium is based on analyzing the collisionless Boltzmann equation as has been done by \citealt{Wang+Cheng+Li+2012} (hereafter WCL).  They described the gaseous ambient medium using the classical similarity solutions of Advection-Dominated Accretion Flows (ADAFs) presented by \cite{Narayan+Yi+1994} for the non-magnetized systems. Although collisions between the clumps have been neglected for simplicity, their interactions with the surrounding gaseous medium was included through a drag force as a function of the relative velocity of the clumps and the gas. In the strong-coupling limit, it was shown that the root of averaged radial velocity square
of the clumps is much larger than radial velocity of the gas flow. The analysis has been extended to the magnetized case by \cite{Khajenabi+Rahmani+Abbassi+2014} where the authors considered a purely toroidal magnetic field geometry for the gaseous component. They found that when magnetic pressure is less than the gas pressure, the averaged radial velocity of clumps decreases at the inner regions of the system whereas it increases at the outer parts, though this enhancement is not very significant unless the system becomes magnetically dominated.

In this work, we extend the analysis by \cite{Khajenabi+Rahmani+Abbassi+2014}  to include all {\it three components} of the magnetic field in the gaseous component. Since properties of the gas flow is significantly modified in the presence of a global magnetic field \citep{Zhang}, the drag force varies depending on the strength of the magnetic field and the assumed magnetic geometry which will eventually lead to a considerable modification in the velocity dispersion of clumps. In the next section, we present our basic assumptions and the equations. In section 3, a parameter study for the dynamics of the clumps are presented. We conclude with a summary of the results in section 4.

\section{ GENERAL FORMULATION}
Our analysis for describing an ensemble of clumps is based on WCL approach which implements  the collisionless
Boltzman equation in the cylindrical coordinates $ (r, \phi, z) $  including the components of the drag force. If we assume the distribution function of clumps is represented by ${\cal F}$, then Boltzman equation is written as

\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial {\cal F}}{\partial t} + \dot{R} \frac{\partial {\cal F}}{\partial r} + \dot{\phi}  \frac{\partial {\cal F}}{\partial \phi} + \dot{z} \frac{\partial {\cal F}}{\partial z} + \dot{v}_{r} \frac{\partial {\cal F}}{\partial v_r } + \dot{v}_{\phi} \frac{\partial {\cal F}}{\partial v_\phi } + \dot{v}_{z} \frac{\partial {\cal F}}{\partial v_z } + {\cal F} (\frac{\dot{v}_r}{\partial v_r} + \frac{\dot{v}_\phi}{\partial v_\phi} + \frac{\dot{v}_z}{\partial v_z}) =0,
\end{equation}
where $\dot{r} = v_r$, $\dot{\phi}=v_\phi / r$ and $\dot{z}=v_z$. The central object with mass $M$ is at the origin and the gravitational potential becomes $ \Phi=GM/(r^{2}+z^{2})^{1/2} $. The components of the drag force are $ F_{r}=f_{r}(v_{r}-V_{r})^{2} $ and $ F_{\phi}=f_{\phi}(v_{\phi}-V_{\phi})^{2} $ where $ f_{r} $ and $ f_{\phi} $ are constants of order unity. Here, the radial and the rotational velocities of the ADAF where clumps are moving within it are denoted by $ V_{r} $ and $ V_{\phi} $. Thus, dynamical properties of the background medium affect dynamics of the clumps through these components of the velocity. Thus, Boltzman equation becomes (WCL)
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial {\cal F}}{\partial t} + v_r \frac{\partial {\cal F}}{\partial r} + v_z \frac{\partial {\cal F}}{\partial z} + \left( \frac{v_{\phi}^2}{r} - \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial r} + F_r \right) \frac{\partial {\cal F}}{\partial v_r} + \left( F_\phi - \frac{v_r v_\phi }{r} \right) \frac{\partial {\cal F}}{\partial v_\phi} - \frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial z} \frac{\partial {\cal F}}{\partial v_z} + 2 {\cal F} \left[ F_\phi (v_\phi - V_\phi ) + F_r (v_r - V_r) \right]=0.
\end{equation}
It is very unlikely to solve this equation analytically in a general case unless we apply further simplifying assumptions. We assume that  the clumps are strongly coupled with the background gaseous medium which implies the mean radial and the rotational velocities of the clumps are equal to the radial and the rotational velocity of ADAF. Under these simplifying assumptions, it is possible to obtain the root mean radial velocity square of the clumps $ \langle v_{r}^{2}\rangle^{1/2} $ analytically (WCL):
   \begin{equation}
\langle v_{r}^{2} \rangle=c^{2}\lbrace \frac{1}{2}[\alpha^{2}c_{1}^{2}\Gamma_{r}\Lambda_{\frac{3}{2}}(\Gamma_{r},r)+(1-c_{2}^{2})\Lambda_{\frac{5}{2}}(\Gamma_{r},r) -\frac{\alpha c_{1}c_{2}}{2\Gamma_{\phi}}\Lambda_{\frac{7}{2}}(\Gamma_{r},r)]+\frac{V_{out}^{2}}{c^{2}r_{out}^{\frac{1}{2}}}e^{-\Gamma_{r}r_{out}}\rbrace\times r^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{\Gamma_{r}r},
\label{eq:vr}
\end{equation}
where $ \Gamma_{r}=f_{r}R_{sch} $ and $ \Gamma_{\phi}=f_{\phi}R_{sch} $ are the coefficients of the drag force. Function $ \Lambda_{q} $ is introduced by WCL as $ \Lambda_{q}=\int^{r_{out}}_{r} x^{-q}exp(-\Gamma_{R}x)dx $.  The outer boundary condition is at $ r=r_{out} $, so that  $ \langle v_{r}^{2}\rangle=V_{out}^{2} $.
Moreover, properties of the ADAF are described using a set of radially self-similar solutions where $ c_{1} $ and $ c_{2} $ are coefficients of the radial and the rotational velocities of the ADAF. In WCL, the standard nonmagnetized ADAF solutions \citep{ Narayan+Yi+1994} have been used for their analysis. Then, \cite{Khajenabi+Rahmani+Abbassi+2014}  extended the analysis by including purely toroidal component of the magnetic field using similarity solutions of \cite{Akizuki+Fukue+2006}. But we extend previous studies by considering all three components of the magnetic field using similarity solutions of \cite{ Zhang}. Magnetized self-similar solutions of \cite{Zhang} are written as

\begin{equation}
v_{r}(r)=-c_{1}\alpha \sqrt{\frac{GM}{r}},
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
v_{\phi}(r)=c_{2}\sqrt{\frac{GM}{r}},
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
c_{s}^{2}(r)=c_{3}\frac{GM}{r},
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
c^{2}_{r,\phi ,z}(r)=\frac{B^{2}_{r,\phi ,z}}{4\pi \rho}=2\beta_{r,\phi ,z}c_{3}\frac{GM}{r},
\end{equation}
where the coefficients $ \beta_{r} $, $ \beta_{\phi} $, $ \beta_{z} $ measure the ratio of the magnetic pressure in three directions to the gas pressure, i.e. $ \beta_{r,\phi,z}=P_{mag,r,\phi,z}/P_{gas} $. The coefficients $ c_{1} $, $ c_{2} $ and $ c_{3} $ are obtained using a set of algebraic equations (\citealt{ Zhang}):
\begin{equation}
-\frac{1}{2} c^{2}_{1} \alpha^{2}=c^{2}_{2}-1-[(s-1)+\beta_{z}(s-1)+\beta_{\phi}(s+1)]c_{3},
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
-\frac{1}{2}c_{1}c_{2}\alpha =-\frac{3}{2}\alpha (s+1)c_{2}c_{3}+c_{3}(s+1)\sqrt{\beta_{r}\beta_{\phi}},
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
c_{2}^{2}=\frac{4}{9f}(\frac{1}{\gamma -1}+s-1)c_{1},
\end{equation}
Here, $ \gamma $ and $ s $ are adiabatic index of the gas and mass loss parameter, respectively. Also, $f$ measures the degree to which the flow is advection dominated. Now, we can substitute the above magnetized self-similar solutions into the equation (\ref{eq:vr}) to study dynamics of the clumps in the presence of a global magnetic field.

\section{ANALYSIS}
We now study the root mean radial velocity square of the clumps $ \langle v_{r}^{2}\rangle^{1/2} $ as a function of the radial distance for different values of the input parameters using the main equation (\ref{eq:vr}). In all Figures, we assume coefficient of the viscosity is $ \alpha =0.1 $  and the adiabatic index is $ \gamma =1.4$.  Moreover, the mass of the central object is fixed at one solar mass. The coefficients of the drag force are $ \Gamma_{r}=5\times 10^{-2} $ and $ \Gamma_{\phi}=2.8\times 10^{-3} $.

Figure 1 shows the root mean radial velocity square of the clumps as a function of the radial distance normalized by $ R_{sch} $ for different values of $ \beta_{r} $ whereas the other magnetic parameters are fixed as $ \beta_{z}=\beta_{\phi}=1 $.  This Figure indicates that the  value of $ \langle v_{r}^{2} \rangle^{1/2} $ increases with $ \beta_{r} $,  although its variation is not very significant.

In Figure $ 2 $, we assume that the radial component of the magnetic field does not exist and the toroidal component is fixed, i.e. $ \beta_{r}=0 $ and $ \beta_{\phi}=1 $.  We can then vary the parameter $ \beta_{z} $ to study its effect on the radial dynamics of the clumps. Again, we see that the value of $ \langle v_{r}^{2}\rangle^{1/2} $ increases as the vertical component of the magnetic field becomes stronger, though its variation with $ \beta_{z} $ is less significant at large values of $ \beta_{z} $. Moreover, at the inner parts of the system clumps are radially moving faster as the parameter $ \beta_{z} $ increases.

Dependence of the root mean radial velocity square of the clumps on the variations of the the toroidal component of the magnetic field is more complicated as it has already been explored by (\citealt{Khajenabi+Rahmani+Abbassi+2014}) for a purely toroidal configuration.  In Figure $ 3 $, we assume that $ \beta_{r}=0 $ and $ \beta_{z}=1 $,  but different values of  $ \beta_{\phi} $ are considered. In comparison to the previous study \citep{Khajenabi+Rahmani+Abbassi+2014},  here, the vertical component of the magnetic field is considered too. The value of the root mean radial velocity square of the clumps decreases at the inner parts of the system with $ \beta_{\phi} $  whereas the value of  $ \langle v_{r}^{2}\rangle^{1/2} $ increases at the outer parts of the system.

Since the radial and the rotational velocities of the gas component strongly depend on the amount of the advected energy, then obviously the clumps experience different values of the drag force depending on the advection parameter $ f $.  We explore dependence of $ \langle v_{r}^{2}\rangle^{1/2} $ on the parameter $ f $ for different magnetic field configurations in Figure $ 4 $. For purely radial or toroidal magnetic field geometries, the value of $ \langle v_{r}^{2}\rangle^{1/2} $ strongly increases with the amount of the advected energy. But for purely vertical magnetic field, this trend changes to a reduction of the mean velocity square of the clumps with increasing the parameter $ \beta_{z} $.  However, this reduction is not very significant. Thus, one may conclude that the value of  $ \langle v_{r}^{2}\rangle^{1/2} $ generally increases as the flow becomes more advective even in the presence of all three components of the magnetic field (Figure 5).

\begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=10cm, angle=0]{ms2173fig1.eps}
   \caption{ Root of the averaged radial velocity square  $ \langle v_{r}^{2} \rangle $ of clumps versus the radial distance for a central object with one solar mass. Different values for the parameter $ \beta_{r} $ are considered and each curve is labeled by the corresponding value of this parameter. The rest of the input parameters are $\gamma  = 1.4 $, $s =- 0.5$, $f = 0.9$, $ \beta_{z}=1 $ and $ \beta_{\phi}=1 $.}

   \end{figure}

In all of the figures, most of the curves cannot extend to the very inner parts. It is actually because of the limitation of similarity solutions. We described the gaseous component using self-similar solutions and as we know similarity solutions are valid only at the regions far from the boundaries. In other words, these similarity solutions for gas component are not valid at the very inner parts. But at the intermediate regions, similarity solutions represent dynamics of the gas flow with a very good accuracy. Since dynamics of clumps in our model is determined mainly due to interaction of clumps with the gas and similarity solutions for the gas are not valid at the inner boundary, we not investigate fate of the clumps at the inner parts based on our solutions.

\section{conclusions}
We studied dynamics of an ensemble of cold clumps embedded in a hot magnetized accretion flow. Although magnetic field has a vital role in stability and confinement of cold clouds, their role on the orbital motion of these clumps has not been studied. In our work, properties of the gas component is modified in the presence of a global magnetic field and so, the drag force on each clump changes accordingly. Comparing to the previous study by \cite{Khajenabi+Rahmani+Abbassi+2014}  who assumed the toroidal component of the magnetic field is dominant, we showed that both the radial and the vertical components of the magnetic field also lead to some changes in the averaged radial velocity square of clumps. The value of $ \langle v_{r}^{2}\rangle^{1/2} $ increases with increasing the strength of the radial and the vertical components of the magnetic field. Moreover, velocity dispersion of clumps increases as the flow becomes more advective when all components of the magnetic field are considered. Although results of our analysis are not directly applicable to the real systems because of limitations of this simplified model, the present study clearly demonstrates the importance of the magnetic field in the dynamics of clumps which can not be neglected. The results of the paper are obtained within the conditions of strong
coupling and simplification of the magnetic field. It is also possible to relax these simplifying assumptions but then it would be very unlikely to obtain analytical solutions which is our goal in the present study.

As the clumps move toward the central black hole, they will gradually accumulate at the inner parts because of the tidal disruption of the black hole's gravitational field. In fact, tidal disruption determines the inner edge of the clumpy disc. In the presence of a global magnetic field, we find that on the average the clumps are radially moving faster in comparison to a similar configuration but without magnetic field. WCL calculated the capture rate of clumps and found that it is directly proportional to the ratio of $ \langle v_{r}^{2}\rangle^{1/2} / V_r $. Thus, presence of a global magnetic field increases the capture rate of clumps, but the level of enhancement depends on the detailed input parameters as we explored in this study. In other words, capturing clumps is faster when magnetic fields are considered.

\begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=10cm, angle=0]{ms2173fig2.eps}
   \caption{Same as Figure 1, but for different values of $ \beta_{z} $ . Here, we have $ \beta_{r}=0 $ and $ \beta_{\phi}=1 $.  }
   \end{figure}

   \begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=10cm, angle=0]{ms2173fig3.eps}
   \caption{Same as Figure 1, but for different values of $ \beta_{\phi} $ . Here, we have $ \beta_{r}=0 $ and $ \beta_{z}=1 $.  }

   \end{figure}

    \begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=7cm, angle=0]{ms2173fig4.eps}
   \caption{Root of the averaged radial velocity square $ \langle v_{r}^{2}\rangle^{1/2} $ of clumps versus the radial distance for a central object with one solar mass Here, we explore dependence of the root of the averaged radial velocity square on the amount of the advected energy for different magnetic field configurations.}
   \end{figure}

   \begin{figure}
   \centering
   \includegraphics[width=10cm, angle=0]{ms2173fig5.eps}
   \caption{Same as Figure 4,  but all three components of the magnetic field are considered.  }
   \end{figure}

\bibliographystyle{raa}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Psychotherapy For the Dying:
Principles and Illustrative Cases With Special Reference to the Use of LSD
by Gary Fisher, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Division of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education,
School of Public Health. University of California, Los Angeles
It is time to introduce humanism into the American way of death. The recent sociological work of Glaser and Strauss (1965, 1968) on the sociology of death in American hospitals portrays with anguished precision the frightful manner in which the dying and death are handled. They are a very much discriminated- against group in our culture.
In America the living ignore death. This attitude prevails to the death bed, for death is ignored both by the dying and by those attending to the dying. Even when the dying person comes to the awareness of his dying, he is not allowed, much less aided, to work with the many conflicts that arise out of his impending death. Medical personnel vigilantly maintain massive denial and offer the dying little that is useful. The family of the dying, unless absolutely insistent on the physician sharing his prognosis with them, are treated with the same attitude. At best, they are given basic medical information. The physician who has difficulty with his patient's dying and/or working with the very intense emotionality elicited by impending death, protects himself by assuming the dying and the dying person's family really "do not want to know the facts;" he therefore does not divulge this information to the patient or family. The paramedical staff are essentially in the same position, having neither the skills, training, nor inclination to deal with the problems surrounding death. The result of this state of affairs is that the patient is most often left to himself to die, and the isolation imposed upon him makes it virtually impossible for him to deal with conflicts that emerge when he becomes aware he is dying.
ISSUES RAISED ON AWARENESS OF DYING
There are two basic types of issues that arise when the patient becomes aware that he is dying; one concerns his total conception of death reflected in his attitudes and beliefs, and the other concerns the nature of his relationships with his significant others. The first issue we shall call personal and the second, interpersonal.
The personal issue encompasses a plethora of phenomena but central is the identity phenomenon. When the individual's identity is restricted to experiences emanating solely out of personal ego, the identity is, to borrow Allan Watts' phrase, a "skin encapsulated" one. When an individual with this type of identity realizes he is dying, a crisis ensues and the crisis is essentially an identifying crisis. This identity crisis is no different from any other identity crisis he has experienced in his lifetime, but typically it is not recognized as such. Affective reactions of fear, panic, anxiety, anger and dependency are common. Unless the individual is permitted to explore the basis of these reactions, he does not comprehend that they are in response to the life constant: change.
It seems obvious that the problem of the death of our physical self is a problem insofar as we identify the self with our physical body. When we do this and we see a person's dead body, then we assume that he is dead because we have identified 'him' with his body and its actions, its appearance, its smell, its sound, its color, and so on. Thus, when we see that these things are gone, we assume that he too is gone. Identifying ourselves with our bodies and others with their bodies then makes physical death a cessation of individuality and awareness. In one of the Buddhist sects, the novice must sit and watch the decomposition of the body of someone he has known well.
This practice is to help cast some doubt on the assumption that body and individual being are one and the same thing. It would be difficult to go on believing that one's friend, after a couple of weeks of decomposing, was just that mess of maggots, worms and bone before one's eyes. The emphasis in Zen, of making an experience, of concerning an abstraction, so that it becomes a felt reality, is meaningful and leads to knowing. Rather than abstractly thinking that man is more than his body, and rather than having an intellectualized concept of this possibility, as is Western man's inclination, the Zen approach has us experience it. The problem of physical death, then, has something to do with our identity and what is considered to be 'me.' When we identify ourselves with our 'skin encapsulated ego', we naturally face annihilation. When we can identify with something beyond our skin- self, death has a different face.
The problem, of course, is a process of coming to know parts of ourselves that we do not already know. Or, stated differently, identifying with things that we do not now know and, therefore, have no identity with. The solution is to identify with the life process-to experience, for instance, our cellular consciousness (awareness of that fantastic neurophysiological activity) and to experience another's cellular consciousness, and on the other extreme, to experience (in Eastern religious terms) the 'void', the unmanifested energy (the absence of any thing), the source of all life (Fisher, 1969).
Interpersonal Issues
When an individual is not allowed to work out interpersonal conflicts before his death, he experiences his days of dying as burdensome, is often guiltridden and resentful, and suffers terrible loneliness from his isolation. As a result of his altered states of consciousness, he very often experiences new insights into his relationships and he wishes to share them with his significant others Often these insights are laden with conflict resolution, and when he is unable to share this knowledge with his loved ones, he experiences sadness.
Sometimes the individual experiences ego free states prior to his physical demise and this experience of transcendence gives new meaning to his past personal life and his relationship with others. He develops a new perspective, as it were, of life, and this perspective typically has at its base a profound acceptance of the life constant, change. He experiences himself in a transitional state and welcomes a new state of equilibrium and consciousness. Sometimes this is interpreted specifically by the individual that his afterdeath consciousness will have specific characteristics. Sometimes the individual experiences himself simply as part of the life process, as being "at one", and for some that they again have touched the life source. We have found these experiences to be very useful to the individual while he stays alive. These experiences become very pragmatic and functional.
First of all, he ceases to be concerned about his own physical demise - accepting it as a natural phenomenon of the cycling of life force. Second, this acceptance drastically alters his life style - he no longer reacts with panic, fear, pain and dependency to the changes that are occurring in him. Third, he is willing and eager to share his new knowledge with those he cares for - and often, this is a highly expanded group. He devotes his attention to the needs, anxieties and apprehension of his loved ones. He attempts to relate, talk and respond to them in ways which will enlighten them as to his state of consciousness. In current popular parlance, he attempts to "turn them on."
One of the very significant results of his having experienced a transcendental state of consciousness is his willingness to engage in the life process. No longer is death an excuse for not living. In American culture, the myth of death is in the service of denying the life process. At some level of consciousness, some of one's daily behavior is geared to a time when one does not have to engage in the life process and confront oneself. There is the myth that "someday I will die" and therefore if you just hold out long enough, you won't have to deal with basic issues such as "the condition of my humanity."
The attitude is "business as usual", "nobody rock the boat" and this business of my consciousness will be over soon. An additional result of this myth is that one can get away with his destructiveness - i.e., death is a way out - I can get by with my own and other destructiveness because I will die and that will be the end of it. In western religion, most people don't consider the concepts of heaven and hell as seriously as eastern religionists take the concept of Karma. When a man experiences himself as life force and feels that the quality of his life force is vital to the human condition and trans-human consciousness, he begins to take his own destructiveness very seriously. He becomes a humanist. Now the persistent question as to whether one stays around forever in an identifiable (to himself, of course) form is perhaps unimportant. That one identifies with the human condition and craves for its perfection, i.e., of becoming human, is pragmatically useful, useful to himself and useful to those with whom he relates. That life becomes richer and fuller, with greater feeling, trusting and loving relationships for the patient and for his loved ones should certainly be sufficient for the severest of critics of aiding the patient in achieving a state of transcendence.
Achieving Transcendence
It has been my good fortune to have had the opportunity to utilize LSD in working with terminal cancer patients. LSD has been used extensively in psychotherapy with many psychopathologic types. This work continues outside of the United States, most notably in England, Czechoslovakia and Chile. Eric Kast of Chicago did the early work utilizing LSD in the management of pain in terminally ill patients.
Kast and Collins (1964) studied 50 gravely ill patients who were having difficulty in the management of pain. They compared LSD, dilauded and demerol for their analgesic effectiveness. The investigators found LSD to be a much superior analgesic but were surprised that many of their patients did not want a second treatment. "Although the analgesic action of LSD was profound and the patients were relieved of the oppressive ideation accompanying grave illness, eight patients refused a second administration, 30 were indifferent, and 12 wished for it. An explanation for this peculiarity is difficult to conceive. It seems that the LSD experience required a great deal of psychic energy and represents hard work. This statement, which was frequent, probably reflects the heightened subconscious activity under lysergic acid which places strain on ego control and consequently is felt as a laborious task.
If ego disintegration threatens, this experience may be felt as panic. In addition to pain relief, these patients displayed a peculiar disregard for the gravity of their situations and talked freely about their impending death with an affect considered inappropriate in our western civilization, but most beneficial to their own psychic states. This approach to their disease was noted usually for longer periods than the analgesic action lasted."
In a later study of 80 terminally ill patients in severe pain, Kast (1966) reported that three weeks after the administration of LSD, 90% of the patients felt they had gained insights through the experience and 85% were willing to repeat the experience. This was a marked increase in the number of patients favorably inclined to repeat the experience, and Kast believed this to be a product of terminating the sessions relatively early, before the patient became exhausted and began to have negative experiences. Again, Kast found considerable analgesic effectiveness from LSD; before the treatment the median amount of pain experienced by these patients was labeled between severe and intolerable, whereas ten days later the median amount of pain was between none and mild.
Kast also comments at some length on the psychological sequelae of the LSD experience, particularly in the change in mood and patient's acceptance of his disease. He states, "A definite lifting of the mood was noted for approximately two weeks, and a certain change in philosophic and religious approach to dying took place which is not reflected in the numerical data presented. During and after LSD administration, acceptance and surrender to the inevitable loss of control were noted and this control was anxiously maintained and fought for in non-drug patients. LSD administration apparently eases the blow which impending death deals to the fantasy of infant omnipotence not necessarily by augmenting the infantile process but by relieving the mental apparatus of the compelling need to maintain the infantile fantasy." He states in general the LSD experience "creates a new will to live and a zest for experience which against a background of dismal darkness and preoccupying fear produces an exciting and promising outlook. In human terms the short but profound impact upon the dying patient is impressive."
Pahnke (1969) and his associates in Baltimore extended this work using a psychedelic psychotherapeutic model to work not only with the management of pain but also with the psychological problems elicited by impending death. Their model was somewhat different from Kast's: (1) they did extensive preparation of the patients for the LSD experience, (2) they incorporated the family into the treatment plan, (3) they had a staff of thoroughly trained therapists in utilizing the LSD psychotherapeutically, (4) they gave ten to fourteen hour treatment sessions, and (5) they also did extensive follow-up and support for their patients.
Reporting on six patients, their initial results are certainly very dramatic, both in terms of psychological sequelae and of psychological adjustment of the individuals and their life styles, as well as dramatic reduction in pain.
Our own work, although in its beginning phases, has been promising. We are administering LSD to terminally ill patients who have either one of two problems,
Intractable pain and
Anxiety and fear over their impending death
We have primarily been treating terminal cancer patients where the medical and surgical management of the pain has been complicated and difficult. Other patients have been referred who have been difficult management patients in terms of their inability to cooperate medically with their treatment because of emotional instability.
One interesting aspect of our current work concerns the socio-political-psychological climate surrounding LSD. One of the major difficulties in the work has been obtaining the approval for the treatment by all those people involved with the patient. Our current project was set up as a double blind experiment testing the efficacy of LSD and an experimental analgesic in the management of the problems that were outlined. Patients referred were hospitalized and came through the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Therapy. Thus, they were initially screened by medical personnel.
After the patient's approval was obtained, his private physicians approval became necessary. Next came our evaluation of the suitability of the patient for treatment in light of our general criteria developed over the years. This evaluation essentially involved the judgment as the patient's ability to utilize those markedly altered states of consciousness induced by the drug. We wanted some assurance that the patient was motivated toward psychotherapy, had sufficient ego strength to deal with heretofore repressed and traumatic historical events, was of sufficient intelligence and sophistication to integrate the uncovered material, and had the potential to work through and accept the fact of the fatal disease and resolve the problem of death.
We usually had one hour to do this evaluation, and, sometimes, an additional hour to prepare the patient. Parenthetically, we must mention that there was a 50% chance that, instead of LSD, the patient would receive the experimental analgesic, the possible psychic effects of which we had not personally experienced but had read about in professional literature.
After evaluating the suitability of the patient, the family members were approached and the nature of the experiment was explained. Because of the LSD publicity, a great deal of this conversation surrounded the possible risks involved.
After the relatives approved and signed releases of responsibility (which listed all the known possible untoward results of LSD, including psychosis and grand mal seizures), the patient was approached for his approval and signed release. As is obvious, the psychological state of the patient following all this was hardly optimum in creating a state of trust, relaxation and faith in the procedure. Making the situation still worse was the general attitude of the hospital staff toward subjecting the dying patient to the publicized horrors of the LSD "bummer" trip.
These negative attitudes run counter to the very encouraging results reported with LSD with a variety of psychiatric syndromes. In a literature review, Mogar (1966) states that, in spite of the great diversity in the conduct of the research studies, "Impressive improvement rates have been almost uniformly reported with both adults and children, in groups as well as in individual psychotherapy - in patients representing the complete spectrum of the neurotic, psychosomatic and character disorders. Particularly noteworthy are the positive results obtained with cases highly resistant to conventional forms of therapy." Hoffer (1965) in a long review of LSD research concluded, "So far there have been no therapeutic studies in which LSD was used as a psychedelic agent where similar success rates were not found. It is odd that there have been no negative papers."
Case History Material
The patient was a 65-year-old, married female who had had radical mastectomies for breast cancer and who was now in the terminal stages of lung cancer. The patient was rather suspicious of having this treatment as she had had negative attitudes towards psychiatry because her daughter-in-law had been unsuccessfully treated for a psychiatric condition by the Department of Psychiatry with which we were associated. However, because she did have confidence in her physician and he was most anxious for her to have these treatments, the patient agreed. She was a fairly verbal, bright woman, but was considered to be a difficult management patient because she was very demanding.
During the initial interview the patient spontaneously described dreams that she considered to be prophetic, two of which particularly related to her disease. The patient's elder sister had died of cancer of the lung. Two years after the sister died, the patient had a dream in which the sister wanted something. Although the patient did not know what the sister wanted, she kept telling the sister that she could not have it. In retaliation, the sister became very angry and placed her hand over the patient's right shoulder, touching her breast. As she did this, the patient felt an injury to her right breast and became aware that the sister was injuring her. She called out for help, whereupon a white winged object removed the sister from her. A year later the patient developed breast cancer.
Following this, another of the patient's sisters died of breast cancer. The patient claimed to have had a good relationship with this sister, who had in fact been the surrogate mother. After the sister's death, the patient dreamed that her sister came to her and demanded something of her; again when the patient would not comply with this unknown demand, the sister reached out and the patient felt a sharp pain surging through her chest and believed that she had been harmed. A few months following this dream, the patient started developing symptoms and was subsequently diagnosed as having lung cancer.
The patient spontaneously expressed concern about a possible relationship between these dreams and her cancerous condition. When the therapist inquired as to the specific nature of the relationship, the patient could not specify.
The patient was rather weak, depressed and apprehensive and was having difficulty with pain. She was taking percodan four times a day and also was taking valium as frequently but was having almost constant pain in spite of the medication. The patient was administered 200 mcg. LSD orally and it took approximately one hour for psychological changes to occur. The materials that the patient became involved with was the relationship between her sister who had acted as a mother towards her.
The patient's first comment was, "Why did my sister want to punish me? My sister made me walk out into the rain where I have been ever since." She began to complain of pain in the back of her head; at this point the therapist attempted to have her become totally in contact with her pain and to experience it completely. The patient began to experience pain in the chest and this pain increased in great intensity. As the patient experienced more pain, the therapist became more and more insistent that the patient go into her pain to see if there were messages in her pain for her.
This approach lasted for over two hours; then the patient sat up, looked the therapist straight in the eye, and said, "I am nauseated." When asked what was nauseating her, she said, "I finally accepted it. I finally have accepted the fact that I've got cancer and that's enough to make anybody sick." She made this statement with great meaning and with that touch of humor that acknowledged emotional acceptance. The patient then became relaxed and was able to discuss her relationships with her sister. For the first time she became aware that the sister had actually committed suicide by taking an overdose of barbiturates and that the sister had done this because she could not tolerate the pain from her cancer. The patient then said, "Well, it won't be necessary to do that now."
When I inquired as to what it wouldn't be necessary to do, she replied that it wouldn't be necessary for her to commit suicide. She then said that she had been planning to commit suicide because she could not tolerate having cancer and suffering the pain. She also began to recognize that her sister had been a very controlling and dominating person, while making her think that she was a very loving, giving and martyred person. She recognized that the sister was selfish, that she was only interested in the patient performing the way she wanted her to perform, and that she was far from kind and giving.
The patient was amazed that she had been duped for so long in such a relationship, even to the final controlling act expressed through her own planned suicide. She explained that she had been going to take her own life to absolve the sister of the sin of committing suicide. The patient stated that she had never been aware that her sister had actually committed suicide, but only became aware of this during her treatment as she reconstructed the events on the evening of her sisters death. After four hours of treatment the patient became agitated because she felt she was losing control of herself and her thinking. She was very much concerned that she was going to "fall to pieces," complained of feeling helpless, and said that she could not maintain the kind of control psychologically that she wanted. Her agitation increased and finally, in response to the question as to what she was afraid of, answered, "That I will die." After some five hours of the treatment, the patient was given thorazine to decrease her agitation.
The following day the patient said she felt considerably better and that she felt a calmness and peace which was very new to her. She was not having any pain and she had not taken any analgesics. She was very much impressed with having understood the relationship with her sister and felt that she had finally been freed of the sister's domination. She also was convinced that she would have committed suicide, had she not worked through these dynamics regarding her sister. She was now perfectly assured within herself that she would not take her own life.
During the seven months she continued to live, she was seen a number of times and a marked change in her psychological state was evident. Previously, she had been a rather demanding, passive-aggressive woman who was a management problem; she now seemed a pleasant, outgoing individual who became involved in people and in activities. Staff members also commented upon the great improvement in her psychological attitude and now found her to be very different in relating to them.
What was most outstanding, however, was the lack of pain that this woman had subsequent to one LSD treatment. Three months later she was not having any pain and was not taking any analgesics. The pain only began to become a problem after the fifth month following the LSD treatment and never became unmanageable since she started to take codeine occasionally; apparently this controlled the pain. A month before she died, she became apprehensive about being left alone and was having separation anxiety. Her relationship with her husband was very much improved.
Whereas it had previously been rather competitive and she had used her dependency in a controlling fashion, they now had a much more open and free and relaxed type of relationship. They seemed to enjoy each other a great deal more, in marked contrast to the strained and anxiety-ridden relationship when they had been seen initially. During the last two weeks she became afraid of being left alone and wanted him with her most of the time. She denied, however, that she was afraid of death per se and said that through her LSD experiences and her prophetic dreams that she was not apprehensive about dying.
The most meaningful aspect of the use of LSD in this case was the patient's ability to work through her relationship with her sister. She then gained a state of peacefulness and tolerance and understanding of other people which was new to her. The reduction in her pain was most remarkable. Certainly, the remaining months of the woman's life were very much influenced by this experience that made life much more meaningful and peaceful.
The second case is that of a 45-year-old female, who has terminal cancer of the bone, spine, and who had recently developed brain tumors. She was hospitalized because of inability to manage the pain and was suffering nausea and vomiting from the medication. She was being medicated with Demerol, morphine and thorazine. The patient was a quiet, soft-spoken woman who was psychologically naive and unsophisticated. She knew she had cancer and knew that her disease was fatal but did not know how long she had to live. She was depressed but attempted to maintain control over depression. Her major defense mechanisms were massive denial and avoidance. This avoidance was so pervasive that she did not want her family to visit her while she was in the hospital. When questioned as to this attitude, she explained that their visits reminded her that she was hospitalized and if she was in the hospital then there must be something wrong with her and she did not want to think that there was anything wrong with her.
This woman had had a very unsatisfactory 20-year marriage with an alcoholic. Because of her strict Catholic faith, and at the insistence of her father, she remained in this marriage. Finally, however, she was unable to tolerate the relationship and obtained a divorce. This action was very unacceptable to her father and to her church; when she remarried some four years later, her father disowned her, and she was refused her church sacraments. Five months following her marriage, she developed breast cancer and, subsequently, cancer in other organs. She had seen a priest and attempted to absolve her sins with relation to her marrying outside of the church. She tried to reassure herself that she was not living in sin but obviously had great difficulty believing it. She was able to state that she felt cheated because, for the first time in her life, she had a good marital relationship and had achieved some happiness, only to develop cancer.
It was impossible to prepare this patient for an LSD experience because her total attitude was one of avoidance and denial of feelings. We repeatedly told her that the LSD treatment was not for her cancer but rather an attempt to help her with her emotional problems. She was incapable of hearing this message and kept repeating that she would cooperate totally with any procedure that the doctors were recommending because "they are trying to do so much for me." She also told us that she had a great deal of difficulty in bearing any pain, relating this to the death of her child through leukemia. She had watched him die in great pain and she was not terrified of experiencing her pain in the terminal phase of her disease.
Thus, this woman obviously met none of our established criteria for individuals suitable for LSD treatment. Understandably, we felt quite ambivalent about treating her, because she used denial so extensively, had poor ego strength, and was approaching the LSD experience, in our view, with totally wrong intent, i.e., that it would cure her cancerous condition. With trepidation, we gave her 200 mcg of LSD. At the beginning of the session, the patient was in considerable pain and discomfort but did not have any specific anxiety about taking the LSD. Onset of psychological changes was quite rapid, occurring in approximately 20 minutes. She immediately started verbalizing her experiences. For the first three hours of the treatment there was a very intensive interchange between the therapist and the patient.
The patient was not given her usual medication on the morning of the treatment and was in considerable pain, writhing around, grimacing and beginning to cry because of the pain she was experiencing. An example of how the therapist tries to deal with that is as follows:
Therapist: "Let yourself feel the pain. Let yourself totally experience it."
Patient: "It hurts, it hurts. I don't want it."
Therapist: "I know you don't want it, but let yourself feel the pain. Let it become worse. Let yourself totally feel it. Either let the pain totally come to you or else you go to the pain, whichever you find easiest to do."
Patient: "No, no (patient writhed about to try getting away from the pain), I don't want it."
Therapist: "I know you don't want it, but see what the pain can tell you. See if there is any message in the pain. Let it overcome you, totally become your pain. Let it completely take over, don't try to stop it, just let it come. Let yourself become the pain."
Patient: (screaming) "No, no. I don't want it. Make it go away.
Therapist: "Let it come, let it come. Let yourself let it come. Give in to it completely. Let it come.
Patient: (crying) "It's my daddy, it's my daddy. He doesn't want me, he doesn't love me. He pushes me away. Oh, daddy, I just wanted you to love me. He's laughing at me. He wants me to suffer. Oh, daddy, shame on you. It's not fair. You have no right to treat me in such ways.
(Patient starts showing anger) He doesn't want me to be happy. He's jealous because I have someone who loves me now."
Therapist: "How is your pain?"
Patient: "What pain?"
Therapist: "Do you feel any pain in your body?"
Patient: "No, I don't have any pain."
This particular sequence of the conversion of physical pain into psychological pain was repeated over and over again. When the patient would be experiencing severe pain, writhing around on the couch, the therapist; would continue to insist that she totally experience the pain. Each time she did so, the pain represented rejection by her father; later, it extended into the rejection by her sisters and by her church. This was followed by her resentment and anger over the way her family members and her church treated her their rejecting judgment of her. At these times, whenever the patient was questioned as to her experiencing physical pain, she always said, "What pain? I don't have any pain."
Her first concern was her rejection by her church and her family over having divorced her husband. At this point the section of the Casals Montserrat choral where a chorus of males and females alternately sing was playing. To the female voices she verbalized, "They are pleading. It is depressing. They are pleading, but they won't let me in. They turn their backs on me. I am an outsider, that's why. They don't think I belong in the church. They think I am a bad girl because I didn't get married by the church. The family didn't like that. They didn't want me to get a divorce. They are pleading. They are pleading, but they won't let me in. Oh, I want in, I want in."
She then became involved with material concerning her father and the rejection of her by her father and by her sister. She experienced them as taunting her, laughing at her and pretending concern without really feeling it. She cried because they were angry at her, resented her for remarrying, and particularly resented her happiness in her new marriage. When she asked them why they were so cruel to her, they replied that they wanted her to stay and to suffer and remain married to a man whom she did not love and who did not love her. She felt them laughing and talking about her and now obtaining their revenge because she did not have a happy marriage because she was going to die.
She then started to go back earlier in her life and deal with her father's rejection of her as an infant. She apparently was dark skinned whereas the rest of the children were light skinned and she was taunted and rejected because of the skin color. She said, "The color of skin means nothing. Daddy, I just want you to love me. They said I came in a charcoal freight car because 1m black. He said I wasn't pretty like my big sister. My daddy never did love me, I just wanted him to love me. Oh, daddy, why don't you love me?" All this was said with a great deal of affect, a great deal of crying, and a great deal of horror and surprise. In the next sequence, she began to resolve her feelings of rejection by her father, by the extended family and then by the church. It appeared that she finally accepted her father the way he was, and this acceptance removed her anger and resentment toward him. As she began to accept her father and her family, her whole mood changed dramatically, and she became happy, radiant, very peaceful, in a tranquil state.
After working through this acceptance, she then very quietly put out her hand to the therapist and said, "I am going now. Please walk with me." The therapist took her hand and said, "Yes, I will go with you." The patient's face became illuminated and her nostrils started quivering and she began to sniff the air. The patient verbalized, "The smell of the trees is so fresh. They are so fragrant. The flowers, they smell so beautiful. The air is so clean and so fresh, this is the garden." The patient became ecstatic and verbalized her tremendous delight with this experience. She said, "Death is a place you go to rest. It's such a beautiful road. It smells so fresh. Look at the light shining through the trees. It is so beautiful. Everything is so beautiful. Everybody has such beautiful faces. No one is ugly. I can go there too. I am not ugly. My daddy loves me. He really does love me. He's not laughing at me any more."
We present this material to indicate that the patient had worked through her feelings of rejection by her father, her family, and the church, she had come to an acceptance of those individuals and their attitudes and still could maintain that their attitudes were not valid with respect to her own worthiness. Through discovering that she was acceptable, she could experience them as human beings and accept them and their limitations. By releasing herself from their attitudes she was able to have a transcendental experience and experience the beauty of love; her previous notion and fear that she would burn in the fires of hell no longer held any validity for her.
Near the end of this type of experience the same music was played that was played earlier when she was experiencing such agony of being an outcast. Her response to this music was as follows: "The monks have come back and they say everything is going to be all right. We are all together now. They are answering and they are saying that everything is all right."
Following the session the patient required considerably less medication for her pain. The pain became manageable and she was discharged home.
The following day the patient verbalized remembering positive emotional experiences she had had and stated that she found these to be very, very helpful. She said that for the first time she was able to feel that her father did care for her and that she was able to accept him and no longer had any conflict in her relationship with him. She also said that she did not want to go back into the past any more but wanted to look towards the future.
Some five weeks later the patient's physician was contacted by telephone. The patient's physician had been out of town during this period, but I assumed that he had known of the LSD treatment. When I inquired as to the patient's status, the physician said that he had just been discussing the patient's case with other medical personnel and that in his vast experience with patients dying of this particular type of brain cancer, he had never before witnessed a patient dying in this way. He stated that most such patients had great emotional ability and were subject to fits of severe anger and rage and also to periods of despondency and apathy.
This patient, however, seemed to he very much at peace and was showing none of the usual signs. He stated that she seemed to be reliving delightful and joyous events in her past life and that she seemed to be totally peaceful and at ease. He continued to talk about the perplexity of the case. Because I still assumed that he had known about the LSD treatment, I said, "Well, I attribute those changes to the fact that the patient was able to work out many of the conflictual relationships in the LSD treatment and that she is not troubled by them." He responded to that statement with, "What LSD treatment?" It is of value to have had this independent observation of the psychological sequelae of the LSD experience.
The last case was not conducted within our current project, but was done outside of the United States under the auspices of another research project involving the therapeutic use of LSD. The patient was an 83-year-old woman with terminal lung cancer. She was a small, physically frail and debilitated woman. Her mood is best described as being one of apathy and withdrawal. She complained of being tired most of the time and had little interest in her surroundings. Her husband at 81 was a small, wiry man full of anxiety, fear, and apprehension over his wife's impending death, after 56 years of marriage.
He appeared to be very dependent on his wife and, although reluctant to admit it, he was very much concerned about how he was going to survive and fare after her demise. He was in a general high state of anxiety and could best be described as being distraught, depressed and agitated. The investigators decided that both the husband and wife should have the LSD experience at the same time. Consequently, each had one LSD session on the same day but were initially treated separately by two groups of therapists. The patients were thus physically separated, each having two to three therapists with them for approximately the first seven hours of the experience. Much of the husband's individual therapy work revolved around his dependency on his wife and his tremendous separation anxiety precipitated by her impending death. The wife basically worked through her defensive maneuver of withdrawing and of isolating herself from the emotional trauma of the separation and her fearfulness of dying.
After about seven hours of therapeutic work the couple were united and this was one of the most touching and dramatic scenes I have witnessed. Age had totally disappeared from both of them. He, the excited Romeo, approached his loved one with the ardour and anticipation of the innocent youth. She, Juliet, totally fascinated by her Romeo, opened her arms to him with that full acceptance so delicately needed by an unsure lover. It was as though their love for the first time was totally unencumbered. Each saw perfection in the other. They were young sweethearts, and as we discreetly left them in her boudoir, they became lost in each other's arms.
The sequelae to this treatment was most encouraging. She had again became involved with life because she had fallen in love again. His anxiety, fear and apprehension were gone. He became so enthralled with living life with his Juliet that fear became unknown to him. They lived a full and meaningful life for the next four months until she died. She had no fear of dying and he, no fear of her dying. He did not experience mourning because, as he said, he did not feel that she was truly gone from him. His warmth, vivacity and ability to give remained, and he became involved with other human beings and lived in his "here and now." He was seen some three years later and still maintained this positive mood, a sense of fulfillment and an interest and involvement with life.
These cases dramatize the need for the establishment of some setting where people can come to do the work of dying - with dignity, nobility and an opportunity for fulfillment. Such a facility would be dedicated to the living, both for the individual who is in the process of dying and for those who care for and love him.
"But what is it to die but to stand naked in the wind and to melt into the sun; and what is it to cease breathing but to free breath from its restless tide that it may rise and expand and seek God unencumbered; only when you drink from the river of silence shall you indeed sing; and when you have reached the mountain top you shall begin to climb; and when the earth shall claim your limbs, then shall you truly dance." - - Gibran.
Fisher, G., Death, Identity and Creativity. Voices: Art and Science of Psychotherapy, 5, 36-39, 1969.
Glaser, B. G. and Struass, A. L., Awareness of Dying, Aldine, Chicago, III., 1965.
Glaser, B. G. and Strauss, A. L., Time for Dying. Aldine, Chicago. III., 1968.
Hoffer, A., D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): Review of its present status. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6, 183-255, 1965.
Kast, E. C., LSD and the dying patient. Chicago Medical School Quarterly, 26, 80-87, 1966.
Kast, E. C. and Collins, V. J. Study of lysergic acid diethylamide as an analgesic agent. Journal of Internal Anesthetic Research Society, 43, 285-291, 1964.
Mogar, R. E., The psychedelic drugs and human potentialities. In Olto, H. A. (Ed.), Explorations in Human Potentialities. C. C. Thomas, Springfield, III., 1966.
Pahnke, W. N., Kurland, A. A., Unger, S., and Savage, C. Psychedelic Therapy (utilizing LSD) with Terminal Cancer Patients, Unpublished manuscript, 1969.
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Return to the Psychedelic Drugs Index

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RUSH: The U.S. attorney for the Central District of California — that would be Nick Hanna — is, as we speak, announcing the multiple-count indictment of Michael Avenatti for fraud and embezzlement. He's the first of the Democrat presidential contenders to go down the tubes here. (laughing) Well, he was!
He was touted, at one time, as maybe the best hope the Democrats had for defeating Trump. That has now become Mayor Pete, by the way, the guy I told everybody to keep their eye on. (laughing) They're now saying it's Mayor Pete.
This is Brian, Bunker Hill, West Virginia. Welcome, sir. Great to have you here.
CALLER: Thanks for taking my call, great American patriot.
CALLER: Absolutely. My comment is, I'm wondering why Mayor Pete is running for president but yet he is trying to pick a fight with the vice president of the United States. It makes me wonder if he's trying to set himself up to go on the ticket as the vice presidential candidate — and, Rush, if I can, can I make a quick comment on this coup?
CALLER: Yes. They keep trying to make Donald Trump out to be a idiot, a imbecile. Now, they used the Department of Justice, the State Department — they used the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, the DOJ, and the United States intelligence agencies — to try to take this president down, and they failed. Are they actually the imbeciles, or is our intelligence agencies not what we think it is?
RUSH: Yeah. Well, you know, that's another subject. (sigh) You go back to the weapons of mass destruction that weren't… Well, let's be honest. There aren't any there. I don't know whether they were there and they had been moved, but they weren't there when we got there, and they had told everybody that they were there. They didn't give us the heads up on 9/11. If you wanted to pick holes with the intelligence community and say they've been coming up short, you could, and they would come back and say, "Well, that's because of the wall!
"We aren't allowed to share information, FBI to CIA," which was true, because of the Clinton administration. But you know, talking about the effectiveness and the reliability of the intel community is another subject. Your question about Mayor Pete and why does Mayor Pete keep harping on Vice President Pence? It's not because Mayor Pete is angling to be VP. This is deeply rooted in Christianity and homosexuality, and Mayor Pete is harboring a real resentment over Vice President Pence, who used to be Governor Pence, during the Religious Freedom Restoration Act in Indiana.
I mean, I can't find where he's had negative things to say about Mayor Pete. Maybe he has, but I haven't found 'em. The stuff I've found has been praiseworthy of Mayor Pete as a human being and so forth. But, look, homosexuality is… Well, in parts of the Democrat Party, it's one of the heavy-donor areas. I refer to militant homosexuality as weaponized, politically weaponized. There are a lot of gay people who are not even into politics.
There are gay liberals, gay Democrats, gay Republicans, and it's not the chief, primary political-identifying factor. But for those to whom it is, most of them are on the Democrat side, the leftist side. They give a lot of money to the Democrat Party, and it's used to flush out bigotry and homophobia and hatred that supposedly exists on the right. Speaking of all of this — and, actually, it was the fact that you're from West Virginia out there that reminded me of this.
(Southern accent) "You all remember Ralph Northam, the governor of Virginia? You remember this guy, Ralph Northam, that came out there and said that if a woman wants to kill her baby — even after it has done been born — then she can in Virginia, and that we gonna do whatever we can to make that baby comfortable while the woman be decidin'?" And then, after that had been learned, it had been revealed that Governor Northam had posed in blackface for photos in his medical school yearbook. So those photos and the blackface controversy were used to make everybody forget about what Ralph Northam has said about babies being expendable.
And then, the lieutenant governor was discovered to have been his own kind of sexual predator, which then further made people forget about Ralph Northam. And then the media, since they're both Democrats, decided to try to forget about both of them. And it looks like that it has worked because I have a story here from the Washington Free Beacon, and you want to hear the headline? Well, here it is: "Virginia Dems Sorry for 'Rush to Judgment' Against Northam," and you note they had to get that name "Rush" somewhere in the headline.
"Virginia Democrats called for Gov. Ralph Northam to resign," but now they say they sorry. They were rushing to judgment out there. Statements were made before people even talked to the governor. "'It was like a snowball coming at you, bigger and bigger and bigger,' Del. Patrick Hope (D-47th) said…" So now everybody is apologizing to Governor Northam, who has survived both the baby controversy and blackface, because the people that went after him now say that they are sorry.


text:
The Ellis Insight
About Jim Ellis
2018 SERVICES OVERVIEW
Tag Archives: Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand
With Beto Out … Will the Rest
of the Dominoes Start to Fall?
Beto O'Rourke | Facebook Photo
By Jim Ellis
Nov. 5, 2019 — Former US Rep. Beto O'Rourke (D-TX) ended his presidential campaign Friday, joining Rep. Eric Swalwell (D-CA), ex-Colorado Gov. John Hickenlooper, Washington Gov. Jay Inslee, US Rep. Seth Moulton (D-MA), New York Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, and US Rep. Tim Ryan (D-OH) as 2020 national contenders who are no longer in the race.
O'Rourke's concession statement made reference to departing because he no longer possesses adequate resources with which to compete. Beginning as a top tier candidate with a strong financial base, his effort rapidly crumbled largely due to ill-advised comments, poor debate performance, and calling for assault weapon confiscation, which did not reinvigorate his campaign as he expected. O'Rourke had hoped to use the latter issue to begin cracking into the party's far-left faction that Sens. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) and Bernie Sanders (I-VT) seemingly have cornered.
Democratic leaders had from the outset attempted to persuade O'Rourke to challenge Texas Sen. John Cornyn (R) instead of running for president, but they were ignored. In his statement announcing the end of his national campaign, the former congressman addressed the speculation that he might return to Texas to challenge Cornyn, but again ruled out running for that office or any other in 2020.
How does the Democratic race change now that O'Rourke has departed? Largely, his move could be a precursor of many more exits to come. At this point, it is clear three candidates occupy the top tier and separation exists between them and the rest of the pack. Former Vice President Joe Biden and Sens. Warren and Sanders maintain the top three positions in virtually every poll, and it is reasonable to expect that one of them will eventually become the Democratic nominee.
South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg has recently made a resurgence after lagging in single digits since the second nationally televised debate in July. Concentrating on fundraising and organization, Buttigieg's efforts have proven worthwhile. Raising $19.1 million just in the third quarter, placing him behind only Sanders ($25.3 million raised in Quarter 3) and Warren ($24.6 million) during that period, the mid-size city mayor has brought in over $51.5 million since the onset of his presidential campaign.
Posted in Election Analysis, Presidential campaign, Super Tuesday and tagged Beto O'Rourke, California, Gov. Jay Inslee, Gov. Steve Bullock, Iowa, Joe Biden, Joe Sestak, John Delaney, John Hickenlooper, Julian Castro, Marianne Williamson, Mayor Bill de Blasio, Mayor Pete Buttigieg, Rep. Eric Swalwell (D-CA), Rep. Seth Moulton, Rep. Tim Ryan, Sen. Bernie Sanders, Sen. Elizabeth Warren, Sen. John Cornyn, Sen. Kamala Harris, Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, Sen. Michael Bennet, Texas on November 5, 2019 by Jim Ellis.	Leave a comment
Inslee Bows Out of Presidential Race
Washington Gov. Jay Inslee (D)
Aug. 23, 2019 — The Democratic National Committee leaders' strategy to substantially increase the presidential debate qualification requirements in order to decrease the unwieldy and bloated candidate field is working.
The prerequisites to prove that a campaign has more than 130,000 donors and that each candidate reaches a minimum of two percent support from four of eight designated pollsters paid another dividend Wednesday as Washington Gov. Jay Inslee became the third Democratic candidate to officially exit the race.
Not making the debate stage signifies that a candidate has no chance to become a top-tier candidate. Without national exposure, also-ran candidates have little opportunity to increase name identification and familiarity in order to raise enough money to deliver a message, motivate people to work on their campaign, and attract serious media attention both nationally and in the important local markets within key states.
Inslee follows Rep. Eric Swalwell (D-CA) and former Colorado Gov. John Hickenlooper in making the decision to bow out of the race, and there are likely to be several more following suit once it becomes even more evident that the lower-tier candidates will no longer have the opportunity to climb onto the national debate stage.
Gov. Inslee, in an interview on MSNBC's "The Rachel Maddow Show" Wednesday, stated " … it's become clear that I'm not going to be carrying the ball. I'm not going to be the president, so I'm withdrawing tonight from the race." He is expected to announce that he will seek a third term as Washington's governor.
The Inslee withdrawal is not a surprise to anyone, apparently even to the candidate himself. He remained non-committal about ruling out running for a third gubernatorial term, which froze most of the Washington Democratic potential aspirants in place. The rhetoric blocked them from overtly assembling a statewide campaign since most correctly interpreted the political tea leaves as meaning that Inslee would, in fact, be back to seek re-election.
With 10 candidates now qualified for the next debate since former HUD Secretary Julian Castro just joined the top-tier candidates of Joe Biden, Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren, Kamala Harris, and Pete Buttigieg who are also joined by Sens. Cory Booker (D-NJ), Amy Klobuchar (D-MN), ex-Rep. Beto O'Rourke (D-TX), and businessman Andrew Yang, it remains to be seen just how many of those who won't meet the qualifications will continue.
Posted in Election Analysis and tagged Andrew Yang, Beto O'Rourke, Democratic debate, Democratic National Committee, Gov. Jay Inslee, Gov. Steve Bullock, Houston, Joe Biden, John Delaney, John Hickenlooper, Julian Castro, Marianne Williamson, Mayor Pete Buttigieg, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, Rep. Eric Swalwell, Rep. Seth Moulton, Rep. Tim Ryan, Rep. Tulsi Gabbard, Sen. Amy Klobuchar, Sen. Bernie Sanders, Sen. Cory Booker, Sen. Elizabeth Warren, Sen. Kamala Harris, Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, Sen. Michael Bennet, The Rachel Maddow Show, Tom Steyer on August 23, 2019 by Jim Ellis.	Leave a comment
Biden Rebounding Across the Nation
Former vice president, Joe Biden
July 25, 2019 — Former Vice President Joe Biden is re-establishing his pre-debate lead in the Democratic presidential race according to a new Morning Consult political survey.
The poll (July 15-21; 17,285 likely Democratic primary voters from an online pool of 5,000 US registered voters), part of a regular ongoing Morning Consult research series, finds Biden registering 33 percent preference. Following with double-digit support are Sens. Bernie Sanders (I-VT), Elizabeth Warren (D-MA), and Kamala Harris (D-CA) at 18-14-13 percent, respectively. South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg, who led all of the Democratic candidates in second quarter fundraising with $24 million obtained during the three-month period, posted only five percent support in placing fifth.
Though we see more support for both Warren and Harris than was present in pre-debate polling, the remainder of the field appears to be reverting to their support levels detected prior to the first Democratic presidential forum held in Miami at the end of June.
Results such as those found in this MC study still suggest the pressure is squarely on the former vice president to deliver an improved performance at his next debate scheduled for July 31 from Detroit. While it was clear his support dipped after the last debate, it will now become imperative for him to command the stage in order to re-establish long-lasting confidence from his political base.
The post-debate slippage indicated that much of Biden's voter base can be described as vacillating, thus identifying a point of weakness. The upcoming national debate will give him the opportunity of cementing his early lead.
With Biden again pitted against Sen. Harris, and this time with Sens. Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY) and Cory Booker (D-NJ) joining him as part of the 10 candidates appearing on stage, his key opponents make up a formidable presence who will likely seize more than their allotted share of speaking time. Fighting for time could become problematic for Biden, especially if he becomes a joint target as the evening proceeds.
Posted in Election Analysis, National Survey, Polling, Presidential campaign, Primary and tagged Democratic presidential forum, Ellis Insight, Jim Ellis, Joe Biden, Mayor Pete Buttigieg, Morning Consult, Sen. Bernie Sanders, Sen. Cory Booker, Sen. Elizabeth Warren, Sen. Kamala Harris, Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand on July 25, 2019 by Jim Ellis.	Leave a comment
Poll: Biden Falling
July 2, 2019 — The Morning Consult organization immediately went into the field after the second night of the Democratic presidential forum (June 27-28; 2,407 US self-identified Democratic registered voters) and found that former Vice President Joe Biden's support slipped, at least as an immediate reaction to what is commonly viewed as his poor debate performance, while Sen. Kamala Harris (D-CA), evaluated as performing quite well, gained.
The MC data still finds Biden in first place, but down five points from their previous survey. On June 23, just three days before the first forum, Biden led Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT), 38-19 percent while Sen. Harris lagged at six percent support. Just after the debate, when completing the poll on June 28, Biden dropped to 33 percent, but Sanders remained constant at the 19 percent level. Conversely, Sen. Harris doubled her past support to 12 percent.
MORNING CONSULT POLL RESULTS:
Click on above graphic to go to complete Media Consult poll results story.
In the Morning Consult survey, Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) also posted 12 percent support, which was virtually on par with her standing in their June 23 poll when she recorded 13 percent preference. South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg, who actually scored well on the second debate night, had a similar result to Sen. Warren. While he was polling seven percent on the June 23 poll, he basically remained constant one week later, dropping to six percent on the MC June 28 survey.
Former Texas representative, Beto O'Rourke, who was dogged with poor debate reviews from his first night performance, also dropped in the Morning Consult polling. Before the forum, O'Rourke was only in the four percent range, and after, even lost half that support base, dropping to two percent.
Posted in Election Analysis, Polling, Presidential campaign and tagged Andrew Yang, Beto O'Rourke, Democratic presidential debate, Ellis Insight, Gov. Jay Inslee, Gov. Steve Bullock, Jim Ellis, Joaquin Castro, Joe Biden, John Delaney, John Hickenlooper, Marianne Williamson, Mayor Bill de Blasio, Mayor Pete Buttigieg, Morning Consult, Rep. Eric Swalwell, Rep. Seth Moulton, Rep. Tim Ryan, Rep. Tulsi Gabbard, Sen. Amy Klobuchar, Sen. Bernie Sanders, Sen. Elizabeth Warren, Sen. Kamala Harris, Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, Sen. Michael Bennet on July 2, 2019 by Jim Ellis.	Leave a comment
The Scorecard – Part I
Former vice president and ex-Delaware senator Joe Biden is the Democratic front-runner in the 2020 presidential campaign.
May 20, 2019 — It is often said, "you can't tell the players without a scorecard," and that is certainly becoming the case with the presidential campaign. A 24th candidate entered the national political fray just late last week — New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio.
Greeted with the reminder that the last Quinnipiac University poll of New York City residents found that 76 percent of those polled didn't want the mayor to run for president, de Blasio launched his late-starting campaign with a video of him talking about "putting working people first," interspersed with video footage of being chauffeured around the city in a limousine. Saddled with poor approval ratings within his home base and a late start, de Blasio is the longest of shots to become a viable candidate.
It is likely that the de Blasio declaration is the last significant announcement, meaning all of the major players are finally in the race. Seeing two dozen candidates – and while many media networks report different numbers, the total clearly exceeds 20 – it is a good time to review the field (alphabetically) and summarize how the plethora of candidates is doing. We'll go through the first 12, and tomorrow finish up the field:
• Former Vice President Joe Biden: The clear early race leader. Biden received the announcement bump that he desired and is proving to be the man to beat. Still, much will happen before he can legitimately clinch the party nomination. In the first 24 hours after his announcement, the former VP raised $6.3 million.
• Sen. Michael Bennet (D-CO): A prostate cancer diagnosis and surgery delayed Sen. Bennet's entry into the race, so his campaign is just getting underway. He is a second-tier candidate who is unlikely to seriously challenge for the nomination.
• Sen. Cory Booker (D-NJ): Has not gotten much early attention, but reports suggest his campaign is among the best organized in terms of ground operation. Sen. Booker could surprise in the national candidate forums and, despite current low polling performance, might become a factor as the campaign develops.
Posted in Election Analysis, Presidential campaign and tagged Gov. Steve Bullock, Joe Biden, John Delaney, Julian Castro, Mayor Bill de Blasio, Mayor Pete Buttigieg, Mike Gravel, Rep. Tulsi Gabbard, Sen. Cory Booker, Sen. Kamala Harris, Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, Sen. Michael Bennet on May 20, 2019 by Jim Ellis.	Leave a comment
Comparing 2020 & 2016
Early Senate 2022 Previews:
Florida & North Carolina
2022 Senate Outlook
Definitive Georgia Data
NY-22: Up 12, Down 14, Now +27
Georgia: A Deeper Dive
The Democrats Take Georgia
Jim Ellis
Identifying and analyzing emerging trends in campaigns and elections.
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Saudi Arabia on Wednesday executed a member of the royal family for murder, in a rare case involving one of the thousands of members of the House of Saud. Prince Turki bin Saud al-Kabir was put to death in the capital Riyadh for shooting dead Adel al-Mahemid, a Saudi, during a brawl, the interior ministry said in a statement.
Kabir was the 134th local or foreigner put to death this year, according to an AFP tally of ministry statements.
The Arab News reported in November 2014 that a court in Riyadh sentenced an unnamed prince to death for killing his friend.
He lost his life and another person was injured in anSa exchange of gunfire following a dispute at a camp on the edge of Riyadh in December 2012, the newspaper said.


5 Ways To Cover Your Truck's Tailgate and Prevent Theft Including $1 Security Hack. Tailgate theft on trucks like Ford F-250, F-350 or Chevy Silverado 1500 is on the rise. Here are 5 ways how to... PDF Security Can Be Used To Prevent Copying You may have PDF documents which you'd like to make generally available, but which you'd prefer weren't easy to copy (for whatever reason). For instance, PDF security can be used to ensure people can't copy and paste your text, can't print the file in high quality or save as another sort of document.
A technician is trying to prevent a local application from reaching the web due to security concerns. Which of the following solutions could BEST prevent the application from reaching the... Security revolving doors and security portals are unmanned entry solutions that reliably and predictably prevent tailgating and piggybacking into sensitive buildings or interior areas. Due to the decreased cost of labour, they provide a rapid payback on the investment.
Security revolving doors and security portals are unmanned entry solutions that reliably and predictably prevent tailgating and piggybacking into sensitive buildings or interior areas. Due to the decreased cost of labour, they provide a rapid payback on the investment.
Bates Athletics Tailgating Policy. The following Tailgating Policy outlines the established guidelines put forth by Bates College to manage on-campus tailgating activities for Bates Football events and ensure a safe and enjoyable environment.


Part of the Comenda 'Essential' range of dishwashers which are fully WRAS approved, manually self-cleaning and all feature 'Rinse Control Devices' on all models to ensure all items leave the machine gleaming.
Comenda is an Italian company known throughout the world for their outstanding innovation in the construction of commercial dishwashers and glass washers.
The main focal point of Comenda's company is to provide companies with a powerful commercial dishwasher that is both powerful in its performance and economical.
Most companies are energy aware. Concerned about their carbon footprint. Along with how much they can save for their company in the long run, while having a machine that delivers clean and sanitary ware.
The fast wash cycle gives the machine the ability to lower its need for detergent and water consumption. You are maximising the use of the amount of both soap and hot water with every wash.
Comenda designed the LF321MD/DP Dishwasher for bar, nightclubs, commercial kitchens and hotels. As communication is key with most commercial kitchens, the LF321MD/DP commercial dishwasher has been engineered to have a shallow noise level and given chefs and staff the ability to communicate freely.
Understanding the nature of the industry in which the LF321MD/DP Dishwasher is used in, Comenda ensures that the footprint of the machine matches its environment. With a Rack size 500 x 500mm Dimensions 600 width x 600 diameter x 820 in height.
One crucial factor of a functional commercial dishwasher is its speed. Give the user the option for manual operation from the user interface — two wash cycle options - 120/180 seconds (3.5 litres water consumption per cycle).
Innovations in the technology with the machine give the user hot water inside the machine in a matter of minutes. Providing the user with excellent cleaning options as the water remains at a constant eighty-five degrees.
The LF321MD/DP has a substantial amount of space within the tank of the dishwasher. With a tank capacity of 21 litres, there is plenty of room pots, plates and serving trays.
When the user is finished, the dishwasher operates its self-cleaning system. Making sure that all the gunk from the plates is safely dispersed through the drain, the machine is disinfected before it's turned off.
Most companies look for features like this as it saves companies time and manpower with their business increasing productivity.
Given the fact that the Comenda LF321MD/DP has many control options and a door microswitch and safety thermostats, which give the dishwasher a longer life span and better value for the customer.


text:
Psychology: Articles
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