paste mechanism that allows moving text regions between windows.
the window that contained it. If this window was in the foreground, the display switches to the previous window; if none are left, screen exits.
command character and all the key bindings can be fully customized to be anything you like, though they are always two characters in length.
or the -e option. Screen will also print out control characters in caret notation.
emacs editor (editing prog.c) and switch to its window.
long as screen is active on your terminal, the terminal's own record is removed from the utmp file. See also "C-a L".
section "CUSTOMIZATION" deals with the contents of your .screenrc.
using a terminal with insert-character capability.
resizable terminals (those with "WS" in its description, e.g. suncmd or some xterm).
override the default configuration file from "$HOME/.screenrc" to file.
-d -R Reattach a session and if necessary detach or even create it first.
-d -RR Reattach a session and if necessary detach or create it. Use the first session if more than one session is available.
-D -r Reattach a session. If necessary detach and logout remotely first.
running create it and notify the user. This is the author's favorite.
-D -RR Attach here and now. Whatever that means, just do it.
Note: It is always a good idea to check the status of your sessions by means of "screen -list".
only the command character of the attaching user. This option is equivalent to either the commands "defescape" or "escape" respectively.
turns flow-control on, off, or "automatic switching mode". This can also be defined through the "defflow" .screenrc command.
Specifies the history scrollback buffer to be num lines high.
details. The use of this option is discouraged.
turns login mode on or off (for /etc/utmp updating). This can also be defined through the "deflogin" .screenrc command.
'dead' should be thoroughly checked and removed. Ask your system administrator if you are not sure. Remove sessions with the -wipe option.
-L tells screen to turn on automatic output logging for the windows.
-d -m Start screen in "detached" mode. This creates a new session but doesn't attach to it. This is useful for system startup scripts.
-D -m This also starts screen in "detached" mode, but doesn't fork a new process. The command exits if the session terminates.
also be set in your .screenrc by specifying 'OP' in a "termcap" command.
specify which one to choose. In all other cases "-q" has no effect.
runs in multiuser mode. This indicates that screen should look for sessions in another user's directory. This requires setuid-root.
login-shell (actually screen uses "-xRR" in that case). For combinations with the -d/-D option see there.
also be defined through the "shell" .screenrc command.
-list" and "screen -r" actions. It substitutes the default [tty.host] suffix.
sets the title (a.k.a.) for the default shell or specified program. See also the "shelltitle" .screenrc command.
ing for new windows to 'utf8'.
-x Attach to a not detached screen session. (Multi display mode).
sessions. Note that this command doesn't work if the session is password protected.
to create a window. See section "CUSTOMIZATION" for a description of the command.
C-a ' (select) Prompt for a window name or number to switch to.
Present a list of all windows for selection.
C-a – (select -) Switch to window number 0 – 9, or to the blank window.
C-a tab (focus) Switch the input focus to the next region.
ridden. For instance, if you use the option "-e]x", this command becomes "]]".
C-a a (meta) Send the command character (C-a) to window. See escape command.
C-a A (title) Allow the user to enter a name for the current window.
C-a C-b (break) Send a break to window.
C-a B (pow_break) Reopen the terminal line and send a break.
C-a C-c (screen) Create a new window with a shell and switch to that window.
C-a C (clear) Clear the screen.
C-a C-d (detach) Detach screen from this terminal.
C-a D D (pow_detach) Detach and logout.
C-a C-f (flow) Toggle flow on, off or auto.
C-a F (fit) Resize the window to the current region size.
C-a C-g (vbell) Toggles screen's visual bell mode.
C-a h (hardcopy) Write a hardcopy of the current window to the file "hardcopy.n".
C-a H (log) Begins/ends logging of the current window to the file "screenlog.n".
C-a C-i (info) Show info about this window.
C-a C-k (kill) Destroy current window.
C-a C-l (redisplay) Fully refresh current window.
C-a L (login) Toggle this windows login slot. Available only if screen is configured to update the utmp database.
C-a C-m (lastmsg) Repeat the last message displayed in the message line.
C-a M (monitor) Toggles monitoring of the current window.
C-a C-n (next) Switch to the next window.
C-a N (number) Show the number (and title) of the current window.
C-a C-p (prev) Switch to the previous window (opposite of C-a n).
C-a C-q (xon) Send a control-q to the current window.
C-a Q (only) Delete all regions but the current one.
C-a C-r (wrap) Toggle the current window's line-wrap setting (turn the current window's automatic margins on and off).
C-a C-s (xoff) Send a control-s to the current window.
C-a S (split) Split the current region into two new ones.
C-a C-t (time) Show system information.
C-a v (version) Display the version and compilation date.
C-a C-v (digraph) Enter digraph.
C-a C-w (windows) Show a list of window.
C-a W (width) Toggle 80/132 columns.
C-a C-x (lockscreen) Lock this terminal.
C-a X (remove) Kill the current region.
C-a C-z (suspend) Suspend screen. Your system must support BSD-style job-control.
C-a Z (reset) Reset the virtual terminal to its "power-on" values.
C-a . (dumptermcap) Write out a ".termcap" file.
C-a ? (help) Show key bindings.
C-a C-\ (quit) Kill all windows and terminate screen.
C-a : (colon) Enter command line mode.
C-a esc (copy) Enter copy/scrollback mode.
C-a ] (paste .) Write the contents of the paste buffer to the stdin queue of the current window.
C-a } (history) Copy and paste a previous (command) line.
C-a > (writebuf) Write paste buffer to a file.
C-a < (readbuf) Reads the screen-exchange file into the paste buffer.
C-a = (removebuf) Removes the file used by C-a < and C-a >.
C-a , (license) Shows where screen comes from, where it went to and why you can use it.
C-a _ (silence) Start/stop monitoring the current window for inactivity.
C-a * (displays) Show a listing of all currently attached displays.
root, the user can specify any mode 700 directory in the environment variable $SCREENDIR.
mand line option -c takes precedence over the above user screenrc files.
gle-quotes is also protected from variable substitution.
special username nobody cannot be changed (see the "su" command). 'Chacl' is a synonym to 'aclchg'. Multi user mode only.
Remove a user from screen's access control list. If currently attached, all the user's displays are detached from the session. He cannot attach again.
removed from all groups the special value "none" is used for groupname. If the second parameter is omitted all groups the user is in are listed.
(see the "su" command). 'Umask' is a synonym to 'aclumask'.
Note that monitoring is off for all windows by default, but can be altered by use of the "monitor" command (C-a M).
overriding the "partial" settings. It does not change the default redraw behavior of newly created windows.
If set to on, "alternate screen" support is enabled in virtual terminals, just like in xterm. Initial setting is 'off'.
is checked for the initiator of the "at" command, not for the owners of the affected display(s).
"other") may be called again. In shared windows the command will be repeated for each attached display. Beware, when issuing toggle commands like "login"!
stands two pseudo-attributes, "i" stands for high-intensity foreground color and "I" for high-intensity background color.
Change the color to bright red if bold text is to be printed.
Use blue text instead of underline.
Use bright colors for bold text. Most terminal emulators do this already.
Make bright colored text also bold.
turned off, a hangup signal will terminate screen and all the processes it contains. Autodetach is on by default.
Sets whether a clear screen sequence should nuke all the output that has not been written to the terminal. See also "obuflimit".
line of output is used for substitution.
refresh the hardstatus or the captions.
The second form of the command deletes the backtick command with the numerical id id.
current background color. Otherwise the default background color is used.
classes can be used to create multiple command keys or multi-character bindings.
in slot #9, with a superuser shell and a scrollback buffer of 1000 lines.
makes "C-b 0" select window 10, "C-b 1" window 11, etc.
makes "C-a – 0" select window 10, "C-a – 1" window 11, etc.
one for screen's copy mode to do cursor movement. See section "INPUT TRANSLATION" for a list of default key bindings.
(selectable with the -k option).
translation table. You can select the application mode entry by specifying the -a option.
The -t option tells screen not to do inter-character timing. One cannot turn off the timing if a termcap capability is used.
Cmd can be any of screen's commands with an arbitrary number of args. If cmd is omitted the key-binding is removed from the table.
Show all of the default key bindings. The application mode entries are marked with [A].
Make the "F1" key switch to window one.
Make "foo" an abbreviation of the word "barfoo". Timeout is disabled so that users can type slowly.
"^Tfoo". If you want to insert a "^T" you have to press the key twice (i.e. escape the escape binding).
Make the F11 (not F1!) key an alternative screen escape (besides ^A).
and it's output is written to the screen. The screen blanker is killed with the first keypress, the read key is discarded.
This command is normally used together with the "idle" command.
Defines a blanker program. Disables the blanker program if no arguments are given.
with fonts that have usable characters in the c1 positions may want to turn this off.
mode). But if the type is set to always screen shows a caption even if only one window is displayed. The default is splitonly.
The second form changes the text used for the caption. You can use all escapes from the "STRING ESCAPES" chapter. Screen uses a default of '%3n %t'.
You can mix both forms by providing a string as an additional argument.
unless a "encoding" command is active.
The current setting can be viewed with the "info" command.
your .screenrc to start various windows in different default directories, but the last chdir value will affect all the windows you create interactively.
Clears the current window and saves its image to the scrollback buffer.
If you consider this as the 'Ex command mode' of screen, you may regard "C-a esc" (copy mode) as its 'Vi command mode'.
select the specified command class. See also "bind" and "bindkey".
This tells screen whether to suppress trailing blank lines when scrolling up text into the history buffer.
able if the machine supports the ioctl TIOCCONS.
+ and – positions one line up and down.
keymap, as this involves multi-character codes.
space to set the first or second mark respectively.
Y and y used to mark one whole line or to mark from start of line.
W marks exactly one word.
0..9 which is taken as a repeat count.
Example: "C-a C-[ H 10 j 5 Y" will copy lines 11 to 15 into the paste buffer.
C-a s Emacs style incremental search forward.
C-r Emacs style reverse i-search.
c or C to set the left or right margin respectively. If no repeat count is given, both default to the current cursor position.
Example: Try this on a rather full text screen: "C-a [ M 20 l SPACE c 10 l 5 j C SPACE".
and notice the difference in the amount of text copied.
and comma separated lines. Note that you can prepend the newline character with a carriage return character, by issuing a "crlf on".
a before the final space key to toggle in append mode. Thus the contents of the paste buffer will not be overwritten, but is appended to.
A toggles in append mode and sets a (second) mark.
This example demonstrates how to dump the whole scrollback buffer to that file: "C-A [ g SPACE G $ >".
C-g gives information about the current line and column.
x exchanges the first mark and the current cursor position. You can use this to adjust an already placed mark.
@ does nothing. Does not even exit copy mode.
All keys not described here exit copy mode.
No longer exists, use "readreg" instead.
'LF'. Otherwise (default) only 'LF' is used. When no parameter is given, the state is toggled.
mand only affects debugging output from the main "SCREEN" process correctly. Debug output from attacher processes can only be turned off once and forever.
Same as the c1 command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Initial setting is 'on'.
'AN' terminal capability if you want to have a dependency on the terminal type.
Same as the bce command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Initial setting is 'off'.
may or may not produce long breaks with spikes (e.g. 4 per second). This is not only system dependant, this also differs between serial board drivers.
Calling "defbreaktype" with no parameter displays the current setting.
Like the charset command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Shows current default if called without argument.
changes the command character of the calling user, where "defescape" changes the default command characters for users that will be added later.
the same as the command-line options -fa and -i.
Same as the gr command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Initial setting is 'off'.
rent default string is displayed. Per default the hardstatus line of new windows is empty.
Same as the encoding command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Initial setting is the encoding taken from the terminal.
Same as the log command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Initial setting is 'off'.
Same as the login command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. This is initialized with 'on' as distributed (see config.h.in).
The mode of each newly allocated pseudo-tty is set to mode. Mode is an octal number. When no "defmode" command is given, mode 0622 is used.
Same as the monitor command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Initial setting is 'off'.
Same as the nonblock command except that the default setting for displays is changed. Initial setting is 'off'.
cial 'OL' terminal capability if you want to have a dependency on the terminal type.
Same as the scrollback command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Initial setting is 100.
Synonym to the shell command. See there.
Same as the silence command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Initial setting is 'off'.
Same as the slowpaste command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Initial setting is 0 milliseconds, meaning 'off'.
("C-a r") or by means of "C-a : wrap on|off".
Same as the writelock command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Initially writelocks will off.
close the connection to the terminal ("hangup").
Show what screen thinks about your terminal. Useful if you want to know why features like color or the alternate charset don't work.
Shows a tabular listing of all currently connected user front-ends (displays). This is most useful for multiuser sessions.
an "umlaut" key. For example the command "bindkey ^K digraph '"'" enables the user to generate an a-umlaut by typing CTRL-K a.
that is set up by screen for each window. For terminfo based systems you will need to run a converter like captoinfo and then compile the entry with tic.
used to suppress the line feed. See also "sleep". Echo is also useful for online checking of environment variables.
Tell screen how to interpret the input/output. The first argument sets the encoding of the current window. Each window can emulate a different encoding.
encoding. There is also a way to select a terminal encoding depending on the terminal type by using the "KJ" termcap entry.
ISO8859-8, ISO8859-9, ISO8859-10, ISO8859-15, jis.
See also "defencoding", which changes the default setting of a new window.
(specifying the ASCII code of the character), or a backslash followed by a second character, such as "\^" or "\\". The default is "^Aa".
Parses and executes each argument as separate command.
(|) is added (as a fourth character) to the end of fdpat.
When a subprocess is running the 'kill' command will affect it instead of the windows process.
the secondary pty that now has screen at its master side.
'|' is synonymous for the pattern '!..|'; the word exec can be omitted here and can always be replaced by '!'.
Set the speed of the window's tty. If your stty command operates on stdout, then add another '!'.
versions newer than 177 fail miserably here; good old pg still works.
Sends window output to both, the user and the sed command. The sed inserts an additional bell character (oct. 007) to the window output seen by screen.
This will cause "Bell in window x" messages, whenever the string "Error" appears in the window.
is displayed more than once.
Sets the flow-control mode for this window. Without parameters it cycles the current window's flow-control setting from "automatic" to "on" to "off".
Defines a directory where hardcopy files will be placed. If unset, hardcopys are dumped in screen's current working directory.
to display messages. If the flag is set to 'off', these messages are overlaid in reverse video mode at the display line. The default setting is 'on'.
the type even if the terminal supports a hardstatus.
chapter. If you leave out the argument string, the current string is displayed.
You can mix the second and third form by providing the string as additional argument.
if you want to change both values. The -w option tells screen to leave the display size unchanged and just set the window size, -d vice versa.
Usually users work with a shell that allows easy access to previous commands. For example csh has the command "!!" to repeat the last command executed.
queue. Thus you have a crude command history (made up by the visible window and its scrollback buffer).
Change the window's hardstatus line to the string status.
disables the timer. If no arguments are given, the current settings are displayed.
Tell screen to ignore the case of characters in searches. Default is 'off'.
+flow automatic flow control, currently on.
-flow automatic flow control, currently off.
+(+)flow flow control enabled. Agrees with automatic control.
-(+)flow flow control disabled. Disagrees with automatic control.
+(-)flow flow control enabled. Disagrees with automatic control.
-(-)flow flow control disabled. Agrees with automatic control.
when the window is in insert mode, origin mode, application-keypad mode, has output logging, activity monitoring or partial redraw enabled.
is shown. If the window is in UTF-8 mode, the string "UTF-8" is shown instead.
Additional modes depending on the type of the window are displayed at the end of the status line (See also chapter "WINDOW TYPES").
If the state machine of the terminal emulator is in a non-default state, the info line is started with a string identifying the current state.
For system information use the "time" command.
No longer exists, use "paste" instead.
to the previously displayed window.
key (unless your terminal has a hardware status line). Refer to the commands "msgwait" and "msgminwait" for fine tuning.
Warning: When you leave other shells unlocked and you have no password set on screen, the lock is void: One could easily re-attach from an unlocked shell.
This feature should rather be called 'lockterminal'.
Start/stop writing output of the current window to a file "screenlog.n" in the window's default directory, where n is the number of the current window.
previous contents of the file if it already exists. The current contents and the contents of the scrollback history are not included in the session log.
logfile buffer to the file-system. The default value is 10 seconds.
'bind O login off' will map these keys to be C-a I and C-a O. The default setting (in config.h.in) should be "on" for a screen that runs under suid-root.
('– %n:%t — time-stamp — %M/%d/%y %c:%s –\n' by default).
Tell screen that the next input character should only be looked up in the default bindkey table. See also "bindkey".
Like mapdefault, but don't even look in the default bindkey table.
current setting. See also "bindkey".
Set the maximum window number screen will create. Doesn't affect already existing windows. The number may only be decreased.
Insert the command character (C-a) in the current window's input stream.
itoring is initially off for all windows.
Defines the time screen delays a new message when one message is currently displayed. The default is 1 second.
Defines the time a message is displayed if screen is not disturbed by other activity. The default is 5 seconds.
'acldel' can be used to enable (and disable) other users accessing this screen session.
often blur the facts a little, but are much funnier to read. Anyway, standard messages often tend to be unclear as well.
Switch to the next window. This command can be used repeatedly to cycle through the list of windows.
fied, the current window number (and title) is shown.
fast display (like xterm), you can set it to some higher value. If no argument is specified, the current setting is displayed.
Kill all regions but the current one.
Switch to the window displayed previously. If this window does no longer exist, other has the same effect as next.
Defines whether the display should be refreshed (as with redisplay) after switching to the current window. This command only affects the current window.
'none', this disables password checking.
no parameter is given the user is prompted for a single register to paste. The paste buffer can be filled with the copy, history and readbuf commands.
resource. The paste buffer exists once for every user.
Reopen the window's terminal line and send a break condition. See 'break'.
screen was started from your login shell.
etc. Without parameter, the current message is shown.
Switch to the window with the next lower number. This command can be used repeatedly to cycle through the list of windows.
sequence ESC \ ends printing and closes the pipe.
Warning: Be careful with this command! If other user have write access to your terminal, they will be able to fire off print commands.
as if it had been typed in from the user's keyboard. This command can be used to bind multiple actions to a single key.
Be careful not to type C-a C-4 when selecting window no. 4. Use the empty bind command (as in "bind '^\'") to remove a key binding.
the screen-exchange filename is used. See also "bufferfile" command.
Redisplay the current window. Needed to get a full redisplay when in partial redraw mode.
Save the specified string to the register key. The encoding of the string can be specified via the -e option. See also the "paste" command.
Kill the current region. This is a no-op if there is only one region.
Unlinks the screen-exchange file used by the commands "writebuf" and "readbuf".
Resize the current region. The space will be removed from or added to the region below or if there's not enough space from the region above.
in your .screenrc file or, if none, opens a default window #0.
Screen has built in some functionality of "cu" and "telnet". See also chapter "WINDOW TYPES".
use "C-a i" to view the current setting.
optional and if omitted, you get prompted for an identifier. When a new window is established, the first available number is assigned to this window.
two special WindowIDs, "-" selects the internal blank window and "." selects the current window. The latter is useful if used with screen's "-X" option.
from the tty and host names.
the user will be prompted for both variable and value. The environment is inherited by all subsequently forked shells.
useful only in rare circumstances.
mand or by specifying a number of seconds instead of 'on' or 'off'. Silence is initially off for all windows.
Define the time that all windows monitored for silence should wait before displaying a message. Default 30 seconds.
to read the messages output by "echo".
character by character. screen will make a pause of msec milliseconds after each single character write to allow the application to process its input.
Only use slowpaste if your underlying system exposes flow control problems while pasting large amounts of text.
default is currently "=s dd" (standout, default colors).
new region. Use the "remove" or the "only" command to delete regions.
Select whether you want to see the copyright notice during startup. Default is 'on', as you probably noticed.
buffers with the "stuff" command. It is most useful for key bindings. See also "bindkey".
user has access to the commands available for user nobody. These are "detach", "license", "version", "help" and "displays".
Suspend screen. The windows are in the 'detached' state, while screen is suspended. This feature relies on the shell being able to do job control.
chine" command. Use the command "screen -T vt100 rlogin othermachine" rather than setting and resetting the default.
less once the terminal emulator is booted.
required. Note that termcap names of the capabilities have to be used with the 'terminfo' command.
pair of 'termcap' and 'terminfo' commands with identical arguments.
'|'s. Use '*' to match all terminals and 'vt*' to match all terminals that begin with "vt".
tions that screen understands (see the "VIRTUAL TERMINAL" section).
only if you don't specify a termcap command for that terminal.
This leaves your vt100 termcap alone and adds the function key labels to each window's termcap entry.
which screen will translate into a line-update for the terminal (we're pretending it doesn't support character deletion).
sion on the "VIRTUAL TERMINAL" in this manual, and the termcap(5) man page for more information on termcap definitions.
Uses the message line to display the time of day, the host name, and the load averages over 1, 5, and 15 minutes (if this is available on your system).
For window specific information use "info".
Set the name of the current window to windowtitle. If no name is specified, screen prompts for one. This command was known as 'aka' in previous releases.
option). See also "defutf8", which changes the default setting of a new window.
the termcap variable 'vb' (terminfo: 'flash').
Per default, vbell is off, thus the audible bell is used. See also 'bell_msg'.
does not support a visual bell. The default message is "Wuff, Wuff!!". Without parameter, the current message is shown.
Define a delay in seconds after each display of screen's visual bell message. The default is 1 second.
ter, the current setting is shown.
Print the current version and the compile date in the status line.
Write a message to all displays. The message will appear in the terminal's status line.
option tells screen to leave the display size unchanged and just set the window size, -d vice versa.
also selectable. The -m option changes the order of the windows, instead of sorting by window numbers screen uses its internal most-recently-used list.
setting. The default setting is "Num Name%=Flags" for the title and "%3n %t%=%f" for the lines. See the "STRING ESCAPES" chapter for more codes (e.g.
state are marked with 'Z'. If this list is too long to fit on the terminal's status line only the portion around the current window is displayed.
the encoding. The filename can be set with the bufferfile command and defaults to "/tmp/screen-exchange".
keeps the exclusive write permission while switching to other windows.
Insert a CTRL-s / CTRL-q character to the stdin queue of the current window.
You can define the templates screen uses in "catch" mode via the second and the third form.
Note also that this is an experimental feature.
will be launched again. Calling zombie without parameters will clear the zombie setting, thus making windows disappear when their process exits.
the commands zombie and defzombie are synonymous.
line is automatically removed after a few seconds delay, but it can also be removed early (on terminals without a status line) by beginning to type.
where '<esc>' is an escape, '^' is a literal up-arrow, and '\\' turns into a single backslash.
have been added in order to allow screen to be used efficiently as a console multiplexer with 100 or more windows.
? If a tty (character special device) name (e.g. "/dev/ttya") is specified as the first parameter, then the window is directly connected to this device.
connection. These values are system dependant and may be in defaults or values saved from a previous connection.
by the hardware but available to the ioctl() interface are usually shown low.
set, the signals 'CTS' or 'CD' are shown in parenthesis, respectively.
as break signal on the other side. No data is sent and no modem control line is changed when a break is issued.
(default decimal 23). Screen will connect to a server listening on the remote host and use the telnet protocol to communicate with that server.
For telnet windows, the command info shows details about the connection in square brackets ([ and ]) at the end of the status line.
b BINARY. The connection is in binary mode.
e ECHO. Local echo is disabled.
c SGA. The connection is in 'character mode' (default: 'line mode').
w NAWS. The remote site is notified about window size changes.
Additional flags for debugging are x, t and n (XDISPLOC, TSPEED and NEWENV).
For telnet windows, the command break sends the telnet code IAC BREAK (decimal 243) to the remote host.
This window type is only available if screen was compiled with the BUILTIN_TELNET option defined.
tion: inside of a window's hardstatus '^%' ('^E') is used instead.
w all window numbers and names. With '-' quailifier: up to the current window; with '+' qualifier: starting with the window after the current one.
or to pad relative to the right margin by using '-'. The padding truncates the string if the specified position lies before the current position.
Add the 'L' qualifier to change this.
fied by the truncation operator.) The 'L' qualifier tells screen to mark the truncated parts with '…'.
' Substitute with the output of a 'backtick' command. The length qualifier is misused to identify one of the commands.
'w' and 'W' also show the window flags if 'L' is given.
ter color descriptions, also prefix them with a ".".
"= yd" clear all attributes, write in default color on yellow background.
be used with "hardstatus alwayslastline".
xon/xoff commands are also useful for typing C-s and C-q past a terminal that intercepts these characters.
tries to find out the right mode based on the current setting of the application keypad – when it is enabled, flow-control is turned off and visa versa.
Of course, you can still manipulate flow-control manually when needed.
happens, a simple refresh of the screen with "C-a l" will restore it. Give each mode a try, and use whichever mode you find more comfortable.
of the same name or to change the name on-the-fly to reflect the current state of the window.
when typed. You can also bind pre-defined names to keys with the "title" command to set things quickly without prompting.
dow's shell name (e.g. "name:cmd"). Otherwise the current command name supersedes the shell name while it is running.
command names when using job control or history recall commands.
Adding this line to your .screenrc would start a nice-d version of the "top" command in window 2 named "top" rather than "nice".
execution of the command, and revert to simply "root:" at its completion.
current setting (C-a E). The third binding would set the current window's title to "(unknown)" (C-a u).
as part of the prompt's length. If these invisible characters aren't a multiple of 8 then backspacing over a tab will result in an incorrect display.
The escape-sequence "<esc>[0000m" not only normalizes the character attributes, but all the zeros round the length of the invisible characters up to 8.
(I used "134" to output a '\' because of a bug in bash v1.04).
screen can use the $TERMCAP variable to customize the standard screen termcap.
"vt100" is used as a substitute.
no effect. Furthermore, the variable $WINDOW is set to the window number of each window.
physical terminal does not support underscore mode, screen does not put the 'us' and 'ue' capabilities into the window's $TERMCAP variable, accordingly.
addressing (in addition, screen does not run on hardcopy terminals or on terminals that over-strike).
nition, or a filename where the terminal "screen" (and/or "screen-w") is defined.
Note that screen honors the "terminfo" .screenrc command if the system uses the terminfo database rather than termcap.
mode. This string is built like the 'acsc' terminfo capability.
while the printer is active.
tion Program Command (APC): "ESC_<string>ESC\". As a convenience for xterm users the sequence "ESC]0..2;<string>^G" is also accepted.
this may provoke confusion, when the session is reattached on a different terminal, as the value of $TERMCAP cannot be modified by parent processes.
The "alternate screen" capability is not enabled by default. Set the altscreen .screenrc command to enable it.
ESC P (A) Device Control String. Outputs a string directly to the host terminal without interpretation.
Here is the table of the default key bindings. (A) means that the command is executed if the keyboard is switched into application mode.
Keypad . f. stuff .
not possible to place these capabilities in the terminfo database.
LP (bool) Terminal has VT100 style margins ('magic margins'). Note that this capability is obsolete because screen uses the standard 'xn' instead.
Z0 (str) Change width to 132 columns.
Z1 (str) Change width to 80 columns.
WS (str) Resize display. This capability has the desired width and height as arguments. SunView(tm) example: '\E[8;%d;%dt'.
NF (bool) Terminal doesn't need flow control. Send ^S and ^Q direct to the application. Same as 'flow off'. The opposite of this capability is 'nx'.
G0 (bool) Terminal can deal with ISO 2022 font selection sequences.
S0 (str) Switch charset 'G0' to the specified charset. Default is '\E(%.'.
E0 (str) Switch charset 'G0' back to standard charset. Default is '\E(B'.
C0 (str) Use the string as a conversion table for font '0'. See the 'ac' capability for more details.
CS (str) Switch cursor-keys to application mode.
CE (str) Switch cursor-keys back to normal mode.
AN (bool) Turn on autonuke. See the 'autonuke' command for more details.
OL (num) Set the output buffer limit. See the 'obuflimit' command for more details.
KJ (str) Set the encoding of the terminal. See the 'encoding' command for valid encodings.
AB (str) Same as 'AF', but change background color.
AX (bool) Does understand ANSI set default fg/bg color (\E[39m / \E[49m).
XC (str) Describe a translation of characters to strings depending on the current font. More details follow in the next section.
XT (bool) Terminal understands special xterm sequences (OSC, mouse tracking).
C8 (bool) Terminal needs bold to display high-intensity colors (e.g. Eterm).
TF (bool) Add missing capabilities to the termcap/info entry. (Set by default).
The things in braces may be repeated any number of times.
was added to make it possible to use a real '%'. The '\' character quotes the special characters '\', '%', and ','.
needed to create a single '\'.
acter mappings normally haven't much in common.
Here, a part of the german ('K') charset is emulated on an xterm. If screen has to change to the 'K' charset, '\E(B' will be sent to the terminal, i.e.
the ASCII charset is used instead. The template is just '%', so the mapping is straightforward: '[' to '\304', '\' to '\326', and ']' to '\334'.
COLUMNS Number of columns on the terminal (overrides termcap entry).
HOME Directory in which to look for .screenrc.
LINES Number of lines on the terminal (overrides termcap entry).
NETHACKOPTIONS Turns on nethack option.
PATH Used for locating programs to run.
SCREENCAP For customizing a terminal's TERMCAP value.
SCREENRC Alternate user screenrc file.
SHELL Default shell program for opening windows (default "/bin/sh").
SYSSCREENRC Alternate system screenrc file.
WINDOW Window number of a window (at creation time).
…/screen-4.?.??/etc/etcscreenrc Examples in the screen distribution package for private and global initialization files.
$LOCKPRG Program that locks a terminal.
Originally created by Oliver Laumann, this latest version was produced by Wayne Davison, Juergen Weigert and Michael Schroeder.
ware Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version.
that all versions numbered 2.x are copyright by Oliver Laumann.
help, send a note to screen@uni-erlangen.de.
? 'dm' (delete mode) and 'xs' are not handled correctly (they are ignored). 'xn' is treated as a magic-margin indicator.
? Screen has no clue about double-high or double-wide characters. But this is the only area where vttest is allowed to fail.
? It is not possible to change the environment variable $TERMCAP when reattaching under a different terminal type.
? The support of terminfo based systems is very limited. Adding extra capabilities to $TERMCAP may not have any effects.
? Screen does not make use of hardware tabs.
window. Special permission may also be required to write the file "/etc/utmp".
is logged on who really isn't.
? Screen may give a strange warning when your tty has no utmp entry.
detach a screen session use the -D or -d command line option.
? If a password is set, the command line options -d and -D still detach a session without asking.
where the latter should change only the default for new windows.
file from which the session is booted, or have to be changed manually.
? A weird imagination is most useful to gain full advantage of all the features.
? Send bug-reports, fixes, enhancements, t-shirts, money, beer & pizza to screen@uni-erlangen.de.


Get what you need, before you need it.
What should you do if you are in an auto crash? If it happens, resolution could be difficult and injuries may be severe and long-lasting. But, there are important things to do in the scene of the collision and shortly afterward. Below is a list of activities to take following a crash that will put you in the best position possible to receive the settlement you deserve.
Average Accidents per Day in the U.S.
Never leave the crash scene until it is right to do so. If you depart, especially if someone has sustained injuries or was killed, you can face serious criminal penalties.
Before assessing car damage, be sure everybody involved in the accident is okay. Get medical care for anybody who wants it. If an individual is unconscious or has back or neck pain, do not move them until qualified medical aid arrives, unless they are in danger in their current location.
If there is considerable property damage, bodily harm, or death, you are obligated to contact law enforcement. Ask that a police report is filed when the cops arrive, and record the names and badge numbers of the police officers.
Take photos of any damage to your vehicle as soon as possible following the crash. Photographs help your insurance adjuster determine just how much you need to be paid for the damage to your vehicle and can assist in court. Additionally, pictures of your car prior to the collision can provide an excellent "compare and contrast" to demonstrate the real extent of damage suffered in the collision.
If others witnessed the events, see if they would be willing to exchange information, so you may call on them in the future. If neighbors are around, you may want to inquire if they have ever seen other accidents in the exact same location.
After the accident, inform your insurance company that you've been in a crash. Cooperate together and tell them the facts about what occurred and the extent of your injuries. Describe the facts honestly. If the insurance carrier finds out that you have lied about anything, you can get into serious trouble, including potential denial of coverage of the crash. Obtain and examine any police record filed; you may have to figure out who struck who, what traffic laws were broken, and/or who was to blame.
Note any physicians, physical therapists, nurses, or other caregivers which you get treatment from, and every physician that referred you to other health professionals. Maintain a close account of the remedies and/or drugs you are prescribed. Additionally, ask for copies of medical reports and invoices because these help you demonstrate your medical expenses afterward. If you end up pursuing a lawsuit against those who caused the damages, the accident attorneys in your area may be able to help get your medical bills paid for out of the settlement.
Medical costs are relatively easy to record, but suffering and pain are more difficult to establish. Maintain a list of how your injuries have influenced your everyday life.
Get your insurer's damage evaluation. If you are not happy with how your insurer has appreciated your automobile, do not stop trying. Get two separate repair quotes or replacement estimates. If you cannot agree on your auto's worth, think about mediation or consult a lawyer.
Confirm all of your bodily injuries are handled. Some injuries do not appear or reach their highest degree of distress until many days, weeks, or months afterward. Do not settle a claim until you understand you're going to be paid for your entire injuries, and consult with a lawyer before signing any compensation records.
If anybody was hurt in the crash, it is ideal to seek advice from an experienced lawyer. A lawyer can help you optimize your recovery in case you are hurt or better defend yourself whether you are to blame. Many injury lawyers work on a contingency fee basis, meaning your attorney only receives a commission if you are awarded damages or get a settlement. Get in touch with an experienced lawyer today to get a free claim inspection.
Do not speak about the injury to anyone aside from your attorney, your insurer, and the authorities. Do not speak to a representative from a different insurer with no knowledge of your attorney or insurance company. Additionally, tell your attorney or insurer about the telephone call if someone else tries to contact you.


E-Commerce stores are sprouting up a dime a dozen these days, but then there are some which get your attention. Cheezmall.com is one such eCommerce store.
The formal launch of CheezMall took place on 29th January 2016 at Pearl Continent, Lahore. Unlike its competitors, CheezMall does not outsource its payment and delivery system. CheezMall offers Cash on Delivery service on every transaction, which is a breakthrough in the e-commerce industry of Pakistan.
With the Chinese supplier base of more than 200,000 Cheezmall.com brings a new revolution of online shopping in Pakistan. Through these deals, products are available at extremely lower as a limited time offer. The portal operates in four major categories including Electronics, Home and Bedding, Appliances, Apparels and also some Automobile parts. The nerve center of this portal for Pakistan is located in Shanghai, China.
At the event, Zuk Mobile was also launched. Zuk mobile is a subsidiary of Lenovo and is offering its products for the first time in Pakistan, through CheezMall. The phone will be available from 19th February 2016 and has already created a lot of excitement in the market.
The Event was star studded by QB and Mustafa Zahid's performance which resulted in a successful Launch event.
Visit the website today and get on shopping!


text:
Screening strategy for Chagas disease in a non-endemic country (Switzerland): a prospective evaluation
Da Costa-Demaurex Clairea, Cárdenas Maria T.b, Aparicio Hernandoc, Bodenmann Patrickb, Genton Blaisebd, D'Acremont Valériebd
a Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
b Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland
c Clinique Bois-Bougy, Nyon, Switzerland
d Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Switzerland
The WHO recommends screening of Latin American migrants for Chagas disease to reduce morbidity and mortality and increase the likelihood of eradicating the disease. The objective was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a screening strategy in one Swiss canton. From February 2011 to September 2012, people attending six healthcare centres of different types were offered a rapid diagnostic test if they or their mother were of Latin American origin (or, at the blood donation centre, if they had travelled for ≥1 year in Latin America). In addition, testing was offered during events where Latin Americans gathered. In total, 1,010 people were tested, mainly originating from Brazil (24%), Ecuador (13%) and Chile (10%). 54% were born in Latin America, 15% had a Latin American mother, and 29% were travellers. The prevalence of Chagas disease was 2.3% among migrants (15.5% in the community testing) and 0% among travellers. The prevalence was 18.0%, 0.8%, 0.5% and 0% among Bolivians, Ecuadorians, Brazilians and other countries respectively. Predictors for Chagas disease were: born in Latin America (OR = infinite, p <0.001), Bolivian origin (OR = 95, 95% CI: 19–482, p <0.001), being tested in the community (OR = 56, 95% CI: 14–218, p <0.001), and age >35 years OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.1–10.5, p = 0.03). The prevalence of Chagas disease was much higher in people attending social events than healthcare centres, suggesting that observations based only on health facility data underestimate the real prevalence of Chagas disease. Screening in the community was well accepted and should be promoted to reach the population at highest risk.
Keywords: : Chagas disease, migrants, screening, non-endemic country, rapid diagnostic test, blood donors, primary care, community
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a tropical protozoan parasite transmitted by the blood-sucking bug Triatoma. It affects around 8 million people worldwide and is no longer restricted to Latin America. Migration and travel have caused the disease to spread out of the continent and reach most countries in the world. This phenomenon has been observed particularly in populations able to transmit the disease in the absence of the vector, such as in pregnant women through vertical transmission [1–4] and blood and organ donors [5–10]. This situation has led the World Health Organization (WHO) to recommend screening migrants of Latin American origin living in non-endemic countries for Chagas disease [11, 12], both to reduce morbidity and mortality, and to work towards eradicating the disease globally. Providing treatment to patients with Chagas disease would not only reduce their risk of developing potentially severe cardiac or intestinal impairments, but would also help to stop transmission in women of childbearing age and through blood transfusions or organ transplants. However, the best screening strategy is not yet known and might not be the same for all settings. Testing of sick patients attending primary healthcare centres has existed for many years in some non-endemic countries, but the systematic screening of asymptomatic people has been introduced more recently. The latter now exists in several cities in Spain, such as Barcelona [13–15], Asturias [16], Elche [17] and Madrid [18], as well as in Italy [19], France [20] and Canada [21]. These studies have enabled us to know the true prevalence of the disease among Latin American migrants, which is essential in order to design an efficient screening strategy. In Geneva, Switzerland, people attending a primary healthcare facility specifically for migrants have been screened [4], revealing that 12.8% of people tested were positive. This high prevalence and the large Latin American population living in Switzerland (estimated to be around 80,000 people [22–24]), highlight the importance of investigating the situation in the nearby canton of Vaud, where testing for Chagas disease had never been offered and the prevalence is thus totally unknown.
In addition to the prevalence of the disease, knowledge of the positive predictors for Chagas disease is important to better target screening for the highest risk population. The few studies which have investigated predictors in asymptomatic migrants have found that Bolivian origin [4], having heard about the disease, knowing someone with Chagas disease, and having lived in adobe houses and rural areas [13] are significantly associated with having the disease.
Another important element in the design of an effective screening strategy is the type of diagnostic test to be used. Rapid diagnostic tests with excellent performance [25, 26] are available for Chagas and are ideal in the context of a mobile population because they allow immediate results. It is also essential to understand the acceptability of and barriers to screening in the migrant Latin American population to have a feasible and durable strategy.
This study aims to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a systematic screening strategy for Chagas disease in the canton of Vaud. It also aims to estimate the number of people needed to test, according to demographic and clinical characteristics, for screening to focus on the population most at risk in the future.
Population and setting
The study took place in six healthcare centres located in Lausanne and the surrounding area. The inclusion criteria were being born (or having spent a considerable part of infancy) in Latin America or having a mother who was born in Latin America (excluding the Caribbean). At the Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine (DACCM), which serves as an outpatient clinic for the University Hospital of Lausanne, the clinician in charge offered a rapid diagnostic test for 20 Swiss francs (22 USD) during routine emergency consultations. At the Point d'Eau (PDE), an urban, low-level healthcare centre attended mainly by undocumented immigrants, the three nurse practitioners offered a rapid test during the usual consultation for 3 Swiss francs. At the maternity hospital, Latin American women attending the obstetric clinic were offered the diagnostic test for 60 Swiss Francs (66 USD). The test was also offered during consultations at two family planning centres (FPC), which provide sexual counselling and related activities, for the price of 22 Swiss francs (24 USD). Systematic screening was implemented at the blood donation centre (BDC), where an additional inclusion criterion was used: having travelled in Latin America for more than one year. Finally, screening was offered free of charge during events (such as cultural celebrations) where people of Latin American origin, Bolivians in particular, gathered (see fig. 1 below).
From February 2011 to September 2012, Latin Americans attending the six healthcare centres mentioned above were offered screening for Chagas disease. Screening was first offered to patients attending the DACCM and the PDE. The screening was extended to the two FPC in November 2011 and to pregnant women attending the maternity hospital in January 2012. At the blood donation centre, people were tested from the beginning of the study. In May 2012, screening in the community was proposed by a team composed of a Bolivian pharmacist working as cultural mediator, a medical doctor specialising in tropical diseases, a Bolivian medical doctor and a master's student in medicine working on the topic. Latin American associative organisations were contacted to assist in choosing events which attracted sufficient numbers of people and to help disseminate the information. A leaflet and poster explaining the transmission, symptoms, clinical course, screening and treatment of Chagas disease in French, Spanish and Portuguese, were developed based on a Spanish leaflet from the "Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal" of Madrid. These educational materials helped to spread information about the availability of screening at the different healthcare centres, as well as the management and treatment of positive cases.
A rapid diagnostic test (Chagas Stat-Pak, Chembio, USA) was used in all settings except at the blood donation centre, where a serology test was used. At the maternity hospital, the rapid test was performed at the central laboratory at the same time as the other screening tests required during pregnancy. An internal quality control test was performed on each new batch of rapid diagnostic tests. When the test was positive, patients were offered an appointment at the Tropical Diseases Unit of the DACCM for confirmation of the diagnosis by conventional serology (BioElisa Chagas, Biokit®), and management and treatment of Chagas disease.
Data collection and analysis
Age, sex, country of origin or travel, eligibility criteria and test results (the main outcome measure) were collected prospectively. At the DACCM, the PDE and the maternity hospital, nine symptoms and signs (dyspnoea, palpitations, chest pain, dysphagia, odynophagia, constipation, signs or symptoms of cardiac insufficiency, abnormal cardiac sounds and intestinal obstruction) known to be predictive of symptomatic Chagas disease [27] were assessed by the clinician in charge. Data were collected prospectively and anonymously, and entered into an Excel database which was then analysed in Stata version 10.1. Simple proportions and crude odds ratios (a simple stratification was used to adjust for Bolivian origin) were calculated, as were 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using the exact test and p-values (two-sided) using Pearson χ2 statistics.
The study, including the use of verbal consent, was approved by the 'Commission cantonale d'éthique de la recherche sur l'être humain', Lausanne, Switzerland. Verbal consent testified by the written signature of the health worker in charge of the diagnostic testing was obtained for each participant prospectively. Written consent could not be obtained because most of the participants had an illegal status in Switzerland and were afraid that writing their name could lead to denunciation.
Population tested
In total, 1010 adults were tested for Chagas disease: 107 (11%) at the DACCM, 83 (8%) at the PDE, 32 (3%) at the two FPC, 11 (1%) at the maternity hospital, 693 (69%) at the BDC and 84 (8%) in the community. 593 (59%) were women (0.2% unknown). The median age was 34 years (IQR 25–46, range 7–76). The most frequent countries of origin (or travel) were: 238 (24%) Brazil, 133 (13%) Ecuador, 100 (10%) Chile, 90 (9%) Colombia, 89 (9%) Peru and 78 (8%) Bolivia. Table 1 details the distribution of country of origin for each testing centre. 546 (54%) were born in Latin America, 152 (15%) had a Latin American mother and 291 (29%) were travellers (2% unknown). The travellers had a mean duration of stay in Latin America of four years (IQR 1.2-10.0, range 0.25-34). Sex, median age, screening criteria and positive results are presented by country in table 2 and figure 1. Among the 231 patients who were asked about symptoms and signs predictive of Chagas disease, 28 (12%) presented with one or more symptoms/signs, the most frequent being dyspnoea and precordialgia, which were found in eight participants each, and constipation, found in five people.
Number and characteristics of persons tested by country and by screening location.
Screening location
Blood donation centre
Department of ambulatory care and community medicine
Point d'Eau
Family planning centres
Female (n, %) 60 (71%) 352 (51%) 11 (100%) 69 (64%) 71 (86%) 30 (94%) 593 (59%)
Age in years (median, IQR) 41 (32–49) 33 (24–46) 31 (26–35) 33 (25–41) 42 (32–51) 31 (28–39) 34 (25–46)
Country n n (%)
Brazil 0 178 3 32 (1 pos) 19 6 238 (24%)
Ecuador 25 26 3 34 (1 pos) 30 15 133 (13%)
Chile 4 82 2 7 5 0 100 (10%)
Colombia 4 65 0 12 3 6 90 (9%)
Peru 14 59 2 6 8 6 89 (9%)
Bolivia 36 (13 pos) 20 1 10 (1 pos) 7 4 78 (8%)
Mexico 0 49 0 1 0 1 51 (5%)
Argentina 0 44 0 2 0 0 46 (5%)
Venezuela 1 38 0 2 1 0 42 (4%)
Uruguay 0 16 0 0 1 0 17 (2%)
Guyana 0 12 0 0 0 0 12 (1%)
Guatemala 0 10 0 0 2 0 12 (1%)
Nicaragua 0 9 0 0 0 0 9 (1%)
Costa Rica 0 8 0 0 0 0 8 (1%)
Paraguay 0 1 0 0 7 0 8 (1%)
El Salvador 0 8 0 0 0 0 8 (1%)
Honduras 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 (1%)
Panama 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 (0%)
Not recorded 0 58 0 1 0 0 59 (6%)
Total n (%) 84 (8%)
(15% pos) 693 (69%) 11 (1%) 107 (11%)
(3% pos) 83 (8%) 32 (3%) 1010 (100%)
(1.6% pos)
IQR = interquartile range
Positive (pos) Chagas cases are shown in italics.
Number of persons tested, proportion of women, distribution of screening criteria, median age and number of positive cases, by country.
Number of persons tested
Proportion of women
Screening criteria
B/M/T, %*
Age in years
median (IQR)
Number of positive cases
Brazil 238 (24%) 59% 56/17/26 35 (25-47) 1 (0.4%)
Ecuador 133 (13%) 63% 89/4/7 35 (29-42) 1 (0.8%)
Chile 100 (10%) 56% 53/23/22 32 (24-49) 0
Colombia 90 (9%) 66% 59/11/29 32 (24-44) 0
Peru 89 (9%) 58% 53/20/25 35 (24-48) 0
Bolivia 78 (8%) 69% 78/5/17 36 (29-48) 14 (17.9%)
Mexico 51 (5%) 61% 24/14/63 27 (22-47) 0
Argentina 46 (5%) 46% 41/24/33 32 (22-47) 0
Venezuela 42 (4%) 38% 43/10/48 44 (33-52) 0
Uruguay 17 (2%) 47% 35/35/29 33 (27-48) 0
Guatemala 12 (1%) 58% 33/8/58 33 (28-40) 0
Guyana 12 (1%) 67% 8/25/67 32 (20-55) 0
Nicaragua 9 (1%) 33% 22/0/78 37 (33-53) 0
Costa Rica 8 (1%) 63% 25/25/50 28 (26-36) 0
Paraguay 8 (1%) 88% 88/0/13 35 (26-41) 0
El Salvador 8 (1%) 63% 38/50/13 22 (20-24) 0
Honduras 6 (1%) 50% 17/33/50 33 (21-46) 0
Panama 4 (0.4%) 75% 25/25/50 45 (32-56) 0
Not recorded 59 (6%) 53% 8/19/56 37 (26-52) 0
Total n (%) 1,010 (100%) 59% 54/15/29 34 (25-46) 16 (1.6%)
B: born in Latin America; M: born to a Latin American mother; T: travel in Latin America
* The sum of the three percentages does not always reach 100% due to missing data.
Screening places for Chagas disease. The Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine (DACCM) serves as an outpatient clinic for the University Hospital of Lausanne; the Point d'Eau (PDE) is an urban, low-level healthcare centre attended mainly by undocumented immigrants; the family planning centres (FPC) provide sexual counselling and related activities.
Positive cases for Chagas disease
The overall prevalence was 1.6% (16/1010, 95% CI: 0.9–2.6%) and therefore the number needed to test was 63. Among migrants (excluding travellers), the prevalence was 2.3% (16/698, 95% CI: 1.3–3.7%). None of the travellers who presented at the BDC were affected. The prevalence in the community was 15.5% (13/84, 95% CI: 8.5–25.0%), at the DACCM it was 2.8% (3/107, 95% CI: 0.6–8.0%), and at the other testing sites it was 0% (fig. 2). The prevalence was 18.0% (14/78, 95% CI: 10.2–28.3%) among Bolivians, 0.4% (1/238, 95% CI: 0–2.3%) among Brazilians, 0.8% (1/133, 95% CI: 0–4.1%) among Ecuadorans and 0% among persons originating from other countries. The median age of the 16 positive Chagas cases was 45 years (IQR 36–52, range 30–56), compared to a median age of 34 years for negative persons (p = 0.03). Interestingly, only 1 of the 42 (2%) Bolivians tested at the healthcare clinics was positive, while 13 of the 36 (36%) Bolivians tested in the community were positive (table 2). All positive cases were born in Latin America. The three positive cases who were asked about the symptoms and signs predictive of Chagas disease all had at least one of them.
Number of persons tested for Chagas disease by country and by screening place. Groups with positive cases are pointed with arrows. Care structures include the Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine (DACCM), the Point d'Eau (PDE), the family planning centres (FPC) and the maternity hospital.
Predictors for positivity
Regarding the predictors of positivity (table 3), being born in Latin America (n = 546) was the strongest factor (OR = infinite, p <0.001), followed by Bolivian origin (n = 78, OR = 95, 95% CI: 19-484, p <0.001) and being tested in the community (n = 84, OR = 56, 95% CI: 14–219, p <0.001). The latter factor remained significant even after adjusting for Bolivian origin (OR = 23, 95% CI: 2–243, p <0.001). Symptoms of Chagas disease were significantly associated with positivity, although the number of people for whom the information was available was very small. Finally, age >35 years (n = 478, OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.1–10.5, p = 0.03) was predictive of Chagas disease, while sex was not significant (p = 0.76).
Predictors of being positive for Chagas disease.
Total cases
n/N (%)
Positive cases
Negative cases
Crude OR
(95% CI)
Born in Latin America 546/992 (55%) 16/16 (100%) 530/976 (54%) ∞ <0.001
Symptoms of Chagas disease 28/233 (12%) 3/3 (100%) 25/230 (11%) ∞ <0.001
Bolivian origin 78/951 (8%) 14/16 (88%) 64/935 (7%) 95 (19-484) <0.001
Tested in the community 84/1010 (8%) 13/16 (81%) 71/994 (7%) 56 (14-219) <0.001
Tested in the community (when being Bolivian) 36/78 (46%) 13/14 (93%) 23/64 (36%) 23 (2-243) <0.001
Age >35 years 478/1006 (48%) 12/16 (75%) 466/990 (47%) 3.4 (1.1-10.5) 0.03
Female sex 593/1008 (59%) 10/16 (63%) 583/992 (59%) 1.2 (0.4 -3.2) 0.76
A prevalence of 2.3% was found for Chagas disease in Latin American migrants living in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. This rate is similar to that found in migrants attending a healthcare centre in Barcelona over the past 14 years (2.9%) [13]. It is, however, lower than the rates found in other European cities such as Elche (6.5%) [17], Madrid (15.9%) [18] and Paris (20.1%) [20]. In Italy, systematic screening found an overall prevalence (including travellers, expatriates, adopted children, blood donors and HIV positive patients) of 4.2% [19], and a prevalence of 11.3% among migrants. Only Canada found a lower prevalence (1.0%) among refugees [21] (fig. 3). The prevalence of Chagas disease in our study was much higher in people attending social events than healthcare centres. This suggests that observations based mainly or exclusively on healthcare facility data tend to underestimate the true prevalence of Chagas disease. This testing at social events could be performed using rapid, point-of-care diagnostic tests, as few people would be missed due to the high sensitivity of the test (in our study only 0.5 people would have been falsely negative if the test had 96% sensitivity).
Prevalence of Chagas disease found in several studies in non-endemic countries. Studies from Paris, France (21), Madrid, Spain (19), Geneva, Switzerland (10), Italy (20), Elche, Spain (18), Barcelona, Spain (14-16) and Canada (22). Migrants include people born in Latin America or born from a Latin American mother.
Prevalence according to country of origin
In Geneva, the canton to the east of Vaud, 12.8% of the 1,012 Latin American migrants screened were positive for Chagas disease [7]. This high prevalence compared to our study can probably be explained mainly by the high proportion of Bolivians: 48% in Geneva compared to 8% in Vaud. In support of previous studies, we found that the majority of affected people originated from Bolivia. The 17.9% prevalence among Bolivians (or 21.5% if we exclude blood donors) is close to that documented in other studies: Barcelona (16.5%), Madrid (20.9%), Paris (25.0%) and Geneva (26.2%). Excluding the BDC, where testing is compulsory, the number needed to test was low for Bolivians - only four people need to be tested to find a positive case – but high for migrants originating from other countries (130). Special attention should therefore be paid to Bolivians when designing a strategy.
Prevalence according to place of screening
In addition to the country of origin, the high variation in prevalence between studies can be explained by the different populations screened and the different screening locations. In our study, the prevalence was much higher in people tested in the community than at the healthcare clinics, regardless of their country of origin. A possible explanation is that people tested in the community were of lower social status and thus originating from the rural regions harbouring the highest levels of endemicity of Chagas disease. Indeed, people without a resident permit tend to avoid contact with the health system as much as possible, even though the low-level health facility in Lausanne targets precisely this population, and even though there is a system in place in the other healthcare facilities for migrants to improve their attendance.
Prevalence in specific populations
None of the 11 pregnant women (of whom only one originated from Bolivia) screened at the maternity hospital were positive. In other studies, the prevalence among pregnant women was 1.3% in Elche [1], 1.4% in Italy [19], 9.7% in Geneva [4], 3.4% in Barcelona [2] and 4.7% in Valencia [3]. In this study, only a very small proportion (11%) of the pregnant Latin American women attending the maternity hospital were tested, and none were positive. Since the end of the study, the testing rate has improved, however, and several pregnant women have tested positive in Vaud. There were also no positive cases detected at the BDC. In the literature, the prevalence at BDCs varies between 0% in Porto and Italy [10, 19], 0.003% in France [6], 0.007% in United States [8] and 0.6% in Catalonia [5]. In Catalonia, donors who have stayed in an endemic country for more than one month are screened, while in France and the United States, travellers with a stay of any duration are screened.
Clinical predictors
Although clinical features could only be evaluated in the context of medical consultations (and not in counselling sessions), having symptoms or signs predictive of chronic Chagas disease was frequent among positive cases (this evaluation was performed by the physician prior to knowing the test result). This might be because transmission of Chagas has decreased substantially during the past 20 years, meaning that most cases were infected a long time ago and are therefore more likely to be at the symptomatic stage of the disease. This hypothesis is corroborated by the fact that older age was a predictor of positivity in our study, as well as in a study in Geneva [7]. These symptoms and signs were not the reason for the consultation and would not necessarily have been assessed by the clinician in charge if not required by the study. Theoretically, to decrease the overall number of people needed to test, the presence of one of these clinical features could be used as a screening criterion in populations with a very low pre-test probability, such as non-Bolivian Latin Americans. However, a screening strategy also aims to detect people during the asymptomatic phase, when treatment has the highest potential impact. Moreover, a medical examination is not pragmatic outside of formal healthcare facilities.
Screening at community level
When the difficulty of reaching those at risk through a healthcare facility became apparent, direct screening in the community was offered, targeting particularly people of Bolivian origin. However, attendance at Latin American social events requires strong commitment from health workers, as these often take place outside of normal working hours. Moreover, it was not always possible to offer screening for Chagas disease during such events, as organisers were sometimes afraid that this activity could impact on the celebration. In contrast, we observed that even when organisers were sceptical, participants at the celebration were pleased to have the opportunity to become more informed and, in particular, to be directly screened. The cultural mediator was a key person in the process of approaching and convincing the community leaders of the importance of testing for Chagas disease. We reached the conclusion that due to the availability of rapid diagnostic tests for Chagas disease, testing at a community level is feasible, effective and well accepted by the community.
Feasibility of the screening strategy
The proportion of participants who consented to be tested was high in all places, except at the maternity hospital. At the latter, nurses highlighted that patients were declining the test because of the high price of the test. Indeed, Chagas is not currently part of the screening tests recommended by the Swiss Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics and thus is not reimbursed by healthcare insurance. At the other facilities, where the price of the test was much lower, the uptake on the screening strategy depended mainly on the method used by the facility to identify Latin Americans. At the outpatient clinic, for example, the receptionist added a reminder for clinicians on the patient's medical file if they originated from Latin America, encouraging a high uptake. In health facilities where the clinician in charge had to remember to offer the test, the uptake was much lower, especially when the reason for attendance had nothing to do with Chagas disease. An unexpected difficulty encountered was convincing people who had tested positive to seek treatment. They reported a number of fears, including i) being denounced to legal authorities (as the vast majority of positive cases were undocumented migrants) despite the assurance of total separation between health and security services in Switzerland, ii) losing their jobs due to non-attendance relating to the numerous medical consultations, iii) earning less money (as their salary is often hour-based), and iv) experiencing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from the medication used to treat Chagas disease. In 2008 in Geneva, nifurtimox was used to treat Chagas disease, and rumours about serious ADRs spread in the community. These fears highlight the importance of an active presence in the community. Providing information through leaflets and posters, as we did, is important but evidently not sufficient to tackle these specific problems. Possible options to improve confidence in healthcare could be to create an association of people affected by Chagas disease or to form an expert patient group.
As migration from Latin America to Switzerland is increasing, it is time an efficient strategy for the systematic screening and treatment of Chagas disease was set up to stop transmission in non-endemic countries and to decrease morbidity. According to our findings, which are supported by those of other studies, the Bolivian population in particular should be targeted. For people originating from other Latin American countries, where the prevalence is much lower, adding criteria that are predictive of Chagas disease could be a good method to reduce the number who need testing. Further research on the most efficient combination of criteria for screening is needed, with the consideration that the profile of the migrant population may change rapidly, and screening strategies will have to be adapted accordingly. Screening for Chagas disease directly in the community, where the positivity rate is much higher, rather than only at healthcare facilities, is essential, and allows problems arising from misinformation and (sometimes justified) fears to be tackled. The warm welcome from the Latin American community when screening was offered to them in a more convenient way, and their realisation that this neglected and serious disease could be appropriately managed, should strengthen the willingness of non-endemic countries to continue to work actively to achieve the WHO goal of eradicating Chagas disease globally.
We thank the receptionists, nurses and doctors who selected, counselled and tested people for Chagas disease at the different screening locations. In particular, we thank Danielle Rose Kohler, Fanny Tribolet, Isabel Sangra Bron working at the Point d'Eau; Giorgia Canellini, in charge of the blood donation centre; Cate Esson and Adeline Quach working at the family planning centres of Profa; Saira-Christine Renteria and Françoise Monbaron based at the maternity hospital of Lausanne. We also thank Sophia Bennani and all those who helped with the creation of the information leaflet. We finally thank Eric Masserey from the Health Office of the Canton de Vaud for his constant support in the control of transmissible diseases in migrants, and in this project in particular.
This observational study was supported by institutional research funding of the Tropical and Travel Clinic, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne.
Potential competing interests
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Header image: CDC/ Dr. Mae Melvin
Prof. Valérie D'Acremont, MD, Tropical and Travel Clinic, Policlinique Médicale Universitaire, Bugnon 44, CH-1011 Lausanne, valerie.dacremont[at]hospvd.ch
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


With smartphones becoming smarter, laptops getting smaller yet more powerful, and tablets taking over the book, magazine and newspaper industries, it's no surprise that electronic planning and its popularity with users of those devices is growing as well. With all the calendaring apps that come standard with most electronic devices, it seems like the natural progression from paper to digital is inevitable. But is perception a reality in this case?
As a result, we've discovered an interesting level of coexistence between the two. Certainly, there are still those who use electronic only, and the same goes for paper-only users; however, the vast majority of users are taking a hybrid approach to their planning.
What is unique and advantageous about a paper/electronic organization and planning approach is you get the best of both worlds while avoiding the pitfalls associated with either of the mediums. For example, electronic planning using a system like Outlook, Gmail, Yahoo! Mail or the like gives you instantaneous access and updates via digital delivery. Since a good portion of your daily planning tends to revolve around email and the information/news delivered by these messages, immediate updates that affect your calendar and to-do lists are vital.
Maintain two lists. This may seem counterproductive, as we're usually stressing conciseness and consolidation of tasks, but with two mediums, two lists are needed. The first will be your "master task list" on Outlook or your system of choice; the second is your daily "to-do" list which is maintained in your planner.
Provide instructions with your tasks. Each task needs to be properly labeled, categorized and have a deadline attached to it.
At the start of each day, create your daily to-do list using the information from your electronic system. But don't overbook yourself—choose only 3-5 tasks that must get done during the day, and 3-5 that would be nice to complete but are not critical.
Prioritize your to-do list. This is where the above information like deadlines and categories (i.e., work, home, family, projects) come into play.
Finalize your day's to-do list and put it on paper. That list in your planner then becomes your roadmap for the rest of the day.
Following these steps in this hybrid approach will help ensure you'll be armed with all the planning tools and information you need to lead a productive day. Do you already use a hybrid system? What type(s) of solutions do you have on balancing your electronic system and paper planner? Share your thoughts and ideas.


text:
Jon Reznick is a "ghost": a black-ops specialist who takes his orders from shadowy handlers, and his salary from the US government. Still mourning the loss of his beloved wife on 9/11, Reznick has worked hard to shield his daughter from the shadowy world in which he moves. But keeping work and family separate is not easy when you're a government hit man sent around the world to eliminate threats to national security. Reznick knows that sometimes, to protect what you care about, you have to operate outside the law—something made all the harder for him when he's forced to work alongside FBI Assistant Director Martha Meyerstein.
Hard Road
Jon Reznick is a "ghost": a black-ops specialist who takes his orders from shadowy handlers, and his salary from the US government. Still mourning the loss of his beloved wife on 9/11, he's dispatched to carry out a high-level hit. Reznick knows only that it must look like suicide. It's textbook.
"Turner has written a book which combines the paranoid conspiracy of Three Days of the Condor with the relentless action of the Reacher thrillers."
Read more and buy
Hard Kill
A senior American security adviser is missing, presumed kidnapped for his top-level military intelligence. FBI Assistant Director Martha Meyerstein needs to track him down before classified information gets into the wrong hands. She needs Jon Reznick on board.
"There are plenty of people around who believe the end justifies the means, and Turner's portrayal of them is chilling and effective. Hard Kill is fast, clever and above all, believable."
When an ex-Delta Forces operative dies in a car wreck in Miami, the FBI dismiss it as a tragic accident. But Jon Reznick isn't so sure—especially when he learns that his teetotal former colleague was apparently drunk at the wheel.
"A must-read for conspiracy and action-series fans, this book moves JB Turner and the Reznick-Meyerstein pairing firmly to the upper ranks of current thriller writing."
Shots magazine
Hard Way
Jon Reznick has never played by the rules, a trait that has brought him into conflict with FBI Assistant Director Martha Meyerstein in the past. But now Meyerstein has been taken by a shadowy gang, and the renegade black-ops specialist may be her only hope for rescue.
"It's fast and furious and a 'deadline' story that doesn't let up the tension for a moment."
Hard Fall
A friend in danger. A shadowy psych ward. A conspiracy beyond Reznick's worst nightmares.
When an old Delta Force buddy comes to Jon Reznick for help, paranoid and fearing for his life, Reznick feels duty-bound to protect him. As a black-ops specialist, loyalty to his brothers in arms comes before everything—even the law.
Hard Shot
Jon Reznick will protect New York City or die trying.
When a group of homegrown attackers takes aim at cops outside a Fourth of July baseball game, black-ops specialist Jon Reznick and his daughter, Lauren, are caught in the cross fire. Jon hunts down two of the gunmen. But the last member of the group is at large and about to launch a fresh killing spree across the city. Cops are under fire, and Jon must stop this madman before more people are killed.
A threat inside the government. A whistleblower's life on the line. It's up to Jon Reznick to bring justice.
Hard Vengeance
When the people he loves most are in danger, Jon Reznick will get revenge…or die trying.
Gone Bad (novella)
A fast and furious thriller for fans of Lee Child, Vince Flynn and Brad Thor.
"If you like your stories hard and relentlessly tense, this is one for you. Reznick is a good guy with a very bad attitude, and once he's on the scent, goes through anything and anybody to do his job."


Celebrate Easter in style with Golden Bunny and Watercolor Egg Easter Cookies! These bunny-and egg-shaped cookies painted with gold and vibrant watercolors give a stylish and elegant touch to any Easter cookie tray.
Easter is almost here, which means it's time to get started on all the fun Easter treats. I like to set aside a little time on the weekends leading up to Easter to test out new-to-me Easter goodies in addition to whipping up tried-and-true favorites.
These beautiful Easter cookies were definitely not Easter duds. I have 4 dozen of them (sans icing — more on that in a moment) in my freezer right now, and I made a test batch this past weekend just to make sure they were Easter-worthy. Not only did they taste amazing, but I know they'll make a gorgeous addition to my Easter dessert table this year.
Golden Bunny and Watercolor Egg Easter Cookies are made from a sugar cookie base frosted with a layer of Royal icing. Royal icing, if you're unfamiliar, is a hard icing that's traditionally made with raw egg whites. However, it tastes just as good (and is much safer to eat) if you use meringue powder, which is what I use in this recipe.
If you want to make these Easter cookies ahead of Easter, follow Steps 1 to 9 and then place them in a freezer-safe storage container.
When it's time to make your Easter cookies, take them out of the freezer and allow them to thaw for at least 10 minutes before icing them (Steps 10 to 17).
This is the fun part! These Easter cookies go beyond a simple recipe and become an art project.
To ice the golden bunnies: Combine 2 teaspoons of gold edible powder with a drop of extract or vodka. You want it to be a thick paint consistency. Paint gold onto bunnies and allow to dry completely (about 1 hour).
To ice the watercolor eggs: Place a drop of gel food coloring on a plate. Dampen brush in water, then in gel. Paint eggs with different colored gel, then allow to dry for 10 minutes and brush with a stroke of gold, if desired.
Celebrate Easter in style with these eye-catching Easter cookies.
Cut dough with egg and rabbit cookie cutters and place on a parchment lined cookie sheet.
Bake at 350° F for 8 -10 minutes. Let cool before decorating.
To make the royal icing, beat 7 tablespoons water and meringue powder with a mixer at medium speed until foamy. Sift in confectioners' sugar; beat at low speed until smooth. Add corn syrup and extract. Increase speed to medium-low, and beat for 5 minutes. Increase speed to medium-high, and beat icing until glossy and stiff peaks form.
Place in piping bag and line the cookies with frosting, then allow to set for 5 minutes.
Flood the cookies with icing, then spread to coat. Allow to dry completely, about 4 hours.
Once cookies are dry they are ready to decorate.
Combine 2 teaspoons of gold edible powder with a drop of extract or vodka. You want it to be a thick paint consistency.
Paint gold onto bunnies and allow to dry completely, about 1 hour.
For the watercolor eggs, place a drop of gel food coloring on a plate. Dampen brush in water, then in gel.
Paint eggs with different colored gel, then allow to dry for 10 minutes and brush with a stroke of gold, if desired.
Royal icing recipe from Bake @ 350.


text:
parenting skills and inferring that his son, Lonzo Ball, is afraid of him, only to play the white victim role moments later when Mr. Ball clapped back at her during The Herd With Colin Cowherd on Wednesday.
After tweeting in defense of Ball, Charlamagne took it a step further by making Leahy the Donkey of the Day yesterday on The Breakfast Club on Power 105.1 FM.
"If you were paying attention, you kept hearing LaVar Ball say, 'Kristine, I don't want to talk to you because you scare me,'" Charlamagne said. "The reason he kept saying that is because he understands big, scary Black man going at little, white woman in America never ends well. Top three scariest things a Black man can hear is, 'Are you threatening me?' from a white woman. Especially when you're not even threatening her. Kristine Leahy was purposely twisting LaVar Ball's words to demonize him."
He added, "That was a classic, age-old example of a white woman demonizing a Black man and it's that type of demonizing that led to Emmett Till getting killed."
Listen to the full Donkey of the Day segment below.
Remember, Leahy told LaVar, "you don't respect women," to which Mr. Ball said he does, but "if you act like that, guess what? Something's coming to you."
Immediately, Leahy asked him, "Wait, are you threatening me?"
Leahy's FS1 colleague Jason Whitlock tried to clap back at Charlamagne, telling The Breakfast Club personality and author to "stop it, cut it out, grow up, be a man."
.@WhitlockJason reacts to @cthagod's comments on LaVar Ball pic.twitter.com/Z1kHVINdV6
— Speak For Yourself (@SFY) May 18, 2017
Well, how did C Tha God respond to that? By making Whitlock the Donkey of the Day earlier this morning.
Back-to-back Donkey of the Day for FS1 personalities. They did it to themselves.
BET Sports News — Get the latest news and information about African-Americans in sports, including weekly recaps, celebrity news and photos of your favorite Black athletes.
(Photos from left: Bryan Bedder/Getty Images for MTV, Frederick M. Brown/Getty Images, Jayne Kamin-Oncea/Getty Images)


At Grand Saga, people and communities are at the core of our business and is the basis of our Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) theme, 'Serving People, Aiding Communities'. As an organisation, we are aware of our obligations and responsibilities to the community and society at large. Therefore, our CSR initiatives are two-fold, focusing on key areas for social commitment and giving back to the community.
At Grand Saga, our CSR activities stems from community life and road safety activities and branches out to various other aspects.