text:
<?php

namespace DeltaCli\Environment;

use DeltaCli\Config\Config;
use DeltaCli\Config\Database\DatabaseFactory;
use DeltaCli\Environment;
use DeltaCli\Exception\DeltaApiResourceNotFound;
use DeltaCli\Project;

class ApiEnvironment extends Environment
{
    /**
     * @var Config
     */
    private $apiConfig;

    /**
     * @var resource
     */
    private $privateKey;

    /**
     * @var string
     */
    private $password;

    /**
     * @var string
     */
    private $apiPrivateKeyString;

    public function __construct(Project $project, $name, $apiPrivateKeyString)
    {
        parent::__construct($project, $name);

        $this->apiConfig           = new Config();
        $this->apiPrivateKeyString = $apiPrivateKeyString;
    }

    public function getApiConfig()
    {
        return $this->apiConfig;
    }

    public function applyResponseData(array $responseData)
    {
        $resources = $responseData['resources'];

        $this
            ->setIsDevEnvironment($this->getResponseDataField($resources, 'dev-environment-flag'))
            ->setUsername($this->getResponseDataField($resources, 'sftp-username'))
            ->setPassword($this->getResponseDataField($resources, 'sftp-password'))
            ->setSshPrivateKey(getcwd() . '/ssh-keys/id_rsa')
            ->addHost($this->getResponseDataField($resources, 'host'));

        $this->getApiConfig()->setBrowserUrl($this->getResponseDataField($resources, 'browser-url'));

        foreach ($this->getDatabaseResources($resources) as $database) {
            $this->getApiConfig()->addDatabase(
                DatabaseFactory::createInstance(
                    $database['type'],
                    $database['name'],
                    $database['username'],
                    $database['password'],
                    $database['host']
                )
            );
        }

        return $this;
    }

    public function setPassword($password)
    {
        $this->password = $password;

        return $this;
    }

    public function getPassword()
    {
        return $this->password;
    }

    private function getDatabaseResources(array $resources)
    {
        if (!$this->privateKey) {
            $this->privateKey = openssl_pkey_get_private($this->apiPrivateKeyString);
        }

        $databases = [];

        foreach ($resources as $resourceData) {
            if ('database' === $resourceData['name']) {
                $databases[] = $this->decryptResourceData($resourceData);
            }
        }

        return $databases;
    }

    private function getResponseDataField(array $resources, $id)
    {
        if (!$this->privateKey) {
            $this->privateKey = openssl_pkey_get_private($this->apiPrivateKeyString);
        }

        foreach ($resources as $resource) {
            if ($resource['name'] === $id) {
                return $this->decryptResourceData($resource);
            }
        }

        throw new DeltaApiResourceNotFound("Could not find a resource with the name '{$id}'.");
    }

    private function decryptResourceData(array $resourceData)
    {
        openssl_open(
            hex2bin($resourceData['encrypted_contents']),
            $plainText,
            hex2bin($resourceData['encrypted_key']),
            $this->privateKey
        );

        return json_decode($plainText, true);
    }
}


text:
Puerto Rico Classic
TICKET SALE BEGINS TODAY FOR THE PUERTO RICO INTERNATIONAL ATHLETICS CLASSIC
PONCE, Puerto Rico.- Tickets for the first edition of the Puerto Rico International Athletics Classic are now on sale at Ticketera, where you can buy tickets for the event that will bring together multiple Olympic champions on the new track of the renovated Francisco Stadium. "Paquito" Montaner of the Stately City.
The event will take place on Thursday, May 12, 2022, from 6:00 p.m. and will feature big stars including the Tokyo 2020 Olympic champion, Puerto Rican Jasmine Camacho-Quinn in the 100m hurdles.
Tickets are $30 for box seats and $20 for general admission. Both prices include the IVU and service charges. The box area that will be sold for this athletics event will be sections 20 to 40 on the 100 meter straight. You can buy tickets here: https://ticketera.com/clasicointernacionaldeatletismodepuertorico from 5:30 a.m. today, Thursday, March 24.
The competition, which is part of the World Athletics Continental Tour – Silver Level, is dedicated to Olympic athlete Javier Culson de Ponce.
In addition to Camacho Quinn, the American Ryan Crouser, Olympic champion (Tokyo 2021) and holder of the shot put world record, also confirmed their participation in the Classic; Steve Gardiner, from the Bahamas, Olympic champion of the 400 meters (Tokyo 2021) and world champion of that event in 2019; and two-time triple jump medalist Christian Taylor Sweet (United States).
In the group of about 100 athletes that will compete in Ponce, the Olympians Wesley Vázquez (800m), Ryan Sánchez (800m) and Andrés Arroyo (800m) will also be defending the Puerto Rican colors.
For more information about the event you can visit www.purclassic.com. Also, closely follow the latest updates on our social networks on Instagram and YouTube as @purclassic, and Puerto Rico International Athletics Classic on Facebook.
THE ATHLETICS CLASSIC COMPLETED IN PONCE
THE YOUNG ATHLETES SHINED ON THE MONTANER TRACK
JASMINE CAMACHO-QUINN RACE WILL CLOSE THE INTERNATIONAL ATHLETICS CLASSIC PROGRAM
© 2022 by Puerto Rico International Athletics Classic
Privacy Policy | Legal Warning | Cookies
Website designed by Ashley Cortés

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hangzhou, China is home to the world famous Longjing tea. The first time I tasted the longjing tea was in a tasting session at a tea estate in Hangzhou about 5 years back. I had instantly liked it. Carried packets of the tea back with me as gifts for friends and for my own consumption.
I returned to Hangzhou this summer for a day had a chance to visit the gorgeous Amanfayun spa. Noticing that they had longjing green tea and wild jasmine body wrap in their spa menu, I instantly decided that this was the treatment I would go for. Wrapping myself in my favourite tea – was something that I had not even dreamt of until then. Well it did happen and here is my experience.
As you enter the Amanfayun hotel lobby, there isn't even a single computer screen or atleast none that is visible to the guests. This is a guideline that all Aman properties need to follow and this does give an indication of the kind of resort Aman aims to be. Simple, unassuming and bare minimum, Amanfayun defines luxury by a sense of space, simplicity and basic-ness.
As you walk up to the Amanfayun spa from the entrance lobby, you go past the densely wooded bamboo and treelined avenues, botanical gardens and inner waterways of West Lake. You hear the faint sounds of the temple and the quiet village of Tianzhu that is located close to it. Fragrant sweet trees of osmanthus, magnolia, camphor, common fig,Chinese ash and waxberry make the air heavy with a heady, lingering fragrance.
The beautiful path, fragrance and simplicity of surroundings was so therapeutic by itself that I could feel my Hong Kong urban angst petering out as I walked towards the spa bath houses. The bath houses are traditional village dwellings that once housed the local tea farmers made up of clay tiled roofs, mud and grass exterior walls with dark wooden exposed beams.
Each private bath suite is equipped with a circular wooden soaking tub, a rain shower, a steam room and double-seated showers.
The treatments at Amanfayun Spa make use of the specific plants grown in and around the surrounding villages and are offered according to the harvesting / picking season on the spa menu. Since we had visited in the spring, it was the perfect time to go for treatment involving the freshly picked Longjing (Dragon Well) Green Tea.
Spring represents the dawning of consciousness, a time for setting intentions and invoking creativity.The treatments offered around this time focus on tranquil energies and the stimulation of creativity and visualization.
After the bathing and steam ritual, we were led to the simple yet comfortable massage rooms. The treatment started with brushing of body and then generous application of the body pack. The aroma and texture of the pack took over as the therapists skilfully applied the pack. Then they wrapped us in many layers to retain the body heat and allow the natural herbs and anti-oxidants to be infused into the body.
The therapist gave a gentle head and foot massage as the body absorbed the pack. This followed the unwrapping and being led to the the bathing area to mark the end of the relaxing and detoxifying treatment. As we stepped out, fresh herbal tea awaited us in a private relaxation area.
Treatment at Amanfayun Spa is a holistic experience. It stands out from other luxury spas by its lack of grand gestures that may connote high service, adornments or lavishness in architecture that might dazzle and impress. I was reminded of the definition of luxury by the Dutch design collective Droog "Luxury is really about scarcity". And what's scarce? "Care, silence, fresh air, slowness". Amanfayun gets it and serves just that – warmth, simplicity, abundance of nature and a basic feeling that instantly puts you at ease.
If you find yourself in Hangzhou, the mecca of longjing tea, why not pay your tribute to the world famous tea by wrapping yourself in all its goodness and love at the gorgeous Amanfayun Spa.
If you'd like to check out the complete spa menu, click here.
22 Fayun Lane, West Lake St.


text:
Swinley Forest is a large expanse of Crown Estate woodland managed by Forestry England mainly within the civil parishes of Windlesham in Surrey and Winkfield and Crowthorne in Berkshire, England.

Coverage
Situated to the south-west of Windsor Great Park, the forest stretches from Bracknell, in the north, to Bagshot, in the south. It is owned and managed by the Crown Estate and comprises over  of woodland across gently undulating hills. Although now mostly a modern plantation of Scots Pines, the area was once part of Windsor Forest. Swinley Forest includes Crowthorne Woods around Caesar's Camp between the Nine Mile Ride and Crowthorne; Swinley Park between Forest Park and the B3017; Bagshot Heath just west of Bagshot; and Swinley Woods around Kings Ride between the B3017 and South Ascot. Much of the woods cover what used to be moorland as indicated by the names of some of the hills, such as Broadmoor, Owlsmoor, Wishmoor, Gormoor, Whitmoor and Englemoor (now Englemere).

History
Swinley Park once surrounded Swinley Lodge where the King kept the Royal Staghounds in Georgian times. It was at the centre of Swinley Walke, one of the sub-divisions of Windsor Forest.

In the 18th century Daniel Defoe - writing in the fashion of the time of regarding uncultivated land as wild and forbidding - described Bagshot Heath as

There are a number of late 18th century redoubts scattered throughout the forest. These defensive earth fortifications were built here not as working defences but as training grounds to carry out military exercises in the buildup to the Napoleonic Wars.

In May 2011 forest fires broke out throughout the forest; the cause is believed to be a mixture of the unseasonably dry conditions and arson. Although the fires were stated at the time by the Royal Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service to have been the most extensive fires ever tackled by the service, the extent of the damage to the forest was relatively limited.

Leisure and attractions

Mountain biking
The woods provide some of the best mountain biking in South-East England, with many off-road 'single-track' trails available as well as plenty of fire roads. Mountain biking no longer requires a permit since the introduction of the three marked trails (Green, Blue and Red) and walking is free. Swinley Woods was originally submitted as the proposed venue for the mountain biking event of the 2012 Summer Olympics, however, the distance from the main Olympic Park was considered too great and the heavy forestation along most of the suggested routes would have resulted in poor camera access and views. The event was instead located at Hadleigh Farm near Hadleigh, Essex.

Visitor centre
At Gormoor on the Nine Mile Ride, on the northern edge of Crowthorne Woods, is The Look Out Discovery Centre, operated by Bracknell Forest Borough Council. This is a hands-on science exhibition and nature discovery centre, which also acts as a visitor centre for the forest, providing maps, car parking and bike hire. Most of the self-guided walks and bike trails start and end at the centre.

Caesar's Camp

Adjoining the Look Out is an Iron Age hill fort known as Caesar's Camp. It is the only one in East Berkshire. It has not been excavated but Iron Age coins have been found there. The name only dates from the 18th century. Caesar's Camp appears to have fallen under the rule of Cunobelin, king of the Catuvellauni tribe in the first century AD from a coin discovered in the interior. Soon after, the Romans invaded England; after this time, there is no evidence that Caesar's Camp continued to exist as an inhabited community. A road from its south entrance was later built, connecting it to the Devil's Highway (Roman Britain). There is a small Roman settlement about halfway along this road, known as Wickham Bushes, which has yielded pottery and other Roman artifacts.

A redoubt roughly 40 m across in the fort is thought to be part of a defence line built in 1792 in preparation for the Napoleonic Wars.

Go Ape

In 2007, a Go Ape facility was opened to the public, featuring a series of tree-top rope bridges and climbs.

Protection status

Swinley Park and Brick Pits is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and has protected areas for the birds that live there. Some parts of Swinley Forest are also covered by the Broadmoor to Bagshot Woods and Heaths SSI, one of the largest SSIs in Berkshire. As well as the extensive commercial conifer plantations and mixed woodland the nationally rare lowland heath present means Swinley Forest forms part of the Thames Basin Heaths, a designated Special Protection Area (SPA), due to the rare ground nesting birds including wood lark, Dartford warbler and European nightjar which nest in open parts of the forest. The area also includes some marshy areas where reptiles and marshland plants such as cotton grass are common.

References

External links
Royal Berkshire History: Swinley
Swinley Forest History

Forests and woodlands of Berkshire
Forests and woodlands of Surrey
Crown Estate
Winkfield

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Bookmasters, Inc. Corporate Headquarters
30 Amberwood Parkway, Ashland, OH, 44805
Agent(s):
Kyle Hartung , Jeff Sabo
Lot Sizes:
Investment Sales Sold
» Full Brochure
- Bookmasters, Inc., Corporate Signature, Wholly-Owned Subsidary of Follett Corporation with $3.2 Billion Annual Sales
- Baker & Taylor Corporate Guaranty, Estimated $1B in Annual Revenues
- Approximately 9 Years Remaining on 15 Year Lease
- Strategic Location On Interstate 71, 1 Hour from both Cleveland and Columbus, and Over 12 Million People within a Two-Hour Drive
- All-Steel Building Construction with 38 Foot Ceilings, Multiple Loading Docks, Custom Wire Racking System and 27,000 SF of Office Space
- Mission Critical Facility - 46 Year Old Company
Newly listed for sale is the fee-simple interest in the corporate headquarters of Bookmasters, Inc., centrally located just off Interstate 71 in Ashland, Ohio. Initially opened in 1972, Bookmasters moved into the facility in 2006 and signed their current 15-year lease in 2013, giving them 9 years of guaranteed term remaining. The property is offered for sale at a 7.75% cap rate with CPI increases every five years. For the last 46 years, Bookmasters has offered services to publishers and authors such as book printing services, print book storage/ warehousing and book distribution, eBook conversion and distribution, editorial and design, all of which is conducted in their Ashland facility. In 2016, the company was acquired by Follett Corporation, a private education retailer with relationships with over 60,000 schools. Follett Corporation is the world's largest single source of books, entertainment products, digital content and multi-media for libraries, schools and retailers. The building itself features 25-40 foot ceilings, custom wire racking system, all-steel construction, and 27,000 square feet of quality office space. Due to incredible regional accessibility, surrounding businesses include notable manufacturers and researchers Charles River Research Laboratories, Mcgraw Hill, Pentair Pump Group, Step 2 Corporation, American Augers, Liquibox, Packaging Corporation of America, Hedstrom Entertainment and others. Nearby retailers at this interchange include Walmart, Home Depot, Chipotle, Starbucks, Bob Evans, McDonald's, Aldi and more.


text:
Permissions & Licensing
JCBJournal of Cell Biology
JEMJournal of Experimental Medicine
JGPJournal of General Physiology
LSALife Science Alliance
search filter All ContentAll JournalsJournal of Experimental Medicine
People & Ideas
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Article| May 28 2002
The Contribution of Accessory Toxins of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor to the Proinflammatory Response in a Murine Pulmonary Cholera Model
Karla Jean Fullner
Departments of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
John C. Boucher
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
Martha A. Hanes
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708
G. Kenneth Haines, III
Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
Brian M. Meehan
Cynthia Walchle
Philippe J. Sansonetti
Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
John J. Mekalanos
Address correspondence to Karla J. Fullner, Ph.D., Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Morton 6-626, Chicago, IL 60611. Phone: 312-503-2162; Fax: 312-503-1339; E-mail: k-fullner@northwestern.edu
J Exp Med (2002) 195 (11): 1455–1462.
https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20020318
Revision Received:
PDF LinkPDF
Karla Jean Fullner, John C. Boucher, Martha A. Hanes, G. Kenneth Haines, Brian M. Meehan, Cynthia Walchle, Philippe J. Sansonetti, John J. Mekalanos; The Contribution of Accessory Toxins of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor to the Proinflammatory Response in a Murine Pulmonary Cholera Model . J Exp Med 3 June 2002; 195 (11): 1455–1462. doi: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20020318
The contribution of accessory toxins to the acute inflammatory response to Vibrio cholerae was assessed in a murine pulmonary model. Intranasal administration of an El Tor O1 V. cholerae strain deleted of cholera toxin genes (ctxAB) caused diffuse pneumonia characterized by infiltration of PMNs, tissue damage, and hemorrhage. By contrast, the ctxAB mutant with an additional deletion in the actin-cross-linking repeats-in-toxin (RTX) toxin gene (rtxA) caused a less severe pathology and decreased serum levels of proinflammatory molecules interleukin (IL)-6 and murine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2. These data suggest that the RTX toxin contributes to the severity of acute inflammatory responses. Deletions within the genes for either hemagglutinin/protease (hapA) or hemolysin (hlyA) did not significantly affect virulence in this model. Compound deletion of ctxAB, hlyA, hapA, and rtxA created strain KFV101, which colonized the lung but induced pulmonary disease with limited inflammation and significantly reduced serum titers of IL-6 and MIP-2. 100% of mice inoculated with KFV101 survive, compared with 20% of mice inoculated with the ctxAB mutant. Thus, the reduced virulence of KFV101 makes it a prototype for multi-toxin deleted vaccine strains that could be used for protection against V. cholerae without the adverse effects of the accessory cholera toxins.
Vibrio cholerae is the classic example of a noninvasive enteric pathogen that induces a highly secretory diarrhea in the absence of an inflammatory response (1, 2). Of diagnostic and clinical significance, there is a paucity of anatomic pathology in the intestines of patients with cholera (3). Indeed, death of cholera victims is primarily caused by secondary dehydration due to massive intestinal fluid loss, not intestinal damage or septicemia. The virulence factor predominantly responsible for this watery diarrhea is cholera toxin (CT),*
Abbreviations used in this paper: CT, cholera toxin; HAP, hemagglutinin/protease; H/E, hematoxylin and eosin; MIP, murine macrophage inflammatory protein; RTX, repeats-in-toxin.
a powerful enterotoxin encoded by the ctxA and ctxB genes carried on the transmissible prophage CTXΦ (4, 5).
"Nontoxigenic" variants of V. cholerae that do not carry the integrated CTXΦ prophage also cause disease, including sporadic outbreaks of watery diarrhea and isolated incidences of extraintestinal infections, septicemia, and inflammatory enterocolitis (2, 6–8). In clinical trials of live attenuated vaccine strains, it was shown that lactoferrin, a physiological marker for the presence of neutrophils, was present at higher titers in the stool of human volunteers given the CT-deficient vaccine strain compared with volunteers given the CT-producing control strains (9). These results suggest that V. cholerae strains that do not produce CT induce a more inflammatory diarrhea, rather than the noninflammatory disease associated with CT-producing strains.
The development of inflammatory diarrhea in the absence of CT may be due to loss of immunomodulatory signaling by CT (10). CT has been shown in vitro to block production of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-12 by LPS-stimulated monocytes and dendritic cells (11, 12). Thus, in addition to stimulating fluid secretion through activation of adenylate cyclase activity (4), CT suppresses induction of inflammation during V. cholerae infection.
In vitro studies have identified cytotoxic factors other than CT secreted by V. cholerae that may cause tissue damage that, in turn, could contribute to induction of proinflammatory responses. These "accessory toxins" of V. cholerae include the repeats-in-toxin (RTX) toxin, which causes cell rounding and increased permeability through paracellular tight junctions due to covalent cross-linking of actin monomers leading to depolymerization of actin stress fibers (13–15); hemagglutinin/protease (HAP), which degrades occludin in paracellular tight junctions leading to separation of paracellular tight junctions and desquamation of tissue (16–20); and, hemolysin, which causes necrosis of intestinal epithelial cells, growth of mildly acidic vacuoles, and hemolysis depending upon the cell type and toxin concentration (21–27). The contribution of these cytotoxins to the stimulation of the proinflammatory response in vivo has not been previously examined, in part due to insufficient animal models for such studies.
Although studies using infant mice and adult rabbits are well documented, V. cholerae is rapidly cleared from the intestine of adult mice (28, 29). Hence, in vivo studies of the acute immunobiological responses to V. cholerae infection have not been feasible. Studies of Shigella flexneri, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, have been similarly hampered by the lack of a mouse intestinal infection model. Surprisingly, the mouse lung was shown to be a suitable substitute for evaluation of local and systemic immune responses to S. flexneri challenge (30–32). This model is based on the premise that the bronchial tree is composed of a mucosal lining with relevant characteristics similar to the intestine including simple cubodial to columnar epithelial cells, lymphoid aggregates (bronchiole associated lymphoid tissue [BALT]) similar to Peyer's patches, and the presence of several varieties of antigen-presenting cells (32).
Using this murine pulmonary model for dysentery, V. cholerae was tested for its ability to cause disease when inoculated intranasally. A CT-negative strain of V. cholerae was found to be highly infectious to the pulmonary system leading to a diffuse pneumonia. The production of proinflammatory signal molecules IL-6 and murine macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) and the severity of disease correlated with the specific repertoire of extracellular toxins expressed by the infecting V. cholerae strain.
Construction of Plasmids pCWΔrtxA and pCWΔhlyA.
Gene sequences upstream of rtxA and 87 bp of rtxA was amplified from V. cholerae El Tor N16961 by PCR using primers 3399 (5′-CGATTACCGCTGATGATACTTAA) and 4319B (5′-AGTGACTCGAATGGCTACAATGTTGTTGTTTCC). The amplified product was cloned into pCR2.1 using the TA cloning kit (Invitrogen). The insert was then excised by EcoRI digestion and moved into the EcoRI site of pWL80, which has the 3.8-kb EcoRI-HindIII fragment of rtxA cloned in pBluescriptII (14). The resulting gene fusion removed codons for amino acid (aa) 30 to aa 2634 from the rtxA gene with sufficient flanking sequences for recombination. The fused gene was moved to the polylinker of sucrose counter-selectable plasmid pWM91 (33) to create pCWΔrtxA.
A 3.3-kb DNA segment including the entire hlyA gene and flanking DNA was amplified from N16961 by PCR using primers hlyA6215 (5′-TTTCTTGCAGTAGCATCATATCGATA) and hlyA2980 (5′-AATCTGTGATCCGCTGTGAATTTTCAA). The amplified product was cloned into pCR2.1 using the TA cloning kit (Invitrogen). The resulting plasmid was digested with NruI and SnaBI and was relegated to delete codons for aa 8 to 595 of the hlyA gene. The resulting ΔhlyA fragment was moved to the polylinker of sucrose counter-selectable plasmid pWM91 (33) to create pCWΔhlyA.
Bacterial Strains.
All strains are derived from the streptomycin-resistant isolate of the V. cholerae O1 El Tor Inaba strain P27459, originally isolated in Bangladesh in 1979 (34). V. cholerae P4 (a.k.a. SM44) has an engineered mutation replacing the ctxA and ctxB genes on the integrated CTXΦ prophage in P27459 with a gene for kanamycin resistance (35). P4 was further genetically engineered to generate unmarked internal deletions in the genes for the RTX toxin (rtxA), HAP (hapA), and hemolysin (hlyA). Protocols for sacB-counterselection in V. cholerae has been described previously (36). Briefly, plasmids pCWΔrtxA (this study), pCWΔhlyA (this study), and pCVDΔhapSal (36) were transferred to P4 by conjugation from SM10λpir and cointegrants were selected by growth on kanamycin and ampicillin. Loss of the sacB gene due to resolution of the cointegrant in the absence of antibiotic selection was selected on 6% sucrose plates. Reversion to either wild-type or deleted gene arrangements were distinguished by PCR analysis and by assaying for loss of cell rounding, proteolytic, or hemolytic activities.
Inoculation of Mouse Lungs.
Prior to inoculation into mice, bacterial cultures were grown in 5 ml Luria broth with 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 50 μg/ml kanamycin at 30°C overnight with shaking. The bacteria were pelleted, washed twice with PBS, and adjusted to the desired CFU/ml based on empirical observation that an A600 of 0.5 contains 109 CFU V. cholerae per ml. The actual CFU/ml was determined by plating dilutions of the inocula.
All animal procedures were performed as directed by ACUC approved protocols at Harvard Medical School or Northwestern University Medical School. 5–7-wk-old female specific pathogen free BALB/c mice (Taconic or Harlan Laboratories) were injected intraperitoneal with 6 mg/kg ketamine and 1.25 mg/kg xylazine combined in 50 μl PBS. When the mice were anesthetized, 20 μl PBS (mock infection) or 20 μl of bacterial suspension was delivered by pipette to the left external nares. The mouse was held upright for 30–60 s after inoculation to assure aspiration. Inoculation groups were staggered by 1 h to enable processing of all animals at ∼24 h after infection.
Physical Examination.
Mice were examined before euthanasia for clinical signs of disease and were scored on a scale of 1 (worst) to 5 (best) for scruffiness (1 = not groomed; 5 = clean fur), mobility (1 = sitting upright and won't move even when prodded; 5 = normal, active and eating), ocular character (1 = both eyes closed, 5 = normal, both eyes open and bright), breath rate (1 = slow and labored; 5 = normal rapid, shallow breaths), and appearance of lung after removal (1 = both lobes red and hemorrhagic, 5 = pink and healthy). The total health rating is the mean of the scores for the five criteria.
Euthanasia and Collection of Tissues.
At 24 h after infection, mice were killed by CO2 asphyxiation and then exsanguinated by cardiac puncture. The lungs and heart were removed with the trachea intact. One lobe of the lung was clamped at the bronchial bifurcation and the caudate lobe was removed. The remaining lobe was injected with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS through a needle inserted into the trachea.
Bacterial Colonization and Quantification of TNFα, IL-6, and MIP-2.
The excised caudate lobe of lung was weighed and then homogenized in 5 ml Luria broth using an electric tissue tearor. The homogenate was serially diluted and plated for V. cholerae CFU counts. 1 ml of the undiluted homogenate was frozen on dry ice and stored at –80°C. Blood collected by cardiac puncture was set at room temperature for 2 h to allow blood to clot. The serum was separated by centrifugation at 4,000 g, removed from clot, and stored at –20°C. The concentrations of TNFα in the undiluted lung homogenate and the serum titer of IL-6 and MIP-2 were determined by ELISA (R&D Systems).
Histopathology.
Lungs preserved in paraformaldehyde were embedded, sliced, mounted, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H/E) at the Histology Core Facility of Beth Israel Deaconness Hospital (Boston, MA). Slides were scored by a veterinary pathologist on a scale of 0 (no lesion) to 4 (severe) for degree of pneumonia, degree of histopathology to the large airways and alveoli, presence or absence of PMNs, macrophages, and type II pneumocytes, and degree of perivascular edema. The composite score is the sum of values for the seven criteria (maximum 28).
Data Analysis.
Mice that died before 24 h of infection were eliminated from further analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using the Microsoft Excel Data Analysis Package t test assuming unequal variances. P values < 0.05 were determined to be statistically significant.
Analysis of P4 (ctxAB::km) in a Mouse Model.
As an initial test of the murine pulmonary cholera model, five mice were inoculated intranasally with a sublethal dosage of V. cholerae El Tor O1 strain P4, a derivative of the clinical isolate P27459 with a kanamycin-cassette replacing ctxA and ctxB to eliminate production of CT (35). Three mice were given 20 μl PBS as a sham infection control. After 24 h, the mice were killed and evaluated (Table I
and Fig. 1)
The V. cholerae P4-inoculated mice exhibited decreased activity, ocular discharge, malaise, heavy and labored breathing, and ungroomed hair coat resulting in a low overall health score. The lungs were mottled and dark red and V. cholerae was culturable from the lung tissue. TNFα was released to the local tissue and serum concentrations of IL-6 and MIP-2 were elevated. Histologic examination of the lungs revealed moderate diffuse or multifocal bronchiolar and alveolar pneumonia (Fig. 1). The predominant inflammatory cells present were PMNs with some activated alveolar macrophages. In addition to the bronchiolar pneumonia, the lungs showed evidence of alveolar hemorrhage, septal necrosis, accumulation of fibrous proteinaceous material suspected to be eosinophilic fibrin, and moderate to severe perivascular edema. Examination of the bronchiolar epithelial lining demonstrated sloughing indicative of injury and death of the epithelial barrier of the large airways. The cytoplasm:nuclear ratio of these cells was altered suggesting action of cytotoxins on these cells.
These observations are contrasted to those of the sham-treated mice, which were physically active with normal health scores. The levels of TNFα, IL-6, and MIP-2 were below detection limits (Table I). The pulmonary histology did show some debris and slight focal hemorrhage, most likely due to aspiration of PBS under anesthesia (Fig. 1).
These data demonstrate that V. cholerae can colonize the lungs of adult immunocompetent mice and cause histologic changes to the epithelial surfaces. The infection is inflammatory in nature as evidence by the influx of PMNs and stimulation of proinflammatory molecules.
Comparison of Strains Deleted in Accessory Toxin Genes.
In a second series of experiments, the affect of accessory toxins to the development of inflammation was assessed compared with the ctxAB mutant strain P4 and sham-inoculated controls (Table II
Four mice were inoculated with KFV105, a derivative of P4 bearing an in-frame deletion that removes 7.8 kb of the rtxA gene and eliminates the RTX toxin-associated cell rounding activity. By comparison to P4, infection of mice with KFV105 resulted in a significantly improved clinical score and decreased serum titers of IL-6 and MIP-2. The CFU of KFV105 recovered from the lung was slightly lower than for P4 suggesting a minor defect in colonization or more rapid clearance by the immune system; however, differences in the CFU recovered were not statistically significant (P = 0.22). The pathology of the lung showed a moderate, multi-focal pneumonia, rather than the severe, diffuse pneumonia observed for the P4-infected mice. However, the overall severity score increased slightly due to more evidence of perivascular edema and recruitment of macrophages and type II pneumocytes. Thus, loss of the RTX toxin rendered V. cholerae less pathogenic, but not avirulent or noninflammatory, in this mouse model.
Four mice were inoculated with a derivative of P4 bearing an internal deletion in the gene for HAP. Among all the deletion mutants tested, this is the only group in which all four mice failed to survive to 24 h. The remaining two mice were in poor health with very high titers of IL-6 and MIP-2 and an overall severity score that exceeded that observed for P4. In particular, injury to cells lining the large airway is more severe than noted for P4-infected mice. These data suggest that loss of this protease may have altered the course of infection to be more lethal, although none of the measured values were significantly different from the P4 group, in part due to lack of samples.
Four mice were inoculated with a derivative of P4 bearing an internal deletion in the gene for hemolysin. Mice in this group were heavily colonized and in poor health at 24 h. Sampling of blood and testing of serum from this group was difficult as the blood was often thickened. Evaluation of the lung pathology revealed a dense pneumonia characterized by consolidation, pleuritis, and sloughing in the major airways indicative of a more severe pneumonia as compared with the P4 control group.
These results demonstrated that the RTX toxin is the only one of the three toxins that significantly contributed to the enhancement of inflammation as demonstrated by improved pathology and decreased titers of proinflammatory molecules MIP-2 and IL-6 when the rtxA gene is deleted. The apparent worsening of pathology due to deletion of hapA or hlyA may reflect antiinflammatory action by these toxins or an alteration in the delivery of other toxins to specific tissues and thus a loss of the coordinated modulation of the immune system.
A Multi-toxin Mutant Has Significantly Decreased Virulence.
The additive effects of these toxins to disease was demonstrated by an improved health score and decreased serum titers of IL-6 and MIP-2 when a multi-toxin mutant strain KFV101, with deletions in ctxAB, rtxA, hapA, and hlyA, was assessed. These data are statistically significant when compared with P4 and to other mutants deleted of any single toxin, most notably the rtxA deletion KFV105 (Table II and Fig. 2).
The lungs of these mice were relatively clear compared with other samples although this is not reflected in the severity score. A breakdown of the severity score revealed that the increase in score is due primarily to high values for PMNs in alveolar spaces and type II pneumocytes suggesting that the immune systems in these mice are responding to the infection before the onset of dense pneumonia.
The overall improvement in the pathology suggested that mice infected with the multi-toxin mutant might successfully clear the infection and survive the bacterial challenge. To test this, 10 mice were inoculated with either P4 or KFV101 and the mice were monitored for seven days. 80% of mice in the P4 group died within 3 d, while all 10 mice inoculated with KFV101 survived 7 d (Fig. 3)
. The KFV101-infected mice originally showed signs of infection but gradually returned to normal activity after 1 to 2 d. Most strikingly, the two survivors challenged with P4 showed weight loss to an average of 12.1 g (or a loss of ∼33% body weight) while the KFV101 survivors maintained a weight of 18–20 g. These data show that mice can survive a challenge of KFV101 that is lethal when the extracellular toxins are produced.
Dissemination of Disease.
The magnitude of hemorrhage and the diffuse nature of the pneumonia in P4-infected mice suggest that bacteria may have transversed the epithelial barriers and invaded adjacent tissues. To test this possibility, a total of nine mice each were infected with either P4 or KFV101 in two different experiments, one terminated at 24 h and the other at 18 h. Of six survivors in the P4 group, five had disseminated infections as indicated by recovery of kanamycin and streptomycin resistant V. cholerae from the liver and spleen. By contrast, KFV101 never led to a disseminated infection in the first two experiments. An additional seven mice were inoculated with a fivefold higher dose of KFV101 and dissemination was charted. Of five mice that were colonized in the lung at 24 h, four developed disseminated infections. Thus, the accessory toxins may contribute to septicemia at lower dosages but they are not absolutely essential for dissemination.
Innate immune responses to V. cholerae infection have not been intensely studied in part due to the absence of a murine model for pathogenesis. The suckling mouse model has proven useful for the study of bacterial colonization and regulation of virulence factors (37). However, these 5–6-d-old mice do not have immune systems sufficiently developed for study of immunomodulation. Adult germ-free mouse models have been useful for evaluation of immunogenic potential of oral V. cholerae vaccine strains even though colonization may not occur (38), yet neither of these models is applicable for study of acute inflammatory responses. In this study, we report the use of a novel mouse model conceptually adapted from the studies of S. flexneri (30–32) and technically based on previous studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (39). We have demonstrated that V. cholerae can infect the lung of BALB/c mice leading to the development of inflammation.
The identity of the "reactogenicity factor" of V. cholerae vaccine strains has been elusive. Indeed, determination of this factor was identified by the National Institute of Health in 1996 as one of the top priorities for enteric disease research (40) and improvement of available vaccines has been recommended by the World Health Organization (41). Using this in vivo model, we suggest that the "reactogenicity" factor is likely a trio of factors consisting of HAP, hemolysin, and the RTX toxin. Genetic manipulation resulting in the loss of these cytotoxins led to a change of the course of the disease, particularly in the pathology. Most prominently, these studies revealed that the RTX toxin is a key factor in the stimulation of the proinflammatory mediators IL-6 and MIP-2. Although compound deletion of rtxA and ctxAB did not generate an avirulent strain, the decrease in serum levels of IL-6 and MIP-2 and improvement in the clinical signs of disease compared with the single ctxAB deletion strain are the first observations linking the RTX toxin to pathogenesis in vivo. By contrast, histopathologic evidence indicates that V. cholerae strains deleted of hlyA or hapA in addition to deletion of ctxAB are potentially more virulent than the parent strain. Conversely, absence of these toxins in addition to the RTX toxin led to improved pathology and decreased serum titers of IL-6 and MIP-2 suggesting these toxin somehow work in concert.
These results predict that deletion of the genes for a single accessory toxin would not subvert cholera vaccine reactogenicity. This prediction is supported by results from human vaccine trials. Double mutants lacking ctx genes in combination with hlyA (42), hapA (43), or rtxA (44) have been tested in phase I vaccine trials and each double mutant retained some virulence. The data presented here on KFV101, deleted of ctxAB, hlyA, hapA, and rtxA, would suggest that the use of a multi-toxin knockout vaccine strain might prevent the clinical side effects of the current candidate vaccine strains.
It is notable that the strain P4 is frequently used as a source of kanamycin-resistant CTXΦ phage particles indicating it produces the CTXΦ phage assembly proteins Zot and Ace, which have also been proposed as accessory toxins that could contribute to reactogenicity. In a separate experiment, Bang-1, a CTXΦ core deletion strain derived from P27459 (45), was found to have no significant difference in the course of disease compared with P4 suggesting that loss of the proteins Zot and Ace does not reduce or increase virulence of V. cholerae in this model.
The combination of in vitro and in vivo results would suggest that the enhancement of the proinflammatory response by these accessory toxins is due to increased tissue damage when the toxin are expressed. However, further experimentation is required to characterize the mouse pulmonary model of cholera and to more thoroughly investigate the roles of the RTX toxin, HAP, and hemolysin in pathogenesis and in the induction of the proinflammatory immune response. The advantage of this model is that it is suitable for use in studies of cholera infection in a broad range of commercially available knockout mice including mice deficient in production of IL-6, MIP-2, IL-1β, and various Toll-like and cytokine receptors implicated in the innate immune response to bacterial infections. In addition, the observations reported here suggest that this model could be applied as an initial screen for the prediction of proinflammatory potential of putative vaccine strains before initiation of more succinct studies in the well established, but more expensive, rabbit model for intestinal cholera disease or before launching phase I human clinical trials.
We thank David Engman for his critical review of the manuscript.
This project was funded by National Institutes of Health grant AI018045 to J.J. Mekalanos and a Biomedical Research Support Program Award to K.J. Fullner from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. K.J. Fullner was also supported for early parts of this project by a National Institutes of Health post-doctoral fellowship AI010395 and J.C. Boucher was funded by fellowship BOUCHE01F0 from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.
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V. cholerae induced pneumonia in BALB/c mice. H/E staining of lung sections from mice inoculated with P4 (top) or with control buffer (bottom). Figures at right are at 10× magnification of boxed section at the left. Notable features are marked including fibrin (F), hemorrhage (H), and epithelial cell sloughing (S).
Loss of specific cytotoxins affects acute pathology of pulmonary disease. Lung sections from mice intranasally inoculated with P4 and four isogenic mutants were selected for areas demonstrating epithelial lined bronchioles and alveolar air spaces. Note increase numbers of inflammatory cells in the alveoli of the exposed tissue of KFV70 (ΔhapA) KFV103 (ΔhlyA), when compared with the KFV105 (ΔrtxA), KFV101 (ΔhapA, ΔhlyA, ΔrtxA), and sham-treated samples (H/E, 100×).
Mice challenge with multi-toxin deleted strain KFV101 survive. 10 mice were inoculated with either 2 × 107 P4 (dashed line) or KFV101 (solid line) and mice were followed for 7 d. The time of death was noted for each mouse as indicated in graph. Surviving mice were killed after 7 d.
Table I.
Initial Demonstration of Colonization and Stimulation of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines after Intranasal Infection of Mice with Nontoxigenic V. cholerae
P4 (ctxAB::km)
Sham treated
Initial inoculum 2.3 × 107
CFU in 20 μl 20 μl
PBS buffer
Mice surviving to 24 h 4/4 3/3
CFU recovered from lung 2,300–23,300
CFU/100 mg 0
Health rating 1.9 ± 0.5a 5.0 ± 0.0
Severity of pneumonia 13.5 ± 4.4a 2.0 ± 3.5
TNFα (pg/100 mg lung) 1,000 ± 520
(range 570–1,800)a <25
IL-6 (pg/ml serum) 3,400 ± 2,700
(range 830–6,600)a <37
MIP-2 (pg/ml serum)
2,100 ± 2,600
(range 230–5,032)a
Significantly different from sham-treated mice at P < 0.05.
Table II.
Contribution of Accessory Toxins to Stimulation of Proinflammatory Molecules and Pathogenesis
Sham
treated
P4
(ctxAB::km)
KFV105
(P4ΔrtxA)
KFV70
(P4ΔhapA)
KFV103
(P4ΔhlyA)
KFV101
(P4ΔhapAΔhlyAΔrtxA)
Initial inoculum (in 20 μl) PBS buffer 4.7 × 107 3.8 × 107 3.8 × 107 4.2 × 107 4.0 × 107
Mice surviving to 24 h 3/3 4/7 4/4 2/4 4/4 4/4
CFU recovered/100 mg lung
(range × 103) 0 7.9–37 2.7–110 9.2–71 4.5–5,560 1.5–220
Health rating (scale 1 to 5) 4.7 ± 0.5a 1.5 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.6a 1.6 ± 0.3 1.8 ± 0.4 4.0 ± 0.4a,b
Severity of pneumonia
(scale 0 to 28) 2.0 ± 1.7a 13.0 ± 2.0 13.7 ± 2.5 16.0 ± 0.0 15.0 ± 3.2 16.8 ± 4.0
TNFα (pg/100 mg lung) <25 1,100 ± 600 940 ± 50 760 ± 210 1,100 ± 820 930 ± 190
IL-6 (pg/ml serum) <37 7,000 ± 4,500 730 ± 200a 4,500 ± 4,200 2,600c 250 ± 160a, b
range
2,400–64,000
range
230–1,200a
range
63,00–70,00
<120a,b
Value is significantly different from value for P4 (P < 0.05).
Value is significantly different from value for KFV105 (P < 0.05).
IL-6 assayed for only one mouse as other samples were insufficient after MIP-2 test.
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Edith Wharton's 1911 novel Ethan Frome tells the story of a tragic love triangle. Set in the highly symbolic wintry landscape of Starkfield, Massachusetts, the narrative centers on the title character's fraught relationships with his "sickly, cantankerous" wife Zeena and his young, beautiful cousin Mattie Silver.
Edith Wharton (born Edith Newbold Jones, January 24, 1862 - August 11, 1937) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist, short story writer, and designer.


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Pakistan relief assistance for Iran quake victims arrives in Tehran
Islamabad, Nov 18, IRNA -- Pakistan Air Force C-130 plane carrying relief assistance for the affectees of the deadly earthquake that struck western Iran on November 12 landed at Mehrabad International Airport in Tehran.
Pakistani ambassador to Iran Asif Ali Khan Durrani along with the staff of Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran received the aid. This is the first consignment of aid by any country to Iran, Pakistani officials said.
A Foreign Ministry statement said the relief assistance consists of the items identified by the Iranian side in accordance with the relief requirements in the earthquake affected area.
It said that the people and government of Pakistan are deeply grieved at the immense loss of lives and destruction caused to our Iranian brothers in the earthquake that jolted the bordering regions of Iran and Iraq.
Pakistani president and the prime minister had sent messages of solidarity with the Iranian people and offered all possible support by Pakistan in this hour of need.
"The two brotherly countries have a tradition of helping each other during the natural calamities. The people of Pakistan appreciate and remember Iran's help to Pakistan in the aftermath of the earthquake in 2005 and floods in 2010," the statement said.
A 7.3-magnitude earthquake shook the western province of Kermanshah and the regions bordering Iraq on Sunday night. The quake was felt in some neighboring states as well.
Based on the latest statistics, at least 436 people have been reported killed and around 10,000 in quake-stricken areas in Iran.
https://reliefweb.int/report/iran-islamic-republic/pakistan-relief-assistance-iran-quake-victims-arrives-tehran


After an extremely busy two weeks spent walking, driving or travelling by train through the most awful conditions, the fragility of life seems uppermost in my mind. It all started during a visit to North Wales & Borders. I was shown a framed list hanging at Ellesmere Yard, the workshop of the great Thomas Telford and one of our heritage jewels. It gives the names and occupations of 36 canal company men who went to fight in what we now know as the First World War. As well as their names, it shows their occupations and what regiment they served in. Here are joiners, painters, a boat-builder, a sawyer, a fitter, an apprentice, who left to serve in the Royal Horse Artillery, the Shropshire Yeomanry, the Royal Air Force, the Royal Engineers and the Loyal South Lancs.
I felt privileged to stand in the workshop where so many men before and since had learnt and honed their skills and put their craftsmanship to good use. I imagined the noise, the banter, the camaraderie and fellowship. I tried to imagine what the mothers and wives, sisters and girlfriends of those brave young men felt when told of their intention to go and fight in the European War. It's not clear what became of all of them, although two are listed as killed in action. I wondered how many on the list came home safe and took up their work again on the canals, savouring their peace and tranquility after the horrors of war.
Unfortunately over the years, the document has suffered water and light damage, but our collections manager Dale Copley is hoping that, funds permitting, it can be restored and can take its place in the Trust's permanent collection as a fitting tribute to those canal men who served their country.
Back in the present, as I write, there are still numerous severe flood warnings - meaning there is a danger to life. It's sobering to think that something on which we depend for life, and most of the time looks so beautiful and inviting, can suddenly turn into a threat. My colleagues up and down the country are working very hard alongside those of the Environment Agency to help alleviate problems wherever they can, and I hope they all stay safe. One thing's for sure, we certainly won't forget the winter of 2013-14 in a hurry.


Avocado-VT is our test suite, but for simplicity purposes it can only run on a single host. For multi host tests, you'll need the full autotest + Avocado-VT package, and the procedure is more complex. We'll try to keep this procedure as objective as possible.
You have at least 2 virt capable machines that have shared storage setup in [insert specific path]. Let's call them host1.foo.com and host2.foo.com.
You can ssh into both of those machines without a password (which means there is an SSH key setup with the account you're going to use to run the tests) as root.
Note: The bootstrap procedure described below will be performed automatically upon running the autoserv command that triggers the test. The problem is that then you will not be able to see the config files and modify filters prior to actually running the test. Therefore this documentation will instruct you to run the steps below manually.
16:11:20 INFO | Recommended command qemu-img missing. You may want to install it if not building from source.
16:11:20 INFO | Recommended command qemu-io missing. You may want to install it if not building from source.
Now, you'll see a boatload of output from the autotest remote output. This is normal, and you should be patient until all the tests are done.
# Almost synchronized migration, waiting to end it.
# Work is started only on first VM.
# Migration started in different threads.
# It allows to start multiple migrations simultaneously.
# Starts one migration without synchronization with work.
# Starts another test simultaneously.
# Wait for mig2 finish.
VM's disks will be prepared.
The synchronization server will be started.
All hosts will be synchronized after VM create disks.
It prepare VM if machine is not started.
Check work on VM after migration.
Wait for finish migration on all hosts.
It's important to note that the migrations are made using the tcp protocol, since the others don't support multi host migration.
This example migrates only the first machine defined in migration. Better example is in virt_utils.MultihostMigration.migrate_vms_src. This function migrates all machines defined for migration.


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This morning I was up early with the chickens and had a wander around in my garden…. I found my first edible blueberry!
So, I am grateful today for being able to use my sense of taste in my garden!
Oh the sweetness of that blueberry – and it came from my garden. I look around me and see so many, many fruits and plants I have that I will be able to eat and taste……. I could not imaging life without it! I relish in the first bite of that first new fig. My mouth waters for the sweetness of the first peach from my peach tree…. the new strawberries will delight my tastebuds! Blueberries, lemons, guavas …..
What an abundance of treasures to taste, to savour, to indulge in!
Nothing tastes better than something just picked from your own garden.


text:
with publication states 'Published' 'Published (Approved)'
published in journal 'Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics'
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Hidden magnetic order in plutonium dioxide nuclear fuel
James T. Pegg , Ashley E. Shields , Mark T. Storr , Andrew S. Wills , David O. Scanlon , Nora H. De Leeuw
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 48
DOI: 10.1039/C8CP03583K
Abstract: A thorough understanding of the chemistry of PuO2 is critical to the design of next-generation nuclear fuels and the long-term storage of nuclear materials. Despite over 75 years of study, the ground-state magnetic structure of PuO2 remains a matter of much debate. Experimental studies loosely indicate a diamagnetic (DM) ground-state, whereas theoretical methods have proposed either a collinear ferromagnetic (FM) or anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) ground-state, both of which would be expected to cause a distortion from the reported Fm[3 with combining macron]m symmetry. In this work, we have used accurate calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) to systematically investigate the magnetic structure of PuO2 to resolve this controversy. We have explicitly considered electron-correlation, spin–orbit interaction and noncollinear magnetic contributions to identify a hereto unknown longitudinal 3k AFM ground-state that retains Fm[3 with combining macron]m crystal symmetry. Given the broad interest in plutonium materials and the inherent experimental difficulties of handling this compound, the results presented in this paper have considerable implications for future computational studies relating to PuO2 and related actinide structures. As the crystal structure is coupled by spin–orbit interactions to the magnetic state, it is imperative to consider relativity when creating computational models.
Magnetic structure of UO 2 and NpO 2 by first-principle methods
DOI: 10.1039/C8CP03581D
Abstract: The magnetic structure of the actinide dioxides (AnO2) remains a field of intense research. A low-temperature experimental investigation of the magnetic ground-state is complicated by thermal energy released from the radioactive decay of the actinide nuclei. To establish the magnetic ground-state, we have employed high-accuracy computational methods to systematically probe different magnetic structures. A transverse 1k antiferromagnetic ground-state with Fmmm (No. 69) crystal symmetry has been established for UO2, whereas a ferromagnetic (111) ground-state with R[3 with combining macron]m (No. 166) has been established for NpO2. Band structure calculations have been performed to analyse these results.
Re-evaluating the role of phosphinic acid (DINHOP) adsorption at the photoanode surface in the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells
Manuel Rodríguez-perez , Felipe Noh-pat , Alfredo Romero-contreras , Emigdio J. Reyes-ramírez , Siva Kumar Krishnan , Jose L. Ortíz-quiñonez , Joaquín Alvarado , Umapada Pal , Paul Olalde-velasco , Julio Villanueva-cab
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 334
DOI: 10.1039/C9CP05063A
Abstract: Dineohexyl phosphinic acid (DINHOP) is a popular amphiphilic molecular insulator considered as the most efficient co-adsorbent (co-grafter) for the improvement of the photovoltaic performance of TiO2 based hybrid solar cells. Although the effect of its incorporation on the improvement of cell performance has been well demonstrated, the mechanisms through which it affects the photovoltaic and electrodynamic parameters of the cells are not yet clear. Here we re-examine the mechanism through which the DINHOP co-adsorbent affects the photovoltaic and electrodynamic parameters of dye-sensitized solar cells. Although DINHOP is widely believed to inhibit (passivate) recombination across the TiO2/electrolyte interface, we demonstrate that this is sublte, noticeable only for a very high concentration (e.g. 750 μM) of DINHOP, co-sensitized with a dye. For the most frequently used DINHOP concentrations (e.g. 75 μM and 375 μM), an observed increase of the diffusion coefficient and recombination rate could be directly associated with a decrease of total intra-gap states in TiO2. For a DINHOP concentration as low as 75 μM, the conduction band edge of TiO2 moves upward due to the combined effect of charge accumulation and a decrease in the total number of intra-gap states leading to an effective enhancement of the DCCS VOC, where the decrease in total intra-gap states does not contribute positively. The decrease of total intra-gap states enhances both the transport and recombination rates of charge carriers by the same fraction due to a transport-limited recombination process. On the other hand, adsorption of DINHOP molecules at higher concentrations such as 375 μM and 750 μM additionally modifies the distribution of intra-gap states, affecting the nonlinear recombination parameter of charge carriers at the anode–electrolyte interface, leading to an overall enhancement of the DSSC VOC. In all cases, incorporation of DINHOP results in an overall improvement of the solar cell efficiency (∼14% compared with the reference one), with a maximum for a concentration of 375 μM, where no inhibition of recombination was observed. Interestingly, for this DINHOP concentration, we estimate that 1 DINHOP molecule per every 12 molecules of dye occupies the intra-gap states of the TiO2 surface. The results presented in this work elucidate the physical phenomena involved in the interaction of co-adsorbents, pre-treatments or additives with the electrolyte at the surface of the TiO2 photoanode of dye-sensitized solar cells and can be easily adapted to study other electrochemical systems.
Al-doped Fe 2 O 3 as a support for molybdenum oxide methanol oxidation catalysts
Michael Bowker , Pip Hellier , Donato Decarolis , Diego Gianolio , Khaled M. H. Mohammed , Alex Stenner , Thomas Huthwelker , Peter P. Wells
DOI: 10.1039/D0CP01192D
Abstract: We have made high surface area catalysts for the selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. This is done in two ways – (i) by doping haematite with Al ions, to increase the surface area of the material, but which itself is unselective and (ii) by surface coating with Mo which induces high selectivity. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of methanol shows little difference in surface chemistry of the doped haematite from the undoped material, with the main products being CO2 and CO, but shifted to somewhat higher desorption temperature. However, when Mo is dosed onto the haematite surface, the chemistry changes completely to show mainly the selective product, formaldehyde, with no CO2 production, and this is little changed up to 10% Al loading. But at 15 wt% Al, the chemistry changes to indicate the presence of a strongly acidic function at the surface, with additional dimethyl ether and CO/CO2 production characteristic of the presence of alumina. Structurally, X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows little change over the range 0–20% Al doping, except for some small lattice contraction, while the surface area increases from around 20 to 100 m2 g−1. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) it is clear that, at 5% loading, the Al is incorporated into the Fe2O3 corundum lattice, which has the same structure as α-alumina. By 10% loading then it appears that the alumina starts to nano-crystallise within the haematite lattice into the γ form. At higher loadings, there is evidence of phase separation into separate Al-doped haematite and γ-alumina. If we add 1 monolayer equivalent of Mo to the surface there is already high selectivity to formaldehyde, but little change in structure, because that monolayer is isolated at the surface. However, when three monolayers equivalent of Mo is added, we then see aluminium molybdate type signatures in the XANES spectra at 5% Al loading and above. These appear to be in a sub-surface layer with Fe molybdate, which we interpret as due to Al substitution into ferric molybdate layers immediately beneath the topmost surface layer of molybdena. It seems like the separate γ-alumina phase is not covered by molybdena and is responsible for the appearance of the acid function products in the TPD.
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions in concentrated aqueous imidazole solutions: a neutron diffraction and total X-ray scattering study
Laila H. Al-madhagi , Sam Callear , Sven L. M. Schroeder
DOI: 10.1039/C9CP05993H
Abstract: The intermolecular interactions in concentrated (5 M) aqueous imidazole solutions have been investigated by combining neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution, total X-ray scattering and empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR) simulations using a box containing 5530 water and 500 imidazole molecules. The structural model with the best fit was used to generate radial distribution functions and spatial density functions. The local volume surrounding imidazole molecules is dominated by water, due to strong hydrogen-bonding between the nitrogen moieties of imidazole and water molecules; within a radius of 6.4 Å from the central imidazole molecule there are, on average, 17 water and only 3 imidazole molecules. Even though imidazole interacts with water it appears to disrupt hydrogen bonding in the surrounding water network only minimally. Hydrogen-bonding between imidazole molecules is negligible. The most probable positions of imidazole nearest-neighbours are above and below the plane of the aromatic ring. At low distances (up to ∼3.5–3.8 Å) these nearest neighbours were found to prefer parallel orientation of the molecular planes, indicating hydrophobic (π–π) stacking. At longer distances (up to ∼5 Å), imidazole neighbours assume both parallel and edge-to-face orientations. Overall, hydrated imidazole molecules are the most probable structural motif in aqueous solutions, with very few direct imidazole–imidazole interactions.
Core level spectroscopies locate hydrogen in the proton transfer pathway – identifying quasi-symmetrical hydrogen bonds in the solid state
Joanna S. Stevens , Sarah Coultas , Cherno Jaye , Daniel A. Fischer , Sven L. M. Schroeder
DOI: 10.1039/C9CP05677G
Abstract: hort, strong hydrogen bonds (SSHBs) have been a source of interest and considerable speculation over recent years, culminating with those where hydrogen resides around the midpoint between the donor and acceptor atoms, leading to quasi-covalent nature. We demonstrate that X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy provide deep insight into the electronic structure of the short OHN hydrogen bond of 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, revealing for the first time distinctive spectroscopic identifiers for these quasi-symmetrical hydrogen bonds. An intermediate nitrogen (core level) chemical shift occurs for the almost centrally located hydrogen compared to protonated (ionic) and non-ionic analogues, and it reveals the absence of two-site disorder. This type of bonding is also evident through broadening of the nitrogen 1s photoemission and 1s → 1π* peaks in XPS and NEXAFS, respectively, arising from the femtosecond lifetimes of hydrogen in the potential wells slightly offset to either side of the centre. The line-shape of the core level excitations are thus related to the population occupancies, reflecting the temperature-dependent shape of the hydrogen potential energy well. Both XPS and NEXAFS provide a distinctive identifier for these quasi-symmetrical hydrogen bonds, paving the way for detailed studies into their prevalence and potentially unique physical and chemical properties.
Identifying the catalyst chemical state and adsorbed species during methanol conversion on copper using ambient pressure X-ray spectroscopies
Baran Eren , Christopher G. Sole , Jesús Sánchez Lacasa , David Grinter , Federica Venturini , Georg Held , Santiago Esconjauregui , Robert S. Weatherup
DOI: 10.1039/D0CP00347F
Abstract: Methanol is a promising chemical for the safe and efficient storage of hydrogen, where methanol conversion reactions can generate a hydrogen-containing gas mixture. Understanding the chemical state of the catalyst over which these reactions occur and the interplay with the adsorbed species present is key to the design of improved catalysts and process conditions. Here we study polycrystalline Cu foils using ambient pressure X-ray spectroscopies to reveal the Cu oxidation state and identify the adsorbed species during partial oxidation (CH3OH + O2), steam reforming (CH3OH + H2O), and autothermal reforming (CH3OH + O2 + H2O) of methanol at 200 °C surface temperature and in the mbar pressure range. We find that the Cu surface remains highly metallic throughout partial oxidation and steam reforming reactions, even for oxygen-rich conditions. However, for autothermal reforming the Cu surface shows significant oxidation towards Cu2O. We rationalise this behaviour on the basis of the shift in equilibrium of the CH3OH* + O* ⇌ CH3O* + OH* caused by the addition of H2O.
The electronic structure, surface properties, and in situ N2O decomposition of mechanochemically synthesised LaMnO3
Rachel H. Blackmore , Maria Elena Rivas , George F. Tierney , Khaled M. H. Mohammed , Donato Decarolis , Shusaku Hayama , Federica Venturini , Georg Held , Rosa Arrigo , Monica Amboage , Pip Hellier , Evan Lynch , Mahrez Amri , Marianna Casavola , Tugce Eralp Erden , Paul Collier , Peter P. Wells
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 6
DOI: 10.1039/D0CP00793E
Diamond Proposal Number(s): [20129, 20200, 22063, 15151]
Abstract: The use of mechanochemistry to prepare catalytic materials is of significant interest; it offers an environmentally beneficial, solvent-free, route and produces highly complex structures of mixed amorphous and crystalline phases. This study reports on the effect of milling atmosphere, either air or argon, on mechanochemically prepared LaMnO3 and the catalytic performance towards N2O decomposition (deN2O). In this work, high energy resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), X-ray emission, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to probe the electronic structural properties of the mechanochemically prepared materials. Moreover, in situ studies using near ambient pressure (NAP)-XPS, to follow the materials during catalysis, and high pressure energy dispersive EXAFS studies, to mimic the preparation conditions, have also been performed. The studies show that there are clear differences between the air and argon milled samples, with the most pronounced changes observed using NAP-XPS. The XPS results find increased levels of active adsorbed oxygen species, linked to the presence of surface oxide vacancies, for the sample prepared in argon. Furthermore, the argon milled LaMnO3 shows improved catalytic activity towards deN2O at lower temperatures compared to the air milled and sol–gel synthesised LaMnO3. Assessing this improved catalytic behaviour during deN2O of argon milled LaMnO3 by in situ NAP-XPS suggests increased interaction of N2O at room temperature within the O 1s region. This study further demonstrates the complexity of mechanochemically prepared materials and through careful choice of characterisation methods how their properties can be understood.
Elucidating the mechanism of the methanation reaction over Ni-hydrotalcite-derived catalysts via surface-sensitive in situ XPS and NEXAFS
Gianfranco Giorgianni , Chalachew Mebrahtu , Manfred E. Schuster , Alexander I. Large , Georg Held , Pilar Ferrer , Federica Venturini , David Grinter , Regina Palkovits , Siglinda Perathoner , Gabriele Centi , Salvatore Abate , Rosa Arrigo
DOI: 10.1039/D0CP00622J
Abstract: Hydrotalcite-derived Ni and Fe-promoted hydrotalcite-derived Ni catalysts were found to outperform industrial catalysts in the CO2 methanation reaction, however the origin of the improved activity and selectivity of these catalysts is not clear. Here, we report a study of these systems by means of in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy elucidating the chemical nature of the catalysts` surface under reaction conditions and revealing the mechanism by which Fe promotes activity and selectivity towards methane. We show that the increase of the conversion leads to hydroxylation of the Ni surface following the formation of water during the reaction. This excessive Ni surface hydroxylation has however a detrimental effect as shown by a controlled study. A dominant metallic Ni surface exists in conditions of higher selectivity towards methane whereas if an increase of the Ni surface hydroxylation occurs, a higher selectivity towards carbon monoxide is observed. The electronic structure analysis of the Fe species under reaction conditions reveals the existence of predominantly Fe(III) species at the surface, whereas a mixture of Fe(II)/Fe(III) species is present underneath the surface. Our results highlight that Fe(II) exerts a beneficial effect on maintaining Ni in a metallic state, whereas the extension of the Fe oxidation front from the surface towards the bulk is accompanied by a more extended Ni surface hydroxylation with a negative impact on the selectivity towards methane.
The Electrodeposition of Silver Composites using Deep Eutectic Solvents
Gero Frisch , Andrew P. Abbott , Khalid El Ttaib , Karl Scott Ryder , David P. Weston
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 14 (7), 2443–-2449
Abstract: Silver is an important metal for electronic connectors, however, it is extremely soft and wear can be a significant issue. This paper describes how improved wear resistant silver coatings can be obtained from the electrolytic deposition of silver from a solution of AgCl in an ethylene glycol/choline chloride based Deep Eutectic Solvent. An up to 10-fold decrease in the wear volume is observed by the incorporation of SiC or Al2O3 particles. The work also addresses the fundamental aspect of speciation of silver chloride in solution using EXAFS to probe solution structure. The size but not the nature of the composite particles is seen to change the morphology and grain size of the silver deposit. Grain sizes are shown to be consistent with previous nucleation studies. The addition of LiF is found to significantly affect the deposit morphology and improve wear resistance.


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He has told you, O man, what is good, and what does the Lord require of you but to do justice, to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God?
It turns out that it really isn't all that difficult to figure out how to be a good Christian. We have the words of Jesus. We listen to his words and do them. Even in the Old Testament days, before Jesus was manifested in the earth, God sent His word to guide us. Through the prophet Micah God revealed His will for us; walk humbly with our God, do justice and extend lovingkindness. Now what is difficult about that?
Notice that God said to walk "with" Him. That is interesting. Many times I hear people say, "Walk humbly before your God," but that is not what God said. His directive to us is to walk "with" Him.
Secondly, be a just person. You can decide for yourself what that means but at a simple level it means to be fair to people. That is not really a difficult concept. I hear people say so often, "Well, life isn't fair," and they use that as justification to treat people unfairly. My response is, "Try to sell that land to God." I don't think He will buy that argument. He is a fair God and He requires us to treat people fairly as well.
Last, be a kind person. Be kind to others. This one requirement is so broad, so vast in scope that it will cause us to reflect the essential nature of God in everything we do. Kindness is generated through love. In every single human interaction, be kind. That means be kind to your spouse, your children, your boss, your employees, the guy who cuts the grass, the woman who cleans the house, the clerk at the store, and on and on. Think of all of the people you come in contact with during a single day. Some of them you may not even particularly like but if you are a child of God you will show lovingkindness to every single one of them.


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