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Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) Alkaloids and Effects
Active Botanical Alkaloids
Kratom Legality
Kratom Science
Kratom Stories
Kratom Science Podcast
Methods Of Preparation
Kratom Potentiators
Coffee and Kratom
Strains, Effects, and Dosage
Dosage Conversion Chart
Tolerance and Tapering
Kratom Strains
Bali Kratom
Red Kratom Strains
Red Kali Kratom
Red Bali Kratom
Red Indo Kratom
White Kratom Strains
White Borneo Kratom
White Vein Kali
White Vein Indo Kratom
White Vein Thai Kratom
Green Kratom Strains
Super Green Malaysian
Green Vein Kali
Green Indo Kratom
Kratom Extracts
Gold Reserve Kratom Extract
Ultra Enhanced Indo Extract
ISOL-8 Extract
Natural Enhanced True Thai
Natural Enhanced White Sumatra
Where To Buy Kratom
Purchasing Kratom In Europe
Recent Kratom Legality News
FDA-Induced Panic by Another Kratom-Induced Seizure
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an import alert on kratom in 2012, giving the agency the legal right to seize imports. The justification
Happy 4/20! Every American should have the right to grow plant medicine
Every American should have the right to grow their own plant medicine in their backyard, greenhouse, or inside their residence. Plants including kratom, poppies, cannabis,
Legal Status of Kratom in Indonesia
Most of the world's commercial kratom is produced in Indonesia. A ban in Indonesia would be severely detrimental to the kratom supply. Kratom is illegal
The following resources are dedicated to the fight against misinformation and political influences in the continued access to Kratom worldwide (Please inform us if you know of a valuable resource that should be added):
American Kratom Association: On behalf of the growing numbers of Kratom users, including doctors, lawyers, teachers and law enforcement officers, The American Kratom Association works to help protect their ability to use Kratom for the purposes of improved health and well being.
International Kratom Legal Status
There are only a few countries confirmed to have made kratom illegal at this time. Those countries are Australia, Denmark, Finland, Israel, Lithuania, Malaysia, Myanmar, Poland, Romania, South Korea, Sweden, Thailand, United kingdom. Despite these countries banning kratom, usually for politically motivated reasons, you will find that kratom is legal in most of the world.
Kratom isn't completely banned but it's legal status remains uncertain in Finland, Denmark, Romania, Germany, and New Zealand. To find a complete list of European countries and kratom legal status, follow the link below.
Kratom Legality in the United States
Alabama | Alaska | Arizona | Arkansas | California | Colorado | Connecticut | Delaware | Florida | Georgia | Hawaii | Idaho | Illinois | Indiana | Iowa | Kansas | Kentucky | Louisiana | Maine | Maryland | Massachusetts | Michigan | Minnesota | Mississippi | Missouri | Montana | Nebraska | Nevada | New Hampshire | New Jersey | New Mexico | New York | North Carolina | North Dakota | Ohio | Oklahoma | Oregon | Pennsylvania | Rhode Island | South Carolina | South Dakota | Tennessee | Texas | Utah | Vermont | Virginia | Washington | Washington D.C. |
West Virginia | Wisconsin | Wyoming
Legal Status: Illegal
Current bill: No current bills
Past bills: SB 226 (2016, banning Kratom), petition in 2016 and petition in 2017 to overturn ban (both failed)
In 2016, Alabama included Kratom's main two alkaloids, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, to the controlled substances list as Schedule I drugs. Therefore, since then, possessing, manufacturing, buying or selling Kratom is illegal in the state. The bill classifies Kratom's alkaloids as synthetic substances, which is inaccurate.
Two petitions were filed to revert this bill but none of them has succeeded.
Legal Status: Currently legal
Past bills: No past bills
Legal Status: Currently legal and regulated by KCPA (2019).
Current bill: No current bills to ban kratom, KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act to regulate Kratom) passed in 2019.
Past bills: AZ HB2453 was reviewed and kratom taken out of it.
Arizona passed the Kratom Consumer Protection Act (KCPA) in April 2019, making Kratom a regulated legal substance in the state. Before this, though, there was a bill, AZ HB2453, which intended to consider Kratom and its main components (Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine) as substances and add them to the list of controlled drugs. Since this was not accurate for pure Kratom's composition, it was taken out of the bill and it remained unregulated until the KCPA was passed in 2019.
Kratom can be currently purchased in Arizona in tobacco and herbs stores. Phoenix is the center of all Kratom sales but it can be purchased online state wide. KCPA regulates Kratom quality of any seller in the state. Buying Kratom in a vending machine is also a possibility in Arizona!
Current bill: No current bill
Past bills: Kratom was added to the controlled substances list as a Schedule I substance.
In 2015, the state of Arkansas added Kratom to its list of Schedule I drugs, which means it is considered a highly addictive substance with no medical value. Kratom and its main active elements, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, were considered Opium Derivatives together with heroin, codeine, and morphine. Kratom was included on the list with other substances that were synthetic substances, unlike Kratom.
The Fourth Judicial Drug Task Force has enforced actions against businesses that continued selling Kratom after it became illegal. Kratom was linked to a few health incidents in Arkansas and together with FDA recommendations, the state decided to take action against it.
Legal status: Currently legal (Except for San Diego, where it's banned)
California is one of the largest states in the US and the most populated. It is well known for being a forward-thinking state and it was the first to legalize medical cannabis in 1996.
As one could expect, Kratom is currently legal in the state of California, with the exception of the city of San Diego.
Since June 2016, the City Council of San Diego ruled on banning Kratom as well as spice, bath salts, and other synthetic and psychoactive substances. The ban prohibits possession, sale, manufacture, and distribution of Kratom and it only applies to the City limits, not to the whole of San Diego County.
Legal Status: Currently legal, except for Denver, Parker, and Monument.
Kratom is currently legal in the state of Colorado, with some exceptions: The cities of Parker and Monument have banned it completely while the city of Denver has restricted its labelling to "not suitable for human consumption".
In November, 2017, the Denver Department of Public Health and Environment "restricted the sale or service of kratom for human consumption in Denver". Therefore, any Kratom sellers need to label their product as not suitable for human consumption and information regarding the potential dangers of Kratom must be included as well. Recommendations or indications on how to use Kratom are also illegal.
Kratom can be bought in vaping, smoke and herbs stores in main cities in Colorado.
In 2019, guided by the FDA reports, the cities of Parker and Monument passed ordinances banning Kratom retail, with fines reaching $500 in Parker.
There is no past or pending legislation about Kratom in the state of Delaware. Therefore, Kratom is legal to sell, buy and possess in the state.
Legal Status: Currently legal (except for Sarasota County under Code of Ordinances since 2014)
Past bills: SB 424 (2017, failed), HB 183 (2017, failed), bill to ban Kratom in St. John's County (2019, postponed)
A misinterpretation about Kratom being a designer drug was the base for Sarasota County's ban on the natural product. The bill referred to Kratom's alleged hallucinogenic effects and the fact that it was banned in Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand at the time to justify the ban.
Legal Status: Currently legal and regulated under KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act)
Past bills: HB 783 (2017, failed) HB 551 (2020, passed, version of the KCPA)
In 2017, a statement was issued by a Medical examiner that linked 11 deaths to Kratom consumption. Despite other drugs and conditions being involved in these deaths and the data being inconclusive, a bill was proposed to ban Kratom in the state of Georgia. After many positive testimonies regarding the use of Kratom, the natural substance was taken out the bill.
In 2019, version of the KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act) was passed in Georgia with overwhelming support.
Georgia's KCPA regulates access to Kratom to those 18 or older and it imposes labeling requirements. Labels need to include age restrictions, ingredients, alkaloids, producer and distributor information, usage instructions, and disclaimers. KCPA also prohibits unsafe Kratom products.
Current bill: SB 3064 (2020, pending, would ban Kratom)
In January 2020, bill SB 3064 was proposed by seven Democrat candidates. The bill would ban Kratom, adding it to the controlled substances list as a Schedule V drug.
There are no past or current bills regarding Kratom legality in Idaho. Kratom is fully legal to sell and buy.
Kratom can be purchased in a variety of health, supplement, and specialty stores.
Legal Status: Currently legal and age-regulated. Banned in Jerseyville and Alton.
Current bill: HB4681
Past bills: IL HB5526 (2014, age restrictions), HB4106 (2018, wider restrictions, bill died)
In 2014, a bill (IL HB5526) was passed. The bill banned access to Kratom to those individuals under 18 years of age. Over the next few years, two cities in the state of Illinois, Jerseyville and Alton, decided to move forward and ban Kratom within their city limits.
In 2018, there was an attempt by a state representative to ban Kratom statewide, through an amendment of the controlled substances act. The bill died a year later and therefore, Kratom remains legal in the state of Illinois for those aged 18 or older and except for Alton and Jerseyville.
In February 2020, HB4681 was introduced. This bill is the Illinois equivalent to the KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act) and it would establish some regulations around Kratom:
Labelling requirements (indicating ingredients and levels of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine).
Limit 7-hydroxymitragynine content to a 2% maximum.
Ban synthetic alkaloids in Kratom products.
Ban adulterated Kratom products.
Regulate age of access to 18 years or older.
Establish punishments for not complying with the regulations.
Simultaneously, another bill was also introduced in Illinois. HB5657 aims to add Kratom to the list of controlled substances as a Schedule II drug, under the classification of opiate, which is inaccurate since Kratom has opioid-like properties but it is not an opiate.
Past bills: SB 305 (2014, Banning Kratom)
The state of Indiana joined the few states that decided to ban Kratom and added the natural substance to its list of controlled substances.
The bill suggested that Kratom's main alkaloids, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, were classified as synthetic substances, which would have been erroneous, but eventually they were classified as hallucinogenic substances.
There are no current bills or clear efforts to revert this decision in the state of Indiana.
Past bills: HF 2355 (2014, failed)
In 2014 a bill was proposed to the senate to ban and criminalize Kratom, making it a schedule 1 drug. The bill indicated that Kratom was a hallucinogenic substance with no proven medical benefits and that it posed great abuse risks.
A petition against the bill was filed by Kratom suppliers, who argued that the existing data was not conclusive to state that kratom was dangerous.
In the end, the bill didn't pass and Kratom remained legal and unregulated in Iowa.
Current bill: KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act) under review
Past bills: SB 282
American Kratom Association support page for Kratom in Kansas
In 2018, a bill suggesting the addition of substances like CBD and Kratom (among others) to the scheduled substances list was sent to the Senate for review.
Many opposed the bill, including kratom consumers and supporters, as well as the American Kratom Association and with the Botanical Education Alliance, who urged everyone to contact the Senate asking to keep Kratom legal. Some other legislators also argued that there was not enough evidence to make kratom illegal.
Eventually, Kratom and CBD were taken out of the bill and remain therefore legal until present day.
In March 2019, Kansas started reviewing the KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act).
Past bills: SB1/LM (Failed) SB136 (Failed)
A 2016 bill proposed to include Kratom to the controlled substances list as a Schedule I drug. That would have meant to consider kratom a synthetic opioid, which it is not. The bill failed but the next year, another bill was proposed.
This new bill would create a new category of controlled substances, Schedule A, and it would include substances with similar effects than those already in the list. Since Kratom is considered to have opioid-like effects, it would very likely be included in that new category.
The bill seemed to not have succeeded so far and thus Kratom remains legal in Kentucky.
Current bill: LA HR203 (2019, request to study Kratom, outcome pending)
Past bills: LA HB19 (2014, failed) LA HB174 (2015, Kratom excluded) LA HR177 (2018, Request to study Kratom)
There were a few attempts to ban Kratom in the state of Louisiana.
LA HB19 was proposed in 2014 and it suggested adding Kratom and any Kratom derivatives to the list of controlled substances. The bill did not pass, it died in committee. A year later, in 2015, the same bill was proposed again and, on this occasion, it passed. However, Kratom was taken out of the bill.
During the salmonella outbreak of 2018, 3 people in the state of Louisiana were affected and that sparked critics towards Kratom. On the same year, a bill (LA HR177) asked the the Louisiana Department of Health to officially study Kratom and its effects in order to rule if it should be included in the controlled substance list.
Another bill (LA HR203) to study Kratom passed in 2019.
These studies are being carried out and there is still no conclusive data.
Past bills: A 2017 bill tried to add Mitragynine to the controlled substances list but the alkaloid was finally left out.
In 2017, a bill suggested including mitragynine, one of Kratom's main alkaloids in the controlled substances list along with opium, morphine, heroin, and others. However, thanks to the activism of Kratom supporters, Kratom was left out of it and it remained legal.
KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act) was introduced to Maine through LD1384, but the bill did not pass.
Current bill: SB147 (would regulate Kratom sales if passed) and HB283 (would ban Kratom, pending)
Kratom is currently legal in Maryland but a couple bills are pending concerning its legality. SB147, by Senator Young would ban kratom in the state, but after a public hearing of many cases pro-kratom legality, the senator might be closer to changing his mind as he admitted he was interested in trying kratom himself to treat his arthritis.
HB283 is another bill from 2020 that concerns Kratom. This bill, if passed, would fully ban Kratom by adding its main alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, to the list of controlled substances as Schedule I drugs.
Current bill: SB 0433 (2019, pending, if passed it would ban Kratom)
Past bills: HB 5707 (2014, bill died) HB 5736 (2014, bill died)
In 2014, there were two bills that were sponsored almost at the same time. One intended to add Kratom to the controlled substances list and the other one wanted to regular Kratom sales to individuals aged 18 or older. To fight against the first bill, more than 1700 signatures were collected and eventually both bills died.
In 2017, there was an incident linked to Kratom consumption. Eric Genautis died in his sleep and his death was linked mainly to Kratom despite his opioid addiction and his battle against depression and anxiety. After this, a few more incidents were linked to Kratom and Eric's family started advocating against Kratom.
In 2019, a senator introduced another bill that would add Kratom to the Schedule II of the controlled substances act. That would mean people would require a medical prescription to access Kratom.
Legal Status: Currently legal and age-regulated
Past bills: SF 2578 (2017-2018)
Kratom has been legal in the state of Minnesota since May 2018. Thanks to the action of many advocacy groups, there hasn't been much negative attention to the plant and its legality. In a 2017-2018 bill (SF 2578), the sale and possession of Kratom was regulated. Kratom can't be sold to people under 18 years of age and it's illegal for children under 18 to possess it as well. Illegal possession of Kratom will be considered a gross misdemeanor.
Legal Status: Banned in 33 counties and cities. Legal in the rest of the state.
Current bill: No current bills, pending legislation to ban it in other counties and cities as well as statewide.
Past bills: SB 2475 (2018, failed) MS HB974 (2018, Kratom excluded)
There were two bills in 2018 that tried to ban Kratom. SB 2475 (2018, failed) MS HB974 (2018, Kratom excluded).
After those two unsuccessful tries, legislators went on their fight against Kratom city by city and county by county. As it happened in other states and cities, Kratom was listed as a synthetic substance instead of a plant and it was subsequently used as an argument to ban it.
2019 was the year that saw most counties in Mississippi ban Kratom, including Alcorn and Tishomingo counties, two of the US counties with the highest opioid prescription rate. These bans mean that opioid patients in those counties do not have access to a natural alternative such as Kratom. Northeast Mississippi is the region where most bans are taking place.
State senator, Chuck Younger, expressed his intentions to introduce at least 3 bills in the 2020 session of the Mississippi Legislature, which would end on March 7. One of the bills concerns Kratom and it would request the Mississippi State Medical Association to schedule Kratom as a Schedule I drug, banning it statewide.
Alcorn
Guntown
Itawamba
Iuka
Lowndes
Mantachie
Noxubee
Okolona
Pontotoc
Senatobia
Tippah
Vardaman
Current bill: Some counties are considering a ban. KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act) is being reviewed. St Louis County has regulated sales.
There are currently no laws regulating Kratom in Missouri and although a few counties have considered banning it in the past, they didn't succeed.
On January 2020, Republican representative Phil Christofanelli introduced a new bill that would require a revision of the clean Missouri amendment to regulate Kratom. The bill passed in the House Committee but it is yet to be passed by the full House.
The bill is known as the Missouri Kratom Consumer Protection Act and, among other things, it would establish labelling requirements for sellers to disclose all ingredients present in their Kratom products; ban the distribution of Kratom products containing synthetic alkaloids or other illegal substances; ensure the content of 7-hydroxymitragynine is not higher than 2%; ban the sale of Kratom to people under 18; and establish punishments for those who don't comply with the regulations of this Act.
Also introduced in January, a bill sponsored by Robert Onder (SB 765) aims at making Kratom a Schedule 1 controlled substance.
Kratom is currently legal and unregulated in the state of Montana. It can be sold and bought with no restrictions and it does not require lab control, age restrictions or labelling requirements.
There has been very little attention to Kratom in the state of Nebraska and, therefore, it is legal to buy, possess and sell Kratom in the state. There are no age restrictions either and no past or present bills seem to place attention to the Southeast Asian plant in any of its forms.
Legal status: Currently legal and regulated by the KCPA (2019)
Current Bill: No current bills to ban kratom, KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act to regulate Kratom) passed in 2019 through NV AB303
Nevada is known for its liberal approach and laws concerning taxes and leisure, for example, it is legal to buy alcohol in bars, stores and restaurants 24/7. From such liberal laws, it's not surprising that Kratom is legal and its consumers are protected.
In June 2019, Nevada passed the Kratom Consumer Protection Act, an act advocated by the AKA (American Kratom Association) that ensures product registration, age restrictions, labeling requirements, adulteration controls, No Synthetic Alkaloids, and a Limit on 7-OH. Thanks to this, kratom quality is controlled and the sales of contaminated Kratom is punishable by law.
Legal Status: Currently legal, aged regulated. illegal in Franklin City.
Current bill: SB758
Past bills: NH SB540 (2016, intended to ban Kratom but ended up only restricting it to minors). Franklin City banned Kratom in 2019.
In 2016, a bill was proposed in the state of New Hampshire. The bill intended to ban Kratom. After a session in which some people could share their testimonies concerning Kratom, and after a testimony by State Representative Shem Kellogg, who suffered from Colon Cancer and used Kratom for pain relieving purposes, the State decided to only regulate age access to the plant.
However, in 2019, the city of Franklin passed a ban on Kratom and a new 2020 bill, SB758, would ban Kratom in the whole state if passed.
Current bill: AB 2865 (2018, died) A2236 (2020, pending)
Past bills: NJ A4431 (2015, bill died)
Senator Ronald Dancer sponsored a bill in 2015, suggesting to ban Kratom. The bill died but since then he has reintroduced the same bill twice. The last time was in the beginning of 2020. His latest bill, A2236, is now pending and would ban Kratom if passed.
Kratom is currently legal and unregulated in the state of New Mexico. It can be sold and bought with no restrictions and it does not require lab control, age restrictions or labelling requirements.
Past bills: NY A08787 (2018, failed) NY S06924 (2018, failed) NY A00231 (2018, failed)
Several bills have been proposed in the state of New York to either ban Kratom or regulate its access. All of them have died and numerous efforts have been made by Kratom advocates to keep Kratom safe.
Legal Status: Currently legal, aged-regulated.
Current bill: No current bills, KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act) could be reviewed.
Past bills: Intention to ban Kratom in 2016 but unsuccessful.
In 2016, a bill suggesting banning Kratom was introduced. The bill would add Kratom to the controlled substances list, thus making it illegal. After various petitions and initiatives supporting Kratom's legality, the State of New Carolina decided to keep Kratom legal but with age restrictions. Only individuals aged 18 or older can access the natural substance.
Kratom in North Dakota has received a bit more attention than its neighboring states. Its popularity increased as people started trying it and reporting its positive effects for pain relieving. Its availability in brick-and-mortar stores increased as well as the critics fueled by the FDA allegations to Kratom's alleged adverse effects. In 2018, as part of the salmonella outbreak associated with Kratom, one case was found in North Dakota and that focused attention on the plant for a while. However, there are currently no pending or active bills regarding Kratom's legality.
Current bill: HB318 (2019, KCPA pending, would regulate kratom sales)
Past bills: No past bills, Ohio Board of Pharmacy proposed to ban it in 2018
In 2018, The Ohio Board of Pharmacy recommended banning Kratom, making it a scheduled substance. As a result, the State of Ohio passed a bill that would schedule Kratom if the DEA schedules it.
In 2019, a comment period was established by the Ohio authorities where more than 1500 comments were received. On the same year, a press conference was organized by the AKA (American Kratom Association) where more than 100 people participated to share their positive Kratom stories. As a result of this activism, the State of Ohio decided to put on hold the Kratom ban.
In the same year, bill HB318 was introduced. This bill would regulate Kratom in a very similar way to the KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act).
Although the KCPA in Ohio is still not fully defined, it would establish the following:
Age regulations.
Labelling requirements.
Licence requirements and lab testing for all Kratom sellers.
Punishments for those who don't comply with regulations.
Current bill: HB 2846 (Oklahoma Kratom Consumer Protection Act, pending)
Past bills: OK HB2666 (Kratom was removed from the bill)
The Oklahoma Bureau of Narcotics tried to ban Kratom back in 2014 and, in fact, a bill to amend the list of scheduled substances was proposed. The bill wanted to include Kratom as one of the controlled substances.
The Bureau considered Thailand as a reference when pushing on their position about Kratom. However, they sustained Thailand banned Kratom because of its effects when the real reason Thailand banned Kratom and Cannabis in the past was its commercial interference with Opium sales.
Thanks to the mobilization of many Kratom supporters, 1000 signatures were collected and Kratom was finally removed from the bill.
Kratom is currently legal and unregulated in the state of Oklahoma. It can be sold and bought with no restrictions and it does not require lab control, age restrictions or labelling requirements.
Daniel Pae is currently sponsoring a bill to pass the Oklahoma Kratom Consumer Protection Act, which would provide regulations concerning labelling and age restrictions.
Current Bill: SB 1005 (2019, failed. Legislators are believed to review this matter again in the future)
Past bills: SB 518 (2017, failed)
Although there were bills trying to make Kratom illegal by scheduling it as a controlled substance, they weren't successful and Kratom is currently legal in Oregon.
Oregon, however, was one of the states most affected by the salmonella outbreak of 2018. This outbreak was linked to kratom and two kratom sellers were identified to sell contaminated Kratom, Kraken Kratom and Phytoextractum.
In 2019 Karen Kratom was responsible for yet another salmonella outbreak and that encouraged another move to try and include kratom into an unrelated bill (SB1005) that would regulate its sell and labelling. Kratom was taken off the bill and it is currently still unregulated. Legislators have expressed their intention to review this decision in the future.
If Kratom was included to the bill, Kratom products would be regulated, including labeling requirements and minimum age for sale. It would require registration of Kratom products with State Department of Agriculture, it would provide civil cause of action for damages resulting from violation of kratom regulations, authorize imposition of civil penalties for certain violations, create crime of unlawful preparation, distribution, sale or offer for sale of kratom product. Punished by maximum of 30 days' imprisonment, $1,250 fine, or both. https://legiscan.com/OR/bill/SB1005/2019
Kratom can currently be bought in Oregon in corner stores, gas stations, and online. After what happened with Kraken Kratom, it is especially advisable for Kratom buyers in Oregon to find a reliable source.
Sam Chapman, a lobbyist and kratom activist in Oregon stated in 2019 that many Kratom sellers would like some kind of basic regulation and that he expects lawmakers to create a work group to come up with another bill that would be considered in 2020. Following these declarations, in 2020 HB4013 was submitted to add regulations to Kratom labelling and age restrictions.
Current bill: HR460 (Pending, urging FDA to come up with guidelines for a safe use of Kratom products)
HR460 was introduced in 2019. The bill urges the FDA to detail protocols and guidelines concerning Kratom usage and safety.
In 2019, Caleb Sturgis died of a heart attack while driving and Kratom was linked to his death. His family tried to push a ban on Kratom but did not succeed.
Legal Status: Currently illegal
Current bill: KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act) is pending.
Past bills: Kratom's main two alkaloids included in the Controlled Substances Act (2017)
In 2017, Kratom's two main alkaloids, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, were added to the Controlled Substances Act by the Rhode Island Department of Health.
In 2019, the KCPA was proposed for Rhode Island but it did not pass.
H728 was introduced in January 2020 and it represents a new chance for the state to make Kratom legal and regulate it through KCPA.
The KCPA for Rhode Island would include, among other regulations, the following:
Labelling requirements regarding ingredients and purity of Kratom Products
Restriction on harmful ingredients
Mandatory testings
Age regulations to 18 or older
Limit of 2% in 7-hydroxymitragynine levels
Ban synthetic alkaloids
Establish punishments for those who don't comply with regulations
Kratom is legal in the state of South Dakota. The substance is not included in any regulated substance list and therefore its access is not regulated or illegal. Citizens of South Dakota can access the plant with no age regulations as well. Since there are no regulations on Kratom labeling or sale, it's important that people in South Dakota find a reliable seller, preferably an online seller. Online sellers gain their reputation through major exposure to critics, reviews, and competition, and that's an effective way of finding a reputable seller.
Legal Status: Currently legal and regulated
Current bill: No current bills. KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act) could be considered.
Past bills: HB1832 and SB2258 (2018, Kratom remained legal but sales were regulated)
Many synthetic substances, including synthetic Kratom, are banned in the state of Tennessee. Back in 2014, when these regulations were passed, there was quite a lot of confusion concerning the status of pure Kratom, as many states had already made mistakes when banning Kratom under the assumption that it is a synthetic drug.
Later in 2017 and 2018 it was clarified by the Attorney General of the state that pure Kratom was completely legal as long as the product complies with two basic rules.
The first one is that it can't be sold to people under 21 years of age. The second rule is that any Kratom product needs to be labeled with disclaimers that indicate that pregnant and nursing individuals, and people under 21 shouldn't consume it. It should also indicate possible interactions with alcohol and drugs and it should encourage people to consult their health specialist regarding existing conditions such as high blood pressure, liver issues or other relevant circumstances.
Kratom is currently legal and unregulated in the state of Texas. It can be sold and bought with no restrictions and it does not require lab control, age restrictions or labelling requirements.
Past bills: UT HB0110 passed but Kratom was taken out of it.
UT HB0110 was passed in 2017 and it suggested an amending of the list of controlled substances, Kratom being part of it. However, right before it was passed, Kratom was taken out of it.
After that, Utah was the first state in the US to ever regulate Kratom by passing the Kratom Customer Protection Act in March 2019. This was the origin of the KCPA and it was later followed by neighboring states such as Arizona and Nevada.
Kratom is sold in smoke and vape stores in Utah's main cities.
Past bills: Kratom's main two alkaloids are considered controlled substances and included in the regulated drugs list.
The state of Vermont added Kratom's main two alkaloids, 7-hydroxymitragynine and mitragynine, to its list of regulated drugs, making Kratom illegal statewide. Both alkaloids were included under the category of hallucinogenic substances and synthetic cannabinoids, which is not accurate.
Rep. Brian Cina proposed a bill in January 2020, H.878 that would decriminalize Kratom among other substances.
The proposed bill suggests that these substances are commonly used by many people with medicinal, espiritual, religious or entheogenic purposes.
If the bill passes next July 1st, substances like psilocybin, ayahuasca, peyote and kratom would no longer be controlled substances. At this moment, these are all under the same category as ecstasy or methamphetamine.
Although this is seen as a good step by Kratom defenders and Cina has three co-sponsors for this piece of legislation, many believe this bill is bound to fail due to the democratic majority in the assembly, the Senate, and the House as well as Vermont's democratic governor Phil Scott.
Legal Status: Currently legal.
In January 2020, bill HJR39 was introduced in the state of Virginia. The bill asks the Virginia Board of Pharmacy to carry out a study on Kratom to decide if its main alkaloids should be banned.
There is no past or current bills regarding Kratom in Washington State. Kratom has received support on social media and through rallies during the last few years and there hasn't been much legal action going on regarding attempts to ban it or regulate it.
Past bills: One of Kratom's alkaloids was included in the controlled substances list in 2016 but then taken out in 2018.
Past bills: WV SB2 (2018, bill died)
The Senate of West Virginia reviewed a Kratom bill in 2018. This bill suggested adding Kratom's main two alkaloids, 7-hydroxymitragynine and mitragynine, to the controlled substances list as Schedule I drugs. The bill died and thus kratom is still legal in West Virginia.
Legal Status: Illegal (2014, as per WI SB325)
Current bill: No current bills but KCPA (Kratom Consumer Protection Act) might be reviewed.
Past bills: WI SB325 (2014, Included Kratom in the controlled substances list)
In 2013, a bill suggested adding the two main alkaloids in Kratom to the controlled substances list. The bill passed in 2014 and Kratom was added as a stimulant in Schedule I of the Wisconsin controlled substances act.
In October 2019, a hearing about kratom was held by the Wisconsin State Health Committee where the American Kratom Association together with Dr. Jack Henningfield and Utah Senator Curt Bramble gave evidence in favor of a Kratom Consumer Protection Act in the State of Wisconsin.
The positive outcome of the hearing brings the state closer to a potential KCPA bill in the near future.
Kratom is currently legal and unregulated in the state of Wyoming. It can be sold and bought with no restrictions and it does not require lab control, age restrictions or labelling requirements.
46 thoughts on "Kratom Legality"
Is Kratom legal in west Africa (Ghana)?
It is disturbing that BIG PHARMA and the FDA are trying to hijack Kratom so that they can force people to use their synthetic pain meds that don't offer 1/4 of the benefit but 110% negative side affects. If the US Government allows this it's just another example that the Government isn't for us but for the BIG BUSINESSES and their PROFITS. All positive relief with ZERO psychotropic effect. Rx's left me stoned these do not! I can actually get out of bed and function trying to survive the chronic pain from autoimmune diseases.
Memphis Kratom
Just a quick update for Tennessee: Under the Attorney Generals' interpretation of our label law, kratom leaf and leaf powder products, are permissible for sale to those 21 and over with proper labeling. No extracts, gummies, etc.
For this reason, we were able to open a 100% kratom-dedicated retail store here in Memphis.
snowtica
I found this article really helpful for me, I am also doing research on KRATOM on my blog.
Christopher Webber
Because it's easier to blame an inanimate object rather than hold a person accountable for his own actions, irresponsibility, and immaturity, you suggest the government takes away yet another freedom from the remainder of the population?
People like you are why this county has become the joke it is today. Kratom, alone, has killed no one, nor has it been responsible for any significant, recorded adverse medical events. It is also impossible (this may be debatable) to consume a lethal dose of organic kratom (NOT "extracts" and other synthetic products – we're talking natural kratom). I think the LD50 in animals was such that a person taking the equivalent amount would require more than 90 g of kratom im one sitting.
Judging by the lack of intelligence and ignorance conveyed by your comment, you will probably want to Google "LD50," but, in short, kratom is nowhere near the villain the FDA portrays – no matter how many fake reports they disseminate.
Maybe you can humor us – what empirical evidence do you have that your "loved one's" issues were caused by kratom? I hate to break it to you, but it sounds like he/she is abusing real drugs -not kratom. Do you even know what the Socratic method is?
The fact that there are people like this – who essentially beg our government to make their decisions for them due to a lack of ability to govern themselves – is terrifying. I'll hate to see the condition this country is in even 10 years from now.
This WONDERFUL plant based substance is nothing more than an addiction waiting. This has totally taken over my loved one and made him into an absolute horrific mess. It has robbed him of the honest and decent man he was. He has put his life and family on the line for this deceitful substance. The promise of making you feel good does nothing but increase your need to use more…the constant chase of feeling "good." This substance is a lie and just another way to ruin your life. This should be banned everywhere…and there is a reason why several countries and states have chosen to do so….keep making excuses and looking for that miracle drug that does not exist…
Such a sad excuse and a complete disgrace to see this sold in attempt to improve ones life…
This ruins ones relationships, morals and overall meaning in life…
Addiction is sad…it takes away ones love of life.
Why would you simply assume that your loved one is a representation of all kratom users? Why should everyone be denied kratom because your loved one is a disaster? And if you think kratom is the sole source of his despair, then you are in denial. Stop posting doomsday comments and let people make their own choices regarding what's best for them. It is clear that the effects of kratom on people in opiate withdrawal are overwhelmingly positive. So pipe down and let people live life on their own terms. I truly hope your loved one can find meaning in his life again. Kratom is the main reason I was able to rediscover meaning in my own life.
This couldn't be more wrong. Kratom has been a saving grace. I have debilitating pain from multiple auto immune diseases including AS and Lupus. The pain is excruciating and there are days I can't stand or walk. I found Kratom and finally can get relief. I do not use it every day as anything has the potential to become dependent or tolerant. Ambien stopped working years ago. There are people with chronic illness who DO NOT ABUSE their medications. People who are using substances for recreational use or that have addiction issues aren't the same as those of us desperate to find pain relief. Cannibis is another example Ive never abused it, though use it to sleep. Some people find cannabis addictive others have NO issues. The issue is with those who have addictive personalities going out and abusing substances. Your brother has the issues, not the Kratom. Had it been used properly and for the right reasons it's an amazing plant.
Billy Crockett
I've been taking Kratom every morning for anxiety. Works much been than CBD. I quit about 6 months into it and felt no withdrawals. I'm down with it. Give me a bit of pep and a feeling of well being. I'm a former junkie that is sober 32 years. I'm 65 now and it's great to find something that actually works. $150 500mg capsules for $30. Need I say more?
Thanks Billy. I have just started using Kratom. I am also clean & sober 28 yrs. 65 years old. I'm looking for some relief for the pain from major
injures from the past. A beginner again. Lisa
Recovered 10 yrs sober. 64. It's fantastic. 6 mos. use it when my shoulder injury acts up. I have no desire to drink.
Billy what site do you purchase off of?
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text:
Crowds turn out at the funeral for local journalist Valderlei Canuto Leandro. ()
Radio journalist shot to death in Brazil
September 12, 2011 3:22 PM ET
New York, September 12, 2011--Brazilian authorities must thoroughly investigate the September 1 murder of a Brazilian radio journalist who was known for his criticism of local authorities and had allegedly been threatened with death by a local mayor, the Committee to Protect Journalists said today.
Valderlei Canuto Leandro, 32, host of the show "Sinal Verde" (Green Signal) on Radio Frontera, was shot to death at night by unidentified assailants aboard a motorcycle in the city of Tabatinga, in the state of Amazonas, according to local press reports. The gunmen shot him at least eight times, press reports said. Canuto had been returning from the local marketplace, a block away from his home, his brother Alderli Canuto told CPJ. The journalist was also president of the local taxi union.
"We are disturbed by the murder of Valderlei Canuto Leandro," said CPJ Americas Senior Program Coordinator Carlos Lauría. "Given the journalist's critical reporting on local government, Brazilian authorities must launch a timely and thorough investigation and bring the perpetrators to justice."
Canuto was known for his criticism of local authorities, according to Blog Da Floresta, a local blog run by Brazilian journalists Orlando Farias and Mário Dantas. In May, Canuto filed a complaint with the prosecutor's office stating that Tabatinga mayor Samuel Benerguy had threatened him with death for reporting on corruption in the municipality, local press reports said.
In an article posted on Blog Da Floresta on Friday, Benerguy denied any involvement in Canuto's killing. He also denied threatening Canuto, despite the journalist's complaint. The mayor told Blog Da Floresta that he lamented the journalist's death and wanted the crime to be solved.
The local police launched an investigation, but no suspects have been identified. Sávio Pinzon, a police chief in the state's capital, Manaus, told CPJ that authorities are looking into the journalist's work as a possible motive.
Radio Frontera is located on the island of Santa Rosa, on the Peruvian side of the three-border region between Brazil, Peru, and Colombia. The station broadcasts in Portuguese and Spanish.
CPJ has documented an alarming rise in lethal violence in Brazil in 2011. Four other Brazilian journalists have been killed this year, and a blogger shot and wounded.
Radio Frontera
Valderlei Canuto Leandro
Available in: Español , Português
Short URL: https://cpj.org/x/45bc
Brazilian journalist Romário Barros shot and killed in Maricá
São Paulo, June 20, 2019 -- Authorities in the Brazilian town of Maricá, in Rio de Janeiro state, must thoroughly investigate the killing of journalist Romário Barros and determine whether the attack was tied to his journalism, the Committee to Protect Journalists said today....
Glenn Greenwald, Intercept Brasil staff threatened after publishing corruption investigation
São Paulo, June 18, 2019--The founder, editor, and other members of the The Intercept Brasil staff said they have received threats on email and social media following their publication of politically sensitive stories this month....
Brazilian journalist Robson Giorno shot and killed in Rio de Janeiro state
São Paulo, May 30, 2019 -- Authorities in Rio de Janeiro must make every effort to find and prosecute those responsible for the killing of journalist Robson Giorno, the Committee to Protect Journalists said today....
Brazilian court orders online magazine Crusoé to remove article about judge
April 16, 2019 6:15 PM ET
Sao Paulo, April 16, 2019--Brazil's Supreme Court should revoke a decision to censure and fine an online magazine and refrain from censoring media outlets, the Committee to Protect Journalists said today....
Gunmen break into radio station in Brazil and shoot commentator in the leg
São Paulo, September 25, 2018--Police in the Brazilian state of Ceará must act quickly to bring the gunmen who injured radio owner and commentator Sandoval Braga to justice and ensure the safety of employees at Radio União FM 96.5, the Committee to Protect Journalists said today....

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The deep state is in panic as investigators are set to release key information on the investigation into Hillary Clinton and other investigations into Fusion GPS and the Obama Department of Justice. We break down how we go to this point, as well as what to expect in the future. We also cover the importance of the 2018 midterm elections and your personal health.
In a shocking progression of events, the liberal media and hollywood are now tripling down on their choice to support the oppressive North Korean communist regime over America, in an event that could have never been predicted...or could it have? As mainstream media and liberals ally with North Korea, Democrats are still beating the dead horse known as Russian Collusion, only to ignore the very facts that tie any collusion to the Clinton Campaign, not Trump.
An epic day for Infowars includes Alex Jones raiding the swamp, Mueller targeting Dr. Jerome Corsi, and the total collapse of the fake news. President Trump gets heckled by media in response to a brand new New York Times hit piece, only to respond and receive a round of applause from members of the military.
Tonight, Roger Stone exposes Glenn Simpson of Fusion GPS for his lies relating to the Dirty Dossier, then, Vaccine providers swear that all their products are safe and effective, but is it possible that the MMR vaccine is causing an outbreak? And later, Despite the MSM's refusal to admit it, Alex Jones and Infowars are once again proven to be right months ahead of everyone else.


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Every man is trying to either live up to his father's expectations or make up for his father's mistakes.
"Wetin make you cry?" I asked the six foot two gruff security man.
A mattress leaned on its side against one wall and a spare blue uniform hung from a nail on the opposite wall. A small desk and chair on which he sat and lay his head completed the furnishing in the gatehouse.
"When im die?" I asked.
A tender moment that never repeated itself. It was the second time I had seen a man cry. The second time was like the first. Both men were crying over loss of something that they had never shared with their fathers because death came too soon.
I have wanted to explore the relationship between sons and fathers for a long time. Finding men who were willing to tell their stories was difficult then as it is now although this time, I offered anonymity.
He is in his thirties now.
A writer I admire said, "We just discovered we have another brother who is twenty-eight! Don't ask me about my father right now," before going AWOL on me.
A recent conversation I had contained elements of estrangement I have come to know.
"Let me tell your story," I urged. It will help someone.
I understood and respected that.
When fathers don't speak their sons' love language, internal bleeding occurs on both sides. I am suspect of sons who proclaim that they don't need their father's affirmation. Sons, who admit that they need and would love to have their father's affirmation, but have come to terms with not having it and the man they call father, feel real to me.
However, not all stories are punctuated with grief or trauma. There are many stories of afternoons playing ball at the park, evening conversations about what it means to be a man, and long-distance phone calls seeking advice on pressing matters.
Is every man trying to either live up to his father's expectations or make up for his father's mistakes? I think so. The dots were obvious to me as I read or listened to stories, even when the narrators were oblivious of the sub-plot of their lives.
Maybe one day I will author a coffee-table book with elegant photos of sons and fathers on one page and the story of their relationship on the other. I hope to paint an accurate picture, editorialized through the soft lens of a son who has received grace for his own mistakes and so better understands the shortcomings of his father.
To me, it remains a space too little explored.
P.s. Special thanks to Ayo, Tola, and A.C. for sharing their stories. I thank everyone who also shared their story by commenting on the series.
The first time I met Lanre, I told him about my blog. He says it must be my passion, the subject of my blog snakes into every conversation. He wonders, as others do, why I do not monetize my blog. I sigh. As if money is everything; as if money isn't everything.
I asked a friend to write an article for my blog. His article although well-written lacked that something I look for before I publish a post, but he did not think so, he being an accomplished writer. We reasoned back and forth, threatening our friendship, as when friends mistakenly become lovers, solid lines become indistinct; the ease of communication replaced by silent awkwardness.
It should have been easy to reject a submission that did not meet my criteria except that doing so felt like losing a friend. In the end, I chose my blog and after weeks of reaching out won a version of my friend back. The subject of writing for my blog is taboo. We do not speak of it. Maybe one day we will.
If I did not monetize my blog, I at least learnt what it means to be human. This is what it means to write a blog every Sunday for three years—you become aware of your strengths and limitations; how far you will go for what you believe in.
Three years ago, Maurice, Mayura, and I waited at Holendrecht Station for the metro, cold air whipping through our hair and slapping our coats while trains sped by. I recited a list of possible blog names. When Mayura said Livelytwist reminded her of lemons, my sign-off was born: Take lemons, make life! I can recount incidents like this for every stage of the life of my blog; the people whose input helped me along the way.
Friends sometimes ask about the number of stories I've written ostensibly to check if I have a collection large enough for a book. Some days I want to write a book. Some days I do not. Three years on, the relationships, I have forged because of my writing matter more. Each article I've published has a behind-the-scenes story—where I was, my state of mind at the time, and who helped make it happen.
I have evolved since my tentative beginning in April 2013. The stories I did not write the way I had wanted to tell me so. You see, when you keep friends up until 1 a.m., seeking their opinions, it seems unfair to discard their recommendations at 2 a.m., when you realize your story no longer resembles you.
I've been tempted to revisit the stories, you know, to remove this, and to add that, to make them fully my own. But I leave them as they are, wincing every time I read through, as reminders of a time when although I knew what I wanted I did not have sufficient courage to articulate and execute. I leave the stories on my blog to remind me how people-pleasing distorts what I sound like.
Writing consistently for three years has made me a better writer; I am more skillful with my pen. But skills do not keep you warm, people do. At the heart of every story on this blog is a person or group of people who believed in me. None more so than you who read this blog Sunday after Sunday; you who I fight for with my pen, jeopardizing friendships. If I make it to a fourth year, it will be because of you.
I attended a creative writing seminar where our lecturer was an award-winning writer, who felt it was his duty to knock fantasy out of our minds and help us rearrange our aspirations.
"Don't think you're going to be the next Shakespeare and write a never-written-before novel. There are no new stories," he said.
His forehead was wide and shiny and his hairline indicated that baldness waited in his future. He swept through the class with his big eyes letting his words sink in.
Did he imagine that we could not even match his own mild success? I completed my writing exercises on time using the formula he gave us: a story has a beginning, a middle, and an ending. I didn't care for original ideas. I was involved in a steamy romance with creative non-fiction, the only genre I thought I would ever write. I wrote about my real experiences or that of others, injecting lively words into sentences to transport readers to my world.
But, I hadn't watched that Nollywood movie and I hadn't read the famous writer's book. I had just thought about a story and written my thoughts down! It was then that the lecturer's words came back to bite me and I bought into the idea that I don't have any new story to tell.
My imagination is a collection of all I've seen, heard, touched, smelt, and tasted, synthesized and served as a 'new' dish. So, the more I engage my senses the more my brain has to synthesize and serve as imagination. Then it takes skill to arrange my imagination in a format that others can and want to understand. Enter language or words.
I began to understand why aspiring writers are advised to read and write a lot—to broaden imagination and acquire skill.
When I get good ideas for a story, I don't google key words to see who else has written about it. I just know for sure that someone else has done so already. However, unless their name is Timi Yeseibo, they have not written it in my voice or through the nuance of my experiences, which help me filter life.
This difference makes me unafraid to write about Romeo and Juliet because in the century in which I live, they would meet via Tinder and their death would be featured on Instagram. The themes of love, faithfulness, betrayal, and death remain timeless and universal. My children after me will also write the same story flavoured by the sights, smells, sounds, tastes, and feelings of their time.
In secondary school, my English teacher gave us a block of text to read followed by a series of questions to test our understanding. This exercise was called comprehension. Correct answers were based on the text. To extrapolate from our life experiences and make connections beyond the confines of the text, in order to interpret it, meant certain failure. This standardization of meaning complemented the marking scheme, I suppose, but we don't approach life this way.
When we listen, we not only hear the words spoken, but also the manner in which they are spoken and all that it encompasses. How these elements affect our emotions, also influences our understanding.
Someone said, "Write it to eliminate ambiguity," as if inanimate words on a screen do not awaken and grow wings in the minds of those who read. Perhaps in business writing where clarity and conciseness are pivotal, this is true, except when the writing is convoluted to deceive.
But, in October, I wrote fiction. In fiction, we abandon some of the rules of comprehension I learnt in school. I think that a good writer invites us to create our own stories within the bigger narrative that he or she is telling. Writers do this by leaving a trail of white pebbles that readers instinctively follow to figure out what the story is about, when and where it is taking place, and why the characters act the way they do.
Somewhere along the journey, readers abandon the trail for a meandering path to interpretation. The writer takes a secondary seat, having provided the framework for readers to build by making associations based on their experience, belief, imagination, or needs even.
When I began publishing fiction here, I was fussy about readers' interpretation. Did they get what I was trying to say? The comments showed me that readers don't always perceive the story the way I do. And now I'm okay with that. For one thing, no one is writing a comprehension exam. Moreover, to see the story through a reader's eyes is to see the story again.
I will agonize over words for days on end—do my words lead to logical inferences, are they coherent? But once I hit publish, I understand that the piece of writing, the baby I carried, has been delivered to the world. It is no longer mine. Comprehension is the reader's part of the story.
As the intercity train from Schiphol arrives at Leiden Central, we shuffle and readjust positions until we are standing on either side of the train doors. The twin doors heave and open with a sigh, letting rush-hour passengers out via the narrow aisle we've created. Once the last passenger gets off, we dash for the two cabins on the right. Each passenger holds the swinging glass cabin door for the next to catch as though passing the baton in a relay race, a perfunctory smile or nod in place.
I always sit in the upper deck. After I settle into my seat, my phone beeps. Martijn wants to share a song via Bluetooth. I crane forward and backward, rising from my chair, to catch a view of Martijn. Most people in the thirty-two-seater cabin have their eyes glued to the Metro newspaper, a tablet, or a smart phone. A few chat while one sips coffee from a paper cup. Our eyes meet and he smiles first.
This tall man with close-cut hair wearing blue jeans and brown lace-up shoes is a regular who waits for the train in outlier territory, at the end of Platform 4, way past the Kiosk shop. His glasses add seriousness to his good looks and he always has earplugs on. So, Martijn is his name.
I pair my phone with his and accept the song. Roy Orbison's Oh Pretty Woman, fills my ears. I contain my laughter, cupping my lips with my hands and sneak another peek at Martijn. He is busy with his phone.
At Den Haag, passengers crowd the stairs leading down the doors. We sway left and right, holding the banister or resting on walls, as the train changes tracks to rest on Platform 8. On the platform and in the main hall, passengers move like a colony of soldier ants defending capitalism. I walk with unhurried steps to give Martijn a chance, but his long strides overtake mine as he rushes to chip out with his card.
On Tuesday, I check my phone several times and my disappointment mounts as we approach Den Haag. Since Martijn is sitting on the left side of the train like me, it is fruitless desperation to peep through the aisle. When we disembark, his long strides overtake mine just like yesterday.
On Wednesday, I arrive Platform 4 early, but he does not. He slips into the train seconds before the doors close and walks past our cabin to the next because it is full. I sigh and continue looking out the window. My phone startles me. Martijn has sent me 3 Doors Down's, Here Without You. I smile and wonder about the range of Bluetooth technology before losing myself in the lyrics.
"Which song today?" my coworkers ask after I arrive at the office.
It is our game. Martijn has been serenading me for six days. The day I wore my red coat, they guessed, Chris de Burgh's Lady in Red. My burgeoning romance story doesn't impress all.
"If you have the latest Android update, you're safe," another colleague counters.
We google the answer and I continue accepting songs from Martijn.
Martijn's ritual is unchanged. He gives a perfunctory nod at the cabin door if I am behind him and hurries away after we disembark.
"This is maddening!" a coworker declares.
"What kind of clown doesn't speak to a girl?" another shakes his head.
"A shy one; a Dutch guy," I reply.
I leave his hand hanging as my mind struggles to do the math. I feel as if all but the last number of my lottery ticket has been called and when the last number is announced, it is a two instead of my three.
"Yes." He smiles, revealing gap teeth. He is a couple of inches taller than I am, a blur on our section of the platform.
"It w . . . was you?" Disappointment makes my voice husky.
"May I buy you coffee?" He points to the Kiosk shop.
It is the least I can do. "Sure," I say still subtracting, adding, and rewinding the lottery winner announcement.
We sit on a bench outside the shop, letting the paper cups warm our hands and watching people chip out or in. The sum doesn't make sense.
He laughs. His chest and belly join his face. I do not.
"Life is funny," he begins.
Yes, and here I am sitting with the real Martijn. I almost won the lottery!
I don't have time for pop psychology. I take a sip of my coffee and calculate the number of sips it will take to finish. Lottery is a game of chance, a thrill-seeker's fantasy.
"Turn around and take a chance on who's pursuing you instead of pursuing elusive happiness." His eyes dance like flames.
Does he think life is like Lotto? Maybe it is. A search for, which lottery numbers come up the most, fetches 50 million results under one minute.
I watch the sky exchange hues, blue for pale orange and then reddish-orange. Streetlights come on and trains whizz past. On the train platforms, crowds thin out. The probability of picking a single correct number in Lotto depends on how many balls have already been chosen.
I look ahead until I hear his footfalls fade.
In the morning, I turn off my Bluetooth and then turn it on just before I enter the train. People play the lottery in the irrational hope of winning something. Nothing suspends logic and inspires hope and dreams like the love lottery.
I look around, but Martijn is not in my cabin. I want to go to the next cabin to check, but I'm afraid of losing my seat.
The first time my phone beeps, it's an email notification. The second time, it's a WhatsApp message. The third time, Martijn wants to share a song via Bluetooth. I wonder about the range of Bluetooth technology as strains of Lionel Richie's, Hello is it me you're looking for, fill my ears.
My affinity for conspiracy theories ballooned and adopted a sophisticated veneer when I first moved here. In 2012, I sold my lucrative practice and waited for the Mayan apocalypse and the downfall of Facebook and the internet to no avail. Reading the Conspiracy Times halted my dejection. Through the mag, I joined a classified mission.
After three years of training, it was time to recruit others. I asked Tyrone to help me set up a Facebook account. He arrived one October day, wearing a navy hoodie with UNLV emblazoned on it.
"Was it easy making your way here?" I asked as I led him to the study.
The teak bookshelf in the corner housed the latest statistics, which proved my point. But I needed my Facebook account more than I need to be right.
He showed me how to send a friend request.
I searched for friends and sent requests. I was excited when my requests were accepted and I messaged some buddies from long ago.
We took a break on the porch, eating sandwiches and swigging from cans of root beer. I asked him about the layoffs in his company since the merger.
He shrugged. "A man's got to do what a man's got to do." He sprang from the bannister and the porch creaked. "What's that," he pointed.
I cleared our paper plates. He had created an uneven circular map on the bread slices leaving the bread crusts bereft. Earthlings were so wasteful.
Back in the study, he asked, "Names please?" and cracked his knuckles.
How could I explain transmutation? The world wasn't ready for us yet. I hoped to build a small community on Facebook. I pointed to the screen.
I examined each photo and then checked out the Timeline.
He took over from me and began to add friends at random. His definition of good-looking was at variance with mine. I winced.
"Wait a sec . . ." I placed my hands over his to stop the mouse.
His impatience ruled. "Okay, I've added her." And he continued adding. My mind journeyed back. What if?
I thanked him and as soon as he drove off, I raced to Dolapo. Nothing on her Timeline indicated that she was married. She was still very pretty. But what was with her name, Yvonne Smith?
I kept checking to see if she'd accepted my friend request, reminding myself that I had joined Facebook to seek out fellow believers. The truth was, I had walked into Dolapo's magnetic field and become her prisoner. She rewarded my two-week devotion by confirming my friend request. I wrote a message and deleted it.
I went to bed, but threw the covers after four hours of false sleep attempts. She was online. My heart strained against its cage as I typed.
I am the artist formerly known as Dolapo. I'm called Yvonne now.
Are you related to Prince… who discovered the extraterrestrial bases on the moon?
My performance gives me visibility and I accept many people as friends. No one has called me D for years. How are we connected?
Can't you see my name?
I can, but it doesn't ring any bells . . .
You've forgotten me so soon?
Can't you see my profile picture?
I waited. She had seen my message, but failed to reply. So, I went to bed and dreamt about asteroids colliding with the earth. A group of us from the classified mission worked with friendly aliens to rescue people. I scooped Dolapo in my arms and carried her to safety. She kissed me and called me her hero.
The next day, I kept checking to see if she was online. The minute she was, I messaged her.
It's me David. Have I mistaken you for someone else? Is this not Dolapo? Dolapo Smith? Tani's sister?
Her silence stung. I carried hope like deflated balloons. I still had not sought out other believers on Facebook. Two full days passed before her response came.
My emotions unsettled me. Love was corrosive, reversing the effects of transmutation. But how could I let this opportunity pass? My hands trembled as I typed.
When she responded minutes later, I was still sitting in my study panting like a dog.
Ah, that was over 20 years ago. Please provide some context.
What more context do you want? Haven't you seen my profile picture?
Is that how you looked 20 years ago?
She didn't respond. My joke had fallen flat. I was wondering how to remedy the situation, when I saw notification for a new message. I clicked greedily. She had sent a photo.
Who did she think she was? A mere Earthling!
Dolapo, I used to visit you in your hostel on campus. And during the holidays, I would buy suya and bring to your house in Ibadan.
David, thanks but I don't remember.
What do you mean, you don't remember? A man who came to your room every day and to your house many times? So all this while, I wasn't even existing for you?
David, have a nice life, I'm out.
Look Dolapo or Yvonne or artist, a man can't be after a girl for twenty-six years. Enough is enough. You too have a nice life!
I deactivated my Facebook account and picked up the latest copy of Conspiracy Times. The cover stole my attention: Uncovered D-Day 2016. I scanned the article, a familiar excitement racing through my veins. I pulled the receptor from the bookshelf and set it on the table. Then I tinkered with the transmitter. It took a while, but I found the frequency.
I ran outside and stood in the force field created by the satellite dishes. The dot of light in the black sky grew bigger. The grass swayed and plants shook. My legs quivered as the flying saucer hovered above. The blood moon prediction was a hoax, but 2016 was sure. Despite NASA's denials, the pole shift had started.
I smiled, closed my eyes, and waited for the pull. That will show Mark Zuckerberg and Google and Dolapo. Yes!
The phosphorescent beam penetrated my being. I held my breath for as long as I could. My reflection in the giant eye of the alien who steered the saucer, shocked me. The outline of my human heart appeared first and then throbbed like a living thing. The verdict came through the speakers of the spacecraft.
Abort Mission. All Systems Abort Mission.


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Casino Tropez accepts the sterling, euro and dollar. It accepts deposits only from Diner's Club, Dotpay, Ukash, UseMyFunds, Poli, Mastercard, Paypal, Intercash, Fundsend and many others. If accepts both deposits and withdrawals from Visa, Visa Debit, Click2Pay, MyCitadel, NETELLER, Skrill and others.
Withdrawals are only available via cheque, and casino players can only withdraw a maximum of $9,990 USD or the equivalent on a monthly basis. In addition, the casino will provide the financial transactions for players who need their financial information for tracking purposes.
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All in all, Casino Tropez is a great way to spend the time and gamble by playing classic online casino games such as Blackjack, Craps, Roulette, Poker and Bingo. It accepts players from around the world, but there are a few exceptions. For instance, it does not accept players from the United States. The casino has great sign on bonuses, and it even has every day promotions that appeal to its international clientele.
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Q: Uncaught ReferenceError: "functionName"is not defined when using in "a" tag I am calling a java script function in href tag but it is showing error of undefined function. I also tried using calling jquery click function using id of anchor tag but it is not giving any response.
id}});">

It should log 123 in the console, but it is showing error message:

Uncaught ReferenceError: ViewCustormerdeee is not defined

A:     id}} +"');" >

Read more on this event here https://www.w3schools.com/jsref/event_onclick.asp

A: I'd personally do it this way.
onClick= is outdated and should be avoided.
I reckon the best way to do this would be to use an eventlistener on the element.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The "circumstellar habitable zone," or CHZ, is a concept that was invented before exoplanets were actually discovered, in order to quantify the properties of a star-planet system that were amenable to supporting life. It is also sometimes referred to as the "Goldilocks zone" after the famous fable in which the little girl called Goldilocks had to find some porridge and a bed that was "just right" for her. Note that the word circumstellar is used to distinguish the fact that we are talking about habitable zones around stars as opposed the habtiable regions in our Galaxy (Galactic habitable zone).
Now, let me say first that there is a problem with the manner in which the terminology is commonly used. In the popular media and even in some scientific literature you will see references to the habitable zone. But here's the problem: as we shall see below there is not one single clearly-defined habitable zone that can be calculated so we should refer to a habitable zone, not the habitable zone. If we use the latter phrase, we must specify whose calculations and assumptions we are talking about.
Okay, so the concept of a habitable zone is based on the premise that life requires liquid water and the CHZ is a spatial region corresponding to distances from the host star at which a planet can support liquid water. Although water has some remarkable properties, including the wide temperature range over which it is liquid and its ability to act as a solvent in a wide-range of circumstances, we do not ultimately know if the premise is true. In fact the continuing discoveries of extremophiles right here on Earth do not support the premise. The necessity of liquid water (and therefore the restrictiveness of the CHZ) has begun to be questioned in the literature. Bacteria have been discovered in the South Pole that can reproduce at −10 degrees Celsius (14 degrees Fahrenheit) and that can exist at −85 degrees Celsius (about −120 degrees Fahrenheit). Strains of archaea have been cultured that remain viable at temperatures higher than the boiling point of water, up to about 130 degrees Celsius (or about 270 degrees Fahrenheit). Still, if we are talking about "higher," intelligent life-forms, you might argue that liquid water is definitely needed in that case. Ultimately, we don't know.
Even if we accept the liquid water criterion, it should be clear from the preceding discussions that calculation of the habitable zone is going to be riddled with complications. The list of issues is very long and I will only mention a few here. The freezing and boiling points of water depend on the pressure, so there is going to be some uncertainty from this. The properties and compositions of Exoplanet atmospheres for terrestrial planets are currently largely unknown. Even if the physical make-up of an atmosphere is known, calculations of the planetary climate are extremely complex and involve many uncertainties, forcing a large number of assumptions and adjustable parameters. Whatever the detailed assumptions are, two more complications are that the CHZ depends on the properties of the host star as well as the planet, and that the CHZ varies with time as the host star evolves, and as the planet's properties change. Moreover, highly eccentric orbits may take a planet in and out of a calculated habitable zone.
Remember also that currently exoplanet temperature estimates could be wrong by hundreds of degrees because they are based on assumptions about unknown physical quantities. Remember the case of Venus: an example in which the "predicted" (according to how most exoplanet temperatures are estimated) and actual temperature disagree by about 500 degrees Celsius (900 degrees Fahrenheit). Venus does not fit any conceivable definition of a habitable zone but it is not very far from Earth. To an observer outside our solar system, Venus the exoplanet could be mistaken for a habitable planet.
With the above caveats in mind, the reader may find the web-based tool Habitable Zone Gallery useful. Details of the assumptions and calculations are given in a paper by the authors of the tool (Kane and Gelino 2012). The tool offers visualization of the calculated habitable zones around confirmed exoplanets and the time spent by each listed exoplanet in the habitable zone, as a perecentage of the orbital time.
A recent study ( by Spiegel et al. 2008) that criticized the standard definition of the CHZ evaluated the so-called "fractional habitability" of Earth as a function of seasonal effects, planet rotation rates, and land to ocean ratios. The fractional habitability quantifies the fraction of a planet that is habitable (under a given set of assumptions). The study found that the predicted fractional habitability for Earth is different to its actual fractional habitability that we know. Another study by the same researchers investigated the effects of the obliquity of the orbit and eccentricity of the orbit on a planet's habitability and found the effects to be important.
Although in principle the inner and outer edges of the CHZ are straightforward to define, calculations in the literature differ in the assumptions and approximations involved in the complex physics with the outcome that different researchers can come to different conclusions about the habitability of the same planet. The inner edge of the CHZ (closest to the host star) is determined by the breakup of water into its constituents due to intense radiation. The outer edge of the CHZ (farthest from the host star) is affected by the condensation of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, which affects the reflection (scattering) of light, and therefore the energy balance (and therefore the temperature). The so-called carbon-silicate cycle affects the outer edge of the CHZ. This cycle is complex and has a very long timescale (millions of years) and involves the reaction of carbon dioxide (via rain, making carbonic acid) with silicates in rock to make carbonates which are incorporated into living creatures. The carbonates are eventually returned to Earth, after which volcanism then returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. This is of course a grossly oversimplified picture, but the main point is that there are a large number of uncertainties in implementing the physics to calculate the CHZ. On top of that, the climate model used for an exoplanet may be one-dimensional, unable to faithfully capture the full effects of a three-dimensional model.
A study of the multiplanet system Gliese 581 in 2011 (Bloh et al. 2011) summarized this sentiment nicely: "The precise inner and outer limits of the climatic habitable zone are still unknown owing to the limitations of the existing climate models." The bottom line is that whenever you read about an exoplanet being in the habitable zone, you should be aware that at the moment the conclusion is likely not to be definitive and that the claim is probably open to debate. Also note that for the Exoplanets App, which nicely shows visualizations of some attributes of cataloged exoplanets, the habitable zone boundaries are based on just one particular formulation (and therefore one particular set of assumptions, specifically those of Selsis et al. 2007). On the other hand, the assumptions for a habitable zone adopted by papers reporting on the Kepler mission data on exoplanet candidates are those of Kasting et al. 1993.
Read more about habitable zones and exoplanets with Exoplanets and Alien Solar Systems, which includes comprehensive references to the scientific literature.
File under: Habitable zone definitions; Habitable zones around sun-like stars.


Expanding on previous research providing proof-of-principal that human stem cells can be genetically engineered into HIV-fighting cells, a team of UCLA researchers have now demonstrated that these cells can actually attack HIV-infected cells in a living organism.
"We believe that this study lays the groundwork for the potential use of this type of an approach in combating HIV infection in infected individuals, in hopes of eradicating the virus from the body," he said.
In the previous research, the scientists took CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes -- the "killer" T cells that help fight infection -- from an HIV-infected individual and identified the molecule known as the T cell receptor, which guides the T cell in recognizing and killing HIV-infected cells. However, these T cells, while able to destroy HIV-infected cells, do not exist in great enough quantities to clear the virus from the body. So the researchers cloned the receptor and used this to genetically engineer human blood stem cells. They then placed the engineered stem cells into human thymus tissue that had been implanted in mice, allowing them to study the reaction in a living organism.
In a series of tests on the mice's peripheral blood, plasma and organs conducted two weeks and six weeks after introducing the engineered cells, the researchers found that the number of CD4 "helper" T cells -- which become depleted as a result of HIV infection -- increased, while levels of HIV in the blood decreased. CD4 cells are white blood cells that are an important component of the immune system, helping to fight off infections. These results indicated that the engineered cells were capable of developing and migrating to the organs to fight infection there.
The researchers did note a potential weakness with the study: Human immune cells reconstituted at a lower level in the humanized mice than they would in humans, and as a result, the mice's immune systems were mostly, though not completely, reconstructed. Because of this, HIV may be slower to mutate in the mice than in human hosts. So the use of multiple, engineered T cell receptors may be one way to adjust for the higher potential for HIV mutation in humans.
"We believe that this is the first step in developing a more aggressive approach in correcting the defects in the human T cell responses that allow HIV to persist in infected people," Kitchen said.


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Xbox 360: A billion dollar charge
Seth Gilbert, 07-6-2007
Thursday, under pressure from competition and complaints about inadequate manufacturing, Microsoft proactively announced substantial changes to the warranty for its Xbox 360 gaming platform. The company also disclosed they would take an accounting charge in an amount likely above $1b to cover costs related to high repair rates.
In the gaming industry, Nintendo has been dominating the home console market with a less advanced console that wins on "Wow" factor and user-experience over technology. That hasn't stopped Microsoft and Sony from competing for second place with bigger and better technology.
Between the Xbox 360 and the Playstation 3 (PS3) the two have been doing battle with high-power high feature platforms for the title of top tech centric "next generation console." Microsoft, though short of its June sales targets (which were adjusted downward in January), has held the advantage with shipments of around 11.6 million units in total, and solid month to month sales. In May, the Xbox 360 outsold the PS3 by a factor of two to one. (Click here for full May sales data).
Unfortunately, the move to manufacturing consoles has not been without troubles for the Redmond, Washington company. The Xbox has been plagued with unusually high failure rates. According to some reports the "three flashing lights" indication of system failure has plagued as many as 30% of the consoles (Microsoft hasn't released actual numbers. The official line is only that the failure rate is well within industry standards of 3 to 5%. Anecdotal evidence and comments from game store employees hints at a more serious problem but most efforts to pin down an actual number are entirely speculative and unqualified.).
Microsoft has acknowledged they have a problem. To remedy the issues and reassure both existing and new customers Microsoft is extending the warranty on the console from one to three years. The company will also fix or replace all systems that have broken or failed to perform. The expected cost of the warranty modification, repairs and replacements could amount to the equivalent of an added $100 in cost, per unit, for all of the units sold to date. The accounting charge will fall between $1.05 billion to $1.15 billion, before taxes, for the quarter that ended June 30.
Robbie Back, president of Microsoft's entertainment devices division has said he doesn't believe the charges will impact the company's plan for the gaming division to turn a profit in fiscal 2008. (Microsoft Fiscal year and Q4 2007 ended June 30th and results are scheduled to be announced July 19. Q1 2008 is now underway)
Sony, will try to capitalize on the Microsoft news and use it as an opportunity to gain some ground. In what is being reported as an unrelated event, a much called for price drop on Sony's PS3 consoles is expected. It is not yet confirmed but early reports are saying there will be a retail wide drop of $100 per console beginning on July 12th. The pricing adjustment may only be a time-limited sale but it's most likely an official price cut.
Xbox 360 owners with questions are recommended to call Microsoft at (800) 4-MY-XBOX (469-9269) or visit their website at www.xbox.com for more information about the changes to their warranties.
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Situated at the Burmese (Myanmar) border, the remote province of Mae Hong Son is the home of tribes from various ethnicities such as Shan and Hmong. The capital, also called Mae Hong Son, is sligtly bigger than Pai but far less visited. The position, the size and the essence of the city make it the perfect place for some laidback activities and tours.
Interested in visiting Mae Hong Son?


I have iphones waiting for unlock. If anybody can help me i can pay $20 each unlocked iphone.
Prove that they are unlocked by showing screenshots from IMEI.info and then we'll talk. Also, wrong forum.
I have iphones that are locked to AT&T. I checked from imei.info.
If anybody can call and unlock my iphone, i will pay money for that unlock process.
Every AT&T customer can unlock my iphone via call center +18003310500 in 5 minutes.
I cannot do this because I don't have any at&t account. Good money for 5 minutes telephone call..
The IMEI has to be associated with the account, so it won't happen.
I heard about it. You will just unlock it if you have the AT&T account. You dial call center and say unlock iphone they will create case. I called many times but they wanted the account.
Nobody will use 5 iphones same time..
is there any one can help me?


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Selamet receives Hillquist NVH Lifetime Achievement Award
For more than 30 years, Professor Ahmet Selamet has served as a leader in the mechanical engineering field. His groundbreaking research has explored advanced automotive powertrain systems, wave dynamics, noise and pollutant emission control, combustion, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer.
To recognize his significant contributions, Selamet was named the 2017
Ahmet Selamet
recipient of the Ralph K. Hillquist NVH Lifetime Achievement Award, which was presented by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International. This honor, which is given to only one individual every other year, recognizes those who have made outstanding contributions to ground vehicle noise, vibration, and harshness research for 15 years or more. The award is named in honor of Ralph Hillquist, the founder of the SAE Noise and Vibration Conference.
"I was fortunate to know Ralph Hillquist from the 1990s, when I first started participating in the Noise and Vibration Conference," said Selamet. "He was a wise man and earned a great deal of my respect."
Throughout his esteemed career, Selamet has conducted extensive analytical, computational, and experimental research that has advanced the foundations of wave dynamics and acoustics in engine breathing systems. As he designed and developed novel acoustic devices, modeling approaches and practical solutions, Selamet also built an exemplary collaborative relationship with the automotive industry. His innovative work has led to new methodologies for performance and acoustic modeling, critical design guidelines, and unique bench-top experimental systems. A substantial portion of Selamet's research on acoustics has examined the suppression of noise generated by flow and flow-acoustic coupling encompassing a wide frequency range, including whoosh, whistle, chirp, hoot, and ring.
"Isolating the pertinent physics on a bench-top environment, and coupling the theoretical and experimental aspects have been crucial toward developing fundamental understanding of new challenges," said Selamet.
For nearly three decades, his Flow, Engine, Acoustics, and Turbocharger Research Laboratories have supported his theoretical and computational investigations. These advanced laboratories also provide unique educational opportunities for the next generation of automotive engineers.
Today, Selamet's research focuses on turbocharger acoustics and auto-ignition in combustion chambers. He has disseminated the new knowledge by authoring more than 215 articles with his students and other engineering professionals. He has also coauthored the book, "Introduction to Heat Transfer."
Before receiving his award at the SAE Noise and Vibration Conference on June 13, Selamet presented the conference's opening keynote. His presentation, "Flow Instabilities and Sound: From Turbochargers to Wind Instruments," focused on the key mechanisms leading to noise and the development of their effective remedies.
The Ralph K. Hillquist NVH Lifetime Achievement Award also recognizes Selamet's service to the field and his role in the development of others in the profession. For more than 20 years, he has organized the intake and exhaust sessions at the SAE Noise and Vibration Conference. He has also organized sessions at SAE's Fuels and Lubricants, and Powertrain and Fluid Systems conferences.
Selamet's honors include the Harrison Award, Lumley Award, Innovators Award, and MacQuigg Award from Ohio State, and SAE's Ralph R. Teetor Award, which recognizes outstanding engineering educators. Selamet is also a fellow of both the Acoustical Society of America and the Society of Automotive Engineers.
He earned his PhD in mechanical engineering from the University of Michigan in 1989. Selamet joined Ohio State's Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (then named the Department of Mechanical Engineering) in 1996. In 2001, he was promoted to professor, and he then served as chair of the department from 2012 to 2016.