text:
A library for querying Excel files with Apache Spark, for Spark SQL and DataFrames.

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## Co-maintainers wanted
Due to personal and professional constraints, the development of this library has been rather slow.
If you find value in this library, please consider stepping up as a co-maintainer by leaving a comment [here](https://github.com/crealytics/spark-excel/issues/191).
Help is very welcome e.g. in the following areas:

* Additional features
* Code improvements and reviews
* Bug analysis and fixing
* Documentation improvements
* Build / test infrastructure

## Requirements

This library requires Spark 2.0+.

List of spark versions, those are automatically tested:
```
spark: ["2.4.1", "2.4.7", "2.4.8", "3.0.1", "3.0.3", "3.1.1", "3.1.2", "3.2.1"]
```
For more detail, please refer to project CI: [ci.yml](https://github.com/crealytics/spark-excel/blob/main/.github/workflows/ci.yml#L10)

## Linking
You can link against this library in your program at the following coordinates:

### Scala 2.12
```
groupId: com.crealytics
artifactId: spark-excel_2.12
version: <spark-version>_0.18.0
```

### Scala 2.11
```
groupId: com.crealytics
artifactId: spark-excel_2.11
version: <spark-version>_0.13.7
```

## Using with Spark shell
This package can be added to  Spark using the `--packages` command line option.  For example, to include it when starting the spark shell:

### Spark compiled with Scala 2.12
```
$SPARK_HOME/bin/spark-shell --packages com.crealytics:spark-excel_2.12:<spark-version>_0.18.0
```

### Spark compiled with Scala 2.11
```
$SPARK_HOME/bin/spark-shell --packages com.crealytics:spark-excel_2.11:<spark-version>_0.13.7
```

## Features
* This package allows querying Excel spreadsheets as [Spark DataFrames](https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-programming-guide.html).
* From spark-excel [0.14.0](https://github.com/crealytics/spark-excel/releases/tag/v0.14.0) (August 24, 2021), there are two implementation of spark-excel
    * Original Spark-Excel with Spark data source API 1.0
    * Spark-Excel V2 with data source API V2.0+, which supports loading from multiple files, corrupted record handling and some improvement on handling data types.
      See below for further details

To use V2 implementation, just change your .format from `.format("com.crealytics.spark.excel")` to `.format("excel")`.
See [below](#excel-api-based-on-datasourcev2) for some details

See the [changelog](CHANGELOG.md) for latest features, fixes etc.

### Scala API
__Spark 2.0+:__

#### Create a DataFrame from an Excel file

```scala
import org.apache.spark.sql._

val spark: SparkSession = ???
val df = spark.read
    .format("com.crealytics.spark.excel") // Or .format("excel") for V2 implementation
    .option("dataAddress", "'My Sheet'!B3:C35") // Optional, default: "A1"
    .option("header", "true") // Required
    .option("treatEmptyValuesAsNulls", "false") // Optional, default: true
    .option("setErrorCellsToFallbackValues", "true") // Optional, default: false, where errors will be converted to null. If true, any ERROR cell values (e.g. #N/A) will be converted to the zero values of the column's data type.
    .option("usePlainNumberFormat", "false") // Optional, default: false, If true, format the cells without rounding and scientific notations
    .option("inferSchema", "false") // Optional, default: false
    .option("addColorColumns", "true") // Optional, default: false
    .option("timestampFormat", "MM-dd-yyyy HH:mm:ss") // Optional, default: yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss[.fffffffff]
    .option("maxRowsInMemory", 20) // Optional, default None. If set, uses a streaming reader which can help with big files (will fail if used with xls format files)
    .option("maxByteArraySize", 2147483647) // Optional, default None. See https://poi.apache.org/apidocs/5.0/org/apache/poi/util/IOUtils.html#setByteArrayMaxOverride-int-
    .option("tempFileThreshold", 10000000) // Optional, default None. Number of bytes at which a zip entry is regarded as too large for holding in memory and the data is put in a temp file instead
    .option("excerptSize", 10) // Optional, default: 10. If set and if schema inferred, number of rows to infer schema from
    .option("workbookPassword", "pass") // Optional, default None. Requires unlimited strength JCE for older JVMs
    .schema(myCustomSchema) // Optional, default: Either inferred schema, or all columns are Strings
    .load("Worktime.xlsx")
```

For convenience, there is an implicit that wraps the `DataFrameReader` returned by `spark.read`
and provides a `.excel` method which accepts all possible options and provides default values:

```scala
import org.apache.spark.sql._
import com.crealytics.spark.excel._

val spark: SparkSession = ???
val df = spark.read.excel(
    header = true,  // Required
    dataAddress = "'My Sheet'!B3:C35", // Optional, default: "A1"
    treatEmptyValuesAsNulls = false,  // Optional, default: true
    setErrorCellsToFallbackValues = false, // Optional, default: false, where errors will be converted to null. If true, any ERROR cell values (e.g. #N/A) will be converted to the zero values of the column's data type.
    usePlainNumberFormat = false,  // Optional, default: false. If true, format the cells without rounding and scientific notations
    inferSchema = false,  // Optional, default: false
    addColorColumns = true,  // Optional, default: false
    timestampFormat = "MM-dd-yyyy HH:mm:ss",  // Optional, default: yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss[.fffffffff]
    maxRowsInMemory = 20,  // Optional, default None. If set, uses a streaming reader which can help with big files (will fail if used with xls format files)
    maxByteArraySize = 2147483647,  // Optional, default None. See https://poi.apache.org/apidocs/5.0/org/apache/poi/util/IOUtils.html#setByteArrayMaxOverride-int-
    tempFileThreshold = 10000000, // Optional, default None. Number of bytes at which a zip entry is regarded as too large for holding in memory and the data is put in a temp file instead
    excerptSize = 10,  // Optional, default: 10. If set and if schema inferred, number of rows to infer schema from
    workbookPassword = "pass"  // Optional, default None. Requires unlimited strength JCE for older JVMs
).schema(myCustomSchema) // Optional, default: Either inferred schema, or all columns are Strings
 .load("Worktime.xlsx")
```

If the sheet name is unavailable, it is possible to pass in an index:

```scala
val df = spark.read.excel(
  header = true,
  dataAddress = "0!B3:C35"
).load("Worktime.xlsx")
```

or to read in the names dynamically:

```scala
import com.crealytics.spark.excel.WorkbookReader
val sheetNames = WorkbookReader( Map("path" -> "Worktime.xlsx")
                               , spark.sparkContext.hadoopConfiguration
                               ).sheetNames
val df = spark.read.excel(
  header = true,
  dataAddress = sheetNames(0)
)
```

#### Create a DataFrame from an Excel file using custom schema
```scala
import org.apache.spark.sql._
import org.apache.spark.sql.types._

val peopleSchema = StructType(Array(
    StructField("Name", StringType, nullable = false),
    StructField("Age", DoubleType, nullable = false),
    StructField("Occupation", StringType, nullable = false),
    StructField("Date of birth", StringType, nullable = false)))

val spark: SparkSession = ???
val df = spark.read
    .format("com.crealytics.spark.excel") // Or .format("excel") for V2 implementation
    .option("dataAddress", "'Info'!A1")
    .option("header", "true")
    .schema(peopleSchema)
    .load("People.xlsx")
```

#### Write a DataFrame to an Excel file
```scala
import org.apache.spark.sql._

val df: DataFrame = ???
df.write
  .format("com.crealytics.spark.excel") // Or .format("excel") for V2 implementation
  .option("dataAddress", "'My Sheet'!B3:C35")
  .option("header", "true")
  .option("dateFormat", "yy-mmm-d") // Optional, default: yy-m-d h:mm
  .option("timestampFormat", "mm-dd-yyyy hh:mm:ss") // Optional, default: yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss.000
  .mode("append") // Optional, default: overwrite.
  .save("Worktime2.xlsx")
```

#### Data Addresses
As you can see in the examples above,
the location of data to read or write can be specified with the `dataAddress` option.
Currently the following address styles are supported:

* `B3`: Start cell of the data.
  Reading will return all rows below and all columns to the right.
  Writing will start here and use as many columns and rows as required.
* `B3:F35`: Cell range of data.
  Reading will return only rows and columns in the specified range.
  Writing will start in the first cell (`B3` in this example) and use only the specified columns and rows.
  If there are more rows or columns in the DataFrame to write, they will be truncated.
  Make sure this is what you want.
* `'My Sheet'!B3:F35`: Same as above, but with a specific sheet.
* `MyTable[#All]`: Table of data.
  Reading will return all rows and columns in this table.
  Writing will only write within the current range of the table.
  No growing of the table will be performed. PRs to change this are welcome.

### Excel API based on DataSourceV2
The V2 API offers you several improvements when it comes to file and folder handling.
and works in a very similar way than data sources like csv and parquet.

To use V2 implementation, just change your .format from `.format("com.crealytics.spark.excel")` to `.format("excel")`

The big difference is the fact that you provide a path to read / write data from/to and not
an individual single file only:

```scala
dataFrame.write
        .format("excel")
        .save("some/path")
```

```scala
spark.read
        .format("excel")
        // ... insert excel read specific options you need
        .load("some/path")
```

Because folders are supported you can read/write from/to a "partitioned" folder structure, just
the same way as csv or parquet. Note that writing partitioned structures is only
available for spark >=3.0.1

````scala
dataFrame.write
        .partitionBy("col1")
        .format("excel")
        .save("some/path")
````

Need some more examples? Check out the [test cases](src/test/scala/com/crealytics/spark/v2/excel/DataFrameWriterApiComplianceSuite.scala)
or have a look at our wiki

## Building From Source
This library is built with [SBT](http://www.scala-sbt.org/0.13/docs/Command-Line-Reference.html).
To build a JAR file simply run `sbt assembly` from the project root.
To build for a specific spark version, for example spark-2.4.1, run `sbt -Dspark.testVersion=2.4.1 assembly`,
also from the project root.
The build configuration includes support for Scala 2.12 and 2.11.

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text:
Home » Action, Advocacy and Ideas
Action, Advocacy and Ideas
Hospital board chair and AHA Committee on Governance member Barbara Wilson has put her intellectual mettle to the test in many arenas in her professional life.
Laurie Larson
A lover of brainstorming, hospital board chair and AHA Committee on Governance member Barbara Wilson has put her intellectual mettle to the test in many arenas in her professional life. Against the background of a dynamic career in telecommunications, Wilson has lent her expertise to state committees, educational institutions and the Federal Reserve. As a long-time board member of St. Luke's Regional Medical Center in Boise, Idaho, she still relishes the chance to tackle tough challenges. "Brainstorming is one of my favorite activities—problem solving and strategic thinking," Wilson says. "I've got a fertile, active mind and [I enjoy] the creative process and the energy of working with sharp, dedicated people."
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Rick Hays, formerly Qwest's Montana president, has known Wilson for 20 years, working extensively with her on telecommunications public policy issues. "Her political strengths are developing relationships within key federal and state bodies, knowing those who are well-connected with legislators and senators," Hays says.
Wilson has been appointed to numerous Idaho Governor's Task Forces and councils, including the Governor's Economic Stimulus Committee and the Governor's Science and Technology Advisory Council. A particular passion is promoting better science and math education. "We need more technologically competent people ... we're behind as a country in math and science," she says.
After a year as a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco's Salt Lake City Branch, Wilson became its chair, which she calls the "greatest honor and privilege of my life." Following that appointment, she was elected to the San Francisco Federal Reserve Bank itself, where she served on its audit and executive committees. "The economic presentations I saw, the relationships and caliber of individuals I met ... being on the inside of what's happening to the U.S. economy ... it was a phenomenal, once-in-a-lifetime opportunity," Wilson says.
Her Federal Reserve Bank experience has proved very helpful to St. Luke's. "We did Sarbanes-Oxley work ourselves, and risk management reported to me. We learned about fraud issues this way," Wilson explains. "I gained expertise that helped the transition [from three hospitals] to a health care system. It helped us increase our sophistication on risk management and public policy."
St. Luke's Health System's immediate past chair Skip Oppenheimer has worked with Wilson for more than a decade, both through St. Luke's and several other boards, including the Idaho Business Council and Boise State University's Business School Advisory Council. The CEO and chair of Oppenheimer Companies Inc. in Boise, Oppenheimer says Wilson brought "a deeper and broader way of thinking" to every boardroom they shared. Oppenheimer says he admires that in spite of her numerous commitments, Wilson "doesn't try to do everything, so she can do the right kind of job."
On the St. Luke's board, Oppenheimer says Wilson is proactive. "When we've had legislative ideas and initiatives, she knows how to best communicate the hospital point of view, how to be sure that the community benefit that the hospital provides—the good work we do—is understood and presented in a clear and understandable way."
This has been a distinct advantage in her advocacy work with the AHA's Committee on Governance. "You have a limited time to talk to a congressman," Wilson notes. "You have to be crisp, focused and have a lot of data to support your point of view. And you have to get others to support your position so it's not just you asking. Politicians need to see a consortium."
In her first year as chair at St. Luke's, Wilson focused on making the board more efficient and agile. "As chair, you have to motivate your fellow board members to get involved [when they] are already busy," she says. "I run a tight meeting—and I always want to push the envelope." She has worked to restructure committees, created more tightly focused board self-evaluations and changed board terms to get more new members at the table.
"It's critical to all boards to get the right people [in order to] move forward," Wilson says. "We've ramped up the board development process—it's one of my legacies, I hope." For example, she thinks boards could benefit by seeking trustees with Internet skills that could lead to better connections with patients and the hospital's community, and trustees who understand the need for strong public policy and philanthropy efforts. Trustees also need to understand the importance of physician relations, be able to judge how well the continuum of care is working in the hospital, and prioritize collaboration with other health care entities, Wilson believes.
"No matter what happens with health care reform, patients need the right care," Wilson says. "Boards need to have the ability to advocate, to see change and work for change. They need to be more literate on quality issues and ramp up their engagement."
"I get enormous psychic income from being a part of St. Luke's," she says. She has gotten a similar charge out of her corporate life, her advocacy work and the task forces with which she has been involved. "Being able to see that, because you were there, it made a difference, is extraordinarily rewarding to me," she says.
Laurie Larson is a freelance writer in Chicago.
GovernanceStrategic PlanningPatient CareDelivery System TransformationTrends
Trustees can play a powerful role in shaping legislation and raising community awareness
Action Plans for Better Care
Hospitals are using a variety of strategies to improve the patient experience
Integrity in Action
Boards' compliance oversight sets the standard for ethical, legal practices

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Podcast S1 E10 | 32 min
Being Afghan in America: In the Field With Morwari Zafar
The U.S. invasion and occupation of Afghanistan has had surprising effects on Afghan-American communities, especially in enclaves like Fremont, California.
How does an immigrant become an "American"? How does any newcomer join any group? SAPIENS host Esteban Gómez shares the story of Morwari Zafar, an anthropologist who has studied post-9/11 changes in her community of Afghan-Americans in Fremont, California, and in other Afghan-American groups in the U.S. From the first major wave of immigration in the late 1980s and early 1990s, to 9/11 and the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, Afghan-American communities have been in flux, exemplifying the mysteries of group identity, dynamics among the diaspora, and nationhood.
Zafar recently completed a Ph.D. in anthropology at the University of Oxford in the U.K. Her dissertation is titled COIN-Operated Anthropology: Cultural Knowledge, American Counterinsurgency, and the Rise of the Afghan Diaspora. She is now a managing partner at The Sentient Group, a consulting company focused on the international development, national security, and private sectors.
Read more at SAPIENS:
How Chinese Immigrants Built—and Lost—a Shellfish Industry by Todd Braje
Trump and the Echo of Amache by Esteban Gómez
Racism by any Other Name Is Still Racism by Esteban Gómez
This episode of SAPIENS was produced by Paul Karolyi, edited by Matthew Simonson, and hosted by Esteban Gómez.
SAPIENS producer Arielle Milkman, executive producer Cat Jaffee, and House of Pod intern Lucy Soucek provided additional support. Fact-checking is by Christine Weeber, illustration is by David Williams, and all music is composed and produced by Matthew Simonson.
SAPIENS is part of the American Anthropological Association Podcast Library.
This is an editorially independent podcast funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation and produced by House of Pod.
Read a transcript of this episode
Esteban Gómez: [00:00:00] It's the Fourth of July and we're in Fremont, California, a predominantly immigrant community on the east shore of the San Francisco Bay. The sun just set and the real celebrations are about to begin. Every other block or so, families and friends are gathering to set off smoke bombs, light sparklers, and shoot off firecrackers into the cool California night. An hour or so away from downtown Fremont, the Zafar family is gathering for a different sort of celebration. [00:00:35][34.7]
Shafi Zafar: [00:00:40] My name is Shafi; my family name is Zafar. I'm living right now in Fremont, California. I was born in Afghanistan. [00:00:47][6.4]
Esteban Gómez: [00:00:48] In a cozy condo decorated with traditional Afghan art, thick with the smells of Middle Eastern spices, Shafi and 10 or so members of his family are catching up, talking politics and swapping stories of life back home. Stories like the one about the first time Shafi met his wife Ana. [00:01:04][16.0]
Shafi Zafar: [00:01:05] And she said, No, I'm not gonna marry you because I'm not … you're not my type of person. I don't know you. I said, OK, if you don't know me, how you gonna know me, because we have to talk. We have to sit down. Finally, it's no deal. [00:01:21][15.4]
Esteban Gómez: [00:01:27] Shafi and Ana did end up sitting down to talk. And of course, they did get married, not so long after that day. But life in Afghanistan at that time was not easy. In 1988, Shafi was working for the government in Kabul. The Soviet army was withdrawing from the country. That opened up a massive power vacuum and in turn, that led to political turmoil and violence in the streets. Kabul was a really difficult place to raise two young daughters. So when Shafi was offered a diplomatic posting in London in 1991, he took it. [00:02:02][34.4]
Shafi Zafar: [00:02:02] My mother-in-law was living in our apartment in Afghanistan. And she told me that it was hell. Missiles falling down from everywhere. I mean on the streets. The people, they kill people without any, without any problem, my God, so easy. I mean, it was horrible. [00:02:26][24.0]
Esteban Gómez: [00:02:28] After a few years watching all this from afar, Shafi couldn't take anymore. He didn't agree with the direction the country was going and problems in his office kept piling up. So he and Ana packed up the family and left London and Afghan politics behind. They moved here, California, and built new lives. So now every year on the Fourth of July when much of the country is celebrating with fireworks, Shafi—he's conflicted. [00:02:55][27.0]
Shafi Zafar: [00:02:56] Because I, I, I hate fireworks because when I was back home in Afghanistan, it was so many firework, the real one, that now this one, I … I can't, every time when I … there is a firework, I put my head and I say, say, I can't. I'm very traumatized by this sound. [00:03:19][23.7]
Esteban Gómez: [00:03:24] The rockets' red glare and the bombs bursting in air. To Shafi, those words carry very different conflicting meanings. He's from one place. And now he's in another. They're both home, in a way, and he's not alone. People all over the world are moving, changing, making new homes in unfamiliar places. They have old loyalties, new loyalties, and questions about how to make it all work. This time on SAPIENS: How do we navigate these transitions? How do we shape ourselves and reshape ourselves when we move from place to place? [00:04:03][38.4]
All hosts: [00:04:06] INTRO [00:04:06][0.0]
Esteban Gómez: [00:04:29] This is not Shafi Zafar's story. It's his daughter's, Morwari Zafar. And we recently sent SAPIENS producer Paul Karolyi to Fremont to help tell it. Paul, welcome back to the show. [00:04:39][9.8]
Paul Karolyi: [00:04:40] Thanks for having me, Esteban. [00:04:40][0.6]
Esteban Gómez: [00:04:41] So tell us about your trip. [00:04:42][0.6]
Paul Karolyi: [00:04:42] Sure. I flew into Oakland International Airport on the Fourth of July. I saw the gleaming towers of San Francisco across the bay and I promptly turned the other direction. About 30 minutes south on the highway brought me to Fremont, where I met up with Morwari. [00:04:56][13.9]
Morwari Zafar: [00:04:57] So, what we're walking down right now is Fremont Boulevard, which is the heart of Little Kabul. It's the part of Fremont that is a … has most of the diaspora concentrated around it. Make sure you don't get hit by a car. [00:05:07][9.6]
Paul Karolyi: [00:05:11] Morwari was 13 years old when her parents moved the family to America. But she says the transition wasn't too hard because many of the other kids in her school were from immigrant families too. And not just immigrant families, but Afghan immigrant families. Fremont was and still is home to the largest population of Afghans in the United States. [00:05:30][18.6]
Morwari Zafar: [00:05:33] And if we walk this way, we've got … we've got the liquor store and then we have the Afghan bazaar, which has a whole bunch of Afghan goods so if you're, if you're going to get married, you'd come in here and look for the traditional dresses, which is in one part of the ceremony. [00:05:49][15.1]
Paul Karolyi: [00:05:50] Walking through Little Kabul with Morwari was like taking a tour of her past. There's the butcher who gets the cuts just the way she likes them. There's the wedding hall she's been to a thousand times, and there's the old movie theater that used to play Bollywood flicks. [00:06:03][13.2]
Morwari Zafar: [00:06:05] And that I remember very fondly because it was always very crowded, and it became a, a place where you know, you were there to see and to be seen. And a great place to, you know, meet your match! [00:06:16][11.3]
Paul Karolyi: [00:06:19] While Morwari and her sister were growing up, their parents were struggling in those early years in Fremont. They were highly educated and respected back in Afghanistan. But in California, Shafi worked as a bartender and Ana, an accomplished doctor, was an assistant in a cardiology office. [00:06:34][14.9]
Morwari Zafar: [00:06:35] I kinda had to bypass the teenage angst phase. Or maybe, I think I did it kind of quietly. In secret, I listened to like nine inch nails and Pearl Jam and Stone Temple Pilots, and brood. But because I knew my parents were already taking on so much, it was very difficult to have that, like, I hate my life! This is, I was, like, No, these people have worked really hard for this life. You better get through school just fine. [00:06:57][22.0]
Paul Karolyi: [00:06:58] Through adversity, the Zafars grew closer as a family. They spoke Farsi at home. They shared traditional Afghan and French foods. Over the years, they got more and more comfortable in California until—college. [00:07:10][12.3]
Paul Karolyi: [00:07:12] What was that like? Where'd you go? [00:07:13][1.8]
Morwari Zafar: [00:07:13] College was interesting. So college was completely different to my high school. [00:07:19][5.9]
Paul Karolyi: [00:07:20] Morwari was an excellent student, and she had her pick of universities. Instead of staying close to home and going to Berkeley, like her father would have liked, she set her sights on the perpetually drizzly Pacific Northwest. [00:07:31][11.1]
Morwari Zafar: [00:07:32] I was going through a broody Pearl Jam phase, and I thought, Oh, this, I just want to be where the artists are. [00:07:38][6.4]
Paul Karolyi: [00:07:39] So that's what she did. Morwari packed up all of her waterproof clothing and went away to study English at the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Washington. It wasn't easy leaving home, but it never is, is it, Esteban? [00:07:51][11.4]
Esteban Gómez: [00:07:51] No, it's, it's not. I remember when I left home for the first time. That feeling of not quite knowing where you fit in. [00:07:58][6.2]
Paul Karolyi: [00:07:58] Right. Right. [00:07:59][0.7]
Esteban Gómez: [00:07:59] But that's just it. I mean, Morwari's story sounds fairly typical for an American teenager. Her parents worked hard for her to grow up with a strong community and plenty of opportunities. And here she is going off to college. [00:08:10][11.1]
Paul Karolyi: [00:08:11] But things were about to change. A few weeks after Morwari returned to Tacoma for her second year of university, she woke up one morning to a phone call. [00:08:21][9.4]
Morwari Zafar: [00:08:23] Um, I think it was from the guy that I was actually seeing in college that time and he was in a different state. And he called and he said, "Hey, have you looked at the news?" And I thought. No, not at all. And so I looked. I went downstairs, turned on the news, and I was just absolutely flabbergasted. [00:08:36][13.8]
George W. Bush: [00:08:38] Good evening. Today our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. The victims were … [00:08:52][14.3]
Morwari Zafar: [00:08:52] So I woke up with this phone call and went downstairs to check it and then sat there being like, This, this can't possibly happen; this can't happen in America. This just doesn't happen here. You know, questioning it. And then when I realized like, No this has happened, and my roommates were there and we're all kind of looking at each other in disbelief, that's when I started you know, I called my parents and thought, "Hey, have you guys seen this? Like what's going on?" And they were equally astonished. [00:09:14][21.9]
Esteban Gómez: [00:09:15] 9/11. Among other things, it completely upended a relationship between the U.S. and Afghanistan. On September 20th, the U.S. demanded that the Taliban government hand over Osama Bin Laden and other architects of the attacks. The Taliban basically said—No. Then in October, the U.S. and U.K. launched combat operations in Afghanistan. [00:09:37][21.5]
Paul Karolyi: [00:09:38] It was the beginning of the so-called global war on terrorism. [00:09:41][3.0]
Esteban Gómez: [00:09:43] Yeah, basically. [00:09:44][0.5]
Paul Karolyi: [00:09:43] And think about how this must have been like for Morwari and her family. They had no loyalty to the Taliban or anything like that. But this was still their homeland being bombed by their adopted country. [00:09:55][11.5]
Esteban Gómez: [00:09:56] Yeah. [00:09:56][0.0]
Paul Karolyi: [00:09:57] And it wasn't exactly something Morwari could like, not think about. That same fall, her citizenship application was approved and by December, just a few months after 9/11, she was standing shoulder to shoulder with a diverse group of other soon-to-be citizens in a San Francisco courthouse. [00:10:11][14.6]
Morwari Zafar (Oath): [00:10:12] I hereby declare on oath that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any … [00:10:18][5.8]
Morwari Zafar: [00:10:18] It immobilizes you in a very good way because you're fixated by everything that America is at that time. We're all becoming American in one way and nobody looks the same. Nobody sounds the same. People believe in different things. But here we are becoming part of one thing and taking an oath to be a part of this country, to serve the country and protect it. [00:10:39][20.9]
Morwari Zafar (Oath): [00:10:39] To serve in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by the law. That I will perform work of national … [00:10:44][4.4]
Paul Karolyi: [00:10:44] These words obviously meant something to Morwari. And this is where her story diverges from many of her peers in the Afghan-American community. [00:10:51][6.7]
Morwari Zafar (Oath): [00:10:51] Of Invasion. So help me God. [00:10:53][1.9]
Paul Karolyi: [00:10:55] She went back to Washington and focused on her studies and when she came back to Fremont that summer, things had changed. [00:11:01][5.5]
Morwari Zafar: [00:11:03] I noticed that a lot of the peers and the people that I'd gone to high school with, um, were starting to take on very overt, you know, codes of dress that were associated with Afghanistan or Islam, codes of behavior. [00:11:17][13.8]
Paul Karolyi: [00:11:18] These were people she knew well. People from liberal, secular families like hers. [00:11:22][4.8]
Morwari Zafar: [00:11:23] I would now see them in the community a few years later, would suddenly start to wear the Afghan, traditional Afghan headdress, both as a sign of their Islamic persuasion but also of their Afghan national identity or their, their sense, their perceived Afghan national identity. Because for many of them, as their mothers or their fathers would say, Oh, we never did this. We didn't do these things. We didn't believe in these things. But the younger generation was trying to create a … basically construct a new sense of identity about what it meant to be Afghan and Muslim in America as a response to 9/11. [00:11:58][34.8]
Paul Karolyi: [00:11:59] She saw young Afghan-American men growing out their beards, refusing to shake hands with women, going to the mosque more and more frequently. And she started hearing stories all over Little Kabul from the Afghan market to the local hair salon. [00:12:11][12.5]
Morwari Zafar: [00:12:12] The Cutting-Edge Salon. One of the ladies that worked there, she was telling me about her son who had started to become, you know, he was 17 years old, had never been to Afghanistan, had become really religious and was questioning her profession in terms of, you know, trying to beautify women whether that was an immodest thing. And so at that time I started thinking, Well, what, what's going on? And hearing bits and pieces about … [00:12:34][22.1]
Paul Karolyi: [00:12:35] Over the next few years, Morwari kept watching these changes and asking these questions: Why was this happening? What were her peers thinking? How did any of this work? Meanwhile, she graduated and started a master's program in anthropology at the George Washington University in D.C. It was there that she first took these complicated questions of identity and community and started looking for answers. [00:12:57][22.7]
Morwari Zafar: [00:12:58] I was looking at those things more as an observer and less as a participant and so I think it kept me apart from what it meant. I always knew that, that I was always balancing Afghan identity and American identity. But that tension didn't manifest itself in that way for me. [00:13:13][14.7]
Paul Karolyi: [00:13:14] In retrospect, do you think that, do you see any of that in yourself or do you feel like, you were, maybe anthropology was your way to avoid the entire conflict? [00:13:23][9.7]
Morwari Zafar: [00:13:25] I think that's … yeah, I think that's very valid because I think it was, I think that it's like most things in life, it's much easier for me to look on it as a, as an observer rather than really invest my emotions in it or my, my feelings or my sentiments into it. [00:13:41][15.9]
Paul Karolyi: [00:13:43] Esteban? Any comments from the anthropological side of things? [00:13:45][2.2]
Esteban Gómez: [00:13:45] Well, it sounds like anthropology gave her a powerful set of tools to understand what was happening back in Fremont. Allowed her to ask informed questions of identity, and specifically what it meant to be an Afghan-American post 9/11. [00:13:56][11.5]
Morwari Zafar: [00:13:57] So what I was observing was not necessarily particular or unique to the Afghan community. You see this among the Palestinian Diaspora, for example. It's a response to political interventions in another country, for example. So what was going on was the U.S. had invaded Afghanistan. Afghans were in the spotlight, in a not-so-kind way and in response to being vilified by the media, they thought, Well, we're gonna take on this identity and create a new identity on what it means to be Afghan and Muslim. But they often did that by kind of exaggerating what it was to be Afghan and Muslim more so than, you know, the generations prior. [00:14:33][36.0]
Paul Karolyi: [00:14:34] And it wasn't just the government or the media they were responding to. According to the FBI's data on hate crimes, 2001 saw a huge spike in assaults against Muslims across the country. [00:14:44][9.3]
Morwari Zafar: [00:14:44] What they were seeing on the news was, Well, this is where we're from. It's our country that's getting bombed. So this notion of like, this affiliation with Afghanistan and feeling that they needed to represent it or to defend it some way because they were the proxies here. I think that on, init[ially], on the surface, it looked like spite. But I think when you looked below it, it was a, it was a very hurt pride, and I think it was a pride that they'd appropriated from their, their parents and their families because you think about … Afghanistan got talked about in association with terrorism. And so Afghans, by extension, were talked about in the same sentences as terrorists. And so what they wanted to do was reclaim this identity. And I think there is, there were a lot of, like I mentioned, my experience is very unique because I did not have any sort of backlash or I didn't sense any of the backlash at least. But a lot of the people that were here were subject to, to a lot of racism and prejudice and like hurtful comments. And so in doing so, they were, they were almost acting out against it and trying to reclaim a sense of place and identity here. Really trying to find out who they were. [00:15:58][73.7]
Paul Karolyi: [00:16:00] While Morwari was finishing up her degree, that basic post 9/11 dynamic held in Fremont over the next few years. Yes, there were FBI surveillance operations and constant suspicion from outsiders, but internally, Little Kabul was thriving. All the new interest in Afghan culture and Islam meant there was a market for traditional goods and services. Restaurants popped up and expanded, the wedding halls were packed week after week, and while that was happening, Morwari's relationship with Afghanistan changed too. After she graduated from GW, she took a job as a contractor with one of the U.S. aid programs, and she went to live there. [00:16:38][38.1]
Morwari Zafar: [00:16:39] And it was there that I started to see some of those peers coming through the same channels that I did. And again, people that had not, I left Afghanistan quite late. But a lot of the people had left when they were two years old or had been born in the U.S., and they were coming in and they had no familiarity, but they were serving as these expert advisors. And so I thought, well, this is quite odd because I don't feel, you know, having left quite late, I still don't feel like I'm an expert in this, and I can attest to the fact that I, I even question my own memories. So these people are coming back saying things, saying things as if they had lived through the worst of it all. [00:17:16][37.5]
Paul Karolyi: [00:17:17] The way Morwari talks about these people—it's not like they were lying to buff themselves up or seem tough or anything like that. She describes what they were doing as a process of reconstruction. They were reconstructing family histories and narratives. And this wasn't just happening in Afghanistan either. When the security situation changed, Morwari came back to the U.S. and got a job at the Department of Defense. [00:17:40][23.0]
Morwari Zafar: [00:17:41] And I started to encounter a lot of Afghans from the diaspora. Both the younger generation, some of whom had undergone these transformations that I talked about and then also from the, the older generation who had experience in Afghanistan in their adulthood, who came back and were, again, hired as advisors and as experts. [00:17:59][18.4]
Esteban Gómez: [00:18:01] So these are the same people who were growing out their beards and finding new meaning in Islam after 9/11? [00:18:07][6.3]
Paul Karolyi: [00:18:08] In some cases, yeah. In just a few short years, they swapped their beards and traditional dress for buzz cuts and polo shirts and when Morwari went home to visit Fremont, she saw American flags hanging up outside people's homes. [00:18:22][14.0]
Esteban Gómez: [00:18:23] What happened? What changed? [00:18:24][1.1]
Paul Karolyi: [00:18:24] A lot of things. For one, the U.S. toppled the Taliban government soon after the invasion began in 2001, and that led to a whole new batch of problems in Afghanistan. Over the next few years, the war changed. The Taliban reemerged. And by around 2006, it was a stalemate. Across the country, the U.S.–led coalition was facing opposition from new groups popping up here and there. Insurgent groups. [00:18:49][25.1]
Morwari Zafar: [00:18:51] It wasn't just the Taliban. Now there are these insurgent groups. And the insurgent groups came from the local populations. So suddenly, the war changed from counterterrorism to counterinsurgency. [00:19:01][10.3]
Esteban Gómez: [00:19:02] Counterinsurgency. The battle for hearts and minds. Nation building. Afghanistan became the latest in a long string of American wars against insurgents in places like Vietnam, Iraq, Central and South America. Just like in those other places, the question facing American generals became, How do we convince the locals not to join the fight against us? [00:19:23][20.4]
Morwari Zafar: [00:19:23] They were getting this feedback from soldiers on the ground who were saying, Look, I don't know if this guy's with the Taliban, he seems to be with the Taliban because he doesn't have any other recourse. They don't have other livelihoods or whatever they depended on got bombed out. And so now they're joining hands with the Taliban. But they don't necessarily believe in their ideology. So somebody or the military generals in the U.S. had a aha moment that was, Well, let's try to meet their needs before the Taliban did. [00:19:48][24.8]
Esteban Gómez: [00:19:49] So, I'm starting to see the connections here. I don't quite understand how the counterinsurgency strategy can have such a powerful effect on Afghan-Americans back in Fremont. [00:19:57][7.3]
Paul Karolyi: [00:19:58] You're not alone. Morwari didn't see it yet either. See, she was in Afghanistan from 2007 to 2010. Those were the early years of counterinsurgency. She was working for aid programs trying to make a difference. She believed in the mission. [00:20:12][14.4]
Morwari Zafar: [00:20:13] But I realized very quickly when I got there that I am not strong enough for the red tape that goes through of these bureaucratic channels. So I kind of became a, you know, a cog in the wheel where I was sitting there behind the desk, begging to go out into the field. I think I realized that my being there was really having zero impact on what was going on because it was a top-down approach, and at the top, the notions that people had about Afghanistan were completely not just flawed, but they did not resonate in any way with what was going on locally. [00:20:48][35.4]
Paul Karolyi: [00:20:49] And that's when she came back to D.C. for that job at the Defense Department. And it was there that she saw the connection between the top-down policymaking machine and her Afghan-American peers who were selling themselves as experts in Afghan language and culture. [00:21:01][12.7]
Morwari Zafar: [00:21:02] It was that exposure where I thought where, where I got to experience firsthand the very divergent narrative that fed into this policymaking machine that got me to the point where I thought, I need to research this. Like, here's a question about how is this … what is it, what impact this is having? What impact is this cultural production and reproduction having? [00:21:23][20.4]
Paul Karolyi: [00:21:23] Morwari took this question and went back to school. This time, Oxford University for a PhD in anthropology. She worked with an expert in these sorts of diaspora dynamics, Dr. Nicholas Van Hear, to develop a research proposal, and she dove back into Fremont, the history of the Afghan-American community, and, in a way, her own personal history. Basically, she started calling people. People she knew from childhood. Family friends, friends of friends. She talked to members of the U.S. military but mostly, she hit the streets of Afghan-American enclaves like Fremont and met people like Baktash Ahadi. [00:22:00][37.0]
Morwari Zafar: [00:22:01] Yah, so Baktash was interesting. I met him in Virginia. And he … he showed up and he was just this, like … this super-hippied-out Afghan guy. Big curly hair, was riding on a bicycle, and I thought, OK, that's unusual because I never interviewed an Afghan guy like this, and he said, Well, no, no, no … [00:22:19][18.2]
Baktash Ahadi: [00:22:20] Yah, yah, this happened. She did. She interviewed me for, for part of a dissertation. She was studying the Afghan diaspora and particularly the diaspora when I served in Afghanistan. So … [00:22:31][10.4]
Paul Karolyi: [00:22:31] Like Morwari, Baktash was born in Kabul. When he was five, his parents moved the family to a small town in Pennsylvania called Carlisle. [00:22:38][7.4]
Baktash Ahadi: [00:22:40] And I was raised in this binary world where at home we're very Afghan and then, outside the home, I was very American, right. [00:22:46][6.0]
Paul Karolyi: [00:22:47] After 9/11, Baktash was curious about what it meant to be an Afghan and to be a Muslim. He wanted to know more about where his parents came from … Where he came from. It was all he wanted to think about. [00:22:57][10.2]
Morwari Zafar: [00:22:58] So he started, you know, inquiring about it, asking his father, who was basically, the kind of purveyor of the knowledge to him and his brother. [00:23:07][9.3]
Baktash Ahadi: [00:23:10] And eventually in 2009, President Obama announced the surge in Afghanistan. At the time, I was working for the government, and I was recruited to work as an interpreter for the Marines, so I was embedded with the Marines and I literally brought my two worlds together, right? So I brought Afghans together with Americans and we have these two, these two worlds of mine were essentially working to help rebuild Afghanistan as well as to combat insurgents in the context of Afghanistan. [00:23:40][30.4]
Paul Karolyi: [00:23:43] What, what did you learn from him specifically? [00:23:44][1.7]
Morwari Zafar: [00:23:46] I think that I learned from him how much of, how, or the extent to which the families, the parents or the households, influence, you know, the perceptions of what Afghanistan is. And I also learned from him how, not just those perceptions, but also how much the, the ideals that people go to Afghanistan with. This notion of like, oh, this is the homeland and the imagined community, Afghans, right, not just the military, but Afghans go in with this notion and then they're faced with the reality of what Afghanistan represents and they realize … yeah, you know what? I'm not all that Afghan and I'm more American than I am Afghan. And so it really challenges their perceptions of what Afghanistan represents the homeland. [00:24:30][44.5]
Baktash Ahadi: [00:24:34] I also have a whole bunch of family that still lives in Afghanistan. So going back and seeing them and hearing their stories made me realize, first and foremost, how blessed and privileged and just lucky my family was to get out, right? And so many people like myself suffer from what's known as survivor's guilt. Why is it that we got out? Why is it that we were able to have a have a really good living and life and upbringing and end up in a small little college town in Pennsylvania. [00:25:04][29.9]
Paul Karolyi: [00:25:07] Morwari didn't have to look far to find Afghan-Americans with experiences like this. Her own mother, Ana, took a job as a translator in 2009. Apart from a brief visit in 2006, it was her first time back in Kabul in almost 20 years. [00:25:21][13.8]
Ana Zafar: [00:25:21] It wasn't recognizable that much. I couldn't even find our own home, it was so different. [00:25:26][5.2]
Paul Karolyi: [00:25:27] After spending so much time away from Afghanistan and Kabul and her life there, Ana still felt that connection. But she felt connected to America too. [00:25:35][7.8]
Ana Zafar: [00:25:36] It's something that I explained once to someone else—you're in the air, OK? When you go there, you think about here. You miss here. When you are here, you miss there, so I don't know … it's kind of, I'm lost. [00:25:53][16.5]
Esteban Gómez: [00:25:54] So, Paul, I can sense, we're getting close. After all these conversations, after all her research, what did Morwari conclude? [00:26:02][7.5]
Paul Karolyi: [00:26:03] I think she should take it from here. [00:26:04][1.0]
Morwari Zafar: [00:26:04] I've told you about my family's story. But everybody had their own migration trajectory. Some left Afghanistan before the Soviet invasion; some left after; some left on planes; some left, you know, fleeing the country. So however you left, whatever your migration trajectory was, it affected or it shaped the narrative or the memories, you know, whatever the representations that you had of Afghanistan, of Afghan culture or social norms, whatever it may be. When people came to the U.S., they lost everything, right, so this … they were, they no longer had the same status as they had in Afghanistan. So they really became defined by the migration experience. You are now all immigrants and, by extension, second-class citizens, in a place where you had to compete and you had to make a life. And these, these opportunities, the defense opportunities, allowed people to take on the role of experts or anthropologists or whatever it may be to improve both their position within the diaspora, but also their position as Americans and, in doing so, I think it brought them closer to their sense of American identity, right, or their true sense of American nationalism. [00:27:11][66.8]
Paul Karolyi: [00:27:12] Alright, Esteban, what do you think of that? [00:27:14][1.5]
Esteban Gómez: [00:27:14] Well, I think a lot of things. I think these Afghan-Americans took all their memories of Afghanistan, all that cultural knowledge, and they used it. They took advantage of the situation they were in, and they were able to claim a new, more powerful role in American society. [00:27:30][16.4]
Morwari Zafar: [00:27:31] Because it comes down to, to people; it comes down to livelihoods and, ultimately, as humans based on our human interest and human nature, self-preservation. If you feel like you, you can't survive or, and thrive in an environment, you're less likely to feel like, like you belong to it, you're less likely to feel you have a stake in it. But when you feel like those bonds are stronger, then you feel a part of the community. You want to, you want to help it, you want to help yourself to help the community. [00:27:57][25.9]
Esteban Gómez: [00:28:11] We've seen this before countless times. People, marginalized groups, struggling to join white America to improve their lot or to benefit their families and communities. World War II alone saw Native Americans serve as code talkers and Japanese Americans fight alongside of white soldiers in the European theater. [00:28:29][18.1]
News Announcer: [00:28:32] … Missouri in Tokyo Bay for the signing of the surrender of Japan … [00:28:32][0.3]
Esteban Gómez: [00:28:37] They risked everything. And what do they get in return? Around 40 percent of Native Americans are still struggling on reservations, and many Japanese Americans still face distrust and accusations of disloyalty from older, white Americans. It's clear from all of this that joining a new group has as much to do with a joiner as with the joined. The dominant group decides who's useful enough to accept, who's valuable enough to embrace, and who is similar enough to bring into the fold. At the same time, utility, value, and similarity are all relative terms. They shift from moment to moment, era to era. All this is to say, when the Fourth of July comes around next year or the year after that or 20 years from now, I don't think any of us can say where we'll be or how we'll feel about America. I know I can't. And I definitely can't say what's going to happen to Little Kabul. [00:29:35][58.3]
Morwari Zafar: [00:29:37] You know, it's really good. It's a great question because I, I have wondered too if the Afghan community will still be around. They're, people are already moving out of here into parts of California and other states that are less expensive. So it's interesting 'cause I think that the … California as a place because of the changes in it and how expensive it's becoming, it's definitely affecting communities like the Afghan-American diaspora here. And they're seeking places, just like other Californians seeking places where their money can go farther. But in that same vein, though, I'm curious to see that, that effect happening here or that phenomenon happening here, what effect it's going to have in states like Texas and Nebraska and Colorado where they're going. Who knows— the Afghan bazaar may shut down here and get resurrected in Tennessee, who knows? [00:30:27][50.2]
Chip Colwell: [00:30:28] This episode of SAPIENS was produced by Paul Karolyi, edited by Matthew Simonson, and hosted by Esteban Gómez with support from Jen Shannon and me, Chip Colwell. SAPIENS producer Arielle Milkman, executive producer Cat Jaffee, and House of Pod intern Lucy Soucek provided additional support. Christine Weeber is our fact checker. David Williams created our cover art. Matthew Simonson composed our theme and all the other music you heard in this episode. Thanks this time to our guests Morwari Zafar, her parents Shafi and Ana, Baktash Ahadi, and everyone else Paul met in Fremont.
Paul Karolyi: Excuse me, Chip, I'm just gonna butt in here and say thank you so, so, so much to everybody who read the Citizenship Oath along with Morwari for this episode. That was myself, but also Cat, Matthew, Arielle, Anne Garcia, Jem Zornow, Blake Benton, and Rae Solomon.
Chip Colwell: Thanks also to Danilyn Rutherford; Maugha Kenny; and the entire staff, board, and advisory council of the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research; and Amanda Mascarelli, Daniel Salas, Christine Weeber, Aaron Brooks, Cay Leytham-Powell, and everyone at SAPIENS.org. SAPIENS is part of the American Anthropological Association Podcast Library. This is an editorially independent podcast funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation and produced by House of Pod.
Well, fellow sapiens, that wraps up Season 1. Thanks so much for listening. It's been an amazing ride. And if you find yourself suffering from withdrawals while we're away, there's plenty more at SAPIENS.org. Until next time, take care and be well, fellow sapiens. [00:29:40][0.0][1482.5]
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I adore the artistic style of Raina Telgemeier. It's simple yet distinct and absolutely fitting of her middle grade graphic novels. Ghosts is no exception. This book was her first venture into fantasy and her illustrations adapted well to convey the eerie atmosphere of the fictional rainy coastal town, Bahía de la Luna.
Right from the first beginning we're told that the main character, Clementine is dead. We relive her life through her diary entries. It was evident right from the start that Blue is the Warmest Color is a sad book but it wasn't cheapened by shocking anyone with Clementine's death. No, this graphic novel focused on the journey. In doing so, it shed light on her hopes and dreams, and struggles and despair.
Some of you might recall that I blogged about Drama being under review at my local library. It was in their online catalogue but listed as "under review" for over half a year. I had placed a reservation for it and trouped down to the library to collect it after I received an allocation notification. The librarian told me that there was a system error. She couldn't tell me either when this title would be available again. When I could get my hands on Drama at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October, I pounced on it. It's only natural to want what you otherwise can't have, aye?


text:
Q: How to setup SysLogHandler with Django 1.3 I'm having no luck finding any information on setting up syslog logging with Django 1.3 dictionary configuration.  The Django documents don't cover syslog and the python documentation is less than clear and doesn't cover dictionary config at all.  I've started with the following but I'm stuck on how to configure the SysLogHandler.
LOGGING = {
    'version': 1,
    'disable_existing_loggers': True,
    'formatters': {
        'verbose': {
            'format': '%(levelname)s %(asctime)s %(module)s %(process)d %(thread)d %(message)s'
        },
        'simple': {
            'format': '%(levelname)s %(message)s'
        },
    },
    'handlers': {
        'syslog':{
            'level':'DEBUG',
            'class':'logging.handlers.SysLogHandler',
            'formatter': 'verbose'
        },

    },
    'loggers': {
        'django': {
            'handlers':['syslog'],
            'propagate': True,
            'level':'INFO',
        },
        'myapp': {
            'handlers': ['syslog'],
            'propagate': True,
            'level': 'DEBUG',
        },
    },
}

A: Finally found the answer:
from logging.handlers import SysLogHandler
...
        'syslog':{
            'level':'DEBUG',
            'class': 'logging.handlers.SysLogHandler',
            'formatter': 'verbose',
            'facility': SysLogHandler.LOG_LOCAL2,
        },
...

Warning to future generations: you pretty much have to do it exactly like the above, weird errors happen if you specify the class directly etc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This article covers various issues experienced when capturing and parsing a WSDL file via URI with both the SOAPSonar and CloudPort products.
HELPFUL TIP: In many cases the WSDL retrieval via URI fails because the URI does not include the ?WSDL syntax. While the service endpoint in the WSDL itself will not show the ?WSDL at the end of the URI, definitely addd the ?WSDL to the end of the URI when attempting to capture the WSDL file via URI.
1. Network Issue - This error often indicates that SOAPSonar was unable to reach the host and therefore unable to capture of the WSDL. Ensure that SOAPSonar has network access to the server hosting the WSDL file and ensure the network path specified in the URI is correct. If necessary, configure the Proxy Settings on the File>>Settings and Preferences>>Global Proxy Settings screen.
2. Permissions Error - This issue can been caused by permissions / rights issues, even when the user running SOAPSonar is an Admin on the system. When SOAPSonar retrieves the WSDL it writes it locally to disk and lack of the proper permissions can prevent this.
Try closing SOAPSonar and then re-launching with the "run as Administrator" option (right click the shortcut). Then try to import the WSDL again.
If this fixes the issue, look into the permissions on the SOAPSonar install folder and the ability to write to the registry.
While the error syntax may vary, this error typically indicates that SOAPSonar was able to connect to the server hosting the WSDL, but the file retrieved is not a valid WSDL file. Very often the cause of this is the failure to add the ?WSDL syntax to the end of the URI.
If the service is requiring a form of protocol authentication on the HTTP GET for the WSDL retrieval, SOAPSonar will prompt the user to enter the credentials by opening the HTTP Credentials window. If the correct credentials aren't provided, eventually SOAPSonar will show the 401 Unauthorized error.
HELPFUL TIP: If you are unable to load the WSDL via URI into SOAPSonar, try the same URI in a browser on the same system. If the WSDL can be retrieved by a browser, the same URI should work in SOAPSonar. If the WSDL loads in a browser and not in SOAPSonar, check the browser's proxy server settings and configure the same in SOAPSonar. Also try running SOAPSonar with the "run as Administrator" option to check for permissions issues.


First, a little update from last week's recipe: I did make the green beans for Thanksgiving. They were exactly what I wanted them to be; pretty, flavorful, and easy. They were a big hit!
Heat vegetable oil in a heavy-bottomed soup pot over medium heat. Add the onion, celery and carrot and let soften, stirring occasionally, for about 5 minutes.
Toast the cumin, coriander and peppercorns in a small dry skillet over medium-high heat until fragrant, about 1 minute, then grind in a spice mill or mortar. Add the ground spices to the pot, along with the garlic, cinnamon, a pinch of cayenne and salt.
Add the broth and bring to a boil, then reduce to a brisk simmer. Cook for 15 minutes, then taste for salt and adjust. Keep hot, covered, over very low heat.
In a medium saucepan, heat the shredded turkey meat with a little of the hot soup. Divide the meat among 4 to 6 soup bowls and add a few slices of avocado to each. Ladle about 1 cup soup into each bowl, then garnish with tortilla strips, scallions, jalapeño slices, chopped cilantro and a generous squeeze of lime juice.
After the overindulgence that comes with Thanksgiving, you might want to try something a little lighter and brighter with your leftover meat. This is a version of sopa de lima, the restorative and delicious Mexican soup popular in the Yucatán. It is usually made with chicken and a local lime, but turkey and supermarket lime are a magical, timely substitute.


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At Acadian Home Inspection, LLC, we are committed to providing you with the best inspection when you are deciding to buy or sell a home. Our Houston home inspection service is the best place to call.
Acadian Home Inspection is a professional home inspection company licensed in the state of Texas. When buying or selling a home, a home inspection is very smart and important part of that process. Whether you are the buyer, seller, or an agent I can guarantee you that I will put in the time, effort and hard work to give you the most thorough inspection possible. While other inspectors are in-and-out of your house quicker than you can even tell they were there, I am taking my time, paying attention to detail, and will do the job for you as if I am inspecting a home I am buying for my own family.
Buying property is a huge financial responsibility. Before you take the plunge and make that closing date official, enlist the services of a property inspector from Acadian Home Inspection LLC. Our Houston, TX inspectors can evaluate the condition of the property you're looking to buy so that you know what you're getting into before you hand over that down payment.
When you work with a property inspector from Acadian Home Inspection LLC, you'll get a knowledgeable professional who knows what to look for in properties new and old. Whether you're buying your first home or are adding to your real estate portfolio, it pays to have someone from our team inspect your new space before finalizing your transaction. In some cases, an inspection may uncover a serious flaw that compromises the structure or value of the property you're seeking to purchase. Why take chances?
You deserve to complete your real estate transaction with the knowledge that a thorough, professional evaluation has been performed on the property you're looking to buy. Rely on Acadian Home Inspection LLC to get you the answers you need before you're left without recourse. To schedule an appointment with a property inspector from our team, call us today.
© Acadian Home Inspection LLC. All rights reserved.


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Financial markets remain in the grip of severe risk aversion and against this backdrop current account surplus-backed currencies continue to extend gains while receding Fed expectations undercut the USD generally. The US money market curve is flirting with pricing risk of policy easing, a possibility the Fed Chair did no t dismiss outright in her Senate testimony even if she continued to emphasize it is not her expectation. In response to the tightening of financial conditions we have observed over the past month, our economists have made significant changes to their Fed forecasts and now no longer expect the Fed to hike rates in 2016 or 2017 (see here). Essentially, we expect the fragile risk environment to preclude tightening in H1 and slowing activity to argue against further rate hikes thereafter. The shift in Fed expectations cle arly has big implications for the dollar outlook and we are currently reviewing our USD forecasts accordingly. For now, the funding currencies are likely to remain well supported and the USD on the defensive, though markets will remain wary of action and com ments from other G10 officials, particularly in Japan where verbal warnings are possible as officials return from Thursday's holiday.
We expect the first estimate of eurozone GDP to show growth of 0.2% q/q in Q4, with the corresponding number for Italy also at 0.2% q/q and Germany a little weaker at 0.1% q/q. With ECB already in full QE mode, eurozone data has typically had little market impact lately, but given concerns over a major global growth slowdown, markets should me more sensitive to this release. Current market conditions in the asset markets imply that the EUR should continue drawing support from its large current account surplus. However, we continue to see limits to EURUSD appreciation. Should EURUSD rally through 1.15, levels last seen before the dovish ECB shift in October, ECB will be more likely to respond quite aggressively to the undesir able tightening in financial conditions at its March policy meeting.
The CAD and AUD have held up better than might be expected this week, holding stable against a broadly weaker USD despite continued weakness in crude prices. We see scope for these currencies to depreciate in the weeks ahead, even vs. the USD. Both are current account deficit economies reliant on financial inflows and both are exposed to continued weakness in commodity prices. While the broad USD retreat may have reduced the risks of further CNY devaluation for now, the AUD remains exposed to negative news from China and further pressure on industrial metals prices. There is also scope for markets to increase pricing for RBA and BoC easing. RBA Governor Stevens' testimony to parliament yielded few surprises, where he maintained an easing bias but also continued to sound relatively optimistic about the domestic outlook.
You can find more BNP Paribas research reports as well as other analysis from well-known institutions via our subscription.
This article was posted in Forex Market, Forex News.


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Scotland's results day: School pupils get their grades after exam-free year
Scotland's school pupils are receiving their results after the Covid-19 pandemic forced exams to be cancelled for the first time in history.
About 138,000 students are finding out their grades in Nationals, Highers and Advanced Higher courses.
This year's results will be based on estimates from their teachers.
Those who signed up for text or email alerts will receive their grades from 0800 onwards, while certificates will arrive in the post during the day.
Exams were cancelled across the UK as schools closed and the country went into lockdown in March.
How grades were worked out in the year with no exams
Exams body defends emergency plans
Scottish school pupils traditionally find out their results earlier than those in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, who will receive their grades for A-levels on 13 August and GCSEs on 20 August.
This year was the first time since 1888 that exams were cancelled in Scottish schools.
Pupils should have been sitting exams in National 5, Higher and Advanced Higher subjects in May and June. There are no formal exams for National 2, National 3 and National 4 qualifications.
What help is available to pupils?
Image copyright PA
Skills Development Scotland runs a free results helpline offering careers advice, information and guidance on 0808 100 8000.
It will be open from 0800 to 2000 on Tuesday and Wednesday, then 0900 to 1700 on Thursday and Friday. Information and advice is also available on the My World of Work website.
James Russell, from SDS, said this year was "unlike any other" and that it was understandable that young people and their families would be feeling more anxious than usual.
"Our advice and support is available and our message is if your results aren't what you expected, don't worry – you have lots of options," he said.
The #NoWrongPath campaign is encouraging people to share their own stories on social media to highlight the different paths available to young people who may be feeling disheartened by their results.
The SQA's candidate advice line will run from 0800 to 1800 on Tuesday, and from 0830 to 1700 on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. The number is 0345 279 1000.
Support and advice is also available on the SQA website and on BBC Bitesize. Young people can also call Childline on 0800 1111 or get advice about exam results on its website.
As in the rest of the UK, the grades of pupils who were unable to sit exams have been worked out using estimates made by their teachers based on their performance over the school year.
The Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) said it had sought to "uphold the integrity and credibility" of the system, but that its efforts had been focused on "ensuring fairness for all learners".
Teachers were asked to place students within bands for each subject, and rank their pupils in order.
These assessments were then checked by the SQA, which said grades had been moderated "where appropriate" to "maintain national standards".
There is one crucial test for the qualifications system this year: have emergency arrangements worked?
The key issue is whether candidates receive results which are fair and credible.
The grades will be based on teacher estimates but had to be validated. This could mean grades going up or down.
Some teachers argue this is unnecessary, but the SQA argues that validation is necessary to ensure the results have full credibility. The validation should ensure that pass rates and the numbers getting particular grades are comparable to previous years.
Many within education would strongly caution against attempting to analyse this year's data for evidence of improvements or decline in the performance of candidates.
However, there have been concerns that the validation system could disadvantage those who attend schools where, in previous years, relatively few have got the best grades.
This is why the appeals process this year is so important. Schools and exam centres will be able to appeal whenever a candidate is awarded a grade lower than the one their teacher had submitted.
There is no guarantee of success and supporting evidence will be needed, but it remains an important safeguard.
The exams body said it would look at each school's previous history of estimating results and attainment.
This sparked fears from opposition politicians that some pupils from deprived communities could be marked down because of the previous performance of their school.
Image caption Education Secretary John Swinney said pupils had shown "tremendous resilience"
SQA chief executive and chief examiner Fiona Robertson has denied that a school's previous record could put pupils at either an advantage or a disadvantage.
Where a pupil receives a lower grade than the one estimated by their teacher or lecturer, they will be able to use a free appeals process.
Education Secretary John Swinney said: "Young people and their families have shown tremendous resilience in coping with the many challenges of the coronavirus pandemic and will naturally be anxious about the potential impact on results.
"You may achieve the results you worked so hard for, but if you miss out on the grades you were hoping for, there is still a huge variety of options available to you."
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text:
Lodi Winegrape Commission
Cabana Winery
Durst Winery
Estate Crush
Hawk's Landing Wine Cellars
Markus Wine Co.
Nostra Vita Family Winery
Stama Winery
Thomas Allen
Galloping Hills Ranch
About Lodi
Green Certified Wines
The Lodi Life & Times
In Lodi, wine comes first. And we wouldn't have it any other way.
Meet the passionate people behind our handcrafted wines and
gnarly old vines.
September 21, 2018 | Randy Caparoso
The physical impact of soil and selection on Lodi Zinfandels
In early September 2018, 118-year-old own-rooted Zinfandel in Lodi's Marian's Vineyard
In recent years projects like Lodi Native – where groups of Lodi winemakers have been producing single-vineyard Zinfandels following the exact same, native yeast/neutral oak protocols (thus eliminating brand or winemaker styles as factors) – have been proving something that old-time growers and vintners have known all along: that there are differences among Lodi Zinfandel plantings – often subtle, but sometimes drastic – grown in different parts of the Lodi AVA.
The Lodi Native project has endeavored to demonstrate the distinctions in terms of sensory qualities manifested in the wines. But each year, the differences are actually demonstrable in comparisons of clusters and berries from each vineyard.
Over 99% of Lodi's Zinfandel plantings are concentrated in the sub-appellation of Mokelumne River, centered around the City of Lodi. There are also a few older, old vine plantings in Lodi's Clements Hills AVA; all located alongside the winding Mokelumne River near the little hamlets of Lockeford, Clements and Dogtown, east of the City. The common terroir-related factors of all these vineyards:
♦ Sandy loam soils, primarily in the Tokay Series
♦ A steady, warm Mediterranean climate consistent throughout the AVA; from the flat, 10 to 50-ft. elevation areas on the far west side to the low lying slopes (150 to 400-ft. at the highest) on the far east side.
The differences that you find in both the physical manifestations of vines, clusters and berries as well as the sensory qualities of resulting wines result mostly from the slight variations in vineyard topographies. In some sites – particularly in the east side of Lodi (roughly, the areas falling east of California Hwy. 99) – the soil is sandier and deeper. For instance, there one particularly large swath of ground centered around the little CDP of Victor (on Victor Rd./Hwy. 29 East between Lodi and Lockeford), that is more of a loamy sand than sandy loam; an observation confirmed as far back as the 1937 USDA Soil Survey of The Lodi Area, California (Cosby & Carpenter).
Most of vineyards west of Hwy. 99 consist of the classic Tokay Series soil – also deep (30 to 50 feet of consistent sandy loam, devoid of rocks, gravel or hard pans), porous, but quite rich in organic material of alluvial origin (basically, finely crushed granite washed down from the Sierra Nevada over the past 100,000 years).
So how big of an impact are the "east vs. west" side factors on Zinfandel plantings? Take a look at a comparison of average size clusters from four vineyards that have been bottled as Lodi Native Zinfandels over the past four years:
While berry sizes in all but the Stampede Vineyard sample are proportionate, the biggest difference is in the size and weights of clusters as a whole: the west side vineyards producing Zinfandel bunches as much as double the size as east side vineyards. Berry size is smallest in the Stampede Vineyard because it is located in a more stressful riverside site in the Clements Hills, where the soils are more depleted and even more of an ultra-fine, powdery sandy loam. The result of slightly elevated skin-to-juice ratios in Stampede are Zinfandels with consistently firmer acid/tannin structure than average Lodi Zinfandels (which, as a whole, tend to be on the softer side).
All the vineyards depicted in this comparison are own-rooted (i.e. ungrafted). While vine age is always one more differentiating factor when it comes to Zinfandel viticulture and wine quality, the vineyards used in this comparison are of a comparably advanced age:
• Lot 13 Vineyard – over 90% of block surviving from original planting in 1915
• Stampede Vineyard – field mix planted between the 1920s and 1940s
• TruLux Vineyard– field mix with oldest vines planted in the mid-1940s
• Soucie Vineyard – oldest block planted in 1916
2018 Zinfandel harvest in Lot 13 Vineyard on Lodi's east side
McCay Cellars owner/grower/winemaker Michael McCay farms and produces Zinfandel from Lot 13 Vineyard, and has been producing Zinfandel from TruLux (farmed by Keith Watts) for over 15 years. According to Mr. McCay: "The Zinfandel clusters in TruLux are always larger, more elongated, with small berries – almost Cabernet-ish, whereas Lot 13's are a smaller, tighter clusters, with few if any wings. Interestingly, you can take clusters from both TruLux and Lot 13 that are similar in size, but the west side cluster from TruLux will always be heavier in weight.
"A big reason is the soil. The sandy loam is heavier and a little loamier on the west side, with a little more water holding capacity. East side vineyards in general are sandier; but especially in Lot 13, with its immediate proximity to the Mokelumne River, and hundreds of thousands of years that this site had to build up its layers of silty, sandy soil. The sandy loam in TruLux is a much further distance from the river.
102-year-old own-rooted Zinfandel in Soucie Vineyard on Lodi's far west side
"More important is the difference in style of wine that you get. Between TruLux and Lot 13, it couldn't get any more different. Lot 13 is typical of the east side, where you get a more aromatic style – a more intensely perfumed, bright red berry fruit, with zestier qualities in the mouth. TruLux Zinfandels are a bigger, richer style, with a fuller feel in the mouth, and earthy flavors that you never find in Lot 13. These are direct byproducts of the differences in soil, which you can see in the vines and clusters."
Over the past 20 years, one of the selections of Zinfandel that has come into favor among Lodi growers is Primitivo – a clonal variant that typically produces bunches with a looser, longer cluster architecture than older Zinfandel selections; proving less prone to rot, mildew and other disease pressures common to grape varieties in which berries are packed together more tightly.
Here is a visual of the differences between a typical Zinfandel cluster and typical Primitivo cluster; both from vineyards located on the west side of Mokelumne River-Lodi
But even with single-clone selections like Primitivo, site can also be factor in both cluster morphology and wine quality. Here is a comparison of clusters from two recent, trellised plantings of Primitivo; one from Harney Lane Winery's east side Lodi estate (planted in 2000), and the other from the west side Lodi estate of Oak Farm Vineyards (planted in 2012):
Chad Joseph, the consulting winemaker for both Harney Lane Winery and Oak Farm Vineyards, has been working with both Primitivo plantings since their inception. Says Mr. Joseph: "Although each year is different, both vineyards are showing their east side/west side characteristics. There is more variation in berry size in the Harney Lane this year, and a little more shot berry (i.e. tiny green beads between berries resulting from erratic fruit set during the spring), giving the clusters a looser morphology. In recent vintages, I've found the Oak Farm Primitivo clusters to be a little more elongated than Harney Lane's. This year, Oak Farm's berry size is a little more uniform than Harney Lane's; but that consistency seems to be typical of vines on the west side, with its richer soils.
"When it comes to the wine, what the two Primitivo vineyards have in common is the bright red fruit – the fleshy raspberry quality as well as a bright acidity, like a pluot freshness – which is typical of wines made from Primitivo, though similar to what you find in Zinfandel picked during earlier ripening stages.
"The differences between the two vineyards are nuanced, but notable. In the Oak Farm, it's that west side earthiness – a mushroomy loaminess – as well as a fleshier raspberry jam. The Harney Lane Primitivo is a little more perfumed and focused; with an emphasis on the pure, floral aspects of the grape, as opposed to the heavier jam fruit and maybe slightly sweeter finish that you can get in the Oak Farm."
2018 Primitivo on trellised vines in Oak Farm Vineyards
While variations of soil and topography are what is making contemporary artisanal style Lodi grown Zinfandel more and more interesting, there is still one more factor that is less understood, but nonetheless impactful; and that is concerning Zinfandel selections.
Like all the major varieties of Vitis vinifera – be it Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Sauvignon blanc, Tempranillo, Riesling, or Sangiovese, et al. – Zinfandel is known to have variants, or clonal mutations; and in an especially large region like Lodi (by far the most widely planted in the U.S., especially when it comes to Zinfandel), growers have always been aware of those existing variants, even if the process of selecting material for planting has been less than scientific.
How could it be, when all of Lodi's "old vine" plantings took place between the late 1880s and early 1960s, long before institutions like U.C. Davis began to conduct formal studies of Zinfandel selections (such as the Zinfandel Advocates & Producers funded Zinfandel Heritage Project, which began in 1995)?
Instead, when planting new blocks or inter-planting old blocks with new material, Lodi growers historically sought out wood taken from either their own vineyards or from neighboring vineyards that were known to produce a consistent, dependable fruit product; especially prior to the 1940s, when much of Lodi's Zinfandel was packed into small crates and shipped towards the East Coast for home winemakers.
A perfect example of this is Mohr-Fry Ranches – located south of the City of Lodi on the west side of Hwy. 99 – where there are no less than 8 different blocks of Zinfandel, all own-rooted; the oldest being the venerated Marian's Vineyard (planted in 1901), and the rest, identified simply by block numbers, planted during the early 1940s.
Here is a visual demonstrating an average Zinfandel cluster from Marian's Vineyard compared to one from Mohr-Fry Ranches Block 416, planted in 1944:
Since, typical of all the Mohr-Fry Zinfandel blocks, these clusters come from plantings just a few feet away from each other – and therefore planted on pretty much a consistent soil type – much of the differences in cluster morphology is attributed to wood selection. Says vineyard manager Bruce Fry: "Because the youngest Zinfandel blocks were planted 20 years before we took over the ranch (in 1965) from the Mettlers, we have no idea of where the plant material came from – that's a mystery. What we know is that Marian's produces a longer, larger cluster, and always with bigger berries. Block 416 produces consistently smaller, shorter clusters, with smaller berries. Is it the selection? The site? That's the mystique of it all, I guess."
Bruce's father, Mohr-Fry CEO/President Jerry Fry, comments: "I am guessing that the biggest difference is the source, or wood, used when Marian's and Block 416 was planted. There is, however, a slight difference in soils. There is a little more sandy loam all the way through in Marian's Vineyard, and a little more lime lenses in the subsoil of Block 416.
1965 map of Mohr-Fry Ranches (top-side, facing south; bottom, facing City of Lodi) given to the Fry family from the Mettlers; which shows the 1901 Marian's Zinfandel Vineyard (middle, third block from top) sandwiched between a 1938 Palomino and 1941 Zinfandel block, along with Tokay and Alicante Bouschet blocks dating back as far as 1922. Block 416, planted in 1944, is the second block from the bottom-right.
"In the past, when addressing issues like grape bunches drying up from the bottom, we've done soil analyses and sent augers into the ground to get a better idea of what we have underneath. In various parts of the vineyard we hit upon some thin layers of limestone; in some spots, it was like hitting concrete. And so while the entire ranch is fairly uniform in its loose, sandy loam, we've always known that the growth in some of blocks is definitely affected by these soil variations.
"Otherwise, all the blocks are treated pretty much the same, and all are grown on their rootstocks, with sub-surface irrigation. Theoretically, there should not be a lot of differences, but there are, and for not a lot of reasons except, as Bruce mentioned, the selection of different plant material over the years."
In Mohr-Fry Ranches: Jerry and Bruce Fry with St. Amant's Stuart Spencer
St. Amant Winery has been producing Zinfandel from both Marian's Vineyard and Mohr-Fry Block 416 since the 1990s. According to St. Amant winemaker/owner Stuart Spencer: "I am not sure how the lime lenses affect fruit quality and composition, but I'm sure it plays a part in the vineyard's signature. There are more vigorous and weak spots throughout the vineyard. In the weak spots vines clearly produce a lot less fruit, have more exposure (due to less leaf canopy), which ultimately affects vineyard expression in the wines.
"Marian's Vineyard is the anomaly among the eight blocks in Mohr-Fry's home ranch, and not just because it is the oldest. It would appear to be a different clone or selection with more elongated clusters and slightly larger berries on average. Yields typically average around 3 tons/acre, but this year it came in a little over 4 tons/acre (picked just this past week, mid-September 2018). Which is pretty remarkable for a 117-year-old vineyard. The particular block typically shows a bit more concentration and tends to have more spice elements mixed with a blend of red and dark fruits.
Mohr-Fry Ranches' Block 416 in early September 2018
"We've been making wine from Block 416 since 1996 (bottled as St. Amant "Mohr-Fry Ranch"), which to me represents a classic Lodi Old Vine Zinfandel. There are bright red and dark fruits. It tends to have more up-front fruit than Marian's, with an underlying brambly, tea leaf quality. Block 416's yields average slightly higher than Marian's, in the 4-5 ton/acre range; although this year, we've seen as little as 1 ton/acre. In really low-yielding years, a slight heat spike near harvest can send sugars high quickly resulting a bigger more intense style of Zinfandel, highlighted by rich dark fruits and less of the underlying brambly quality."
One of the blocks between Block 416 and Marian's is Mohr-Fry Ranches' Block 417, planted in 1945. Oak Farm Vineyards has recently bottled a Block 417 vineyard-designate wines. Winemaker Chad Joseph tells us: "The clusters from Block 417 are a little more compact and rounded than what you find in Marian's; typically with little wings. I find consistently lighter, perfumed, almost delicate qualities in Zinfandels from this block. It may seem less concentrated, or have less dark fruit qualities than other Lodi Zinfandels; yet they are very elegant, nuanced styles of Zinfandel – often with beautiful raspberry/cherry fruit expressed in these light, smooth styles, with just hints of the earthy qualities you get in west side sandy loam vineyards."
Mike McCay in TruLux Vineyard on Lodi's west side
Finally, Mitch Cosentino – former owner/winemaker of his eponymous Cosentino Winery – has had an even longer history working with Mohr-Fry's Block 417. Recently over the phone, Mr. Cosentino told us: "I've always preferred this particular block for its slightly larger sized berries than the other blocks'. I find that bigger berries give more juicy, jammy 'stuff' than smaller berries. These always seem to be the Zinfandels with the purest black cherry fruit component; always in balance, never flat, and well structured.
"Are there differences in Mohr-Fry Zinfandels, between the 1901, 1944 and 1945 blocks? Put it this way – in tasting Zinfandels, or Primitivos, in Italy and Croatia, where the grapes are supposed to have come from, I have never found a resemblance between the wines from there and wines in California. My personal opinion is that what you find in vineyards in California are mutations of what originally came from Croatia more than 150 years ago.
"So I'm not surprised to find that the different blocks in Mohr-Fry, evidently planted at different times and maybe for different purposes, exhibit different cluster and berry sizes, even though the blocks are just a few feet away from each other. I used to work with another vineyard not far away, on Scottsdale Rd. (less than a quarter-mile east of Mohr-Fry Ranches), which was an inter-planting of vines going back to the early 1900s with vines planted some 50 years later, and you could clearly see the differences in vine, cluster and berry sizes, not to mention taste. There are clear differences in Zinfandel plants from different blocks, and clear differences among Zinfandel plants within the same blocks. Just one more thing that makes Zinfandel a lot more interesting a wine than what many people think!"
Zinfandel a lot more interesting a wine than what many people think!"
Certified Historic Vineyard marker in Mohr-Fry Ranches' Marian's Vineyard
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