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Home naval-today More details emerge about UK's Type 26 frigates
More details emerge about UK's Type 26 frigates
December 27, 2021, by Fatima Bahtić
According to the UK's Ministry of Defence, the Type 26 frigates will be armed with the future cruise/anti-ship weapon (FC/ASW).
Jeremy Quin, Minister of State for the Ministry of Defence, revealed the information in the form of a response to a written Parliamentary question asked by Kevan Jones, MP for North Durham. The service entry of future cruise /anti-ship weapon on the Type 26 Frigate is planned for 2027, according to Quin.
He also commented that the the concept phase has been focused on "conducting in depth operational analysis, technical studies and initial design activity to refine user requirements and better understand the options available to MOD to meet these. The Concept Phase findings forms part of the Programme's Outline Business Case for Ministerial consideration."
The UK and French ministers of defense signed an agreement in 2017 to jointly develop the the Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon program with MBDA. The program's aim is to look at options to replace and improve existing Naval and Air Force weapons systems in the next decade. The new generation of missiles that the two countries hope to field by 2030 will be replacing the existing Harpoon, SCALP and Storm Shadow missiles.
Eight Type 26s will replace Type 23 frigates, alongside a new class of general-purpose light frigates. The first steel was cut on the navy's next-generation frigate in the summer of 2017.
The ships are being designed to protect new Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers from hostile submarines. They will be expected to deal with missions across the full spectrum of Royal Navy operations – complex combat scenarios, counter-piracy, as well as humanitarian and disaster relief.
All warships carry small-calibre such as SA80, general purpose machine gun and 9mm guns for use against both surface and airborne targets. Unlike the majority of the ships weapons systems, these guns are not radar and computer controlled, but aimed and fired by the upper deck gun crews. The weapons range in calibre and complexity.
Royal Navy recently revealed that the first of the eight Type 26 frigates, HMS Glasgow, reached an important construction milestone, while the vessel's bow was launched in April this year at BAE Systems' shipyard on the River Clyde.
Posted: about 1 year ago
Construction of UK's 1st Type 26 frigate reaches key milestone
HMS Glasgow is the first of an initial batch of three ships all named after great UK cities, followed by HMS Cardiff and Belfast. Operating from Devonport Naval Base, the Type 26s will be equipped with bow and towed-array sonars, plus carry a Wildcat or Merlin helicopter, for submarine-hunting missions.
Three new classes of vessels are scheduled to enter the Royal Navy's fleet in 2027 and 2028, including Type 26 frigates.
Three new classes of vessels to join Royal Navy in 2027, 2028
View post tag: Armament
View post tag: Frigate
View post tag: Royal Navy
View post tag: Type 26
Photo: Illustration; Photo by: Royal Navy
Major UK naval projects that marked 2022 (Type 31 frigate milestones included)
BAE Systems snaps £4.2bn deal to build five more Type 26 frigates
Posted: 2 months ago
PHOTO: UK's first Type 26 frigate hits the water for the 1st time
Posted: about 1 month ago
BAE Systems preps for upcoming launch of 1st Type 26 frigate
SEA nets equipment upgrade contract for UK's Type 23 frigates
UK's Type 31 frigate program hits major milestone
List of highlighted news articles
Britain spent billions on new frigates in the last five years
Posted: 1 day ago
Construction kicks off on Royal Navy's 2nd Type 31 frigate
UK's Type 23 frigate conducts 'rare launch' of Sting Ray torpedo
Royal Navy's Type 23 frigate tracks Russian warship in North Sea
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On the day after my arrival, the weekly Mon. critique gave me an opportunity to see what the other AIR's were doing and gave me a chance to introduce my own work. It was clear that CAC had drawn each and every artist because of the uniqueness of the space. Between each artist I could connect a thread of common ideas, philosophies, and sensitivity to detail with poetic use of imagery through different mediums. This introduction made me very eager to see how the rest of the residency and interactions with everyone would unfold.


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Mental images, entrapment and affect in young adults meeting criteria of nonsuicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID) – a daily diary study
Marie Cloos ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1595-49501,
Martina Di Simplicio2,
Florian Hammerle3 &
Regina Steil1
Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation volume 7, Article number: 4 (2020) Cite this article
Incidents of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) are often accompanied by mental images which could be perceived as distressing and/or soothing; yet existing data is derived from participants with a history of NSSI using retrospective methods. This study investigated mental images related to NSSI ("NSSI-images"), and their relationship to the proposed Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Disorder (NSSID).
An e-mail was sent to all female students of the local University providing the link to an online screening and 201 students with a history of repetitive NSSI responded. Nineteen eligible participants meeting criteria of NSSID (mean age = 25; 32% with migrant background) further completed a baseline interview and a ten-day-diary protocol.
Among the sample of N = 201, 83.6% reported NSSI-images. In the subsample of n = 19 diagnosed with NSSID, the frequencies of NSSI and NSSI-images were correlated; about 80% of the most significant NSSI-images were either of NSSI or of an instrument associated with NSSI (i.e., a razorblade). In the diary, 53% of the sample self-injured. NSSI-images were reported on 94% of NSSI-days, and on days with NSSI and NSSI-images, the images almost always occurred first; the images were overall perceived as twice more distressing than comforting. Images on NSSI-days were characterized by more comfort, intrusiveness and compellingness yet less vividness, and increased subsequent positive and negative affect compared to non-NSSI days. NSSI-days were further marked by increased entrapment beliefs and increased negative yet decreased positive affect at night. These results were non-significant.
Due to non-significant results among a small sample size and a low rate of NSSI among the NSSID-group, results remain preliminary.
The study provides information on feasibility and methodological challenges such as intervention effects of the diary. NSSI-images may be common among individuals who engage in NSSI; they may capture ambivalent (positive and negative) appraisals of NSSI and thus play a role in NSSI and possibly a disorder such as NSSID. The preoccupation with NSSI (Criterion C of NSSID in DSM-5) may as well be imagery-based.
The study was retrospectively registered with the DRKS under the number DRKS00011854.
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as "the deliberate, self-inflicted damage of body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially or culturally sanctioned" [1] such as cutting or burning of the skin. NSSI is present among 13.4% of young adults [2] and tends to decline over the life span [3]. The behavior may be associated with serious impairments [4], among them an elevated risk for completed suicide [5].
Nonsuicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID) is listed in the fifth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 [6])Footnote 1 and has not been sufficiently evaluated yet according to some [7]. The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) lists no separate disorder concerning NSSI [8]. Some studies have provided support for the validity of NSSID, e.g., for the positive and negative reinforcement mechanisms (for a review, see [9]) or the proposed minimum of five or more incidents during the past 12 months ([10]; while other data suggests + 10 incidents might be more valid [11]) and the use of the criteria may improve the assessment of the disorder [9]. However, unresolved issues include the delimination from other psychiatric conditions [12], and the controversial debate on, e.g., criterion E regarding distress/ impairment because NSSI can also be appraised as helpful [13] and not necessarily as causing intense distress [14] by people who engage in it (for a review, see [9]).
NSSI can be a symptom of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD [6]), and distinction between both helps validate a potential diagnosis of NSSID [15]. Concurrent BPD diagnoses were found in 51.7% [16] and as little as 20.5% [17] respectively of young adolescents diagnosed with NSSID which rather supports a separate diagnosis [7]. Around half of those who had shown NSSI during adolescence met the diagnosic criteria of BPD in young adulthood and earlier onset of NSSI was a risk factor for a later BPD diagnosis [18].
According to the proposed criteria in the DSM-5, NSSI can be maintained by negative and positive reinforcement mechanisms (for a review, see [9]): NSSI-incidents are preceded by interpersonal problems or negative emotional states and carried out with the expectation to thereby ameliorate such problems (negative reinforcement [6]). The positive reinforcement or appetitive aspects of NSSI are characterized by frequent thoughts about NSSI, strong urges to self-injure, and the expectation that NSSI may bring about positive emotions [6]. Accordingly, a recent study has linked elevated levels of positive emotions in combination with low levels of negative emotions to an increased NSSI frequency [19].
In conclusion, there are high prevalence rates of NSSI in young adults apart from the diagnosis of BPD, and diagnostic features of NSSID remain discussed. There seems to be a need for further research to understand NSSI and its phenomenology, and in particular if this could better inform the definition of NSSID.
The current study attempts to shed light on the proposed characteristics of NSSID as they relate to mental imagery, or images 'in the mind's eye' [20]. Both the negative and the positive aspects of NSSI may be accompanied by mental images as imagery-based thinking can amplify emotional processes [21]. Mental images are memory-based mental events that can involve all five senses although some concepts prioritize the visual quality [22]. They can occur without any current sensory input [23] and can be distinguished from more symbolic ways of thinking such as verbal thoughts [24]. Mental images can be associated with activity in brain-regions that are active during actual perceptions (e.g., [25]) and can thus feel very real (e.g., [26]). Imagination and fantasy can be part of healthy psychological functioning [27] yet psychological disorders are often accompanied by strongly valenced and distressing imagery, e.g., flashbacks in PTSD (e.g., [28]). Mental imagery in psychopathology can be of distressing and negative nature, e.g. after a traumatic experience in PTSD (e.g., [28]) or an actual or feared loss in depression (e.g., [29]), yet has also been perceived as emotionally ambivalent or even positive such as imagery of desired objects at times of craving for substances (e.g., [30]) or imagery of escape after-life scenarios associated with suicidal ideation (e.g., [31]). Mental imagery can contribute to mood swings, e.g. in the bipolar phenotype [32], and to mood lability across disorders [33]. Mental images can also evoke strong motivational responses [30], encapsulating desires and cravings to engage in both adaptive [34] and maladaptive [35] behavior.
In a community survey, 95% of individuals who were prone to dysregulated behaviors including NSSI endorsed negative mental images [26]. Individuals who self-injured have reported to mentally re-experience episodes of self-injury [36], and more than 90% stated that their cognitions prior to acts of NSSI were at least partly imagery-based [37]. These findings suggest that NSSI-related mental images (NSSI-images) may contribute to NSSI and that the frequency of NSSI-images may relate to the frequency of NSSI, yet research on such images is still scarce and to our knowledge mostly derived from either qualitative, or questionnaire-based retrospective studies.
Characteristics of NSSI-images
NSSI-images have been broadly identified as images that are subjectively associated with NSSI, including (but not exclusively) images of actual NSSI. Studies based on retrospective accounts of people with a history of NSSI report that certain characteristics of NSSI-images may be associated with increased or decreased likelihood for subsequent NSSI. Characteristics may refer to content (NSSI-images preceding NSSI-incidents were mostly of the anticipated injury while images during urges that did not result in NSSI were more likely to be of negative impact of NSSI [37]), intrusiveness and distress (while intrusive and distressing NSSI-images could be associated with subsequent acts of NSSI; deliberately evoked images could seemingly serve as a substitute for NSSI; [36]). Imagery distress in general has been related to the intrusiveness of images across psychopathology [24]. Further, NSSI-images that preceded acts of NSSI could be associated with both distressing (self-critical, hopeless) thoughts and comforting thoughts about emotional relief [37]. Thus, NSSI may be reinforced by both distressing and comforting imagery-based cognitions despite their seeming contradiction. Distressing and compelling mental images of own future suicide have been reported by individuals with a history of suicidal ideation and termed 'flashforwards', e.g., 'Standing on a wall of a bridge. Imagining jumping off and drowning.' [38]. These findings may be potentially relevant to NSSI-images too, given similarities between suicidal and self-injurious behavior. The presence of flashforwards may indicate current suicidal ideation, which declined as flashforwards reduced [31]. Flashforwards were typically rich in sensory detail and perceived as particularly compelling and realistic with a high sense of 'nowness' [39] and appraised as positive by at least a third of suicidal individuals [31]. While the perceived comfort of suicidal flashforwards was associated with lower imagery distress in one study [40], Holmes et al. [39] found again highly ambivalent appraisals (both high distress and comfort) in some individuals. Importantly, suicidal images are considered among the factors that facilitate the transition from a motivational to a volitional phase in suicidal behavior [41].
NSSI-imagery in BPD
A recent study reported that suicide-related mental imagery occurs in BPD and is associated with suicidal ideation; in particular, patients with BPD and comorbid PTSD reported significantly more vivid images than patients with major depressive disorder [83]. Moreover, a script-driven imagination of an episode of NSSI has been shown to decrease negative affect [42], and FMRI-data has shown that compared to healthy controls, patients with BPD could have altered activation patterns in the brain during imagination of NSSI that were, e.g., associated with diminished emotion regulation and impulse control [43]. Reductions in BPD-symptoms were reported after imagery-based psychotherapeutic interventions during schema therapy such as imagery rescripting (for a review, see [44]).
Entrapment and negative affect
Flash-forwards in the context of suicidal ideation have also related to perceptions of entrapment [31]. Entrapment or arrested flight occurs when individuals feel defeated and wish to escape their current situation, yet subjectively lack the means to do so [45]. The combination of defeat and entrapment beliefs has been hypothesized as a mechanism explaining suicidal behavior [46]. Entrapment has also been inversely related to self-efficacy [47], which in turn was a protective factor against the emergence of NSSI [48]. However, no study has directly investigated the relationship between entrapment beliefs and NSSI yet.
Finally, another factor that can play a role in NSSI is intense negative affect [49], which has been associated with increased odds for NSSI [19, 50]. Many studies found a decrease of negative affect after NSSI (e.g., [51]), partly in combination with increased negative affect prior to NSSI [52]; yet negative affect may also increase following NSSI [53]. Positive affect tended to decrease before and increase after acts of NSSI [54].
Aims and hypotheses
The first aim of the current study was to assess the rate of NSSI-imagery among young adults who have repetitively engaged in NSSI using an online screening. We define NSSI-images as images that are subjectively associated with NSSI, including (but not exclusively) images of actual NSSI. The second aim was to investigate the relationship between NSSI and NSSI-imagery in participants meeting the proposed DSM-5 diagnosis of NSSID, both retrospectively in an interview and in a daily diary. To assess this, we compared presence and characteristics of NSSI-images, and associated affect and beliefs on days when NSSI was carried out (NSSI-days) and days when NSSI was not carried out. We hypothesized that the frequency of NSSI would be positively associated with the frequency of NSSI-images. In terms of imagery characteristics, affect and beliefs, we hypothesized that NSSI-images would be more comforting and distressing, less controllable, more compelling, and have greater 'nowness' (i.e., the picture or scene in the image would be perceived as happening here and now) on NSSI-days compared to NSSI-images on days without NSSI; levels of entrapment and of negative affect would be higher on NSSI-days than on days without NSSI.
Procedure and sample selection
The study contained three parts: an online-screening, a baseline assessment (including an interview and questionnaires), and an online diary over the course of 10 days. The screening and the diary assessments were programmed online using Unipark (Questback GmbH), a software provider for online surveys. Informed consent was obtained prior to all parts of the study. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the psychological faculty of the Goethe University of Frankfurt. The study was registered at the German Clinical Trials Register under the registry number DRKS00011854.
Prior to data collection, one pilot participant completed all three parts to ensure feasibility. Figure 1 displays the flowchart of participants, and Fig. 2 displays the flow of procedures and the numbers of participants in the parts of the study.
Flowchart of study participants. Displayed are the numbers of participants who were administered into and remained in the study (left side) and the numbers of participants who left the study and the respective reasons for this (right side)
Flow of procedures and final number of participants in the respective parts
Online-Screening Procedure (part I of sampling): All female students of the Goethe University of Frankfurt received an e-mail that provided the link to the online screening and invited them to take part in the study if they had engaged in NSSI five or more times during the previous 12 month-period (A-criterion of NSSID in the DSM-5 [6]). The link was further disseminated via course-specific e-mail listings and Facebook groups. Female participants were chosen to reduce the variance in our sample, as previous research has shown that NSSI can vary significantly by sex (e.g., [55]). Inclusion criteria for the screening were thus the A-criterion of NSSID, self-identification as female and as a student. Participants of the screening could leave a contact address in case they were interested to take part in further parts of the study.
Baseline Assessment (part II of sampling): Inclusion criteria for the baseline assessment were engagement in NSSI at least once during the week before the screening as well as any experience with NSSI-images during the month before the screening.
Daily Diary (part III of sampling): The inclusion criterion for the diary was the diagnosis of NSSID as proposed in the DSM-5. Criterion A is defined as engagement in NSSI on 5 or more days in the past year. Criterion B refers to the expectation that NSSI will solve an interpersonal problem, provide relief from unpleasant thoughts and/or emotions, or induce a positive emotional state. Criterion C concerns the experience of one or more of the following: (a) interpersonal problems or negative thoughts or emotions immediately prior to NSSI, (b) preoccupation with NSSI that is difficult to manage, or (c) frequent thoughts about NSSI. Criterion D describes that the NSSI is not socially sanctioned or restricted to minor self-injurious behaviors. Criterion E includes that NSSI is related to clinically significant distress or interference across different domains of functioning (e.g., work, relationships). Criterion F states that NSSI does not occur only in the context of psychosis, delirium, or substance use/withdrawal and is not better accounted for by another psychiatric disorder or medical condition. Exclusion criteria for the diary were acute suicidal and homicidal risks, schizophrenia and associated disorders, and any substance dependences (according to the German version of the structured clinical interview; SKID I and II [56]).
Participants from the screening were contacted and invited until all n = 19 had completed all parts of the study. We further checked that this number (n = 19) would provide sufficient power to detect a large effect size (d = .81; α = 0.05; 1-β = 0.95 [57]) that we assumed based on a previous report by Weßlau et al. [84].
During the diary protocol, participants were provided daily with a link for the questionnaires. To integrate the diary into the daily routine, participants were instructed to fill in the questionnaire at around the same time every night yet were given time until the next day if an entry had been missed. If participants received any psychopharmacological treatment, they were asked to keep it stable over the course of the study.
A random code was given to the participants at baseline for all online material to grant anonymity. As incentives, three vouchers for an online store of 15€ each were raffled among the participants of the screening; credits for students were given for each part if desired; time for completion of all parts was compensated with 30€.Footnote 2 Participants were provided with the contact address of the first author and were encouraged to reach out should they have questions or need any help. All participants who were seen for the baseline assessment were offered information on their diagnoses and on professional help options.
For the protection of the reported data which includes highly sensitive contents, we did not obtain any personal data via the online screening. At the baseline assessment, it was ensured that participants with a history of suicidal ideation had self-help strategies at hand. The diary assessment took place Sunday through Thursday night over two consecutive weeks so that each entry could be checked for occurrence of severe injuries the next morning on a workday. Participants were contacted in case of severe injuries that required medical attention. Additionally, all participants were called twice during the course of the study to keep track of any difficulties.
The online screening provided a comprehensive description of NSSI and of NSSI-images and asked about any experience with such images. The exact questions are displayed in Table 1. The scale for dysregulated behaviors of the Borderline Symptom List (BSL-95 [58]) was administered. It assesses 11 dysregulated behaviors such as NSSI, bingeing or high-risk behaviors. This add-on scale has not been included in the assessment of the psychometric properties of the broader measure [58], has however, been used in a study by Cloos et al. [26] who have reported an internal consistency of α = .65. The internal consistency of the scale in our sample was α = .61.
Table 1 Questions used in the screening for the assessment of NSSI and NSSI-images
Open-ended questions were used to assess the frequency of NSSI-images during the previous month.
Participants were asked about their age, marital status, ethnicity, and current psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological treatments in an interview.
Clinical diagnoses and risk assessment
All diagnostic instruments were administered to participants by the first author who is a trained psychotherapist; additional measures were administered online.Footnote 3 Both parts of the German version of the structured clinical interview (SKID I and II [56]) were administered to participants. These semistructured interview guides assess any clinical diagnoses of mental disorders in both clinical and research settings [59] based on the DSM-IV [60]Footnote 4. The diagnostic criteria of NSSID (DSM-5) were checked with participants by the first author based on both the participants' statements and the clinician's impression. The risk for suicidal and homicidal behaviors was assessed following routine clinical practice.
NSSI, NSSI- images and attitude towards NSSI
To assess the NSSI frequency, the scale for dysregulated behaviors of the BSL-95 [58] was administered online, and the item that assesses NSSI frequency during the previous week was used. The overall scale had an internal consistency of α = .35.Footnote 5 We developed the Self-harm Images Interview (SHII) by translating, back-translating and adapting the Suicidal Cognitions and Flashforwards Interview [38] to our research questions. After a comprehensive description of the difference between verbal thoughts and mental images, it explains that images can be of actual NSSI or of any other content that relates to NSSI for the participant, that they can be clear or unclear, and include different sensory impressions (hearing, smelling etc.). All following questions pertain to the most significant NSSI-image. Participants are encouraged to identify this image and to answer open-ended questions such as about the frequency of its occurrence and about its content, about their predominant emotion after the experience, any urges to act, action taken, and the meaning that the occurrence of the image has for them. Rating scales ranging from 1 (e.g., 'not at all') to 9 (e.g., 'extremely') are used to quantify important imagery characteristics such as controllability (e.g., 'How controllable was the occurrence of the image?'), compellingness, here-and-now quality, distress or comfort (e.g., 'How distressing/comforting was the image?') and to assess the person's attitude towards NSSI. The question regarding the attitude reads as follows: 'Some people think that in certain situations it is okay for them to self-harm, others don't. Please try for a moment not to think of what others might say but what you think. Is it okay for you to harm yourself?'
Positive and negative affect
In the SHII we have included the German version of the Positive and Negative Affective Schedule (PANAS [61]). The PANAS has been widely used in clinical assessments. It consists of two 10-item-scales for positive and negative affect with acceptable internal consistencies with a Cronbach's α of .71 and .77, respectively [61] in our sample, the internal consistencies were α = .58 and .79, respectively. Participants are asked to rate the extent to which each emotion was experienced on a five-point rating scale ranging from 0 ('very slightly or not at all') to 4 ('very much'). For the study purposes, the timeframe was altered to 'immediately after the image'. The mean of these ten items for positive and for negative affect of the PANAS were used as scores for positive and negative affect after the image respectively in the analyses.
The German adapted version of the Entrapment Scale [62] was administered online. Its 16 items are answered on a 5-point-likert-scale from 0-not at all to 4-extremely. It has an excellent internal consistency (α = .95 [62]); in our sample the internal consistency was α = .88.
We created an online short version of the baseline assessment to be completed daily. This included: the PANAS; a single-item question assessing entrapment ('How much did you feel entrapped in your current situation today? Meaning that you perceived your current situation as unpleasant (e.g., due to own thoughts or feelings, or to outer circumstances) and would have liked to leave it yet felt unable to.') which was answered on a 5-point-likert scale (1-not at all to 5-extremely); a three-item question on NSSI presence (yes/no), method (using a list of methods of a measure for NSSI from the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory [63]) and frequency ('How many times have you harmed yourself today?') as well as a two-item question regarding the time point of NSSI ('At approximately what time did you harm yourself?', 'When in respect to an NSSI-image did you harm yourself?'), the latter being asked only if participants had reported at least one NSSI-image and being answered by single-choice of the following: before an NSSI-image/ after an NSSI-image/ before and after an NSSI-image/ unclear or in no timely relation to an NSSI-image; a two-item question assessing substance use prior to NSSI-image (yes/no) and open-ended specification; a 20-items questionnaire on NSSI-imagery extracted from the SHII and including PANAS affect ratings after experiencing the NSSI-image, distress, compellingness, controllability, nowness, vividness and comfort of images (from 1 = not at all to 9 = extremely), including also the time point ('At approximately what time did the image occur?'). The internal consistencies for the PANAS were calculated considering the nested structure of the items (i.e., the within-person reliability was calculated according to Cranford et al. [64]), and yielded scores of α = .77 and .84 respectively for positive and negative affect after the image, and α = .92 and .89 for daily positive and negative affect, all measured with the PANAS. The last diary additionally asked about potential bias-effects induced by the diary, such as whether participants believed completing the diary changed the frequency of NSSI and/or of images, reasons for such changes and general adherence to the protocol.
Data analyses
To assess the rate of people who had experienced NSSI-imagery among those with a history of repetitive NSSI, we calculated the percentage of those who endorsed NSSI-images among our total online screening sample of N = 201. Further analyses were calculated using the subsample of n = 19 who completed all three parts of the study. To investigate the relationship between NSSI and NSSI-imagery as experienced by individuals meeting the proposed DSM-5 diagnosis of NSSID (subsample of n = 19 completers of both the baseline assessment and the daily diary), first we calculated a Pearson correlation between the frequency of NSSI and the frequency of NSSI-images within the baseline data. Next, we compared the respective time points of NSSI and NSSI-images on the 17 NSSI-days to descriptively report the timely relations of both. If the order was indistinguishable (i.e., both were marked with the same time) we additionally checked the participant's answers regarding the timely relation (NSSI before/after an NSSI-image/both/unclear).
Given that a proportion of participants meeting the criteria for NSSID who completed the interview and daily diary did not engage in NSSI during the observation period, further analyses were carried out using the datasets of the n = 10 participants who have self-harmed during the diary. To investigate the relationship between the imagery characteristics and NSSI by considering the nested structure of the data, we first calculated two mean values for each person regarding the imagery characteristics (comfort, distress, controllability, nowness) of NSSI-images, associated affect and entrapment beliefs per person on the accumulated days with (k = 17) and without NSSI in the diary (k = 172), and then used paired t-tests to compare those means. Considering the nested structure of the data of k = 189 entries obtained by n = 19 participants, we also tested the variability of the items by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC [65]) which indicates the proportion of the between-person variance in the total variance.
Finally, we conducted an exploratory post-hoc analysis of any differences in the presence and characteristics of NSSI-images, associated affect and beliefs between those who engaged in NSSI and those who did not during the diary observation period, by reporting mean values of all variables from the baseline assessment. Since entrapment and comfort had related to NSSI in our diary data, we further explored the association between imagery and entrapment calculating a post-hoc Pearson correlation using the full-length entrapment scale from the baseline assessment.
The 201 completers of the screening self-identified as female university students who had self-injured at least five times over the course of the previous 12-month-period.
Baseline assessment and daily diary
Out of the screening sample of N = 201, n = 32 were seen for a baseline assessment and diagnostic, and a subsample of n = 19 completed all parts (see Fig. 1 for the flow of study participants and Fig. 2 for the flow of procedures). Demographic characteristics of this subsample including information on clinical diagnoses and psychotherapeutic treatment are displayed in Table 2.Footnote 6 One participant reported to receive interventions that directly aimed at mental images or NSSI. All 19 participants completed 10 diary entries except for one who missed the last entry: total diary entries = 189. Entries were delayed to the next morning 13 times (6.87%). Due to the small number of delayed entries, these were included in the total sample.
Table 2 Sociodemographic data, diagnoses, and psychotherapeutic treatment
Due to the interplay of NSSI(−D) and BPD, further descriptive results in this section will be described both for the sample of n = 19 and for the BPD-subgroup of n = 15.
Descriptive data of prevalence of NSSI, NSSI-images and attitude towards NSSI
Of the N = 201 female University students who took part in the screening, 168 (83.6%) reported previous experience of NSSI-related images.
In the baseline assessment, the mean score for NSSI frequency in the scale for dysregulated behaviors of the BSL-95 was .89 times per week (SD = .81; individuals diagnosed with BPD M = 1.10, SD = .80) and the most significant image was reported to have occurred on average 15.32 times during the previous week (SD = 39.10; BPD-subsample M = 15.20, SD = 42.60). Fifteen (78.95%) of our 19 participants rated their most significant NSSI-related image to be of NSSI (78.57% of the BPD-subsample). Those images were most frequently of cutting one's extremities, yet some were more closely related to suicidal imagery, e.g.:
'I see myself as I ( … ) get a large knife with a black blade from steel and I rip, slash, cut open my belly with it. I see the blood flowing and my face that is torn in anger. ( … )'
Participants who described NSSI-images with contents other than NSSI described (one each) their own funeral after suicide, feared or distressing situations, and more abstract imagery (i.e., intense red color) respectively.
Regarding their attitude towards NSSI, participants appraised harming themselves as moderately 'okay' with a mean score of 5.11 (SD = 3.38; BPD-subsample M = 5.13, SD = 3.50).
Ten of the 19 participants (BPD-subsample: 8 of 15 participants) self-injured between one and three times each (thereof two participants each twice on one day), rendering a total number of 19 NSSI-incidents on 17 days. In two cases, medical treatment was necessary and received. All participants experienced NSSI-images during the observation period. Of the 189 diary entries, experiences of NSSI-images were described on 89 and days (47.10%; see Table 3 below). In terms of contents, images in the diary were categorized by participants as follows: 67.42% NSSI, 12.36% an object related to NSSI (i.e., a razorblade), and 20.22% other (including own suicide). No participant described imagery representing negative impact of NSSI.
One participant reported the use of one glass of alcohol prior to her image experience on one of her 10 days (not followed by NSSI).
Prevalence and frequency of NSSI-images
At baseline, our data showed a medium correlation between the frequency of NSSI-images and the frequency of NSSI (r = .36, p = .13).Footnote 7 Table 3 displays the number of incidents of NSSI and of NSSI-images in the diary.Footnote 8 The sensitivity of images was 0.94, whilst the specificity was 0.42.
Table 3 Number (k) of days with NSSI and with NSSI-images present in the diary of our n = 19 participants
Timely relation of NSSI and NSSI-images in the diary
Eight people (80%) of the sample of n = 10 who self-injured reported that images preceded NSSI-incidents in all cases.Footnote 9 More specifically, on 15 of the 17 days with NSSI-incidents (thus, 88.24%), NSSI was carried out after the experience of at least one NSSI-image and on all of those days at least one NSSI-incident occurred within the first two hours after the experience of an image. Table 4 displays examples of two participants' descriptions of their images, emotions and meaning, actions afterwards and the respective times of the day on a day on which they afterwards engaged in NSSI and a day on which they did not engage in NSSI.
Table 4 Examples of two participant's diary entries regarding their most significant NSSI-image on days with (left) and without NSSI (right; one participant per row)
Daily diary-induced bias
Eight participants felt that the frequency of images had been unaltered by completing the diary; four participants felt an increase, and six a decrease in NSSI-images relative to their perceived usual. Regarding NSSI, ten participants felt no difference to their usual; four participants reported they had engaged in more NSSI, and four in less NSSI. Six participants who observed changes associated these directly with the study. Moreover, general effects of the diary were described by 13 participants, such as "positive"/"helped me" (4), "distance"/"reflection"/" thoughtfulness" (6), or "trigger"/"more images" (3).
Characteristics of NSSI-images, affect, and entrapment
The mean ratings of the imagery characteristics at baseline and in the diary as well as the mean scores for positive and negative affect for the day (diary) and after the image (baseline and diary), the entrapment ratings (baseline and diary) are displayed in Table 5.
Table 5 Imagery characteristics, affect ratings, and entrapment at baseline and in the diary
The comfort and compellingness of images were higher on NSSI-days compared to days without NSSI, while the controllability and vividness of images were lower on NSSI-days compared to days without NSSI. Daily negative affect was higher and daily positive affect lower while both positive and negative affect after the image as well as entrapment beliefs were higher on NSSI-days. Instead, there were no differences in the image nowness and distress. Table 6 displays the mean differences, standard deviations, and statistical comparisons between NSSI-days and other days (i.e., mean scores of each variable on the days with, k = 17, and without NSSI, k = 172). Note that all effects are non-significant with the exception of a trend regarding controllability (p < .10) as signified by the symbol †.
Table 6 Mean differences, standard deviation, t-scores (paired), p-values, effect size d and its interpretation between the accumulated days with (17) and without NSSI (172) of our ten participants who have shown NSSI regarding the imagery characteristics, affect, and entrapment beliefs in the diary
Exploratory results
Table 7 displays differences in the presence and characteristics of NSSI-images, associated affect and beliefs at baseline between those who had and those who had not engaged in NSSI during the dairy observation. Additionally, there was a strong and significant positive correlation between the score for entrapment and the comfort associated with the NSSI-image as assessed at baseline (r = .64, p = .00).
Table 7 Group means and differences of participants who did ("NSSI") and did not show NSSI ("noNSSI") regarding the imagery characteristics, affect, entrapment belief and attitude towards NSSI at baseline
First, among our large sample of 201 screening participants, a majority of approximately 84% experienced NSSI-images. This finding is similar to previous online survey data in student samples [37] and confirms the role of NSSI-imagery as a common phenomenon among young people engaging in this behavior.
Second, our study was the first to: 1) assess imagery in a transdiagnostic, clinically quite severe sample with a mean of six diagnoses each including at least one personality disorder (except for two participants); and 2) use a daily diary rather than retrospective measures. In terms of imagery presence, we found that the frequencies of NSSI and NSSI-images were medium correlated at baseline assessment; and that during the observation period of the diary, NSSI-images were always, except for once, present when NSSI was carried out (NSSI-images appeared as highly sensitive yet not very specific indicators of NSSI), and the images were reported to have occurred first (with two exceptions); this supports our first hypothesis on the relationship between images and NSSI and adds that in this sample, images preceded NSSI in almost all cases. The results stress the importance of considering mental images when assessing and treating NSSI. Roughly 80% of NSSI-images were indicated as being of actual NSSI or of an object associated with NSSI (i.e., a razorblade). Contrary to the finding of McEvoy et al. [37], no participant in our study described image(s) of negative outcomes of NSSI. Since the instruction was to describe only the most significant image, if any such images had occurred, they seemed not to have been perceived as most significant, even on days when participants had not engaged in NSSI.
In terms of imagery characteristics, we observed that in the baseline assessment, images were perceived by our participants twice more distressing than comforting and were characterized by a rather low overall controllability. The differences between NSSI-days and other days in the diary pertaining to our hypotheses were all non-significant, and are interpreted based on the effect sizes which were small to large according to Cohen [66]; this decision was based on research that points to the relevance of effect sizes as reliable indicators of differences (e.g., [69]). During the diary observation, on NSSI-days images were perceived as particularly comforting yet also particularly intrusive and compelling. This variety of appraisals of imagery extends the notion that while some imagery characteristics such as intrusiveness appear to be transdiagnostically associated with symptom severity [24], other characteristics may tend to vary by psychopathology such as, e.g., compellingness in Bipolar Disorder [70], or the perspective of images in Social Phobia (e.g., [71]). Our findings only partly confirmed our hypotheses around imagery characteristics (note that vividness was rated lesser on NSSI-days in our data), possibly also due to the diversity and complexity of underlying psychopathology in our sample. As NSSI is a transdiagnostic phenomenon, future studies may investigate whether NSSI-images differ depending on the presence and nature of comorbid conditions.
Imagery comfort had been previously related to the severity of suicidality [72], and although NSSI-images were generally perceived as quite distressing, only high imagery comfort marked NSSI-days within our data. It is possible that a shift occurs from distress to comfort in the appraisal of NSSI-images (perhaps in relation to entrapment, see below) marking greater volitional impact of the images towards engaging in the behavior. The comfort associated with NSSI-images may represent positive (soothing) appraisals of NSSI that can maintain a disorder such as NSSID [6]. Previous findings of imagery distress being negatively associated with the severity of suicidality [72] could thus not be replicated with regards to NSSI within our data.
Entrapment beliefs were increased on NSSI-days compared to days without NSSI which confirms that entrapment may be relevant in NSSI as well as in suicidality (e.g., [31]). Entrapment beliefs should be a focus in the treatment of individuals who wish to reduce NSSI. As self-efficacy with respect to more adaptive coping mechanisms could help prevent engagement in NSSI [48], enhancing self-efficacy in those with high levels of entrapment could represent an important treatment target.
Finally, the reported increase in both positive and negative affect after the NSSI-image may indicate that NSSI-images can be quite ambivalently valanced experiences, e.g., mirroring expectations of an emotional relief [37] and wishes to refrain from the behavior as verbalized by many of our participants. However, on NSSI-days compared to days without NSSI, negative affect was increased, and positive affect was decreased at night which may indicate that mood dropped following an incident of NSSI. An increase of negative emotionality in the aftermath of NSSI has previously been reported by Houben et al. [53] when administering ESM (Experience Sampling Method) to a sample of patients with borderline personality disorder. These findings may suggest that although NSSI is often carried out with the expectation of an emotional relief (e.g., [6, 37]), this relief may be short-lived. More research into the course of emotionality in NSSI and the role of imagery using ESM is necessary to further our understanding of NSSI.
Our exploratory post-hoc analyses support the findings mentioned above, albeit tentative. Participants who have shown NSSI displayed a more positive attitude of finding it 'ok to self-harm', less negative affect after the image, and more comforting appraisals of the image. Entrapment beliefs were also higher in this group and overall entrapment beliefs appeared to correlate strongly with the image comfort. If replicated in a larger sample, this may indicate that situations of blocked escape facilitate the use of self-damaging behaviors such as NSSI, and the relief from entrapment is encapsulated in comforting imagery, similar to what was previously reported for suicidal imagery [31].
Our first limitation is the sample size of the NSSID group, such that the comparisons between those who did and did not engage in NSSI over the diary observation period remain preliminary, exploratory and descriptive. Further, the rate of NSSI in the two-week observation period was quite low with little more than 50% in a sample that had been selected based on their regularity of NSSI. One can easily assume a study intervention effect as 53% of participants reported they had observed deviations from a regular period and as self-monitoring has been found effective in modulating behavior (e.g., [73]). To address the issue of a potential study intervention effect, a more anonymous setting could be beneficial such as changing the order of the diary and the interview and diagnostic session (this could result in a less economical way of data collection as people may have to be excluded after participation if they meet exclusion criteria), or by the employment of more research assistants, as all parts of the study were conducted by the same researcher and the participants may have bonded with her. The study might be conducted online without any previous contact to the researchers which would, however, result in a reduced external validity due to lack of clinical diagnoses, and in less secure ways of data collection, and possibly higher abortion rates. We conclude that more satisfactory changes to methodology are still needed.
In terms of statistics, conducting multilevel modelling would have been desirable. However, since only some participants engaged in NSSI in an already small sample, most data points would not have been in the analysis and the sample size requirements for this method were thus violated. In addition, we found mostly small to medium effects; both the small sample size/low rate of NSSI and the smaller-than-expected effect size reduced the power and caused deviations from our a priori power calculation. The reported results from the group comparisons remained nonsignificant. Similarly, Ammerman et al. [74] reported that when administering ESM to a sample of N = 51 patients with BPD over the course of 1 week, only 26% of the sample self-injured. Associated with the low rate of NSSI during the observation period, another limitation is the large difference in the number of days with (k = 17) and without NSSI (k = 172).
Moreover, our assessment of the frequency of NSSI during the diary could be imprecise as our participants who have reported an NSSI-incident during the diary may have referred to a session with one cut/burn etc. or a session with several cuts/burns/ etc.
The generalizability of our findings is further limited as we report data from a specific sample of female university students, and we specifically selected for NSSID so that some features may not translate to NSSI outside NSSID. The exclusion of male participants is a limitation because, although research suggests NSSI can vary significantly by sex (e.g., [55]), recent evidence found similar NSSI characteristics in both sexes in a community sample [75]. Moreover, effects may also partly pertain to the symptoms of other mental disorders as almost all participants had at least a history of depressive disorders, and as 79% were diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD).
Although our imagery assessment can be said to meet the gold standard in this field of research [24], no statement can be made about the validity of the mental imagery questionnaire beyond face validity. The same is true for the entrapment rating in the diary which was assessed using a single question for ecological reasons. Although single-item assessments are common in ESM studies [76], they also hamper the reliability of the findings. As the NSSID-diagnosis is still preliminary [6], a possible future alteration of the NSSID-criteria may retroactively affect the validity of our findings. The reliability of the DBS scale was with α = .35 unacceptably low [77]. Please note, however, that for our analyses, only the item on NSSI-frequency has been used, and that the low alpha coefficient may be due to the nature of the scale, i.e., a checklist of behaviors, rather than to a low reliability (e.g., [78]).
If replicated in larger samples, our data support the notion that imagery can be an important element in the processes that drive maladaptive behavior [35], especially when perceived as intrusive and in personal situations marked by entrapment and negative affect. Engaging in NSSI even on the cognitive level could increase the future probability to act upon it [79], and simulating an action can make it more likely to engage in the action [80]. However, the imagination of a desired outcome such as a calm and relieved emotional state could also lead to a declined motivation to act on an urge including NSSI, which has been shown for adaptive goal-directed behaviours [81]. An NSSI-image that is purposefully evoked (rather than intrusive) could at least in the short run serve as a substitute for carrying out NSSI yet still contribute to the maintenance of the behavior in a longer time span. NSSI assessments in clinical practice should include imagery and idiosyncratic formulation of its role for each individual patient.
If our data are replicated in a larger sample, several implications may be drawn for the treatment of NSSI and NSSI-images. Grounded in mindfulness and acceptance, practitioners could proactively address the high ambivalence or even positive appraisals around NSSI and NSSI-images. They could help patients change the outcome of NSSI-images as suggested by Holmes and colleagues regarding suicidal imagery [39] or use meta-cognitive techniques that increase the sense of control over the image [82]. The entrapment beliefs could be analyzed, and help provided for people to regain a sense of control and self-efficacy. Future studies should aim to fully understand the complex interactions between imagery characteristics, beliefs and affect that may or may not facilitate NSSI, for example via closer observation intervals administered to participants several times per day, for longer observation periods and including direct imagery / affect manipulations. Finally, as our data is only correlational, multilevel modeling and regression analyses would also be desirable on larger samples (with desirably more similar numbers of days with and without NSSI) to draw more precise conclusions on the causal nature of imagery and derive more specific intervention methods from the data.
Data from our sample of N = 201 students who reported repetitive engagement in NSSI confirm that NSSI-images may be a common phenomenon in this population. The interview and diary data (n = 19) further preliminarily indicate NSSI-images may capture ambivalent (positive and negative) appraisals of NSSI; positive (soothing) appraisals and emotions around NSSI-images appeared more salient to people when NSSI was carried out. NSSI-images were a sensitive correlate of NSSI and usually preceded NSSI in time; they should thus be a focus in the psychotherapeutic treatment of people who seek help in reducing this behavior or can even be diagnosed with a disorder such as NSSID. The study provides information on feasibility and methodological challenges such as intervention effects of the diary. More research using larger samples and hierarchical modeling is needed to confirm the results.
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
For the diagnostic criteria of NSSID see section Procedure and sample selection.
All compensations and incentives were funded internally.
No interrater reliability can be established since all diagnostic measures were applied by the first author.
These are currently the only in German available interviews based on the DSM.
Please note that the scale is not used for further analyses in this study.
For data safety regarding a quite sensitive topic and to facilitate participation of a large sample, we did not assess any personal data online and can thus make no statements about demographics of this sample.
Interpretations of correlations and effect sizes according to Cohen [66].
Please note that two participants reported two NSSI-incidents on 1 day each.
One person said images had preceded NSSI in one of two cases and one person reported not to remember the time of the image.
BPD:
BSL-95:
Borderline Symptom List, 95-item-version
DSM:
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
ESM:
Experience Sampling Method
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
ICD:
International Classification of Disorders
MDE:
Major Depressive Episode
NSSI:
Nonsuicidal self-injury
NSSID:
Nonsuicidal self-injury disorder
PANAS:
Positive and Negative Affective Schedule
SHII:
Self-Harm Images Interview
SKID:
Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV
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Crane C, Shah D, Barnhofer T, Holmes EA. Suicidal imagery in a previously depressed community sample. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2012;19(1):57–69.
Burke LE, Wang J, Sevick MA. Self-monitoring in weight loss: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(1):92–102.
Ammerman BA, Olino TM, Coccaro EF, McCloskey MS. Predicting nonsuicidal self-injury in borderline personality disorder using ecological momentary assessment. Journal of personality disorders. 2017;31(6):844–55.
Victor SE, Muehlenkamp JJ, Hayes NA, Lengel GJ, Styer DM, Washburn JJ. Characterizing gender differences in nonsuicidal self-injury: evidence from a large clinical sample of adolescents and adults. Compr Psychiatry. 2018;82:53–60.
Bennik EC, Nederhof E, Ormel J, Oldehinkel AJ. Anhedonia and depressed mood in adolescence: course, stability, and reciprocal relation in the TRAILS study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;23(7):579–86.
George D, Mallery M. Using SPSS for windows step by step: a simple guide and reference; 2003.
Streiner DL. Being inconsistent about consistency: when coefficient alpha does and doesn't matter. J Pers Assess. 2003;80(3):217–22.
Selby EA, Anestis MD, Joiner TE. Daydreaming about death violent daydreaming as a form of emotion dysregulation in suicidality. Behav Modif. 2007;31(6):867–79.
Libby LK, Shaeffer EM, Eibach RP, Slemmer JA. Picture yourself at the polls visual perspective in mental imagery affects self-perception and behavior. Psychol Sci. 2007;18(3):199–203.
Kappes HB, Oettingen G. Positive fantasies about idealized futures sap energy. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2011;47(4):719–29.
Hales SA, Di Simplicio M, Iyadurai L, Blackwell SE, Young K, Fairburn CG, et al. Imagery-focused cognitive therapy (ImCT) for mood instability and anxiety in a small sample of patients with bipolar disorder: a pilot clinical audit. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2018;46(6):706–25.
Schultebraucks K, Duesenberg M, Simplicio MD, Holmes EA, Roepke S. Suicidal imagery in borderline personality disorder and major depressive disorder. J Pers Disord. e-View Ahead of Print; 2019:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2019_33_406. Accessed 20 Nov 2019.
Weßlau C, Cloos M, Höfling V, Steil R. Visual mental imagery and symptoms of depression–results from a large-scale web-based study. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(1):308.
We thank Dr. Judith Dirk for her help in carrying out the statistical analyses and for her assistance in drafting the manuscript, and we thank Dr. Samantha Richtberg and Simon McCarthy-Jones, Ph.D. for their help in the translating processes.
There was no funding.
Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt Main, Germany
Marie Cloos & Regina Steil
Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
Martina Di Simplicio
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
Florian Hammerle
Marie Cloos
Regina Steil
RS, MD and MC planned the study. MC was responsible for the data collection and all communications with the participants; MD, RS, and FH supported her during the assessment phase. RS was additionally responsible in case of emergency calls. Results were calculated and interpreted by MC with the help of JD (who is mentioned in the acknowledgements), FH, and MD. MC drafted the first version of the manuscript, and received first feedback from JD. RS, MD and FH then gave considerable input for the refinement of the manuscript. MD additionally reworked the manuscript regarding the English language. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Marie Cloos.
Informed consent was obtained prior to all parts of the study. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the psychological faculty of the Goethe University of Frankfurt. The authors have no competing interests to declare.
Cloos, M., Di Simplicio, M., Hammerle, F. et al. Mental images, entrapment and affect in young adults meeting criteria of nonsuicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID) – a daily diary study. bord personal disord emot dysregul 7, 4 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-019-0117-0
NSSI
NSSID
Mental images
NSSI-images

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The Summer Ceramics Series includes three parts that allows you to customize your interests.
Saturday, June 24, 2023 10am - 4pm
Part 1: Hand-building $100 for members / $125 for non-members
Create a strong foundation in hand-building techniques needed to create sculptural and utilitarian forms.
Saturday, July 1, 2023 10am - 4pm
Part 2: Throwing on a Wheel $100 for members / $125 for non-members
Focus will be on the techniques and skills needed to successfully throw a vessel on a pottery wheel, and developing your own muscle configurations.
*Works created during Parts 1 and 2 will be fired and ready for Part 3 on March 18.
Saturday, July 22, 2023 10am - 2pm
Part 3: Glazing Your Ceramics $25 for members / $40 for non-members
Bring your works to life with rich, colorful glazing techniques including some specialty glazes.
All classes will be held in the ceramics lab, on the first floor in Mulder Hall at LSUA. Watch your email for additional information and directions prior to class day.
All supplies and firing are included.
Participants must be 21 to attend this class.
Please bring a lunch or you can pick up something during the break.
AMoA Member - Part 1: Hand-Building Saturday, February 11, 10am-4pm
AMoA Non-Member - Part 1: Hand-Building Saturday, February 11 10am-4pm
AMoA Member - Part 2: Throwing on a Wheel Saturday, February 18 10am - 4pm
AMoA Non-Member - Part 2: Throwing on a Wheel Saturday, February 18 10am-4pm
AMoA Member - Part 3: Glazing Your Ceramics Saturday, March 18, 2023 10am - 2pm
AMoA Non-Member - Part 3: Glazing Your Ceramics Saturday, March 18, 2023 10am - 2pm
Future Commitment: $0.00
Payer Information


text:
New Fury Media
Music. Film. Media.
Let's Talk Wrestling
Behind The Fury
Behind the Fury: Tim Morris (Founder of Rise Above the Anchor)
NewFuryMedia August 5, 2013 9 min read
Welcome to the very first edition of Behind the Anchor, the new segment where Rise Above the Anchor writers interview one another to find out more about each other! This week, I interviewed Tim Morris, founder of Rise Above the Anchor, for the scoop on some very cool updates, the music he loves, and what the future holds for Rise Above the Anchor!
The Interview:
Where exactly did you get the idea to start Rise Above the Anchor?
Well, Tonie (co founder) and I have been doing music-based webzines for a few years now. We made a lot of progress with our first, Im A Stain Zine. We continued to improve with Introduce Yourself Zine, which was also co-ran with our good friend Bradley Dillon. We reached so many people and accomplished things that I thought were never possible. But, the time came where we wanted to hit a different approach, so most of the IYZ staff went separate ways. At first I was going to lay my zine days to rest, but decided to do something laid back with the strongest staff I could form. The main goal was and is to take my wide knowledge of PR and how to run a site to create a multi genre site that focuses on covering the underdog (unsigned bands and small indie labels) and still cover the bigger bands as well (but not the main focus).
How does RATA differ from IAS and IYZ?
RATA is much more professional and focused on the underdog. The site itself is 200 percent a step forward, all the way from the layout to the structure. I feel we also have the best staff that really give life to what is now RATA. I am so grateful for all of them. Lastly, we simply try to do it differently and strive for exclusives.
So your main goal with the construction of RATA was to create a community that really focused on supporting the unsigned and unknown musicians?
Yes, that and small labels. Make it the main focus, but still cover some bigger bands as well.
RATA has already had quite a bit of success with a large readership; what are your goals for the site both in the near future, and then even further down the line?
We have an app in the works, which will give you direct updates. It will be available on the Play store and ITunes/App store within the next month or so. I plan to make it free as well! Also we will have T-shirts for sale at cheap prices. The only purpose is to make just enough money to cover reprinting so we can continue to promote the site through shirts.
I would like for RATA to be a household name for online music resources all over the world. We are progressing at a fast pace. I have a lot of ideas and concepts of different ways to promote the site that you will see in the future. Some are secret for now. One day I would like to see RATA have an off branch label and PR firm.
You just organized a compilation for download- how did you go about getting it started, and will there be another in the future?
I did compilations before with the previous sites and so has our Assistant Editor, Trevor Ronde. I knew I wanted to do one before the site even launched on 5/10/13, so I talked to Trevor and he got over half the songs for the comp. I really have to give him a lot of credit; he has done so much and has so much passion for what we are doing at RATA. Lastly, Sergio, one of the best graphic guys I know, designed the album art. He actually designed a lot of the graphics on the site. There will be a Volume 2 closer to the fall.
What are some of the things you've learned throughout your time with various zines and sites that you believe will take RATA to new levels?
I have learned a lot and made a lot of great relationships with people in the music business. I feel I am insane at promotion, be it a show, a site or whatever. I really learned the do's and don'ts the hard way and have a lot of experience under my belt now. Always support those who support you, always live up to your word, and don't make promises you can not keep.
Do you believe that those values are what have allowed RATA to grow so quickly and attract so many amazing bands?
That and our staff. I chose very wisely. I really wanted a team that had their whole heart in this for the same reason and love of music. I seriously couldn't be any happier with such devotion, professionalism, and abilities that all of our staff have. We are a family at RATA!
Indeed we are, Tim! Let's go back for a few moments to the very start of your experience with music zines and websites. What made you originally want to run one? Had you had any experience writing for one before?
Well technically in 2005 I had a site for my solo project where I would post my music. On that site I started a section called Underground Music Articles where I posted interviews and reviews with local bands. In 2008, I met Nick Zimmer, who was running Tripod Of Thought zine. He taught me a lot, which got me started into journalism. It got to the point where I thought, "I want to do this. I want to make a difference."
Have you reached the goals you set when you first started out writing? Have they evolved since then?
I have beyond reached my goals. I have made life lasting memories and friends I have never thought I would. I feel I have helped so many bands and gained a lot of respect. It's my passion and my only goal is to continue to help bands and get music out there till the day I die. Some songs save lives and heal pain. If it wasn't for a lot of bands, I don't know what I have would have done sometimes when the stress became too much, hence the name Rise Above the Anchor. Rise above what holds you down. Always have faith and keep pushing forward, never lose hope. The name was inspired by lyrics from Evergreen Terrace and The Wonder Years.
Would you be interested in ever expanding to a podcast or another form of media that is not print, in addition to the site and Facebook page?
Actually, I have a radio show in the works. There will be more details to come on that. I did do one before for IYZ on www.sickworldradio.com. My dad was a radio DJ and use to let me go in the studio all the time and even run some shows from 11 PM to 12 AM. He died when I was 17. He still inspires me everyday. Also I have always had a fond love for radio because of my father.
I'm sorry to hear that. Now RATA has bands coming to us for interviews and reviews, but what did you do to find bands when you started out?
Honestly, in the very beginning I hit up bands I knew, searched FB pages, googled genres, contacted PR agencies. I quickly made a lot of contacts and continue to every day. This all started in the IASZ days.
You're planning a huge festival soon! Tell me about that!
Not much I can share except that it will be in late April and have multiple stages. There will be an unsigned stage and a main stage. There is a contest on the RATA FB to co-headline and headline the unsigned stage for unsigned bands. The fest is called Rise Above and will be held yearly. There are a couple of bands announced (Kill Billy Jack, Omissions, The Rival Within) and more to come closer to winter. I do have some awesome things in the works that I'm stoked on, but cannot share yet. My goal is to make this a huge, and I mean huge show. The goal is for minimum 500 people.
What, in your opinion, makes RATA different than other sites? Why should people read our site?
I don't see a lot of sites that focus on the underdog and multiple genres. We try to study what other sites do and do exclusives and editorials that impact the reader that no one else is doing. Hence what we are doing right now, the first of our new segment, Behind the Anchor.
For those that might be unsure, what will Behind the Anchor contain?
It will be a segment where you will get to know all of our writers and staff. A lot of them are involved in music in many ways and it gives you a better feel of who we are at RATA. It will also be linked under each staff member on the staff page.
So is one of RATA's goals to make the site feel more personal?
Yes, of course. We truly care about all the bands we cover and our readers. We want them to know what we are about personally, so they can better understand us here at RATA. We are all about unity. On our site you can make your own log on and profile and interact and comment on every post.
So would you say RATA is a community where the editors and staff have a relationship with the readers?
Yes, very much so, and I think our readers would agree.
So reader input is always very welcome?
Always, feedback is always welcomed. We are open ears because it can only make us stronger. Without our readers we are really only a journal.
If you had to describe the site in 3 words, what would they be?
Underdog music community.
What styles of music are covered on RATA?
Any and all are covered on RATA. I personally have a fond love for country. I grew up on it. We will be implementing it more soon. Not to mention we have interviews with some hip-hop/urban artists coming up this week!
Where are you based out of, and who are some of the coolest local bands tearing it up in your area?
I'm out of Tampa, FL and there are so many great bands here. Hollow Fox, An Honest Year, Holly Maddux (Last show this month), Reveal Renew, From The Embrace, Arm The World, Hype, The Scurvy, He The Creator, Stealing Spines, Decisions, A(k)new… seriously, the list can go on and on. South FL has so much too: Nebraska Bricks, Us, Ghosts, Kill Billy Jack, Fero Lux and Omissions.
So what are your personal preferences for music, then? That seems like a very extensive list!
It really depends on my mood. But, I would say in genre order from most to least: Alternative, Hardcore, Pop Punk, Country and, believe it or not, lastly Metal. Those are all genres I listen too on a daily basis. Top 3 bands would be Nirvana, Evergreen Terrace and The Wonder Years
What is the best band you have ever seen in concert?
I have seen a lot of bands live and I mean a lot. I would have to say when I saw The Wonder Years for my first time at a tiny venue in Tampa, FL called Transitions in July 2010.
To you, what is the most important thing a band/musician can do when performing live to enhance the performance and make it truly memorable?
Stage presence and interaction with the crowd. My favorite part of a show is when a vocalist or even any member jumps into the crowd. It makes the show a lasting memory.
What was the first concert you ever saw? How have your musical tastes evolved since then?
The first concert I can remember was in 1992. My dad worked for Country 102.3 in Charlottesville, VA at the time. It was the yearly festival for the radio station. In 1992 Aaron Tippin headlined and became one of my favorite musicians as a child. I think that's the point I fell in love with shows in general. My taste has obviously evolved a lot, but as I have stated before country will always have a place in my heart.
Thanks a lot for talking to me, Tim! If our readers are half as excited for the new things coming to Rise Above the Anchor as I am, then we are all in for a treat!
I have a few more things up my sleeves, so stay posted!
Tags: Tim Morris
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text:
OUR INVESTMENT STRATEGY
MILESTONE CAPITAL CORPORATION
MILESTONE HOTEL PARTNERS
MILESTONE HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
MILESTONE DEVELOPMENT GROUP
ASSET PORTFOLIO
HOMEWOOD SUITES BY HILTON® AND HAMPTON INN® OPEN UNIQUE JOINT HOTEL
IN SILVER SPRING, MARYLAND
MEMPHIS, Tenn., January 9, 2009 – Homewood Suites by Hilton®, the international brand of all-suite, residential-style hotels, and Hampton® Hotels, the international brand of more than 1,600 mid-priced Hampton Inn® and Hampton Inn & Suites® hotels, today announced the landmark opening of their first dual-branded development. Located in Silver Spring, Maryland, the 13-story hotel boasts 149 Hampton rooms on the lower eight floors and 90 Homewood studio suites on the top five floors. The hotel is owned by Milestone Capital Corporation and managed by Milestone Hospitality Management.
"The Hilton Family of Hotels recognized a need in both the upscale extended-stay and mid-priced hotel segments in the busy Washington D.C. metro area," said Phil Cordell, Senior Vice President Hampton brand management and global head of focused service brands for Hilton Hotels Corporation. "The Homewood and Hampton brands offer guests high-quality services and amenities at a value-conscious price point. We're thrilled to introduce this project in such a high-profile market."
Located at 8728 Colesville Road, the hotel splits its lobby between the brands, offering two separate check-in desks and lodging/dining areas – each catering to the needs of their respective customers. Communal areas include the meeting rooms, business center, pool, and workout room. An interactive media presentation is displayed on a 42" flat screen television in the lobby, which describes the layout of the hotel for guest education.
Homewood Suites guests enjoy a daily complimentary Suite Start® hot breakfast in the hotel's hospitality center—the "Lodge"—an evening reception featuring a complimentary light meal and beverages Monday- Thursday evenings, an executive business center, and a 24-hour on-site pantry.
Hampton Hotels offers guests complimentary On the House® hot breakfast seven days a week and a 24- hour hot tea and coffee station. All guest rooms feature amenities such as complimentary high-speed internet access, free in-room movie channel, and Hampton's signature cloud nine bed – the ultimate bed experience.
Built in 1969, the hotel is a conversion from a previous office building structure that housed Computer Science Corporation through the 1970's. Vacant throughout the 1990's, the building was renovated and recently won the 2008 Architectural Conversion Award. The city of Silver Spring has undergone redevelopment within the past 15 years and has made great strides by revitalizing the warmth and character of the city, making it the second most popular destination in Maryland. Major nearby corporations include the world headquarters of Discovery Communications and the American Film Institute. Attractions close to the hotel include the Smithsonian Museum, Union Station, and the various exciting amenities of our nation's Capitol city including Georgetown, the many historic monuments, Mount Vernon, and the Three Houses of Government.
Launched in 1989, the Homewood Suites by Hilton brand today has more than 250 hotels open with approximately 140 in the development pipeline. Beyond its spacious suites and home-like amenities, Homewood Suites guests can find at each hotel an on-site Suite Shop® convenience store, exercise facility and guest laundry at most locations. Additional guest services at Homewood Suites by Hilton hotels include a complimentary grocery shopping service* and a complete business center at most locations. To make reservations at a Homewood Suites by Hilton hotel, travelers can visit the Homewood Suites Web site at Homewoodsuites.com or call 1-800-CALL-HOME.
The Hampton Hotels brand, which includes Hampton Inn®, Hampton Inn & Suites®, and Hampton by Hilton®, currently has more than 1,600 hotels in the United States, Canada, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Mexico. In addition to many complimentary amenities, guests can rest assured that their stay is backed by Hampton's 100% Satisfaction Guarantee. Reservations for Hampton Hotels can be made using the Hampton Hotels Web site at Hampton.com.
Homewood Suites by Hilton and Hampton Hotels participate in Hilton HHonors®, the only hotel rewards program that offers Points & Miles® and No Blackout Dates. Hilton HHonors® members can Double Dip® to earn both hotel points and airline miles for the same stay with any of more than 50 airline partners and at more than 3,000 Hilton Family hotels worldwide. And with No Blackout Dates, as long as a standard room is available, members can confirm that room using their HHonors points.
Lea Ann Kish, Chief Operating Officer of Milestone Hospitality, said, "The Hampton and Homewood Suites property is unique to the Washington DC/Silver Spring market and will offer both business and leisure travelers with flexible guest accommodations from one to two bedroom suites with full kitchens. With our diverse guest room offerings, indoor pool with artistic skylight feature, exercise room, business center, and thoughtfully designed live/work public spaces, we will be able to exceed the needs of our guests under one roof."
Ms. Kish further advised that Joseph Lumpp, longtime Assistant General Manager of the Hilton Washington DC/Silver Spring Hotel, will serve as the area General Manager for the Hampton and Homewood Suites.
In addition to the Hampton and Homewood Suites in Washington DC/Silver Spring, MD, Milestone owns and operates the Lancaster Host Resort & Conference Center (Lancaster, PA); the Sturbridge Host Hotel & Conference Center (Sturbridge, MA); the Chateau Resort & Conference Center (Tannersville, PA); the Hilton Washington DC/Silver Spring Hotel (Silver Spring, MD); the Doubletree Hotel (Greensboro, NC); the Holiday Inn Harrisburg East (Harrisburg, PA); the Holiday Inn Harrisburg-Hershey (Grantville, PA); the Best Western Inn Hershey (Hershey, PA); the Best Western Gateway Adirondack Inn (Utica, NY); the Holiday Inn Utica (New Hartford, NY; the Holiday Inn Deland (Deland, FL); and two Days Inn properties in Frankfort and Fort Wright, Kentucky .
Hilton Hotels Corporation is the leading global hospitality company, with more than 3,000 hotels and 500,000 rooms in 74 countries and territories, with more than 135,000 team members worldwide. The company owns, manages or franchises some of the best known and highly regarded brands, including Hilton, Conrad Hotels & Resorts, Doubletree, Embassy Suites Hotels, Hampton Inn, Hampton Inn & Suites, Hilton Garden Inn, Hilton Grand Vacations, Homewood Suites by Hilton and The Waldorf=Astoria CollectionTM.
*Guest pays for groceries. Other restrictions apply.
Hilton HHonors®, Double Dip® and Double Dipping® are trademarks owned by Hilton HHonors Worldwide, LLC.	Airline miles accrued and awards issued are subject to the terms and conditions of each participating airline's reward program, as applicable. Hilton HHonors membership, earning of Points & Miles®, and redemption of points are subject to HHonors Terms and Conditions.
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2014 © Milestone Hospitality Management All Rights Reserved.


Have you just recently walked into your basement just to discover that it has been flooded? If you are searching for a trusted business to help you clean up this mess, you have come to the right place. Fire Water and Storm Pros of Novi have comprehensive knowledge in this field, and could help fix and restore your basement after a flood. We have cutting-edge equipment to help with the drying and elimination of water, along with licensed technicians who have been doing these procedures for years. We hire only the very best of the best, to make sure that you are getting quality service on your residence. When dealing with water, it is always of utmost value to call the specialists as quickly as possible. This is because when you leave standing water in residence, there is more time for damage and even the development of mold. These various other issues could be avoided if you react in a timely way. Our professionals will be out to your place within the hour of your call to assess your home, then established a restoration strategy with you. We understand that water damages can occur at any time, day or night. This is why we are readily available 24/7, and 365 days a year. If you are looking for highly trained experts to do the task, Fire Water and Storm Pros of Novi is your best option.
When dealing with water damages in your basement, some might recommend leasing equipment and doing this by yourself. This isn't really the very best option. When handling water damage, there are other damages that might go unseen to the untrained eye. This might be anything from electrical problems, to underlying damages in the structure products of your home. We have over 30 years of experience handling the removal and mitigation of water from basements. We use our rapid drying devices to quickly get rid of the water from your home, then send out our sanitation and deodorization equipment to obtain rid of any odors that may have been left behind. If there was any mold damages that has been sustained, we can take care of that too. If you require services done on your domestic home, or your large industrial structure, we can and will undertake both. No job is too big, or too little for Fire Water and Storm Pros of Novi.


The Nortel 1110 IP Phone is a single-line, standard level, desktop IP Phone. It encompasses the sleek, cutting edge ergonomic design of the IP Phone 1100 Series and offers a high resolution back-lit display along with eight fixed keys and four context-sensitive soft label keys.
Context-sensitive Keys - 4 context sensitive soft label keys.
Screen - 143 x 32, high resolution backlit display.
Adjustable - a tilt-stand ensures the best position for the user.
Navigation Cluster - 4 way with new Enter/Send key maximising user choice and flexibility in navigation.
Ethernet - IEEE Class 2 Device and supports the 802.3af Power over Ethernet standard.
Firmware and SIP - supports firmware downloads and is Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) ready.
Indicator Lamps - for ringing/voice message waiting.
Cables - category 5e (CAT5e) cables of 2m length included.
Power - requires external power (either PSU or line power unit).
Mount - desktop or wall mounted.
Colour - graphite with a silver metallic bezel.
Please note the feature availability depends on the system, i.e. BCM or Meridian/Succession.


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Canoe River (engl. für "Kanu-Fluss") ist der Name folgender Flüsse:

 Canoe River (Columbia River), Nebenfluss des Columbia River in British Columbia, Kanada
 Canoe River (Lac Île-à-la-Crosse), Zufluss des Lac Île-à-la-Crosse in Saskatchewan, Kanada
 Canoe River (Winnecunnet Pond), Zufluss des Taunton River in Massachusetts, Vereinigte Staaten

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