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text:
Q: Python Class and Attribute Error Please look at the code below and the Attribute error I get. Thanks for your help.
This is the error I get.
Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "ClassError.py", line 45, in <module>
    if __name__ == '__main__':Main()
File "ClassError.py", line 43, in Main
    printTest(i)
File "ClassError.py", line 38, in printTest
    print f.FirstName
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'FirstName'

CODE
class CompKeyData():
    def __init__(self,
        FirstName,\
        MiddleName,\
        LastName):
        self.FirstName  = FirstName
        self.MiddleName = MiddleName
        self.LastName   = LastName

    def __repr__(self):
        return repr((self.FirstName,\
                     self.MiddleName,\
                     self.LastName))

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter((self.FirstName,\
                     self.MiddleName,\
                     self.LastName))

def ckDataClassList(dataList):
    dataObjects = []
    for FirstName,\
        MiddleName,\
        LastName in dataList:
        dataObjects.append(CompKeyData(
            FirstName,\
            MiddleName,\
            LastName))
    return dataObjects

ckData = [['John', 'Ralph', 'DuMont'], ['Jack', 'Lowry', 'Matern']]

ckClassData = ckDataClassList(ckData)

def printTest(classData):
    for f in classData:
    print f.FirstName
return None

def Main():
    for i in ckClassData:
    printTest(i)

if __name__ == '__main__':Main()

A: When you do
for i in ckClassData:

Each i is a CompKeyData instance. You then do:
printTest(i)

Which calls:
for f in classData:

where classData is the i you passed in.
This iterates through the individual CompKeyData instance, which (due to your implementation of __iter__) assigns FirstName, MiddleName and LastName in turn to f- each of these is a string, and doesn't have FirstName.
Instead, printTest should be:
printTest(classData):
    print classData.FirstName

You don't need to explicitly return None, this happens automatically if you don't explicitly return anything else.
Also, it is worth reading PEP-0008; following this will make your code more readable.

A: You need to change your printTest function to the following:
def printTest(classData):
    print classData.FirstName

classData is not a list of CompKeyData instances, but rather a single CompKeyData instance.
PEP8 is also certainly worth a look for python style.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Is it a sign of getting better? Or getting worse?
the pups are amazing - truly amazing - blue had been soooo good with me this past week. She misses Boo mightily, just like me! But as I type this she has her oh so happy fetch art ball between her front paws - simulating the way I'm using a pillow to separate my right leg above my left leg! she's so cute!
Canela got her immediate attention this morning, I wanted to make sure she got out if she needed to be out - but I had kinda just gotten up, so without my Teva's I hooked her up, grabbed a bag and opened the door. Sable was right outside, and as I unconsciously locked the door and steeped through, upon it's closing I was checking my pockets for keys.
Too much to juggle, I guess. Yin, Derrick and Paul greeted me across the parking spaces - way too much chipperness... Yin was proud of just waking up herself, announced that Nancy (the yipping dog) was away for the day, I hope I was pleasant, but inside I was pondering how I'd get into the house when Canela was done.
Well, the first round of strolling got me bupkis from the Canela, and that kind frustrated me - if I was going to have to climb my fence with my leg in it's current state, well, damn it, I wanted some results!!! Back to the house, I pondered the few options. Hang out on the porch til declan showed. (yeah, the celly was inside too - stop it - I'm not at the peak of my game, obviously!!!!) Which was 10'sh last night. I was thinking of asking Derrick to the do the hop the fence thing... but it came down to my ego, quite frankly.
So, it turns out I can get over my fence using my muscles. Who knew. and I managed to do it with only the slightest hint of a scratch to my left elbow - my tender leg seemed almost happy to have be semi useful as a counter balance to my gymnastic routine.
And I make it inside, get the door unlocked and step out to retrieve the Canela - grabbing a set of keys this time, and she's not interested in coming inside. So we stroll again - and at least this time she performs! Yay!!!
So, a sign of betterness - yes. A sign of worseness? I'm gonna go with perhaps just getting older. Yeah - no judgement in that.
And so goes my morning. How's yours?


At the time of the meeting, Halton Arp had been a keen observer of strange galaxies for some forty years. His conclusion that supposedly remote quasars are actually connected to nearby galaxies by observable streams of gas, saw him branded a heretic and exiled from academia in the USA. This also implies that redshift is not an indicator of velocity, quasars are not the brightest and most remote objects in the universe but are nearby, and hence the reasoning regarding redshifts and the Big Bang hypothesis immediately collapses. He is now an astronomer at the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in West Germany. His earliest published work was the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies (1963) - his latest is Seeing Red.
The Electric Universe model forms a coherent new Big Picture of the universe. It highlights repeated electrical patterns at all scales that enable laboratory experiments to explain the strange energetic events seen, for example, in deep space, on the Sun and on Jupiter's moon, Io. The model follows Hannes Alfvén's entreaty for scientists to work backward in time using observations rather than forward from some idealised theoretical beginning. The Electric Universe takes full account of the basic electrical nature of atoms and their interactions. In conventional cosmology, it is the weaker magnetism and the almost infinitely weak force of gravity which rule the cosmos.
The Electric Universe grew out of an interdisciplinary approach to science and the realization that a new plasma cosmology and an understanding of electrical phenomena in space could illuminate work being done in comparative mythology. By using information from a wide span of human existence and knowledge, the Electric Universe can provide answers to many questions that seem unrelated. For example, records of the prehistoric sky can help unravel the recent history of the planets. And the planets bear witness with pristine scars of cosmic encounters. The result is an exciting "Big Picture" that emphasizes our dramatic prehistory and essential connection with the universe.


Allows you to display a legend of selected usergroups in your WGO block.
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Creates a new forum block that will display the most recent posts with BBCodes parsed.
Allows you to define users whose profiles have restricted viewing, and users who can't view them.
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Allows you to add buttons to your quick editor's toolbar.
Allows selected usergroups to see the defined script name and URI below the footer of pages.
Gives you complete control over whose reputations are displayed.
Allows you do display a large button, directly below the breadcrumbs for posting new threads.
Allows you to designate users who will be added as friends to new users upon registration.
Allows you to designate a list of BBCodes/Smilies that will be disabled for the users you select.
Allows you to control how thread redirects are defined by your moderating staff.
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Gives you an additional option whereby the added product setting groups are sorted alphabetically.
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text:
Oncilla
Small wild cat
"Tiger cat" redirects here. For other uses, see Tiger cat (disambiguation).
Tiger cat may also be a common name for the tiger quoll.
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Leopardus
L. tigrinus
Binomial name
Leopardus tigrinus
(Schreber, 1775)[2]
Distribution of the Oncilla, 2016[1]
Oncifelis tigrinus
Felis tigrina
The oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), also known as the northern tiger cat, little spotted cat, and tigrillo, is a small spotted cat ranging from Central America to central Brazil. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because the population is threatened by deforestation and conversion of habitat to agricultural land.[1]
In 2013, it was proposed to assign the population in southern Brazil and Cuyoaco to a new species L. guttulus, after it was found not to be interbreeding with the L. tigrinus population in northeast Brazil.[3]
3 Ecology and behavior
4 Taxonomy
5 Conservation
The oncilla resembles the margay and the ocelot,[4] but it is smaller, with a slender build and narrower muzzle, it grows to 38 to 59 centimetres (15 to 23 in) long, plus a 20 to 42 centimetres (7.9 to 16.5 in) tail.[5] While this is somewhat longer than the average domestic cat, Leopardus tigrinus is generally lighter, weighing 1.5 to 3 kilograms (3.3 to 6.6 lb).[6]
The fur is thick and soft, ranging from light brown to dark ochre, with numerous dark rosettes across the back and flanks; the underside is pale with dark spots and the tail is ringed. The backs of the ears are black with bold white spots; the rosettes are black or brown, open in the center, and irregularly shaped. The legs have medium-sized spots tapering to smaller spots near the paws; this coloration helps the oncilla blend in with the mottled sunlight of the tropical forest understory. The oncilla's jaw is shortened, with fewer teeth, but with well-developed carnassials and canines.[4]
Some melanistic oncillas have been reported from the more heavily forested parts of its range.[5]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
The oncilla is distributed from Costa Rica and Panama to the Amazon basin and Central Brazil. Most records were obtained in Costa Rica's cloud forests, in the northern Andes at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 m (4,900 to 9,800 ft) and in dry Cerrado and Caatinga landscapes of northern Brazil.[1] In Panama, it has been recorded in Darién,[7] and in Volcán Barú National Parks.[8] In Colombia, it has been recorded in the Andean region, in the Cordillera Occidental at elevations of 1,900 to 4,800 m (6,200 to 15,700 ft) in Los Nevados National Natural Park,[9] and in Antioquia Department.[10]
Ecology and behavior[edit]
The oncilla is a primarily terrestrial animal, but is also an adept climber. Like all cats, the oncilla is an obligate carnivore, requiring meat for survival; this cat eats small mammals, lizards, birds, eggs, invertebrates, and the occasional tree frog. Occasionally, the cat will eat grasses; the oncilla stalks its prey from a distance, and once in range, it pounces to catch and kill the prey.[11]
They are generally nocturnal, but in areas such as Caatinga, where their main food source consists of diurnal lizards, they are more likely to be active during the day. Young oncillas have been observed to purr, while adults are known to make short, gurgling calls when close to one another.[5]
Reproduction[edit]
Estrus lasts from 3 to 9 days, with older cats having shorter cycles.[12] Oncillas produce 1 to 3 kittens (usually only one), after a gestation of 74 to 76 days;[12] the kittens' eyes open after eight to seventeen days, an unusually long period for a cat of this size. Unlike other cats, in which the incisor teeth tend to appear first, the teeth of an oncilla kitten erupt more or less simultaneously, at around 21 days of age;[13] the kittens do not begin to take solid food until they are 38 to 56 days old (much older than in the domestic cat), but are fully weaned at three months.[5]
Oncillas reach sexual maturity at around two to two and a half years of age, they have a life span of about 11 years in the wild, but there are records of these cats reaching an age of 17 years.[12]
Taxonomy[edit]
Museum specimen in Genoa, Italy
The following are the traditionally recognized subspecies:[2]
Leopardus tigrinus tigrinus, eastern Venezuela, Guyana, northeastern Brazil
Leopardus tigrinus guttulus, Atlantic forest central and southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, northern Argentina (later recognised as a separate species)
Leopardus tigrinus oncilla, Central America[14]
Leopardus tigrinus pardinoides, western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Although the Central American oncilla is listed as a separate subspecies, based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA, Johnson et al. (1999) found strongly supported differences between L.t. oncilla in Costa Rica and L.t. guttulus in southern Brazil, comparable to differences between different neotropical species. Researchers have argued that there should be a splitting of the oncilla into two species, as there is a pronounced difference in appearance between the oncillas in Costa Rica and those in central and southern Brazil; the level of divergence between oncillas from Costa Rica and from central and southern Brazil suggests that the two populations have been isolated, perhaps by the Amazon River, for approximately 3.7 million years.[15] Further samples of L.t. oncilla are needed from northern South America to determine whether this taxon ranges outside Central America, and whether it should be considered a distinct species rather than a subspecies.[14]
In 2013, genetic research revealed that the former subspecies L. t. guttulus is a separate cryptic species that does not interbreed with the other subspecies, and proposes a classification into two species L. guttulus and L. tigrinus.[3]
A zone of hybridization between the oncilla and the colocolo has been found through genetic analyses of specimens from central Brazil.[16]
Results of a morphological analysis of 250 samples of skins and skulls indicate that there are three distinct oncilla groups: namely one in South America's northern, north-western and western range countries, one in eastern and one in southern range countries. Based on these results, the eastern group was proposed to be a distinct species Leopardus emiliae.[17]
Conservation[edit]
Oncillas are killed for their fur
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classified the oncilla as a Vulnerable species, it is mainly threatened by deforestation and poaching. Oncillas are killed for their pelts, which are highly prized and often sold or made into clothing.[1] Reports in 1972 and 1982 in South America showed that the oncilla is one of the four most heavily hunted of all the small wild cats.[18]
Another factor contributing to oncilla mortality is human expansion, settling what was once open terrain for wild cats. Coffee plantations are most often established in cloud forest habitats, causing the reduction of preferred habitats.[19]
CITES places the oncilla on Appendix I, prohibiting all international commerce in oncillas or products made from them.[1] Hunting is still allowed in Ecuador, Guyana, Nicaragua, and Peru.[18]
Hybridization of the oncilla with the Geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi) has been found in the southernmost part of its range; hybridization with the pampas cat (Leopardus pajeros) has also been found in central Brazil; such hybridization may be a natural process, and the extent of this as a threat to the oncilla is unknown.[20]
In situ management programs are increasingly being emphasized.[19]
There is a breeding facility in Brazil for several small native felines, where their natural conditions and native food encourage reproduction similar to that in the wild.[18] There are a few oncillas in captivity in North America, and a few in zoos in Europe and South America. In captivity, the oncilla tends to have high infant mortality rate.[19]
^ a b c d e f Payan, E. & de Oliveira, T. (2016). "Leopardus tigrinus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T54012637A50653881. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T54012637A50653881.en. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ a b Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 539. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ a b Trigo, T. C.; Schneider, A.; de Oliveira, T. G.; Lehugeur, L. M.; Silveira, L.; Freitas, T. R.O.; Eizirik, E. (2013). "Molecular data reveal complex hybridization and a cryptic species of Neotropical Wild Cat". Current Biology. 23: 2528–2533. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.046. PMID 24291091. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b Leyhausen, P. (1963). "Über südamerikanische Pardelkatzen". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 20 (5): 627–640. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1963.tb01179.x.
^ a b c d Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 130–134. ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
^ University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
^ Meyer, N.F., Esser, H.J., Moreno, R., van Langevelde, F., Liefting, Y., Oller, D.R., Vogels, C.B., Carver, A.D., Nielsen, C.K. and Jansen, P.A. (2015). "An assessment of the terrestrial mammal communities in forests of Central Panama, using camera-trap surveys". Journal for Nature Conservation (26): 28−35. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Rodgers, T. W., and Kapheim, K. M. (2017). "A High-Elevation Record of the Little Spotted Cat (Leopardus tigrinus oncilla) from Western Panama". The Southwestern Naturalist (62 (3)): 225−227. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Payan, E. G. and González-Maya, J.F. (2011), "Distribución geográfica de la Oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) en Colombia e implicaciones para su conservación", Revista Latinoamericana de Conservación [Latin American Journal of Conservation], 2 (1): 51−59 CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Arias-Alzate, A., Sánchez-Londoño, J.D., Botero-Cañola, S. and González-Maya, J.F. (2014). "Recent confirmed records of the Oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) in the department of Antioquia, Colombia". Notas Mastozoológicas. 1 (2): 4−5. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Leyhausen, P. & Tonkin, B. A. (1979). "Cat behaviour. The predatory and social behaviour of domestic and wild cats". New York: Garland STPM Press.
^ a b c Nowell, K., Jackson, P. (1996). The Wild Cats: A Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland: IUCN. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Quillen, P. (1981). "Hand-rearing the little spotted cat or oncilla". International Zoo Yearbook. 21: 240–242. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1981.tb01994.x.
^ a b de Oliveira, T., Schipper, J. and Gonzalez-Maya, J. F. (2008). "Leopardus tigrinus ssp. oncilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ http://felids.wordpress.com/2010/11/03/featured-feline-oncilla/ International Society for Endangered Cats
^ Lucherini, M., Eizirik, E., de Oliveira, T., Pereira, J. & Williams, R.S.R. (2016). "Leopardus colocolo". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T15309A97204446. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15309A97204446.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ do Nascimento, F.O.; Feijó, A. (2017). "Taxonomic revision of the tigrina Leopardus tigrinus (Schreber, 1775) species group (Carnivora, Felidae)". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 57 (19): 231–264.
^ a b c Foreman, G. E. (ed.) (1988). "Felid bibliography 1781-1988". Columbus, Ohio: Felid Research and Conservation Interest Group: 34–72. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ a b c Fuller, K.S., Swift, B. (1985). Latin American Wildlife Trade Laws. Washington, DC: Traffic (USA). CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Eizirik, E.; Trigo, T. C.; Haag, T. (2007). "Conservation genetics and molecular ecology of Neotropical felids". In Hughes, J.; Mercer, R. (eds.). Felid Biology and Conservation Conference 17–19 September. Oxford, UK: WildCRU. pp. 40–41.
Wikispecies has information related to Leopardus tigrinus
Leopardus tigrinus (category)
"Tiger-cat" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Species portrait Leopardus tigrinus; IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group
Extant Carnivora species
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Suborder Feliformia
African palm civet (N. binotata)
(Mongooses)
Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)
Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)
Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)
Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)
Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)
Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)
Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)
Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)
Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)
Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)
Angolan slender mongoose (G. flavescens)
Black mongoose (G. nigrata)
Somalian slender mongoose (G. ochracea)
Cape gray mongoose (G. pulverulenta)
Slender mongoose (G. sanguinea)
Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)
Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)
Short-tailed mongoose (H. brachyurus)
Indian gray mongoose (H. edwardsii)
Indian brown mongoose (H. fuscus)
Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)
Small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus)
Long-nosed mongoose (H. naso)
Collared mongoose (H. semitorquatus)
Ruddy mongoose (H. smithii)
Crab-eating mongoose (H. urva)
Stripe-necked mongoose (H. vitticollis)
White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)
Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)
Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)
Banded mongoose (M. mungo)
Selous' mongoose (P. selousi)
Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)
Meerkat (S. suricatta)
(Hyenas)
Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)
Brown hyena (H. brunnea)
Striped hyena (H. hyaena)
Aardwolf (P. cristatus)
Large family listed below
Small family listed below
Family Felidae
Cheetah (A. jubatus)
African golden cat (C. aurata)
Catopuma
Bay cat (C. badia)
Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)
European wildcat (F. silvestris)
African wildcat (F. lybica)
Jungle cat (F. chaus)
Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)
Sand cat (F. margarita)
Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
Domestic cat (F. catus)
Ocelot (L. pardalis)
Margay (L. wiedii)
Pampas cat (L. colocola)
Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)
Kodkod (L. guigna)
Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)
Oncilla (L. tigrinus)
Southern tigrina (L. guttulus)
Canadian lynx (L. canadensis)
Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)
Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)
Bobcat (L. rufus)
Otocolobus
Pallas's cat (O. manul)
Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)
Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)
Sundaland leopard cat (P. javanensis)
Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)
Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)
Cougar (P. concolor)
Herpailurus
Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)
Lion (P. leo)
Jaguar (P. onca)
Leopard (P. pardus)
Tiger (P. tigris)
Snow leopard (P. uncia)
Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)
Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)
Family Viverridae
Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)
Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)
Masked palm civet (P. larvata)
Golden wet-zone palm civet (P. aureus)
Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)
Jerdon's palm civet (P. jerdoni)
Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)
Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)
Otter civet (C. bennettii)
Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)
Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)
Prionodontinae
(Asiatic linsangs)
Banded linsang (P. linsang)
Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)
African civet (C. civetta)
Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
Common genet (G. genetta)
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
Pardine genet (G. pardina)
Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)
King genet (G. poensis)
Servaline genet (G. servalina)
Haussa genet (G. thierryi)
Cape genet (G. tigrina)
Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)
Central African oyan (P. richardsonii)
West African oyan (P. leightoni)
Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)
Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)
Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)
Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)
Small Indian civet (V. indica)
Family Eupleridae
Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)
Western falanouc (E. major)
Malagasy civet (F. fossana)
Ring-tailed mongoose (G. elegans)
Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)
Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)
Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)
Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)
(Bears)
Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)
Sun bear (H. malayanus)
Sloth bear (M. ursinus)
Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)
American black bear (U. americanus)
Brown bear (U. arctos)
Polar bear (U. maritimus)
Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)
(Skunks)
(Hog-nosed
skunks)
Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)
Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)
American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)
Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)
Hooded skunk (M. macroura)
Striped skunk (M. mephitis)
Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)
Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)
(Spotted skunks)
Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)
Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)
Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)
Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)
(Raccoons, coatis, olingos)
Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)
Northern olingo (B. gabbii)
Western lowland olingo (B. medius)
Olinguito (B. neblina)
Ring-tailed cat (B. astutus)
Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)
(Coatis inclusive)
White-nosed coati (N. narica)
South American coati (N. nasua)
Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)
Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)
Kinkajou (P. flavus)
Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)
Raccoon (P. lotor)
Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)
Red panda (A. fulgens)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)
(Eared seals)
(includes fur seals
and sea lions)
(Pinniped inclusive)
South American fur seal (A. australis)
Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)
Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)
Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)
Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)
Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)
Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)
Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)
Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)
Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)
Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)
South American sea lion (O. flavescens)
New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)
California sea lion (Z. californianus)
Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)
Walrus (O. rosmarus)
(Earless seals)
Hooded seal (C. cristata)
Bearded seal (E. barbatus)
Grey seal (H. grypus)
Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)
Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)
Weddell seal (L. weddellii)
Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)
(Elephant seals)
Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)
Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)
Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus)
Hawaiian monk seal (M. schauinslandi)
Ross seal (O. rossi)
Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)
Spotted seal (P. largha)
Harbor seal (P. vitulina)
Caspian seal (P. caspica)
Ringed seal (P. hispida)
Baikal seal (P. sibirica)
Family Canidae (includes dogs)
Short-eared dog (A. microtis)
Side-striped jackal (C. adustus)
African golden wolf (C. anthus)
Golden jackal (C. aureus)
Coyote (C. latrans)
Gray wolf (C. lupus)
Black-backed jackal (C. mesomelas)
Red wolf (C. rufus)
Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)
Crab-eating fox (C. thous)
Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)
Dhole (C. alpinus)
Culpeo (L. culpaeus)
Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)
South American gray fox (L. griseus)
Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)
Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)
Hoary fox (L. vetulus)
African wild dog (L. pictus)
Raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)
Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)
Bush dog (S. venaticus)
Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)
Island fox (U. littoralis)
(Foxes)
Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)
Blanford's fox (V. cana)
Cape fox (V. chama)
Corsac fox (V. corsac)
Tibetan sand fox (V. ferrilata)
Arctic fox (V. lagopus)
Kit fox (V. macrotis)
Pale fox (V. pallida)
Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)
Swift fox (V. velox)
Red fox (V. vulpes)
Fennec fox (V. zerda)
Family Mustelidae
Helictidinae
(Ferret-badgers)
Bornean ferret-badger (M. everetti)
Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)
Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)
Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)
Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis)
Guloninae
(Martins and wolverines)
Tayra (E. barbara)
Wolverine (G. gulo)
(Martens)
American marten (M. americana)
Newfoundland pine marten (M. atrata)
Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)
Beech marten (M. foina)
Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)
European pine marten (M. martes)
Japanese marten (M. melampus)
Sable (M. zibellina)
Pekania
Fisher (P. pennanti)
Ictonychinae
(African polecats and grisons)
Lesser grison (G. cuja)
Greater grison (G. vittata)
Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca)
Striped polecat (I. striatus)
Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)
African striped weasel (P. albinucha)
Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)
(Otters)
African clawless otter (A. capensis)
Oriental small-clawed otter (A. cinerea)
Sea otter (E. lutris)
Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)
North American river otter (L. canadensis)
Marine otter (L. felina)
Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)
Southern river otter (L. provocax)
Eurasian otter (L. lutra)
Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)
Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)
Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)
Melinae
(Eurasian badgers)
Hog badger (A. collaris)
Japanese badger (M. anakuma)
Asian badger (M. leucurus)
European badger (M. meles)
Mellivorinae
Honey badger (M. capensis)
(Weasels and minks)
(Weasels and ferrets)
Amazon weasel (M. africana)
Mountain weasel (M. altaica)
Stoat (M. erminea)
Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)
Colombian weasel (M. felipei)
Long-tailed weasel (M. frenata)
Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)
Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)
European mink (M. lutreola)
Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)
Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)
Least weasel (M. nivalis)
Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)
European polecat (M. putorius)
Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)
Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)
Egyptian weasel (M. subpalmata)
American mink (N. vison)
Taxidiinae
American badger (T. taxus)
Taxon identifiers
Wikispecies: Leopardus tigrinus
ADW: Leopardus_tigrinus
ARKive: leopardus-tigrinus
BioLib: 1964
IUCN: 54012637
NCBI: 46842
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oncilla&oldid=891584600"
IUCN Red List vulnerable species
Felids of Central America
Felids of South America
Fauna of the Amazon
Fauna of the Cerrado
Fauna of the Guianas
Mammals of the Andes
Mammals of Argentina
Mammals of Bolivia
Mammals of Brazil
Mammals of Colombia
Mammals of Costa Rica
Mammals of Ecuador
Mammals of French Guiana
Mammals of Guyana
Mammals of Panama
Mammals of Paraguay
Mammals of Peru
Mammals of Suriname
Mammals of Venezuela
Mammals described in 1775
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Chordate
A chordate is an animal constituting the phylum Chordata. During some period of their life cycle, chordates possess a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, a post-anal tail: these five anatomical features define this phylum. Chordates are bilaterally symmetric; the Chordata and Ambulacraria together form the superphylum Deuterostomia. Chordates are divided into three subphyla: Vertebrata. There are extinct taxa such as the Vetulicolia. Hemichordata has been presented as a fourth chordate subphylum, but now is treated as a separate phylum: hemichordates and Echinodermata form the Ambulacraria, the sister phylum of the Chordates. Of the more than 65,000 living species of chordates, about half are bony fish that are members of the superclass Osteichthyes. Chordate fossils have been found from as early as the Cambrian explosion, 541 million years ago. Cladistically, vertebrates - chordates with the notochord replaced by a vertebral column during development - are considered to be a subgroup of the clade Craniata, which consists of chordates with a skull.
The Craniata and Tunicata compose the clade Olfactores. Chordates form a phylum of animals that are defined by having at some stage in their lives all of the following anatomical features: A notochord, a stiff rod of cartilage that extends along the inside of the body. Among the vertebrate sub-group of chordates the notochord develops into the spine, in wholly aquatic species this helps the animal to swim by flexing its tail. A dorsal neural tube. In fish and other vertebrates, this develops into the spinal cord, the main communications trunk of the nervous system. Pharyngeal slits; the pharynx is the part of the throat behind the mouth. In fish, the slits are modified to form gills, but in some other chordates they are part of a filter-feeding system that extracts particles of food from the water in which the animals live. Post-anal tail. A muscular tail that extends backwards behind the anus. An endostyle; this is a groove in the ventral wall of the pharynx. In filter-feeding species it produces mucus to gather food particles, which helps in transporting food to the esophagus.
It stores iodine, may be a precursor of the vertebrate thyroid gland. There are soft constraints that separate chordates from certain other biological lineages, but are not part of the formal definition: All chordates are deuterostomes; this means. All chordates are based on a bilateral body plan. All chordates are coelomates, have a fluid filled body cavity called a coelom with a complete lining called peritoneum derived from mesoderm; the following schema is from the third edition of Vertebrate Palaeontology. The invertebrate chordate classes are from Fishes of the World. While it is structured so as to reflect evolutionary relationships, it retains the traditional ranks used in Linnaean taxonomy. Phylum Chordata †Vetulicolia? Subphylum Cephalochordata – Class Leptocardii Clade Olfactores Subphylum Tunicata – Class Ascidiacea Class Thaliacea Class Appendicularia Class Sorberacea Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum incertae sedis Cyclostomata Superclass'Agnatha' paraphyletic Class Myxini Class Petromyzontida or Hyperoartia Class †Conodonta Class †Myllokunmingiida Class †Pteraspidomorphi Class †Thelodonti Class †Anaspida Class †Cephalaspidomorphi Infraphylum Gnathostomata Class †Placodermi Class Chondrichthyes Class †Acanthodii Superclass Osteichthyes Class Actinopterygii Class Sarcopterygii Superclass Tetrapoda Class Amphibia Class Sauropsida Class Synapsida Craniates, one of the three subdivisions of chordates, all have distinct skulls.
They include the hagfish. Michael J. Benton commented that "craniates are characterized by their heads, just as chordates, or all deuterostomes, are by their tails". Most craniates are vertebrates; these consist of a series of bony or cartilaginous cylindrical vertebrae with neural arches that protect the spinal cord, with projections that link the vertebrae. However hagfish have incomplete braincases and no vertebrae, are therefore not regarded as vertebrates, but as members of the craniates, the group from which vertebrates are thought to have evolved; however the cladistic exclusion of hagfish from the vertebrates is controversial, as they ma
Peru the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river. Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures. Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization in the 32nd century BC, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in pre-Columbian America, the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE; the Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies, with its capital in Lima.
Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821, following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar, the decisive battle of Ayacucho, Peru secured independence in 1824. In the ensuing years, the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability, which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile. Throughout the 20th century, Peru endured armed territorial disputes, social unrest, internal conflicts, as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990. Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017. After the president's regime, Fujimori's followers, called Fujimoristas, have caused political turmoil for any opposing faction in power causing Pedro Pablo Kuczynski to resign in March 2018; the sovereign state of Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is classified as an emerging market with a high level of human development and an upper middle income level with a poverty rate around 19 percent.
It is one of the region's most prosperous economies with an average growth rate of 5.9% and it has one of the world's fastest industrial growth rates at an average of 9.6%. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing and fishing; the country forms part of The Pacific Pumas, a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America's Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in social freedom. Peru has a population of 32 million, which includes Amerindians, Europeans and Asians; the main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine and music; the name of the country may be derived from Birú, the name of a local ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama City, in the early 16th century.
When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans. Thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Perú. An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, son of an Inca princess and a conquistador, he said the name Birú was that of a common Indian happened upon by the crew of a ship on an exploratory mission for governor Pedro Arias de Ávila, went on to relate more instances of misunderstandings due to the lack of a common language. The Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, which became Republic of Peru after independence; the earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to 9,000 BC. Andean societies were based on agriculture, terracing.
Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BC; these early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The Cupisnique culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BC along what is now Peru's Pacific Coast was an example of early pre-Incan culture; the Chavín culture that developed from 1500 to 300 BC was more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious centre in Chavín de Huantar. After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century AD, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell
Volcán Barú
The Volcán Barú is an active stratovolcano and the tallest mountain in Panama, at 3,475 metres high. It lies about 35 km off the border of Costa Rica, it is the twelfth highest peak in Central America. Due to its height and the narrowness of the isthmus of Panama, it is possible to see both the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea from Volcán Barú's peak on a clear day; the small town of Volcán at the base of Volcán Barú sits on the remnants of a huge lahar that appears to have breached the caldera. A small river has eroded the lahar exposing an ancient forest below dated to about 1000 years old. Volcán Barú is surrounded by a fertile area of cool highlands drained by the Chiriquí Viejo and Caldera Rivers; the towns of Volcán and Cerro Punta can be found on its western side, while Boquete is on the eastern flank. The occasional fall of hail or ice pellets has been reported on the summit, where the minimum temperature can be below 0 °C and the formation of frost is frequent during the dry season; the peak is host to a large installation of broadcast towers.
De Boer et al. were the first to show that El Barú volcano is active and part of the extension of the Central American Volcanic Arc in Panama. Further detailed work on the geochemistry of the lavas from El Barú and other volcanoes in Panama was completed by Defant et al, they substantiated, based on geochemistry. Radiometric dates showed that the volcanism falls into two groups that range from 20 million years to recent, they showed that the youngest volcanism consists of adakites whereas the older volcanism is normal calc-alkaline lavas. In 2006, an earthquake swarm was registered in the Volcán Barú area; this was not the first one. In 2007, the U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Panama's Science and Innovation Secretariat and the U. S. Agency for International Development, published a study on different aspects of Volcán Barú; the 33-page report outlined potential hazard areas, rock composition, areas affected by previous eruptions. Data collected at several locations from four previous eruptions which occurred during the last 1600 years indicate that a new eruption would last several years, putting at risk population and costly infrastructure in the areas surrounding the volcano.
Typical events during such volcanic episodes include pyroclastic flows, super-heated gas clouds descending the volcano's east flank, conceivably reaching as far as Boquete, Alto Boquete, the Caldera River, fallout of ash and other particles ranging in size from dust to 1-meter blocks, known as tephra, causing fires, roof collapses, water contamination, crop damage and eye and lung irritation among elders and infants. A third type of event and debris flows, known as lahars, create landslides, obstruct rivers courses, could have long-term effects in the zone; the severity of these events is directly related to the lava flows and their interaction with underground water deposits. A comprehensive set of maps is included with the study showing the most affected areas in Boquete, Volcán, Bambito and other towns in vicinity of the Volcán Barú; the study recommends local authorities should make the population aware of the potential risks, create a response system in preparation for the eventual onset of an eruptive episode.
The volcano was declared Volcán Barú National Park in 1976, with an area of 14,325 ha. It is a part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. Fauna include the black guan, black-and-white hawk-eagle, Underwood's water mouse, volcano junco and yellow-thighed finch. Over 250 species of birds have been identified within the park, all five species of big cats live here as well; the national park protects a range of habitat, including humid montane forests, low humid montane forests, montane rainforests. The park's most popular hiking trail is the Sendero Los Quetzales, which connects Boquete with Cerro Punta and wraps around the side of the volcano; the trail takes around 6 hours to hike. There is another trail to the top of the volcano, but this is long and strenuous. You can, see both the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea from the summit on a clear day. List of volcanoes in Panama Protected areas of Panama Volcan Baru Virtual Tour USGS Volcano Hazards Program - Volcán Barú: Eruptive History and Volcano-Hazards Assessment
Colombia the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign state situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru, it shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Honduras, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic. Colombia is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, with the capital in Bogota. Colombia has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples since 12,000 BCE, including the Muisca and the Tairona, along with the Inca Empire that expanded to the southwest of the country; the Spanish arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century conquered and colonized much of the region, establishing the New Kingdom of Granada, with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital. Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819, but by 1830 the "Gran Colombia" Federation was dissolved, with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada.
The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation, the United States of Colombia, before the Republic of Colombia was declared in 1886. Panama seceded in 1903. Beginning in the 1960s, the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and rampant political violence, both of which escalated in the 1990s. Since 2005, there has been significant improvement in security and rule of law. Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by indigenous peoples, European settlement, forced African migration, immigration from Europe and the Middle East. Urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains and the Caribbean coast. Colombia is among the world's 17 megadiverse countries, the most densely biodiverse per square kilometer. Colombia is a middle power and regional actor in Latin America, it is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and a member of the UN, the WTO, the OAS, the Pacific Alliance, other international organizations.
Colombia's diversified economy is the fourth largest in Latin America, with macroeconomic stability and favorable long-term growth prospects. The name "Colombia" is derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus, it was conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, but to those portions under Spanish rule. The name was adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819, formed from the territories of the old Viceroyalty of New Granada; when Venezuela and Cundinamarca came to exist as independent states, the former Department of Cundinamarca adopted the name "Republic of New Granada". New Granada changed its name in 1858 to the Granadine Confederation. In 1863 the name was again changed, this time to United States of Colombia, before adopting its present name – the Republic of Colombia – in 1886. To refer to this country, the Colombian government uses the terms Colombia and República de Colombia. Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from Mesoamerica and the Caribbean to the Andes and Amazon basin.
The oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza and El Totumo sites in the Magdalena Valley 100 kilometres southwest of Bogotá. These sites date from the Paleoindian period. At Puerto Hormiga and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period have been found. Vestiges indicate that there was early occupation in the regions of El Abra and Tequendama in Cundinamarca; the oldest pottery discovered in the Americas, found at San Jacinto, dates to 5000–4000 BCE. Indigenous people inhabited the territory, now Colombia by 12,500 BCE. Nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes at the El Abra, Tibitó and Tequendama sites near present-day Bogotá traded with one another and with other cultures from the Magdalena River Valley. Between 5000 and 1000 BCE, hunter-gatherer tribes transitioned to agrarian societies. Beginning in the 1st millennium BCE, groups of Amerindians including the Muisca, Zenú, Tairona developed the political system of cacicazgos with a pyramidal structure of power headed by caciques; the Muisca inhabited the area of what is now the Departments of Boyacá and Cundinamarca high plateau where they formed the Muisca Confederation.
They farmed maize, potato and cotton, traded gold, blankets, ceramic handicrafts and rock salt with neighboring nations. The Tairona inhabited northern Colombia in the isolated mountain range of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; the Quimbaya inhabited regions of the Cauca River Valley between the Western and Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes. Most of the Amerindians practiced agriculture and the social structure of each indigenous community was different; some groups of indigenous people such as the Caribs lived in a state of permanent war, but others had less bellicose attitudes. The Incas expanded their empire onto the southwest part of the country. Alonso de Ojeda reached the Guajira Peninsula in 1499. Spanish explorers, led by Rodrigo de Bastidas, made the first exploration
Felidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, colloquially referred to as cats. A member of this family is called a felid; the term "cat" refers both to felids in general and to the domestic cat. The Felidae species exhibit the most diverse fur pattern of all terrestrial carnivores. Cats have slender muscular bodies and strong flexible forelimbs, their teeth and facial muscles allow for a powerful bite. They are all obligate carnivores, most are solitary predators ambushing or stalking their prey. Wild cats occur in Africa, Europe and the Americas; some wild cat species are adapted to forest habitats, some to arid environments, a few to wetlands and mountainous terrain. Their activity patterns range from nocturnal and crepuscular to diurnal, depending on their preferred prey species. Reginald Innes Pocock divided the extant Felidae into three subfamilies: the Pantherinae, the Felinae and the Acinonychinae, differing from each other by the ossification of the hyoid apparatus and by the cutaneous sheaths which protect their claws.
This concept has been revised following developments in molecular biology and techniques for analysis of morphological data. Today, the living Felidae are divided in two subfamilies, with the Pantherinae including seven Panthera and two Neofelis species; the Felinae include all the non-pantherine cats with 34 species. The first cats emerged during the Oligocene about 25 million years ago, with the appearance of Proailurus and Pseudaelurus; the latter species complex was ancestral to two main lines of felids: the cats in the extant subfamilies and a group of extinct cats of the subfamily Machairodontinae, which include the saber-toothed cats such as the Smilodon. The "false sabre toothed cats", the Barbourofelidae and Nimravidae, are not true cats, but are related. Together with the Felidae, Viverridae and mongooses, they constitute the Feliformia. All members of the cat family have the following characteristics in common: They are digitigrade, have five toes on their forefeet and four on their hind feet.
Their curved claws are protractile and attached to the terminal bones of the toe with ligaments and tendons. The claws are guarded except in the Acinonyx, they protract the claws by contracting muscles in the toe, they passively retract them. The dewclaws do not protract, they have 30 teeth with a dental formula of 3.1.3.13.1.2.1. The upper third premolar and lower molar are adapted as carnassial teeth, suited to tearing and cutting flesh; the canine teeth are large. The lower carnassial is smaller than the upper carnassial and has a crown with two compressed blade-like pointed cusps, their nose projects beyond the lower jaw. They have well developed and sensitive whiskers above the eyes, on the cheeks, on the muzzle, but not below the chin. Whiskers help to capture and hold prey, their skull is foreshortened with large orbits. Their tongue is covered with horny papillae, which rasp meat from aid in grooming, their eyes are large, situated to provide binocular vision. Their night vision is good due to the presence of a tapetum lucidum, which reflects light back inside the eyeball, gives felid eyes their distinctive shine.
As a result, the eyes of felids are about six times more light sensitive than those of humans, many species are at least nocturnal. The retina of felids contains a high proportion of rod cells, adapted for distinguishing moving objects in conditions of dim light, which are complemented by the presence of cone cells for sensing colour during the day, their external ears are large, sensitive to high-frequency sounds in the smaller cat species. This sensitivity allows them to locate small rodent prey, they have flexible bodies with muscular limbs. The plantar pads of both fore and hind feet form compact three-lobed cushions; the penis is boneless. Relative to body size, they have shorter bacula than canids, they can not detect the sweetness of sugar. Felids have a vomeronasal organ in the roof of the mouth; the use of this organ is associated with the Flehmen response. The standard sounds made by all felids include meowing, hissing and growling. Meowing is the main contact sound, they can purr during both phases of respiration, though pantherine cats seem to purr only during oestrus and copulation, as cubs when suckling.
Purring is a low pitch sound of less than 2 kHz and mixed with other vocalization types during the expiratory phase. Most felids are able to land on their feet after a fall due to the cat righting reflex; the colour and density of their fur is diverse. Fur colour varies from light brown to golden and reddish brown, fur pattern from distinctive small spots, stripes to small blotches and rosettes. Most cat species are born except the jaguarundi, Asian golden cat and caracal; the spotted fur of lion and cougar cubs change to a uniform fur during their ontogeny. Those living in cold environments have thick fur with long hair, like the snow leopard and the Pallas's cat; those living in tropical and hot climate zones have short fur. Several species exhibit melanism with all-black individuals. In the great majority of cat species, the tail is between a third and a half of the body length, although with some exceptions, like the Ly
Panama the Republic of Panama, is a country in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's 4 million people. Panama was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Spanish colonists arrived in the 16th century, it broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914; the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties led to the transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999. Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, although commerce and tourism are major and growing sectors.
It is regarded as a high-income country. In 2015 Panama ranked 60th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. In 2018, Panama was ranked seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on the planet. Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as OAS, LAIA, G77, WHO and NAM; the definite origin of the name Panama is unknown. There are several theories. One postulates that the country was named after a found species of tree. Another that the first settlers arrived in Panama in August, when butterflies abound, that the name means "many butterflies" in one or several of indigenous Amerindian languages that were spoken in the territory prior to Spanish colonization. Most scientifically corroborated theory, that by Panamanian linguists, states that the word is a hispanicization of Kuna language word "bannaba" which means "distant" or "far away".
A relayed legend in Panama is that there was a fishing village that bore the name "Panamá", which purportedly meant "an abundance of fish", when the Spanish colonizers first landed in the area. The exact location of the village is unspecified; the legend is corroborated by Captain Antonio Tello de Guzmán's diary entries, who reports landing at an unnamed village while exploring the Pacific coast of Panama in 1515. In 1517, Don Gaspar de Espinosa, a Spanish lieutenant, decided to settle a post in the same location Guzmán described. In 1519, Pedrarias Dávila decided to establish the Spanish Empire's Pacific port at the site; the new settlement replaced Santa María La Antigua del Darién, which had lost its function within the Crown's global plan after the Spanish exploitation of the riches in the Pacific began. The official definition and origin of the name as promoted by Panama's Ministry of Education is the "abundance of fish and butterflies"; this is the usual description given in social studies textbooks.
At the time of the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the known inhabitants of Panama included the Cuevas and the Coclé tribes. These people have nearly disappeared; the Isthmus of Panama was formed about three million years ago when the land bridge between North and South America became complete, plants and animals crossed it in both directions. The existence of the isthmus affected the dispersal of people and technology throughout the American continent from the appearance of the first hunters and collectors to the era of villages and cities; the earliest discovered artifacts of indigenous peoples in Panama include Paleo-Indian projectile points. Central Panama was home to some of the first pottery-making in the Americas, for example the cultures at Monagrillo, which date back to 2500–1700 BC; these evolved into significant populations best known through their spectacular burials at the Monagrillo archaeological site, their beautiful Gran Coclé style polychrome pottery. The monumental monolithic sculptures at the Barriles site are important traces of these ancient isthmian cultures.
Before Europeans arrived Panama was settled by Chibchan and Cueva peoples. The largest group were the Cueva; the size of the indigenous population of the isthmus at the time of European colonization is uncertain. Estimates range as high as two million people, but more recent studies place that number closer to 200,000. Archaeological finds and testimonials by early European explorers describe diverse native isthmian groups exhibiting cultural variety and suggesting people developed by regular regional routes of commerce; when Panama was colonized, the indigenous peoples fled into nearby islands. Scholars believe that infectious disease was the primary cause of the population decline of American natives; the indigenous peoples had no acquired immunity to diseases, chronic in Eurasian populations for centuries. Rodrigo de Bastidas sailed westward from Venezuela in 1501 in search of gold, became the first European to explore the isthmus of Panama. A year Christopher Columbus visited the isthmus, established a short-lived settlement in the Darien.
Vasco Núñez de Balboa's tortuous
Leopardus is a genus of spotted small cats native to Middle and South America, with a small range extending into the southern United States. The genus is considered the oldest branch of a lineage of small cats that crossed into the Americas, with the genera Lynx and Puma being branches of the same group; the largest species in Leopardus is the ocelot. The margay is more adapted to arboreal life than any other cat in the Americas. Despite the name, the leopard is a member of genus Panthera, not Leopardus; the generic name Leopardus was proposed by John Edward Gray in 1842, when he described two spotted cat skins from Central America and two from India in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London. Genetic studies indicate that Leopardus forms a distinct clade within the Felinae and evolved in South America around 8 million years ago. Within the genus, two distinct evolutionary lineages appear to exist; the following Leopardus species are recognized since 2017
Tiger quoll [videos]
The tiger quoll, also known as the spotted-tail quoll, the spotted quoll, the spotted-tail dasyure or the tiger cat, is a carnivorous marsupial of the quoll genus Dasyurus native to Australia. With males and females weighing around 3.5 and 1.8 kg, respectively, it is mainland …
Tiger quoll at Healesville Sanctuary, Victoria, Australia
Tiger quoll at a wildlife sanctuary area at Queens Park, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
Animal [videos]
Animals are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Over 1.5 …
Sexual reproduction is nearly universal in animals, such as these dragonflies.
Predators, such as this ultramarine flycatcher (Ficedula superciliaris), feed on other organisms.
Hydrothermal vent mussels and shrimps
The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived.
Chordate [videos]
A chordate is an animal constituting the phylum Chordata. During some period of their life cycle, chordates possess a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail: these five anatomical features define this phylum. Chordates are also bilaterally …
Tunicates: sea squirts
Cephalochordate: Lancelet
A skeleton of the blue whale, the world's largest animal, outside the Long Marine Laboratory at the University of California, Santa Cruz
A peregrine falcon, the world's fastest animal
Mammal [videos]
Mammals are vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia, and characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding their young, a neocortex, fur or hair, and three middle ear bones. These …
Bovine kidney
A bonobo fishing for termites with a stick
Red kangaroos "boxing" for dominance
Upper Paleolithic cave painting of a variety of large mammals, Lascaux, c. 17,300 years old
Carnivora [videos]
Carnivora is a diverse scrotiferan order that includes over 280 species of placental mammals. Its members are formally referred to as carnivorans, whereas the word "carnivore" can …
Carnivore (wolf) mandible diagram showing the names and positions of the teeth
A brown bear, showing the sharp teeth and claws characteristic of carnivorans
Least weasel, the smallest carnivoran
Southern elephant seal, the largest carnivoran
Feliformia [videos]
Feliformia is a suborder within the order Carnivora consisting of "cat-like" carnivorans, including cats, hyenas, mongooses, civets, and related taxa. Feliformia stands in contrast to the other suborder of Carnivora, Caniformia. — The …
Several extant feliform families: Eupleridae, Felidae, Hyaenidae, Herpestidae and Viverridae.
Feliformia skull showing double-chambered bullae
A 1739 advert by Charles Benjamin Incledon featuring feliforms: the Mesopotamian lion from the vicinity of Bassorah, Cape lion, tiger from the East Indies, panther from Buenos Aires, Hyaena hyaena from West Africa, and leopard from Turkey, besides a "Man tyger" from Africa.
Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox)
Felidae [videos]
Felidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, colloquially referred to as cats. A member of this family is also called a felid. The term "cat" refers both to felids in general and specifically to the domestic cat.The Felidae species exhibit the most diverse fur pattern of all …
Clockwise from top left: tiger (Panthera tigris), Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis), fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), wildcat (Felis silvestris), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii), serval (Leptailurus serval) and cougar (Puma concolor).
The American lion was one of the abundant Pleistocene megafauna, a wide variety of very large mammals that became extinct about 10,000 years ago.
Megantereon
Image: Panthera tigris tigris
Felinae [videos]
The Felinae is a subfamily of the family Felidae that comprises the small cats that have a bony hyoid, because of which they are able to purr but not roar.Other authors proposed an alternative definition for this subfamily: as comprising only the living conical-toothed cat genera with two tribes …
Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi)
Image: Jammlich crop
Image: Lynx canadensis
Image: Cheetah 4
Leopardus [videos]
Leopardus is a genus of spotted small cats mostly native to Middle and South America, with a very small range extending into the southern United States. The genus is considered the oldest branch of a lineage of small cats that crossed into the Americas, with the genera Lynx and Puma being later …
Ocelot, Leopardus pardalis
Image: Leopardus tigrinus Parc des Félins
Image: Leopardus guigna
Image: Leopardus pajeros 20101006
Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber [videos]
Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber, often styled J.C.D. von Schreber, was a German naturalist. — Career — He was appointed professor of materia medica at the University of Erlangen in 1769. — In 1774, he began writing a …
Image: Schreber Johann Christian Daniel von 1739 1810
Image: Mustela sibirica
Image: Eulemur mongoz Schreber
Image: Viverra zibetha Schreber
Brazil [videos]
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers and with …
Cave painting at Serra da Capivara National Park. This area has the largest concentration of prehistoric sites in the Americas.
Painting showing the arrest of Tiradentes; he was sentenced to death for his involvement in the best known movement for independence in Colonial Brazil. Painting of 1914.
The Acclamation of King João VI of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in Rio de Janeiro, 6 February 1818
Declaration of the Brazilian independence by Prince Pedro (later Emperor Pedro I) on 7 September 1822.
Deforestation [videos]
Deforestation, clearance, clearcutting or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land which is then converted to a non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated deforestation occurs in tropical …
Satellite image of deforestation in progress in eastern Bolivia. Worldwide, 10% of wilderness areas were lost between 1990 and 2015.
The last batch of sawnwood from the peat forest in Indragiri Hulu, Sumatra, Indonesia. Deforestation for oil palm plantation.
Deforestation in the Maranhão state of Brazil, 2016
Illegal "slash-and-burn" practice in Madagascar, 2010
Margay [videos]
The margay is a small wild cat native to Central and South America. A solitary and nocturnal cat, it lives mainly in primary evergreen and deciduous forest.Until the 1990s, margays were hunted illegally for the wildlife trade, which resulted in a large population decrease. Since …
A margay photographed near one of the active volcanoes in Costa Rica
A margay at Parc des Félins in France
Margay in Parque Municipal Summit, Panama
Image: Margaykat Leopardus wiedii
Ocelot [videos]
The ocelot is a small wild cat native to the southwestern United States, Mexico, Central and South America. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List as the population is estimated to comprise more than 40,000 mature individuals and is considered stable. Its fur was …
Moche Ocelot, 200 AD exhibited in Larco Museum Collection, Lima, Peru
Captive ocelot
An ocelot at the Sonora Desert Museum in Tucson, Arizona
Cat [videos]
The cat is a small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and often referred to as the domestic cat to distinguish it from wild members of the family. The cat is either a house cat, kept as a pet, or a feral cat, freely ranging and avoiding human …
A cat sitting under a chair, a mural in an Egyptian tomb dating to the 15th century BC
Cat skull
Reflection of camera flash from the tapetum lucidum
Thermograph of various body parts of a cat
Melanism [videos]
The term melanism refers to black pigment and is derived from the Greek: μελανός. Melanism is a development of the dark-colored pigment melanin in the skin or its appendages. — Pseudo-melanism, also called abundism, is another variant of pigmentation, characterized by dark spots or enlarged stripes …
The black jaguar was considered a different species, but is the same Panthera onca.
Melanistic Eastern Grey Squirrel, fauna of Toronto, Canada
Melanistic Guinea pigs are relatively rare, and considered especially effective in ritual use by Andean curanderos.
A melanistic European adder (Vipera berus) compared to a normal-colored adder.
Panama [videos]
Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital …
Embera girl dressed for a dance
Vasco Núñez de Balboa, a recognized and popular figure of Panamanian history
"New Caledonia", the ill-fated Scottish Darien scheme colony in the Bay of Caledonia, west of the Gulf of Darien
Amazon basin [videos]
The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about 6,300,000 km2, or about 35.5 percent that of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia …
Aerial view of part of the Amazon rainforest.
South American jaguar
Red-bellied piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri) is a species of piranha. This species lives in the Amazon River basin, coastal rivers of northeastern Brazil, and the basins of the Paraguay, Paraná and Essequibo Rivers.
A floating village in Iquitos, Peru
Cloud forest [videos]
A cloud forest, also called a water forest and primas forest, is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover, usually at the canopy level, formally described in the International Cloud Atlas …
Tree ferns in a cloud forest on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo
One of the hanging bridges of the Sky walk at the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve in Monteverde, Costa Rica disappearing into the clouds
Hanging moss in a cool temperate rainforest at Budawang National Park, Australia
Temperate cloud forest on La Palma, Canary Islands
Volcán Barú [videos]
The Volcán Barú is an active stratovolcano and the tallest mountain in Panama, at 3,475 metres high. It lies about 35 km off the border of Costa Rica. It is also the twelfth highest peak in Central America.Due to its height and the narrowness of the isthmus of …
Volcán Barú and the mountain city of Boquete
Image: Volcán Barú morning view
Image: Volcan Baru 0354
Image: Caribbean view visible from the summit of Volcan Baru
Colombia [videos]
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest …
Muisca raft. The figure refers to the ceremony of the legend of El Dorado.
The Battle of Boyacá was the decisive battle which ensured success of the liberation campaign of New Granada.
The Socorro Province was the site of the genesis of the independence process.
The Bogotazo in 1948
Cordillera Occidental (Colombia) [videos]
The Cordillera Occidental is the lowest in elevation of the three branches of the Colombian Andes. The average altitude is 2,000 m and the highest peak is Cerro Tatamá at 4,100 m. The range extends from south to north dividing from the Colombian Massif …
Pico de Loro (Parrot Peak) in the Farallones de Cali
Munchique's Mountain
Cumbal Volcano
Image: Cordillera Occidentale de Colombia
Los Nevados National Natural Park [videos]
Los Nevados National Natural Park is a national park located in the Cordillera Central of the Colombian Andes. The park sourrounds the northern volcanic complex formed by Nevado del Ruiz, Nevado del Tolima, Nevado de Santa Isabel, the paramillos of …
Aerial view of Los Nevados National Park
Image: Nevado del tolima y sus frailejones
Image: Costado Oriental Nevado del Ruíz (Cumanday) Murillo, Tolima
Image: Nevado del Ruiz Tolima Páramo
Venezuela [videos]
Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and a large number of small islands and islets in …
Cult image sculpted in ceramic, Los Roques Archipelago.
Petroglyph in the Waraira Repano National Park.
El Libertador, Simón Bolívar.
Revolution of April 19, 1810, the beginning of Venezuela's independence, by Martín Tovar y Tovar
Guyana [videos]
Guyana, officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America. It is often considered part of the Caribbean region because of its strong cultural, historical, and political ties with other Anglo-Caribbean countries and the Caribbean …
Rupununi Savannah
Anomaloglossus beebei (Kaieteur), specific to the Guianas
The hoatzin is the national bird of Guyana.
Kaieteur Falls is the world's largest single-drop waterfall by volume.
Uruguay [videos]
Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east, with the Río de la Plata …
Monument to Charruas native people in Montevideo
Uruguayan troops entrenched in the Battle of Tuyutí, 1866
Uruguayan president Jorge Batlle with former U.S. president George H. W. Bush in 2003
Cerro Batoví in Tacuarembó Department
Paraguay [videos]
Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay, is a country of South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast …
Francisco Solano López
The Battle of Tuyutí, May 1866
Gran Chaco was the site of the Chaco War (1932–35), in which Bolivia lost most of the disputed territory to Paraguay.
Paraguayan recruits during the Chaco war
Ecuador [videos]
Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America …
Tumaco-La Tolita mythological figure in feathered costume. Between 100 BC and 100 AD. Found in Esmeraldas
Ruins of Ingapirca, this site served as an outpost and provisioning of the Incan troops, but mainly it was a place of worship and veneration to the sun, the maximum Incan God, thus constituting a Coricancha, dedicated to the Inca ritual.
Pre-Hispanic shrunken head of the Shuars (Jivaroan peoples).
Major square of Quito. Painting of 18th century. Quito Painting Colonial School.
Peru [videos]
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast …
The Hummingbird of the Nazca Lines
A Moche ceramic vessel from the 5th century depicting a man's head.
The citadel of Machu Picchu, an iconic symbol of pre-Columbian Peru.
Cusco, capital of the Incan Empire.
Nicaragua [videos]
Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the northwest, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the …
An ancient petroglyph on Ometepe Island
President Anastasio Somoza García (left), with Dominican President Rafael Trujillo, 1952
Anastasio Somoza Debayle (center) with Richard Nixon, 1971
United States–supported anti-Sandinista "Contra" rebels (ARDE Frente Sur) in 1987.
Caatinga [videos]
Caatinga is a type of desert vegetation, and an ecoregion characterized by this vegetation in interior northeastern Brazil. The name "Caatinga" is a Tupi word meaning "white forest" or "white vegetation" (caa = forest, vegetation, tinga = …
Cereus jamacaru
Image: Caatinga 400x 300
Image: Caatinga IBAMA
Darién National Park [videos]
Darién National Park is a world heritage site in Panama. It is about 325 kilometers from Panama City, and is the most extensive of all national parks of Panama and is one of the most important world heritage sites in Central America. — The Darién National Park is a …
Spotted paca
American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)
Cerrado [videos]
The Cerrado is a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Minas Gerais. The Cerrado biome core areas are the plateaus in the center of Brazil. The main habitat …
Vegetation in northwest Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Image: Physalaemus nattereri in deimatic behavior
Binomial nomenclature [videos]
Binomial nomenclature, also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be …
Image: Carl von Linné

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I have another example of data transposition that occurs in the iOS 10.3 beta.
Now, the above actually comes from a mobile browser on an iPhone 7. Normally, iCloud.com data must be consumed on a device that is not considered, "mobile", by Apple. Devices such as a portable or desktop computer. The desktop render (which is what you see above) will yield a consumable version, however the navigation is frustrating at best.
Here, you can see that the same data presented on iCloud.com can be had in the Settings app that sits right on the Springboard. It is functional and informative. This allows the user to become less reliant upon other devices other than those devices running on future versions of iOS to consume iOS data.


Matt told Punknews.org about the project around the release of Alkaline Trio's Crimson: "I'm also doing a project with Joe [Steinbrick] from F–Minus and our friend Sam and our buddy Ben is producing it. It's kind of got a Depeche Mode kind of vibe. I'm singing it, and Joe wrote all the music. We've got some guest performers coming in too. "
Heavens: "Love Will Tear Us Apart"
Heavens: "Patent Pending (Fury Mix)"
Alkaline Trio detail "Agony and Irony"


Before 1948, Nepal was not opened to the rest of the world. After 1948, its boarders were opened and the group of American ornithologist climbed this mountain first time. It was further discovered by Swiss climbers in the north east of the country. In 1949, French Federation de la Montagne negotiated with the government of Nepal for the permission to climb one of the greatest peaks of the world.
According to the Indian survey, the word Annapurna is the combination of two Sanskrit words which means filled with food. The bend of the peak contains the root of another name Durga. It is one of the names of Hindu goddess. She is the wife of lord Shiva. During the expedition, Maurice Herzog said, the closest translation of this word is goddess of heaven.
Culture: Different Community with majority of Thakali, Tamang, Chhetri, Brahamn & Tibeten.
Garbage Deposit USD 4000.00 (Sharing of the total person) and Deposit fee will be not refunded if the clients (climber) don't take back their garbage in Kathmandu.


You have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This condition causes food or stomach acid to come back up from your stomach into your esophagus. This is called reflux. It can cause heartburn and other symptoms.
Below are some questions you may want to ask your doctor or nurse to help you take care of your heartburn and reflux.
If I have heartburn, can I treat myself or do I need to see the doctor?
Do cigarettes, alcohol, and caffeine make my heartburn worse?
What changes should I make in my bed, if I have heartburn at night?
Are there other medicines that will help my symptoms?
How do I know if I have a more serious problem?


Pharmaceutical compounding is usually used to create a pharmaceutical product that is specifically designed for the unique needs of a patient. The art of preparing such custom medications is based on the techniques used in the ancient civilizations. This kind of preparations has benefitted individuals from every walk of life.
Compounding Pharmacy Tampa has the necessary equipments, skills and experience to cater to different needs. They ensure that the patients get just what was ordered by the doctor.
An important aspect of pain management is to focus mainly on symptoms associated with it rather than looking for ways to quickly fix it. Pain Management usually comprises of various techniques, which has to be combined over time to get the required benefits. This kind of treatment approach includes lifestyle changes and pharmacological interventions as well. Like other diseases, chronic pain needs a long-term healing approach that includes medications in combination with behavioral changes. This helps to keep the symptoms under check.


anyone have any examples using it as a FAQ?
www.rustysoaptraders.com.....look for the member handbook and users guide...kind of an FAQ.
Hey Joe, the vb FAQ does indeed support bbcode, and is pretty easy to add categories and such too. I love GARS, but I think the FAQ System on vbulletin will do everything you want too.


Alliance Rubber Company is a multi-faceted collection of more than 2,000 products and the nation's largest rubber band manufacturer. All of Alliance's rubber bands are excellent quality and made proudly in the United States. Alliance recently introduced workout bands which offer customers an uncomplicated workout option outside of the gym.
Where to Buy: Online at Amazon and Staples. At local stores like Walmart, Hobby Lobby, The Container Store, Staples, Office Depot, Tractor Supply. Find out where to buy.


when their mom called to book this session, she said that they would be good for me. well……she was sooo right. these two lil angels are beautiful and so sweet and loving. at only 3 and 4 years old they were so fun and silly and just sweet lil souls. they are both from Guatemala and their dark hair and eyes won me over instantly! little sammy almost came home with me but changed his mind last minute, darnit! 🙂 i was ready to squeeze him all night! thank you guys for a wonderful afternoon!!
« nashville childrens photographer | sweets.


Discussion in 'iPad' started by capitaine, May 9, 2011.
This morning I woke up to find that my iPad 2 was in an endless boot cycle. Played a few games on it the night before and it was running fine. Wasn't on the charger. It seemed to be booting up, then crashing without showing the lock screen. Tried a soft reset, didn't do anything. Plugged it in, but iTunes would only recognize it for about 3 seconds.
Every time it reset it was something new - if I tried to flip it it would shut down while it was switching the orientation. If I opened safari, it wouldn't load anything and freeze, then reboot. In some cases it even did the grey shade screen that Macs do when there's a kernal panic before it tried rebooting again.
Tried restoring it about 3 more times, even getting the .ipsw manually to make sure the download wasn't screwed up. I tried plugging it in to itunes in this state just for the hell of it and it gave me the option to set it up or restore from backup, doing either one froze both the iPad and iTunes.
Just seems like a broken firmware, but the fact that it is unfixable tells me that somethings fried on the hardware end.
I waited for the thing for about a month to ship, and only had the thing for a month. No jailbreak, pretty much babied it. Kinda ridiculous.
**** happens, but guarantee covers you, so lighten up.
Not fun, especially if you've looked after it.
Like the last poster said though, it's under warranty - so just take it back and get a new shiny one.
It looks like a defective graphic chip. I think you will need to contact Apple, which will replace your iPad with a new one. Good luck!
The Apple Stores have units on had to replace defective iPads. Call Apple CAre and make an appointment to take it to an Apple Store and you might not have to wait for a new one.
Well, it was exactly what maxap said - a defective graphics chip.
Went in there yesterday and after an hour of waiting (they were behind on genius bar appts) I walked out of there with a new one.
Still curious tho as to why it burnt out in the first place. Any thoughts?
Yeah, ***** happens. Not everything is perfect. My original iPad (launch model of 1st gen) would freeze randomly only while playing videos. It's annoying, but I found Apple's support response more than adequate.
The over the counter exchange is way better than having to send it in for 6-8 week for repair.


e-beauty Group is one of the most prominent manufacturer and supplier of professional Beauty Line in Malaysia. Our internationally recognised Standard of cGMP Manufacturing Facilities is among the best in Malaysia, producing a full range of Professional Saloon Care Products of the finest Quality and High Efficacy. Our products are guaranteed safe and is in compliance with the Government Regulations.
Our team of doctors begun their research in Professional Skin Treatment products in the 80s before a specialised team helmed by Professor Qu (Dermatologist) and Dr Zhang G.S (medical Cosmetologist) combined their more than 50 years' experience to formally establish the company in 1996 in Malaysia. Since then, E-beauty Group have received numerous accolades including the International Award for Inventions & New Techniques, Geneva Switzerland and International Award for Technology & Quality, Geneva Switzerland. These awards bears testament to our excellence in Professional R & D and cutting edge technology manufacturing processes.
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Main Report
Jan E Mutchler, PhD
Jan E Mutchler, PhD, is Professor of Gerontology in the McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies, and Director of the Center for Social and Demographic Research on Aging (CSDRA) in the Gerontology Institute at the University of Massachusetts Boston. The CSDRA produces and distributes the Elder Index, a cost-of-living measure for older adults in every county throughout the U.S. In addition, the CSDRA works with communities in support of age-friendly initiatives, including Boston and dozens of other municipalities in Massachusetts. Professor Mutchler conducts research on socioeconomic, cultural, and family-based factors as they relate to outcomes central to well-being in later life, including health, financial well-being, and family relationships. She is a Fellow of the Gerontological Society of America (Behavioral and Social Sciences Section) and serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Aging & Social Policy and Research on Aging. Dr. Mutchler earned her PhD in Sociology, with a specialization in demography, at the University of Texas Austin.
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In January of 2012, Sharon and I set our sites on ghost hunting in Kirkland, AZ. We knew there were several small towns along the way and couldn't wait to do some urban exploring around these settlements. After visiting the Old Congress Cemetery, our next destination was Yarnell. We have past through the town before on our way to Prescott, but didn't stop to see what this small town had to offer. On this trip, we arrived in Yarnell at lunchtime. We stopped to get a bite to eat and noticed several abandoned places along the main road. Of course we took several pictures of these structures, got back in the car and decided to cruise around town to see if there were anymore empty places for us to photograph. We found several places along with unique and interesting homes tucked in various neighborhoods. We decided that after Kirkland, and on our way back home, we would check this town out some more. We had a great time while in Yarnell and found the town to be a wonderful and surprising photo opt.
In 1865, a famous pioneer named Charles Genung found a vein of gold where Yarnell is located. The town got its name from Harrison Yarnell, a prospector who discovered the Yarnell mine in 1873. In the early 1930's, State Route 89, which runs through Yarnell, was the main passage to get from Wickenburg and Phoenix to Prescott. Yarnell and its neighboring town, Peeples Valley, depend on ranching, mining, and visitors to help with their economy. The settlement has over 650 residents living there, with many of them retirees.
This past week, Yarnell, Peeples Valley and other neighboring towns have suffered a massive fire which destroyed homes and businesses. Half the town of Yarnell has been wiped out. 19 men from the Granite Mountain Hotshots crew lost their lives fighting this fire. The tragedy has effected people from all over the world. My heart and prayers go out to all the families and friends of these brave men.
Eventually, Sharon and I will head back to Kirkland for a full investigation of the steakhouse and bar. We will travel through Yarnell on our way there. We have no idea what we will see. As always, we will take photos, but will the places we shot in 2012 still be there? I just don't know.
These photos were taken on our 2012 trip.
Beautiful pics. Makes me want to go there as well.


Oliver Norwood, Brighton and Hove Albion- The 27-year-old spent last season on loan at Fulham in the Championship and helped them gain promotion to the Premier League. He is available to leave Brighton this summer and Hull have already had a bid rejected for him. Norwood worked with Nigel Adkins at Reading and they should reunite at the KCOM Stadium.
Jacob Butterfield, Derby County- He appears to have fallen down the pecking order at Derby and spent last season on loan at Sheffield Wednesday. Butterfield is proven in the Championship and is an experienced midfielder. He would slot in nicely into Hull's side.
Jon Nolan, Shrewsbury Town- The former Stockport County, Grimsby Town and Chesterfield man impressed in League One last season for Shrewsbury Town and deserves a move to the Championship. He would offer Hull some more creativity and energy in midfield.
Brad Potts, Barnsley- The 24-year-old played his first season in the Championship for Barnsley in the last campaign and showed signs of promise. Potts, who has previously played for Carlisle United and Blackpool, could be available after the Tykes' relegation to League One and is another option for the Tigers to explore.
Eunan O'Kane, Leeds United- The Republic of Ireland international is one who Leeds have been open to offloading in this transfer window and he would not be a bad signing for Hull. O'Kane has got plenty of Championship experience from spells at Leeds and AFC Bournemouth.


We fully expect today's Google event to start with a chorus of Radiohead's No Surprises. There have been so many leaks about what will be unveiled, the only thing we don't know yet is what colour shirt Sundar Pinchai will be wearing.
The latest shows the forthcoming Google Pixel 3 and Pixel 3 XL handsets in their entire glory.
Evan Blass tweeted a press image collection of both phones, from front, side and rear and in all the expected colours.
It really leaves little else to the imagination.
As we've seen many times over the last few weeks, the Google Pixel 3 XL will have a notch, while the smaller Pixel 3 will not. It will have a (rather large) top bezel instead, to match the bottom chin.
That's the main physical difference apart from the size. The design, in all other ways, is identical. The colours too.
Speaking of colours, a separate leak, posted on GSM Arena, claims that Google will continue its slightly wacky naming convention. Its colours this year are said to be called "Clearly White", "Just Black" and "Not Pink".
That does sound convincing considering last year's were "Very Silver", "Quite Black" and "Really Blue". However, we do urge caution because the same leak - apparently of marketing material for each handset - also claims the screen resolution of the Pixel 3 XL is 1080p.
Rumours, including specs released from those claiming to have purchased a 3 XL early, have always said its display is QHD+ (2960 x 1440).
We'll find out for sure tonight as the Made by Google 2018 event unfolds. You can watch it happen here: Google Pixel 3 event: How to watch online and what to expect.


Get an insider look of what went on backstage at the Max Mara Fall 2014 Ready-to-Wear runway show.
See every last detail from shoes and jewels, to bags and belts, from the Max Mara Fall 2014 Ready-to-Wear show.
Check out the beauty styles from the Max Mara Fall 2014 Ready-to-Wear show.
Get an insider look of what went on backstage at the Max Mara Spring 2014 Ready-to-Wear runway show.
See every last detail from shoes and jewels, to bags and belts, from the Max Mara Spring 2014 Ready-to-Wear show.
Check out the beauty styles from the Max Mara Spring 2014 Ready-to-Wear show.
Get an insider look of what went on backstage at the Max Mara Fall 2013 Ready-to-Wear runway show.
See every last detail from shoes and jewels, to bags and belts, from the Max Mara Fall 2013 Ready-to-Wear show.
View photos of the Max Mara Pre-Fall 2013 Collection.