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Hell Gate (de vegades anomenat Hell Gate Ronde, Hell's Gate o Hellgate) és un despoblat a l'extrem occidental de la Vall de Missoula al Comtat de Missoula, Montana, Estats Units. La vila es trobava als bancs del riu Clark Fork més o menys cinc milles riu avall on avui hi ha la ciutat de Missoula prop d'on avui hi ha Frenchtown.

Geografia
Hell Gate és a l'oest del Vall de Missoula. Fa uns 13.000 BCE, l'avenç de l'indlandsis de Cordilleran va crear una presa de gel al Clark Fork que va crear el llac glacial Missoula. Després de les inundacions de Missoula Inundacions i el desguas definitiu del llac Missoula fa uns 11.000 BCE, el sediment assecat del llac esdevenia la fèrtil Vall de Missoula.

La Vall de Hell Gate és emmarcada pel Rattlesnake Mountains al nord i al nord-est i Bitterroot Mountains al cap al sud/sud-est, sud, i oest. Des de principis dels anys 1900, l'àrea ha estat envoltada pel Bosc Nacional de Lolo. L'embocadura oriental de la vall és definida per un pas estret entre el monts Jumbo i Sentinel, que condueixen al canyó de Hellgate. La boca occidental és més indefinida i estreta.

La comunitat de Hell Gate estava a  , a una alçada de 3.123 peus (952 m).

Nadius americans i poblament blanc
Membres de la tribu nativa americana dels bitterroot salish (o flathead) sovint viatjaven a través de la Vall de Missoula en el seu camí cap a l'est cap als terrenys de caça del bisó. Així com els salish travessaven les estretes boques orientals i occidentals de la vall, membres dels blackfeet sovint aprofitaven per a atacar-los i matar-los. Els salish anomenaven la vall lm-i-sul-étiku, el qual transliterat significa "per les aigües fredes i esgarrifoses" però que els salish usaven metafòricament significant "el lloc glaçat de por". La vall sencera era molt boscosa i ideal per a les emboscades.

Els primers euro-americans que veieren la Vall de Missoula foren els membres de l'Expedició de Lewis i Clark, qui exploraren el riu Clark Fork en el camí de retorn cap a de l'est després d'assolir l'Oceà Pacífic. Meriwether Lewis i un grup petit d'homes va passar a través del Vall de Missoula i acamparen prop de la confluència de Rattlesnake Creek i el Clark Fork el 4 de juliol de 1806. L'explorador anglo-canadenc David Thompson va visitar l'àrea al 1811, i cartografià bona part de la vall i els cims circumdants (incloent el Mont Jumbo).

Els paranyers francesos que travessaren la vall als anys 1820 s'horroritzaren de veure tantes restes dels salish als canyons profunds que formaven les entrades de la vall, i anomenaren la vall "Porte de l'Enfer," o "Hell Gate." La següent persona europea que se sap que va visitar l'àrea fou l'explorador britànic Alexander Ross el 1824. El1841 el sacerdot catòlic Pierre-Jean de Smet travessà la Vall de Hell Gate, portant amb ell què probablement eren els primers carros i bous per entrar en el que més tard seria Montana. Els missioners jesuïtes el seguiren, establint-se a la Vall de Hell Gate (tal com s'anomenava llavors la Vall de Missoula), però no s'hi quedaren degut a l'hostilitat de les tribus índies locals.

Al 1852 l'explorador métis Francois Finlay (també anomenat "Benetsee") descobrí or en el que avui és Gold Creek prop de la boca oriental de la vall, però no resultà un dipòsit comercialment viable i no va ocórrer cap febre d'or. Un any més tard, Isaac Stevens, Governador del Territori de Washington (que en aquell temps comprenia l'oest de Montana), va dirigir una d'exploració per a l'establiment del ferrocarril a través de la vall. Impressionat amb la conveniència de la Montana occidental sencera àrea per poblament blanc, Stevens va negociar el Tractat de Hellgate de 1855, signat per les tribus bitterroot salish, pend d'oreilles, i kootenai a Council Grove proper a Hell Gate, el qual va establir el reserva índia Flathead. La pau amb les tribus natives americanes locals augmentaren el trànsit a l'àrea, i la Vall de Hell Gate esdevenia la ruta de transport preferida des de Montana cap a l'oest. El significatiu nombre de caravanes de muls que viatjaven al llarg de la vall, finalment conduint al poblament del mateix Hell Gate. La Mullan Road arribà a l'àrea a l'hivern de 1859-1860.

Fundació i creixement
Els primers pobladors a la Vall de Hell Gate arribaren a finals de desembre del 1856 per tal d'iniciar els preparatius per al poblament permanent (Hell Gate). Aquest primer grup d'homes consistia en el Jutge Frank H. Woody, James Holt, Bill Madison, Bill "Pork" West, i un home cognomenat Jackson. Van tallar fusta per a l'assentament durant tot l'hivern i, a la primavera, es van traslladar al futur lloc de Hell Gate, on van criar bestiar i van establir el primer jardí i granja de la vall. A la tardor de 1857 van construir dues cases amb la fusta que havien tallat. Un grapat de colons més s'establiren a la vall del 1857 al 1895.

El poblament de Hell Gate (també anomenat Hellgate Trading Post) va ser fundat el 1860 per Frank L. Worden i el Capità Christopher P. Higgins. Higgins havia anat a parar a la Vall de Hell Gate amb la partida d'exploració per a la construcció del ferrocarril del Governador Isaac Stevens del 1853, i els dos homes van construir una cabanya de troncs i el va convertir en una botiga. Worden i Higgins havien volgut establir-se a Fort Owen en la vall del Bitterroot, però en comptes d'això va escollir la Vall de Hell Gate perquè era a mig camí entre Fort Owen i el trading post del govern federal a Jocko en la nova reserva índia. Això, van creure, dirigiria més trànsit que una botiga més propera a qualsevol poblament existent. La botiga de Worden i Higgins fou el primer edifici comercial a l'estat de Montana no classificat com a trading post. L'agost del 1860 Worden i Higgins dugueren una caravana de 76 mules sobre Mullan Road de Walla Walla per a proveir la botiga. Entre els seus béns hi havia la primera caixa de cabals a la regió. Aviat es van construir diverses cabanes al voltant de la botiga aquell mateix any. Un de els primers residents de la vila fou el jutge Frank H. Woody de Walla Walla. però va comprar troncs de pollancres tallats per David Patee, un poblador blanc que s'havia establert a prop de la desembocadura oriental de la vall de Hell Gate i que va construir ràpidament un edifici rectangular de 16 peus per 18 peus (4,9 per 5,5 metres) amb un terrat. Els homes van ser units pel quart resident de la vila, un ciutadà francès dit Narcisse Sanpar. Un altre resident nou fou el "Capità" Richard Grant, el pare de Johnny Grant (co-fundador del ranxo Grant-Kohrs), i que juntament amb David Patee havia participat en el subministrament dels troncs amb els que es construí la botiga de Worden i Higgins. Al desembre del 1860 la Legislatura Territorial del Territori de Washington (que en aquell temps incloia bona part del que avui és Montana occidental) va organitzar un sistema de govern de comtat, i establí Comtat de Missoula. Hell Gate fou designat la seu del comtat, i la primera elecció de comtat de Montana fou duta a terme el 1861. El primer judici de Montana era també aguantat en la vila (al saloon de Bolte) el 1862 (un home va demandar un pagès local per matar un cavall que li havia arrendat).

Hell Gate va créixer de pressa. Worden i Higgins construïren una segona botiga el 1861. W. B. S. Higgins va construir la primera residència de la vila a principis del 1861, i P.J. Bolte El seu segon en la tardor d'aquell any (va doblar com a saloon). John Mullan va establir "Cantonment Wright" a la confluència dels rius Blackfoot i Hell Gate el novembre 1861 en preparació per a la conclusió del Mullan Road. La Carretera va assolir la Vall de Hell Gate el 1862, duent més pobladors blancs a l'àrea. Quin probablement pot el primer casament d'americans blancs en l'estat de Montana va ocórrer a Hell Gate el 5 de març de 1862 (George P. White es casà amb Josephine Mineinger), i el primer nen americà blanc nascut al comtat de Missoula va néixer prop de Hell Gate el 13 de febrer de 1862. El primer plet a l'estat també ocorregué a Hell Gate el març del 1862 (un home va demandar un pagès per matar un cavall que l'home li havia arrendat). L'arribada del Mullan Road conduí a l'establiment d'una estació de diligències a la vila. Els béns van portar per steamboat remuntant el Clark Fork al Gabinet Rapids fou transportat per un nou sender equipat que connectava amb la carretera Mullan a l'oest de la ciutat. Caravanes de camells transportaven mercaderies i or regularment per Mullan Road fins al ràpid creixement d'Inland Empire. De vegades, fins a cinc trens de càrrega al dia passaven per Hell Gate. De vegades, les mercaderies eren tan abundants que es venien per menys del que valien al seu punt de partida a St. Louis, Missouri. La primera oficina de correu a Montana va ser establerta a Hell Gate el 24 de novembre de 1862.

Al 1863 la descoberta d'or a Alder Gulch va portar centenars de colons a la regió, fent prosperar Hell Gate. Aquell any Henry Buckhouse construí a la vila la primera i única farga. L'església catòlica Romana de St. Michael fou la primera església cristiana (més que missió) a l'estat de Montana, fou construïda a la petita vila el 1863. missioners també construïren la missió de St. Peter a la vila, serví com a base per a l'evangelització dels anys 1860 al 1884 (fins i tot després de l'abandonament de Hell Gate). El Congrés dels Estats Units va organitzar la Territori de Montana el 26 de maig de 1864. La nova legislatura territorial va reconèixer el Comtat de Missoula, i situà la seu del comtat a Hell Gate. L'estiu de 1864 Tyler Woodward de l'empresa de Woodward & Clements construí una segona botiga a Hell Gate i P. J. Shockley Construït una pensió. Quan s'organitzà el Territori de Montana, Woodward va ser elegit comissionat del Comtat de Missoula, i era mestre de postes a Hell Gate.

Mort a Hell Gate
Hell Gate fou l'escena de linxaments notoris el 1864. Un cop en la història de la vila, la botiga de Worden i Higgins patí un robatori. Cyrus Skinner, membre de la banda de saltejadors d'Henry Plummer, i altres membres de la banda Plummer s'establiren a Hell Gate a finals del 1863 iniciant un regnat de terror contra el veïnat. El saloon Bolte havia tancat el 1862, però Skinner comprà el lloc el 1863 i va reobrir el bar. Skinner preferí establir-se en la seguretat de la botiga de Higgins i Worden, fent que molts de la vila creguessin que la banda de Plummer tenia la intenció de robar de la caixa forta la seva pols d'or valorada en 65.000 dòlars. La nit de 27 de gener de 1864, un grup de 21 vigilantes (part de la notòria Montana Vigilantes, que instituïren un regnat de terror estatal) d'Alder Gulch arribaren a Hell Gate i envoltaren a Skinner i als altres fora de la llei. Es dugué a terme un breu judici a la botiga de Worden i Higgins, i quatre membres de la banda de Plummer foren sentenciats a mort. Skinner i dos altres foren penjats d'un pal que va ser fou arrencat del corral de la vila i posar de peu. Un va ser penjat en un graner pròxim a la botiga, i un altre d'un arbre a fora de la botiga.

Al març del 1864 diversos joves indis pend d'oreilles (dirigits pel fill del cap) mataren un prospector prop de la localitat de Clinton (Montana). A la gent de Hell Gate li preocupava que s'iniciés una revolta índia, demanaren ajuda a la vila d'Alder Gulch. La tribu Pend d'Oreilles, preocupada per les represàlies, va obligar el seu cap a lliurar el seu fill a la gent de Hell Gate. Després d'un judici molt breu, l'home jove va ser penjat d'un pal al corral de la vila.

A la tardor de 1864 un colon anomenat Matt disparà a un home anomenat Crow, matant-lo, després que Crow presumptament insultà la muller d'aquell a la tenda on convivia la parella. En aquell temps, William Cook va reobrir el saloon de la vila. Dos irlandesos, McLaughlin i Doran, es discutiren mentre jugaven a cartes i intercanviaren trets al saloon. McLaughlin fou mort, però Doran fugí indemne. Doran fou arrestat, però fou alliberat. Cook, el gerent del saloonr, també rebé trets i morí uns dies més tard. L'última mort en la vila fou la de J. P. Shockley, qui cometé suïcidi a principi de la primavera de 1865.

Abandó
Hell Gate col·lapsà com a poblament el 1865. El poblament havia assolit un total de 20 residents. Però Worden i Higgins va construir una serradora, un molí fariner, i una botiga nova al lloc on avui dia hi ha Missoula, i tots els residents de Hell Gate es traslladaren a la nova vila pràcticament del dia a la nit. Més que agafar el nom de vila amb ells, van adoptar com el nom nou de la seva vila la confusa paraula índia per anomenar la vall, "Missoula." Els residents únics eren pagesos, qui hi havia resolt proper. La seu del comtat es mogué de Hell Gate a Missoula el 1866. De 1887 fins a la seva mort el 1905, l'actor alemany-americà Daniel E. Bandmann tingué un ranxo prop de Hell Gate en una àrea ara anomenada Bandmann Flats. Durant aquest temps es va introduir a Montana pomes vermelles McIntosh, cavalls perxerons, vaques Holstein i diverses races exòtiques de pollastres i porcs.

L'any 1913 quedava poc de la vila (qui formava part d'un ranxo de propietat privada) excepte uns quants edificis i quatre túmuls funeraris de la colla Plummer. El lloc del despoblat constava com a lloc destacat en una ruta auto-guiada en una guia turística llibre de guia a l'estat de Montana escrita pel projecte dels Escriptors Federals el 1939.

L'àrea de Hellgate
Hell Gate ha deixat el seu nom a diversos topònims característics en l'àrea, incloent la mateixa vall, la qual es va començar anomenar la dècada del 1800 com la Vall de Hell Gate. Hell Gate era també el nom original del riu Clark Fork River, el qual els colons primigenis creien que es formava per la confluència dels rius Clark Fork i Bitterroot Riu a la boca oriental del Vall de Missoula. Tot i que el riu i la vall serien rebatejats, el congost costerut tallat pel Clark Fork a l'est de la vall de Missoula és encara conegut com a Hellgate Canyon. El United States Postal Service manté l'oficina de Hell Gate al centre de Missoula, i el sistema Escolar Públic del Comtat de Missoula manté del Hellgate High School, un dels instituts més vells i més grans en l'estat de Montana.

Referències

Enllaços externs
 "Hell Gate." Montana Enllaços
 Consell Grove Parc Estatal, Montana

Entitats de població del Comtat de Missoula
Despoblats


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FOR DOGS AND CATS: Technology Research Corporation (TRC) has just marketed an extension cord that is safe for dogs and cats. This extension cord monitors the flow of electricity and will instantly disconnect power when a dangerous condition is detected. This includes the penetration of the cord by dog and cat teeth. This cord will also prevent fires that result from electrical cords. The cord costs about $10.00. You can find out more about it from TRC at fax: 727-530-7375, email: productinfo@trci.net or www.trci.net. This also sounds like a good product for people who have small children. FOR DOGS: A litter box system designed for small dogs is now available in most pet supply stores. It works in the same manner as a litter box for cats. This system allows the small dog owner to teach their dog to relieve themselves in the litter box instead of outside. For more information about litter box training for dogs, see Darlene Arden's book The Irrepressible Toy Dog, listed on this site in the Books section.
The Holidays: This is a time of the year that you must be more concerned about your pet's safety. As families celebrate the holiday season sometimes there are more goodies left in places where pets can get them. A dog or cat can eat chocolate left on a coffee table or the floor. Pets can chew and eat the ribbon from packages, the paper, packing "peanuts," cellophane and decorations. Often these items have the scent of food on them and will tempt a pet who otherwise would not pay attention to these things. A dog or cat can get their head stuck in a plastic bag and die.
Be sure to watch your pet carefully during this time of the year. If you pet seems to be "out of sorts" or otherwise sick, do not hesitate to have them looked at by your veterinarian. If your pet shows any sign that it has an upset stomach, trouble eliminating, vomiting, lethargic, or gagging, a trip to the veterinarian is in order.You must be extra careful after the holidays are over and presents, decorations and food are forgotten but still around. If you have children in your home or neighborhood, watch that your pet does not chew and swallow toys or parts of toys and games that a child might leave on the floor or ground.Do not give your pet too many treats, just because it is the holiday season. If you want to give your pet some leftover's, be sure to watch for bones. As you discard the carcass of roasts, be sure to put the bones outside in a trash can that has a solid, secure lid on it. Sometimes the smell of a whole turkey carcass in the kitchen garbage may be too much for even the most well trained pet to ignore. If your dog or cat should eat a bone, call your veterinarian right away. If you cannot get a vet, the main thing to do is encase the bone in a protective mass of food. The best thing to feed your pet is bread and water or if you have it natural psyllium fiber. This creates bulk in the pet's system and will help to prevent the bone from puncturing the animal's intestines. You should still contact your veterinarian as soon as possible.If you buy your pet toys, be careful that they cannot be chewed into small pieces, swallowed or that they are toxic. If you have more than one pet, make sure that the toys are safe for all of them. A dog will take a cat's toy and chew it. I personally do not like to give a dog toys that are edible, such as rawhide, pig ears, cow hooves, etc. Be extra careful with extension cords, decorated trees and window lights. If your dog or cat is used to jumping up on the window ledge to look out, they will not stop doing it because you have put a light in the window. You pet can chew the cord or get tangled in it.
With a little bit of care, you and your pet can have a safe, happy, holiday season.
KEEP YOUR DOG WARM: All short-coated dogs need a coat or sweater in the winter. This is especially true if your dog does not have a double coat. The dog coat should cover their underside as much as possible. Most little dogs need a coat because they do not have the body mass to keep warm. Dogs such as Dalmatians and Boxers need coats.
WINTER WARNING: You should be aware of winter and fall hazards. First, always watch that your dog does not drink antifreeze. As people winterize their cars, you may find small amounts of antifreeze on the road, in a puddle or even left out in a container. All it takes are a few laps of antifreeze to kill your dog. The new antifreeze that is supposed to be safe, is not. Another hazard for both you and your dog are deer ticks. The fall and spring are the two most active times for ticks. Because deer ticks are so small, the best thing to do is to put a tick collar on your dog. You can get one from your veterinarian. Your dog should wear the collar until we have a hard freeze. Ticks will become active during the warm spells of winter. If we have a mild winter, you should keep the collar on your dog throughout the winter. It has been my experience that the collars need to be changed every two and one half months. Do not wait for the three-month limit that they have.
DOG TREATS: According to PET PRODUCT NEWS, pig ears are the largest selling dog treat on the market. Now manufacturers are marketing other animal body parts as treats. They claim that these treats are natural and healthier for dogs. Some of the parts are cows tails and pig snouts. Other treats on the market are the bones made from vegetables and corn starch. I have read one account of a dog eating one of the vegetable bones and having a piece become lodged in the digestive tract. This needed to be surgically removed. The article stated that the product was the same hardness and size as when the dog ate it. As a rule of thumb I do not recommend these types of treats. Rawhide, cow hooves, pig ears and other similar treats can block a dog's digestive tract. While the other body parts may seem like good treats that your dog likes, I would like to see more information on the processing that these treats receive. Often the product is made of good ingredients, (vegetables) but the form and process by which it is made can be dangerous for the dog. I urge dog owners to proceed with caution.
DOG FOOD: Many times in my career as a dog trainer and behavior consultant, I have witnessed at times an almost complete turnaround in a dog or cat's behavior and health, simply by changing the quality of the pet's food. "Nervous" or "high strung" dogs calmed down, older pets, both dogs and cats seem to get new vitality, in some cases itching stopped, growths disappeared, and on the list of changes goes. In each case there are reasons for the changes, but in all cases it was linked to feeding your dog or cat "junk" pet food. The general rule of thumb is, if you can buy it in the super market, you do not want to feed it to your dog or cat.
Since there are many pet foods on the market, how do you know which one is good? They all claim to be a complete source of nutrition for your pet.
There are a few ways to judge the quality of a pet food.
1. Begin by understanding the terminology and what the law allows regarding pet food. Otherwise the information on the pet food label will not give you a clear understanding of what is in the food.
For example, read the information on the Born Free Animal Protection Institute web site at http://www.bornfreeusa.org/facts.php?more=1&p=359 Also check out the requirements for pet food as explained by the Association of American Feed Control Officials, (AAFCO). The bottom line though, is that each state controls what and how ingredients go into pet food.
2. Pet food manufacturers can use the meat from animals that died other than being slaughtered. This includes diseased animals. Even if they used slaughtered animals, they typically use the parts of the animal that are not fit for human consumption. This is allowable if the meat products are rendered according to the rules set by AAFCO and the individual state feed control laws. It is important to understand that when a pet food states it is made of meat products or meat, it can be any type of meat, including euthanized pets and road kill. Consumers often assume that the word meat means beef, pork, turkey or chicken when in reality it may not be one of those four. The grains used in pet foods are processed so that they are broken down and the various parts of the grain are used; sometimes that will include the hulls. So you will not likely see the term "whole grain" in pet food. If you do it may not be in the same context as used in human foods. For this reason most pet food does not contain any whole ingredients.
3. Most major pet foods are produced by companies that manufacture human food. Often the spoilage and leftovers, such as cereal fines are added to pet food. These could include grains that have been contaminated with mold and other contaminants. Again if they are processed according to the law, the can be added to pet food.
4. Animal, poultry and vegetable fat are a part of almost every pet food. This can include the used fat that is collected from restaurants. This fat is often stored for long periods in 55 gallon drums at all temperatures before it is processed for pet foods. Often the fat is rancid prior to processing.
5. Although the label of the pet food may claim that it has 24% protein, and in reality it does. The protein may not all be digestable.
6. Think carefully about what you read on the label. For example, typically the ingredient which is the largest amount is listed first. Beef may be the first ingredient listed and the consumer thinks that the product is mostly made of beef. But in reality if you add the percentage of all the other ingredients you will be shocked to learn that beef is the least ingredient in the food. For example: beef = 15%; meat by products = 10%; that means that a total of 25% of the product is meat. The rest of the food is made of other things but each one less than 15%. What you have is 25% of some type of meat product and 75% of everything else. Also keep in mind that most canned or semi-moist food could be primarily water. This means that ounce for ounce, canned food has less nutritional value than dried food. This means a pet must eat more canned food in order to gain the nutrition it needs.
7. There are three things that make a good pet food.
b. The processing – high heat kills a lot of the nutritional value of all food so the process should be a low heat process.
c. Packaging – There are three things that will cause a pet food to spoil, light, air and moisture. The longer the food is exposed to these elements, the sooner it will spoil. The pet food is processed, bagged, stored in a warehouse for shipment at the processing plant, transported, often in hot trucks or railroad cars to a distribution center, shipped again to the retail outlet, sits on the shelf of the retail outlet until the pet owner buys it. From there, the bag is opened and may sit for a month or more until the pet consumes the entire bag of food. By the time the bag is half empty, much of the food could have spoiled.
The best foods are packaged in small, vacuum packed bags that protect the food from light, air and moisture. The bags should be small enough that a pet can consume the food quickly.
8. Always keep in mind that how the food looks, advertising, packaging and ad contents are designed to convince the pet owner to buy the food. Your pet does not care what the food looks like as long as it is appealing enough to eat.
What about Lamb and Rice foods?
Most dogs should not be fed a lamb and rice formula. This food was designed for dogs that develop food allergies to other ingredients. If you feed your dog lamb and rice and he develops in intolerance for it, you will be forced to feed your dog very expensive formulas that are not easy to find, such as venison and rice, or some other exotic meat. Many dogs do not like the lamb and rice formulas to being with.
This is a debatable topic. Many people will tell you not to feed your dog human food. But consider that raw fruits and vegetables have the live ammino acids necessary for good health. If given the opportunity, many dogs and cats will seek out and eat plant matter on their own. Dogs cannot store vitamin C and must get it from their food. Feeding your dog or cat raw fruit and vegetables in moderation is not a bad thing to do. Feeding your dog fast food on a regular basis is not a good thing to do. But a small amount of leftover vegetables or salad can be good for your dog or cat. However, you should take the same care in handling these foods as you would for yourself.
Do not Feed: Grapes, raisins, onions, chocolate to your dog or cat. They are poisonous and can make your pet seriously ill or even cause death.
The pet food industry and pet nutrition is a fluid industry. As scientists learn more about the nutritional requirements for pets, as well as what is bad for them, the pet food market will slowly follow. Pet foods that were once independently owned may sell out to a large manufacturer. Often the quality of the food will drop before the sale to show a higher profit margin so that the company can sell the pet food line for more money. In recent years some very good pet foods that had a stellar reputation have become supermarket fodder.
If you see a change in your pets coat, behavior, activity level or new health problems, always check to see if your pet food is still being manufactured at the same level of quality by the same company. And of course take your pet to the veterinarian for a check up. .
PREVENTING PROBLEMS WITH YOUR DOG! Most people have problems with their dogs for four reasons: (1) They do not select the right kind of dog for their lifestyle, (2) They do not select the correct breed, or type of dog. If they do select the correct type of dog, they do not get the right pup from the litter. Getting the right dog is the key to having a dog that will respond favorably to training. The right dog will adapt to your family as well. (3) They do not socialize the puppy or dog correctly; and (4) they do not get the proper training for their dog. All dogs should be formally trained in the basic commands. If one is available near you, your dog should attend a puppy kindergarten class before obedience training.How to select the right breed. Consult a general breed book to see what is out there. Be sure to consider the size of the dog, grooming requirements, activity level, protectiveness, cost and personality. Next contact dog professionals in your area, such as trainers, behaviorists, groomers, veterinarians, and pet sitters.Do not limit yourself to AKC breeds. AKC dogs are no better than other breeds that are registered by other registries.A DOG THAT HAS PAPERS DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE DOG IS QUALITY. The AKC or any other registry does not guarantee that the dog you get belongs to the papers issued with the dog. Therefore, a dog that is born and sold through a pet shop, back yard breeder, the neighbor next door or a puppy mill is not a quality dog just because it has papers.The only way you can be SURE that the puppy or dog you purchase is related to the parents listed on the papers is if the puppy and parents have been DNA processed or profiled and registered. The United Kennel Club, the second oldest registry in the United States publishes a list of all dogs that have been DNA processed and who are registered with the United Kennel Club. For information about DNA Profile's contact the United Kennel Club at (616) 343-9020After you have decided on a breed or two that interests you, contact a breed club for references. The place NOT to buy a dog is through the newspaper, the accidental breeding down the block, a pet shop, the farmer down the road who has a handmade sign out front, dog magazines, or a breeder who has many different breeds and litters at once. Be very wary of the large breeding facility that produces one or more litters a week or month.How to select a dog or puppy: If you get your dog from a reputable breeder this should not be a problem. Your breeder should match you and a puppy correctly. You should not look at a litter and select the one you think is the cutest. Your breeder knows the litter and each puppy's personality better than you do. Your breeder should also be experienced enough to know how his or her lines will develop. A general rule of thumb that is successful is to select the puppy that stays with you the longest. NOT the one who reaches you first or stays in the background!Remember, you will own your dog for ten or more years. Throughout your dog's lifetime you will most likely invest over $15,000. Not to mention your time and your heart!
The best way to learn about breeds of dogs is to study breed books, talk to veterinarians, dog trainers, groomers, and breeders of the dogs you are looking for.
SPRING AND SUMMER: June brings thoughts of graduation, weddings and other spring and summer activities. Be sure to keep the needs of your dog in mind. If you plan to be away for a long day, have a neighbor or friend check in on your dog. It is amazing how your dog knows that something special is up and decide, while you are away, to do things he would never normally do. Temperature's 50 degrees or over are too hot for your dog to be left in the car, even with the windows opened. Also, it is never a good idea to let your dog ride an open vehicle. Unrestrained he can fall out. Tying your dog by the collar can cause severe injury or break your dog's neck. Even safely restrained, stones, bugs, dust and other debris can injure your dog (this includes hanging out of the window). NEVER allow your dog to ride in the open back of a pickup truck.
HEAT WARNING: As it becomes hot and humid, you must be sure that your dog always has fresh, cool water. Remember that a dog sweats through the pads of his feet and by panting. If the air is humid your dog will not be able to cool off easily. Some dogs enjoy lying in a child's plastic pool filled with water.
milk, cornmeal and eggs. Add flour 1/2 cup at a time mixing well. Knead 3 - 4 minutes adding more flour if necessary to make a very stiff dough. Roll dough into thin strips and cut as desired. Bake at 325 for about 50 minutes. Allow to cool and dry until hard.
Pour hot liquid over oatmeal and margarine. Let stand 5 min. Stir in powdered milk, cheese, salt and egg. Add cornmeal and wheat germ. Mix well. Add flour 1/2 cup at a time. Knead 4 min. Roll and cut. Bake 1 hour at 300 Turn off heat and leave in oven an hour or longer. These treats can be made small and used as training treats for your dog.
Pet Health Insurance: Although this is not a new concept, health insurance for pets seems to be getting popular. With today's technology and high priced treatments for pets, it makes more sense to consider it then in years past. Also, the policies are more friendly than they used to be. According to an article in PET AGE, May 1999 a number of dog food companies and big chain pet stores are looking into ways to offer pet health insurance for pet owners. The Pet Age article offers these contacts for pet health insurance. Pet Assure, 888-789-7387; Pet Care Plus+, 800-645-2939; Pet Product Inc., 941-403-4100; Petshealth Insurance Agency, Inc., 330-492-3948; Veterinary Centers of America, Inc., 310-392-9599; Veterinary Pet Insurance, 800-872-7387. One word of caution when considering a health care policy for your pet. Read the policy carefully. See exactly what it covers and what it does not cover. Does it cover wellness care? That would include shots and annual visits. How does it handle other visits? What does it offer for elective surgery which could include, spay, neuter, dew claw removal and declawing, docking and cropping? How does it handle illness and major surgery. Does the coverage decrease as the age of the dog increases? Does it terminate after the dog reaches a certain age? How does it handle euthanasia? Is there a discount for a multiple pet household?
Home Treatment with Natural Products: While natural products are a great way to go, you should not try to vet your pets yourself. Diagnosing the problem is very important and if you are not a veterinarian you could do more harm than good. However, using many of the natural products that are on the market for your pet's care and maintenance is a good thing to do. Products such as natural treats, shampoos, conditioners, etc. can make a difference in your pet's life.
The Puppy Mill Issue, Again: In an article in Pet Age, July 1999 the author talks about the different ways a pet shop can overcome the bad press pet shops have received about purchasing puppy mill dogs (this includes cats too, yes, there are cat mills). The article states that some pet shop owners will only buy dogs from local breeders that they can inspect. The pet shop will offer support, make sure the puppies are kept clean. One store owner gives his cell phone number for his customers to call him to all puppies he sells within two weeks of a holiday. Some owners only select puppies from dealers who they felt met their standards. As a result one store in a mall, sells about 800 puppies a year. But never forget that the bottom line is that ethical breeders will not allow their stock to go to a pet shop. Good breeders want to interview the purchaser to insure that it is a correct match. This means that the breeder will want to be sure that their breed is suitable for the purchaser and that the individual dog is the right one for the purchaser. No matter what a pet shop tells you, keep in mind that the dog or cat came from a commercial facility whose main job is to produce livestock for resale. Also, never forget that the pet shop will sell any pet to anybody and the bottom line is that in my experience, most problems develop because people purchased the wrong type of dog or cat for their lifestyle. So no matter what sales pitch you get, a pet shop is not the place to buy a pet!
How Important is Exercise? If I had to pick the one major cause of behavior problems in dogs, it would be lack of exercise. When a dog has too much energy and no place to vent it, they find ways. Usually those ways involve forms of exercise that are not acceptable. Some of the unacceptable ways dogs vent excess energy is destructive chewing, barking, jumping, dashing around the house and mouthing (not to be confused with aggressive biting). Because these behaviors are self rewarding, they become a very difficult habit to break. So how much exercise is enough? Probably nothing that you think is enough! A dog has had enough exercise when he comes in readily and flops down for a snooze. If your dog comes in from playing with you and looks for more fun, you have only given your dog a warm-up and have not exercised him properly.There are two major factors that determine exercise needs. First is the breed of dog. Some breeds, such as Border Collies, are bred to travel up to 50 - 100 miles a day. Not that these dogs run in a linear mile, but working around the herd of stock to keep them moving and gathered may mean running many miles in a few linear miles. When very active dogs are kept as a pet, their instincts drive them to move a lot. Other breeds are not bred to travel a lot and make better house pets. Larger dogs need more room to exercise since they can cover more ground with fewer steps. Small active dogs may be able to run enough in your house to get the exercise they need. But they still need to run.The second factor that determines your dog's exercise needs is your dog's diet. If you feed your dog junk, he may be getting too much sugar and starch. This would be the same as having children in your house that have eaten nothing but candy and cake. I constantly see dramatic changes in a dog's level of activity by changing the diet. As a general rule of thumb the food should be all human grade ingredients and organic if possible. It should consist mainly of meat. It is not necessary to feed your dog lamb and rice. Actually I do not recommend lamb and rice but prefer chicken. The bottom line is to choose a breed of dog that will fit into your activity schedule. Realize that enough exercise is not what you determine, but what your dog needs. The good news is that most dogs need to exercise two times a day. Dogs are by nature, active in the morning and in the evening. The exception to this is the very active dog such as Border Collies. They may need to exercise up to five times or more a day. That varies from dog to dog. Finally, feed your dog a good wholesome diet of human grade ingredients and organic when available. Raw diets are excellent as well. Check out Wysong products at wysong@tm.net or check out www.naturalcat.com for information about dog and cat food and raw diets.


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Zoongde
Damien Lee
Reconciliatory Education: Mandatory Unsettlement
Today, the discussion about reconciliation reached a crescendo in Ottawa. There, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission released its final report detailing its findings from over six years of working with thousands of survivors of Canada's Indian residential schools system. But now the challenge for Canada and Canadians will be to avoid interpreting reconciliation in ways that don't re-colonize Indigenous peoples. It may therefore be worth paying attention to how reconciliation is being defined, and how some are already planning to use it in the education system.
For its part, the TRC defines reconciliation in terms of action. It is the active rejection of "paternalistic and racist foundations" as the basis for an ongoing relationship between Indigenous nations and Canada. It has called for reconciliation to be a "new vision" based on a commitment to mutual respect. This new vision could be reached, notes the TRC, by mandating "education for reconciliation" in Canadian schools where students learn more about Indigenous peoples.
For others, reconciliation is the continuation of struggle. In a brilliant piece in The Globe and Mail, Hayden King and Erica Violet Lee note that reconciliation might best be understood as an on-going "conflict" where Indigenous peoples will demand the return of men, women, children, knowledge and land, and Canada will keep refusing. This approach inherently challenges a mode of reconciliation predicated on 'turning the page of history' – reclaiming is not about forgetting.
Elsewhere, Billy-Ray Belcourt writes that reconciliation is a "contradictory object." Apropos: "[reconciliation] only wants to collect the good public emotions it needs to keep going, to push itself outside of History, to narrate a present bereft of legislated pain."
To me, this framing is reminiscent of how s.35 of the Canadian Constitution has been "interpreted" to the benefit of the state. Likewise, there is a real risk that reconciliation could be used to solidify Canada's control over Indigenous peoples; all that is needed is for the term to be interpreted in ways that do not challenge Canada's settler colonial foundation. As Belcourt rightly observes, therefore, "a world reconciled is not necessarily a world decolonized."
Tracing the definition of reconciliation over the coming months will be an on-going project, and one that will require Indigenous peoples' voices pushing back against those who would like to define it in ways that reaffirm Canadian paternalism. Tracing this debate might become increasingly confusing. But one place where the tension over the definition of what reconciliation could mean is already evident is in how some universities are approaching mandatory Indigenous education.
Much has been said about making Indigenous studies courses mandatory at Canadian universities in recent months. In February of this year, Lakehead University announced that starting September 2016, all undergraduate students at that university will be required to take a course with Indigenous content. In November, the University of Winnipeg announced that it would be following suit.
But content and politics matter.
In an article published in The Globe and Mail on December 20th, 2015, Annette Trimbee and Wab Kinew write that the University of Winnipeg will provide undergraduates with a list of approved courses from which they can choose their mandatory Indigenous course. Students will select a course that "aligns with their degree program or one that piques their intellectual curiosity." This is in keeping with the approach that Lakehead University is taking as well; for Trimbee and Kinew, this means that, for example, "business students will learn how to engage with indigenous communities," thereby giving University of Winnipeg students a "competitive advantage."
Thus, based on what I've read so far, both Lakehead University and the University of Winnipeg's definition of reconciliation could be summed up as "learning more about Indians." Despite my open criticisms to this approach, I've not seen a statement by either university noting that said mandatory courses will actually challenge students' complicity with settler colonialism and white supremacy.
As you might guess, I see this orientation as problematic. It is worth noting that the "learning about the other" approach has historically been used as a tool of colonialism around the world, in which Indigenous nations' claims to their own lands have been "interpreted" in ways that justify the occupation of a dominating, foreign power. Given this, one could ask: Whose interests are centered when mandatory Indigenous education is defined as learning about "the other" rather than learning about how Canada remains a colonizer in the present?
I therefore wonder how useful it will be to Indigenous nations when students come knocking on their doors having taken a half-credit course about Indigenous culture(s) without also equipping these same students with an understanding about how their approaches might perpetuate a relationship where Canada justifies its regulation of Indigenous peoples, and their political and legal systems. Is this reconciliation? If it is, we have a problem. To paraphrase Billy-Ray Belcourt: a university reconciled will not necessarily be a university decolonized.
For mandatory Indigenous education to be actually reconciliatory in this historical moment, therefore, it must flip the lens and unsettle students' complicities with settler colonialism, and it must do this in addition to teaching about Indigenous issues.
Only then can Canadians start finding concrete ways to give land back to Indigenous nations, which, to me, is the minimum starting point for what reconciliation should really be about.
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Speaking Notes: Disrupting Safe Spaces 4 Racism in Thunder Bay
Getting over the Status Hangover: #LetJosiahPlay

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Supporting Mozambique's COVID-19 Testing Decentralization Process
The Total-led Mozambique LNG Project delivered in the province of Cabo Delgado, a COVID-19 testing laboratory, with a capacity for 200 tests per day. The handover ceremony took place on July 23, in the presence of the Minister of Health, Armindo Tiago; the State Secretary, Armindo Ngunga; Pemba Governor, Valige Tauabo and other government officials at provincial level.
The act represents a multiform support, exemplified with the delivery of a PCR health laboratory, equipped with office supplies, complete laboratory equipment, reagents, consumables for carrying out 6000 corona virus tests and ventilators.
Minister of Health, Armindo Tiago
For the Minister of Health, Armindo Tiago, "The laboratory diagnosis of infections with the new coronavirus is one of the main pillars in the control of the pandemic in the country. The laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 has been carried out in the country since March 10 of the current year only in Maputo, using the real-time PCR technique.
"When we declared the community transition of the new Corona virus in the city of Pemba, we informed that the capacity for laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 would be installed in this city in the month of July, and today we have witnessed it," underscored Armindo Tiago.
The laboratory in Pemba will have an immediate impact on the diagnostic response time in suspicious cases, since there will be no need to send samples to Maputo," said Minister Armindo Tiago.
In addition, over the next days, The Total-led Mozambique LNG Project expects to complete the rehabilitation of a 50-bed capacity ward at Pemba Provincial Hospital, dedicated for the isolation of COVID-19 patients. Moreover, Total expects to deliver a tent to be used as an isolation ward for patients with this disease at Palma District Hospital.


Today's episode marks Veteranology's first Friday Formation, where Marine Veteran Deavon Black and I break down topics that affect veterans, and share our own stories in dealing with those topics and specific situations. This is our Memorial Day '17 episode and we went into it with a few topics we were hoping to hit, mainly our person relationships with Memorial Day itself.
We end up discussing how Memorial Day has affected us throughout the years since leaving the service, our own healing journeys, and a "healthier" alternative to approaching Memorial Day when discussing it with civilians.
I also have a pretty emotional reaction to trying to discuss a past Memorial Day that meant a lot to me. I get choked up quite a bit but I left most of this episode unedited to keep the message open and real.
Semper Fi, Godspeed, and enjoy this Memorial Day weekend with your family, friends, and fur-babies.


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Evoke the beauty of South Africa with our delicious, all-organic Yogi Chai Rooibos tea—a creative twist on a traditional Chai tea blend. Add a few teaspoons of your favorite raw honey to a hot mug of this chai tea … Rooibos, a red tea rich with antioxidants and enjoyed for centuries by the people of the Western Cape of South Africa, combines with a traditional Ayurvedic blend of Cardamom, Cinnamon, and Clove. I conceived of this post as a starting point for all of you who love chai, that spicy and fragrant milky tea drunk across most of India and much of east Africa. Rooibos, a red tea rich with antioxidants and enjoyed for centuries by the people of the Western Cape of South Africa, combines with a traditional Ayurvedic blend of Cardamom, Cinnamon, and Clove. Popular in Southern Africa, bush tea is an herbal tea made with the rooibos plant grown in the Cederberg Mountains of the Western Cape province in South Africa. The good news is, you don't have to travel to South Africa or even leave your home just to get this herbal tea. In Hindi, "Chai Tea" also means " Masala Chai ", and also known as "Mixed Spice Tea". Exclusively blended for Woolworths; Tagless tea bags; Brewing: 5 minutes . Mentha spicata | Egypt. From $5.75 - $11.50. Evoke the beauty of South Africa with our delicious, all-organic Yogi Chai Rooibos tea—a creative twist on a traditional Chai tea blend. Also called rooibos tea, it looks and tastes a bit like hibiscus tea, but with a bit of an earthier taste like that of mate. The best tea brands in the world wouldn't be complete without the world-renowned Earl Grey Tea. Tea Forté travels to the soul of South Africa to procure the many health promoting properties of the indigenous wonder herb called rooibos (ROY-boss). Rosa canina | South Africa. But then I ran into difficulties. 10. Fred & Max: Best Chai tea - See 85 traveller reviews, 43 candid photos, and great deals for Somerset West, South Africa, at Tripadvisor. Red Rooibos Spice Chai Tea, Organic 1/2 LB. Click here and have the variant of Rooibos Tea delivered at your doorsteps. View options. DIRECTIONS. Spearmint Leaf C/S, Organic. CONTACT US accounts@tea-house.co.za | sales@tea-house.co.za | 082 329 8484 Earl Grey Tea. $16.95. Also Available on: African Chai: A cup of African Chai is an exquisite bouquet of tea and spices.Unlike a typical chai, this unique African blend takes you on a journey of exotic flavours and aromas. Country of Origin: United Kingdom, China. View options. Try our Chai with warm, aromatic spices.. I wanted to show you the five essential spices that, once procured, will help you make a delicious cup of spicy tea. $6.50. Sold Out. When referring to the best chai tea, we have to mention the chai tea that originated from India since the 1870s, the traditional chai tea includes spices and black tea. Add the milk and heat just until hot. Chai In the western world Chai tea is mostly referred to as a full flavor, spiced Indian black tea served with boiling whole milk and sugar for a unique infusion. Strain and serve. Made with a base of naturally caffeine-free South African red roobois tea, this fragrant chai tea from Yogi gets an earthy warmth from spices including cardamom, cinnamon, and cloves. Product code: Rose Hips C/S, Organic, 1/2 LB. Simmer water, black tea leaves, cardamom, cinnamon sticks, and sugar for 10 minutes.
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Severe burn injury victims typically face costly, long-term medical care in addition to extended time away from work, permanent scarring and the lingering emotional effects of possible disfigurement and disability.
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Our wide-ranging experience in burn injury cases spans from fuel tank ruptures to vehicle air-bag burns to household gas line leaks to propane tank and grill explosions. Burn injuries can be life-altering, and the Las Vegas personal injury lawyers at Lloyd Baker Attorneys are not afraid to litigate burn injury cases in order to recover fair compensation for your medical expenses, lost wages, rehabilitation, disfigurement, and pain and suffering.
If you suffered a burn injury that you believe was the result of someone else's negligence, please contact Lloyd Baker Attorneys for your free case consultation. Our Las Vegas burn injury attorneys are ready to listen to your story and give you the personal attention you need and deserve. We value lifelong clients, if you have been injured in an accident we want to be the one firm you call.


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Unity 2D Joints: Distance, Hinge, Target, and Fixed Joints
by Orlando Pereira 21 Dec 2016
Difficulty:BeginnerLength:LongLanguages: EnglishEspañolBahasa Indonesia
Unity 2DUnityGame Development2D Games
This post is part of a series called Unity 2D Joints.
Unity 2D Joints: Slider, Relative, Spring, and Friction Joints
What You'll Be Creating
Unity is a well known, well documented, and very recognised game engine. It's a multi-platform solution, and it also allows you to create games or applications aimed at several platforms (iOS, Android, Web, and PC, among others). Originally, Unity was focused on 3D development, but recent releases provide tools for 2D development.
Unity is a great choice for aspiring game developers, since it works for most mobile, desktop and console platforms, and even better, it is free to use for lower-revenue developers and studios.
One of the key components of Unity are physics joints. Those joints have physical properties (as the name suggest) and let you create several connections between objects within your scene.
Using joints, you can describe a connection between two objects, which means you can simulate the physics of almost any multi-part object you can think of, including doors, sliding platforms, chains, or even wrecking balls!
This tutorial will focus on explaining how 2D physics joints work and how to use them to achieve great effects (without sacrificing the game performance).
First, ensure you have the latest version of Unity, which you can download here. In this tutorial we're using the version 5.4.1f1. Make sure that you are using the latest Unity version; otherwise you may have problems following the tutorial and using the physics joints.
Before we start, I would also like to give special thanks to Ryukin Studio for letting us use their package 2D Platformer Art Pack - Demo for this tutorial.
Next, download the Unity2DJointsStarter file. Unzip and open the project in Unity. The Demo scene should open automatically, but if not, you can open it from the project's Scene folder.
The scene should look as follows:
As you can see, we have a character and several static platforms placed around the scene. The idea behind this tutorial is to create a small 2D platform game while using the 2D joints to create obstacles for the player to overcome. Throughout this tutorial, you'll get to try out each of Unity's 2D joint types and see how they work, with the exception of the Wheel Joint 2D.
If you press play, you'll see that all the basic gameplay functionalities for the game are already implemented. You can use the keyboard arrows to move the character and the spacebar key to jump.
Distance Joint 2D
The distance joint allows a sprite controlled by 2D physics to rotate around a specific point, while maintaining a certain distance from that point. You'll use the distance joint 2D to create the first obstacle, a swinging blade. Create a new GameObject in the Position (4.75, -1.25, 0) and call it Blade.
Next, expand the GameAssets folder and open the Platforms folder. There you will find several prefabs used for creating the level platforms. Drag the Platform6 prefab from the folder and drop it over the Blade GameObject. This will make it a child of that object.
Now you need to edit some of the properties of this new game object. First, change the Platform6 name to Platform and then its position to (-0.07042211, 3.60032, 0). Now set the Order in Layer to 3 in the Sprite Renderer component.
Inside the Box Collider 2D, disable the Used by Effector parameter and remove the attached Platform Effector 2D component. Finally, add a Rigidbody 2D, set Is Kinematic to true, and turn Freeze Rotation on in Z.
The platform that will hold the blade is ready. It is time to add the blade itself. Inside the Free Assets\Sprite folder, select the AxeBlade sprite and drag it over the Blade GameObject, creating a new child.
As you've probably noticed, the sprite is too big, and it's not in the right place. Change the Position to (-0.11, 3.56, 0) and the Scale to (0.5, 0.5, 1). Also, set the Order in Layer to 2.
Before you can make the blade work, you will need to add several components to it. Start by adding a Polygon Collider 2D and a Rigidbody 2D. Make sure that the Mass is set to 10.
You are now ready to add the Distance Joint 2D. Add the Distance Joint 2D component. As you may notice, this new component has several parameters that you can adjust to produce the best result for your game.
Fear not, you'll soon learn what all these parameters do and how you can adjust them. You'll also notice that once you have the component attached to the AxeBlade, a green line extends from the AxeBlade to the center of the screen. This is the origin point, the Connected Anchor property.
Run the scene, keeping your eye on the blade. Right away, you'll notice that the blade flies across the screen until it stops near the origin point, then begins to roll back and forth on the joint. You will need to fix this issue.
Turn your attention to the Distance Joint 2D component in the Inspector. The first parameter is Enable Collision. This determines whether or not the two objects connected by the joint can collide with each other. In this case, you don't want this to happen, so leave it unchecked.
The second parameter is Connected Rigid Body. While one end of the distance joint always remains connected to the object that contains the component, you can use this field to pass a reference to an object for the other end of the joint's connection. If you leave this field empty, Unity will simply connect the other end of the joint to a fixed point in the scene.
You want to connect AxeBlade to Platform in this case, so drag Platform to the Connected Rigid Body field.
With the connection set up and AxeBlade still selected, you should now see the two objects connected by the joint in the Scene view. You can check the connection by changing the Y value of the AxeBlade. Don't forget to set the AxeBlade Position back to (-0.11, 3.56, 0) once you have finished playing with it.
The next parameter of the component is Auto Configure Connected Anchor. You should check this box if you want Unity to automatically set the anchor location for the other object this joint connects to. What's the anchor, you may ask? Well, we will talk about it in a moment, but for now, you need to learn that the anchor point can be set manually or automatically (by Unity).
In this case you want to leave this field unchecked, since we are going to set the anchor manually.
The following parameter is Anchor. This one indicates where the endpoint of the joint attaches to the GameObject as specified in the object's local coordinate space. In the Scene view, with AxeBlade selected, you can see the anchor point as an unfilled blue circle centered over AxeBlade. Leave the default value unmodified (0, 0).
Note that the unfilled blue circle representing the joint's first anchor point may appear filled if you currently have the Transform tool selected in the Scene view. Likewise, you will see a white square if you have the Scale tool selected. In either case, moving the anchor away from (0, 0) will show that it is indeed an unfilled circle.
The Connected Anchor parameter specifies the anchor point of the other end of the joint. If the Connected Rigid Body field is empty, this value is in the scene's coordinate system. However, when Connected Rigid Body is set, as it is now, the Connected Anchor coordinates refer to the connected rigid body's local coordinate space. This anchor point appears in the above image as a solid blue circle centered over the Platform game object. Once again, you can leave this value at (0, 0).
As with the Anchor parameter, you can let Unity automatically set the distance of the joint by enabling the Auto Configure Distance field. When this option is on, Unity will automatically detect the distance between the two objects and set it as a distance that the joint keeps between them. In our specific case, we want this feature on.
The Distance parameter, as the name suggests, indicates the distance to maintain between both objects. Back in the Scene view, you can see a small green line intersecting the line connecting the two objects. This can be easily seen if you move the AxeBlade object from the Platform, as in the image below.
This line indicates the distance enforced by the joint. When you run the scene, the joint will move AxeBlade so that the Anchor you defined is at the point where the small line is. You can increase or decrease this value by turning Auto Configure Joint off. Remember to set the AxeBlade position back to (-0.11, 3.56, 0) once you have played with its values. Auto Configure Distance should also be checked.
The next parameter is Max Distance Only. If enabled, the joint will only enforce a maximum distance, meaning that the objects can get closer to each other, but never further away than the value specified in the Distance field. In this example, you want the distance to be fixed, so leave this parameter unchecked.
Finally, the last parameter is Break Force. Here you can specify the force level you want to use to break the joint. Basically, if the force level is reached, the joint will be deleted and the connection between the two objects will disappear. When the value is set to Infinity, it means that the joint is unbreakable. For this scenario, you want it to be unbreakable, so leave the field as it is.
Since you want the blade to swing like a pendulum, change its Rotation to (0, 0, 310).
Now, press Play, and you will see the AxeBlade hanging on the Platform.
Ok, so the blade is swinging, but when it hits the player, nothing happens. You want to kill the player and make it restart on the latest checkpoint. To do this, go to the GameAssets folder, and open the Scripts folder. Grab the Blade script and add it to the AxeBlade. If you press Play again, the player should now die when the blade hits.
The final configuration is the following:
To finish, grab the Blade GameObject from the Hierarchy and drop it in the Obstacles folder. This will create a prefab of the swinging blade.
Hinge Joint 2D
The Hinge Joint 2D component allows a GameObject controlled by rigid-body physics to be attached to a point in space around which it can rotate. The rotation can happen in response to a collision or be started by a motor torque provided by the joint itself. You can and should set limits to prevent the hinge from making a full rotation.
In order to learn the basics of the hinge joint, you will create a dual trapdoor mechanism where the player has to drop to continue the level. Let's do it!
Add a new empty GameObject, name it Hinge, and place it in the Position (18.92, 0, 0). Then, open the Assets\Free Assets\Sprites and drag two MetalPlatform sprites into the Hinge GameObject. Name the first HingePlat1 and the second HingePlat2.
Place them side by side; the HingePlat1 should be placed at Position (0, 0, 0) and the HingePlat2 at (2.5, 0, 0). Change the Order in Layer of both to 2.
In order to add the Hinge Joint 2D component, you need to add two additional components to the sprites. Select the HingePlat1 and add a Box Collider 2D and a Rigidbody 2D. Under the Rigidbody 2D parameter, check the Is Kinematic property. Now, repeat the same steps for the HingePlat2 (without checking the Is Kinematic property).
You may also notice that the Size of the Box Collider 2D is bigger than the HingePlat1 sprite, thus leading to incorrect collision detection between the player and the platform. To fix the issue, change the property Size (inside Box Collider 2D) of both HingePlat1 and HingePlat2 to (2.45, 0.5).
This HingePlat2 will be the initial trapdoor. Therefore, you need to assign a new component called Hinge Joint 2D. This component has several new properties; we will only cover the new ones.
Enable Collision means that the two connected objects can collide between them. Connected Rigid Body specifies where the other object is that this joint connects to. Add the HingePlat1 to this field. Use Motor specifies if the hinge motor should be enabled. You should check this property. Motor Speed specifies the target motor speed in degrees/sec. Set it to -100 (to return to the original position from the upward position).
Maximum Motor Force represents the maximum torque (or rotation) the motor can apply while attempting to reach the target speed. You should set it to 25. Use Limits, as the name suggests, represents the rotation angle limit threshold. Check it!
Lower Angle is the lower end of the rotation arc allowed by the limit, while Upper Angle is the upper end of the rotation arc allowed by the limit. Change the Upper Angle to 60. Break Torque is similar to Break Force and specifies the rotation level needed to break and delete the joint. Again, Infinity means it is unbreakable.
Now uncheck the Auto Configure Connection. You must set the Anchor and Connected Anchor manually. The former should be set to (-1.12,0), and the latter to (1.09,0). Your Scene should now look like the following image:
The final HingePlat2 configuration is:
Run your game, and let's test the first trapdoor.
If everything is OK, it is now time to move on and create the second trapdoor. The procedure is exactly equal to the aforementioned description; the only difference lies in the configuration details of the Hinge Joint 2D. The main steps are:
Add two additional MetalPlatform sprites to the Hinge GameObject.
Name them HingePlat3 and HingePlat4, and set the Order in Layer to 2 and the Position to (4.87, 0, 0) and (7.25, 0, 0) respectively.
Add a RigidBody 2D and a Box Collider 2D to both platforms.
Change the Size of both Box Collider 2D to (2.45,0.5).
HingePlat4 should have Is Kinematic enabled.
Add the Hinge Joint 2D property to the HingePlat3.
Add the HingePlat4 into the Connected Rigid Body of the HingePlat3.
Uncheck the Auto Configure Connection.
Change the Anchor to (1.5, 0) and the Connected Anchor to (-1, 0).
Check the Use Motor property and set the Motor Speed to 100 and the Maximum Motor Force to 25.
Check the Use Limits, and the Upper Angle should be -60.
Run your game, and let's test the dual trapdoor.
Since we want to force the player to pass through the dual trapdoor, we must create some walls around it. Select the Hinge GameObject and from the Assets\Free Assets\Sprites folder add six MetalPlatform into the Hinge GameObject. Name them from Wall1 to Wall4 and change the Order in Layer to 2.
Place the Wall1 in the Position (-0.9, -1.43, 0) and change the Z Rotation to 90. The remaining should be configured as follows:
Wall2 Position: (-0.9, -3.8, 0), Z Rotation: 90
Wall3 Position: (8.2, 1.55, 0), Z Rotation: 90
Now, for each wall you should add one additional component, a Box Collider 2D. For each Box Collider 2D change the Size to (2.21, 0.63). Next add a Platform Effector 2D to each wall and set the Surface Arc to 360 and the Side Arc to 180. Go back to the Box Collider 2D and turn Used By Effector on.
The final result should be similar to:
Finally, drag the Hinge GameObject into the GameAssets\Obstacles folder to create your second prefab.
Target Joint 2D
The Target Joint 2D connects to a specific target, rather than another rigid body object, as other joints normally do. We will apply this joint to create an obstacle platform that moves upwards and downwards.
The first thing you need to do is to create the platform itself. On the Free Assets/Sprites folder, there you will find the MetalPlatform sprite. Drag it and place it on the scene.
Change its name to RisingPlatform and its Position to (35, -6, 0), and set the Order in Layer to 2. You need some components to make this work. Add a Rigidbody 2D and a Box Collider 2D. Next, set the Mass to 20 and check Freeze Position X and Freeze Rotation Z. On the Box Collider 2D, make sure the Size is set to (2.35, 0.55). Finally, set the Gravity Scale to 0 so that the object is not affected by gravity.
The basic components are now ready. It is now time for you to add the Target Joint 2D component. As aforementioned, the Target Joint 2D does not connect to another object with a rigid body; instead, it connects to a specific target. This is a spring type joint and can be used for picking up and moving objects acting under gravity, like our moving platform.
Let's take a closer look at the component itself. The Anchor works exactly like in the previous joints, so there is no need to explain it. The Target sets the world coordinates towards which the joint attempts to move. This is a very important field, since this joint will try to keep zero linear distance between the Anchor and the Target points. For this example, you want the Target to be (35, -6).
Next, you have Auto Configure Target. If this property is enabled, the joint will calculate the target by itself. If you leave this option on, the target will change as the platform moves. Since you don't want that to happen, leave this box unchecked (uncheck Auto Configure Target).
The following is Max Force; here you set the force that the joint can apply while trying to reach the target position. Set this value to 80.
The Damping Ratio is the degree to which you want to suppress spring oscillation. This value can go from 0 to 1, where 1 means no movement. You want the platform to move freely, so set this field to 0. Next, you have Frequency which, as the name suggests, sets the frequency at which the spring oscillates while trying to reach the target. Set this parameter to 5.
Finally, the last one is Break Force, which is identical to the previous joints, so let the value stay at its default.
Since you want your platform to keep moving over time, you need to change the Target position from time to time. Fortunately, you already have the script to handle that. Go to the Scripts folder, find the TracktorPlatform script, and add it to your game object. Set Target A to (35, -6) and Target B to (35, 0). The Time should be 2.
By the end, your component should look like this:
If you press Play, you should be able to see the resulting target joint working as intended. Don't forget to create a prefab, as you did with the previous obstacles, and place it in the Obstacles folder.
Fixed Joint 2D
The Fixed Joint 2D is used to keep two objects controlled by rigid-body physics relative to each other. Therefore, both objects are always offset at a given position and angle.
To use this joint, you will create a metal platform that can only be moved when the player moves a magnet attached to it. The player will have to push the magnet in order to remove the platform from its way and then progress on the level.
Start by creating an empty GameObject, name it MagnetPlatform, and set its Position to (41.81, 5.22, 0). Next, grab the Magnet sprite from the Sprites folder and drop it over the MagnetPlatform. Set the Magnet Position to (0.55, 3.15, 0) and the Order in Layer to 3.
Next, add a Rigidbody 2D component and a Circle Collider 2D. Set the Mass to 200 and turn Freeze Rotation Z on. Make sure the Radius on the Circle Collider is set to 0.4. By the end, your Magnet should look something like this:
Now, from the Sprites folder, drag the MetalPlatform sprite into the MagnetPlatform GameObject. Set the Position of the MetalPlatform to (0.57, -1.73, 0), the Rotation to (0, 0, 90), and the Scale to (2, 1, 1). Set the Order in Layer to 3.
Next, add the following components: Rigidbody 2D, and a Box Collider 2D. On Rigidbody 2D, set the Mass to 1000 and enable Freeze Rotation Z. Finally, on BoxCollider 2D, set the Size to (2.31, 0.52).
Now that everything is ready, it's time for you to configure the Fixed Joint 2D and establish the connection between the magnet and the metal platform. With MetalPlatform selected, add the FixedJoint 2D component.
This new joint allows two game objects with a rigid body to maintain a relative linear and angular offset to each other. In this case, you want the metal platform to keep a certain distance from the magnet.
These linear and angular offsets are set on the relative positions and orientations of the two connected game objects. This means that when you change the position of one of the objects in the Scene View, you will also update the offsets.
This joint uses a simulated spring that is configured to be as stiff as possible. However, it's possible to change the spring's strength and make it weaker. This simulated spring applies its force between the objects, and it's responsible for keeping the offsets you desire.
Taking a look at the component itself, you will find several fields that you are already familiar with.
With the exception of two of those fields, all parameters work exactly like on the other joints, so there is no need to explain them again. Regarding the Damping Ratio, this parameter represents the degree to which you want to suppress spring oscillation. You can set values from 0 to 1, where 1 means no movement.
The Frequency is the frequency at which the spring oscillates while the two connected objects are approaching the separation distance. This parameter can take values from 1 to 1000000. The higher the value, the stiffer the spring will be.
Note that, although higher values mean a stiffer spring, if you set the Frequency to 0, the spring will be completely stiff.
Now, regarding the obstacle you are trying to build, all you need to do is to drag the Magnet game object to the Connected Rigid Body field. All the other parameters can be left with their default values.
Press Play and test the new obstacle.
Now that the obstacle is ready, create a prefab of it by dragging the GameObject to the Obstacles folder.
This concludes the first tutorial about Unity Joints 2D. You learned about four joints, namely the distance, hinge, target, and fixed joints. With this knowledge you can already start creating your 2D worlds filled with dynamic and complex objects. In the second tutorial, you'll learn about the slider, relative, spring, and friction joints.
If you have any questions or comments, as always, feel free to drop a line in the comments.
Orlando Pereira
Orlando Pereira is a multi-platform and multi-technology (iOS, Android, OSX, OpenGL) developer. His area of expertise is computer graphics namely, rendering pipelines, physically based rendering and high definition rendering. In his spare time he writes articles about computer graphics, Objective-C frameworks, Unity, Lumberyard and innovation technologies.
opereira
Mobile Game Templates
Game Design Software


the most holy Mary, borne on the arms of her mother in order to be deposited in the holy temple of Jerusalem."
"The beautiful Child, by her fervent and loving aspirations, hastened after the ointments of her Beloved, seeking in the temple Him, whom She bore in her heart. This humble procession was scarcely noticed by earthly creatures, but it was invisibly accompanied by the angelic spirits, who, in order to celebrate this event, had hastened from heaven in greater numbers than ordinary as her bodyguard, and were singing in heavenly strains the glory and praise of the Most High.
The Princess of heaven heard and saw them as She hastened her beautiful steps along in the sight of the highest and the true Solomon. Thus they pursued their journey from Nazareth to the holy city of Jerusalem, and also the parents of the holy child Mary felt in their hearts great joy and consolation of spirit."
"They arrived at the holy temple, and the blessed Anne on entering took her Daughter and Mistress by the hand, accompanied and assisted by saint Joachim. All three offered a devout and fervent prayer to the Lord; the parents offering to God their Daughter, and the most holy Child, in profound humility, adoration and worship, offering up Herself.
She alone perceived that the Most High received and accepted Her, and, amid divine splendor which filled the temple, She heard a voice saying to Her: 'Come, my Beloved, my Spouse, come to my temple, where I wish to hear thy voice of praise and worship.'"
"Fifteen stairs led up to the entrance of these apartments. Other priests came down these stairs in order to welcome the blessed child Mary. The one that had received them, being according to the law one of a minor order, placed Her on the first step. Mary, with his permission, turned and kneeling down before Joachim and Anne, asked their blessing and kissed their hands, recommending herself to their prayers before God.
The holy parents in tenderest tears gave Her their blessing; whereupon She ascended the fifteen stairs without any assistance. She hastened upward with incomparable fervor and joy, neither turning back, nor shedding tears, nor showing any childish regret at parting from her parents. To see Her, in so tender an age, so full of strange majesty and firmness of mind, excited the admiration of all those present."
"The priests received Her among the rest of the maidens, and saint Simeon consigned Her to the teachers, one of whom was the prophetess Anne. This holy matron had been prepared by the Lord by especial grace and enlightenment, so that She joyfully took charge of this Child of Joachim and Anne. She considered the charge a special favor of divine Providence and merited by her holiness and virtue to have Her as a disciple, who was to be the Mother of God and Mistress of all the creatures."
Heavenly Father, the Blessed Virgin Mary was dedicated to You by her parents when she was three. In the temple, she joined the girls who spent their days praying, reading Scripture, and serving the temple priests. Her holiness was very evident, and the high priest most likely thought that You had great plans for her.


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Territorial Battalions Territorial Battalion T Insignia Shoulder Title PAIR
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The Territorial Force was originally formed by the Secretary of State for War, Richard Burdon Haldane, following the enactment of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 which combined and re-organised the old Volunteer Force with the Yeomanry. As part of the same process, remaining units of militia were converted to the Special Reserve. The TF was formed on 1 April 1908 and contained fourteen infantry divisions, and fourteen mounted yeomanry brigades. It had an overall strength of approximately 269,000.
The individual units that made up each division or brigade were administered by County Associations, with the county's lord lieutenant as president. The other members of the association consisted of military members (chosen from the commanding officers of the units), representative members (nominated by the county councils and county boroughs in the lieutenancy county) and co-opted members (often retired military officers). Associations took over any property vested in the volunteers or yeomanry under their administration. Each regiment or battalion had a regular army officer attached as full-time adjutant.
The use of the word territorial signified that the volunteers who served with the force were under no obligation to serve overseas—in 1910, when asked to nominate for Imperial Service overseas in the event of mobilisation, less than 10% of the Force chose to do so. In August 1914, after the outbreak of the First World War, territorial units were given the option of serving in France and, by 25 August, in excess of seventy battalions had volunteered. This question over the availability of territorial divisions for overseas service was one of Lord Kitchener's motivations for raising the New Army separately.
Territorial formations initially saw service in Egypt and India and other Empire garrisons such as Gibraltar, thereby releasing regular units for service in France and enabling the formation of an additional five regular army divisions (for a total of eleven) by early 1915. Several reserve units were also deployed with regular formations and the first territorial unit to see action on the Western Front was the Glasgow Territorial Signallers Group, Royal Engineers at the First Battle of Ypres on 11 October 1914. The first fully Territorial division to join the fighting on the Western Front was the 46th (North Midland) Division in March 1915, with divisions later serving in Gallipoli and elsewhere. As the war progressed, and casualties mounted, the distinctive character of territorial units was diluted by the inclusion of conscript and New Army drafts. Following the Armistice all units of the Territorial Force were gradually disbanded.
New recruiting started in early 1920, and the Territorial Force was reconstituted on 7 February 1920. On 1 October 1920, the Territorial Force was renamed the Territorial Army.[citation needed] The 1st Line divisions (that were created in 1907 or 1908) were reconstituted in that year. However, the composition of the divisions was altered, with a reduction in the number of infantry battalions required. There was also a reduced need for cavalry, and of the 55 yeomanry regiments, only the 14 most senior retained their horses. The remaining yeomanry were converted to artillery or armoured car units or disbanded. The amalgamation of 40 pairs of infantry battalions was announced in October 1921. As part of the post-war "Geddes Axe" financial cuts, the TA was further reduced in size in 1922: artillery batteries lost two of their six guns, the established size of infantry battalions was cut and ancillary medical, veterinary, signals and Royal Army Service Corps units were either reduced in size or abolished. The bounty was also reduced to £3 for trained men and £2.10s0d for recruits, which resulted in finding GBP 1,175,000 of the total savings required from the army as a whole. An innovation in 1922 was the creation of two Air Defence Brigades to provide anti-aircraft defence for London.
On 29 March 1939, it was announced that the size of the TA was to be doubled by the reforming of the 2nd line units. The total strength of the TA was to be 440,000: the field force of the Territorial Army was to rise from 130,000 to 340,000, organised in 26 divisions, while an additional 100,000 all ranks would form the anti-aircraft section.[10][11] When the 2nd Line was reformed, they were a little different from their First World War predecessors. They had slightly different names and the regiments assigned were different. After VJ Day in August 1945, the Territorial Army was significantly downsized, with all 2nd Line and several 1st Line Divisions once again disbanded.
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04/20 21:00 CDT Cristian Penilla's goal lifts Revolution over Red Bulls Cristian Penilla's goal lifts Revolution over Red Bulls FOXBOROUGH, Mass. (AP) --- Cristian Penilla scored in the 73rd minute to help the New England Revolution beat the New York Red Bulls 1-0 on Saturday night. Penilla ran onto a perfectly weighted ball from Juan Fernando Caicedo and slotted it past goalkeeper Luis Robles from a narrow angle. Cody Cropper had five saves in his fourth start this year and the Revs (2-5-1) had their first clean sheet of the season. New England had lost five of its last six. The Red Bulls (1-4-2) are winless in five games, losing four over that span.


I was quite surprised by how much feedback I received on the original post. You should read the first one before reading this. I'm writing this post to respond to some common questions, points, and concerns.
It seems the point of the previous post has been lost in the title. I guess this my fault. I am not quitting or bashing Rails. I am "moving on from Rails" because it is becoming increasingly less integral to how I construct my applications. My applications are JSON based communicating over HTTP. I still use Rails for all my web based projects with different components added/removed based on the application's requirements.
Rails is becoming less important because I no longer rely on it to be my application. I try to use ActionPack as an interface to my code which is not bound to Rails in anyway. In this setup, I do not the traditional full stack setup. I don't use ActiveRecord and I don't use ActionView. I continue to use Rails mainly because of ActionPack since it's (from my experience) the easiest way to handle and respond to HTTP requests.
Oh, I use ActiveModel a ton because it's awesome as. I also use tons of pits and pieces from ActiveSupport because #present?, #blank? and #underscore etc are just too handy when you're doing programming with strings.
I was surprised (again) by how many blasted me about not suggesting alternatives. I didn't know I supposed to. Still, I don't suggest any alternatives because I don't think there are any for the way I structure my applications. I could use Sinatra (and I do) in less complicated scenarios. I like controller classes. I like routes.rb. With 30+ controllers and easily over 100 routes I think that would become an unweildly application. Sinatra is probably closer to what I want, but I'd end up building stuff from ActionPack into the application just to make it work. Someone also suggested: Renee but I have yet to play with it.
This seems to be a recurring pattern with developers who have "discovered" design and architecture through frameworks and can not seem to separate that from the tools used.
I completely agree with that statement. I think this especially true of any full stack framework. If you are introduced to web development through that stack and work with only that stack for a very long time, it will be very hard to separate yourself from that train of thinking. This has happened to me and only has significantly changed after building much larger and more complicated web applications.
The other day I was speaking to someone who could not separate models from database tables. There is no actual MVC going on there. Many people think that models are just a wrapper around persistence. There is no concept what does this model actually do. What does it represent in your application? How does it interact with other models? Does it even need to be persisted? Tunnel vision is not unique to Rails, but I think it effects many new programmers who fall in love with the framework and use it for years.
I don't like PHP. I used to love PHP because it let me do all sorts of cool stuff. I could create variable variables (I have no idea why that exists.) plus all the other trickery you can do in the language. After having programmed in a few more languages over the years, now I think that PHP is fundamentally flawed as a language. Therefore, I have no interest in using it or following it.
There are plenty of people who get paid good money write PHP. I'm sure there are plenty of them who love PHP. I'm sure there are plenty of them who love CakePHP or whatever framework they use (if they use it). Great for them. As long as you are happy with whatever you do and whatever tools you use then good for you.
Dor wrote his own post in response to mine. Since he was nice enough to write a post which is much longer than a tweet, I'll reply in long-form.
I've found the answer to what I need. ActionPack is the answer.
During the last 6 years there were so many posts of that kind... but the music is still on.
I don't consider it a negative post at all. I think it is an interesting post which talks about the changing structure of web applications.
For example, the natural way in which CoffeeScript was made a default on Rails 3.1 stack. In many languages you can pull the first element of an array with the method #first. Did you know that in Rails you can also do .second, .third and so on until 40-something? DHH, before he's a technology guy, he's a great product and he thinks about the developers, that's what I like most about Rails. Man, he's the g-- d--- Steve Jobs of development.
Coffescript is ok. It's cool that decided to make assets first class citizens in Rails 3.1. However, I think the asset pipeline is not going to be used when developer API based applications. Why do I need the asset pipeline to serve assets if all care about is JSON? Hell, why would I even worry about keeping assets in source control? It doesn't make sense. These are two completely independent concepts. I use Rails to serve JSON. Something else does whatever else. You can have a single nginx box serving up static JS all day. I don't mess with that at all. That's what makes Rails great. You can just that off. I turn it off and pay no attention to it. I think the asset pipeline is generally a useless feature for developing modern applications.
I agree today the web is much more about client-side but that's what backbone.js and spine.js are doing, extending Rails.
These things have nothing to do with Rails at all. There is a complete separation of concerns. They do not extend Rails at all. They extend ANY HTTP based application. I could have an assembly program serving up JSON it makes no difference. Backbone/Spine/Knockout/what have you simply make it easier to create modern interactive UI's in the browser.
One final note about writing Rails applications: most of the fun and handy things you can do in code are done by ActiveSupport.
Agree. Rails developers will learn to adapt framework to fit there needs or they will simply move on.
tl;dr - web development is changing, the frontend side of things is gaining significance, while the backend is moving to, well, the background. No reason to be surprised there, right?
I love Rails. It got me back into web app development in 2005 after nearly burning out. But Rails isn't exactly keeping up and people who need to move on are going to do that.
It seems like the title is a bit poorly chosen.
The author talks about the importance of having a platform to cater to the multitude of devices and other apps out there, and that this means rails isn't the center of the universe anymore.
To me, this does not necessarily mean moving on from rails.
It does mean moving on from writing all code in rails.
There could be a fullfledged backbone.js app powering a responsive ui, and a distributed clojure jobqueue making sure messages are fanned out to their destined networks in the backend. However, there is still room in this picture for Rails as a router of sorts.
Rails still makes it easy to quickly build a solid REST api, and easy to delegate long-running jobs to a separate system, in this type of architecture, Rails would have roughly a third of the responsibility / code that it has in a Rails only architecture, but it's still a vital component.


text:
Q: how to create a gui to invoke a .exe or .cpp file? i have a compiler project and i have used c++ , flex and bison in it
so bison and flex produce .cpp files to me and  i can compile and  run them
but i want to make a gui to my project
so i want to learn a technique to make a gui (in java or qt)
to write input to my project and get output

A: There seems to be a bit of a language barrier, so let me attempt to state what I think I understand before providing my answer.
It appears that you're in a Compilers class, and your project is to write a C++ compiler.  You've chosen to program this project using C++, with the help of bison and flex.  Now that your project is effectively complete, you'd like to add a GUI to it (I guess in some way making steps towards it becoming an IDE).
Writing a GUI in C++ isn't as easy as I'd like for it to be.  From friends that have had to do the same thing in their compilers and graphics classes, I hear that this book is a good start for using Qt to make GUI programs in C++.  With regard to programming the GUI in Java, you'll probably be using the swing library; and I always just read the javadocs (linked).  But again, I haven't done that since University.
Hope that helps some!  Good luck!

A: Your question isn't very clear...
QT is, among other things, a GUI toolkit for C++. There is a very useful set of tutorials to get you started.

A: There are ways to call executables from within an application (should it be a GUI or a CLI). But your approach is likely to be difficult to put into place and even more to maintain. This is even truer if you want your GUI to be portable.

A: One hurdle to watch out for is that many GUIs are platform dependent, so they are specific to one platform.  There are some, such as wxWidgets and QT, which work on multiple platforms.  You'll need to have a GUI that will work on the class computer and your own.

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United States, Nevada
Weather in Pahrump today
Currently in Pahrump 12:05 AM - 21 January, Friday
Night +9° Cool
Morning +8° Cool
Day +13° Cool
Evening +10° Cool
Feels Like +10°C / +50°F
Light cloud, no precipitation
Weather in Pahrump: Clear, no precipitation
Pahrump: detailed information
Geographic coordinates 36° 12′ 29″ N -116° 0′ 58″ W
Decimal coordinates 36.21 -115.98
The maximum air temperature in Pahrump for this day for the last 73 years of observations is +22.3°C, recorded in 1971.
An absolute minimum of -5.7°C was recorded in 1990. The average temperature for this day is +14.4°C.
The heaviest rainfall (19.54 mm) in Pahrump was recorded in 1969. The maximum wind gusts were up to 22.6 m/s in 1969.
Today's weather in Pahrump