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ASTRO Gaming Blog
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Five Amazing Female Video Game Characters
Brittany Vincent
In a world where some women in games are treated as counterparts for their male brethren, it's hard to find great examples that set a trend for the ladies who accomplish great things. But after scouring the annals of gaming history we've come up with some of the best female role models of the medium.
Here are just a few of the hundreds of amazing women found throughout video games over the years — some you may have seen yesterday, and a few you may even have forgotten about, just in time for Women's History Month.
Jill Valentine (Resident Evil)
We'll forgive her bad voice actresses for the first few games and get straight to the point: Jill's made of stronger stuff than we are. From investigating shady T-virus outbreaks to going tit-for-tat with many of the more recognizable baddies of the Resident Evil franchise, Jill's a formidable agent that really knows her herbs.
As a co-founder of the Bioterrorism Security Assessment Alliance it's clear that Jill has all the proper training and knowledge to quell any threat (especially locks), especially when you also take into account her rabid fanbase and overall popularity as a character. Accompanying iconic partners, getting out of sticky situations, and looking fantastic while doing it for several years – these are some of the many reasons Jill makes a well-deserved appearance in our treasure trove of fantastic women.
Nariko (Heavenly Sword)
Nariko grew up her entire life expected to perform like the male warrior her father Shen had expected to fulfill an ancient prophecy. Despite a rocky upbringing and the typical derision that seems to come attached to women born to similar parents in popular media, Nariko proved herself a formidable warrior, "heir" to the sword, and friend to all in need.
While Nariko's ultimate sacrifice came as a surprise to many of us who found her iron will, selfless nature, and combat proficiency enviable, it was a fitting end to the life the fiery-haired vixen lived, setting an example for plenty of the younger brethren in the game that if something is worth fighting for, you're going to have to give it your all.
Jade (Beyond Good and Evil)
Jade, like Alyx Vance, places frequently on lists of amazing women in games for one simple reason: she's fantastic. The young and capable photojournalist will put her life on the line for a good story, especially one that'll blow the doors wide open on the conspiracy involving DomZ and Alpha Section, two factions supposedly at war with another.
The secrets Jade unravels while cataloguing the animal species on Hillys as a freelance journalist are mind-blowing, and enough to rattle anyone, but Jade is calm under pressure and ready to take a stand when so many others are cowering in fear or refusing even to see there's an issue. These parallels with real life issues made Jade a prime candidate for women to look up to, acting rather than staying silent, and refusing to play ball when sinister forces are at work.
Alyx Vance (Half-Life 2)
The quintessential greatest female character you usually hear about when running down the list makes her debut in the Half-Life as an invaluable asset to Team Freeman. The daughter of Dr. Eli Vance, Alyx is both a proficient hacker and handy with a pistol as well. She's a deeply caring individual with compassion for all those around her, and if you cross her there's no stopping her from exacting some likely well-deserved revenge.
As she's traveling with Gordon, wrestling headcrabs off unfortunate souls and taking up shotguns and other armaments to gun down the opposition, it becomes obvious that even if Alyx is upset or afraid, she hides it in order to appear strong for those around her – highly relatable, because who doesn't try to hide their moments of weakness in order to appear stalwart and capable for those they care about? Loyal, multitalented, and deadly when necessary, we know Alyx always has our back, as well as believable motives and a great personality.
Lightning (Final Fantasy XIII)
Though Claire "Lightning" Farron may seem standoffish and even downright rude to strangers, beneath a tough exterior lies a warm, loyal heart and the drive to protect herself and her loved ones, especially her darling sister Serah. Despite her own insecurities and doubts about her ability to persevere throughout the entire l'Cie ordeal and discovering what her Focus was, she was able to both take a young, misguided warrior under her wing as well as support a crew of scared and confused souls on the very same journey.
When she eventually ends up something decidedly beyond human in Final Fantasy XIII-2, it's absolutely clear the lengths she would go through in order to keep her sister from a fate worse than death. While there have been strong female characters in Final Fantasy previously, Lightning is a new brand of role model that definitely doesn't get enough credit. Even though she was designed in the same mold as Final Fantasy VII's Cloud, she comes into her own especially near the end of the game and sets all the right examples.
female video game characters
Brittany Vincent is a Creative Strategist and Copywriter at ASTRO Gaming. She's been covering video games and tech for 14 years for publications like MTV, Rolling Stone Popular Science, Playboy, Empire, Complex, IGN, Maxim, and more. She's also appeared as a panelist at video game conventions like PAX East and PAX West. When she's not writing or gaming, she's looking for the next great visual novel in the vein of Saya no Uta. You can follow her on Twitter @MolotovCupcake or visit her portfolio at brittanyvincent.com.
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Q: jQuery FullCalendar. Default to first month with event I am using the below code to initialise a jQuery FullCalendar.
However, not all months have any events. I would like the initial month view of the calendar to be the first month with an event.
So as an example. It is currently June, there are no events in the Calendar until August so I would like would like the initial view of the calendar to default to August rather than June.
Likewise, if there ARE events in June, I would like it to default to June.
$('#fullCalendar').fullCalendar({
            selectable: true,
            selectHelper: true,
            header: {
                left: 'prev',
                center: 'title',
                right: 'next'
            },
            events: function(start, end, callback) {

                $.getJSON(jSONCalendarURL, {
                            token:jSONAPItoken,
                            productID: $('#fullCalendar').attr("data-id"),
                            startDate: $.fullCalendar.formatDate(start, 'yyyy-MM-dd'),
                            endDate: $.fullCalendar.formatDate(end, 'yyyy-MM-dd')
                        }, function(data){
                        var calevents = [];
                        $.each(data.response, function(index,item){
                            calDate = index;
                            child = item.Variations;
                            if (child.length > 0 ){
                                if (!$.isEmptyObject(child)){
                                    calPrice = child[0].Price;
                                    calID = child[0].ID;
                                    calAvailable = child[0].Available;
                                    calevents.push({
                                        'id': calID,
                                        'title': buildEventTitle(calAvailable,calDate.substring(calDate.length,calDate.length-2),child[0].Price, calID, child[0].RRP),
                                        'start': $.fullCalendar.parseDate(calDate),
                                        'end': $.fullCalendar.parseDate(calDate),
                                        'allDay': true
                                    });

                                }
                            }
                        });
                        callback(calevents);
                        highlightExisting();

                    }
                );
            },

            eventRender: function (event, element, view) {
                if (event.start.getMonth() != view.start.getMonth())
                    return false;
            },
            weekMode:'liquid'
        });

Is what I am trying to do achievable?

A: Definitely achievable! You will need to first start with sorting your events array and finding the next registered event object. Then you can use the .fullCalendar('gotoDate') method to jump to that date.
Something like this:
function custom_sort(a, b) {
    return new Date(a.start).getTime() - new Date(b.start).getTime();
}

events_array.sort(custom_sort);

$('#calendar').fullCalendar('gotoDate', events_array[0].start);

Please refer this FIDDLE for a working static example.
Hope this helps!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: IOS set element width constraint to 0 when in located inside UITableViewCell IOS 6 with auto layout mode.
I have UITableView with Custom UITableViewCell.
It has two UILabels  (Header and Status)
When item status is empty i am need to set Status constraints width to zero, to hide it.
How i can do this?
I am access labels inside UITableViewCell with following technique.
UIView *status = (UIView*)[cell.contentView viewWithTag:10];
status.text=@"Sample text";

A: I found a solution to access elements constraints inside UITableViewCell
1-st i am subclass UITableViewCell
Then add IBOutlet
@interface UICustomTableViewCell : UITableViewCell
{
IBOutlet NSLayoutConstraint* statusWidth;
}

@property(nonatomic,retain)NSLayoutConstraint *statusWidth;

@end

Then assign it to my cell prototype on the storyboard and link status width constraint with IBOutlet
Now when i dequeue cell
UICustomTableViewCell *cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:simpleTableIdentifier];

i am able to set status constraint to zero.
cell.statusWidth = 0;


Chatting Over Chocolate: Magical Monday #17: 104 Days of Summer Vacation!
Magical Monday #17: 104 Days of Summer Vacation!
104. Create a Summer of 2013 scrapbook!
Make sure you don't miss a bit of the Summer fun at Chatting Over Chocolate!
Follow via: Facebook, Bloglovin', Pinterest, Google Friend Connect, or have each new post delivered directly to your inbox by subscribing to Chatting Over Chocolate via email!
MORE magical crafts, recipes, and Disney goodness galore!
I love these! I need to make a jar for the grand kids !!!
Just found your blog through the GCF blog hop!!
Stopping by and now following!!
Such a fabulous idea! We will be doing this! Thanks for the inspiration :) Following!
THIS IS AWESOME!!!!!!!!!! I am so happy that you found my blog and invited me here. I am going to send the address of this particular post home to my fivers and their parents as part of their summer packet. WHAT A GREAT IDEA!!!!! Thanks for sharing!
What a great post! So many wonderful ideas, thanks for sharing.
I'm visiting you today from Mostly Homemade Mom. I co-host a Linky Party Tuesday (open thru Sat). I hope you get a chance to stop by my blog, link up and leave a comment, too!
Such fun ideas, Brenda! I am working on my "summer plan" right now...and these ideas will come in handy. Thanks so much for sharing, my friend!
Fantastic idea! Thanks so much for linking up at the Real Family Fun link party! Hope to see you next week.
This is a wonderful idea! My kids will love this! Thank you for sharing!
I'm visiting from Piggy in Polka Dots Party. Have a great week!
Great ideas! Pinning right now! Thanks for linking this up to Frugal Crafty Home!
So many fabulous ideas! Pinned and featuring tonight! Thanks so much for sharing at Mom On Timeout!
Thanks for sharing all of these great ideas (although there are many we won't be able to do here in Phoenix during the summer). I wanted to point out that you have "write & illustrate a story" as number 96 and number 98.
Fun post and such a great idea. We'll have to share this with our niece and her twin boys, Judson and Cooper, who are 5-years-old. They will have a blast picking from the jar of ideas!
We just wanted to pop by today to thank you for linking up this wonderful post on the BeBetsy BRAG ABOUT IT Tuesday Link and Hop.
Come visit us over at BeBetsy and hope to see you next week at the hop.
What a great post! I love the idea for the summer fun and the whole Phineas and Ferb bit I LOVE! HA HA! The ideas that follow are all amazing too! Thanks for sharing at Party In Polka Dots!
PS: Be sure to come by on Monday to see who was featured! It may be you...???
Adorable idea! I love this! Thanks for sharing at our Summer Bucket Link Party! Keep those ideas coming, remember the party is open all June!


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By Sarah Morice-Brubaker Sexuality/Gender August 19, 2011
"Pregnancy is Not a Disease": Birth of an Anti-Contraception Rallying Cry
"Pregnancy is not an illness or a disease." So says Bob Laird, a fellow at Human Life International and a board member for the Couple to Couple League, an organization that promotes Natural Family Planning based on Roman Catholic principles.
Laird's remarks came in response to HHS secretary Kathleen Sebelius' recent announcement that insurance plans will be required to offer contraception without copay, unless they meet the conditions allowing for a religious exemption. The HHS guidelines follow recent recommendations issued by the Institute of Medicine. Included are contraceptive methods like IUDs and tubal ligations which have a high upfront cost but, when offered for free, may be especially effective in reducing abortions.
Despite their promise for preventing unintended pregnancy and abortion, Laird criticizes the new guidelines based on his notion that:
Contraception does not fall within the category of preventative health services. These drugs, devices, and procedures prevent the bringing of children into the world. Contraception only prevents disease or serious illness if one considers pregnancy to be a disease or serious illness. Pregnancy is not an illness or disease, nor are children the side effect or the unintended by-product of disease. (emphasis mine)
Hm. Could it be that Laird is friends with Cardinal Daniel DiNardo, chairman of the Committee on Pro-Life Activities of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops? I ask only because Cardinal DiNardo said, in a statement about the Institute of Medicine recommendations:
"Pregnancy is not a disease, and fertility is not a pathological condition to be suppressed by any means technically possible." (emphasis mine)
Well, okay, that's two. But as anyone who reads the New York Times style section, you have to have three instances of something for it to be a trend. Wait. What's this?
From Ina May Gaskin, earth-mama midwife and not-Roman-Catholic hippie commune cofounder, in an excerpt from her March 2011 book, Birth Matters: A Midwife's Manifesta:
[P]regnancy is not an illness in need of treatment, and nature's design of women is not considered flawed. (emphasis mine, again. I am very emphatic.)
And we have a meme! But let's consider this claim more closely. I don't mean for this essay to serve primarily as a rebuttal, although it's not hard to start to form the outline for one. (I mean, for the trillionth time, yes, sometimes getting pregnant can make some women very very sick. Also, on what basis are we supposed to accept that there's a clear and non-culturally-laden way of sorting out Official Real Diseases from Things That Aren't Diseases But Still Make Your Life Worse? I mean it's not like "disease" is a category that's written into reality as such, plain for all to see. More on that it a moment.)
Feminist-ish
I think it's more interesting—and possibly more fruitful—to look at what makes the claim that "pregnancy is not a disease" compelling, right now. Why does it have cultural traction? Where does it come from? I suggest that this idea is idiosyncratic and particular to our own day. Precisely because it's such a timely notion, it's predictable that this would be the anti-contraception rebuttal. At the same time, it's a claim that's full of tensions.
Let's start by looking at why some might find it compelling. For starters, it probably helps that the statement "Pregnancy is not a disease" isn't identifiably religious. Indeed, at first hearing, it can sound almost appealingly feminist-ish. If you believe that misogyny is a real thing in the world, and that one of the hallmarks of misogyny is the notion that women's bodies are gross and defective… well, a negative view of pregnancy seems like exactly the sort of data point you might expect, doesn't it? Of course the forces of sexism would try to trick us into believing that pregnancy is dangerous and yucky, best avoided. But no! We will not be ashamed. Pregnancy (a condition that only biologically-female people undergo) is not a disease (and diseases are bad). Wow. That so nearly cancels out to "Women are good." Hooray!
In this respect, the phrase "Pregnancy is not a disease" also fits well with a certain spirit of the times.
Now, let me say here that I know plenty of women who breastfeed for years, have unmedicated home births, wear their babies, and refuse artificial contraception mostly because they are simply happiest doing so. It's the thing they've chosen to care about and are able to devote time to. They are lovely. But there are also communities out there with strong ideas about what women's bodies are for, and the urgent need to enforce same.
And these idealized pairings of gynecology and nature often come, surprisingly, with an anti-patriarchal gloss. You don't need an epidural, Hypothetical Laboring Woman, because your reproductive system was designed to give birth. Of course you can breastfeed, Hypothetical New Mom! Breasts are for nursing! That's their purpose. Really, lady, did you honestly think your body was designed to take a web design class, sing Glee karaoke, boil mac and cheese, read the Washington Post, wonder why Bradley Whitford and Jane Kaczmarek split up, or do any of the other things you've so far chosen to do with your body? Silly. How, then, do you account for your ladybits? The existence of ladybits MUST be accounted for!
Ultimately, I think, the not-a-disease notion of pregnancy is a lot like the Watchmen/My Little Pony mashup in the sense that it depends upon radically different discourses colliding into each other in counterintuitive ways. Specifically, we have:
Classical Christian notions of nature, borrowed from Greek philosophy. Briefly, the idea is that something's nature—what the thing really is, in the most fundamental sense—is tied to its purpose.
Within Christianity the purpose of sex was, for centuries, held to be procreation. And the purpose of sex was most definitively, most emphatically, not to get one's jollies. Thus was Justin Martyr able to anticipate, in his work On the Resurrection, the great day when marriage, "made lawless through lust," would be destroyed. Augustine of Hippo likewise believed that the purpose of sex was to propagate the species, and was famously haunted by the fact that sex seemed so often to have a compulsive, self-gratifying, degraded quality unrelated to the bearing of children.
(Centuries later, the Roman Catholic magisterium would designate two purposes of sex: the "procreative" purpose of generating new people, and the "unitive" purpose of fostering love and closeness between a heterosexual married couple. It did so partly to correct a prevailing notion that any non-procreative sex was a sin—even, for example, sex between a married couple where one or both partners were infertile.)
Yet even with all their emphasis on procreation, ancient theologians didn't bring much rosy optimism to pregnancy and childbirth. To the contrary, many thought God had punished humanity by forcing them to reproduce physically, in the same undignified and brute manner as animals. Remember, this was in antiquity. Most people lived at subsistence levels. The average lifespan was far shorter and average living conditions more squalid than today, outbreaks of plague were frequent, and death in childbirth was commonplace. In that context, it would have made no sense to say that pregnancy and childbirth were fundamentally safe, well-designed, healthy, blissful processes that if left alone would result in a healthy mother and baby. That idea wouldn't come along until…
Grantly Dick-Read and the early natural childbirth movement. Grantly Dick-Read was a controversial early 20th-century British obstetrician who wrote a book called Childbirth Without Fear. In it, Dick-Read advised pregnant women and doctors to interfere with childbirth as little as possible, because women were able to carry and birth children entirely on their own. And, indeed, should give birth on their own. And that's where it gets interesting.
The Hysteria Playbook
Because remember hysteria? If so, you know that hysteria actually was a legitimate disease, at least according to the conventions of 19th-century North America and Western Europe. It afflicted well-off women who were, it just so happens, enjoying increased education, paid employment, and declining fertility. And it just so happens that the cause of hysteria was thought to be "overcivilization."
In good 19th-century colonialist fashion, there was a not-so-subtle racial and sexual hierarchy at work here. You didn't want to be primitive (i.e. non-white); and indeed, it was great to be civilized (i.e. white). But if white women in particular got overcivilized (i.e. had fewer babies and worked outside the home)… well, then they'd strayed from their natural role, and nature punished them with a slew of gynecological problems: difficulty having sex, difficulty conceiving children, difficult pregnancies, and difficult labor and delivery. "Primitive" women, by contrast, were thought to reproduce frequently and easily. (If you hear a veiled worry about non-white people taking over, you're not wrong.)
Decades later, in Childbirth Without Fear, Dick-Read follows the earlier hysteria playbook. Fear, argued Dick-Read, is a physical form of protection for the homo sapien—much like a skunk's odor or a turtle's shell. Fear deflects physical dangers. And that's how fear still functions for "primitive" humans, whose chief concerns (he seems to imagine) involve things like falling off a cliff or getting eaten by beasts.
But in this modern world of ours today, there aren't these sorts of physical perils (again, so he imagines) and so healthy fear has given way to chronic and nebulous anxiety. This is especially bad when a fancypants civilized woman has to do something primitive, like carry and bear a child. Then ALL KINDS of zany, unheard-of stuff goes wrong:
When a woman whose nervous system has been invaded by incompatibilities, becomes pregnant, there is considerable risk of her focusing her half-buried anxieties upon childbirth. Such complaints of pregnancy as persistent nausea, sickness, constipation, desire for unusual foods, excessive salivation, headaches, backaches and the weariness of general malaise, should draw the attention of every clinician to the possibility of her condition having a psychological basis. As pregnancy progresses, if these physical manifestations of her fear are inaccurately diagnosed and allowed to remain untreated, they may be intensified by the added strain of childbirth.
Nausea and backaches! In pregnancy! Can you even imagine? So strange, these modern civilized women! So unlike skunks and turtles! How did we get from Dick-Read's "It's all in your head, little lady! [pat, pat]" to a more legitimately feminist call to understand pregnancy and childbirth as normal and healthy physical processes? For that, we shall need to give credit to:
Feminist advocacy for women's health: Many people my age (I'm 34) are surprised to discover that you used to not be able to say "breast cancer," simply because it was indelicate to utter the word "breast." Obituaries primly referred to women dying "after a long illness." Likewise, for those of us who remember Margaret's secret club nickname in Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret, or whose college orientations included a condom demonstration session, it's difficult to fully grasp how little most women once knew about their own reproductive health, or how much they had to leave up to doctors' judgment.
It was this lack of knowledge that inspired the Boston Women's Health Collective to print a pamphlet on the very basics of women's health—a booklet that later became the nearly-300-page book Our Bodies Ourselves. It addresses gender identity, sexual orientation, abortion, drugs, relationships, and partner violence, as well as the more straightforwardly gynecological topics of contraception, menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth.
That was in 1973—two years after Stephen and Ina May Gaskin, plus a few hundred of their hippie friends from San Francisco, had founded The Farm, an intentional community in Tennessee. There Ina May helped to start a midwifery center, and in 1977 wrote Spiritual Midwifery, for which she became well known.
In her way, Ina May and her midwifery colleagues from The Farm were, like the BWHC, trying to reclaim women's health for women. Like the BWHC, Gaskin continues to call for greater involvement of women in maternity health policy and standards of care. Yet the differences between The Farm and the Boston Women's Health Collective aren't hard to spot. When it comes to the purpose of female bodies—and whether that's even an appropriate question to ask—Gaskin ultimately has more in common with the classical Christian view, wherein women's reproductive organs exist for a clearly-discernible purpose, reflecting a sacred and beneficent design.
So, anyway, that's where we are. The notion that pregnancy is not an illness draws, I daresay uneasily, from a number of sources. There's the classical notion that a thing's nature is derived from its purpose, and the purpose of female bodies is to bear children. There's the persistent early modern fear that women, especially privileged white women, are becoming overcivilized and unnatural, not having as many privileged white babies, relying on technology and pain relief, and not finding their bliss by giving birth. There are the (very laudable, in my opinion) feminist efforts to make women's health something that women understand, so that they can make their own decisions and be advocates for themselves.
And there is, lastly, the plain fact that for some women, getting pregnant really honestly will make them sick(er), (more) abused, poor(er), and/or (more) mentally unwell. That's a public health concern. And free contraception holds promise for addressing it. This is the overriding concern behind the IOM recommendations and the HHS guidelines.
In a public health discussion, isn't that the appropriate place to start?
anti-contraceptioncatholicdiseasefeminismpregnancyreproductive rights
Sarah Morice-Brubaker
Sarah Morice-Brubaker is an assistant professor of theology at Phillips Theological Seminary in Tulsa, OK. In addition to writing for RD, she's also written for The Christian Century, Dialogic Magazine, and Faith and Leadership. She has a chapter in the forthcoming edited volume from Ashgate, Placing Nature on the Borders of Religion, Philosophy, and Ethics.
Latest Posts By Sarah Morice-Brubaker
"Who Is This God?": The Controversial Sequel to the Jesus Seminar
Fellow Mainline Christians: Are We Completely Useless?
Mister Rogers' Radical Pacifist Neighborhood
Previous articleEx-Gay Conversion Therapy: Choosing Religion Over Sex
Next articleLesbian Nuns: Still Immodest After All These Years
The End of My Line: It's Okay to Embrace The 'Covid Baby Bust'
No, Rush Limbaugh Did Not Hijack Your Parents' Christianity
How a Catholic-Majority SCOTUS Fulfilled an Evangelical Dream

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Show your love for your loved one using the Valentine Backgrounds, which are the token of your love. The digital artists or photographers can add these backgrounds to their graphic library as they are really helpful while giving effects to the Valentine themed project.
Here's a phenomenal collection of beautiful Valentine wallpapers that will glue your eyes to our website. Sit back and relax, there are numerous wallpapers available, so you won't be left empty-handed. Make this 14th February special and unforgettable using the impressive Valentine vector.
A simple background with small and big hearts can make your desktop look romantic and dreamy. If you are looking for quoted valentine backgrounds, then go for the background featuring a heart with special quote "Happy Valentine Day, Love". You can edit the wallpaper as per your interest using the best tool, Photoshop.
Give your website a new and lovely look especially on the occasion of Valentine Day, just replace the existing background with valentine background. So what are you waiting for? Download adorable wallpaper displaying hearts, flowers, gifts, kisses, etc. without paying for them- yes all the available backgrounds are absolutely free to download and use!
Most of these wallpapers are accessible in bright and dazzling colours that bring the background to live! For restaurants hosting Valentine dinner, the background featuring couples is perfect, as it will drag the attention of the audience swiftly! Use them as background on Valentine invitation, flyers, menu, etc. – they will give the printable material an eye-catching appearance!


text:
package main
import "bytes"
import "crypto/rand"
import "crypto/rsa"
import "crypto/sha1"
import "encoding/gob"
import "fmt"
import "log"
import . "net"
import "os"

var HELLO_WORLD = []byte("Hello World")
var RSA_LABEL = []byte("served")

type Exception interface {
  error
}

func Raise(message string, parameters ...interface{}) {
  panic(Exception(fmt.Errorf(message, parameters...)))
}

func Rescue(f func(), r func(Exception)) {
  defer func() {
    if e := recover(); e != nil {
      if e, ok := e.(Exception); ok {
        r(e)
      } else {
        panic(e)
      }
    }
  }()

  f()
}

func main() {
  Serve(":1025", func(connection *UDPConn, c *UDPAddr, packet *bytes.Buffer) (n int) {
    var key rsa.PublicKey
    var response []byte

    Rescue(
      func() {
        if e := gob.NewDecoder(packet).Decode(&key); e != nil {
          Raise("unable to decode wrapper: %v", c)
        } else if response, e = rsa.EncryptOAEP(sha1.New(), rand.Reader, &key, HELLO_WORLD, RSA_LABEL); e != nil {
          Raise("unable to encrypt server response")
        } else if n, e = connection.WriteToUDP(response, c); e != nil {
          Raise("unable to write response to client: %v", c)
        }
        return
      },
      func(e Exception) {
        log.Println("Exception:", e.Error())
      },
    )
    return
  })
}

func Serve(address string, f func(*UDPConn, *UDPAddr, *bytes.Buffer) int) {
  Launch(address, func(connection *UDPConn) (e error) {
    for {
      Rescue(
        func() {
          buffer := make([]byte, 1024)
          if n, client, e := connection.ReadFromUDP(buffer); e == nil {
            go func(c *UDPAddr, b []byte) {
              if n := f(connection, c, bytes.NewBuffer(b)); n != 0 {
                log.Println(n, "bytes written to", c)
              }
            }(client, buffer[:n])
          } else {
            Raise("%v: %v", address, e.Error())
          }
        },
        func(e Exception) {
          log.Println(e.Error())
        },
      )
    }
  })
}

func Launch(address string, f func(*UDPConn) error) {
  var connection *UDPConn

  Rescue(
    func() {
      if a, e := ResolveUDPAddr("udp", address); e != nil {
        Raise("unable to resolve UDP address: %v", e)
      } else if connection, e = ListenUDP("udp", a); e != nil {
        Raise("can't open socket for listening: %v", e)
      } else if e = f(connection); e != nil {
        Raise("connection error: %v", e)
      }
    },
    func(e Exception) {
      log.Println(e.Error())
      os.Exit(1)
    },
  )
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Voters support casino tax for schools
Guy Clifton:
A statewide poll shows Nevada voters overwhelmingly favor an initiative to raise the state's gaming tax in order to fund education.
The Research 2000 poll, conducted for the Reno Gazette-Journal, found 68 percent of voters were in favor of the initiative filed by the Nevada State Education Association, which would raise the gaming tax from 6.75 percent to 9.75 percent at casinos with a total revenue of more than $1 million a month.
"That's pretty consistent with our findings as well," said Lynn Warne, president of the 28,000-member NSEA. "The (Las Vegas Review-Journal) did a poll that came in with over three-fourths in favor."
The Gazette-Journal poll of 600 Nevadans who vote regularly in state elections was conducted Nov. 16-19 and has a margin of error of 4 percent.
Previous PostPennsylvania to revamp gifted educationNext PostParents of Disabled Students Push for Separate Classes


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Alumna Jennifer Ehlen empowers female entrepreneurs through Brazen Global
Mar/12/2018 | POSTED BY Sara Bell
Jennifer Ehlen, an alumna of UMSL's College of Business Administration, opened Brazen Global in 2017. The company, which takes a business-first approach to empowering female entrepreneurs, is the evolution of Prosper Women Entrepreneurs. (Photo courtesy of Jennifer Ehlen)
When Jennifer Ehlen speaks about the consumers of her company, she habitually refers to them in feminine pronouns. Always "she" or "her." Never "clients," "members" or any other impersonal description.
Even Ehlen's most general characterizations of the company's benefits sound intimate, as if she's recalling an individual struggle or drawing from a friend's experience. With Ehlen's background as a business owner, former director of a private equity firm and an active feminist, chances are that the explanations are personal.
Ehlen, the founder and CEO of Brazen Global as well as an alumna of the University of Missouri–St. Louis, has shaped her career around creating a more prosperous future for women in business, particularly entrepreneurs. Leading Brazen's all-women executive team, Ehlen, BSBA 1999, takes a business-first approach to helping female entrepreneurs in the St. Louis area advance their companies. She says it's all done boldly and without apologies – the literal definition of the word "brazen."
"One thing that makes us different and unique from other women's organizations is that while others may work with women on a broader approach of female empowerment topics that are all important and worthwhile, Brazen is business first," she said. "We go deep in the vertical of entrepreneurship and running a company, growing that company and taking it to the next level while also being cognizant of the pros and cons you may face because you are a woman."
Brazen's approach includes a variety of programs, namely small peer advisory groups, private meetings with subject-matter experts and events that narrowly focus on a specific topic or industry. Most of these programs have limited registration space, allowing participants to feel comfortable and have opportunities to ask relevant questions.
"Our programs are designed to feel seemingly hyper niche and customized to her specific business, industry, stage of business and personal journey," Ehlen said. "All of our programs have been designed such that they can be relevant and customizable."
Before Brazen, Ehlen opened Prosper Women Entrepreneurs in 2014 after American Express released a report about the state of women-owned businesses. The study ranked 25 metropolitan communities in terms of how female entrepreneurs faired in those areas. St. Louis and San Francisco tied for last, which led Ehlen to ask, "What's our excuse?"
Since she began pondering that question – one which she still hasn't found a firm answer to – Ehlen helped Prosper launch an accelerator that invested more than $2 million in women-led businesses. Today, that fund is fully invested and Prosper has evolved into Brazen Global, which aims to take a more holistic approach to empowering women entrepreneurs.
Brazen's empowerment efforts focus on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that may prohibit women from growing their businesses. However, Ehlen says Brazen primarily concentrates on intrinsic factors, pointing to a study about women's career habits as a main reason why.
She cites several studies which found that a majority of women will only apply for jobs or promotions if they believe they meet 100 percent of the qualifications, whereas a majority of men will apply for the same positions if they meet as little as 60 percent of the criteria.
Ehlen believes it's time for Brazen women, and females alike, to bridge that gap.
"We want her to feel as prepared and educated as possible," Ehlen said. "Confidence is also about education. If she feels like she knows what she is talking about, knows what words to use and what questions are going to be asked, she is going to be more comfortable pitching for capital or pitching to a customer. Brazen can help her get prepared on all of the above."
Another key component of Brazen's benefits package is access to an extensive network of other female CEOs and business leaders. Ehlen says a lack of female representation in certain fields can hinder career advancement. By bringing business leaders together, she hopes to build confidence in Brazen members and create opportunities for collaboration.
"Oftentimes there are still no trailblazers to show us the path," Ehlen said. "There are still not enough role models ahead of us to show us that is possible. Brazen can help make those mental connections as well as those personal and physical connections as they are looking to grow their companies."
Growing up in Mexico, Missouri, amid a population of about 11,000 people, Ehlen's role models were the small business owners within her hometown. She remembers local restaurateurs, a butcher and a dance studio owner as the town influencers. Even from a young age, Ehlen envied these business owners' ability to create, sell and market.
"I think I caught the entrepreneurial bug very early," Ehlen said. "I've dreamed for as long as I can remember about owning my own business someday. But I never knew that the business I would own would be the business of helping others start a business. That's a little meta for me, but it works."
Ehlen's proud to be building those businesses in St. Louis, a region which she first felt connected to as a student in UMSL's College of Business Administration. While studying management and organizational behavior, she developed lasting relationships that influenced her career trajectory.
"I felt very in touch with the St. Louis community through my time at UMSL," she said. "I made connections with individuals who also built their homes here, including Dr. Art McCoy and his wife, Belinda, and my best friend Opal Jones. Those relationships that I formed and the friendships that we forged have now lasted the last 20 years of my life. The amount of faculty support and the accessibility of the faculty were also integral parts of my career advancement."
More in Academics, Alumni, Business Administration, Features, Home news, Latest News, News Briefs, News Release Archive, People, UMSL Experience


text:
A notch stress intensity approach to assess the multiaxial fatigue strength of welded tube-to-flange joints subjected to combined loadings
: Sonsino, C.M.; Lazzarin, P.; Zambardi, R.
Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 27 (2004), Nr.2, S.127-140
equivalent notch effect; multiaxial loading; notch stress; welded joint; äquivalente Kerbwirkung; Flanschverbindung
Full penetration butt weld joints between a tube and its flange are considered, subjected to pure bending, pure torsion and a combination of these loading modes. The model treats the weld toe like a sharp V-notch, in which mode I and mode III stress distributions are combined to give an equivalent notch stress intensity factor (N-SIF) and assess the high cycle fatigue strength of the welded joints. The N-SIF-based approach is then extended to low/medium cycle fatigue, considering fatigue curves for pure bending and pure torsion having the same slope or, alternatively, different slopes. The expression for the equivalent N-SIF is justified on the basis of the variation of the deviatoric strain energy in a small volume of material surrounding the weld toe. The energy is averaged in a critical volume of radius R-C and given in closed form as a function of the mode I and mode III N-SIFs. The value of R-C is explicitly referred to high cycle fatigue conditions, the material being modelled as isotropic and linear elastic. R-C is thought of as a material property, independent in principle of the nominal load ratio. To validate the proposal, several experimental data taken from the literature are re-analysed. Such data were obtained by testing under pure bending, pure torsion and combined bending and torsion, welded joints made of fine-grained Fe E 460 steel and of age-hardened AlSi1MgMn aluminium alloy. Under high cycle fatigue conditions the critical radius R-C was found to be close to 0.40 mm for welded joints made of Fe E 460 steel and close to 0.10 mm for those made of AlSi1MgMn alloy. Under low/medium cycle fatigue, the expression for energy has been modified by using directly the experimental slopes of the pure bending and pure torsion fatigue curves.


Hua Hin is undoubtedly one of the most popular beach resorts in the country. The main thing that attracts visitors from all over the world to Hua Hin is, of course, the beautiful beach. The city has something to offer everyone, from young children to grandparents. This is why Hua Hin is one of the best holiday destinations for families. At the beach, children can go on a donkey ride along the beach while parents can finally get some alone time relaxing on the beach.
Nothing can catch your children's interest as much as animals! While you are in Hua Hin, don't forget to make a visit to Monkey Mountain before you leave. To get there, take a songthaew – a public transport that looks like a truck – along Naresdamri Road to the end of the line. From there, you can walk to the beach and climb up the steps that lead you to the top of the mountain. Your kids will love the sight of these monkeys and at the same time, you can soak in the view of the gorgeous sunset from this hill! Make sure that you don't bring any food up to the mountain with you as there is nothing these monkeys love more than stealing a treat from unsuspicious tourists!
Water parks are paradise to all kids. Lucky for you, there are two water parks close to Hua Hin! One of them is Black Mountain Water Park, which is located not far from the city. You can take a free shuttle bus to get there. While your children are having all the fun, you can relax and have a little sunbathing session while you're there! Tickets are 600 Baht for adults and 300 Baht for children. Another water park your family should not miss is Vans Nava Water Jungle. Here, you will find incredible slides and rides situated within tropical jungle surroundings. You can get discounted tickets with advance bookings, otherwise, the prices are 1,000 Baht for adults and 600 Baht for children.
Apart from the beach, there are also many national parks in Hua Hin that your family should check out as well. One of them is, in fact, the largest in Thailand. Kaeng Krachan National Park is the best national park that you should spend a day with your family. Here, you will find a variety of wild species, including wild elephant herds, monkeys, and birds. The famous "Namtok Pa La-u," a magnificent waterfall, is also situated in the park. Note that this waterfall requires some climbing, which may not be too ideal for your little ones. Kaeng Krachan National Park is a ninety-minute drive from Hua Hin.
If you want a national park that is closer to the city, you can check out Sam Roi Yot National Park, which is only 40 km north of the city. There are beaches, caves, and mountains here that you and your family can explore together. The scenery in these areas is a sight to behold, which is what makes the place perfect for a nice stroll with your kids.
Your trip to Hua Hin will not be complete without a visit to the town's night market! There is a wide range of delicious and affordable food options for you to try here. This means that there will always be something for even the pickiest of kids! If your little ones have the taste for western foods, such as fried chicken or burgers, you can find them here, too.
Not only does Hua Hin has one of the most beautiful beaches in Thailand, but it is also filled with places and activities that are perfect for families. With all the things that Hua Hin has to offer, it's no wonder why vacationers love coming here so much.
If you're looking for a property that has a consistent track record of increasing in value over time, then Hua Hin is a great choice! Get in touch today to buy property in Hua Hin through Hua Hin Home Property.


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Walentina Władimirowna Sdierżykowa (ros. Валентина Владимировна Сдержикова, ur. 30 stycznia 2001 w Ałmaty) – kazachska skoczkini narciarska. Uczestniczka mistrzostw świata seniorów (2017, 2019) i juniorów (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020). Medalistka mistrzostw kraju (2017). Pierwsza kazachska skoczkini narciarska, która wystąpiła w kwalifikacjach do zawodów Pucharu Świata kobiet.

Życiorys
Na arenie międzynarodowej zadebiutowała w lutym 2014, startując w zawodach FIS Cup w Râșnovie. Był to debiut kazachskiej reprezentacji kobiet w skokach narciarskich w oficjalnych zawodach rangi FIS (razem ze Sdierżykową startowały jeszcze Galina Szaluszinina i Wiktoria Alżanowa). Sdierżykowa zajęła tam 8. i 10. miejsce. We wrześniu 2014, również w Râșnovie, zajęła 4. lokatę w zawodach tego cyklu. W sierpniu 2015 w Oberwiesenthal zadebiutowała w Letnim Pucharze Kontynentalnym. Pierwsze punkty zdobyła w swoim drugim starcie, zajmując 29. miejsce.

W sezonie 2016/2017 Kazachstan po raz pierwszy w historii wziął udział w zawodach Pucharu Świata kobiet, za sprawą startu Walentiny Sdierżykowej w kwalifikacjach do konkursów w Niżnym Tagile. W kwalifikacjach zajęła odpowiednio 44. i 43. miejsce, tym samym nie awansując do I serii zawodów.

Wzięła udział w Mistrzostwach Świata Juniorów w Narciarstwie Klasycznym 2017 w Park City. Zajęła tam przedostatnie, 45. miejsce. Razem z Dajaną Achmetwalijewą zostały wysłane na Mistrzostwa Świata w Narciarstwie Klasycznym 2017 w Lahti. Kazaszki wystartowały w konkurencji indywidualnej, jak i w drużynie mieszanej. Sdierżykowa nie zakwalifikowała się do konkursu głównego, osiągając 37. miejsce w kwalifikacjach, zaś w drużynie mieszanej Kazachstan zajął ostatnie, 14. miejsce.

We wrześniu 2017 roku w Czajkowskim Sdierżykowa zadebiutowała w Letnim Grand Prix, jednak nie udało się jej awansować do konkursu głównego.

W październiku 2017 odbyły się Mistrzostwa Kazachstanu w Skokach Narciarskich 2017, w których Sdierżykowa zdobyła dwa złote medale: na skoczni normalnej i średniej.

Mistrzostwa świata

Indywidualnie

Drużynowo

Starty W. Sdierżykowej na mistrzostwach świata – szczegółowo

Mistrzostwa świata juniorów

Indywidualnie

Drużynowo

Starty W. Sdierżykowej na mistrzostwach świata juniorów – szczegółowo

Puchar Świata

Miejsca w klasyfikacji generalnej

Miejsca w poszczególnych konkursach Pucharu Świata

Letnie Grand Prix

Miejsca w klasyfikacji generalnej

Miejsca w poszczególnych konkursach LGP

Puchar Kontynentalny

Miejsca w klasyfikacji generalnej

Miejsca w poszczególnych konkursach Pucharu Kontynentalnego

Letni Puchar Kontynentalny

Miejsca w klasyfikacji generalnej

Miejsca na podium w poszczególnych konkursach LPK

Miejsca w poszczególnych konkursach Letniego Pucharu Kontynentalnego

FIS Cup

Miejsca w klasyfikacji generalnej

Miejsca na podium w poszczególnych konkursach FIS Cup

Miejsca w poszczególnych konkursach FIS Cup

Uwagi

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Kazachskie skoczkinie narciarskie
Ludzie urodzeni w Ałmaty
Urodzeni w 2001

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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I seem to be doing betterthis afternoon. Still don't have a network connection due to annoying circumstances which I'll outline below, but I've now found more people to hang with so it helps a bit on the loneliness factor. There are still no people living here in Gregson, but that doesn't surprise me.
I enjoyed a quiet "breakfast" (chocolate croissant and coffee). I got to meet some new people and had a spirited discussion with some conservative friends. I enjoyed that because its always nice to debate and discuss both sides of the issues.
I came back after spending 2 hours at the coffee shop, and called to check out the status of my internet. They said that I was "not assigned". I figured after telling them that I'd lived here for ages, that it would fix itself eventually. Then I found out about my contract. Apparently I don't have a contract for next year. I figured that I would fix this when I got up here. They apparently did not know this and said that they weren't offering any new contracts. The person I'm dealing with knows my situation and is advocating for me, but its still annoying taht leaving for a while is causing this stupidness. I know rules are rules, but its not a general rule to break things every other semester which seems to bee my rule. So I think some rules have to at least be bent. They say they're working on this and I hope that things are fixed soon since I wanted to do my show tonight. I really don't relish carrying all of my equiipment downstairs but if I have to, I will.
I guess I'll end the babbling. I may hang out with my friend sunnyblue later but I'm waiting for a while so she'll have time to wake up to give her a call. One good thing happened, I found out where all the food holes are around this place this week. That's always good :). Fiona's doing well, and working nicely as always. She hasn't forgotten how to do anything. I hope as I continue working toward finishing up stuff that I haven't forgotten much myself. More soon.


Donald Gately Ed.D. is the principal at Jericho Middle School on Long Island. J.M.S. is a high performing middle school that has a comprehensive school-wide program to develop social emotional literacy; the school was named a New York State/National School to Watch in 2009, 2012 and 2015. Don was a middle school principal in Plainview-Old Bethpage, the assistant principal at Memorial Junior High School in Valley Stream and a teacher of English Language Arts in the New York City public schools. He is the former p resident of the Nassau County Middle Level Principals Association and active in a number of organizations that leverage support for innovative middle school practice. Don is a middle level leader with a singular passion and commitment to the intellectual and social/emotional development of adolescent learners. He was a BAMMY Award nominee for Middle School Principal of the Year in 2014 and 2015. He was named New York State Principal of the Year in 2016. Along with his wife Danielle (@dmgately) and an incredible PLN of committed Long Island educators Don cofounded EdCamp Long Island (@EdCampLI) in 2014.
Because there's no podium in front of the stage, and it's often dark, I make sure my remarks do not exceed a single page with large font. When I pressed the button to print the speech, I made the mistake of not selecting the particular page that had my remarks for "Winter Concert 2017". Over 60 pages began streaming out of my printer. That's how many concert introductions I've done since I became principal. I am in my 12th year as principal at my present school. Add to that the five years I was principal at another school, that's a lot of concerts.
Danielle: It's windy? Do you know how strong the wind is? Don, the wind is blowing 50 miles an hour.
Last year a student approached me and said that he had a concern. His concern was that none of his classmates seem to know about what is happening in the world, no one followed current events. He asked if we could start a club to talk about current events.
His request intersected with a misgiving I'd been having about the frequency with which I had direct contact with my students in a teaching and learning context. I spend a good deal of time with our kids in the hallways and in the cafeterias but I do not often enough engage with them as a teacher. As a principal, it's important to me that kids see me as a learner and as a teacher. With this in mind, along with the district curriculum associate for social studies, we started a student-led current events forum at our school.
The forum meets once a month and a dedicated group of kids faithfully attend to talk about topics in the news that grab their attention. A core group of passionate and socially active students plan the meetings, publicize them, creates fliers, and identify articles and videos for the group to examine. It is a terrific example of student voice in action.
Recently Long Island experienced a heavy, snowy blizzard so we had a snow day. Everybody loves snow days! After a huge breakfast of pancakes and bacon (a snow day tradition at our house) I decided we would have a digital version of the current events forum.
Here's a confession, I've been responsible for some pretty horrible professional development (PD). When I think about the faculty meetings I ran when I was a new principal, I am embarrassed. Often, my faculty meetings were the Don Gately Show. I like to think it's a pretty good show (my wife's not complaining). I tried to sprinkle in the occasional joke or amusing anecdote, but my approach was deeply flawed. Teachers had little choice in participating; they were required, by contract, to be there. If the topic was not meeting their needs, they had to wait until I was done to complain about me in the parking lot. I surely was never the smartest person in the room; the smartest people in the room didn't get a chance to share their expertise because I didn't create a structure for them to do so.
And, oh the PowerPoints, I 'loved me some PowerPoints'. I relied on this magical Microsoft tool like a crutch. As an assistant principal, I was an early adopter so I remember a time when I could dazzle my faculty with animations and wiggly text. The principal would sometimes ask me, "Don, can you do that PowerPoint thing for the faculty meeting?" I'd beam with pride! But like the hack magician sawing the lady in half, it took a while for me to let go of that thrilling trick. There are teachers out there with handouts I foisted upon them at faculty meetings, three slides to a page (so they could take notes?!), 107 slides in all. If I am ever considered for appointment as education commissioner, some journalist will dig these handouts up and my career will come to a screeching halt.
Fortunately, due to a combination of factors, I've gotten better at faculty meetings. Through experience, research, learning from others, better principals and maybe just because I got sick of listening to MYSELF, my faculty meetings have become improved settings for learning, at least I hope so.
I've done some bad PD, but so have many of my colleagues, both in the administrative AND the teaching ranks! It's staff development like this that has created the need for EdCamp. Above I described a formula for "How NOT to contribute to teachers' learning." EdCamp upends all of these approaches.
What is your earliest memory? I vaguely recollect riding on the monorail with my parents at the 1964 World's Fair in Flushing Meadow, Queens. The monorail was one of three attractions at the Fair from the Disney company (the other two were It's a Small World and the Carousel of Progress which are now in the Disney theme parks). I've since been to Flushing Meadow Park many times because I have brought my own kids to visit the Queens Museum which houses the Panorama of the City of New York which is a scale model of the entire city, also a World's Fair exhibit. When I first went there I used a pair of binoculars you could borrow to locate my own house, 1530 Albany Avenue in East Flatbush, Brooklyn.
Last spring I had the opportunity to attend the world premiere of a film by a young and astounding filmmaker. Modern Ruin: A World's Fair Pavilion is a documentary about the history of the 1964 World's Fair and especially the New York Pavilion. The filmmaker is a teacher from our school, Matt Silva. Matt teaches technology and also videography. His students create professional quality videos that support numerous school initiatives. Each year they produce a video to accompany our bully prevention kick off that is the centerpiece and a highlight of the day. The subject of the documentary was the New York Pavilion, a structure originally built for the 1964 World's Fair. The Pavilion remains in the park today and is slowly deteriorating.
Matt was inspired to create the documentary when he took students in his middle school technology class on a trip to visit the Highline in Manhattan. The Highline is a unique civil engineering accomplishment. It's designers repurposed the dilapidated Westside Highway into an elevated urban park that runs from 19th to 33rd Street on the west side of Manhattan. As a child I rode in a car on the Westside Highway with my family on our way to my grandfather's bungalow in Upstate New York. Such was the state of the highway's disrepair that my dad joked, "It'll be a miracle if we don't fall through this thing before we get there." I was scared!
Matt planned the trip to the Highline so that his students would understand how urban planning works, how architects and engineers can re-purpose a structure to make it more useful for its present environment and context. Matt understood how important it was for his students to see firsthand the results of an urban planning initiative. He also invited Architect Frankie Campione, the principal engineer of CREATE Architecture Planning & Design, to come to school and discuss efforts to preserve the Pavilion. Field trips and guest speakers are among the most powerful and memorable learning experiences for middle school kids. They allow students to grasp the relevance of concepts they learn in the classroom and they cement connections between the curriculum and the world in which we live.


text:
Q: use android prefix on xml (android:, app:, @.., ...) On AndroidStudio in xml file i don't understand the difference between item with android prefix and item without it
part of my source code for example:
<style name="AppTheme" parent="Theme.AppCompat.Light.NoActionBar">
    <item name="colorPrimary">@color/colorPrimary</item>
    <item name="colorPrimaryDark">@color/colorPrimaryDark</item>
    <item name="colorAccent">@color/colorAccent</item>
    <item name="android:textColorPrimary">@color/white</item>
    <item name="android:textColorSecondary">@color/white</item>
    <item name="actionMenuTextColor">@color/white</item>
</style>

<style name="AppTheme.toolbar" parent="Widget.AppCompat.Toolbar">
    <item name="android:background">@color/grey</item>
</style>

in this xml file why some attributes want the prefix (android:) and other not.
for the example:
<item name="android:textColorPrimary">@color/white</item>

this part of code works correctly, but when the code below is used, it doesn't works:
    <item name="textColorPrimary">@color/white</item>
So can anyone help me to know the difference between the prefix, and when i use it. thanks

A: That is because some of those attributes are from a different XML name space.
In layout files, you may have seen something like:
<Linear Layout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">

You need a way to tell the compiler that you will be referencing attributes from that location, and you do that with the
"android:"


Depending on the availability of the corresponding compiler, you can answer. e.g., 7 (gfortran) or 9 (intel) to the first question appearing on the screen (be sure that in both cases the relevant libraries are installed on your machine). Then, you can start the compilation by answering no to the second question that will be asked on the screen. A successful installation usually takes from five to ten minutes, depending on the machine processor.


Prices are calculated using Board Feet (bf), which is a measure of volume, as opposed to area (square feet) or length (lineal feet).
A board foot is 1-inch thick by 12-inches wide by 1-foot long.
For example: To calculate the board feet in an 4/4 ash board that measures 1-inches thick by 8-inches wide by 8-feet long, the math would look like this: 1 x 8 x 8 ÷ 12 = 5.3 board feet. Multiply 5.3bf by $3.80/bf (the cost of 4/4 ash) and the board will cost $20.14.
*If you use inches instead of feet for your length measurement, simply divide by 144 instead of 12 (1 x 8 x 96 ÷ 144 = 5.3 board feet).
Species in stock vary depending upon availability.
Rough lumber is measured in three dimensions: thickness (described in quarter-inches), width (inches) and length (feet). The fractions you see indi- cate quarters of an inch in rough thickness. So, a 4/4 board will be 1" thick; a 5/4 board will be 1.25" thick. So a 5/4 x 8 x 10 board will measure 1.25 inches thick, 8 inches wide, and 10 feet long. The Hardwood Grading Bureau allows for the loss of up to 1/4" of thickness when planing a board. Therefore, if you need your board to be 1" thick when it's finished, you need to start with a 5/4 board.
Planing creates a surface on the face or back of the board.
Planing both sides creates two flat smooth surfaces that are parallel to one another. Jointing produces a flat smooth surface perpendicular to the planed surfaces.
A board that has both faces planed and both edges jointed is referred to as S4S (Surfaced 4 Sides).
Boards may also be finished S3S or S2S or even S1S depending on the final use. Antique barn boards that are going to become part of a panel, for example, are often finished S3S (planed back, jointed sides, aged face untouched) or S2S (face and one exposed edge untouched).
Healthy lumber should come out of the kiln at 8.5-10%, depending on ambient conditions.
Kiln-dried lumber is dried to 6-7% mc before a shot of steam is introduced to the kiln to slightly raise the moisture content and relieve stress in the lumber. The lumber moisture content may drop or raise depending on its environment. Neither instance is a problem so long as the lumber has a chance to acclimate.


may not be uncovered until years later. Without title insurance from a reputable and financially secure company, your title could be worthless. With the proper insurance, your rights will be defended in court.
1. Forged deeds, mortgages, satisfactions or releases.
2. Deed by person who is insane or mentally incompetent.
3. Deed by minor (may be disavowed).
4. Deed from corporation, unauthorized under corporate bylaws or given under falsified corporate resolution.
5. Deed from partnership, unauthorized under partnership agreement.
6. Deed from purported trustee, unauthorized under trust agreement.
7. Deed to or from a "corporation" before incorporation, or after loss of corporate charter.
8. Deed from a legal non-entity (styled, for example, as a church, charity or club).
9. Deed by person in a foreign country, vulnerable to challenge as incompetent, unauthorized or defective under foreign laws.
10. Claims resulting from use of "alias" or fi ctitious name style by a predecessor in title.
11. Deed challenged as being given under fraud, undue infl uence or duress.
12. Deed following non-judicial foreclosure, where required procedure was not followed.
13. Deed affecting land in judicial proceedings (bankruptcy, receivership, probate, conservatorship, dissolution of marriage), unauthorized by court.
14. Deed following judicial proceedings, subject to appeal or further court order.
15. Deed following judicial proceedings, where all necessary parties were not joined.
16. Lack of jurisdiction over persons or property in judicial proceedings.
17. Deed signed by mistake (grantor did not know what was signed).
18. Deed executed under falsifi ed power of attorney.
19. Deed executed under expired power or attorney (death, disability or insanity of principal).
20. Deed apparently valid, but actually delivered after death of grantor or grantee, or without consent of grantor.
21. Deed affecting property purported to be separate property of grantor, which is in fact community or jointly-owned property.
22. Undisclosed divorce of one who conveys as sole heir of a deceased former spouse.
23. Deed affecting property of deceased person, not joining all heirs.
24. Deed following administration of estate of missing person, who later re-appears.
25. Conveyance by heir or survivor of a joint estate, who murdered the decedent.
26. Conveyances and proceedings affecting rights of service-member protected by the Soldiers and Sailors Civil Relief Act.
27. Conveyance void as in violation of public policy (payment of gambling debt, payment for contract to commit crime, or conveyance made in restraint of trade).
28. Deed to land including "wetlands" subject to public trust (vesting title in government to protect public interest in navigation, commerce, fishing and recreation).
29. Deed from government entity, vulnerable to challenge and is unauthorized or unlawful.
30. Ineffective release of prior satisfied mortgage due to acquisition of note by bona fi de purchaser (without notice of satisfaction).
31. Ineffective release of prior satisfied mortgage due to bankruptcy of creditor prior to recording of release (avoiding powers in bankruptcy).
32. Ineffective release of prior mortgage of lien, as fraudulently obtained by predecessor in title.
33. Disputed release of prior mortgage or lien, as given under mistake or misunderstanding.
34. Ineffective subordination agreement, causing junior interest to be reinstated to priority.
35. Deed recorded, but not properly indexed so as to be locatable in the land records.
36. Undisclosed but recorded federal or state tax lien.
37. Undisclosed but recorded judgment or spousal/child support lien.
38. Undisclosed but recorded prior mortgage.
39. Undisclosed but recorded notice of pending lawsuit affecting land.
40. Undisclosed but recorded environmental lien.
41. Undisclosed but recorded option, or right of first refusal, to purchase property.
42. Undisclosed but recorded covenants or restrictions, with (or without) rights of reverter.
43. Undisclosed but recorded easements (for access, utilities, drainage, airspace, views) benefiting neighboring land.
44. Undisclosed but recorded boundary, party wall or setback agreements.
45. Errors in tax records (mailing tax bill to wrong party resulting in tax sale, or crediting payment to wrong property).
46. Erroneous release of tax or assessment liens, which are later reinstated to the tax rolls.
47. Erroneous reports furnished by tax offi cials (not binding local government).
48. Special assessments which become liens upon passage of a law or ordinance, but before recorded notice or commencement of improvements for which assessment is made.
49. Adverse claim of vendor's lien.
50. Adverse claim of equitable lien.
51. Ambiguous covenants or restrictions in ancient documents.
52. Misinterpretation of wills, deeds and other instruments.
53. Discovery of will of supposed intestate individual, after probate.
54. Discovery of later will after probate of fi rst will.
55. Erroneous or inadequate legal descriptions.
56. Deed to land without a right of access to a public street or road.
57. Deed to land with legal access subject to undisclosed but recorded conditions or restrictions.
58. Right of access wiped out by foreclosure on neighboring land.
59. Patent defects in recorded instruments (for example, failure to attach notarial acknowledgment or a legal description).
60. Defective acknowledgment due to lack of authority of notary (acknowledgment taken before commission or after expiration of commission).
61. Forged notarization or witness acknowledgment.
62. Deed not properly recorded (wrong county, missing pages or other contents, or without required payment).
64. Deed to a purchaser from one who has previously sold or leased the same land to a third party under an unrecorded contract, where the third party is in possession of the premises.
65. Claimed prescriptive rights, not of record and not disclosed by survey.
66. Physical location of easement (underground pipe or sewer line) which does not conform with easement of record.
67. Deed to land with improvements encroaching upon land of another.
68. Incorrect survey (misstating location, dimensions, area, easements or improvements upon land).
69. "Mechanics' lien" claims (securing payment of contractors and material suppliers for improvements) which may attach without recorded notice.
70. Federal estate or state inheritance tax liens (may attach without recorded notice).
71. Pre-existing violation of subdivision mapping laws.
72. Pre-existing violation of zoning ordinances.
73. Pre-existing violation of conditions, covenants and restrictions affecting the land.
74. Post-policy forgery against the insured interest.
an appropriate building permit (subject to deductible).
76. Post-policy construction of improvements by a neighbor onto insured land.
77. Damage to residential structures from use of the surface of insured land for extraction or development of minerals.


Are we using the right marketing strategy for our business?
We always wonder why my competitor is doing well in Business and why am I not. We never tend to research on the strategies what our competitors are following and always follow the hard way of Marketing instead of a Smart way of Marketing.
Let's take an example of our daily routine, if we are hungry we look for food. If you are given a plate of meal after you had your food, you will obliviously say no.
Same with Marketing, if someone don't need the product or services and you go and market your product or services to them, chances of closing is very less. This is know as Push Marketing.
If someone needs your product or services and when they look for your products and services and if you are there in front of them, you will almost close the deal. When a customer search for product or service, changes of closing is very high. This is called Pull Marketing. Customer look for you and find you and buy it from you.
Now you have to see where your potential customer spend most of their time and how you can reach them easily when they are looking for your product and service.
Suppose you spend 100 and 1000 of dollars in the News Paper to do an advertisement, will the customer be able to reach you whenever they want to contact you? We hardly know the success rate of new paper until and unless we receive a call from them.
What gets measured, gets improved! In Digital Marketing all aspects are measurable. The visitor behaviour can be easily identified with certian analytics and could identify if your website is working for you or not.
Online Marketing is Investment, Not a Cost.


Human Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) has been extensively explored in clinical gene therapy, but its immunogenicity dramatically affects the kinetics and toxicity profile of the vector. We previously designed a variety of artificial lipid bilayer envelopes around the viral capsid to develop safer hybrid vectors. Here, we studied the interaction of enveloped Ad in cationic (DOTAP:Chol) or anionic (DOPE:CHEMS) lipid bilayers with different blood components. When Ad was enveloped by cationic lipids, significantly high levels of viral uptake in HepG2 cultured cells were achieved, independent of blood coagulation factors present. In vitroexperiments also showed that artificial envelopment of Ad completely altered the affinity towards both human and murine red blood cells. After intravenous administration in BALB/c mice, real-time PCR and transgene expression studies indicated that cationic lipid envelopes significantly reduced hepatocyte transduction significantly increasing virus lung accumulation compared to DOPE:CHEMS enveloped or naked Ad. ALT/AST serum levels and liver histology showed that envelopment also improved hepatotoxicity profiles compared to naked Ad. This study suggests that artificial envelopes for Ad significantly alter the interactions with blood components and can divert viral particles from their natural liver tropism resulting in reduced hepatotoxicity.


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Professors and their Pets: Shiva Balaghi
By: Charlotte Bilski / October 16, 2013 / 3 Comments /
This segment of Professors and their Pets features Shiva Balaghi, a Visiting Professor of Iranian Studies, History of Art and Architecture, and History (sidenote: she is our best friend on Twitter). Meet Shiva's dog, Binker. You can call this proclaimed "celebri-dog in the Providence dog world" Binky.
Type of pet: Dog
Name: Binker or Binky
Do you have a story behind your pet's name? My husband, Mike Kennedy, and I adopted Binker through Petfinder when we were living in Ann Arbor five years ago. She and her siblings had been dumped at a Cleveland, Ohio kill shelter. We got her from a foster parent when she was 4 months old. By then, she was already clearly Binker: the name suits her perfectly!
Tell us a little about Binky: Binky's motto in life is "play hard, nap often." She greets us every morning by jumping around and wagging her tail. When we have stressful days at work, Mike and I remind each other: "Just wag your tail like Binky, and it'll be ok."
Ask Professor Shiva Balaghi anything about 'Argo'
By: Meredith Bilski / February 23, 2013 / No Comments /
With the 2013 Oscars just around the corner, many of us have been curious about the historical accuracy of films like Lincoln and Argo, both in the running for Best Picture. Luckily for us skeptical Brown students, we have an unparalleled opportunity to engage with knowledgable Brown historians about the films that fall within their respective areas of expertise. First, we had the opportunity to ask Professor Vorenberg anything about Lincoln (and we'll have the opportunity to do so again on March 1, where there will also be cake). Now, the University presents its interactive "Ask a Professor about Argo" with beloved, no-B.S. Professor Shiva Balaghi, a jack of all trades and a master tweeter (Ed.-We're sorry for "outing" you on Twitter back in the day, and we're sorry for doing it again now).
Professor Shiva Balaghi is a cultural historian of the Middle East. She's a Laya Khadjavi Visiting Professor of Iranian Studies here at Brown, teaching in the History and History of Art and Architecture departments. This semester, she's teaching "Twentieth Century Iran," a capstone seminar in the History department, and "What is Islamic Art?" an upper-level seminar in the History of Art and Architecture department. Additionally, she is the Vice-President of the American Institute of Iranian Studies. She left her native Tehran for the United States around the time that the events depicted in Argo took place.
Thus, a scholar of Professor Balaghi's expertise is well-equipped to field questions addressing Argo's historical accuracy. You can submit questions to Professor Balaghi by commenting on this picture and choose the questions she'll be asked by "liking" ones that tickle your intellectual fancy. If you're interested in learning more about Argo as it relates to the reality of the Iranian Hostage Crisis, you should check out Professor Balaghi's review of the film in India's Frontline magazine.
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A Rocha Aotearoa New Zealand seeks to inspire, educate and enable communities to actively care for New Zealand's unique environment. In Whaingaroa/Raglan, A Rocha leads a community conservation project managing 2,000 hectares on a forested coastal mountain. Focused around intensive predator control, the project seeks to provide a safe habitat where seabirds can breed, thus restoring biodiversity to the forest.
The Banks Peninsula Conservation Trust was formed in 2001. It is a non-profit organisation that works with landowners, agencies, sponsors, and the wider community to promote the conservation and enhancement of indigenous biodiversity and sustainable land management on Banks Peninsula. The Trust was formed as a community-driven organisation to faciliate the protection of biodiversity on private land using voluntary methods.
To take a leadership role in showcasing the excellent stewardship of New Zealand farmland. We set out to publicize and promote widely these profitable sustainable farming practices.
Partnering to protect special places on private land for the benefit of present and future generation.


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HomeRiflesRevolving RiflesRIA: 15mm Belgian Pinfire Revolving Rifle
RIA: 15mm Belgian Pinfire Revolving Rifle
April 16, 2016 Ian McCollum Revolving Rifles, Video 31
The pinfire system was a popular type of early self-contained metallic cartridge in Europe, but didn't find much use in the United States. Pinfire revolvers were made in a variety of calibers from 5mm up to 15mm, and a much smaller number of revolving rifles and carbines were also made. This particular revolving rifle is a 6-shot, 15mm model with a folding bayonet – made in Belgium for a reseller by the name of Juan Lopez in Buenos Aires.
RIA: Spreewerke VG-2
RIA: Reifgraber .38 S&W Automatic
Argentine Halcon SMG
April 17, 2013 Ian McCollum Manuals, Submachine Guns 8
We don't have very much information on the Halcon SMG from Argentina, but we do have a training manual for the gun to make available. As best I can tell there were at least 5 […]
Peruvian Mausers: 1891 and 1909 (Video)
February 3, 2017 Ian McCollum Bolt Action Rifles 7
Peru's first standardized repeating rifle was the Model 1891 Mauser, as purchased in 1901 through Argentina. About 30,000 of these rifles were obtained when Argentina was unable to pay for them – although this may […]
Ballester Molina: The Underrated Argentine .45
November 27, 2019 Ian McCollum Semiauto pistol, Video 27
The Ballester-Molina was designed to be a more economical pistol to produce than the 1911A1, which had been adopted by Argentina as the Pistola Sistema Colt Modelo 1927. It was produced by a company called […]
Bayonets on revolvers? What idiot thought the unsupported barrel could handle the stress of stabbing a guy dead center?
MG says:
This appears to be a civilian firearm. If you were ever in a situation where you needed to use the bayonet, I think that bending your revolver is going to be pretty low on your list of worries. If you came out of it alive, you could always take it back to a gunsmith to get it fixed, or just buy a new one.
Keep some perspective on this. If someone is trying to kill you and you come out of it alive at the expense of damaging your rifle, it's job done. Your alternative would have been to try to use the rifle as a club.
Military applications would be different because firearms there are expected to go through a long service life, including training exercises, where using the bayonet is routine.
Civilian bayonets were last ditch self defence weapons which the owners hoped to never need to use. This is also by the way a major reason why they were spring loaded. This allowed them to be quickly deployed in unexpected circumstances.
Also, the major purpose of the bayonet here was more weapon retention than "aggressive drill". Anybody trying to grab the barrel to wrestle the carbine from its proper owner would get a handful of bayonet blade first, which would be a bit off-putting to say the least.
Okay, that's quite valid. How about some idiot who attacks a guy who's holding a bayonet-tipped Wehrmanngewehr? That target rifle, based on the Gewehr 98, is a single shot, but it does mount a standard army bayonet easily (and I suppose one would need to practice shooting with the bayonet fixed in the event he does get called back into army service)…
Back in the days of single-shot rifles, bayonets were very much a civilian hunting accessory. Either an epee' pattern that retracted under the barrel (see the "De Puyster" Ferguson breechloader in the Smithsonian collection), or as a heavy game-dressing knife that could be attached to the barrel by a bayonet bar rather than a socket arrangement. The Dahlgren "Bowie" bayonet for the 1855 Plymouth Navy rifle was a very typical example of the latter type.
In either case, the purpose was to act as a "boar spear" to fend off an irritated animal in event it charged before you could reload. Wild pigs being especially prone to this sort of "thunder run". (Wild Pig Philosophy: If It Moves, Kill It- It Might Be Edible, And Anyway It's Just Annoying On General Principles.)
The scene between Bill Duke and the wild pig in Predator (d. John McTiernan, 1987) was more realistic than you might think.
You've got point. I had one time my old vz.52 with erected bayonet standing next to main door. Any emerging salesmen or preachers would run! 🙂
TomTB says:
I would still be wearing a glove so my wrist would not be burned by that gap between the cylinder and barrel.
Is there an engineering/materials reason why the cylinder is substantially longer than the cartridge?
CupAJoe says:
It moves the cylinder gap forward of the support hand so you don't get powder burn.
"Pinfire revolvers were made in a variety of calibers from 5mm up to 15mm"
2mm pin-fire revolver also existed, see La Femme Fatale revolver:
http://www.waynedriskillminiatures.com/miniature-firearms/antique-ladies-2mm-pinfire-la-femme-fatale-ring-gun/
Also modern functional 2mm pin-fire revolver exist: XYTHOS revolver.
"in Europe, but didn't find much use in the United States"
Uh, how about "PAY ME ROYALTIES TO USE THIS SYSTEM OR I KILL YOU" threat? Either that or American gun makers too proud to adopt stuffy Old World tech?
Pinfire revolvers (handguns) were imported in significant numbers by both sides in the American Civil War. And pinfires were used on the Western frontier as well, as cartridges unearthed at archeological sites attest.
But there were two major reasons the pinfire wasn't really popular in the U.S. First, by the time of the Civil War when everybody wanted any revolver they could get, the pinfire was being superseded in Europe by the centerfire (inside-primed case type). The centerfire was what everybody wanted because its rimed case could handle much higher pressures than either rimfire or pinfire could.
Secondly, to most Westerners, that evil little pin sticking out of the side of the case was an accident waiting to happen. Imagine carrying pinfire cases jostling around in a "bullet pouch", or worse yet, in cartridge loops on a gunbelt.
Bellying up to the bar, or just sitting down in in a chair, could be hazardous to your health. Or at least the health of your thigh, knee, and/or foot.
Hoppy Hopkins says:
Good point there Eon, it would definitely make for bad customer relations for cartridges that detonate in their pockets. As you commented on early in cartridge center fire systems coming out in Europe, do you happen to know exactly when the very first center fire metallic cartridge was invented?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerfire_ammunition#History
states that was in 1808-1812 by Jean Samuel Pauly, anybody can approve or deny it?
According to Harold L. Peterson and Roger Elman in The Great Guns (Grosset & Dunlap, 1971), Johannes Samuel Pauly of Bern, Switzerland (1766-c.1820) invented and patented the first centerfire breechloading cartridge in France in September, 1812; which predates the percussion cap, BTW.
His system used a cartridge case very like a modern shotgun shell with a paper tube body, a brass head, and an internal "battery cup" primer. It could be reloaded by replacing the paper tube holding powder and projectile (slug or shot charge) and repriming the "cup" with a pellet of fulminate compound about the size and shape of a modern-day "baby" aspirin. The brass head (which was rimmed) then "screwed" up onto the paper tube.
Pauly also invented the break-action double-barreled hammerless shotgun/rifle action as we know it today. Earlier attempts at "break-actions" dated to the flintlock era, and later makers, notably Greener, improved it and made it sturdier, but Pauly was the first to actually come up with a reliable, self-cocking action that was fully gas-tight at the breech.
BTW, Johann Nickolaus von Dreyse, the inventor of the "needle gun" and thus the bolt-action, started out as an apprentice in Pauly's Paris gunshop. He was a considerably better businessman than his mentor.
Before Pauly's death in relative poverty around 1820, he was trying to interest the French government in a steam-powered airship, with a rigid frame and keel and several "ballonets" in a framework above it protected by netting and an outer streamlining 'skin' of doped fabric, plus movable ballast along the keel for fore-and-aft trim control. Today, we'd call it a "semi-rigid" dirigible. A very similar aerostat was flown, in Paris, by Alberto Santos-Dumont in 1901;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont
Pauly's problem was that he was literally too far ahead of his time.
Also, do you notice, with the likes of Pauly, Christopher Spencer, etc., how often the history of firearms and aviation technology development cross paths?
"how often the history of firearms and aviation technology development cross paths?"
I can add designer of Hino-Komuro blow-forward automatic pistol:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hino_Kumazo
Tassiebush says:
Hi Eon I totally agree with the theoretical potential of a pinfire cartridge to detonate from bumps etc but one thing I have noticed is that I have never read an example of this actually happening and causing injury. I know that Lieut James Forsyth in his book The sporting rifle and it's projectiles written in 1867 addressed this on page 128. He basically said he had never had a detonation nor knew of one first hand but of the instances he had heard of only a single cartridge went off. He didn't consider it much of a risk. He did say he'd been carrying them loose in his pockets for 3 years.The other thing is that most pinfires have a protecting ridge behind the cylinder which would stop a blow and in the case of break action shotguns or rifles the risk would be same as a muzzleloader. I suspect that the biggest issue was it was a dead end design that could not feed in a magazine.
Lovely gun and super show, as usual.
BOBTAIL101 says:
I just finished cleaning the barrels of a 16 gauge pinfire shotgun I bought for 50 euroes this morning at a car boot sale here in S W France As you can imagine the interior of the barrels are badly oxidized by years of black powder cartriges and poor cleaning
There is a french company HC http://www.hc-collection.com that makes reloadable pinfire cartriges in in 7mm 9mm 12mm and 12 and 16 gauge
Does anyone have any info on the ballistics of the 15mm pinfire cartridge? It is very similar to the .577 Revolver (solid case) in dimensions, but in general pinfire cartridges were not loaded as hot as later CF ones. On the other hand the rifle application hints that it probably didn't have a very low muzzle velocity.
Bojan says:
.577 Boxer/Revolver/Webley/Tranter was not really hot IIRC ~20 grams @ 140-160m/s.
Compare to 11mm Gasser that did 20 grams at 160-250m/s (depending on load, Belgian commercial loads were lower power, official "Montenegrin" load (Austrian and Montenegro made, also used in Fruthwith carbines) was upper end of spectrum, using 36 grains of powder and 312 grains bullet for about 250-260 m/s from 9″ barrel), .500 Tranter was about 22-24 grams @ 150-180 m/s. So, bigger was not always better.
.577 Boxer and the later .577 Revolver (solid case & conical bullet) were not exactly the same thing. The former fired typically a round shot of about 18-20 grams, muzzle velocity unknown (probably around 150 m/s). The latter fired a 450 grain (29 grams) conical bullet at about 500-600 fps (152-182 m/s). At the higher end of that spectrum were are talking about a pretty powerful cartridge, although admittedly the 11mm Gasser was even hotter at the upper end.
This article gives even more impressive numbers for the late .577 Revolver cartridges; 400 grains @ 725 fps:
http://www.bowenclassicarms.com/news/articles/British_Big_Bores.pdf
Which in muzzle energy is about the same a 312 grain bullet @ 820 fps, if we compare to the 11mm Gasser.
The writer of this article claims to have seen original Kynoch ballistic tables for the .577 Revolver, which he claims said 450 grains @ 725 fps:
http://www.bevfitchett.us/firearms-assembly/a-real-handcannon.html
Now, obviously this refers to the final version of the cartridge, probably from the 1880s or 1890s. The loads available in 1870s probably were not as hot.
Searching for ballistic data I found photo samples of various 15mm pinfire cartridges:
http://freemycollection.com/?page=list_pinfire&size=15mm
Notice that also shotshell pinfire in this size existed, I wonder: would it fit into this revolving rifle?
Measured loads from bullets for Gasser:
Montenegro made revolver ammunition (36mm case)- 2.3g/35 grains BP, 20g/312 grains soft lead bullet
Austrian made ammunition 1 (36mm case) – 2.1g/32 grains BP, 20g/312 grains bullet
Austrian made ammunition 3 (29mm case) – 1.6g/24 grains, 312 grains bullet
Belgian made ammunition (32mm case)- 1.8g/28 grains, 18g/277grains bullet
http://www.patronen.su/forum/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id=12140
Complete Case 78·1 [some unit name, can't read it]
Pin: 6·8
Cap: 2·0
Chamber: 3·0
Lu[can't read letter]p: 14·7
Shell: 51·6
Powder: pistol powder: 28·0
Bullet: 450·0
Cartridge: 556·1
[here sign · probably mean . (like in 0.5) not * (multiply)]
(above stated are data for 15mm pinfire cartridge)
Where does the pinfire cartridge fit within the U.S. legal system, which only mentions by name rimfire and centerfire ammunition?
For instance, it would seem that a pinfire firearm with a bore over .50″ might exploit a loophole in 26 U.S. Code § 5845 by evading classification as a "destructive device" since a large-bore antique replica rifle (perhaps even a cannon) firing centerfire or rimfire — but apparently not pinfire — would not be granted an antique exemption and would therefore need to be registered by the ATF as a destructive device.
At least that's what the law seems to say (depending on how the phrase "or similar" might be interpreted) although how this might work in practice could be far different, as it seems the NFA law's authors wrongly assumed that all fixed ammunition was either centerfire or rimfire.
Ian McCollum says:
Being of pre-1898 manufacture, it's not a Destructive Device no matter the type of cartridge. If you were to make a reproduction, I expect ATF would consider it a DD unless you got the paperwork to get it exempted for sporting purposes.
Thanks, Ian. In this case, I'd guess that getting a 'sporting purposes' exemption from the ATF for a large-bore rifle with a built-in bayonet might be an uphill battle.
I'm sure this must have been a well-worn topic around here, regarding assumptions of the pre-1898 exemption which appear to contradict the law's actual text:
"The term "antique firearm" means any firearm not designed or redesigned for using rim fire or conventional center fire ignition with fixed ammunition and manufactured in or before 1898 (including any matchlock, flintlock, percussion cap, or similar type of ignition system or replica thereof, whether actually manufactured before or after the year 1898) and also any firearm using fixed ammunition manufactured in or before 1898, for which ammunition is no longer manufactured in the United States and is not readily available in the ordinary channels of commercial trade."
( https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/5845 )
So basically a pre-1898 gun is not (automatically) legally an 'antique' if it fires rimfire or centerfire (and pinfire is not explicitly defined).
I would also argue that "percussion cap or similar type of ignition system or replica thereof" should allow a large-bore pinfire (since it is not "rim fire or conventional center fire ignition" and contains a percussion cap internally).
The law's wording is additionally troubling because it would imply that if some guy on the far side of the country decides to make large-bore cartridges in his garage and put up a website selling them, then all pre-1898 guns that chamber that cartridge would presumably gets their 'antique' status automatically stripped away.
But the ATF is known to work in mysterious ways — and I've yet to figure out how post-1898 'elephant' rifles can be granted the 'sporting purposes' exemption when the actual text of the law only grants >.50″ shotguns that privilege.


The two main parties to a contract are the promisor and the promisee. The promisor makes a promise to the promisee who in return can offer a promise or some type of performance. For example, A promises to buy B a car if B goes to college. In this situation, A is the promisor and B is the promisee. The promisee typically gets the benefit of the promise made by the promisor; in this case, B would get the benefit of A buying a car for B. In some contracts however, the benefit of the promise made by the promisor can go to a third party.
A contract with a third party beneficiary is a contract where a third party gets the benefit of the promise made by the promisor instead of the benefit going to the promisee. If the promisee performs their obligation, then the promisor must also give the benefit of the promise to the third party. Using our previous example, let's say that A promises to B that A will buy a car for C if B goes to college.
In this example, A is the promisor because A is the one making the promise. B is the promisee because B is the party that is contracting with A by accepting A's promise. C is a third party beneficiary because C is receiving the benefit of the promise. In this case C will receive a car if B performs. In other words, if B goes to college, then A must buy C a car.
What happens if a promisor never gives the benefit to a promisee?
Third party beneficiaries have rights under a third party contract. As such, third party beneficiaries can bring an action against both the promisor and promisee (with exceptions). To learn more about Express Contract vs. Implied Contract, read our previous blog post below.
If you believe that you are a third party beneficiary and have questions about your rights, please contact us for assistance.