Significance: The Supreme Court hears appeals on issues that began in bankruptcy courts and applies bankruptcy court rules.
Business and personal finance is beset with a degree of unpredictability. Under capitalism, private individuals, public institutions, small businesses, partnerships, and major corporations sometimes face changes in the marketplace, technology, and consumer preferences that decrease income and profits, creating financial crises. Congress, in response to economic downturns, increasingly complex commercial transactions, expanding credit, and a larger number of entrepreneurships, produced major bankruptcy legislation in 1800, 1841, 1867, and 1898. A 1970 joint resolution of Congress created the Bankruptcy Commission, with members appointed by the president, chief justice, and Congress. In 1978 Congress passed the Bankruptcy Reform Act, which, with subsequent amendments, created laws that balanced creditor and debtor interests. The nine chapters in the code occupy nearly five hundred pages in Bankruptcy Code, Rules, and Forms(St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing, 1999), and the ten chapters on rules fill nearly three hundred pages. After its passage, more than sixty bankruptcy cases have been decided by the Supreme Court. Bankruptcy court, district court, bankruptcy appellate panel, and court of appeals judges may differ in their interpretations of legislative history, legislation, rules, and the plain meaning of the text. Some court watchers believe sufficient scope exists for judges to engage in policy making while ostensibly interpreting the text of bankruptcy laws. Most bankruptcy cases reach the Supreme Court because of conflicting results on substantially identical facts reached by the various courts of appeals. The Court, seeking uniformity within the federal system, usually makes narrow decisions. The constitutionality of the 1978 bankruptcy laws was raised in Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co. (1982). Before 1978, the bankruptcy court employed semijudicial referees. The 1978 code created Article I nontenured judges, whose salaries could be reduced and who served for renewable fourteen-year terms but gave them Article III powers, which the Court held unconstitutional.
Bankruptcy legislation, particularly chapter 11, has historically been concerned with businesses and corporations. In the twentieth century, personal consumer bankruptcies, chapter 7 and 13, became far more numerous than business cases. The Court in Local Loan Co. v. Hunt (1933) stated that honest debtors should have "a new opportunity in life and a clear field for future effort." Toibb v. Radloff (1991) and Johnson v. Home State Bank (1991) expanded bankruptcy relief. In the 1990's the Court chipped away at the debtor-favorable 1978 bankruptcy laws and began to favor creditors, a trend paralleled by various legislative changes. Grogan v. Garner (1991) established a preponderance of the evidence test for determining fraud rather than a clear and convincing evidence test, an issue visited again in Field v. Mans (1995). Union Bank v. Wolas (1991) reiterated the plain language approach to interpreting statutes. Although "willful and malicious injury" is not dischargeable, the court in Kawaauhau v. Geiger (1998) distinguished between intentional and reckless torts. Deadlines, like statutes of limitation, are very important. Barnhill v. Johnson (1992) set the standard for computing a ninety-day period on the writing of a check, Taylor v. Freeland and Kronz (1992) dealt with trustee objections to exemptions, and Pioneer Investment Services Co. v. Brunswick Associates Ltd. Partnership (1993) dealt with deadlines for filing proofs of claim.
The bankrupt debtor generally does not pay more for property than it is worth. Creditors dislike this and assert that mortgages in real estate should be treated differently than liens on cars, equipment, jewelry, and other consumer items. Lien stripping was the subject of Dewsnup v. Timm (1992) and Nobelman v. American Savings Bank (1993). BFP v. Resolution Trust Corp. (1994) established that when a property is sold at a noncollusive sale, such as an auction, it is presumed to satisfy the requirement of "reasonably equivalent value." Even if it sells for much less than its appraisal, the sale is not a fraudulent conveyance (transfer of ownership of property). In Associates Commercial Corp. v. Rash (1997), the Court in distinguishing between retail and wholesale value of property, settled on replacement value. Secured claims, debts with collateral, are to be paid interest (adequate protection) according to United Savings Association of Texas v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Associates (1988), United States v. Ron Pair Enterprises (1989), and Rake v. Wade (1993). In United States v. Whiting Pools (1983), the Court held that property seized by the Internal Revenue Service before the bankruptcy filing was property of the estate, and in Patterson v. Shumate (1992) it determined that Employee Retirement Income Security Act-qualified pension funds were not property of the estate.
The federal system, the balance between state and federal government, increasingly protects governments from being sued without their permission. Hoffman v. Connecticut Department of Income Maintenance (1989), United States v. Nordic Village (1992), and Seminole Tribe v. Florida (1996) expanded the immunity and authority of governments and limited the ability of debtors and the trustees to bring government agencies into the bankruptcy. The trend in sovereign immunity cases appears to detract from the bankruptcy court status as a national forum for debt resolution. The wide range of Court decisions indicates the pervasiveness of economic issues and the bankruptcy court's role in American economic life. The Court has made decisions regarding taxes, transportation and common carriers, the absolute priority rule (an important creditor protection in devising chapter 11 reorganization plans), and family law regarding property settlements in divorces. Public and legislative dissatisfaction with Court decisions may result in corrective legislation. In Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare v. Davenport (1990), the Court held that criminal restitution could be discharged (and therefore, not paid), and Congress passed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, making restitution nondischargeable. When Christians v. Crystal Evangelical Church (1997) threatened religious liberty and tithing, Congress passed the Religious Liberty and Charitable Donation Protection Act of 1998.
Epstein, David G., et al. Bankruptcy: Twenty-First Century Debtor-Creditor Law. St. Paul, Minn.: Thomson/West, 2005.
Frey, Martin, Phyllis Frey, and Sidney Swinson. 5th ed. An Introduction to Bankruptcy Law. Clifton Park: Thomson/Delmar, 2004.
Gross, Karen. Failure and Forgiveness, Rebalancing the Bankruptcy System. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997.
Skeel, David. Debt's Dominion: A History of Bankruptcy Law in America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003.


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IT'S THE PROPERTY, STUPID!
Stephen Noll	December 16, 2018 0 Comments
Note: I wrote this piece only days after Gene Robinson had been made bishop in late 2003. Hence it preceded the years of conflict that roiled the Anglican Communion and that led to the formation of Gafcon and the Anglican Church in North America. I recall distinctly a meeting shortly after GAFCON 2008 in which the conservatives from UK smiled at us rowdy Americans and said that "nothing like that will ever happen in the Church of England."
The purpose in republishing this piece is not to say "I told you so," but to look squarely at the stark choices facing conservative Anglicans in the UK. We in the ACNA lost a lot in our property battle with the establishment (witness the magnificent funeral services for George H.W. Bush in Episcopal edifices). I can hardly imagine what it might mean to walk away not only from the property but the heritage of a thousand-year-old parish church. And if there comes a genuine "win-win" solution, I would say, "take it in a moment." But don't hold your breath and pass out waiting for it.
Speaking of the late President Bush, my title was a spin-off from "It's the economy, stupid!," a slogan Bill Clinton used in 1992 to defeat Bush for the Presidency.
Because this essay is now ancient history (for more detail, see my book), I have added some explanatory notes for the uninstructed.
While there are many high principles of theology and ecclesiology worth discussing at this time of historic crisis, the bread-and-butter political issue facing most conservative leaders in The Episcopal Church (TEC) is how to keep the property.
Several years ago, I wrote that the key issues were twofold: international recognition and property. In my opinion, the first issue is now settled. Conservatives have already received adequate recognition by the Primates Who Count [in numbers] to consider themselves an ongoing part of the Anglican Communion. It strikes me that most conservatives are willing even to forego recognition by the Archbishop of Canterbury if they can be partnered with one or more of the Global South Provinces. Is this not so?
So the main problem now is property. I begin with an anecdote from one of the first American Anglican Council Board meetings in 1996. [The AAC was the confessing group formed after it became clear that the revisionists had won the battle for control of TEC.] I posed to an AAC bishop the question: What if your liberal counterpart in the House of Bishops came to you with a proposal to stop the infighting in the Church by means of a property settlement, e.g., by allowing each congregation to decide whether it wanted to affiliate with "Church A" or "Church B." I asked: "Would you take up the offer?" "In a moment!" was his reply. Needless to say, that offer has never come.
Seven years later, nothing much as changed. One of the truly great post-mortem remarks from GC 2003 [the Episcopal General Convention in Minneapolis where Gene Robinson was elected bishop] was Canon David Anderson's comment that the AAC "was looking for as amicable a separation from the Episcopal Church as Gene Robinson had gotten from his wife." The problem is, when it comes to church property, the Episcopal establishment is not interested in amicable settlements. Why? Because they wrote the divorce law (e.g., the Dennis canon) in such a way that "no-fault" divorce and equal division of the property is not an option. [The 1979 canon sponsored by Bishop Walter Dennis claimed that all parish and diocesan property ultimately belonged to the national church. This canon became the primary plank in TEC's largely successful lawsuits in separating ACNA congregations from their property.]
One might think true liberals would say: "OK, we admit it. We have made a daring departure from 2000 years of Christian teaching on sexuality. We believe this decision is prophetic, but we acknowledge that many will see it as a deviation from Scripture and tradition on a matter of conscience. Therefore, in the spirit of Gamaliel, we are willing to let conservatives follow their conscience and take their property with them. When our cause is vindicated, we shall graciously welcome them back into our fold."
But they don't say that. Why the mean-spiritedness? Some (the ideologues) are governed by neo-Marxist convictions that all conflicts of right are veiled conflicts of might, in which case they think: "We've got the power, they want it; why should we give it up?" Others (the institutionalists) are fearful that if they let a few cattle out of the gate, it will be followed by a stampede of churches asking to leave with their property. The latter group is worldly-minded and no doubt give the final say to their lawyers' advice, and lawyers are paid to help people hold on to every last farthing.
Whatever their motivation, the fact is, the "liberals" do have the upper hand in the Constitution and Canons of The Episcopal Church, which are the only governing documents recognized by the secular courts in matters of property ownership. Case after legal case has demonstrated this. Again, one may have a theoretical debate about whether the Dennis canon is the mother of all evils. The irony, of course, is that the same people who believe that the Bible – the fundamental constitution of the Christian church – can be twisted into pluriform knots become wooden literalists when it comes to the Episcopal Constitution and Canons. But that's the way it is: we can't change this fact.
In my opinion, this reality explains some of the fruitless proposals of the American Anglican Council. [One such fruitless proposal was to steal the corporate name of TEC.] To be sure, the AAC began with the hope that the Episcopal Church could be reformed from within. I think that in recent years, at least since GC 2000 and GC 2003, most of the AAC leaders and members have come to agree with the "First Promise/AMiA" position that the Episcopal Church is unreformable. [First Promise, named for the first ordination promise to uphold the Scriptures, was organized in 1999 by conservative clergy, who realized that AAC bishops would not take action. In 2000, two First Promise clergy were consecrated in Singapore to head up the Anglican Mission in America.] The problem they are facing is: how do we get out of Egypt with our booty?
In one sense, the AMiA poses the alternative strategy: walk away from the property and start over. How many AMiA churches have reached settlements to take the property? Next to none. Indeed, the most notorious dispute over property has been scandalous because it has caused enmity within the conservative fellowship, both sides seeming to ignore 1 Cor 6. (Note: I am not taking sides in this long-running case, but I can say that it grieves many of us that it continues.) [One of the two AMiA bishops, Chuck Murphy, was Rector of All Saints Parish in Diocese of South Carolina, one of the most conservative dioceses in TEC. The parish ultimately won a lawsuit. Years later, the Diocese itself withdrew from TEC with its property and is still in litigation over the matter.]
The problem of property also explains why the most coherent and the best short-term reactions to the present crisis have been happening at a diocesan level – but only in dioceses with a strong bishop that have already been thoroughly infiltrated by conservatives (Pittsburgh, South Carolina, Florida, Central Florida, Fort Worth, Quincy, Albany, any others?). Constitutionally, the national church will find it hard to depose the bishops and recapture whole dioceses, although it may be able to prevent them from freeing themselves and their parishes from the tentacles of the Dennis canon. [From 2008 on, TEC did depose bishops who formed ACNA and sued for control of diocesan property.]
Parishes and clergy in hostile or lukewarm dioceses, however, seem extremely vulnerable. I assume this is one reason why some have kept a low profile over the last decade as the specter of Gene Robinson slouched toward Minneapolis to be born. I would assume this is why some clergy have sworn to live and die with their Episcopal boots on and have foolishly kept their congregations in the dark on the pending crisis. Honestly, how many of you clergy out there wouldn't jump at the chance to join a parallel orthodox jurisdiction within the Anglican Communion if you could take your pension, your buildings, your budget – and oh yes, your people – with you?
The problem is, it looks like you can't have it all, barring an act of God. Look at your options:
Take the AMiA route and leave now.
Wait and see if the Primates and the AAC leaders can carve out an alternative jurisdiction with at least quasi-rights of tenure and property ownership via alternative episcopal oversight.
Muddle along congregationally and hope your bishop or the next GC don't force you out.
Have I missed any other options? A long-shot might be a lawsuit claiming that the Episcopal Church has violated its Constitution, and thus its canons are of no effect. This option, it seems to me, will only work if the Primates, including the Archbishop of Canterbury and/or the Lambeth Conference, excommunicate TEC and name an alternative jurisdiction as the legitimate USA branch of the Communion. [They didn't.] This will not happen immediately, and even if it does, I'm not sure we'd get the property from the secular courts.
Let me conclude with a brief spiritual reflection. By focusing on the property issue, I am not necessarily accusing conservatives of bowing the knee to Mammon. All property is God's and we have an obligation to be stewards of it as best we can. We also have responsibilities to provide for our families – though not necessarily "in the manner to which we have been accustomed." We also know that Jesus sometimes calls his disciples to "sell all that you have and follow me." This is part of our Reformation Anglican heritage – "let goods and kindred go" – and has been experienced on the mission field and in the Global South churches.
I am sure there is room for us conservatives to think together about the ecclesiastical crisis we are in – both theologically and politically. But let's be patient and charitable, aware that we are working within very constricted parameters, and let's be attentive to God's call in case at some point we may have to "get out of Sodom" now.
Just after posting this piece, I read Rod Dreher's post: Tale of Two Persecuted Pastors. On the one hand, God directed (irony alert!) Pastor John Gray of the "Relentless Church" in USA to reward his wife with a Lamborghini sports vehicle. On the other hand, Pastor Wang Yi has been jailed in China and left his congregation a testimony to Jesus that is about as close to the spirit of the Book of Revelation as I can imagine. I would commend it to those in the "establishment." Who are you more like: Pastor Wang Yi or Pastor John Gray? I would commend it to my confessing colleagues in Gafcon and the ACNA. Who are we more like: Pastor Wang Yi or Pastor John Gray? Hebrews 12:4 says: "In your struggle against sin you have not yet resisted to the point of shedding your blood." I look forward to Archbishop Ben Kwashi challenging us all to the full measure of discipleship.
Cover Art: Heinrich Hoffmann, Christ and the Rich Young Ruler (Flickr Commons)
CategoriesAnglicanism, Church, Post-GAFCON Contentions
SHAZAM! HEY, UNTO YOU A CHILD IS BORN!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There are times when firing a gun into the air is acceptable. For instance, if you are in possession of a hunting license and a waterfowl stamp, and ducks or geese have flown into range. Or maybe your dog has just flushed a pheasant. There are even times when firing into the air in suburbia might be acceptable. Perhaps foreign paratroopers are quite literally descending on your neighborhood. OK, that's not terribly likely, but if it ever happens, you will be well within your rights to shoot skyward.
Otherwise, firing into the air is simply stupid. What goes up, comes down, and if it lands on someone and hurts them, you deserve whatever the courts give you.
Warning shots, or shots fired to "scare" someone, are not a good idea, either, even if fired into a safe backstop. The sound is damaging to your hearing, will surely draw an extremely tense response from law enforcement, and, frankly, it's tough to be really certain of your backstop. Shooting into the ground could result in a ricochet from a shallow rock, or strike underground utilities. Very few of us keep a good bullet trap handy for our warning shots.
But surely, if you're going to make the dumb move of pulling the trigger to make a loud noise to scare people who are stealing property rather than threatening your life, you should not attempt to defend yourself by saying you were following Joe Biden's advice.
Remember when Joe Biden said you didn't need anything but a double-barreled shotgun because you could just fire a couple shots into the air to scare a burglar? Anyone with a vague hint of tactical knowledge mocked him, and as you can see at the link, U.S. News took the time to point out that his advice would land you in jail.
So it proved for Jeffery Barton. Technically, he was not convicted of illegal discharge of a firearm. He was convicted of obstruction, because he did not comply with police commands. But it seems very likely to me that the "shots fired" element to the call resulted in police being less than "polite," as he complained. The response to a car-prowl call and to a "somebody's shooting" call are by no means the same thing!
Barton is quoted in the article as claiming that his Second Amendment rights were being violated, and that he was, in recklessly shooting in random directions, "protecting" his family. He also invoked the "difficulty of making tactical decisions in the moment" argument.
If someone's breaking into cars at 0300, you can confront that person if you wish. You can attempt to make a citizen's arrest. But you had better be 100% certain you are acting 100% correctly and within the bounds of the law, because you could ALSO dial 911 and NOT put yourself into that situation where a split-second decision is required. Unless your family is actually in that car–you're not protecting them. I certainly have no objection to confronting criminals–but damn it, do it RIGHT. Furthermore, the Second Amendment does NOT protect your right to be a reckless fool who fires shots into the air. Making that argument against a good law (don't shoot randomly in a populous area) makes it much tougher to make the legitimate cases against foolish laws.
And finally, anyone who thinks Joe Biden gives good home-defense advice is guilty of incurable stupidity.


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Six constitutional amendments to be on Tyrrell ballot in November election
Published 4:50 pm Monday, July 2, 2018
By Ray McClees
Tyrrell County voters, along with all others across North Carolina, will be asked to vote for or against an unprecedented six amendments to the state Constitution when they cast their ballots in the general election next November.
These proposed amendments will deal with the following issues:
Voter identification
Lowering the cap on state income tax
Changing the way mid-term judicial vacancies are filled
Changing the structure and process of selecting the Bipartisan State Board of Elections and Ethics Enforcement
Protections for hunting and fishing
The North Carolina General Assembly has long been recognized as one of the most powerful legislative bodies in the nation, but some questions must be submitted to the voters before becoming law, and occasionally the lawmakers decide to "pass the buck."
The General Assemby adjourned on June 29 until November 27, when both the House and Senate are scheduled to reconvene.
Before the gavels came down for the final time, the legislators also overrode eight of Governor Cooper's vetoes.
More Scuppernong Reminder
Two new COVID-19 cases, one recovery last week
Bryce Rose sentenced to 125+ months in father's death
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Mrs. Rena S. Harrell
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Ideal replacement for induction lamps, metal halide or HID lamps these LED lamps are suitable for high ceiling areas such as Factories, warehouses, Gyms etc.


Convicted terrorist Damien McLaughlin not only had motive, but also opportunity, for his alleged involvement in the "murderous attack" of prison officer David Black, a Belfast court has heard.
The claim was made as 41-year-old McLaughlin, from Kilmascally Road near Ardboe, went on trial at the city's Crown Court on charges arising out of the ambush-murder of 52-year-old father of two Mr Black on November 1, 2012.
Trial judge Mr Justice Colton, sitting alone in the Diplock style no-jury trial, heard that McLaughlin allegedly drove the Toyota Camry car across the border from the Irish Republic and that it was used in the dissident IRA shooting.
Listening to the prosecution claims was, among others, Mr Black's widow Yvonne and son Kyle.
They heard that his ambush and assassination as he drove from their Cookstown home along the M1 motorway to Maghaberry Prison, was a "murderous attack ... not opportunistic", and that there was a "very strong inference it was meticulously planned and a number of people were involved in the operation".
The family also heard that "these people must have identified his home, kept it under observation and also noted his movements and his car, and the route he used to drive to work".
The court was told that Mr Black, who changed his plans of asking for a day off that fateful morning, was shot three times as he drove his Audi car along the motorway by a gunman using an AK47 assault rifle on automatic, and that at least four other shots had been fired from the Toyota Camry as it drove alongside him.
Other motorists reported hearing "a bang" and realised it was shooting on hearing more "bangs" and seeing smoke and muzzle flashes coming from the passenger side window of the Toyota.
The prosecution further claimed that Mr Black was murdered "as a direct result of the perceived grievances of those detained at Maghaberry", and the murder was later claimed in a statement to the Irish News "by a group styling itself IRA".
McLaughlin, serving a sentence for possession of firearms, was one of those later convicted of criminal damage to prison property as part of those protests over conditions in Maghaberry. He also gave an interview in support of the protests.
Earlier the court heard that the Toyota car had been bought in Dublin by Vincent Banks, later convicted of IRA membership. It is the prosecution case that Banks drove this vehicle to Carrigallen in Co Leitrim where it was "hidden in plain sight" in a lay-by where it was allegedly picked up three weeks later by McLaughlin.
McLaughlin, it was claimed, was identified by both Garda and PSNI officers from CCTV in a garage in Carrigallen and also named by a local man who claimed to have supplied him a battery for the car and saw him in the Toyota.
The prosecution submitted that the "evidence reveals that the terrorists intended to carry out their attack ... and it was therefore necessary to bring the Camry north ... and that on the evidence, the defendant was present in Carrigallen ... and was the person who enabled that to be done".
In conclusion, the lawyer claimed that McLaughlin had not only "a motive" for his involvement but also "had the opportunity to engage in the activity that he did ... and that he engaged in the activity with, at least the intention of assisting others to use the car for the purpose of attacking Mr Black".
In all McLaughlin denies a total of six charges including aiding and abetting, counselling and procuring, in the Irish Republic, the murder of the father of two.
However, the majority of charges were allegedly commited within the Crown Court division of Craigavon on October 31, 2012, and centre on the Toyota car used in the shooting the following day.
In addition to belonging or professing to be a member of the IRA, McLaughlin also faces four charges involving the Toyota car in that he had possession of it in connection of an act or terrorism and that he started, moved and drove the car.


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Home / Archive Series / Precious Seed Magazine Volume 2
Precious Seed Magazine Volume 2
Author: Various Authors
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Category: Archive Series
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Volume 2 of Precious Seed Magazine – 1948-49
Precious Seed Magazine Volume 2 quantity
The first edition came out in September 1945 shortly after the end of World War II. It resulted from the exercise of a number of brethren in South-West England who were burdened to meet the need among assemblies in the UK for a consistent ministry of the word through a well-balanced and Christ-centred magazine. Its stated purpose was that, on a monthly basis, articles of an evangelistic, expository and informative nature should be freely available to all. While the aim to publish monthly was never realised, the other three objectives most certainly were. Even today the magazine is characterised by these qualities: evangelistic; expository; informative.
This book, Volume 2 of the magazine, covers the years 1948-9. Whilst it contains the same rich mix of material, it also introduces us to new authors who were to become regular contributors to the magazine over the years.
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Keep Athens-Clarke County Beautiful recently received three Keep Georgia Beautiful (KGB) Foundation awards: the first place Affiliate Award, the first place Community Improvement and Greening Award, and a second place award for Litter Prevention. The KGB Foundation was created to in 1985 to promote private sector financial support for worthwhile educational programs that enhance the environment and the quality of life in Georgia.
This is KACCB's third year as a winner of the first place Keep Georgia Beautiful Affiliate Award. The program has won acclaim for positively affecting the community by bringing state and national programs to Athens and engaging citizens in volunteer service. On an annual basis, KACCB administers 11 litter prevention programs, 7 recycling programs/events, and 12 community beautification programs. KACCB participates in the KAB Great American Cleanup, National Planting Day, America Recycles Day, and the Cigarette Litter Prevention Program. Last year, KACCB completed 6 community/educator workshops, held 67 outreach events/presentations with 3,570 community members attending, and engaged 10,582 volunteers into action for our community. Through our participation in the Green Schools Program, KACCB reached 6,626 students in 29 different schools and daycare centers. The affiliate is a program of the ACC Solid Waste Department Recycling Division, but also functions as a nonprofit with the support of a strong Board of 17 diverse members who are passionate and proactive.
The first place Community Improvement and Greening Award honors KACCB's School Garden Network Program. As part of its mission to serve and educate Athens citizens, KACCB works with local public and private schools (21 public schools in the Clarke County School District and 7 private schools) to provide environmental education programs on litter prevention and beautification. KACCB identified a need for more gardening and environmental education programs in our local schools to meet the needs of students with limited access to healthy food options and outdoor time. The School Garden Network brings together community partners to support and maintain usable school gardens and outdoor teaching spaces.
KACCB's second place Litter Prevention Award honors the new Littervention campaign. KACCB had to create a community-wide public education program about litter that would appeal to a broad audience. With a little humor, and a positive underlying message, KACCB created the "Littervention. Your Dirty Secret is Out. Get Clean for Athens." The campaign gives citizens a conversation starter to educate friends and family in a light-hearted, yet direct way, using Littervention as an "intervention" for undesirable behaviors. The Littervention public awareness program has become a part of Athens, uniting local government, businesses, non-profits, and the educational community to "get clean" for Athens.


I always knew there would be a puppy #3, but I definitely did not expect that he would be "America's" puppy. When I raised my first dog for Guiding Eyes while at Boston College, I thought for sure I was raising the most well known puppy ever. Boulder was the only Guiding Eyes dog on campus, and everywhere I went I would hear, "There's Boulder!" With 10,000 college students cooing over him, it certainly felt like Boulder was famous.
Last week, puppy #3, Wrangler, had over 13,000 Twitter followers within twenty-four hours. My nine-week-old puppy was putting Boulder's humble fame to shame. As puppy raisers, there will always be someone approaching us wanting to learn more about our dogs. In the beginning they want to know if they can love on the cute little puppy, and as he grows, they want to know what the vest means and about the services Guiding Eyes provides. Puppy raisers are used to getting a lot of attention in public.
When I agreed to raise the Today Show puppy, I knew this attention would be magnified on an even grander scale. With his daily appearances on the Today Show, I have been receiving a lot of the same questions I have been accustomed to answering with my previous pups. However, the attention Wrangler and I have been getting has a fun twist to it. I never thought I would raise a dog that received a marriage proposal from another dog on a poster board in Rockefeller center, and who posed for pictures with movie stars. The request to "take a selfie with the Today Show puppy," still surprises me every time.
Raising Wrangler will be both different and the same as raising my two previous dogs. The amount of time, effort, work, love and pride will all be the same, but the two of us are in for some remarkable experiences over the next sixteen months. I'm so honored and grateful to have this opportunity to help bring awareness to guide dogs and puppy raising – and to support the organization and mission I am passionate about. Having the privilege of raising Wrangler along the way is the icing on the cake; I guess this is what it feels like to be the "mom" of a celebrity.


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Using Fewer Antibiotics Isn't Always the Best Way to Curb Resistance
Leave a Comment / Featured, infectious diseases / By @dmin
This article is taken from European Biopharmaceutical Review April 2022, pages 23-26. © Samedan Ltd
While the over-prescription of antibiotics is causing increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within the developed world, the lack of access to treatments in lower income countries is just as much of a global concern
By Mark Chataway at Hyderus
Most discussion of AMR focuses on the overuse or inappropriate use of broad spectrum antibiotics. But too little diagnosis and inadequate treatment is just as important. The lack of access to antibiotics is the cause of 5.7 million deaths annually, the majority in low- and middle-income countries. We have to find ways to reduce these deaths and to limit treatment-linked resistance.
Today's Burden
Low-resource countries are worst affected by limited access to antibiotics. This is, in part, because people in these countries are more vulnerable to infections.
For example, infections associated with ventilators and catheters in low-resource countries are up to 13 times higher than in the US, while hospital infections amongst newborns in low-income countries are up to 20 times higher than in high-income countries. The antibiotics needed to treat these infections are often difficult or impossible to access.
However, deaths are on a downward trend, thanks to antibiotics. A 2018 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA said, "The worldwide mortality attributable to infectious agents dramatically decreased from around 13 million deaths in 1990 to around 10 million deaths in 2016. This decrease was mainly driven by the yearly decline of mortality caused by antibiotic-susceptible bacterial infections, including lower respiratory tract infections, especially in [lower-middle income countries] (1)." In context, this decline is not, maybe, as "dramatic" as the article says or as it might have been: deaths from malaria and HIV,
two other infectious diseases, over roughly the same two decades fell far faster. And we should not forget that resistance to medicines to combat parasitic and viral infections are an often-neglected part of the AMR agenda – one we will neglect here as well.
Back in 2010, a Duke University literature review of Sub-Saharan African papers showed that nearly one in 13 hospitalised patients across Africa may have had a bacterial bloodstream infection (2). Many were never treated with antibiotics, either because the illness was never diagnosed or because there were no treatments.
Barriers to accessing antibiotics are complex, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. A 2018 Access To Medicines Foundation (ATMF) report said, "Shortages of generic antibiotic products have been reported on a global and national scale and many formulations of antibiotics for specific populations, including children, have limited availability (3)." Things were so bad that in 2017, only four companies were producing the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for penicillin; three were in China (4). Brazil's tough and respected drug regulator gave permission for its producers to buy the API from a Chinese producer that European regulators said had falsified data and posed a high risk of contamination. There was, apparently, no alternative.
These shortages are getting worse. "The increasingly common shortages of antimicrobials are an additional threat to the emergence of AMR. While the threat of such drug shortages is most acutely experienced in low income and middle-income settings, their consequences impact the quality and effectiveness of antimicrobials worldwide," Shafiq et al. said in a November 2021 article in BMJ Global Health (5).
Stockouts in resource-poor countries happen sometimes because there just isn't enough money to buy medicines; more usually, for generics, they are caused by bureaucratic bottlenecks in tendering, awarding contracts, releasing payments, import clearances, or distribution. That ATMF report explained another cause: "Governments with high purchasing power are using increasingly stringent tendering processes focused on price, creating competition among producers that puts further pressure on already slim margins." Fewer and fewer companies are involved in producing active product ingredients and finished antibiotic treatments.
The orthodox view that intellectual property is the biggest hindrance to medicines availability is clearly wrong, at least in this context. The lack of availability in the public sector along with steep out-of-pocket costs often pushes patients or parents into the private sector. In many countries, prescribers and dispensers in this sector have strong incentives to use more expensive products, rather than the ones indicated by clinical guidelines. A 2021 paper in Antibiotics reported that "although the per-capita consumption of antibiotics in India is lower than that in several other countries, the proportion of broad-spectrum antibiotic consumption which are recommended for restricted use by the WHO is high (6)." Patients cannot afford the full course, and the paper reported that, according to interviews involving 36 pharmacies in two states, pharmacists often dispensed antibiotics – including ones on WHO's watchlist for resistance – without a prescription and with only enough pills for one or two days of treatment.
"In many countries, prescribers and dispensers in this sector have strong incentives to use more expensive products, rather than the ones indicated by clinical guidelines"
To conserve the antibiotics we have, we need to make sure that professionals working in the public sector can reliably get the antibiotics they need. This will mean challenging some shibboleths of activist groups and building sustainable public private partnerships to produce and distribute high-quality medicines.
Resistance Is Already a Major Problem
Treating bacterial infections with medicines that are not ideal in courses that are too short is accelerating antibiotic resistance. So is the widespread and unnecessary use of broad spectrum antibiotics, especially in courses or at doses that are too low.
AMR is already an issue in resource-poor countries. Elsewhere in this special edition, there are many references to a 2019 paper in The Lancet. It is a complex piece of modelling, but overall it is clear that low-resource countries are disproportionately affected by deaths associated with and attributable to AMR.
The authors of that The Lancet paper conclude: "Many might expect that with higher antibiotic consumption in high resource settings, the burden of bacterial AMR would be correspondingly higher in those settings. We found, however, that the highest rates of death were in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. High bacterial AMR burdens are a function of both the prevalence of resistance and the underlying frequency of critical infections such as lower respiratory infections, bloodstream infections, and intra-abdominal
infections, which are higher in these regions. Other drivers of the observed higher burden in [resource-poor countries] include the scarcity of laboratory infrastructure making microbiological testing unavailable to inform treatment to stop or narrow antibiotics.
"The higher burden in low-resource health systems highlights the importance – both for the management of individual patients and for the surveillance of AMR – of well-developed national action plans and laboratory infrastructure in all regions and countries."
Lab facilities are very unlikely to be available to most treaters and, where they are, treaters face the same dilemmas as their counterparts in advanced economies: Do they wait for a sample to be cultured and analysed? Or do they treat the patient now, with no risk of loss to follow up, based on the pathogen probably involved and what professionals know about resistance patterns in the area?
A doctor treating a patient with a potentially life-threatening infection will, of course, not wait and will use whatever is available. However, even in those circumstances, they might prescribe differently if the full range of essential antibiotics were available. The Shafiq et al. paper reported: "Global antimicrobial supply chains are inefficient and fragmented… scarcely available and poorly functioning forecasting systems [in resource-poor countries] contribute to the problem of disrupted supply chains (5)."
Medicine will have to work harder because resistant microbes have changed the world in which patients are treated. Julian and Dorothy Davies pointed out in 2010: "The planet is saturated with these toxic [antibiotics used since the 1940s], which has of course contributed significantly to the selection of resistant strains. The development of generations of antibiotic-resistant microbes and their distribution in microbial populations throughout the biosphere are the results of many years of unremitting selection pressure from human applications of antibiotics, via underuse, overuse, and misuse. This is not a natural process, but a man-made situation superimposed on nature; there is perhaps no better example of the Darwinian notions of selection and survival (7)."
New antibiotics must only be used in those infections which cannot be cured, at therapeutic doses, with older antibiotics. As Davies and Davies put it, "If well-considered restrictions and rules for usage were supported by a pipeline of structurally novel antibiotics and semi-synthetics designed to be refractory to resistance mechanisms, one could expect some significant and lasting improvements in the treatment of infectious diseases (7)." The restrictions do not work well in some advanced economies or in some resource-poor ones. Some of the causes are similar, but the solutions are very different.
In advanced economies, patients often demand medicines that are tolerable and virtually certain to work or refuse to wait for the outcome of lab testing to determine the best treatment for a specific infection. Doctors in resource-poor countries face very similar dilemmas. A 2021 paper in Antibiotics looked at the prescription of broad spectrum antibiotics (BSAs) in South Africa, Sri Lanka, and the UK (8). In all, doctors said that they recognised the need to restrict use of broad-spectrum antibiotics but, "universally across settings, participants described how using BSAs provided a solution to diagnostic uncertainty, reassured them that their patients would be safe, and reduced their own risk of censure from colleagues or of litigation."
If patients don't like what they are prescribed, they can buy something else in much of the world. Periodic efforts by national governments and WHO to limit over-the-counter dispensing of antibiotics have met with very limited success in resource-poor countries. For example, India introduced a new H1 schedule, which was designed to require that pharmacists keep a copy of antibiotic prescriptions, thus reducing sales without prescriptions. A 2020 study in the Indian Journal of Pharmacology found that mystery shoppers in one state were still able to buy antibiotics, mostly broad-spectrum ones, in almost eight out of ten attempts (9). There is no reason to think that regulation will be any more effective in the future.
Many patients will get antibiotics in the private sector for many years to come and planning that does not include private pharmacies and hospitals is an exercise in dangerous wishful thinking. It would, of course, be completely invidious to make new antibiotics available only to those rich enough to afford them in the private sector. There have to be solutions that work in every setting.
What needs to be done is often painfully obvious; the challenge lies in how to do it. Initiatives such as SECURE – led by the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership and WHO – use pilots to generate real-world experience on issues such as:
• Surveillance and developing a flow of reliable data on resistance, susceptibility and clinical practice
• Country-specific (or even locality-specific) guidelines, based on good data, to use the narrowest-possible antibiotics • Access to fast, affordable, reliable lab facilities to help clinicians to prescribe better
• Access to the right antibiotics at affordable prices, or at no cost, in these high-burden countries
• Mechanisms for access to broad-spectrum and novel antibiotics that actually restrict their use to cases known, or strongly suspected, to be resistant to other agents
• Public-private partnerships to assure supply at fair but sustainable prices
Much more must be done, though. Abstract discussions about how to conserve new agents need to become honest
discussions about the real challenges. The diagnostics industry must be given a central role in developing new ways to test quickly and easily for pathogens and for the susceptibility of those pathogens to treatments.
COVID-19 has reminded us that we share one planet; unless our approach to managing infectious diseases is global, it will fail.
1. Abat C, Gautret P, Raoult D, Benefits of antibiotics burden in low-income countries. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A. 115(35):E8109–E8110, 2018. doi:10.1073/
pnas.1809354115
2. Visit: globalhealth.duke.edu/news/bacterial-infections common-cause-illness-death-africa
3. Visit: accesstomedicinefoundation.org/media/atmf/Antibiotic Shortages-Stockouts-and-Scarcity_Access-to-Medicine Foundation_31-May-2018.pdf
4. Visit: www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/5/21/why-is-the world-suffering-from-a-penicillin-shortage
5. Shafiq N et al, Shortage of essential antimicrobials: a major challenge to global health security, BMJ Global Health, 6: e006961, 2021.
6. Kotwani A, Joshi J, Lamkang AS, Over-the-Counter Sale of Antibiotics in India: A Qualitative Study of Providers' Perspectives across Two States. Antibiotics (Basel), 10(9): p1,123, 2021. doi:10.3390/antibiotics10091123
7. Visit: Davies J, Davies D. Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 74(3): pp417–433, 2010. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00016-10
8. Tarrant C et al, Drivers of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Overuse across Diverse Hospital Contexts—A Qualitative Study of Prescribers in the UK, Sri Lanka and South Africa. Antibiotics, 10(1): p94, 2021. doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10010094
9. Chadalavada V, Babu SM, Balamurugan K, Nonprescription sale of schedule H1 antibiotics in a city of South India. Indian J Pharmacol, 52(6): pp482–487, 2020. doi:10.4103/ijp. IJP_244_19


text:
Q: Can't install the PHPSpreadsheet I try to install the phpspreadysheet but these error occurs
Installation failed, deleting ./composer.json.

  [RuntimeException]
  No composer.json present in the current directory (./composer.json), this may
  be the cause of the following exception.

  [InvalidArgumentException]
  Package phpoffice/phpspreadsheet has requirements incompatible with your PHP v
  ersion, PHP extensions and Composer version:
    - phpoffice/phpspreadsheet 1.22.0 requires ext-fileinfo * but it is not pres
  ent.
    - phpoffice/phpspreadsheet 1.22.0 requires ext-gd * but it is not present.

Does anyone know how to fix this? I am stuck with these errors for two days and could not find the solution.
Thank you

A: open php.ini, search and uncomment following

*

*extension=gd

*extension=fileinfo

A: Open your project in visual studio and click ctr+shift+` to open terminal or open cmd and to your project directory
and paste below code
composer require phpoffice/phpspreadsheet --ignore-platform-req=ext-gd

Above syntax worked form me.

A: To solve this, you have to do the following:

*

*located the file c:/xampp/php/php

*open the file

*search for fileinfo and gd

*if your see ;extension=fileinfo
;extension=gd

*Remove the semicolon so it will be like this:
extension=fileinfo
extension=gd

*Close the file and run the package again

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
package routes

import (
	"os"
	"path"

	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/auth"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/context"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/lfs"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/options"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/public"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/templates"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/validation"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/routers"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/routers/admin"
	apiv1 "code.gitea.io/gitea/routers/api/v1"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/routers/dev"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/routers/org"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/routers/private"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/routers/repo"
	"code.gitea.io/gitea/routers/user"

	"github.com/go-macaron/binding"
	"github.com/go-macaron/cache"
	"github.com/go-macaron/captcha"
	"github.com/go-macaron/csrf"
	"github.com/go-macaron/gzip"
	"github.com/go-macaron/i18n"
	"github.com/go-macaron/session"
	"github.com/go-macaron/toolbox"
	"gopkg.in/macaron.v1"
)

// NewMacaron initializes Macaron instance.
func NewMacaron() *macaron.Macaron {
	m := macaron.New()
	if !setting.DisableRouterLog {
		m.Use(macaron.Logger())
	}
	m.Use(macaron.Recovery())
	if setting.EnableGzip {
		m.Use(gzip.Gziper())
	}
	if setting.Protocol == setting.FCGI {
		m.SetURLPrefix(setting.AppSubURL)
	}
	m.Use(public.Custom(
		&public.Options{
			SkipLogging: setting.DisableRouterLog,
		},
	))
	m.Use(public.Static(
		&public.Options{
			Directory:   path.Join(setting.StaticRootPath, "public"),
			SkipLogging: setting.DisableRouterLog,
		},
	))
	m.Use(macaron.Static(
		setting.AvatarUploadPath,
		macaron.StaticOptions{
			Prefix:      "avatars",
			SkipLogging: setting.DisableRouterLog,
			ETag:        true,
		},
	))

	m.Use(templates.Renderer())
	models.InitMailRender(templates.Mailer())

	localeNames, err := options.Dir("locale")

	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(4, "Failed to list locale files: %v", err)
	}

	localFiles := make(map[string][]byte)

	for _, name := range localeNames {
		localFiles[name], err = options.Locale(name)

		if err != nil {
			log.Fatal(4, "Failed to load %s locale file. %v", name, err)
		}
	}

	m.Use(i18n.I18n(i18n.Options{
		SubURL:      setting.AppSubURL,
		Files:       localFiles,
		Langs:       setting.Langs,
		Names:       setting.Names,
		DefaultLang: "en-US",
		Redirect:    true,
	}))
	m.Use(cache.Cacher(cache.Options{
		Adapter:       setting.CacheService.Adapter,
		AdapterConfig: setting.CacheService.Conn,
		Interval:      setting.CacheService.Interval,
	}))
	m.Use(captcha.Captchaer(captcha.Options{
		SubURL: setting.AppSubURL,
	}))
	m.Use(session.Sessioner(setting.SessionConfig))
	m.Use(csrf.Csrfer(csrf.Options{
		Secret:     setting.SecretKey,
		Cookie:     setting.CSRFCookieName,
		SetCookie:  true,
		Header:     "X-Csrf-Token",
		CookiePath: setting.AppSubURL,
	}))
	m.Use(toolbox.Toolboxer(m, toolbox.Options{
		HealthCheckFuncs: []*toolbox.HealthCheckFuncDesc{
			{
				Desc: "Database connection",
				Func: models.Ping,
			},
		},
	}))
	m.Use(context.Contexter())
	return m
}

// RegisterRoutes routes routes to Macaron
func RegisterRoutes(m *macaron.Macaron) {
	reqSignIn := context.Toggle(&context.ToggleOptions{SignInRequired: true})
	ignSignIn := context.Toggle(&context.ToggleOptions{SignInRequired: setting.Service.RequireSignInView})
	ignSignInAndCsrf := context.Toggle(&context.ToggleOptions{DisableCSRF: true})
	reqSignOut := context.Toggle(&context.ToggleOptions{SignOutRequired: true})

	bindIgnErr := binding.BindIgnErr
	validation.AddBindingRules()

	openIDSignInEnabled := func(ctx *context.Context) {
		if !setting.Service.EnableOpenIDSignIn {
			ctx.Error(403)
			return
		}
	}

	openIDSignUpEnabled := func(ctx *context.Context) {
		if !setting.Service.EnableOpenIDSignUp {
			ctx.Error(403)
			return
		}
	}

	m.Use(user.GetNotificationCount)

	// FIXME: not all routes need go through same middlewares.
	// Especially some AJAX requests, we can reduce middleware number to improve performance.
	// Routers.
	// for health check
	m.Head("/", func() string {
		return ""
	})
	m.Get("/", ignSignIn, routers.Home)
	m.Group("/explore", func() {
		m.Get("", func(ctx *context.Context) {
			ctx.Redirect(setting.AppSubURL + "/explore/repos")
		})
		m.Get("/repos", routers.ExploreRepos)
		m.Get("/users", routers.ExploreUsers)
		m.Get("/organizations", routers.ExploreOrganizations)
	}, ignSignIn)
	m.Combo("/install", routers.InstallInit).Get(routers.Install).
		Post(bindIgnErr(auth.InstallForm{}), routers.InstallPost)
	m.Get("/^:type(issues|pulls)$", reqSignIn, user.Issues)

	// ***** START: User *****
	m.Group("/user", func() {
		m.Get("/login", user.SignIn)
		m.Post("/login", bindIgnErr(auth.SignInForm{}), user.SignInPost)
		m.Group("", func() {
			m.Combo("/login/openid").
				Get(user.SignInOpenID).
				Post(bindIgnErr(auth.SignInOpenIDForm{}), user.SignInOpenIDPost)
		}, openIDSignInEnabled)
		m.Group("/openid", func() {
			m.Combo("/connect").
				Get(user.ConnectOpenID).
				Post(bindIgnErr(auth.ConnectOpenIDForm{}), user.ConnectOpenIDPost)
			m.Group("/register", func() {
				m.Combo("").
					Get(user.RegisterOpenID, openIDSignUpEnabled).
					Post(bindIgnErr(auth.SignUpOpenIDForm{}), user.RegisterOpenIDPost)
			}, openIDSignUpEnabled)
		}, openIDSignInEnabled)
		m.Get("/sign_up", user.SignUp)
		m.Post("/sign_up", bindIgnErr(auth.RegisterForm{}), user.SignUpPost)
		m.Get("/reset_password", user.ResetPasswd)
		m.Post("/reset_password", user.ResetPasswdPost)
		m.Group("/oauth2", func() {
			m.Get("/:provider", user.SignInOAuth)
			m.Get("/:provider/callback", user.SignInOAuthCallback)
		})
		m.Get("/link_account", user.LinkAccount)
		m.Post("/link_account_signin", bindIgnErr(auth.SignInForm{}), user.LinkAccountPostSignIn)
		m.Post("/link_account_signup", bindIgnErr(auth.RegisterForm{}), user.LinkAccountPostRegister)
		m.Group("/two_factor", func() {
			m.Get("", user.TwoFactor)
			m.Post("", bindIgnErr(auth.TwoFactorAuthForm{}), user.TwoFactorPost)
			m.Get("/scratch", user.TwoFactorScratch)
			m.Post("/scratch", bindIgnErr(auth.TwoFactorScratchAuthForm{}), user.TwoFactorScratchPost)
		})
	}, reqSignOut)

	m.Group("/user/settings", func() {
		m.Get("", user.Settings)
		m.Post("", bindIgnErr(auth.UpdateProfileForm{}), user.SettingsPost)
		m.Combo("/avatar").Get(user.SettingsAvatar).
			Post(binding.MultipartForm(auth.AvatarForm{}), user.SettingsAvatarPost)
		m.Post("/avatar/delete", user.SettingsDeleteAvatar)
		m.Combo("/email").Get(user.SettingsEmails).
			Post(bindIgnErr(auth.AddEmailForm{}), user.SettingsEmailPost)
		m.Post("/email/delete", user.DeleteEmail)
		m.Get("/security", user.SettingsSecurity)
		m.Post("/security", bindIgnErr(auth.ChangePasswordForm{}), user.SettingsSecurityPost)
		m.Group("/openid", func() {
			m.Combo("").Get(user.SettingsOpenID).
				Post(bindIgnErr(auth.AddOpenIDForm{}), user.SettingsOpenIDPost)
			m.Post("/delete", user.DeleteOpenID)
			m.Post("/toggle_visibility", user.ToggleOpenIDVisibility)
		}, openIDSignInEnabled)
		m.Combo("/keys").Get(user.SettingsKeys).
			Post(bindIgnErr(auth.AddKeyForm{}), user.SettingsKeysPost)
		m.Post("/keys/delete", user.DeleteKey)
		m.Combo("/applications").Get(user.SettingsApplications).
			Post(bindIgnErr(auth.NewAccessTokenForm{}), user.SettingsApplicationsPost)
		m.Post("/applications/delete", user.SettingsDeleteApplication)
		m.Route("/delete", "GET,POST", user.SettingsDelete)
		m.Combo("/account_link").Get(user.SettingsAccountLinks).Post(user.SettingsDeleteAccountLink)
		m.Get("/organization", user.SettingsOrganization)
		m.Get("/repos", user.SettingsRepos)
		m.Group("/security/two_factor", func() {
			m.Post("/regenerate_scratch", user.SettingsTwoFactorRegenerateScratch)
			m.Post("/disable", user.SettingsTwoFactorDisable)
			m.Get("/enroll", user.SettingsTwoFactorEnroll)
			m.Post("/enroll", bindIgnErr(auth.TwoFactorAuthForm{}), user.SettingsTwoFactorEnrollPost)
		})
	}, reqSignIn, func(ctx *context.Context) {
		ctx.Data["PageIsUserSettings"] = true
	})

	m.Group("/user", func() {
		// r.Get("/feeds", binding.Bind(auth.FeedsForm{}), user.Feeds)
		m.Any("/activate", user.Activate)
		m.Any("/activate_email", user.ActivateEmail)
		m.Get("/email2user", user.Email2User)
		m.Get("/forgot_password", user.ForgotPasswd)
		m.Post("/forgot_password", user.ForgotPasswdPost)
		m.Get("/logout", user.SignOut)
	})
	// ***** END: User *****

	adminReq := context.Toggle(&context.ToggleOptions{SignInRequired: true, AdminRequired: true})

	// ***** START: Admin *****
	m.Group("/admin", func() {
		m.Get("", adminReq, admin.Dashboard)
		m.Get("/config", admin.Config)
		m.Post("/config/test_mail", admin.SendTestMail)
		m.Get("/monitor", admin.Monitor)

		m.Group("/users", func() {
			m.Get("", admin.Users)
			m.Combo("/new").Get(admin.NewUser).Post(bindIgnErr(auth.AdminCreateUserForm{}), admin.NewUserPost)
			m.Combo("/:userid").Get(admin.EditUser).Post(bindIgnErr(auth.AdminEditUserForm{}), admin.EditUserPost)
			m.Post("/:userid/delete", admin.DeleteUser)
		})

		m.Group("/orgs", func() {
			m.Get("", admin.Organizations)
		})

		m.Group("/repos", func() {
			m.Get("", admin.Repos)
			m.Post("/delete", admin.DeleteRepo)
		})

		m.Group("/auths", func() {
			m.Get("", admin.Authentications)
			m.Combo("/new").Get(admin.NewAuthSource).Post(bindIgnErr(auth.AuthenticationForm{}), admin.NewAuthSourcePost)
			m.Combo("/:authid").Get(admin.EditAuthSource).
				Post(bindIgnErr(auth.AuthenticationForm{}), admin.EditAuthSourcePost)
			m.Post("/:authid/delete", admin.DeleteAuthSource)
		})

		m.Group("/notices", func() {
			m.Get("", admin.Notices)
			m.Post("/delete", admin.DeleteNotices)
			m.Get("/empty", admin.EmptyNotices)
		})
	}, adminReq)
	// ***** END: Admin *****

	m.Group("", func() {
		m.Group("/:username", func() {
			m.Get("", user.Profile)
			m.Get("/followers", user.Followers)
			m.Get("/following", user.Following)
		})

		m.Get("/attachments/:uuid", func(ctx *context.Context) {
			attach, err := models.GetAttachmentByUUID(ctx.Params(":uuid"))
			if err != nil {
				if models.IsErrAttachmentNotExist(err) {
					ctx.Error(404)
				} else {
					ctx.Handle(500, "GetAttachmentByUUID", err)
				}
				return
			}

			fr, err := os.Open(attach.LocalPath())
			if err != nil {
				ctx.Handle(500, "Open", err)
				return
			}
			defer fr.Close()

			if err := attach.IncreaseDownloadCount(); err != nil {
				ctx.Handle(500, "Update", err)
				return
			}

			if err = repo.ServeData(ctx, attach.Name, fr); err != nil {
				ctx.Handle(500, "ServeData", err)
				return
			}
		})
		m.Post("/attachments", repo.UploadAttachment)
	}, ignSignIn)

	m.Group("/:username", func() {
		m.Get("/action/:action", user.Action)
	}, reqSignIn)

	if macaron.Env == macaron.DEV {
		m.Get("/template/*", dev.TemplatePreview)
	}

	reqRepoAdmin := context.RequireRepoAdmin()
	reqRepoWriter := context.RequireRepoWriter()

	// ***** START: Organization *****
	m.Group("/org", func() {
		m.Group("", func() {
			m.Get("/create", org.Create)
			m.Post("/create", bindIgnErr(auth.CreateOrgForm{}), org.CreatePost)
		}, func(ctx *context.Context) {
			if !ctx.User.CanCreateOrganization() {
				ctx.NotFound()
			}
		})

		m.Group("/:org", func() {
			m.Get("/dashboard", user.Dashboard)
			m.Get("/^:type(issues|pulls)$", user.Issues)
			m.Get("/members", org.Members)
			m.Get("/members/action/:action", org.MembersAction)

			m.Get("/teams", org.Teams)
		}, context.OrgAssignment(true))

		m.Group("/:org", func() {
			m.Get("/teams/:team", org.TeamMembers)
			m.Get("/teams/:team/repositories", org.TeamRepositories)
			m.Route("/teams/:team/action/:action", "GET,POST", org.TeamsAction)
			m.Route("/teams/:team/action/repo/:action", "GET,POST", org.TeamsRepoAction)
		}, context.OrgAssignment(true, false, true))

		m.Group("/:org", func() {
			m.Get("/teams/new", org.NewTeam)
			m.Post("/teams/new", bindIgnErr(auth.CreateTeamForm{}), org.NewTeamPost)
			m.Get("/teams/:team/edit", org.EditTeam)
			m.Post("/teams/:team/edit", bindIgnErr(auth.CreateTeamForm{}), org.EditTeamPost)
			m.Post("/teams/:team/delete", org.DeleteTeam)

			m.Group("/settings", func() {
				m.Combo("").Get(org.Settings).
					Post(bindIgnErr(auth.UpdateOrgSettingForm{}), org.SettingsPost)
				m.Post("/avatar", binding.MultipartForm(auth.AvatarForm{}), org.SettingsAvatar)
				m.Post("/avatar/delete", org.SettingsDeleteAvatar)

				m.Group("/hooks", func() {
					m.Get("", org.Webhooks)
					m.Post("/delete", org.DeleteWebhook)
					m.Get("/:type/new", repo.WebhooksNew)
					m.Post("/gitea/new", bindIgnErr(auth.NewWebhookForm{}), repo.WebHooksNewPost)
					m.Post("/gogs/new", bindIgnErr(auth.NewGogshookForm{}), repo.GogsHooksNewPost)
					m.Post("/slack/new", bindIgnErr(auth.NewSlackHookForm{}), repo.SlackHooksNewPost)
					m.Post("/discord/new", bindIgnErr(auth.NewDiscordHookForm{}), repo.DiscordHooksNewPost)
					m.Get("/:id", repo.WebHooksEdit)
					m.Post("/gitea/:id", bindIgnErr(auth.NewWebhookForm{}), repo.WebHooksEditPost)
					m.Post("/gogs/:id", bindIgnErr(auth.NewGogshookForm{}), repo.GogsHooksEditPost)
					m.Post("/slack/:id", bindIgnErr(auth.NewSlackHookForm{}), repo.SlackHooksEditPost)
					m.Post("/discord/:id", bindIgnErr(auth.NewDiscordHookForm{}), repo.DiscordHooksEditPost)
				})

				m.Route("/delete", "GET,POST", org.SettingsDelete)
			})
		}, context.OrgAssignment(true, true))
	}, reqSignIn)
	// ***** END: Organization *****

	// ***** START: Repository *****
	m.Group("/repo", func() {
		m.Get("/create", repo.Create)
		m.Post("/create", bindIgnErr(auth.CreateRepoForm{}), repo.CreatePost)
		m.Get("/migrate", repo.Migrate)
		m.Post("/migrate", bindIgnErr(auth.MigrateRepoForm{}), repo.MigratePost)
		m.Group("/fork", func() {
			m.Combo("/:repoid").Get(repo.Fork).
				Post(bindIgnErr(auth.CreateRepoForm{}), repo.ForkPost)
		}, context.RepoIDAssignment(), context.UnitTypes(), context.LoadRepoUnits(), context.CheckUnit(models.UnitTypeCode))
	}, reqSignIn)

	m.Group("/:username/:reponame", func() {
		m.Group("/settings", func() {
			m.Combo("").Get(repo.Settings).
				Post(bindIgnErr(auth.RepoSettingForm{}), repo.SettingsPost)
			m.Group("/collaboration", func() {
				m.Combo("").Get(repo.Collaboration).Post(repo.CollaborationPost)
				m.Post("/access_mode", repo.ChangeCollaborationAccessMode)
				m.Post("/delete", repo.DeleteCollaboration)
			})
			m.Group("/branches", func() {
				m.Combo("").Get(repo.ProtectedBranch).Post(repo.ProtectedBranchPost)
				m.Combo("/*").Get(repo.SettingsProtectedBranch).
					Post(bindIgnErr(auth.ProtectBranchForm{}), repo.SettingsProtectedBranchPost)
			}, repo.MustBeNotBare)

			m.Group("/hooks", func() {
				m.Get("", repo.Webhooks)
				m.Post("/delete", repo.DeleteWebhook)
				m.Get("/:type/new", repo.WebhooksNew)
				m.Post("/gitea/new", bindIgnErr(auth.NewWebhookForm{}), repo.WebHooksNewPost)
				m.Post("/gogs/new", bindIgnErr(auth.NewGogshookForm{}), repo.GogsHooksNewPost)
				m.Post("/slack/new", bindIgnErr(auth.NewSlackHookForm{}), repo.SlackHooksNewPost)
				m.Post("/discord/new", bindIgnErr(auth.NewDiscordHookForm{}), repo.DiscordHooksNewPost)
				m.Get("/:id", repo.WebHooksEdit)
				m.Post("/:id/test", repo.TestWebhook)
				m.Post("/gitea/:id", bindIgnErr(auth.NewWebhookForm{}), repo.WebHooksEditPost)
				m.Post("/gogs/:id", bindIgnErr(auth.NewGogshookForm{}), repo.GogsHooksNewPost)
				m.Post("/slack/:id", bindIgnErr(auth.NewSlackHookForm{}), repo.SlackHooksEditPost)
				m.Post("/discord/:id", bindIgnErr(auth.NewDiscordHookForm{}), repo.DiscordHooksEditPost)

				m.Group("/git", func() {
					m.Get("", repo.GitHooks)
					m.Combo("/:name").Get(repo.GitHooksEdit).
						Post(repo.GitHooksEditPost)
				}, context.GitHookService())
			})

			m.Group("/keys", func() {
				m.Combo("").Get(repo.DeployKeys).
					Post(bindIgnErr(auth.AddKeyForm{}), repo.DeployKeysPost)
				m.Post("/delete", repo.DeleteDeployKey)
			})

		}, func(ctx *context.Context) {
			ctx.Data["PageIsSettings"] = true
		})
	}, reqSignIn, context.RepoAssignment(), reqRepoAdmin, context.UnitTypes(), context.LoadRepoUnits(), context.RepoRef())

	m.Get("/:username/:reponame/action/:action", reqSignIn, context.RepoAssignment(), repo.Action)

	m.Group("/:username/:reponame", func() {
		m.Group("/issues", func() {
			m.Combo("/new").Get(context.RepoRef(), repo.NewIssue).
				Post(bindIgnErr(auth.CreateIssueForm{}), repo.NewIssuePost)
		}, context.CheckUnit(models.UnitTypeIssues))
		// FIXME: should use different URLs but mostly same logic for comments of issue and pull reuqest.
		// So they can apply their own enable/disable logic on routers.
		m.Group("/issues", func() {
			m.Group("/:index", func() {
				m.Post("/title", repo.UpdateIssueTitle)
				m.Post("/content", repo.UpdateIssueContent)
				m.Post("/watch", repo.IssueWatch)
				m.Combo("/comments").Post(bindIgnErr(auth.CreateCommentForm{}), repo.NewComment)
				m.Group("/times", func() {
					m.Post("/add", bindIgnErr(auth.AddTimeManuallyForm{}), repo.AddTimeManually)
					m.Group("/stopwatch", func() {
						m.Post("/toggle", repo.IssueStopwatch)
						m.Post("/cancel", repo.CancelStopwatch)
					})
				})
			})

			m.Post("/labels", reqRepoWriter, repo.UpdateIssueLabel)
			m.Post("/milestone", reqRepoWriter, repo.UpdateIssueMilestone)
			m.Post("/assignee", reqRepoWriter, repo.UpdateIssueAssignee)
			m.Post("/status", reqRepoWriter, repo.UpdateIssueStatus)
		})
		m.Group("/comments/:id", func() {
			m.Post("", repo.UpdateCommentContent)
			m.Post("/delete", repo.DeleteComment)
		}, context.CheckAnyUnit(models.UnitTypeIssues, models.UnitTypePullRequests))
		m.Group("/labels", func() {
			m.Post("/new", bindIgnErr(auth.CreateLabelForm{}), repo.NewLabel)
			m.Post("/edit", bindIgnErr(auth.CreateLabelForm{}), repo.UpdateLabel)
			m.Post("/delete", repo.DeleteLabel)
			m.Post("/initialize", bindIgnErr(auth.InitializeLabelsForm{}), repo.InitializeLabels)
		}, reqRepoWriter, context.RepoRef(), context.CheckAnyUnit(models.UnitTypeIssues, models.UnitTypePullRequests))
		m.Group("/milestones", func() {
			m.Combo("/new").Get(repo.NewMilestone).
				Post(bindIgnErr(auth.CreateMilestoneForm{}), repo.NewMilestonePost)
			m.Get("/:id/edit", repo.EditMilestone)
			m.Post("/:id/edit", bindIgnErr(auth.CreateMilestoneForm{}), repo.EditMilestonePost)
			m.Get("/:id/:action", repo.ChangeMilestonStatus)
			m.Post("/delete", repo.DeleteMilestone)
		}, reqRepoWriter, context.RepoRef(), context.CheckAnyUnit(models.UnitTypeIssues, models.UnitTypePullRequests))

		m.Combo("/compare/*", repo.MustAllowPulls, repo.SetEditorconfigIfExists).
			Get(repo.CompareAndPullRequest).
			Post(bindIgnErr(auth.CreateIssueForm{}), repo.CompareAndPullRequestPost)

		m.Group("", func() {
			m.Group("", func() {
				m.Combo("/_edit/*").Get(repo.EditFile).
					Post(bindIgnErr(auth.EditRepoFileForm{}), repo.EditFilePost)
				m.Combo("/_new/*").Get(repo.NewFile).
					Post(bindIgnErr(auth.EditRepoFileForm{}), repo.NewFilePost)
				m.Post("/_preview/*", bindIgnErr(auth.EditPreviewDiffForm{}), repo.DiffPreviewPost)
				m.Combo("/_delete/*").Get(repo.DeleteFile).
					Post(bindIgnErr(auth.DeleteRepoFileForm{}), repo.DeleteFilePost)
				m.Combo("/_upload/*", repo.MustBeAbleToUpload).
					Get(repo.UploadFile).
					Post(bindIgnErr(auth.UploadRepoFileForm{}), repo.UploadFilePost)
			}, context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefBranch), repo.MustBeEditable)
			m.Group("", func() {
				m.Post("/upload-file", repo.UploadFileToServer)
				m.Post("/upload-remove", bindIgnErr(auth.RemoveUploadFileForm{}), repo.RemoveUploadFileFromServer)
			}, context.RepoRef(), repo.MustBeEditable, repo.MustBeAbleToUpload)
		}, repo.MustBeNotBare, reqRepoWriter)

		m.Group("/branches", func() {
			m.Group("/_new/", func() {
				m.Post("/branch/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefBranch), repo.CreateBranch)
				m.Post("/tag/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefTag), repo.CreateBranch)
				m.Post("/commit/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefCommit), repo.CreateBranch)
			}, bindIgnErr(auth.NewBranchForm{}))
			m.Post("/delete", repo.DeleteBranchPost)
			m.Post("/restore", repo.RestoreBranchPost)
		}, reqRepoWriter, repo.MustBeNotBare, context.CheckUnit(models.UnitTypeCode))

	}, reqSignIn, context.RepoAssignment(), context.UnitTypes(), context.LoadRepoUnits())

	// Releases
	m.Group("/:username/:reponame", func() {
		m.Group("/releases", func() {
			m.Get("/", repo.MustBeNotBare, repo.Releases)
		}, repo.MustBeNotBare, context.RepoRef())
		m.Group("/releases", func() {
			m.Get("/new", repo.NewRelease)
			m.Post("/new", bindIgnErr(auth.NewReleaseForm{}), repo.NewReleasePost)
			m.Post("/delete", repo.DeleteRelease)
		}, reqSignIn, repo.MustBeNotBare, reqRepoWriter, context.RepoRef())
		m.Group("/releases", func() {
			m.Get("/edit/*", repo.EditRelease)
			m.Post("/edit/*", bindIgnErr(auth.EditReleaseForm{}), repo.EditReleasePost)
		}, reqSignIn, repo.MustBeNotBare, reqRepoWriter, func(ctx *context.Context) {
			var err error
			ctx.Repo.Commit, err = ctx.Repo.GitRepo.GetBranchCommit(ctx.Repo.Repository.DefaultBranch)
			if err != nil {
				ctx.Handle(500, "GetBranchCommit", err)
				return
			}
			ctx.Repo.CommitsCount, err = ctx.Repo.GetCommitsCount()
			if err != nil {
				ctx.Handle(500, "GetCommitsCount", err)
				return
			}
			ctx.Data["CommitsCount"] = ctx.Repo.CommitsCount
		})
	}, context.RepoAssignment(), context.UnitTypes(), context.LoadRepoUnits(), context.CheckUnit(models.UnitTypeReleases))

	m.Group("/:username/:reponame", func() {
		m.Group("", func() {
			m.Get("/^:type(issues|pulls)$", repo.RetrieveLabels, repo.Issues)
			m.Get("/^:type(issues|pulls)$/:index", repo.ViewIssue)
			m.Get("/labels/", context.CheckAnyUnit(models.UnitTypeIssues, models.UnitTypePullRequests), repo.RetrieveLabels, repo.Labels)
			m.Get("/milestones", context.CheckAnyUnit(models.UnitTypeIssues, models.UnitTypePullRequests), repo.Milestones)
		}, context.RepoRef())

		m.Group("/wiki", func() {
			m.Get("/?:page", repo.Wiki)
			m.Get("/_pages", repo.WikiPages)

			m.Group("", func() {
				m.Combo("/_new").Get(repo.NewWiki).
					Post(bindIgnErr(auth.NewWikiForm{}), repo.NewWikiPost)
				m.Combo("/:page/_edit").Get(repo.EditWiki).
					Post(bindIgnErr(auth.NewWikiForm{}), repo.EditWikiPost)
				m.Post("/:page/delete", repo.DeleteWikiPagePost)
			}, reqSignIn, reqRepoWriter)
		}, repo.MustEnableWiki, context.RepoRef())

		m.Group("/wiki", func() {
			m.Get("/raw/*", repo.WikiRaw)
			m.Get("/*", repo.WikiRaw)
		}, repo.MustEnableWiki)

		m.Group("/activity", func() {
			m.Get("", repo.Activity)
			m.Get("/:period", repo.Activity)
		}, context.RepoRef(), repo.MustBeNotBare, context.CheckAnyUnit(models.UnitTypePullRequests, models.UnitTypeIssues, models.UnitTypeReleases))

		m.Get("/archive/*", repo.MustBeNotBare, context.CheckUnit(models.UnitTypeCode), repo.Download)

		m.Group("/branches", func() {
			m.Get("", repo.Branches)
		}, repo.MustBeNotBare, context.RepoRef(), context.CheckUnit(models.UnitTypeCode))

		m.Group("/pulls/:index", func() {
			m.Get("/commits", context.RepoRef(), repo.ViewPullCommits)
			m.Get("/files", context.RepoRef(), repo.SetEditorconfigIfExists, repo.SetDiffViewStyle, repo.ViewPullFiles)
			m.Post("/merge", reqRepoWriter, repo.MergePullRequest)
			m.Post("/cleanup", context.RepoRef(), repo.CleanUpPullRequest)
		}, repo.MustAllowPulls)

		m.Group("/raw", func() {
			m.Get("/branch/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefBranch), repo.SingleDownload)
			m.Get("/tag/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefTag), repo.SingleDownload)
			m.Get("/commit/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefCommit), repo.SingleDownload)
			// "/*" route is deprecated, and kept for backward compatibility
			m.Get("/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefLegacy), repo.SingleDownload)
		}, repo.MustBeNotBare, context.CheckUnit(models.UnitTypeCode))

		m.Group("/commits", func() {
			m.Get("/branch/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefBranch), repo.RefCommits)
			m.Get("/tag/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefTag), repo.RefCommits)
			m.Get("/commit/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefCommit), repo.RefCommits)
			// "/*" route is deprecated, and kept for backward compatibility
			m.Get("/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefLegacy), repo.RefCommits)
		}, repo.MustBeNotBare, context.CheckUnit(models.UnitTypeCode))

		m.Group("", func() {
			m.Get("/graph", repo.Graph)
			m.Get("/commit/:sha([a-f0-9]{7,40})$", repo.SetEditorconfigIfExists, repo.SetDiffViewStyle, repo.Diff)
		}, repo.MustBeNotBare, context.RepoRef(), context.CheckUnit(models.UnitTypeCode))

		m.Group("/src", func() {
			m.Get("/branch/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefBranch), repo.Home)
			m.Get("/tag/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefTag), repo.Home)
			m.Get("/commit/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefCommit), repo.Home)
			// "/*" route is deprecated, and kept for backward compatibility
			m.Get("/*", context.RepoRefByType(context.RepoRefLegacy), repo.Home)
		}, repo.SetEditorconfigIfExists)

		m.Group("", func() {
			m.Get("/forks", repo.Forks)
		}, context.RepoRef(), context.CheckUnit(models.UnitTypeCode))
		m.Get("/commit/:sha([a-f0-9]{7,40})\\.:ext(patch|diff)",
			repo.MustBeNotBare, context.CheckUnit(models.UnitTypeCode), repo.RawDiff)

		m.Get("/compare/:before([a-z0-9]{40})\\.\\.\\.:after([a-z0-9]{40})", repo.SetEditorconfigIfExists,
			repo.SetDiffViewStyle, repo.MustBeNotBare, context.CheckUnit(models.UnitTypeCode), repo.CompareDiff)
	}, ignSignIn, context.RepoAssignment(), context.UnitTypes(), context.LoadRepoUnits())
	m.Group("/:username/:reponame", func() {
		m.Get("/stars", repo.Stars)
		m.Get("/watchers", repo.Watchers)
		m.Get("/search", context.CheckUnit(models.UnitTypeCode), repo.Search)
	}, ignSignIn, context.RepoAssignment(), context.RepoRef(), context.UnitTypes(), context.LoadRepoUnits())

	m.Group("/:username", func() {
		m.Group("/:reponame", func() {
			m.Get("", repo.SetEditorconfigIfExists, repo.Home)
			m.Get("\\.git$", repo.SetEditorconfigIfExists, repo.Home)
		}, ignSignIn, context.RepoAssignment(), context.RepoRef(), context.UnitTypes(), context.LoadRepoUnits())

		m.Group("/:reponame", func() {
			m.Group("/info/lfs", func() {
				m.Post("/objects/batch", lfs.BatchHandler)
				m.Get("/objects/:oid/:filename", lfs.ObjectOidHandler)
				m.Any("/objects/:oid", lfs.ObjectOidHandler)
				m.Post("/objects", lfs.PostHandler)
				m.Any("/*", func(ctx *context.Context) {
					ctx.Handle(404, "", nil)
				})
			}, ignSignInAndCsrf)
			m.Any("/*", ignSignInAndCsrf, repo.HTTP)
			m.Head("/tasks/trigger", repo.TriggerTask)
		})
	})
	// ***** END: Repository *****

	m.Group("/notifications", func() {
		m.Get("", user.Notifications)
		m.Post("/status", user.NotificationStatusPost)
	}, reqSignIn)

	m.Group("/api", func() {
		apiv1.RegisterRoutes(m)
	}, ignSignIn)

	m.Group("/api/internal", func() {
		// package name internal is ideal but Golang is not allowed, so we use private as package name.
		private.RegisterRoutes(m)
	})

	// robots.txt
	m.Get("/robots.txt", func(ctx *context.Context) {
		if setting.HasRobotsTxt {
			ctx.ServeFileContent(path.Join(setting.CustomPath, "robots.txt"))
		} else {
			ctx.Handle(404, "", nil)
		}
	})

	// Not found handler.
	m.NotFound(routers.NotFound)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The search for value in local resources led Sriniang to discover the skin benefits of the local flora such as germ and seeds from jasmine rice, jambolan plum and tah koi pomelo.
With the help of a local institution, Nareasuan University, the brand has managed to turn the waste into valuable products.
Additionally, the brand uses its influence to help the local community generate income.
According to Sriniang, the province is one of the top three providers of rice in Thailand and most of its population is employed in agriculture.
For instance, Sriniang said the company supplied locals with plants to give them an additional source of income.
"They can plant them up and sell the products from those plants to us. This is not only creating income for local people but also conserving local natural resources," said Sriniang.
Sriniang said that Thai consumers were looking for more natural ingredients like herbs, which they believe are the 'best skin food'.
To keep up with the demand, Wabellas has to ensure it uses the best natural ingredients.
For instance, it extracts ingredients from organic jasmine rice and rice berry which it uses in its Treatment Serum.
"They are scientifically found to be, not only nutritionally valuable for health but also for skin. We organically ferment and extract it using our secret method to make our product more effective," said Sriniang.
The brand is available in retail outlets in its local province, Pichit, and online via its website, Facebook, Instagram and WeChat.
The company plans to expand overseas but Sriniang said they are still under development.
It has actively promoted its products in various markets overseas. This year, it attended Natural Products Expo West, a trade show in the US.
"We aim to expand our product to the US… is a very interesting market for us. We also plan to expand our product lines such as toner which is being experimented with," she said.


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text:
Taming theory with thought experiments: Understanding and scientific progress
Michael T. Stuart
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 58:24-33 (2016)
I claim that one way thought experiments contribute to scientific progress is by increasing scientific understanding. Understanding does not have a currently accepted characterization in the philosophical literature, but I argue that we already have ways to test for it. For instance, current pedagogical practice often requires that students demonstrate being in either or both of the following two states: 1) Having grasped the meaning of some relevant theory, concept, law or model, 2) Being able to apply that theory, concept, law or model fruitfully to new instances. Three thought experiments are presented which have been important historically in helping us pass these tests, and two others that cause us to fail. Then I use this operationalization of understanding to clarify the relationships between scientific thought experiments, the understanding they produce, and the progress they enable. I conclude that while no specific instance of understanding (thus conceived) is necessary for scientific progress, understanding in general is.
Keywords Scientific understanding Thought experiments Scientific progress Maxwell's demon Einstein's clock in the box Darwin's vertebrate eye
Explanation and Understanding in General Philosophy of Science
Models and Explanation in General Philosophy of Science
Scientific Practice in General Philosophy of Science
Scientific Representation in General Philosophy of Science
Understanding in Epistemology
DOI 10.1016/j.shpsa.2016.04.002
linkinghub.elsevier.com (no proxy)
linkinghub.elsevier.com [2] (no proxy)
Explanation and Scientific Understanding.Michael Friedman - 1974 - Journal of Philosophy 71 (1):5-19.
Explanatory Unification.Philip Kitcher - 1981 - Philosophy of Science 48 (4):507-531.
Is Understanding a Species of Knowledge?Stephen R. Grimm - 2006 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 57 (3):515-535.
A Contextual Approach to Scientific Understanding.Henk de Regt & Dennis Dieks - 2005 - Synthese 144 (1):137-170.
True Enough.Catherine Z. Elgin - 2004 - Philosophical Issues 14 (1):113–131.
Thought Experiments.Yiftach J. H. Fehige & James R. Brown - 2010 - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 25 (1):135-142.
Explicating Objectual Understanding: Taking Degrees Seriously.Christoph Baumberger - 2019 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 1:1-22.
Beyond Explanation: Understanding as Dependency Modeling.Finnur Dellsén - 2018 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science (4):1261-1286.
Imagination: A Sine Qua Non of Science.Michael T. Stuart - 2017 - Croatian Journal of Philosophy (49):9-32.
Towards a Dual Process Epistemology of Imagination.Michael T. Stuart - 2019 - Synthese:1-22.
View all 10 citations / Add more citations
Introduction to Special Issue of Perspectives on Science.Yiftach Fehige & Michael T. Stuart - 2014 - Perspectives on Science 22 (2):167-178.
Thought Experiments in Science and in Science Education.Mervi A. Asikainen & Pekka E. Hirvonen - 2014 - In Michael R. Matthews (ed.), International Handbook of Research in History, Philosophy and Science Teaching. Springer. pp. 1235-1256.
The Role of Justification in the Ordinary Concept of Scientific Progress.Moti Mizrahi & Wesley Buckwalter - 2014 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 45 (1):151-166.
Thought Experiments.Roy A. Sorensen - 1992 - Oxford University Press.
Gedankenexperiment Und Erklärung.Ulrich J. Kühne - unknown
Gedankenexperiment Und Erklärung / Thought Experiment and Scientific Explanation.Ulrich J. Kuehne - unknown
What is Theoretical Progress of Science?Juha Saatsi - 2019 - Synthese 196 (2):611-631.
The Body, Thought Experiments, and Phenomenology.Yiftach J. H. Fehige & Harald Wiltsche - 2012 - In Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Science, and the Arts.
(Mis)Understanding Human Beings: Theory, Value, and Progress in Education Research.Karl Hostetler - 2010 - Educational Studies: A Jrnl of the American Educ. Studies Assoc 46 (4):400-415.
What is Theoretical Progress of Science?Juha Saatsi - 2016 - Synthese:1-21.
When Are Thought Experiments Poor Ones?Jeanne Peijnenburg & David Atkinson - 2003 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 34 (2):305-322.
Scientific Progress: Knowledge Versus Understanding.Finnur Dellsén - 2016 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 56:72-83.
Incommensurability and Scientific Progress.Mark Alan Stone - 1987 - Dissertation, The University of Rochester
On the Origins of the Philosophy of Thought Experiments: The Forerun.Yiftach Fehige & Michael T. Stuart - 2014 - Perspectives on Science 22 (2):179-220.
Poor Thought Experiments?Daniel Cohnitz - unknown
43 ( #232,073 of 2,402,078 )


The new upgraded packing line at Lyckeby gives us better possibilities for a safe, consistent and stable pallet leaving our factory.
We fill paper bags with a four-layer material especially designed to safe guard product quality. The bag then moves through the line passing a metal detector, printing, a weighing scale to finally end up neatly stacked on the pallet.
In case of incorrect weight or alarm from the metal detector, the bag is immediately rejected.
Before the pallet is moved over to the warehouse, it is thoroughly wrapped in plastic to keep it stable and minimize the risk of transport damages.
This is how we pack ingredients at Lyckeby.


Ngorongoro Wilderness Camp is a seasonal tented camp that lies within the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Seasonal camps have the benefit of being able to move to some of the best game viewing areas of the park, and every three to six months the camp moves to a new location.
The camp comprises of ten tents, with en suite facilities, solar lighting and eco-friendly toilets. Chilly nights are taken care of with warm duvets, hot water bottles and gas heaters in the communal areas.
There professional staff are on hand to look after guests' every need, and the safari chef prepares wholesome and varied meals during your stay at camp. Meals are served in a large mess tent and the communal lounge and bar area is a great place to relax in the cool evenings.
Ngorongoro Wilderness Camp offers game drives into the famous Ngorongoro Crater, visits to Olduvai Gorge, as well as guided walks around the highlands, and game walks in the Ndutu area (must be pre-booked) with local Conservation Rangers and Maasai guides.
There are some fantastic multiple day walking safaris in the Ngorongoro Conservation area, partially backed up by vehicle and/or donkeys. These safaris take guests from the plains of the Ndutu region, up to the highlands of Ngorongoro and Empakaai. For those very adventurous, a hike up Ol Donyo Lengai (only for seasoned hikers) can be arranged.


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Home/News/PTF: Travels, school reopening caused coronavirus surge, school opening not possible yet.
PTF: Travels, school reopening caused coronavirus surge, school opening not possible yet.
The Presidential Task Force on COVID-19 has said travels, reopening of schools, businesses and religious centres contributed to the rise in coronavirus cases in Nigeria.
Chairman of the PTF and Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Boss Mustapha, made this known on Monday during a media briefing in Abuja.
He said, "It is however very instructive to stress that factors that have contributed to rising in numbers from late November 2020 included increased local and international travels, business and religious activities, reopening of schools without strict compliance with COIVID-19 safety measures.
"The full import of the fore-going is to press further on the need for us all to elevate the level of our vigilance and compliance with the recommended non-pharmaceutical interventions."
Meanwhile, the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control said that confirmed cases of coronavirus have risen to 100,087 in the country.
This is coming 45 weeks after the country recorded its first COVID-19 case on February 27, 2020, according to data available on NCDC's website on Monday, January 11.
The agency also said that out of the total 100,087 COVID-19 cases, 80,030 patients have been discharged while 1,358 are dead.
The data also showed that there are 18,699 active cases in Nigeria, with Lagos and FCT having 6,858 and 5,563 respectively.
Data from the NCDC's website also revealed that the country recorded 1,024 new cases in 16 states and the Federal Capital Territory on January 10, 2020.
The NCDC said, "On the 10th of January 2021, 1024 new confirmed cases and 8 deaths were recorded in Nigeria.
"Till date, 100087 cases have been confirmed, 80030 cases have been discharged and 1358 deaths have been recorded in 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory.
"The 1024 new cases are reported from 17 states- Lagos (653), Plateau (63), Benue (48), Zamfara (45), FCT (42), Rivers (27), Ondo (26), Adamawa (26), Kaduna (22), Edo (18), Ogun (16), Imo (12), Kano (9), Yobe (6), Ekiti (5), Jigawa (4) and Osun (2).
"A multi-sectoral national emergency operations centre, activated at Level 3, continues to coordinate the national response activities."
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In all its activities, Central Africa Refugee Link, West Midlands – "CARE LINK WEST MIDLANDS" works with refugees and asylum seekers from Central Africa living in West Midlands to promote their inclusion and eliminate isolation. It offers a support network for them and an information service to all concerned for their welfare (local and regional politico-administrative authorities and civil society leaders). It gives French speaking refugees from Central Africa a voice in the society by trying to break all unspeakable truths and taboos.
The year 2006-2007 has been an interesting and demanding year what with the follow-up activities of the mental health campaign and various projects Care Link has been involved with. The organisation has worked hard and has successfully completed most of its programmes in spite of the financial challenges that we faced in raising fund. It was a very busy time in the fiscal year but together we rounded off what has been a somewhat hectic year.
The work undertaken by the organisation was interesting and both organisation staff/members gained a lot of knowledge about the areas investigated. This year's activity generated skill grades and these have been made available through the undertaken follow-up activities of the various activities undertaken during the last year.
As we enter a new year the organisation is still clearly needed and appreciated. Some of its activities during the year under review are depicted and described in the following headings.
Empower refugees to be pro-active in their learning and action on local issues affecting them through their participation in Care Link activities to put into practice their achievement.
Provide a forum for refugee to develop on issues of common concern.
Offer a more effective platform for the dissemination of refugee perspectives and voices.
For the period running from September 2006 to September 2007, Care Link action was focused on the refugee integration, especially tackling negative views and actions towards refugees and asylum seekers. Care Link management committee throughout the year held lectures and meetings, social Evening, etc. Individual refugees and asylum seekers spoke about their personal experiences in many venues. The evaluation suggested footpaths have proved success in many parts of the region during this period of the project because of the greater involvement of people from many faiths and many different cultural backgrounds. There were many thought-provoking exhibitions held in churches, markets, community centres and libraries, all promoting the refugee inclusion message. All day events were very popular as usual, focusing on the themes of respect for the country Law, children, anti social behaviour, care for the environment, and HIV/AIDS, which were attended by many local dignitaries. Music, dancing and drama all provided an entertaining way of raising awareness on integration matters.


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Rehabilitation and COVID-19: the Cochrane Rehabilitation 2020 rapid living systematic review. Update as of July 31st, 2020
Background. This paper is the first update of the second edition of the rapid living systemati review on the latest scientific literature informing rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19 and/or describing consequences of the disease and its treatment, as they relate to limitations in functioning of rehabilitation interest. Objectives. To report data of a systematic search performed on papers published in July 2020. Methods. The methodology described in the second edition of the rapid living systematic review was applied to search eligible papers included in the databases between July 1st, 2020 and July 31st, 2020. Results. Eight-hundred-ninety-two papers were identified through database searching (after removal of duplicates); of these, only 23 studies were included. According to OCEBM 2011 Levels of Evidence Table, they were Level 3 in 30.5% cases and Level 4 in 69.5%. No RCT was found. Nineteen papers studied COVID-19 patients, assessed in the acute (10 studies), postacute (8 studies) and chronic phase (one study). Four studies reported data on the impact of COVID-19 on subjects with pre-existing health conditions. Conclusions. The current literature production still focuses more on describing all the possible aspects and complications of the pathology than on interventions or new organization models to deal with it. Albeit evidence on handling COVID-19 from a rehabilitative point of view is improving each month, further studies are still mandatory to report the role of rehabilitation in this scenario.
Titolo: Rehabilitation and COVID-19: the Cochrane Rehabilitation 2020 rapid living systematic review. Update as of July 31st, 2020
Negrini, Francesco
De Sire, Alessandro
ANDRENELLI, ELISA (Corresponding)
Lazzarini, Stefano G
Patrini, Michele
CERAVOLO, Maria Gabriella
The International Multiprofessional Steering Committee of Cochrane Rehabilitation REH-COVER action
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND REHABILITATION MEDICINE
Abstract: Background. This paper is the first update of the second edition of the rapid living systemati review on the latest scientific literature informing rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19 and/or describing consequences of the disease and its treatment, as they relate to limitations in functioning of rehabilitation interest. Objectives. To report data of a systematic search performed on papers published in July 2020. Methods. The methodology described in the second edition of the rapid living systematic review was applied to search eligible papers included in the databases between July 1st, 2020 and July 31st, 2020. Results. Eight-hundred-ninety-two papers were identified through database searching (after removal of duplicates); of these, only 23 studies were included. According to OCEBM 2011 Levels of Evidence Table, they were Level 3 in 30.5% cases and Level 4 in 69.5%. No RCT was found. Nineteen papers studied COVID-19 patients, assessed in the acute (10 studies), postacute (8 studies) and chronic phase (one study). Four studies reported data on the impact of COVID-19 on subjects with pre-existing health conditions. Conclusions. The current literature production still focuses more on describing all the possible aspects and complications of the pathology than on interventions or new organization models to deal with it. Albeit evidence on handling COVID-19 from a rehabilitative point of view is improving each month, further studies are still mandatory to report the role of rehabilitation in this scenario.


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Louisville becomes 1st city in the South to raise minimum wage, joins 20 cities across country
The Associated Press December 18, 2014
LOUISVILLE, Ky. – Louisville became the first city in the South to raise the minimum wage, joining 20 other local governments nationwide that have increased the hourly wage.
The Louisville Metro Council voted Thursday night to raise the minimum wage to at least $9 per hour by 2017. The current federal minimum wage is $7.25.
The increase means workers earning the current minimum will get a 24 per cent raise by 2017, and could earn $3,640 more per year before taxes if they work 40 hours per week.
"It is a balanced compromise solution that gives hardworking families a raise while minimizing the risks of job losses in our city," Democratic Mayor Greg Fischer said.
Minimum wage ordinances gained steam across the country this year as Democrats sought to press the issue during a contentious midterm election cycle. In Kentucky, Democrats in the state House of Representatives made it their top priority and Alison Lundergan Grimes made it a central part of her campaign for U.S. Senate against Republican Mitch McConnell.
Grimes lost to McConnell by 15 percentage points, and House Democrats failed to get their proposal past the Republican-controlled state Senate. But the issue found favour in Louisville, where Democrats control the Metro Council.
The ordinance will almost certainly be challenged in court. Louisville's business community, which includes Yum Brands Inc., the parent company of KFC, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell restaurants, has opposed the wage. They argued the council does not have the legal authority to tell businesses how much they should pay their employees.
The increase will happen over three years. After that, it will increase with the cost of inflation.
Exempt employees include farm workers, waiters and others who work for tips, and employees of small businesses whose average gross sales are less than $95,000 per year.