text:
\section{Introduction}

Transition metal dichalcogenides such as MoS$_2$, WS$_2$, WSe$_2$, MoSe$_2$ and MoTe$_2$ are direct band gap semiconductors when thinned down to one monolayer \cite{Novoselov:2016a,Geim:2013a,Mak:2010a, Splendiani:2010a, Wang:2012c,Mak:2016a}. Their bandgap is situated in the visible to near infrared of the optical spectrum. Since the Coulomb interaction is strong in this ultimate 2D limit, the optical properties are dominated by excitons, bound electron-hole pairs~ \cite{Wang:2017b,He:2014a,Ugeda:2014a,Chernikov:2014a,Ye:2014a,Qiu:2013a,Ramasubramaniam:2012a,Wang:2015b}.
Recently encapsulation in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) of TMD monolayers (MLs) has resulted in considerable narrowing of the exciton transition linewidth down to 1~meV \cite{Jin:2016a,Manca:2017a,Chow:2017a,Cadiz:2017a,Ajayi:2017a,Wang:2016v,wierzbowski2017direct}. This gives now access to fine features of the exciton spectra that dominate the linear and non-linear optical properties.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,keepaspectratio=true]{Figure1}
\caption{\textbf{Upconversion spectroscopy in TMD monolayers.} We present for four different monolayer materials resonant excitation experiments of the A:$1s$ exciton at $T=4$~K, that result in PL emission at higher energy. The laser energy -- equal to the A:$1s$ transition energy -- is marked by a vertical arrow. The upconversion emission peaks are labeled A:$2s$ and B:$1s$, where the origin of these peaks is confirmed in complementary experiments such as reflectivity and PLE.
The results for WSe$_2$ are reproduced from \cite{Manca:2017a}, the MoS$_2$ results from \cite{Robert:2018a}. Inset in (a) shows a scheme of the sample. Inset in (b) shows the exciton-exciton Auger process where one exciton annihilates and another one acquires total momentum and energy of the two particles.}
\label{fig:fig1}
\end{figure}

Optical excitation of a semiconductor at the bandgap typically results in luminescence at lower energy due to energy relaxation of charge carriers and excitons. In Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1}a-d we show that resonant laser excitation of the lowest energy exciton resonance A:1$s$ results in pronounced photoluminescence (PL) emission at \textit{higher} energy than the excitation laser for four different TMD ML materials. This effect is generally termed upconversion and has been observed for different semiconductor structures such as InP/InAs heterojunctions, CdTe quantum wells and InAs quantum dots \cite{Seidel:1994a,Hellmann:1995a,Poles:1999a,Paskov:2000a,Chen:2012a} albeit based on different microscopic mechanisms. Upconversion has  previously been reported for WSe$_2$ \cite{Manca:2017a,Jones:2015a} and MoS$_2$ \cite{Robert:2018a} MLs.
These experiments allow detailed insight into the light matter interaction physics of excitons in TMD monolayers: First, clarifying the origin of upconversion signal is in itself a crucial problem, as the origin of excess energy needs to be identified and the role of exciton-exciton scattering mechanisms is revealed.
Second, upconversion spectroscopy gives us access to the excited exciton states that govern absorption and emission, so far not well understood in ML MoSe$_2$ and MoTe$_2$. The centre of mass motion of excitons, in analogy to the hydrogen atom and positronium, is characterized by a principle quantum number $n=1,2,3….$~, where typical photoluminescence emission stems from the $n=1$ exciton of the A-exciton series, labelled A:1$s$. The optical absorption in energy above the A:1$s$ optical transition will be determined by the excited states A:2$s,3s$ etc and the B-exciton series, separated from the A-exciton mainly by the spin-orbit splitting in the 200-400~meV range \cite{Kormanyos:2015a}.
We show that upconversion allows us to access excited exciton states for MoSe$_2$ and MoTe$_2$, which is not possible in samples that are not encapsulated in hBN as the excited A-excitons spectrally overlap with the B-exciton series. We demonstrate bias control of the upconversion process. We provide an in-depth study of exciton states in MoTe$_2$ comparing upconversion with photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy (PLE) and white light reflectivity. In the last part of the paper we provide a theoretical model and discuss the origin of upconversion in TMD monolayers. Our model calculations suggest that Auger type exciton-exciton scattering is very efficient in TMD MLs as compared to other semiconductor nano-structures due to (i) the strong Coulomb interaction, which makes it possible to relax the single-electron momentum conservation~\cite{PhysRevB.54.16625,PhysRevB.73.245424} and (ii) the possibility of a resonant processes involving exciton transfer to an excited energy band.

\section{Excited state spectroscopy in ML $\mbox{MoSe}_2$}
\label{sec:mose2}

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\textwidth,keepaspectratio=true]{Figure2}
\caption{\textbf{Control of upconversion in ML MoSe$_2$.} T$=4$~K. Sample \#1(a): Scanning a Ti-Sa laser across the A:$1s$ transition results in upconversion emission of the A:$2s$ and B:$1s$ transitions (black curve for excitation exactly at resonance). Blue symbols give the integrated upconversion intensity as a function of laser energy. (b) Reflection contrast for the same sample spot, confirming the energy positions of A:1$s$, A:2$s$ and B:1$s$ transtions. (c) The power dependence of the upconversion signal shows an increase with a slope $\alpha$ of roughly 1.64 (black symbols), as compared for the standard A:$1s$ exciton emission with a slope roughly half (0.88 - red symbols). (d) Contour plot (blue - below 50 counts; red $>2000$ counts) of upconversion PL intensity as the excitation laser is swept across the A:$1s$ resonance.  Sample \#2: (e) Schematics of the charge tunable device. (f) Voltage control of upconversion. The signal is maximal in the neutral regime and gets weaker as the $n$-type regime favours trion and not neutral exciton absorption, the B:1$s$ and A:2$s$ emission are marked, a third emission peak of yet to be determined origin appears at lower energy. }
\label{fig:fig2}
\end{figure*}

Monolayer MoSe$_2$ is a very versatile TMD material ideally suited to explore coupling to optical cavities \cite{dufferwiel2017valley,lundt2016monolayered}, investigating voltage control of monolayer mirrors \cite{Scuri:2018a,back2017giant} and interplay between charged and neutral excitons \cite{hao2016coherent}. Most of these experiments are based on the optical response of the lowest energy exciton state A:1$s$, but very little is known about excited exciton states that govern optical absorption at higher energies and energy relaxation pathways for PL emission. \\
\indent The experimental results for the high quality MoSe$_2$ samples encapsulated in hBN \cite{Taniguchi:2007a} are summarized in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}, details of the experimental set-up can be found in Appendix~\ref{app:A}. In differential white light reflectivity at T$=4$~K, we clearly observe the A and B-exciton $1s$ states \cite{Ross:2013a,Wang:2015a,Wang:2015c}, the A:$1s$ resonance has a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the order of 2~meV \cite{shree2018exciton}.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}a we show an intriguing result: excitation of the sample with a low power, continues wave (cw), narrow linewidth ($<1~\mu$eV) laser at the A:$1s$ energy results in emission of the B:$1s$ transition at \textit{higher} energy. As we scan the laser across the A:1$s$ resonance, the PL intensity (black graph) has a clear maximum in intensity when the laser is exaclty at the A:1$s$ resonance, the blue data points represent the integrated upconversion intensity for different laser energies. An additional transition to B:1$s$ appears about 150~meV above the A:$1s$ in upconversion PL that we tentatively assign to the excited A-exciton, A:2$s$ state. This transition is also visible in reflectivity in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}b. For samples directly exfoliated onto SiO$_2$ the excited A-exciton states were not directly accessible due to their overlap with the B-exciton $1s$ state. A fingerprint of the A:$2p$ state was reported in two-photon PL excitation (PLE) experiments~\cite{Wang:2015c}, where the B:$1s$ state absorption is strongly reduced~\cite{Glazov:2017a}.\\
\indent  Now we investigate the origin of the upconversion PL in ML MoSe$_2$ shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:fig1}b and \ref{fig:fig2}a. We compare the evolution of standard and upconversion PL intensity as a function of laser power in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}c . The slope of the upconversion intensity versus laser power ($1.64$) is roughly twice as high as for standard PL ($0.88$), consistent with a two-photon (two exciton) process being at the origin of this non-linear optical effect. In Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}d we plot the upconversion emission as the laser is scanned across the A:1$s$ resonance. Upconversion is only detectable over a 2~meV range of laser energy when the laser is in resonance with the A:$1s$ state. This indicates upconversion is a resonant process, as observed for WSe$_2$ monolayers \cite{Manca:2017a}. This conclusion gets additional support from upconversion experiments in a charge tunable device (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}e), presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}f. At a bias of +10~V, the excitation laser is tuned into resonance with the neutral A:$1s$ state. As the applied voltage is lowered to +1~V, electrons are added to the monolayer, decreasing absorption strength at the neutral exciton resonance. The upconversion signal is not detectable any more for a bias of $-10$~V as absorption at the exciton resonance is inefficient, as the charged exciton absorption, at a different energy, dominates \cite{Scuri:2018a,back2017giant,Ross:2013a}. Differential reflectivity of our device shows a strong neutral exciton resonance at +10~V whereas for $-10$~V the charged exciton transition dominates, see Reflectivity measurements on the device in Appendix \ref{app:data}. These experiments confirm that upconversion PL emission has its origin in resonant neutral exciton generation and can be controlled electrically in charge tunable structures.
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth,keepaspectratio=true]{Figure3}
\caption{\textbf{Exciton spectroscopy in MoTe$_2$ monolayers encapsulated in hBN.} T$=4$~K. (a) Differential reflectivity spectrum, the energy positions of the exciton transitions A:$1s$, A:$2s$ and B:$1s$ are marked. (b) Excitation with a HeNe Laser at 1.96~eV results in hot PL of the A:$2s$ and PL for the A:$1s$ state. The low energy peak labeled T might be related to the trion or phonon replica. (c) Photoluminescence excitation measurements detecting the emission from the A:$1s$ exciton. Peaks related to the resonant excitation of the A:$2s$ and B:$1s$ are marked. (d) Upconversion PL, the laser tuned into resonance with the A:$1s$ state results in emission about 120~meV higher energy, same as Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1}d.  }
\label{fig:fig3}
\end{figure*}

\section{Excited state spectroscopy in ML $\mbox{MoTe}_2$}
\label{sec:mote2}
MoTe$_2$ is a very interesting layered material \cite{bie2017mote,jiang2017zeeman}, which provides the fascinating opportunity to switch between semiconducting $2H$ and metallic phases by tuning strain or carrier concentration \cite{Song:2015a,Li:2016a}. This allows working towards devices based on bias controlled phase changes in monolayer MoTe$_2$ \cite{Wang:2017mote2,doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04814}. First studies of $2H-$MoTe$_2$ flakes exfoliated on SiO$_2$ have identified monolayers as direct semiconductors \cite{Ruppert:2014a,Lezama:2015a}, interestingly the nature of the gap of the bilayer is still under discussion \cite{Robert:2016b,PhysRevB.94.085429}. So in practice the difference between mono- and bilayers has to be confirmed in Raman experiments, see Fig.~\ref{fig:fig4}a. MoTe$_2$ MLs have an optical bandgap at T$=4$~K at 1.17eV corresponding to an emission wavelength of 1050~nm. Therefore, its alloying with other TMD materials such as MoS$_2$ and MoSe$_2$ allows in principle to cover the full spectral range from 630 to 1050~nm for optoelectronics applications. As optical absorption is not only strong at the excitonic bandgap (A:1$s$) but also for higher lying exciton states \cite{Wang:2017b,He:2014a,Ugeda:2014a,Chernikov:2014a,Ye:2014a,Qiu:2013a,Ramasubramaniam:2012a,Wang:2015b} better knowledge of the excited exciton spectrum is needed. This allows also in principle to get an estimation of the exciton binding energy, by trying to compare with model calculations of exciton states in a screened 2D potential \cite{Rytova:1967,Keldysh:1979a,Chernikov:2014a,Robert:2018a}. \\
\indent Here we show the striking impact of hBN encapsulation on the optical properties of monolayer MoTe$_2$. The PL spectrum in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3}b shows very narrow emission lines (FWHM linewidth of 3~meV) for the neutral exciton at the A:$1s$ state at 1.17~eV, approaching the optical quality reported for hBN encapsulated MoS$_2$ and WSe$_2$ monolayers \cite{Jin:2016a,Manca:2017a,Chow:2017a,Cadiz:2017a,Ajayi:2017a,Wang:2016v,wierzbowski2017direct}. We confirm the high sample quality in reflectivity experiments in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3}a, that show this transition basically at the same energy as in PL, indicating negligible neutral exciton localization. In reflectivity we see also a broader transition about 250~meV above the A:$1s$ that we ascribe to the B:$1s$ state, following comparison with the data from the literature \cite{Ruppert:2014a,Lezama:2015a,yang2015robust}. We also observe in reflectivity a transition 120~meV above the A:$1s$ state, not reported previously, which we ascribe to the A:$2s$ state. Strikingly, when exciting with a laser energy of 1.96~eV we also see hot PL emission of this A:2$s$ transition in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3}b.\\
\indent To further investigate the nature of these excited exciton states, we carry out PLE experiments. We monitor the PL emission of the A:$1s$ state (as in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3}b) as a function of the laser excitation power. PLE probes absorption, which gives information on the higher lying electronic transitions, and subsequent relaxation to the A:$1s$ state, usually by emitting phonons. We observe in our experiments clear indications of both processes: absorption by excited exciton states and phonon assisted energy relaxation. In Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3}c, we see clear resonances in PLE exactly at the same energies as the reflectivity spectrum for the A:2$s$ and B:1$s$ state. The PL emission is enhanced by orders of magnitude where the laser is resonant with these excited exciton states, indicating efficient absorption and energy relaxation. More details on phonon assisted relaxation and associated Raman scattering on this sample are described in Appendix \ref{app:data}.\\
\indent As discussed in the previous section for MoSe$_2$ MLs, a powerful technique for investigating exciton states is photoluminescence upconversion. Here a \emph{cw} laser excites the MoTe$_2$ monolayer at the A:$1s$ resonance and emission at higher energies is monitored. In Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3}d we indeed observe emission 120~meV above the A:$1s$ state, this emission is exactly at the same energy as the transition ascribed to the A:$2s$ state with the three other spectroscopy techniques: reflectivity, hot PL and PLE all compared in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3}a-d. \\
\indent To summarize the main experimental results, we have demonstrated that TMD MLs such as MoTe$_2$, MoSe$_2$, MoS$_2$ and WSe$_2$ exhibit strong photoluminescence upconversion. At resonant laser excitation of the A:$1s$ ground excitonic state luminescence from \emph{excited} states, such as A:$2s$ and B:$1s$ is detected. The effect vanishes for non-resonant excitation or if the oscillator strength of the A:$1s$ exciton is reduced by the gate-doping in charge tunable samples. Furthermore, the analysis of the upconversion PL intensity as a function of excitation power demonstrates that this effect is non-linear and requires two excitons in the ground state. In the next section we provide a theoretical model for our findings.

\section{Theory of exciton upconversion}

In this section we provide a theoretical model of the upconversion effect observed in TMD MLs. In this process the emitted photon energy is larger than that of the absorbed photon. That is why, in order to fulfil energy conservation, a third body, an exciton or a phonon should be involved. However, at a temperature of $4$~K the thermal phonon energies are less than $0.3$~meV, thus, lattice vibrations cannot provide effective transfer of excitons up to several  $100$~meV above the excitation energy. Additionally, experimental data shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}c (see also Ref.~\cite{Manca:2017a}) clearly demonstrates the presence of an optical nonlinearity: The upconversion intensity scales quadratically with the number of photoexcited excitons. Thus, in order to describe the upconversion theoretically we need to take into account exciton-exciton interaction processes where one of the excitons is annihilated while the second exciton acquires large extra energy, as depicted in the inset in Fig~\ref{fig:fig1}b \cite{Mouri:2014a,Kumar:2014b}. Subsequently, this exciton relaxes toward the radiative states (particularly, A:$2s$ and B:$1s$) and hot luminescence from these states is observed since the radiative recombination time is competitive (i.e. short enough) compared to the energy relaxation time.

This mechanism of generating  highly excited excitons can be viewed as Auger-like exciton-exciton annihilation. At first glance, it seems to be quite weak because in order to satisfy the energy and momentum conservation laws, the initial kinetic energy of the involved particles should be very large~\cite{abakumov_perel_yassievich}. As we show here this effect is very efficient in TMD MLs due to (i) strong Coulomb interaction, which makes it possible to relax the single-electron momentum conservation~\cite{PhysRevB.54.16625,PhysRevB.73.245424} and (ii) the possibility of a resonant processes involving exciton transfer to an excited energy band~\cite{Manca:2017a}. In other words, we try to include the particular energy spacing between different conduction bands in the theory of this four particle interaction.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Figure4}
\caption{\textbf{Model of exciton upconversion --- \textit{single particle picture}}. Filled circles denote electrons, open circled denote unoccupied states in the valence band. Dashed arrows show real electronic transitions.(a) Intraband process enabled by excitonic effects. The resulting high energy exciton involves carriers in the bands $c$ and $v$, the final momentum $\bm K_f=\bm K_1+\bm K_2$ is large. (b) Resonant Auger process resulting in high energy, low wavevector $\bm K_f$ excitons involving the excited conduction band $c'$. }
\label{fig:model}
\end{figure}

The schematics of exciton-exciton Auger processes is presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:model}. Panel (a) shows an example of a standard Auger process which is possible in any semiconductor: Due to the Coulomb interaction one electron recombines with a hole, while another carrier is transferred to a highly excited state. Figure~\ref{fig:model}(b) illustrate a very different process, which is possible in the studied TMD MLs due to their specific band structure: It turns out that there is an excited conduction band (denoted as $c'$) whose distance to the conduction band, $E_g'$, approximately satisfies the condition
\begin{equation}
\label{cond}
E_g' \lesssim E_g - E_B,
\end{equation}
where $E_B\approx 0.3\ldots 0.5$~eV~\cite{Wang:2017b} is the exciton binding energy, see Tab.~\ref{tab:gaps}. Thus, in the course of exciton-exciton annihilation the electron can be promoted to the $c'$ band with relatively small wavevector rather than be scattered to a large wavevector state within the same band.

\begin{table}[b]
\caption{Band gap energies. Data from DFT calculations summarized in Ref.~\cite{PhysRevB.95.155406} for S and Se-based MLs and from Ref.~\cite{Robert:2016b} for MoTe$_2$ MLs. $c'$ corresponds to $c+2$ band in notations of Refs.~\cite{PhysRevB.95.155406,Kormanyos:2015a}. The direct comparison of the values with experimental data in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1} is not possible due to different levels of DFT approximations used. }
\label{tab:gaps}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c|c|c}
\hline
Energy (eV) & MoS$_2$ & MoSe$_2$ & WSe$_2$ & MoTe$_2$\\
\hline
$E_g$ & $1.8$ & $1.6$ & $1.7$ & $1.7$ \\
$E_g'$ & $1.1 \ldots 1.2$ & $1$ & $1.4$ & $1.3$\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

The rate of the Auger processes is described by a parameter $R_A$ such that the generation rate of highly energetic excitons is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{Auger}
\frac{d n_{{X}}'}{dt} = R_A n_{{X}}^2.
\end{equation}
Here $n_{{X}}'$ is the density of highly energetic excitons, $n_{{X}}$ is the density of photoexcited excitons in A:$1s$ state, recombination and energy relaxation processes are disregarded in Eq.~\eqref{Auger}. The same rate $R_A n_{{X}}^2$ describes the decay rate of A:$1s$ excitons due to the non-radiative exciton-exciton annihilation: $dn_{{X}}/dt = - R_A n_{{X}}^2$~\cite{abakumov_perel_yassievich,PhysRevB.54.16625,Kumar:2014b,Mouri:2014a,Sun:2014a,PhysRevB.93.201111,doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00885,PhysRevB.95.241403,PhysRevB.94.085429}. The rate $R_A$ can be expressed by means of the Fermi golden rule in the form
\begin{multline}
\label{RA}
R_A = \frac{2\pi}{n_{{X}}^2\hbar} \sum_{\bm K_1,\bm K_2, \nu} |M_{XX}|^2 f(K_1) f(K_2) \times \\{\delta[E_g -2E_B- E_g'+E(K_1) + E(K_2) - E_\nu(K_f)].}
\end{multline}
Here $M_{XX}$ is the matrix element of the exciton-exciton interaction, $\bm K_1$ and $\bm K_2$ are the center of mass wavevectors of the two interacting excitons, $f(K)$ is the distribution function of photoexcited A:$1s$ excitons, $E(K)=\hbar^2 K^2/2M$ is the exciton dispersion with $M$ being its effective mass, the subscript $\nu$ denotes the quantum numbers of the final exciton state which include the electron band index [$c$ or $c'$ for the processes shown, respectively, in Fig.~\ref{fig:model}(a) or (b)] as well as of the internal motion ($2s$, $2p$, \ldots including the continuum states), $E_\nu(K)$ is the dispersion of the exciton in the final state, which accounts for its binding energy. The exciton wavevector in the final state, $\bm K_f$ is found from the momentum conservation law: $\bm K_f = \bm K_1 + \bm K_2$. For the derivation of Eq.~\eqref{RA} we assumed that the occupation of the final states is negligible and omitted the corresponding occupation factor and also disregarded the anisotropy and nonparabolicity of exciton dispersion.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Figure5}
\caption{Dependence of the coefficient $|A_n|^2$ on $n$ for $r_0=3a_B$. Red line shows the approximation $|A_n|^2 =2.47\times 10^{-7}/n^3$. Inset shows dependences $|A_{1}|^2$ (red), $|A_{2}|^2$ (blue) and $|A_{3}|^2$ (green) on the screening radius $r_0$. Dashed lines are fits $|A_{1}|^2 = 0.015(a_B/r_0)^{2}$ and $|A_{2}|^2 = 3.46\times 10^{-5}(a_B/r_0)^{4}$, $|A_{3}|^2 = 6.63\times 10^{-6}(a_B/r_0)^{4}$.}
\label{fig:A_n}
\end{figure}

The analytical results are obtained in Appendix~\ref{app:theory} under the model assumptions $E_B \ll E_g, E_g'$, which allow us to make use of $\bm k \cdot \bm p$-perturbation theory for calculating the excitonic states and transition rates~\cite{Glazov:2017a}. The analysis demonstrates that the dominating contribution to $R_A$ is given by the resonant processes described in Fig.~\ref{fig:model}b where the electron in the exciton is promoted to the excited band $c'$. The Coulomb interaction between the electrons can result in the process shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:model}(b) where one pair recombines while the remaining electron occurs in the $c'$ band. So, one $c'v$ pair is present in the end. Since in this process both electrons change their quantum states the resonant Auger scattering is due to the electron-electron interaction only, while the electron-hole interaction does not play a role. Moreover, our analysis shows that the exchange contribution to the matrix element dominates, see Appendix~\ref{app:theory}.

Our next target is to evaluate the scattering rate for exctions under the resonant condition $E_g=E_g'+2E_B-E_{B,n}$, where the energy released at the non-radiative recombination of A:$1s$ exciton with $\bm K=0$ is equal to the energy of the excited $c'$-band exciton in the $ns$-state. Neglecting the difference of exciton masses in the initial and final states and assuming that excitons are thermalized with the temperature $T$ we have
\begin{equation}
\label{RA:res}
R_A = \frac{\pi}{\hbar k_B T} \left|\frac{2\pi e^2 \gamma_3 \gamma_6 }{{\varkappa} a_B^2 E_gE_g'}\right|^2 |A_n|^2.
\end{equation}
Here $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant, $a_B$ is the exciton Bohr radius $\gamma_3$ and $\gamma_6$ are the interband momentum matrix elements (in the units of $m_0/\hbar$, $m_0$ being the free electron mass) for electron transition from $c$ to, respectively, $v$ and $c'$ bands, $\varkappa$ is the effective high-frequency dielectric constant. In Eq.~\eqref{RA:res} $A_n$ is the dimensionless overlap integral which depends on the screening parameter $r_0$ of the Coulomb potential given by the Fourier transform $V_C(q) = {2\pi e^2/[\varkappa q(1+qr_0)]}$, see Appendix~\ref{app:theory} for details. The values of $|A_n|^2$ for several excitonic states are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:A_n}. For $n=1$ and reasonable material parameters~\cite{PhysRevB.95.155406} the quantity $R_A$ at $T=4$~K in Eq.~\eqref{RA:res} can be estimated to be $1\ldots 10$~cm$^2$/s. This quantity can be reduced by a factor $10\ldots 100$ if the resonant condition is not fulfilled. The rate of intraband transitions, where the electron remains in the same band, Fig.~\ref{fig:model}(a), can be estimated by replacing the factor $\gamma_6/(a_B E_g')$ by $(E_B/E_g)^{3/2}$ which produces a parametrically smaller, $\sim E_B/E_g$ contribution, see Appendix~\ref{app:theory}. In the non-resonant case where at $ K_1= K_2=0$ the resonant transition is not possible and the detuning $\Delta = E_g'-E_g + 2E_B - E_{B,n}$ is present for the intraband process. This intraband process is a only possible when excitons with the kinetic energy on the order of $\Delta$ are present. The rate Eq.~\eqref{RA:res} acquires therefore an exponential factor $\exp{(-|\Delta|/k_B T)} < 1$.

The experimentally observed Auger rates in the literature are one-two orders of magnitude smaller than the resonant contribution to $R_A$ investigated here~\cite{Kumar:2014b,Mouri:2014a,Sun:2014a,PhysRevB.93.201111,doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00885,PhysRevB.95.241403,Robert:2016a}.  The exact values of $R_A$ will also vary with sample temperature and environment, demonstrating that the exact resonance conditions are not fulfilled in the studied structures. Our experiments are carried out at 4~K whereas many exciton-exciton scattering studies are carried out at elevated temperatures. The presence of disorder in the sample, especially without hBN encapsulation, may enable to fulfil simultaneously the energy and momentum conservation in TMD MLs making additional scenarios possible.\\
\indent To summarize, our analysis suggests that exciton upconversion photoluminescence in TMD MLs is  due to a specific nonlinear  process: Two excitons generated by the resonant laser collide, as a result one of those recombines non-radiatively while the other is promoted to a highly excited state (most likely related to an excited conduction subband according to band structure calculation). Subsequently, the excited exciton loses its energy and a hot PL from the radiative A:$2s$ and B:$1s$ states is observed. This scenario describes the main experimental findings: (i) upconversion PL from the states A:$2s$ and B:$1s$ which are visible in the hot PL [Figs.~\ref{fig:fig1},~\ref{fig:fig2}(a,b,d) and~\ref{fig:fig3}], (ii)~quadratic dependence of the upconversion intensity on the number of excitons in the ground state, Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}(c), (iii) resonant character of the process as a function of excitation laser energy, Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}(d), and (iv) absence of the upconversion in the presence of doping, where the exciton resonance vanishes, Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}(f).

\section{Conclusion}
We identify  of excited exciton states in high quality MoSe$_2$ and MoTe$_2$ monolayer samples, which govern absorption and emission above the A:1$s$ exciton resonance. We identify the A:2$s$ state 150~meV (120~meV) above the A:1$s$ state in ML MoSe$_2$ (MoTe$_2$). We show that excited exciton states can be studied in photoluminescence upconversion experiments. In addition to being a highly selective spectroscopic tool applicable to several TMD materials \cite{Manca:2017a,Robert:2018a}, this non-linear optical effect also gives insights into exciton-exciton interactions, relevant physical processes also for studying population inversion and other density dependent phenomena \cite{Li:2017a,Wu:2015b,Chernikov:2015z,PhysRevB.95.241403}. Our work suggests that in TMD monolayers the generation of high energy excitons with Auger-like scattering processes is efficient due to the strong Coulomb interaction and resonant excitation of higher lying conduction bands.

\begin{acknowledgements}
We acknowledge funding from ANR 2D-vdW-Spin, ANR VallEx, Labex NEXT projects VWspin and MILO, ITN Spin-NANO Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 676108 and ITN 4PHOTON Nr. 721394. X.M. also acknowledges the Institut Universitaire de France. Growth of hexagonal boron nitride crystals was supported by the
Elemental Strategy Initiative conducted by the MEXT, Japan and the CREST
(JPMJCR15F3), JST.
L.E.G. and M.M.G. acknowledge partial support from LIA ILNACS, RFBR projects 17-02-00383, 17-52-16020, RF President Grant MD-1555.2017.2 and ``BASIS'' foundation.
\end{acknowledgements}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


This group includes foods that are high in protein. Protein helps the body build new cells and keeps tissues healthy. Most Americans get enough protein without even trying. It can be harder for vegetarians, but plenty of nonmeat foods are rich in protein, too. It's best to get protein from a variety of sources.
What makes meat and beans less healthy?
Fatty meat is not healthy. Before you cook meat, trim off all the fat you can see. Chicken and turkey skin is also high in fat, and should be removed before cooking.
Breading and frying make food less healthy. This includes dishes like fried chicken, fried fish, and refried beans.
Sausage and lunch meats tend to be high in fat and salt. Buy low-fat, low-sodium versions.


The quantum mechanical wave function contains, in principle, all the information about a given system. For the case of a simple 2-D square potential or even a hydrogen atom we can solve the Schrödinger equation exactly in order to get the wave function of the system. We can then determine the allowed energy states of the syatem. Unfortunately it is impossible to solve the Schrödinger equation for a N-body system. Evidently, we must involve some approximations to render the problem soluble albeit tricky. Here we have our simplest definition of DFT: A method of obtaining an approximate solution to the Shrodinger equation of a many-body system.
DFT has proved to be highly successful in describing structural and electronic properties in a vast class of materials, ranging from atoms and molecules to simple crystals to complex extended systems (including glasses and liquids). Furthermore DFT is computationally simple. For these reasons DFT has become a common tool in first-principles calculations aimed at describing – or even predicting – properties of molecular and condensed matter systems.
DFT computational codes are used in practise to investigate the structural, magnatic and electronic properties of molecules, materials and defects.
A DFT calculation adds an additional step to each major phase of a Hartree-Fock calculation. This step is a numerical integration of the functional or various derivatives of the functional. Thus in addition to the sources of numerical error in Hartree-Fock calculations (integral accuracy, SCF convergence, CPHF convergence), the accuracy of DFT calculations also depends on the number of points used in the numerical integration.
The UltraFine integration grid (corresponding to Integral=UltraFine) is the default in Gaussian 16. This grid greatly enhances calculation accuracy at reasonable additional cost. We do not recommend using any smaller grid in production DFT calculations. Note also that it is important to use the same grid for all calculations where you intend to compare energies (e.g., computing energy differences, heats of formation, and so on).
Larger grids are available when needed (e.g. tight geometry optimizations of certain kinds of systems). An alternate grid may be selected with the Integral=Grid option in the route section.
The first H–K theorem demonstrates that the ground state properties of a many-electron system are uniquely determined by an electron density that depends on only 3 spatial coordinates. It lays the groundwork for reducing the many-body problem of N electrons with 3N spatial coordinates to 3 spatial coordinates, through the use of functional of the electron density. This theorem can be extended to the time-dependent domain to develop time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), which can be used to describe excited states.
The second H–K theorem defines energy functional for the system and proves that the correct ground state electron density minimizes this energy functional.
A major challenge in the application of block copolymer directed self-assembly (DSA) to advanced lithography is the exploration of large design spaces, including the selection of confinement shape and size, surface chemistry to affect wetting conditions, copolymer chain length and block fraction. To sweep such large spaces, a computational model is ideally both fast and accurate. In this study, we investigate various incarnations of the density functional theory (DFT) approach and evaluate their suitability to DSA applications. We introduce a new optimization scheme to capitalize on the speed advantages of DFT, while minimizing loss of accuracy relative to the benchmark of self-consistent field theory (SCFT). Although current DFT models afford a 100-fold reduction in computational complexity over SCFT, even the best optimized models fail to match SCFT density profiles and make extremely poor predictions of commensurability windows and defect energetics. These limitations suggest that SCFT will remain the gold standard for DSA simulations in the near future.
DFT, even in the simplest LDA approximation, turns out to be much more successful than expected. Especially for solids, LDA is computationally much simpler than HF with the true exchange potential and no more complex than Slater's local exchange approximation.
Yet, LDA yields results that compare well to HF results, even in atoms and molecules – highly inhomogeneous systems for which an approximation based on the homogeneous electron gas would hardly look appropriate. The best results are however obtained in solids, whose structural and vibrational properties are in general well described: the correct crystal structure is usually found to have the lowest energy; bond lengths, bulk moduli, phonon frequencies are accurate within a few percent.
One may wonder why LDA is so successful, given its resemblance with the not-sopraised Slater approximation to HF. One reason is somewhat fortuitous: LDA contains a fair amount of error compensation between the exchange and correlation parts. A deeper reason is explained in Sec.(2.6): LDA grants a good description of the spherical term of the so-called "exchange-correlation hole".
LDA also has some well-known serious problems. Some can be avoided by using better functionals, some others have a deeper and more fundamental nature.


Randy was born March 22, 1951 in Mobridge, South Dakota to Alvin and Leona (Schilling) Schlecht. At 6 months old he was on the move to Seattle, Washington with his family. He lived between Georgetown and Des Moines his entire life except for college. Randy enjoyed Little League baseball and lettered in basketball at Pacific JH and Mt Rainier HS. He graduated in 1969 from Mt Rainier High School in Des Moines then from Western Washington State College in Bellingham and in 1977 earning a teaching degree in math for elementary and secondary students. He married Christine Morris in 1974 and Ryan was born in 1976. Teaching middle school teens was his passion. He substitute taught, but with no permanent position available in the south end of Seattle he started a 30 year Industrial Engineer career at the Boeing Defense program. He retired at the age of 55 in 2006 and spent his free time in Bible study classes, crossword puzzles, fantasy football, NCAA Bracketology, horse racing, casino and cards with family and friends.
Randy is survived by his son Ryan (Cindi) Schlecht of Austin, Tx., 2 grandchildren Blake and Hannah and his siblings Richard (Sharon) Schlecht of Maple Valley, Peggy (Kenn) Beck of Federal Way and Rodney (Dinah) Schlecht of Denver, Co.
Randy was preceded in death by his parents Alvin & Leona Schlecht.
There will be "A Celebration of Life" for Randy February 9, 2019 at Noon. Join us for lunch and sharing memories at Water Gardens Clubhouse 21806 SE 276th St Maple Valley Wa. 98038 Parking is available outside the south gate and inside along any side walk side, do not block drive ways.
Randy, you will be greatly missed by all who were fortunate to know you. I wish we would have had more to together. We did find and enjoy some things in common at one of the local casinos, such as food, our favorite types of wagering and the atmosphere in general. It always gave us the opportunity to visit for a while and catch up on what was happening in our lives, which I always enjoyed. You left us far too soon, Randy. Rest in peace.
You will be missed by many, Cousin Randy. My memories of you go back to when you arrived in Seattle as a toddler. I honestly cannot remember a time you weren�t funloviing as a kid. As an adult, you always seemed to have a smile on your face. You were instrumental in caring for Leona. We are so thankful we recently ran into you, having a pleasant conversation. Your family is in our thoughts and prayers.
There is a hole in my heart and life my brother. You are loved and missed.
My classmate, teammate, college roommate, and lyricist for our ertswhile songwriting team, my friend Randy was smart, funny, and above all, a genuinely nice person. I will miss him.
Rand and I came of age together in Des Moines and Bellingham. Even though I moved away 40 years ago, I considered him my best friend. I miss Randy very much.
To all Randy's family and friends, my heartfelt wishes for healing. We've been friends for over 50 years and Randy was my best man at my wedding. We roomed together in college and I can't remember a gentler, kinder person. I will miss him so much.
I wanted to express my heartfelt condolences to all of Randy�s family. Death is the hardest thing we have to deal with in life. I know my words can�t change anything and can do little to ease the pain you are feeling, so I pray that the God of comfort calm your hearts and help you heal. (2 Thessalonians 2:16,17) Lean on Him in the days to follow. For the Bible�s answers to questions about grief and death please visit JW.org.
So sorry to hear about the loss of your Brother Randy, Rich. May he Rest In Peace. This message is actually for his brother Rich and wife Sharon that I live next door to me in Water Gardens, Maple Valley.


Inbound integrations take action in xMatters. For example, xMatters might create or terminate a notification event based on an incoming web request.
In this example, we'll build an inbound integration that sends notifications when New Relic detects a new incident.
The first step in getting an integration up and running in xMatters is to create and save the integration in our communication plan.
First let's get to the right place in the interface: Click the Developer tab to see a list of your communication plans. Select a communication plan and click Edit. From the menu, select Integration Builder.Expand the Inbound Integrations section and click Add.
Now let's add a new integration.
The first thing we do is choose an action for our integration. Since we want xMatters to send notifications when New Relic detects a new incident, we use the drop-down to select Transform content to create a new xMatters event.
Next, we choose the form that will be used to send the notifications. In this example, our form is called "New Incident".
The form defines all the properties that we expect New Relic to send us, the content of the notification to be sent out, any response options to present to recipients, and also any rules for creating subscriptions.
We make sure to give our integration a meaningful name so we can find it again later.
Set the authentication method to 'URL Authentication'. Later when you're setting up your own integrations, you may want to consider one of the more secure user-based authentication methods that are available.
The Integration Builder then gives us the option to create a transformation script. We'll skip this step for the moment, because we first want to see exactly what New Relic is sending us so we know how to transform it.
Click Save. Our new integration is now listed as an integration service.
xMatters displays the web service URL that we can use to target this integration from an external application. Click Copy URL, and let's get New Relic to send us a webhook so that we can inspect the payload and figure out what our transformation script will need to do.
In this next step, we'll get New Relic to send a web request to our integration URL so that we can figure out what our transformation script needs to do.
In New Relic, paste your xMatters integration URL into the Base URL field, and then send a test notification.
Now that the webhook is sent, let's inspect the webhook content to see what information is included in the request from New Relic.
We can use the Activity Stream in xMatters to see the history of incoming web requests sent to us by an integration service. Once we see what New Relic is sending us, we can transform the content so that our communication plan form understands it.
In xMatters, go to the Developer tab again, and click Edit for the communication plan.
Select Integration Builder from the menu and expand the Inbound integrations section.
Click the Settings drop-down list (the gear icon) for our integration, and click Activity Stream.
Error: The integration script encountered an error, such as a syntax error. This logs will display the output of the script to help you locate and debug the problem.
Canceled: The integration script failed to complete. This might be because code in the script caused an infinite loop, or the script used excess resources and hung.
By default, the Integration Builder logs the first 25 requests for a new integration. After this, logging is turned off and the Integration Builder only logs requests that throw an error or are canceled. For more information about logging, see Enable logging.
The Activity Stream contains two sections with information: Request Details and Logs. We're interested in the Request Details, as these will show us any request parameters or headers for the incoming request, as well as the request body.
Luckily for us, this JSON request sent by New Relic isn't too far off of the payload required to trigger an event using the xMatters REST API. In the next step, we'll use the Transformation Script Editor to create a script that will transform the incoming web request from New Relic into the format we need.
In this step, we'll create a script that will transform the incoming web request from New Relic into a format that is compatible with our communication plan form.
The input to every inbound integration script is an object that represents the incoming web request that triggered the integration. Using the object, we have access to the request body, parameters, and headers.
In the activity stream for the inbound integration, click Open Script Editor.
The next section of the sample script is used to define the recipients of the messages, but there is nothing in the payload from New Relic that represents the owner. We can more easily define this in the form instead, so we'll remove this section of code.
We'll use this function to take our trigger object as an argument and post it to the form we selected earlier in our configuration of the service.
The final thing to do is to send another webhook from New Relic and make sure everything is working.
Once we've sent another webhook from New Relic to our xMatters integration URL, we can go back to the activity stream and check the output of the transformation script.


text:
Bishop-Wisecarver Appoints New VP of Operations
By Patrick Curran | February 19, 2009
Bishop-Wisecarver Corporation announced it has appointed Mike Citro, a 40-year veteran in the profession, VP of Operations. Citro will lead the company's manufacturing, quality, purchasing and engineering teams. With an emphasis on Continuous Improvement in all aspects of the manufacturing operations, he will identify opportunities to continually improve and implement strategies to optimize resources and process standards.
Mike Citro
After owning his own manufacturing business for 20 years and being the Director of Operations of Micropump for 11 years, Citro became an independent consultant for a few years, working with major corporations using lean principals to implement change and boost plant efficiencies. His extensive experience and achievements utilizing Toyota production principals led to a 9 year role as Director of Operations and General Manager at Tuthill Pump Group, previously a client of his successful consulting practice. Under Citro's leadership, Tuthill's product quality increased many-fold, and on-time orders more than doubled. Tuthill then appointed Citro to improve a specific product line at Tuthill Transfer Systems in Fort Wayne, Indiana, a $95M/year business.
An advocate of career technical education with a desire to mentor promising young students, he also taught Manufacturing Technology evening courses at junior colleges and for the National Tooling and Machining Association, where he was a national officer for 12 years.
"I am encouraged by Bishop-Wisecarver's employees' willingness to embrace change, an attitude I have seldom encountered at previous projects," says Citro. "I am a fanatic about customer service, and I look forward to implementing Toyota production principals to support that conviction, and take the company to the next level."
Bishop-Wisecarver
www.bwc.com
Filed Under: Motion control • motor controls
Tagged With: bishopwisecarver
Motion & Control Enterprises purchases RSA and Global Controls, fourth acquisition this year
ACS Motion Control releases SPiiPlusCMxa EtherCAT motion controller
SDP/SI launches brushless DC motors and motion control products series
High-performance integrated motion control line from Emerson

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
标题: Comparative studies of various ganoderma species and their different parts with regard to their antitumor and immunomodulating activities in vitro.
作者: Yue GG[1]; Fung KP[2]; Tse GM[3]; Leung PC[4]; Lau CB[5]
作者全称: Yue, Grace G L[1]; Fung, Kwok-Pui[2]; Tse, Gary M K[3]; Leung, Ping-Chung[4]; Lau, Clara B S[5]
作者机构:[1] Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.[2][3][4][5]
来源: Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.)
卷: 12
期: 8
摘要: OBJECTIVES: Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) has been commonly suggested in East Asia as a potential candidate for prevention and treatment of d 更多 OBJECTIVES: Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) has been commonly suggested in East Asia as a potential candidate for prevention and treatment of different diseases, including cancer. Ganoderma extracts, in particular Ganoderma lucidum (extracts or isolated components), have previously been shown to possess antitumor activities. The present study aimed at comparing three different species of Ganoderma, wildly grown versus cultivated, as well as the different parts of the fruiting body (whole fruiting body, pileus, and stipe), with regard to their antitumor effects in human breast cancer cells and immunomodulatory activities in mouse splenic lymphocytes in vitro. METHODS: The aqueous extracts (12.5-400 microg/mL) of G. lucidum, G. sinense, and G. tsugae were examined for their antiproliferative activities in human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, as well as in normal human mammary epithelial cells (primary culture). The immunomodulatory effects of the extracts were evaluated in mouse splenic lymphocytes. The proliferative responses of the mentioned cell types were determined by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide] assay. RESULTS: The present results demonstrated that the extracts of all tested Ganoderma samples could significantly inhibit cell proliferation in human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, with G. tsugae being the most potent. The extracts, however, did not exert any significant cytotoxic effect on human normal mammary epithelial cells. Within the species G. sinense, the inhibitory effects of wildly grown samples were not significantly different from those of the cultivated samples, except at 400 microg/mL. Most of the tested extracts of Ganoderma stimulated mouse splenic lymphocytes proliferation. The extracts from the stipes of the G. tsugae and wildly grown G. sinense showed much stronger inhibitory effects than the other parts of the fruiting body in both cancer cell lines, whereas the extracts from the stipes of G. lucidum and wildly grown G. sinense showed stronger immunopotentiating activities in mouse splenic lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the aqueous extracts of these commonly available Ganoderma fruiting bodies, G. lucidum, G. sinense, and G. tsugae have antitumor activities in human breast cancer cells and immunomodulatory activities in murine lymphocytes. In addition, the present findings also suggest that the stipes of fruiting bodies of Ganoderma species should be included in the preparation of extract of these fungi in order to obtain the most comprehensive active ingredients. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first detailed comparison among the different parts of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma. 收起
收录类别:PubMed
资源类型:外文期刊论文
网络计量


text:
Vincent - Sewell Mill Library and Cultural Center
"Vincent" at the Sewell Mill Library and Cultural Center
Artist : Suzzanne Anicette
Piano Donors: Michael and Rebecca Cochran
Location: Sewell Mill Library and Cultural Center
Find and play Vincent inside the lobby near the Black Box Theater.
Building Hours:
Mon, Tues, Wed - 10am to 8pm
Thurs, Fri - 11am to 6pm
Sat - 1pm to 6pm
Vincent's Story
Vincent was designed and painted by local artist and Arts Coordinator at the Sewell Mill Library and Cultural Center, Suzzanne Anicette.
"The idea and design for Vincent grew out of a desire to have an easily recognizable reproduction of a Master work, since we're placing him inside the Gallery," said Anicette. "I wanted to depict the feeling of Van Gogh's Starry Night using slightly more vibrant colors to entice players and help them feel at ease enough to enjoy playing.
"Being an artist that is primarily a painter, it was a challenge to paint a cohesive scene on an object that will be viewed from several angles. Having said that I enjoyed it so thoroughly that it's likely that this concept will reappear in my personal artwork and be imaginatively interpreted over and over again.
"Painting Vincent was truly a labor of love. I can see him symbolically unifying the Visual and Performing Arts that are housed at Sewell Mill and being enjoyed for years to come. I'm grateful to Play Me Again Pianos for affording artists the opportunity to complete these public art pieces. I cannot wait to see the subsequent works take shape."
Vincent will live permanently in his new home at the Sewell Mill Library and Cultural Center, the Carol and Jim Ney Gallery.
Suzzanne Anicette
Suzzanne is an Artist and Art educator who joined the Cultural Arts Division of Cobb County PARKS in January of 2018. She taught Visual Arts for 17 years in public schools within the Rochester City School District, Atlanta Public Schools and a Fulton County Charter school system as well as community arts centers and museums. Suzzanne was born, raised and educated in Rochester New York. She holds a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Rochester where she studied English Literature, Studio Arts and minored in French language. Suzanne went on to pursue a Master's in Art and Design Education at Pratt Institute in Brooklyn New York. She views joining the Sewell Mill Library & Cultural Center as the ideal venue to continue to participate in and present arts to the community.
Sewell Mill Library and Cultural Center
Sewell Mill Library & Cultural Center is a Cobb County tax-supported Library and Arts facility. This unique hybrid facility falls under the Cobb County PARKS Department Cultural Affairs Division as well as the county Library system. While these two entities are separate, the partnership between PARKS and the library system unifies community resources to maximize access to the amenities. We provide educational services in visual and performing arts in Cobb County. Our performance venues, the Black Box Theatre and outdoor amphitheater, are community resources for both internal and external arts outreach programs providing a setting to display and nurture arts development within the county. For more information, visit www.CobbCounty.org.
Vincent's Birthdate: January 9th, 2019
Installation #20
Share Your Vincent Stories
If you have a story with Vincent that you'd like to share, please do so, we'd love to hear from you! We'd also enjoy seeing your pictures and videos.
@PlayMeAgainPianos
#PMAPVincent


Communicating today's news through biblical lenses, Files From Toni is very grateful for your interest and for visiting this website. We endeavor to put together a variety of topics in the headline news today that line up with prophetic happenings that the Word of God tells us about. Be sure and check the right side bar for more hot topics and popular articles. Thank you for making this site the very successful site it has become. Blessings to all who visit here.
A message from the muslim presidential candidate is being sent to the Christians in Egypt: Bow to Islam, or pay the additional Islamic tax, the jizya.
According to the popular Egyptian website, El Bashayer, Muhammad Morsi, the Muslim Brotherhood presidential candidate, just declared that he will "achieve the Islamic conquest (fath) of Egypt for the second time, and make all Christians convert to Islam, or else pay the jizya," the additional Islamic tax, or financial tribute, required of non-Muslims, or financial tribute.
In a brief report written by Samuel al-Ashay and published by El Bashayer on May 27, Morsi allegedly made these comments while speaking with a journalist at the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party, adding "We will not allow Ahmed Shafiq [his contending presidential candidate] or anyone else to impede our second Islamic conquest of Egypt."
After his interviewer pointed out that the first Muslim conquest of Egypt was "carried out at the hands of Amr bin al-As [in 641]," he asked Morsi, "Who will the second Islamic conqueror be?" Morsi, replied, "The second Muslim conqueror will be Muhammad Morsi," referring to himself, "and history will record it."
When asked what he thought about many Christian Copts coming out to vote for his secular opponent, Ahmed Shafiq, Morsi reportedly said, "They need to know that conquest is coming, and Egypt will be Islamic, and that they must pay jizya or emigrate." More from the Gateway Institute.
In the Gospel of Matthew 10:5-23 our Lord Jesus Christ gave specific instructions as he sent out the twelve into the various surrounding cities of the area telling them if the city did not receive them and their words, leave and shake the dust off your feet. It shall be more tolerable for the land of sodom in the day of judgment, than for that city. Flee the city and go into another.
For the persecuted Christians of Egypt, the handwriting is in the Book of all Books, the Holy Scriptures. Christians in Egypt must heed the words of Jesus Christ if the Muslim Brotherhood, enemies of the Cross and Jesus Christ, are voted into power in Egypt, and give them nothing. Obviously Christians are not welcome in Egypt. Shake the dust of Egypt off your feet and leave. Have nothing to do with their self destructive and ungodly influences as they will find out soon enough what life will be like under the ungodly influence of Islam. Isaiah 19:1-16. The warnings of Jesus were given to heed and take seriously. For those who are able, now is the time to leave and spread the Gospel message in another area. To those who stay, may the peace and wisdom of the Lord be with you, enabling you to endure.
This article strikes a similarity to what the Supreme Court ruled today on Obamacare, saying it is constitutional for the US government to force us to fund a universal "health care", calling it a mandated tax, all Americans must pay into - and as such, once they begin providing unlimited abortions on demand and eventually euthanasia programs as well as forced "medical treatment" to harass and torture everyone "unhealthy" because they smoke, eat fats, eat salts, drink even a touch of wine, etc. and so on - then isn't it going to be us Americans forced to pay a tax if we don't buy the insurance - which in essence will be used to uphold the desires of a US anti-Christ at the top chain of command in this country ordering "free" abortions on demand along with euthanasia mandates and intrusions into personal decisions regarding, eating, drinking, smoking, etc. It might not be forced to pay a tax as punishment for not supporting Islam, but it will be a tax for not supporting an anti-Christ ideology that is pro abortion, pro euthanasia and pro personal choice meddling by the government into peoples' lives - perhaps even compulsory abortions in the future, the kind China requires, once this whole ball of wax gets rolling, now that SCOTUS ruled Obamacare constitutional. So this whole spirit of anti-Christ is already present and in the air, moving itself across the US as well as overseas, taking a different tact in arriving at the same end point, when they meet up in the future and anti-Christ is fully revealed and made plain, the US forced into this belief system also, not just overseas, but here too, through the Obamacare ruling creating its legitimacy.
Haven't heard from you in a while. Hope you are doing fine!
Hello, Anonymous ... And blessings to you. I am doing fine. And thank you!
As the Lord leads, I have been devoting my time to other things that hopefully will bring honor and glory to His name in my community where I live. At some point in time, if it is His Will, I will be back to blogging here, but for now, I have been lead in another direction.
It is uplifting to see so many people come here and read my blog even though I have not put a new entry since June.
Thank you so much for your dedicated support here and keep watching for His Return!!
It is getting close to election eve and you have not made any comments one way or another about the two main candidates, Obama or Romney. Will you be posting anything this week since it is election week?
It's getting late. I believe America is on the downside of destruction. I asked myself, who would Jesus vote for? I was shown the answer. Neither.
No human will ever be able to correct the wrongs in America unless the nation has a leader willing to lead the nation to repentence of sin. I don't see that happening.
Jesus came to atone for the sins of all mankind. To the Jew first, and then the Greek. Those who do not accept the free gift of salvation by God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ will be eternally lost. Click on picture for more…..
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Carbon is a Group 14 element and is distributed very widely in nature. It is found in abundance in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets.
Carbon is found free in nature in three allotropic forms: amorphous, graphite, and diamond (further details). Graphite is one of the softest known materials while diamond is one of the hardest. Carbon, as microscopic diamonds, is found in some meteorites. Natural diamonds are found in ancient volcanic "pipes" such as found in South Africa. Diamonds are also recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope.
Table: basic information about and classifications of carbon.
Carbon was discovered by Known since ancient times although not recognised as an element until much later. at no data in not known. Origin of name: from the Latin word "carbo" meaning "charcoal".
Carbon as charcoal, soot and coal has been used since prehistoric times. Carbon as diamond has also been known since very ancient times. The recognition that soot (amorphous carbon), graphite (another form of carbon) and diamond are all forms of carbon.
A fourth form, buckminsterfullerene, formula C60, whose framework is reminiscent of the seams in an Association Football ("soccer") ball, is the subject of considerable interest at present and was only discovered a few years ago in work involving Harry Kroto, a Sheffield graduate.
Isolation: carbon is available in nature as graphite and (to a much lesser extent!) as diamond. Artificial graphite is made by the reaction of coke with silica (SiO2).
Artificial diamonds are made by the application of heat and pressure (> 125 kBar) in the presence of a catalyst such as iron, chromium or platinum. It seems that the metal melts on the carbon surface, the graphite dissolves in the metal film, and the less soluble diamond precipitates out. The introduction of nitrogen as an impurity gives yellowish diamonds while boron impurities give bluish colours.
A new form of carbon, buckminsterfullerene with formula C60 is formed in the treatment of graphite by lasers and is now commercially available in small quantities.


As one of the most experienced mining engineering companies, ChinaSavvy delivers various industrial services and products, including castings and fabrications for the mining engineering industry.
These are unalloyed cast irons with a low silicon and carbon content. White iron is limited in its applications because of its lack of resistance to impact and the difficulty that occurs in maintaining the structure in thicker sections. In some cases, a casting will be produced to have a 'white structure' in a certain area, and a 'grey structure' in other areas in order to improve its toughness.
Both these types have a structure of iron and chromium carbides, but because of the higher alloy content exhibits a type of carbide, which confers and discontinues a greater impact and resistance to corrosion. Capable of being used as cast, heat treatment aids in improving hardness as well as resistance to spalling and surface cracking.
These irons have a typical composition of 15% Cr – 3% Mo and 23% - 28% Cr. With a superior combination of both toughness and resistance to abrasion, these irons can in some cases be used as cast, but is commonly hardened in order to develop the optimum set of properties. Some irons may also be machined after annealing processes and then hardened – effectively producing a machined abrasion resistant part.
Produced by taking a normal grey and ductile iron melt, carbon and silicon is controlled at lower levels and mining engineering companies adds various alloys in order to produce a stable austenitic basic structure at an ambient temperature. Here, Nickel is the main alloying element used and is the principle reason for the austenitic structure produced.
The Nickel makes these types of casting more expensive than ductile or grey iron castings, but when compared to equivalent alloyed steel, it is more affordable.
These materials are produced by applying an austempering heat treatment to alloyed ductile iron. This process produces a matrix microstructure of fine acicular ferrite and austenite – this is called ausferrite.
ADI has an outstanding mechanical properties ranging from a good ductility and good fracture toughness, to a very high strength and high fatigue strength. It also exhibits an excellent resistance to wear, making it suitable for use in the mining industry. ADI also had a lower density and lower production cost – factors that have played a role in replacing heart treated steels and high cost forged steels in various applications.
Also known as grey iron, this is a type of cast iron that has a graphite microstructure and is a common alloy used by mining engineering companies. It has a relatively low cost, good machinability, good resistance to wear and galling and excellent damping capacity.
Also known as ductile cast iron or nodular cast iron, it was invented in 1943 and, while most cast irons are brittle, these irons have more fatigue strength as well as impact strength. This is due to the nodular graphite inclusion.
Here, the graphite is in the form of nodules and not flakes as seen in grey cast irons. The most production of ductile iron is in the form of pipe and is also a useful component in a number of automotive components where the need for strength is higher than aluminum can provide, but do not necessarily require the strength provided by steel.
Spheroidal graphite cast irons are used in applications where where optimal impact and fatigue strength is required, as well as where there is a need for electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability.
If you would like to learn more about the manufacturing services we provide to the mining industry, please feel free to visit our mining services section.


Open an ING Electric Orange account, get a $50 bonus!
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1. Click on "Apply Now" here to open your ING Electric Orange checking account. There is no minimum deposit amount!
2. Make a minimum of three purchases using the check card they send you (these can be debit purchases or signature-based credit card purchases) or Person2Person payments (or any combination of the two) within 45 days of opening your account.
3. Your $50 bonus will automatically be deposited into your account on day 50!
I have had ING accounts for almost 7 years now and I love them! I opened an Electric Orange account a few years ago under a similar promotion. I put my Christmas savings there and then I have money in an account and can use the debit card to buy Christmas presents which helps me stay within my budget!


go on a sailboat*** YES! I did not say "sail on a sailboat". During the Tall Ships festival, I toured a few boats.
watch an outdoor movie*** YES! Erin and I watched Footloose outside at the Chickenburger.
see Shakespeare by the Sea*** NO, BUT… Sarah, Amanda and I went to the play Nothing Less at Two Planks and a Passion Theatre. Outside theatre = same thing.
fly a kite*** YES! It was a last-minute effort with David. We found a plastic kite in the basement and flew it around a parking lot. Not much air but we did it.
ride a slip & slide** NO, BUT… What's better than a slip & slide? Try riding down a waterslide into the ocean. True story. Did it.
visit magic mountain** YES! We probably picked the coldest day of summer to do this. Imagine standing in your wet bathing suit on the top of a hill, holding a wet tube that's blowing in the wind while you wait in line to go down a cold waterslide.
make homemade ice cream* YES! Thank you Mila for lending me your ice cream maker, it was delicious.
hike Cape Chignecto* NO BUT… We explored Fort Beauséjour in New Brunswick.
go to a country fair* YES! Amanda rented a car (#10) and drove Sarah and me to the Hants County Exhibition for a goat yoga class.
have fresh flowers in the house always* YES! Not always the freshest and sometimes more weed than flower but they were always there.
tube down a river* YES! The Lazy River. See #6.
buy a summer dress* YES!
golf (the real deal golf. not mini) YES! It took us 4 hours to play nine holes. Thanks, Clara, Larry and Mom for your patience.
surprise someone YES! My sister turned 40 and we surprised her with a night out on the town.
cheer for someone YES! Team 71. See #20.
hike the Skyline Trail NO BUT… I ran up Hunter's Mountain during leg 17 of the Cabot Trail Relay.
swim in a lake YES! Amanda and I took a dip in Lake Banook.
swim in the ocean YES! A beautiful day in September at Crystal Crescent Beach.
dive into the water YES! How else does one enter the cold water?
go to Eliot & Vine YES! For my birthday.
go to the Shore Club YES! A farewell dinner with Kristin, Josh, and Noah before they moved to Ottawa.
go to Chain Yard Urban Cidery YES! So good, I went twice.
start a bullet journal YES!
start designing my 2018 calendars NO, BUT… I created a folder and copied last year's files to it. I need ideas!
spend more time on my front porch YES!
host a strawberry shortcake cocktail party YES! I made cocktails and strawberry shortcake but in case you were wondering why you were not invited, it was a very small and unplanned gathering.
host a bbq YES! A few.
borrow Jill's pizza oven and host a pizza party YES! When my sister was visiting we had a family backyard pizza party to celebrate Edith's first birthday.
sunrise at the beach YES! Early morning runs by the ocean help make this happen.
sunset at the beach YES! See #22.
have a lunch date YES! A few.
have a brunch date YES! A few.
have a post-work beer date at the Stillwell beer garden YES! Right after doing #38.
go prom-watching in the Public Gardens YES!
order a pizza and eat it in a park YES! While waiting for Henry who was at the emergency clinic.
bike across the MacDonald bridge (if it EVER opens!) YES! David and I biked home from summer camp one day.
run a trail YES! Many times.
run by the ocean YES! Many times.
run across the MacDonald bridge (if it EVER opens!) YES!
go for a run and jump in the water right after YES! Jenna and I ran around Lake Banook and then jumped in.
pop a wheelie YES! Ha.
go berry picking YES! Strawberries on the Amherst Shore.
make raspberry jam YES! It was okay.
sleep in a tent NO, BUT… I slept in an Airbnb.
ride a roller coaster (or some other carni ride) YES! David and I rode the Gravitron at the Pugwash Gathering of the Clans.
spend an evening on an outdoor patio YES! A few times but not enough times.
wash and clean my car (inside too) YES!
run laps on a track YES! At 5:30 am at SMU when no one was watching.
run with a run club YES! Jenna and I have been running with the BLT Runners occasionally.
train for a marathon YES! And I ran it!
rollerblade on the Oval YES! I do not like rollerblading but I like the Oval.
visit the Discovery Centre YES!
play croquette NO, BUT… I rode a bicycle built for two.
visit Hope for Wildlife YES! David took me for a tour and it was fabulous.
night swim YES! An early evening swim.
drink my morning coffee outside YES!
accidentally get a sunburn YES!
picnic with a basket and blanket YES! Bike ride included.
celebrate with sparklers YES! In the backyard.
grow tomatoes YES! Thanks to Elissa, I grew three.
have a campfire YES! At my parent's house.
dance in the rain NO, BUT… I ran in the rain and I biked in the rain.
run through a sprinkler YES! During the Natal Day Road Race.
make peach pie YES! Twice.
make key lime pie YES!
rent kayaks YES! David and I rented kayaks and a paddle boat in Saint John.
selfie with a lighthouse YES!
selfie with a lobster trap YES!
selfie in a boat YES! Cruising down the Wallace River on the SS Minnow.
hear bagpipes YES! Canada Day, Natal Day and I think 2o more times.
watch a parade YES! Canada Day and Natal Day.
leave the province YES! See #99.
leave the country YES! New York for #56.
cut my hair YES! But I chickened out on getting bangs.
tie dye NO, BUT… I did buy the dye and a plain white tee.
watch fireworks YES! From my bedroom window which totally counts.
toss a frisbee YES! With David.
clean my office NO, BUT… I started watching The Office.
eat from a food truck YES! I finally tried a burrito from the Gecko Bus.
only use the clothesline YES! Always.
make cedar-planked salmon YES! We had Brie and Rick over for a BBQ.
drink beer from a cooler YES! My mother-in-law had me over specifically to help check this off my list.
drink beer from a pitcher YES! At Maxwell's Plum with my sister and her friends. Twenty-five years ago this was the dream.
go to a yard sale YES! However, I did not buy anything.
go tidal bore rafting NO, BUT… I went wine tasting.
ice cream on the Halifax waterfront YES! Cows. Of course.
try hot yoga YES! Hollie and I went to a Friday night karma class.
visit McNabs Island YES! We took our bikes (#41) and spent 4 hours exploring.
take a water taxi YES! We hired a boat to take us to #96.
plant a tree (or shrub) YES! I finally planted a lilac and a rhododendron.
play hooky YES! David and I tagged along on Mike's business trip to Saint John. We accomplished #6, 13 and 74 on our 2-day adventure.
write my 40 before 40 list YES! Here.
Total Score: 87% YES + 13% NO, BUTS.
NOTE: *2016 not complete **2015/2016 not completed ***2014/2015/2016 not completed. + Thank you, Dylan, for the title inspiration.


Dewdrops on Dichondra \\\'Silver Falls\\\'.
This Dichondra was planted in a VERY large bowl and allowed to spill over the side.
A stunning plant that lights up wherever it is.
In the center of this picture you can see one of the tiny, tiny flowers.
Growing in an elevated pot.
Growing in an elevated pot with Euphorbia 'Diamond Frost' at the top.
This is a great groundcover!
Grown from seeds started about 8 or 9 months ago.


text:
CDFW and Oregon State University Researchers Estimate the Population Size of Fishers in Northern California and Southern Oregon
Scientists with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) and Oregon State University recently published the results of a population study on fishers (Pekania pennanti) in northern California and southern Oregon. Led by CDFW Wildlife Statistician Dr. Brett Furnas and three coauthors, CDFW Senior Environmental Scientist Richard Callas, CDFW Research Analyst Russ Landers and Dr. Sean Matthews of Oregon State University, the study produced the first-ever robust estimates of density and size of the fisher population in northern California.
"This is the first time we've come up with a solid number of fishers, which is a starting point for tracking and monitoring populations," Furnas said. "One of the most important tools we have used so far to help this species is reintroductions, so now -- with a baseline established and ongoing surveys planned -- we'll be able to see if the population is really rebounding over time."
Fishers in northern California and southern Oregon represent the largest remaining population in the Pacific states. The species once ranged from the state of Washington southward through Oregon and California. Currently, fishers occupy only a small portion of their historical range in that region. In California, fishers are found in the northern areas of the state and a small, isolated population occurs in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains.
CDFW and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have been petitioned on several occasions to list fishers as threatened or endangered under their respective Endangered Species Acts.
In 2016, while considering fishers in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, the California Fish and Game Commission voted that the petitioned action was warranted in part, choosing to accept the petition in the context of the Southern Sierra Nevada Evolutionarily Significant Unit, and adopted findings to that effect, which were published on May 6, 2016. Although fishers are relatively well-distributed in northern California and in portions of southern Oregon, data from existing surveys and prior studies was used to estimate abundance. This information is critically important to assess the status of fishers and serve as a baseline for conservation efforts.
Furnas and his coauthors used data from camera traps, hierarchical modeling of detections and non-detections of fishers from the cameras, and information about fisher home range size to develop their estimate of population size. They estimated that approximately 3,200 fishers occur within the northern California and southern Oregon study area, with an average density of 5.1 to 8.6 fishers per 100 square kilometers.
Estimating the sizes of wildlife populations is challenging, particularly for species such as the fisher that are difficult to observe and occur over large areas. A final population estimate for the fisher would not have been possible without the cooperation of a variety of federal and tribal agencies, universities and private landowners who shared datasets that were combined to complete the modeling. With these data, Furnas and his coauthors demonstrated that estimating the population size of the fisher at large geographic scales is feasible. They also suggested that the methods used in their research could be used to estimate the abundance of other carnivores, including black bear, gray fox and coyote.
The study was published in the journal Ecosphere. More information / view publication
Categories: Wildlife Research
Tagged: californiacdfwpacific fisherresearchpopulationstudywildlifestatisticsfurnascallaslandersoregon state universityosufish and wildlifefishersmatthewsecosphere


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Sorry if I over explain this.
I do not know how much HTML knowledge you have.
and not only on your hard drive (unless you have it running as a server).
If you have an URL for the image you can post it using an HTML code.
does NOT end with the .html extension.
Ending with .html would be a web page URL which will not post in the image code.
Do you see that both end with .gif or .jpg?
Only image URLs like this will work in the image code.
As you would with any HTML code.
Sorry to but in Trellis and Star but cheers Trellis, I've just learnt something from that too.
I also like your choice of pic!
But I wonder if I should be posting pics from another web site to this forum?
Maybe that is not a good idea?
Do you need any other HTML help?
Do you already know bold and italic & etc?
I loved that picture it reminds me of this summer and of a beautiful time!
I learnt how to post a picture!
I think somewhere on the site there are instructions on how to make things bold and italic but I'm a little too lazy to look for them. If you do have a spare minute or two, could you explain it to me?
Bold and italic and very simple codes.
I am sure you will learn them instantly.
HTML codes are invisible/hidden commands that tell web pages how to appear.
They tell browsers how to assemble and present HTML files when you load a web page.
HTML codes are put between the .
Anything put between two arrow brackets will vanish on the web page.
because I have "broken" the codes by adding a space beside each bracket.
When you actually use these codes for posts do not include any spaces.
In all examples below I will break the code with a space.
but remove the sp ace and it should work fine.
then the word here will show as bold.
or ends the bold command.
All the text between and will be bold.
Italic is the same thing but with an i or I instead of a b.
starts italic and ends it.
because then I can type the codes without the spaces.
If you get it from what I said here then it is good enough.
Sorry if I over explained it.
Try making a reply post here using these two codes please.
So I can see that you got it.
A little feedback is always encouraging.
Can Anyone Check My Motivation Letter?