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Liechtenstein: Blockchain Comparative Guide
by Thomas Nägele
NAGELE Attorneys at Law LLC
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1 Legal and enforcement framework
1.1 What general regulatory regimes and issues should blockchain developers consider when building the governance framework for the operation of blockchain/distributed ledger technology protocols?
The Tokens and Trusted Technology Service Provider Law – known as the 'Blockchain Act' – entered into force on 1 January 2020, establishing a general framework for all blockchain-related business models in Liechtenstein.
The following statutes are also of relevance for blockchain developers:
the Banking Act;
the Asset Management Act;
the Payment Services Act;
the E-money Act;
the EU Prospectus Regulation (2017/1129) and the European Economic Area (EEA) Securities Prospectus Implementing Act;
the Act on Alternative Investment Funds;
the Act on Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities;
the Insurance Act;
the Due Diligence Act;
the Persons and Companies Act;
the Gambling Act;
the Consumer Protection Act;
the Remote Financial Services Act; and
the Distance and Foreign Trade Act.
Due to the wide range of potentially applicable regulations, it is recommended to seek a ruling from the regulator as to whether a specific business activity is subject to regulation.
Moreover, as Liechtenstein is a member of the EEA, the financial market, together with licensed financial intermediaries, is generally fully harmonised, enabling 'passporting' throughout the European Union/EEA. This makes it possible to avail of the freedom of services and freedom of establishment within the European single market.
1.2 How do the foregoing considerations differ for public and private blockchains?
The Blockchain Act provides a comprehensive framework while remaining technology neutral. Therefore, the legal framework as such does not differentiate between public and private blockchain-based business models. Each business model must be assessed individually in order to identify all potential regulatory implications.
1.3 What general regulatory issues should users of a blockchain application consider when using a particular blockchain/distributed ledger protocol?
As mentioned, the Liechtenstein legal framework is technology neutral, so the use of different blockchains or distributed ledger protocols makes no difference from a legal perspective. The definition of such a protocol – called a 'trusted technology system' in the Blockchain Act – is as follows: "Transaction systems which enable the secure transmission and storage of tokens and the provision of services in connection with them using trusted technologies."
The key criterion is thus that distributed ledger protocols ensure the secure transmission and storage of tokens in a tamper-proof manner. These elements may be further specified in the future Tokens and Trusted Technologies Ordinance, as well as in specific guidelines of the Liechtenstein Financial Market Authority (FMA). Leading protocols such as Bitcoin and Ethereum undoubtedly fulfil the criterion of a trusted technology pursuant to the Blockchain Act.
1.4 Which administrative bodies are responsible for enforcing the applicable laws and regulations? What powers do they have?
The regulatory body responsible for enforcing the supervisory provisions of the Blockchain Act is the FMA. With regard to other matters – especially penal provisions – the ordinary Liechtenstein courts have jurisdiction.
1.5 What is the regulators' general approach to blockchain?
The FMA is generally very open to blockchain-related projects and has a whole department dedicated exclusively to handling fintech-related inquiries, about 90% of which directly concern crypto and blockchain.
On 16 February 2018 the FMA published a factsheet on virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, stating that these are generally defined as a "digital representation of a (cash equivalent) value that is neither issued by a central bank or a public authority". The factsheet further confirmed that these tokens do not constitute fiat currency (legal tender). However, it pointed out that virtual currencies are similar to fiat currencies when they are used as a means of payment or traded on an exchange.
The FMA also issued a factsheet on initial coin offerings (ICOs) on 10 September 2017 (last updated 1 October 2018). The factsheet explained that, depending on their specific design and function, tokens may constitute financial instruments if they have the characteristics of securities or other investments. Furthermore, activities relating to financial instruments are subject to licensing by the FMA, which will assess token offerings (ICOs, token generation events and security token offerings) on a case-by-case basis.
1.6 Are any industry or trade associations influential in the blockchain space?
The Crypto Country Association of Liechtenstein (Cryptocountry.li) is dedicated to promoting the growth of crypto and blockchain-related projects within the country.
2 Blockchain market
2.1 Which blockchain applications and protocols have become most embedded in your jurisdiction?
Aeternity.
2.2 What potential new applications/protocols are most actively being explored?
One of the most popular blockchain and crypto-related initiatives in Liechtenstein is the issuance of security token offerings (STOs), due to a regulatory environment which allows for the issuance of dematerialised securities (ie, without a requirement for physical instruments). This means that securities can be placed on blockchain-based systems with relative ease.
Recently, there has been a move towards the creation of licensed exchanges with the ability to support the secondary market for security tokens.
2.3 Which industries within your jurisdiction are making material investments within the blockchain space?
Trust firms and private banks.
2.4 Are any initiatives or governmental programmes in place to incentivise blockchain development in your jurisdiction?
Although there is no regulatory sandbox, the Financial Market Authority has a department dedicated exclusively to fintech inquiries.
Moreover, the Liechtenstein government invested significant amounts of time and effort in drafting the Blockchain Act, which aims to enhance legal certainty within this space. It is anticipated that this will incentivise the development of blockchain projects by default.
3 Cryptocurrencies
3.1 How are cryptocurrencies and/or virtual currencies defined and regulated in your jurisdiction?
Liechtenstein has included virtual currencies in the latest amendments to its Due Diligence Act, pursuant to the EU Anti-money Laundering Directives. The due diligence obligations codified in the act aim to combat money laundering, organised crime and terrorist financing, and apply to providers of exchange services, among others. An 'exchange office' (bureau de change) is defined as any natural or legal person whose activities involve the exchange of legal tender at the official exchange rate or of virtual currencies against legal tender, and vice versa. 'Virtual currencies' are defined as "digital monetary units, which can be exchanged for legal tender, used to purchase goods or services or to preserve value and thus assume the function of legal tender". Pursuant to the Report and Motion 2016/159.31, the most famous example of such a virtual currency is Bitcoin.
This also means that crypto-to-crypto trading is fully unregulated and may be conducted with a simple trading licence. In theory, not even know-your-customer (KYC)/anti-money laundering (AML) duties will apply, since the trading of such utility tokens is treated as equivalent to the trading of commodities such as sugar and salt. However, due diligence duties will apply indirectly, as banking institutions usually will not exchange these crypto assets for legal tender if no KYC has been conducted, since banking institutions must be fully compliant.
In general, crypto fiat trading is also unregulated with regard to utility tokens if it is not conducted against the trader's own order book, but instead serves as matched principal trading. However, in the event of clearing services, a payment service provider may be required.
Under the Blockchain Act, service providers trading in cryptocurrencies or virtual currencies must register with the Financial Market Authority (FMA) and are subject to due diligence duties (KYC/AML) in order to further combat financial crime.
3.2 What anti-money laundering provisions apply to cryptocurrencies?
See question 3.1. In general, the Fourth European Anti-money Laundering Directive has been fully implemented in Liechtenstein, as well as parts of the Fifth European Anti-money Laundering Directive.
3.3 What consumer protection provisions apply to cryptocurrencies?
Since utility tokens are treated similarly to commodities, consumers generally have the right to withdraw from the agreement within 14 days, as the EU Consumer Protection Directive is applicable. Consumers may expressly waive this right if they have been fully informed about their rights and instantly receive the product. In other words, it is not possible to waive the right to withdraw from a contract for early contribution agreements or simple agreements for future tokens where no consideration (token) is given once the agreement has been entered into and the monetary assets have been transferred by the purchaser.
In general, the Remote Financial Services Act applies to security tokens; however, there is an exemption regarding the possibility to withdraw from a contract when securities are involved. Therefore, this act plays only a minor role in practice.
3.4 How are cryptocurrencies treated from a tax perspective?
No answer submitted for this question.
3.5 What regulatory requirements apply to a cryptocurrency trader/exchange?
As there are various forms of crypto-exchanges, diverse regulations apply in this regard. Exchanges which match buying and selling interests (matched principal trading; multilateral) with regard to utility tokens against fiat and/or cryptocurrencies are service providers that are subject to a due diligence regime and must be registered with the FMA. Now that the Blockchain Act is in force, there is no longer a need to obtain a trade licence. This notwithstanding, settlement in fiat is regarded as a regulated payment service (especially since the commercial broker exemption is no longer applicable under the EU Second Payment Services Directive when acting on both the buy side and the sell side).
However, if these tokens are traded against the trader's own book for fiat payments, the trader might be considered to be a so-called 'Wechselstube' ('exchange office'; bilateral) under the Due Diligence Act or a trusted technology exchange service provider under the Blockchain Act. This is not a licensed activity, but the service provider must be registered with the FMA and due diligence duties will apply. If only crypto/crypto pairs are traded against the trader's own order book, this is again deemed an unregulated business activity. However, as mentioned in the Blockchain Act, this type of exchange will be required to register with the FMA.
Security token exchanges are fully regulated pursuant to the Second Markets in Financial Instruments Directive and require an investment firm with a multilateral trading facility or organised trading facility on top.
Lastly, it is possible to set up fully decentralised, peer-to-peer (P2P) security exchanges. Where a decentralised network is operating an exchange, there is – from a practical point of view – no entity to be regulated. Depending on the services rendered by such a P2P exchange, certain licensing requirements may apply. In any event, prospectus requirements must be observed. Usually, both matching and settlement are carried out in a decentralised manner on such exchanges, and associated aspects such as the order book and custodial/escrow services (smart contracts) are also decentralised. Mere information platforms (so-called 'bulletin boards') which act only as technical service providers may – depending on the exact business case – be subject to relatively relaxed regulatory requirements.
3.6 How are initial coin offerings and securities token offerings defined and regulated in your jurisdiction?
The treatment of tokens under Liechtenstein law depends on the type of token being offered. If the token offered constitutes a financial instrument or e-money, the respective regulatory regime will apply (eg, it will be necessary to prepare a securities prospectus or to apply for an e-money licence). Under the Blockchain Act, the issuers of tokens must register with the FMA.
With regard to security tokens, these follow the rights and obligations of the underlying asset and are thus themselves considered to be transferable securities (financial instruments). Any classic equity, equity-like or debt instrument may be represented by tokens. As such, if a public offering is carried out (eg, by means of a security token offering), it may be necessary to draw up a prospectus pursuant to the European Prospectus Regulation and have it approved by the FMA, if no exemptions apply. Such a prospectus is passportable within the European Union/European Economic Area, provided that at least the summary is translated into the respective official language of the jurisdiction into which it is passported and a tax addendum of that jurisdiction is provided.
4 Smart contracts
4.1 Can a smart contract satisfy the legal requirements of a legal contract under the laws of your jurisdiction? What will be considered when making this determination?
A smart contract may be considered a legally binding contract in Liechtenstein if the same conditions as apply under normal contract law are met. Contractual agreements may be entered into in written form, orally or even conclusively/by implication. Therefore, if the essentials of an agreement are stipulated in a smart contract, it may also form the basis of a legally binding contract.
4.2 Are there any regulatory or governmental guidelines or policies within your jurisdiction which provide guidance on regulating/defining smart contracts?
At present, there are no regulatory or governmental guidelines with regard to smart contracts in Liechtenstein. There is thus no guidance on the regulation or definition of smart contracts, although this will likely follow in the coming years. In the government's consultation report on the Blockchain Act, smart contracts are mentioned briefly and are defined as "automated contracts that can also trigger transactions with tokens". In general, Liechtenstein (civil) law applies to smart contracts.
4.3 What parts of traditional contract might smart contracts be able to replace?
Smart contracts can work in tandem with traditional contracts to enforce or verify a traditional contract, as they automate these processes. Where relations and actions are simple, and a certain action results in a specified outcome, smart contracts can facilitate this process without the need for any intermediary. Smart contracts can, for example, automate a payment that depends on a certain condition being met or impose a penalty if a certain condition is not met. They can thus operate in typical 'if-then' scenarios and replace this aspect of a contract where simple and objective terms or thresholds must be met. The boundaries of smart contracts are mandatory protective and constitutional rights.
4.4 What parts of traditional contracts might smart contracts be unable to replace?
It is more challenging to code subjective legal criteria or complex transactions with multiple steps and clauses. Thus, smart contracts cannot replace traditional contracts in their entirety at present.
Furthermore, in the case of traditional contracts, the relationships between parties allow some room for manoeuvre in certain situations. For example, if an important customer makes a single late payment, a vendor could refrain from exercising its right to a late fee, placing more value on the relationship than on the imposition of a penalty. This often depends on the jurisdiction and the relevant norms of practice. However, if this process were automated through a smart contract, a late fee would automatically be imposed.
4.5 What issues might present themselves in your jurisdiction with regard to judicial enforcement of smart contracts?
As smart contracts are self-enforcing, judicial enforcement is not necessary. Vending machines are used in the literature as the typical example of self-enforcement, illustrating that there are in fact other established ways of enforcing contracts. Instead of going to court, smart contracts can thus pave the way for cheaper enforcement mechanisms. The nature of smart contracts challenges judicial enforcement mechanisms and presents difficulties in relation to whether a court has jurisdiction and over what specifically it can exercise this jurisdiction. Nevertheless, if a smart contract violates applicable laws to the detriment of a party, legal remedies may be sought before the competent courts.
A further issue that may present itself relates to coding errors; here again, the questions are whether the court has jurisdiction and how it can interpret the parties' intent and position this in relation to the code.
Another issue relates to the decentralised and anonymous nature of blockchain technology. If a court identifies damage that must be compensated, it may be unable to enforce this due to the anonymity of a party.
4.6 What are some practical considerations that parties should consider when drafting a smart contract?
The first consideration concerns the accuracy of the code, as this must reflect the parties' will. The parties to a contract may want confirmation of this and thus commission a review by a third party (eg, a tech audit).
The second consideration relates to the interpretation of a smart contract, as this will essentially involve the interpretation of programming language. Thus, it will be important to define the extent to which smart contract code can be used for interpretation.
Further issues relate to the immutable nature of blockchain technology. Traditional contracts are often modified, and in the case of general terms and conditions, parties can withdraw from the contract within 14 days without stating reasons. Smart contracts should thus allow enough flexibility for modification in order to incorporate any such changes that take place.
4.7 How will the foregoing considerations differ when smart contracts are running on a private versus public blockchain?
Whether a smart contract is running on a public or private blockchain (and relatedly, whether the blockchain is permissioned or permissionless) will affect whether it is available to the entire network or whether access to the content is restricted. Depending on the situation, the code may be visible to all participants, whether public or private, while the content of the contract is hidden, allowing for greater privacy and content control.
5 Data and privacy
5.1 What specific challenges or concerns does blockchain present from a data protection/privacy perspective?
The applicable regulations in this regard are the EU General Data Protection Regulation in conjunction with the Liechtenstein Data Protection Act.
The primary concern that blockchain presents from the perspective of data protection concerns the very nature of blockchain technology, which is characterised by decentralisation, transparency and immutability.
The decentralised aspect makes it difficult to hold someone accountable or responsible, especially as regards joint controllership under the regulation.
The immutability aspect, which maintains data integrity on the blockchain, presents problems in relation to the 'right to be forgotten' and the assumption under the GDPR that data can be modified or erased. There is also no agreement on whether encrypted or hashed personal data can still be considered personal data in relation to the GDPR.
The transparency aspect also presents a challenge with respect to the GDPR, as it does not sit well with the data minimisation principle.
Thus, those aspects which are the cornerstones of blockchain present different problems from a data protection perspective. A new approach is required in order to reconcile these divergences and find a way to make blockchain technology GDPR compliant.
5.2 What potential advantages can blockchain offer in the data protection/privacy context?
Blockchain offers the advantage of removing the need for a central intermediary and, through its core aspect of transparency, allows for data sharing with the knowledge of who has accessed specific data. The GDPR seeks to give data subjects greater control of their data, so that they know what is being done with it; blockchain technology could thus act as a vehicle to support this. These advantages of blockchain could be used to further the goals of the GDPR.
6 Cybersecurity
6.1 What specific challenges or concerns does blockchain present from a cybersecurity perspective?
While blockchains are more resilient than traditional databases, due to the characteristics discussed in question 5, various security challenges must still be overcome. The rise of quantum computing is one of the biggest concerns in relation to security. Blockchains can be just as vulnerable in this regard, as they rely on elliptic curve cryptography for authentication, which will be a minimal hurdle for the quantum computers of the future. Thus, the development of quantum-resistant algorithms is crucial.
6.2 What potential advantages can blockchain offer in the cybersecurity context?
Blockchain can be used to strengthen cybersecurity. Due to its immutable, decentralised and transparent nature, blockchain technology can, for example, detect data tampering, which could help to improve cybersecurity.
Moreover, data itself is usually stored centrally by organisations, which can thus be vulnerable to cyberattacks. Blockchain-based storage solutions can mitigate this problem. The decentralised nature of blockchain makes it harder for cyberattacks to occur; and even if the blockchain is somehow hacked, the hackers will not gain access to all the data, but only to a fraction thereof.
6.3 What tools and measures could be implemented to mitigate cybersecurity risk?
Different approaches may be taken in this regard. One measure could be the regulation of network accesses, although this seems to be more feasible in the case of private blockchains. In this regard, security controls could allow for authentication of the individual, which would then give individuals the authorisation to use the blockchain. Full encryption of data and data transactions is also vital.
7 Intellectual property
7.1 What specific challenges or concerns does blockchain present from an IP perspective?
Though more of a general challenge, a significant amount of effort and resources must be invested in order to arrive at the advantages outlined in question 7.4, and thus the use of blockchain technology in this area is very costly. Further, at present, it is impossible to remove all barriers, as the IP legal framework is not evolving as fast as the technology. Hence, there is still a need for legal IP experts. It is also disputed whether blockchain technology itself may be patented.
7.2 What type of IP protection can blockchain developers obtain?
The Liechtenstein Copyright Act provides for a wide range of IP protection (copyright protection, trademark protection and patent protection). Liechtenstein law allows for the copyrighting of computer programs and code under certain circumstances, which could be of particular interest to developers of blockchain programs or smart contracts.
7.3 What are the best open-source platforms that could be used to protect developers' innovations?
7.4 What potential advantages can blockchain offer in the IP context?
Blockchain technology can offer various advantages in the IP context. The potential advantages have also been identified by the European Union and the World Trade Organization, and are currently being analysed.
There are different registries for patents, which can be both public (operated by governments) or private. As this concept fits with the decentralised nature of blockchain technology, a blockchain-based registry could be established. The transparency of the blockchain-based registry would ensure the necessary level of trust and would come with the advantage of reduced costs.
Blockchain technology can also be advantageous in relation to proof of ownership and existence. If a design or work is uploaded to a blockchain, a time-stamped record is created, which cannot be changed due to the immutable aspect of blockchain. This provides evidence of when this record was created and by whom, and cannot be disputed, thus supporting designers and creators. IP rights holders can also control whether their IP rights are being rightfully used.
In a supply chain, the use of blockchain technology in relation to IP rights can also be beneficial. By recording which individuals hold IP rights, persons across the entire supply chain can access necessary information such as the characteristics of the product, where it originated and who owns it. In this respect, blockchain technology could also assist in the fight against counterfeiting. Since the technology is transparent and immutable, the origin of a product can easily be identified.
Finally, IP agreements can be enforced and payments automated through the use of smart contracts. This scenario is envisioned, for example, in the music industry, where the payment of royalties could be automatically executed and licences could also be executed upon use of a work by digital rights management and collecting societies.
8 Trends and predictions
8.1 How do you think the regulatory landscape in your jurisdiction will evolve in the blockchain space over the next two years? Are any pending changes currently being considered?
The regulatory landscape will change over the next two years following the introduction of the Liechtenstein Blockchain Act. The government has focused on this legislation over the last few years, beginning with the establishment of working groups in 2016 and followed by the issue of a government consultation report of some 380 pages prior to drafting the act. The Liechtenstein Blockchain Act provides guidance and enhances coherence, as well as creating a secure and trustworthy environment for companies. However, it is impossible to foresee all of the future scenarios that may arise; and following its implementation, there will likely be more changes along the way to adapt to this evolving technology.
8.2 What regulatory changes would you like your jurisdiction to implement to further advance the blockchain industry?
The Liechtenstein Blockchain Act is a significant step towards the implementation and further advancement of blockchain in this jurisdiction. It is likely that an accompanying ordinance will also be passed and that the Financial Market Authority will issue further guidelines to provide additional clarification.
8.3 What is the largest impediment within your jurisdiction to the adoption of blockchain technology?
While the technology is rather new, Liechtenstein has fully embraced the potential of distributed ledger protocols through its Blockchain Act. All government and economic players are proactive when it comes to blockchain technology and support its adoption. Consequently, there are no major impediments to the adoption of the blockchain technology in Liechtenstein, as the general mindset with regard to its implementation is very open and legal certainty is guaranteed through the Blockchain Act.
9 Tips and traps
9.1 What are your top tips for effective use of blockchain technologies in your jurisdiction and what potential sticking points would you highlight?
Thomas Nägele
Liechtenstein Technology Fin Tech
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Pedro Nascimento de Lima
Carlos Calvo Hernandez
>RB-158
Repairing or Replacing Aging Aircraft
How Do Modifications and Depot Capacity Affect the Decision?
by Edward G. Keating, Don Snyder, Matthew C. Dixon, Elvira N. Loredo
Aircraft,
Military Acquisition and Procurement,
Military Aircraft,
Military Logistics,
The U.S. Air Force operates a number of aging fleets including tankers and cargo aircraft. As these systems age, planners face the difficult decision of whether to spend money repairing and maintaining older aircraft or to face the considerable cost of purchasing new ones. This decision is made more difficult by the possibility that maintenance costs may increase as aircraft grow older. Previous research by RAND Project AIR FORCE (PAF) has helped to clarify the repair-or-replace decision with a mathematical model for determining when the cost of repairing an aging system exceeds the cost of replacing it. More recently, PAF researchers have extended this work in two important directions:
Analysts can assess how modifications affect the repair-or-replace decision. The Air Force must sometimes modify older systems to update equipment such as airframe, avionics, engines, and landing gear. These modifications can be necessary to ensure that older aircraft continue to perform safely and remain effective against evolving threats. Although such modifications can involve high initial costs and temporarily remove aircraft from service, they may reduce maintenance costs and increase the number of hours an aircraft can fly in the long run. PAF's model can calculate the effect of a proposed modification on the cost per available year of an aging system. Thus, planners can see when it may be optimal either to modify an existing aircraft or to acquire a new one.
Analysts can assess the desirability of investing in additional depot-level capacity. Queuing is a source of considerable delay in depot-level maintenance. As aging aircraft undergo such maintenance, an important question is whether it is worthwhile for the Air Force to invest in extra facilities, repair equipment, labor, and spare parts to reduce or eliminate depot-level queues. PAF has developed a model to assess this question. Interestingly, the model suggests that while an increase in depot-level capacity can be desirable, it does not always delay the optimal retirement age of the aircraft. Rather, the effect can be limited to increasing the operating command's possession rate while the aircraft is in service.
Researchers have illustrated these techniques using data from the C-5A cargo aircraft. While the findings were strictly notional, they demonstrate the usefulness of these methods for Air Force planners who face important decisions about such systems in the foreseeable future.
Aging Aircraft Repair-Replacement Decisions with Depot-Level Capacity as a Policy Choice Variable
Edward G. Keating, Don Snyder, et al.
This report is part of the RAND Corporation Research brief series. RAND research briefs present policy-oriented summaries of individual published, peer-reviewed documents or of a body of published work.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/RB158
Document Number: RB-158-AF
Series: Research Briefs
Military Acquisition and Procurement
Military Logistics
Keating, Edward G., Don Snyder, Matthew C. Dixon, and Elvira N. Loredo, Repairing or Replacing Aging Aircraft: How Do Modifications and Depot Capacity Affect the Decision?. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2005. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB158.html.
Keating, Edward G., Don Snyder, Matthew C. Dixon, and Elvira N. Loredo, Repairing or Replacing Aging Aircraft: How Do Modifications and Depot Capacity Affect the Decision?, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RB-158-AF, 2005. As of January 14, 2022: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB158.html


Hi, friends. My Galaxy S6 get slower and slower so I do factory reset. But after that, all photos are disappeared. I am worried about the precious photos and want to recover them. But what tool can recover photos after factory reset Android? How can i get back the photos? Please help. Thanks a lot.
See this old thread. This is a question that is asked repeatedly.
Yes, it works, but why not backup before factory reset of Samsung? If we have backup, it's better to recover deleted Samsung photos from backup.
HI, right now every time somebody take a photo it is automatically upload to your google account so when when you finish set up the phone and enter your google account all the photos will return to your gallery.
If you have backed them up,recover from the backed uo files is the easist way.
If not,you can try Samsung Data Recovery program,it can access the deleted data recover them.
You can try OnTrack Data Recovery Software to recover your all photos. I have tried this tool couple of months ago when my brother accidentally deleted some of my college farewell pics. I Hope it help.
francesn.reynolds wird auf ewig dankbar sein.


text:
Bamboo and What It's Used for in the Philippines
RT Cunningham | August 22, 2020 (UTC) | Culture, Food and Drink
There are many types of bamboo in the Philippines, even a human with that as his name. In some places it's growing where people want it to grow and in some places, where they don't want it to grow. It's one of the fastest growing plants in the world. Although it's a member of the grass family, it can sometimes behave a lot like a weed.
Called kawayan in most Filipino languages, it can be used for construction and it can be eaten (bamboo shoots, the favorite food of the panda). It's used to make fences, floors, beds, chairs, tables, chicken coops and things I can't even think of at the moment.
Bamboo Chairs, Chicken Coops and Fences
The husband of one of my sisters-in-law used to be pretty good at building things with bamboo. He's probably too old now, but I saw him build both chairs and chicken coops with it.
There used to be a Filipino couple living down the street from us in Olongapo where the fence surrounding their lot was made entirely of bamboo, except for what held it together. I saw the husband replacing a section once. They were just renting the house and when they moved away, someone removed the fence.
Bamboo Floors and Beds
My wife, Josie, lived with one of her aunts in the Batangas province while she was going through high school. When she lived there, the flooring was made of bamboo. The flooring in that house is cement, covered with ceramic tiles.
We visited her after we moved to the Philippines in 2006. I think it was on the last day of May, when a fiesta took place in that area. The bed Josie and I slept on was made of bamboo. There wasn't a mattress or cushion on it, so I didn't sleep long. In a place where people sleep on cement floors, her aunt probably didn't think anything of it.
Does Being Made of Bamboo Mean It's Cheap?
The Filipinos that live around us in Olongapo seem to think only poor people use bamboo for anything. That could be true, but it's the wrong way of thinking. I think of it as inexpensive, not cheap. When properly treated, it will last far longer than a lot of other types of wood in the tropical climate of the Philippines.
I told Josie I wanted a large bed frame (big enough for me to fit on top of it completely stretched out) and a headboard made of bamboo, and she said didn't want something so cheap inside our house. The first bed we had in the master bedroom didn't last more than two years and I'm sure if it had been made of bamboo, it would still be around.
We recently had a bed made for us, along with a living room set, by a company in Metro Manila. Josie's contact was a relative she'd never met in person. The company delivered it to our house in about a week. One of Josie's sisters was there to supervise other relatives in moving things around. There still isn't anything bamboo inside our house.
Photo Attribution: clarabsp from Pixabay
Edited and updated. Originally published at one of my other websites in September 2014.
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A Broom Is Called a Walis in the Philippines
A Dove and a Pigeon is the Same, a Kalapati in the Philippines
Deuterium and Palladium in the Philippines?
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A podcast about the American writer David Foster Wallace. (Image by Robyn O'Neil c/o The Collection of the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth)
The Great Concavity
Episode 34 - Discussing OzWallace with Nick Maniatis and Tony Mcmahon
In this episode we're joined by friends Nick and Tony to discuss Australia's first ever David Foster Wallace conference, which was held in Melbourne during September 1-3, 2017. Following a discussion of the conference proceedings, join auxillary Concavityite Nick Maniatis as he interviews a host of presenters live from the conference weekend. Huge thanks go to Nick for towing his microphone around and getting all the juicy details for those of us who couldn't attend, and to Tony for organizing the conference!
Nick Maniatis' DFW website, The Howling Fantods: http://www.thehowlingfantods.com/dfw/ (with day-by-day conference recaps)
Conference Abstracts and presenter bios: https://tinyurl.com/y9n8hu79
Conference Schedule: https://tinyurl.com/yc5mjclc
Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/OzWallace2017/
Samatha Wallace's new podcast, Circulating Spaces: https://pages.shanti.virginia.edu/Circulating_Spaces/podcasts/
TGC listener Scarlett Sims defeating Austin Rogers on Jeopardy!: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nck0RW1AbFU
Contact The Great Concavity:
Email - concavityshow@gmail.com
Twitter - @concavityshow (https://twitter.com/concavityshow)
Instagram - @concavityshow (https://www.instagram.com/concavityshow)


text:
to ensure the fraud ends here
Greenfield Creditors Group
THE VILLAINS
THE PROBLEMS
THE CREDITORS GROUP
Tag Archives: Howard Marks
McCann's BFF
Nice short clip outlining the career of Howard Marks up to his acquittal at the Old Bailey in 1981.
See here: http://bit.ly/1emYlJ3
Tags: drug trafficking, Drugs, fraud, Howard Marks, Judy Marks, scam
Jim McCann / James Kennedy on Wikipedia: finally, an update covering the Greenfield scam
A much-improved version of the James McCann entry on Wikipedia.
It still omits a great deal about his career, especially his arms dealing on behalf of the IRA in Northern Ireland, but at least the Greenfield scam and its aftermath are now included.
James McCann (drugs trafficker)
Jim McCann in cycling gear, Amsterdam 2010, aged 70
James Joseph "Jim" McCann (born 25 March 1939 in Belfast, Northern Ireland) is a figure who has been linked with Irish republicanism, drug trafficking[1] and the smuggling of arms to the Provisional IRA in the 1970s.[2]
McCann has dual British and Irish citizenship, and uses an Irish passport. In 1971 he escaped from Belfast's Crumlin Road Prison, where he was awaiting trial for a petrol-bombing at Queen's University.[3]
Prominent drugs trafficker Howard Marks was involved with McCann for several years in smuggling hashish from Afghanistan through Irish ports, specifically Shannon Airport, to the UK via Milford Haven in Wales.[4] He was imprisoned at various times in Germany, France, Canada, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland on drug- or political violence-related matters.[5]
He was described as "possibly the most effective arms supplier" for the IRA in the 1970s.[2] He was arrested in the Republic of Ireland in 1979 on a drugs trafficking charge and held in Portlaoise Prison, but was not convicted.
On 2 March 1991, McCann was arrested in a hotel in Düsseldorf, Germany, under the name of Robert Gustave Baehr. Identified by his fingerprints as James McCann, he was charged with being a member of a criminal gang, with smuggling 1,528 kilogrammes of hashish from Morocco to England in March 1988, and with possession of two false passports and small quantities of cannabis and cocaine.[6] In December 1992, after 21 months on remand, McCann was found guilty of participating in "a criminal gang whose purpose was to traffic in considerable amounts of narcotics" and of possession of false passports and quantities of cocaine and cannabis. McCann was sentenced to three years for the drugs trafficking charge and six months each on the other charges, six of which were concurrent. As he had already served almost half the 42-month sentence in detention, he was released shortly afterwards and traveled to the Netherlands.[7]
Under the name of James Kennedy McCann, he was a member of the Republic of Belarus official delegation to a United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change conference in The Hague in 2000[8]. A company he was involved in, Greenfield Project Management Ltd, since struck off[1], had attracted funds in the Netherlands, putatively to build bioethanol plants in Belarus. It collapsed after the Belarus Government withdrew support in 2009 following Greenfield's failure to raise investment finance, leaving debts of at least €3 million. McCann acted as Director of Strategy of this company.
In 2012 the Dutch newspaper, De Volkskrant, exposed Greenfield as a fraud conducted by its chief executive Michael Rietveld and director of strategy James McCann in a comprehensive story. In an article in the Economics section of the paper on Saturday 31 March 2012, Economics Editor Erik Bloem detailed how McCann and Rietveld stole €150,000 from Belgian Marc Janssens, took in over €4 million from small investors in the Netherlands, ran up debts of over €3 million to creditors — and walked away when the Belarus government withdrew its support from Greenfield Project Management Ltd, and its project. [9]
The company was registered in Ireland, but not a single penny of the substantial sums it took from investors ever passed through the company's accounts or were declared in mandatory annual returns. The Companies Registration Office struck off Greenfield Project Management Ltd from the companies register in 2011, following complaints to the Office of the Director of Corporate Enforcement and a filing by the company's former auditors that its accounts were suspect. [10]
The Dutch public prosecution service and the FIOD (Financial Intelligence and Investigation Service, part of the Taxation Authority) spent more than six months investigating the misdeeds of the two directors, but decided they had not enough evidence to pursue criminal charges.[9] McCann is on the run, believed to be living in the south of France, and Rietveld's whereabouts are unknown. Belgian police continue their investigations into the theft from Mr Janssens.
McCann has used several aliases in the course of his career, the most well-known being "James Kennedy", and has sometimes been known as "Kennedy-McCann" or "Kennedy McCann".
^ Marks, Howard (1996). Mr Nice. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-09-954215-5.
^ a b "Provos used drug runner to import arms". Irish Independent. 26 August 2001. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
^ "On the run, but business booms for top criminals". The Sunday Business Post. 5 January 2003. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
^ Howard Marks interview
^ The Day – Aug 27, 1979 "Big Pot Haul in Ireland" (AP). "The fourth suspect, identified by police sources as James McCann, was arrested later in connection with the case. McCann escaped from a prison in Belfast, Northern Ireland eight years ago while awaiting trial on a bombing charge."
^ Irish Independent, Friday May 17, 1991. Front page and P 10. Irish Times, Saturday 18 May 1991, P 3.
^ Sunday World, January 17, 1993, P 8.
^ UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES Sixth session The Hague, 13-24 November 2000. See under 'Belarus'
^ a b "The great Belarusian disappearing act" De Volkskrant, March 31, 2012, P 22-23.
^ Company documents filed with the Companies Registration Office, Ireland. Enter company number 412113 to access the Greenfield file. Strike-off notice by CRO September 18, 2011
James Kennedy is James McCann is Jim McCann (greenfieldcreditorsgroup.wordpress.com)
Wikipedia on James McCann before some brutal editing (greenfieldcreditorsgroup.wordpress.com)
Tags: ABN-Amro, Academia Foundation, arms dealer, Belarus, Belfast, Chernobyl, Chernobyl disaster, Con man, Confidence trick, Drug trafficker, fraud, greenfield, Greenfield project management, Howard Marks, ira, James Joseph McCann, James Kennedy, James McCann, Jim McCann, mccann, Michael Rietveld, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Portlaoise Prison, Republic of Ireland, scam, smuggler, wikipedia
Categories Arms dealing, Drug trafficking, Fraud and confidence tricks
McCann on the run: down and out in Paris?
An informant tells us that James Kennedy McCann, Jim McCann, is now broke, living in Paris, and trying to sponge off former "friends" who mostly try to avoid him.
Sad situation for a man who turned 74 on 25 March last. Anyhow, anybody who is looking for him should concentrate on France, and particularly Paris. The country and the city were always his favourite refuge.
In other news, we hear from another source that Michael Rietveld is also in hiding.
Tags: ABN-Amro, Academia Foundation, Belarus, Belfast, Chernobyl, Chernobyl disaster, Companies Registration Office, Energy, European Commission, France, fraud, French Riviera, Google, greenfield, Howard Marks, ira, Ireland, James Joseph McCann, James Kennedy, James McCann, Jim McCann, Kennedy-McCann, lobbyist, Michael Rietveld, Nuclear, Paris, scam, Technology
Categories Drug trafficking, Fraud and confidence tricks
Volkskrant exposes Greenfield fraud
The premier quality Dutch newspaper, De Volkskrant, has exposed the fraud conducted by Michael Rietveld and James McCann in a comprehensive story.
In an article in the Economics section of the paper on Saturday 31 March 2012, Economics Editor Erik Bloem detailed how McCann and Rietveld stole €150,000 from Belgian Marc Janssens, took in over €4 million from small investors in the Netherlands, ran up debts of over €3 million to creditors — and walked away when the Belarus government withdrew its support from their company, Greenfield Project Management Ltd, and its project.
Unfortunately, even though the Dutch public prosecution service and the FIOD (Financial Intelligence and Investigation Service, part of the Taxation Authority) have spent six months investigating the crimes of these two fraudsters, they have now decided they have not enough evidence to pursue criminal charges. In any case, McCann is on the run, probably living in the south of Spain, and Rietveld's whereabouts are unknown.
Belgian police continue their investigations.
A copy of the article in Dutch is provided below, with a link to a translation into English by the newspaper.
Download article in Dutch
Download English translation: Great Belarusian Disappearing Act
Tags: ABN-Amro, Academia Foundation, Belarus, Business, Chernobyl, Chernobyl disaster, De Volkskrant, Dutch, English language, FIOD, fraud, greenfield, Greenfield project management, Howard Marks, ira, James Kennedy, James McCann, Jim McCann, Kennedy-McCann, mccann, Michael Rietveld, Netherlands, Siobhan de Jong, Spain
Wikipedia on James McCann before some brutal editing
Below is the text of an earlier and more comprehensive entry on James McCann in Wikipedia. It has since been edited to a much shorter and less comprehensive article, showing some bias in a) erasing or diminishing McCann's connections to the IRA in Northern Ireland; and b) diminishing the involvement of Howard Marks and Roger Reaves in the Telmo smuggling attempt.
McCann has dual UK and Irish citizenship, and uses an Irish passport. In 1971 he escaped from Belfast's Crumlin Road Prison, where he was awaiting trial for a petrol-bombing at Queen's University.[3] Prominent drugs trafficker Howard Marks was involved with McCann for several years in smuggling hashish from Afghanistan through Irish ports, specifically Shannon Airport, to the UK via Milford Haven, Wales.[4] He was imprisoned at various times in Germany, France, Canada, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland on drug- or IRA-related matters.[5] He was described as, "possibly the most effective arms supplier" for the IRA in the 1970s.[2] The Provisional IRA reportedly punished him for his involvement in the drug trade with a beating. He was arrested in the Irish Republic in 1979 on a drugs trafficking charge and held in Portlaoise Prison, but was not convicted. He was resident in the Netherlands from at least 1993.
McCann has used several aliases in the course of his career, the most well-known being 'James Kennedy', and has sometimes been known as 'Kennedy-McCann' or 'Kennedy McCann'. He has also used the names Gustave Robert Baehr, Peter Carrington, and Mr Peters.
McCann in cyclist's gear in Amsterdam, 2010
Criminal convictions
While accused of many offences, McCann was convicted of only one serious offence since coming to prominence in the 1970s, before which he had been convicted only of a string of minor offences, such as passing dud cheques and/or breaking and entering, in Britain in the 1960s.
On Saturday 2 March 1991, McCann was arrested in a hotel in Dusseldorf, Germany, under the name of Robert Gustave Baehr. Identified by his fingerprints as James McCann, he was charged with being a member of a criminal gang, with smuggling 1,528 kilogrammes of hashish from Morocco to England in March 1988, and with possession of two false passports and small quantities of cannabis and cocaine at the time of arrest.[6]
At his trial before the Dusseldorf Amtsgericht, evidence was given that McCann had joined with Howard Marks and an American, William Roger Reaves, to supply the hash as part of a shipment on board a motor vessel, the Telmo, organised by Reaves and destined for the London market. Reaves and others had already been convicted in German courts. Marks, extradited to the USA on other charges, was never tried for this offence.[7]
In December 1992, after 21 months on remand, McCann was found guilty of participating in "a criminal gang whose purpose was to traffic in considerable amounts of narcotics" and of possession of false passports and quantities of cocaine and cannabis. McCann was sentenced to three years for the drugs trafficking charge and six months each on the other charges, six of which were concurrent. As he had already served almost half the 42-month sentence in detention, he was released shortly afterwards and returned to the Netherlands, where he had lived since the late 1980s.[8]
Under the name of James Kennedy McCann, he was a member of the Republic of Belarus official delegation to a United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change conference in The Hague in 2000.[5]
His company (Greenfield Project Management Ltd), since struck off [6], had attracted funds in the Netherlands, putatively to build bioethanol plants in Belarus. It collapsed after the Belarus Government withdrew support in 2009 following its failure to raise investment finance, leaving debts of at least €3 million. [7] McCann had acted as Director of Strategy of this company.
Tags: ABN-Amro, Academia Foundation, Belarus, Belfast, Chernobyl, Chernobyl disaster, Companies Registration Office, Con man, Confidence trick, Crumlin Road Prison, Drug trafficker, Energy, European Commission, fraud, Google, greenfield, Greenfield project management, Howard Marks, ira, Ireland, James Joseph McCann, James Kennedy, James McCann, Jim McCann, Kennedy-McCann, lobbyist, mccann, Michael Rietveld, Milford Haven, Northern Ireland, Nuclear, scam, Technology, William Roger Reaves
James Kennedy McCann: smuggler, drug trafficker and gun runner
Also known as Jim McCann, James McCann, James Kennedy and 'Mr Peters': BEWARE!! CON-MAN, CROOK and THIEF…
http://www.facebook.com/pages/James-McCann/108027715917322?sk=info
http://www.google.ie/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&noj=1&biw=1208&bih=881&q=james+kennedy+mccann&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=
Jim McCann: in 2010 as a 71-year-old cyclist
Jim McCann: in the 'old days' as an IRA activist
Tags: ABN-Amro, Academia Foundation, arms dealer, Belarus, Belfast, Chernobyl, Chernobyl disaster, Companies Registration Office, Drug trafficker, Energy, European Commission, fraud, Google, greenfield, Greenfield project management, Howard Marks, ira, Ireland, James Joseph McCann, James Kennedy, James McCann, Jim McCann, Kennedy-McCann, lobbyist, Michael Rietveld, Mr Peters, Nuclear, scam, smuggler, Technology
Greenfield tries to play the phoenix
It appears that Alfred Michael Rietveld and James Kennedy McCann are trying to continue their scams. They now claim to have set up a new company, Greenfield Bioenergy, to continue the work of Greenfield Project Management. They have also registered several websites with Godaddy.
These sites are
http://gfbioenergy.eu/
http:/chernobylbioremediation.eu
http:/chernobylbioremediation.org
http://chernobylbioremediation.com
In the page source, the "author" in all cases is Rob Linders of Artivisuals. Artivisuals is located here in Amsterdam. Artivisuals was the author of defunct Greenfield site greenfieldpartners.eu and acted as webmaster for the company.
The text on the holding page for all these sites is the same, and no new pages have been added since 14 October 2010.
On that date, the hosting company Vevida in the Netherlands removed over 40 pages from the sites due to the fact that they contained false claims and lies about the company itself, about individuals previously associated with Greenfield, and about the Belarus Government's alleged support for the company and its project.
The email address shown on these sites, admin@gfbioenergy.eu, does not work. Any mail to this or other gfbioenergy email addresses are redirected to mr.82060@gmail.com, the personal email of Michael Rietveld. However, as this address has been disabled or deleted, no contact is now possible.
This makes it even more important for anyone approached by these two crooks, or anyone representing them, to BEWARE!
ArtiVisuals
Rob Linders
Postal address Henri Polaklaan 2, 1018 CS Amsterdam, the Netherlands
E-mail info@artivisuals.nl
Web http://artivisuals.nl
Tags: ABN-Amro, Academia Foundation, artivisuals, Belarus, Belfast, Chernobyl, Chernobyl disaster, Companies Registration Office, Con man, Confidence trick, Drug trafficker, Energy, European Commission, fraud, Google, greenfield, Greenfield project management, greenfieldbioenergy, hilversum, Howard Marks, ira, Ireland, James Joseph McCann, James Kennedy, James McCann, Jim McCann, Kennedy-McCann, Langestraat 101, lobbyist, mccann, Michael Rietveld, Netherlands, Nuclear, scam, smuggler, Technology
Categories Fraud and confidence tricks
THE GREENFIELD CREDITORS GROUP
We are a group of creditors of Greenfield Project Management Ltd (based in Ireland) who are owed over €3.3 million by this failed company. These debts are those we know of — there may be more.
We warn anyone contacted by certain people previously connected with this company to beware. They are conmen. If you are contacted by any one of the following individuals representing Greenfield or any of its affiliates, we advise you insist on a full due diligence: James Kennedy (real name James McCann); (Alfred) Michael Rietveld; Alexander Schotten. Otherwise, you could be burned.
These gentlemen continued to attempt to persuade investors to put more money into its efforts to set up bioethanol facilities in Belarus, even after the Belarus government refused to do business anymore with the company.
Greenfield's old website no longer exists, nor do any of the four or five replacement websites created in 2010.
The Registrar of Companies in Ireland dissolved Greenfield on 23 September 2011.
Greenfield on Facebook
Eight Decades And We're Not Yet Counting Him Out
Alfred Michael Rietveld: bankrupt and broke
A HAPPY 76th BIRTHDAY to James "Jim" McCann
Jim McCann, James Kennedy, etc etc
Jim McCann's profile on Google+
Jim McCann | Winnowing History
Corporate fraud & scams
Greenfield everywhere
John Lennon offered benefit concert for prisoners' families
Greenfield on Google
'Friends' magazine and James McCann
amr on Alfred Michael Rietveld: bankrupt and broke
greenfieldcg on Wikipedia on James McCann before some brutal editing
tim on Wikipedia on James McCann before some brutal editing
greenfieldcg on A HAPPY 76th BIRTHDAY to James "Jim" McCann
76 LONG YEARS
Jim McCann, or James K Campbell as he now styles himself, in July 2013
In Cannes during the Film Festival — 19 May 2013
Preparing to leave Cannes on his bike, McCann can't help making a rude gesture
Taking a break from the cycling, April Fool's Day 2012
Jim McCann on the French Riviera, 14 April 2013, with a snake he found. Ironic remarks are invited…
Groomed for dinner? Jim McCann with photograph of his mentor
James Kennedy McCann, or James K Campbell, lurks in the background behind Louise Habbah at the opening of the house of art patron Camille Renault to the public, 14 July 2011
That predator's eye watches everything…
August 8 2013: Jim McCann with a girlfriend, Dutch sculptor Astri Blokbergen, who came to visit him in Montpellier. James hoped to get her to buy the small sculptures displayed on the table, but she wouldn't part with the money. The sculptures were made by Abraham Habbah, well-known Iraqi sculptor based in France since 1955. How did McCann acquire them? He stole them from the artist's widow in 2011, after persuading her to finance a supposed "project" about her deceased husband. When Madame Habbah finally turned off the money tap, McCann fled, taking a stash of valuable sculptures with him…
Jim McCann in the south of France, 1 April 2012


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Japan Mobile Tech: Is the b-mobile SIM not compatible with Android 1.6 and higher?
Is the b-mobile SIM not compatible with Android 1.6 and higher?
A reader purchased a b-mobile USIM 300 but has been unable to get it working on his rooted and unlocked US T-Mobile G1. He is currently discussing the problem with the b-mobile help desk, and the support ticket is still open. According to the reader, b-mobile has been very receptive to his problems, and until this case is resolved, we won't know for sure if the SIM is truly unusable on v 1.6 a. However, in case any other readers are thinking about purchasing this product, I felt it was important to post this information. I mean, who is still running cupcake?
The supported handset page for b-mobile does not list the G1 or Hero. Both the Google developer phone and the Docomo HT-03a (HTC Magic) are listed as supported but only if they are running Android v 1.5 (cupcake). When I read this after the product went on sale, I assumed it simply meant that the SIM had only be tested on cupcake, but now I am not so sure since our reader has confirmed that his phone is unlocked and has the correct APN settings.
Here are some excerpts from b-mobile support emails. If any readers have advice or thoughts on why the SIM would work with 1.5 but not 1.6, please leave a comment.
Under the "Network Operators" menu on my phone, NTT DoCoMo and SoftBank are found, however if I try and connect to either of them it displays the error message "Your SIM card does not allow a connection to this network."
Please confirm again that you are using the X.X.X APN.
Network operators or Access Point Names.
If you can not connect that we think this problem concern with Android Ver1.6. Please inform what Android software version and base band firmware version.
Our product is fully compatible with Android version 1.5. If you have Android version 1.6 then Please downgrade 1.5 for use.
If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to contact us here at the b-mobile Helpdesk.
We thank you for your continued support of b-mobile.
I have a more general question on APNs, so sorry for maybe disturbing the topic. As I plan to buy the htc Desire In Germany soon, I tried to aks the Softbank staff in several stores for the APN (although I already know them, but I wanted to confirm that they are correct). Most of the people never "heard of such a thing", one guy called to the service center and told me that is was forbidden to share such information. One guy stated it was impossible to use other cell phone bodies than the ones bought directly from Softbank because of technical reasons and that the card is SIMlocked (what an *****).
Anyway, why is the APN such a big secret, if b-mobile obviously just freely shares it. Does Docomo tell freely?
Though I have never heard it confirmed from anyone at Docomo, everyone is certain that Docomo has locked down their APN by filtering out IMEIs of phones that are not purchased directly from Docomo.
Softbank doesn't do this, but they also don't go out of their way to share the APN details, which are indeed all over the internet. For people wanting to use their phones on softbank, this is a good and bad thing. Good in that they can quickly find the proper APN settings; bad in that softbank apparently once changed all the APN settings because they had gotten all over the internet, leaving all the people not using softbank-banded phones high and dry until they figured out the APN settings again.
As for B-mobile, they have no choice to give out APN details. Softbank and Docomo can preconfigure their handsets with the APNs because they are selling handsets. B-mobile sells only the SIM or 3G adapters for computers, requiring the customer to configure their own software. On top of that, b-mobile has only an online store, so the customers can't bring in their equipment and have it configured, even if they wanted to.
Thank you for your reply. In case Softbank changes the APN, how are their genuine handsets updated then? Do they have such deep control over the OSs?
Well, as you know, it is no longer a rumor, and according to the yomiuri, will be happening the end of this year. Exactly what happens and how it happens remains to be seen. If the yomiuri is correct, they aren't just going to start providing unlock codes for all existing phones but rather sell the winter 2010 lineup unlocked (or locked if the phone was subsidized - who knows).
I could also see them doing something stupid (from our point of view) like only allowing phones purchased in Japan from Japanese carriers to be moved between networks. This would be fairly simple to do and would leave in place protection for the current business model.
Docomo could simply keep it's IMEI filtering (that doesn't officially exist) and, just like MNP (mobile number portability) is done, when you bring your phone over from another carrier, you fill out a simple form that includes not only your existing phone number, but also your IMEI number. Docomo then registers both the phone's number and IMEI to their network.
I hope they don't do something like this, but I would not be surprised in the least if they did.
I have found this... http://sdlab-org.blogspot.com/2010/04/htc-desire-b.html (Sorry my Japanese is not that good so I don't understand it all.. but from what I gather it looks like it is the menu optiosn to get the desire/N1 working?
Yeah, that is a guy claiming to say he got it working. He put in bold to reboot the phone. Someone commented saying they couldn't connect even after a reboot. But then, the say person commented again saying he got it connected and thanks.


text:
Eretz Ochelet/Dorechet Yoshve'ha
Ochelet Yoshve'ha (consumes its inhabitants) is what the meraglim (Biblical spies sent out by Moses to check out the Israel of old) reported when they returned. For deriding G-d's munificence, they and Am Yisrael were punished and forced to wander in the desert sands for 40 years.
_option_option_option_option
On May 2, 2004 - three years ago - following the point-blank murder of Tali Hatuel, the eight-months pregnant mother and her four daughters aged 2 to 11, halftrack after halftrack (a truck and a tank hybrid) rumbled into Gaza. First to do tihur, literally to "purify" but colloquially to "clean-up" after terrorists who from behind "safe houses," shot men, women and children who had come to mourn the Hatuels. The soldiers' mission was first to raze the houses that provided the terrorists with cover, and then to "clean-up" bomb factories and hidden tunnels used to smuggle guns and ammunition to and from Gaza.
What followed was the even more wrenching "clean-up." This time thetihur was on hands and knees on the hot sand. These soldiers' mission was to find the shards and remnants of other soldiers, their chavrutot in the hesder yeshivot and their chiloni comrades-in-arms that, in two separate halftracks (not 24 hours apart), were blown to bits by explosives.
Again there were pictures and sounds of grandparents and parents burying their children and husbands, for the oldest of these soldiers was only 23. And yet again, we saw young widows and children sitting shiva, whole families being destroyed.
"War is Hell" to quote General William Tecumseh Sherman who, in September 1864, evacuated and burned Atlanta. Horrible things happen in war but, at the very least, we hope that there is some meaning to life and death.
But what would Calev ben Yefune and Joshua, who spoke positively about Eretz Yisrael, say if they saw the statistics of the road carnage here? We have become Eretz Dorechet Yoshve'ha - the country that tramples/runs over its inhabitants. Would they, or the 10 meraglim, have ever in their worst nightmares imagined that their descendents would be killing and maiming each other on the roads day after day?
That is what is happening on the roads. A heartbreaking, small advertisement requests nursing mothers to volunteer by donating milk for a three-month-old baby who is allergic to formula. Anyone who had read the paper or heard the news, or spoke to another person at the corner store knew that, less than a week before, a beloved rav and his wife were killed in a crash on the snow-covered road in the Judean Desert. Their eldest (14-year-old) daughter was critically injured, their infant was three months old and their other seven children were mercifully at home. The milk was obviously required for the three-month-old orphan.
On another day, we are shown a picture of a young man kibitzing in front of the camera. We all knew by then that this kibitzer was both drunk and under the influence of drugs when he lost control of the truck he was driving and killed his twin brother, who was in the seat next to him. The car he hit had five men - heads of families - returning from a night shift at their jobs. He is now in jail awaiting trial on six counts of murder.
Then there are "just" accidents: seat belts off; seat-belts on; driving too tired; passing on the wrong side; not stopping at a light or stop sign; going too fast, etc. The final result is the same: more maimed and dead; more families mourning for the "healthy person" that "just left home," never again to return whole, healthy or maybe even alive.
Chaim K., who often writes with me for TheJew ish Press, was crossing the street when a car hit him. He is spending the rest of his life as a CSI (Cervical Spine Injured) person - quadriplegic on a respirator.
Hatzalah Yehuda and Shomron (acronym in Hebrew Y"oSh) is a voluntary humanitarian organization that provides emergency medical services and support for security activities in conflict areas and the more prevalent "just plain" emergencies - road accidents. They are on call every day, 365 days a year.
The organization is run by volunteers who see Hatzalah Y"oSh as the immediate answer to the well-being and security of residents in less-than-urban areas. The volunteers, who include doctors, nurses and paramedics, are the heart of the organization. Saving time is key. The volunteers, almost all of whom live in various parts of the countryside, are equipped with the latest in communication devices and emergency equipment, so as to reach victims within the most crucial moments after injury. Beyond the financial investment, much thought has been given as to what constitutes these life-saving portable "kits" used in these crucial "moments" that are often the difference between life and death.
At work, saddened by the diagnosis I give, I sit opposite a 23-year-old single mother of twin "veryinvolved" autistic children, who has tears in her eyes when she discusses the three-month-old orphan in need of milk. I wonder at her compassion for the baby as she tells me that atleast her children have a mother!
The "counting" of the Omer is in full swing, with Lag B'Omer (33rd day) as a break in the sadness and mourning for the 24,000 students of Rabbi Akiva, who were killed (132-135 C.E.) hundreds of years ago (Gemara, Tractate Yevamos, 62b). They were killed by our enemies, as it is written in the Gemara, because they didn't respect each other. Have we not learned anything from that terrible tragedy which we remember every year by observing mourning customs as we "count?" We must join together and start respecting each other's lives. We must stop the killing by and of friends, neighbors and ourselves - on the roads, in the here and now. How much mourning, how many "Omer's," should we be accountable for in this − G-d's Promised Land?
Originally published in the Jewish Press on May 9, 2007.
Tags: Accidents | Death | Injuries | Jewish Press


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First drug proves able to improve survival from COVID-19
FILE – In this March 2020 photo provided by Gilead Sciences, rubber stoppers are placed onto filled vials of the investigational drug remdesivir at a Gilead manufacturing site in the United States. Given through an IV, the medication is designed to interfere with an enzyme that reproduces viral genetic material. (Gilead Sciences via AP)
(AP) – Researchers in England say they have the first evidence that a drug can improve survival from COVID-19.
The drug is a cheap, widely available steroid called dexamethasone.
Results released Tuesday show it reduced deaths by up to one third in severely ill hospitalized patients.
The study was led by the University of Oxford.
It involved thousands of patients randomly assigned to get the drug or just usual care.
The drug reduced deaths by 35% in patients who needed treatment with breathing machines and by 20% in those only needing supplemental oxygen.
It did not appear to help less ill patients.
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