2008-10-24 Assigned to RAYTHEON COMPANY reassignment RAYTHEON COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CAVENER, RONNI J., COTTON, JEFFREY D., DELUCA, MARK R., LAFAVE, GEORGE S., BIONDI, JOSEPH P., TROTT, KEITH D., CUMMINGS, ROBERT V.
A radio frequency (RF) channelizer includes a first four-port balun, a second four part balun and a pair of filters coupled between the first and second four port baluns. The filters operate such that RF signals having a frequency within a desired frequency band (so-called "in-band" signals) can propagate between the first and second baluns (e.g. from the first balun to the second balun) while signals having a frequency outside the desired frequency band (so-called "out-of-band signals") are reflected back to the first balun. One filter reflects out-of-band signals while maintaining the magnitude and phase of the signal (i.e. with a 0 degree phase shift), while the other filter reflects out-of-band signals with a phase-reversal (i.e. with a 180 degree phase shift). With this approach, the reflected signals propagate to a sum port (or even mode port) of the first balun. In this way, the balun-filter combination results in a channelizer which separates signals into different frequency bands.
The invention relates to radio frequency (RF) mutliplexers and, in particular, to RF N-channel multiplexers which utilize 4-port baluns.
There has been a trend to provide radio frequency (RF) systems which are compatible with radar, communications and/or electronic warfare (EW) systems. RF systems which are compatible with radar, communications and/or EW systems are sometimes referred to as multifunction systems. Each of the radar, communications and EW systems typically operate in different RF frequency bands. Thus, multifunction systems often include a wide band antenna (typically an array antenna) which is responsive to RF signals over a wide range of RF frequencies such that RF signals in the radar, communications and EW frequency ranges can be received by the antenna.
Multifunction systems may also include multiple RF receivers, with different ones of the receivers tuned to receive signals in one of the radar, communications or EW frequency bands. Each of the RF receivers thus has a bandwidth which is less than the overall bandwidth of the wide band antenna. It is thus necessary to separate or "channelize" the broadband RF signals received by the antenna into portions appropriate for reception by respective ones of the narrow band receivers. Once the RF signals are separated (or channelized) into desired RF bands, the output signals of those bands can be provided to the appropriate ones of the narrow band receivers.
Typically, a multi-stage channelizer, (also referred to herein as an "N-channel multiplexer" or more simply, an "N-plexer"), is used to separate RF signals. A multi-stage channelizer splits an input signal having a frequency bandwidth into N signals each having a subset of the frequency bandwidth. For example, a one-stage channelizer (also referred to herein as a two-channel multiplexer) may split an input signal operating over a 10 to 20 GHz bandwidth into a first signal having a first bandwidth (e.g. a 10 to 12 GHz bandwidth) and a second signal having a second bandwidth (e.g. a 12 to 20 GHz bandwidth).
One technique to channelize broadband signals is to use a channelizer which includes an active tunable filter. This technique requires DC power to be provided to the channelizer for the active tunable filter and also requires a relatively complex filter. Passive techniques include the use of Wilkinson power dividers. Passive techniques are relatively simple to implement, however, such techniques also add 3 dB of insertion loss for each desired channel. N-stage channelizers may also be constructed from baluns. However, prior attempts to construct N-stage channelizers using baluns have focused on double-y baluns or three-port baluns.
A single stage of an N-stage radio frequency (RF) channelizer (wherein N is greater than or equal to 1) includes a first four-port balun, a second four part balun and a pair of filters coupled between the first and second four port baluns. The filters operate such that both filters allow signals having a frequency within a desired frequency band (so-called "in-band" signals) to propagate between the first and second baluns (e.g. from the first balun to the second balun) while also reflecting signals outside the desired frequency band (so-called "out-of-band signals") back to the first balun. One filter reflects the signal in the filter stop band (i.e. the out-of-band signal) while maintaining the magnitude and phase of the signal, while the other filter reflects a phase-reversed signal in the filter stop band. This provides a signal that propagates to a sum port (or even mode port) of the first balun. In this way, the balun-filter combination results in a channelizer which separates signals into different frequency bands. Such channelizer stages may be cascaded to provide a multi-stage channelizer having multiple output channels.
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a four-port balun.
FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional diagram of a balun taken across lines 1A-1A in FIG. 1.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a four-port balun which may be of the type shown in FIG. 1A for example.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a one-stage channelizer (also sometimes referred to as a two-channel multiplexer).
FIG. 3A is a plot of insertion loss versus frequency for an exemplary two-channel multiplexer.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a two-stage channelizer (also referred to as a three-channel multiplexer).
FIG. 4A is a plot of insertion loss versus frequency for an exemplary three-channel multiplexer.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a multi-stage channelizer.
FIG. 6 is an example of an application of a multi-stage channelizer.
Before providing a detailed description of a radio frequency (RF) channelizer (also referred to as an N-channel multiplexer or N-plexer) provided from a pair of four-port baluns and a pair of filters (with the combination of appropriately coupled balun and filter pairs referred to hereinbelow as a "stage"), some introductory concepts are explained. A four-port balun provides port access to (or termination of) a fourth port (typically the even mode) and also makes the balun structure symmetric. By utilizing a fourth port of the balun, the circuit functions in a manner similar to that of a broadband "rat-race" hybrid. The sum port passes even-mode signals through the balun, while the difference port passes odd-mode signals. Passing a signal through the sum or difference port and terminating the two output ports in short and open circuit impedances cause the signal to change mode and reflect through the opposite input port. In one embodiment, filter networks (which may include, for example, Pi and T filters) can be designed to have exact pass band phase and amplitude characteristics. Stop band reflections from one filter (e.g. the T-filter) will be 180 degrees out of phase (compared to its input). Stop band reflections from the other filter (e.g. the Pi filter) are in phase (compared to its input). Thus, the filters look like an open and short circuit terminations (respectively). The phase reversal of the out-of-band reflections for the T-filter is what makes the signal change mode from odd to even and is therefore sent back to the sum port of the previous balun. The signal may then be provided to an output port or, optionally, may be passed to a next stage of the N-plexer.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 1A in which like elements are provided having like reference numerals throughout the several views, a balun 10 having four ports 10 a, 10 b, 10 c, 10 d includes first and second signal paths 14, 18. As will become apparent from the description herein below, depending upon the function provided by the balun 10 in an N-stage channelizer circuit (where N is equal to or greater than 1), any of the ports 10 a-10 d can serve as input or output ports.
In the particular embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 1A, signal path 14 is implemented as a microstrip transmission line disposed on a first surface (or layer) of a dielectric substrate 24. Signal path 18 is provided as a conductor disposed over a first surface of a second substrate 28. The first substrate 24 is disposed over the second substrate 28 and the signal paths 14, 18 are aligned such that in regions where signal path 14 overlaps signal path 18, signal path 18 serves as a ground plane for signal path 14 hence forming the microstrip transmission line configuration.
The substrate 28 is provided having a ground plane 29 disposed on a second surface thereof. In one particular embodiment, substrate 18 is provided from a polyimide material having a thickness of about 0.001 inch and substrate 28 is provided from alumina having a thickness of about 0.010 inch. In one exemplary embodiment, the widths of signal paths 14, 18 are selected to provide a 50 Ω characteristic impedance at the input/output ports of the balun 10. The signal path 18 has a length L1 and the signal path 14 has a length L2. The balun 10 has a width W1. In one embodiment, for operation in the 7-21 gigahertz (GHz) frequency range, the length L1 is about 1 inch and the width W1 is about 0.5 inch.
A first end of signal path 18 terminates at port 10 a and a second end of signal path 18 terminates at port 10 b. Signal path 18 includes a loop section 46 having a length, L3. Signal path 18 also includes sections 47 a, 47 b, which as mentioned above, act as ground planes to form a microstrip configuration in conjunction with signal paths 14. As shown in FIG. 1, the ends of sections 47 a, 47 b may have "pads" (i.e. rectangular shaped portions) formed thereon and in some embodiments, the pads of sections 47 a, 47 b are coupled to a short circuit impedance (e.g. by soldering or otherwise electrically connecting the pad to ground plane 29 (FIG. 1A). Conductors 18 are spaced apart in a gap region 48 by a distance L5.
The width of L5 is selected as part of the design process to improve or in some cases even optimize the impedance match between the balun or channelizer and the characteristic impedance of the system. The length of L3 is chosen such that it corresponds to one-half wavelength at mid-frequency of the design band. In one exemplary embodiment, this can be accomplished by having the two opposing legs be one-quarter wavelength each for a total of one-half wavelength. This distance is embodied in loop 46 which is used to make the circuit functionally equivalent to a rat-race circuit and the phase shift provides signal cancellation/termination at sum port 10 d. Even though the loop section 46 is provided having a substantially rectangular shape as shown in FIG. 1, loop section 46 may be provided having any shape including but limited to, for example, a round shape, an oval shape, a rectangular shape or any regular or irregular geometric shape. The considerations in selecting a shape of the loop section 46 include, but are not limited to desired line separation (which depends upon the width of the transmission line shown in loop and available space).
With loop 46 having a length of approximately one-quarter wavelength for each leg, for a total loop 46 distance of one-half wavelength, port 10 c corresponds to a so-called difference (Δ) port of balun 10 and port 10 d corresponds to a so-called sum (Σ) port of balun 10. Signal path 14 also includes a section 58 having a length, L4. In a preferred embodiment, length L4 corresponds to one-half wavelength at a center frequency of the design band. The intersection of the section 58 and the gap 48 forms a virtual junction 60.
By appropriately selecting the transmission line lengths L1 through L4 of the balun 10, the balun effectively functions as a broadband "rat-race" hybrid. The sum port 10 d passes even-mode RF signals through the circuit, while the difference port 10 c passes odd-mode RF signals. In one embodiment, the line lengths (e.g., L1 through L5) and the line widths are selected such that the balun 10 operates over a 7 to 21 GHz frequency bandwidth.
Referring now to FIG. 2, in operation, when an RF signal is applied to the difference port 10 c, the signal is split at the virtual junction 60 so that odd-mode signals propagate along signal path 18 and appear at ports 10 a, 10 b having equal power and being 180 degrees out of phase. Even-mode signals on the other hand, having equal power and being in-phase, propagate to the sum port 10 d.
When an RF signal is fed through the sum port 10 d and ports 10 a and 10 b are terminated with open and short circuit impedances, respectively, the signal reflects through the balun and appears at the difference port 10 c. Similarly, passing a signal through the difference port 10 c and terminating the two ports 10 a and 10 b with open and short circuit impedances cause the signal to reflect through the balun and appear at the sum port 10 d.
The balun 10 may also be operated in reverse. For example, a pair of balanced signals (i.e. equal power signals), 180 degrees out of phase with each other, may be applied to the ports 10 a, 10 b, respectively, to provide an output signal at the difference port 10 c.
In one embodiment, the balun 10 has an insertion loss characteristic of less than 0.7 dB across the band (e.g. a cross a bandwidth of 7-21 GHz). Also, the amplitude match is better than 0.5 dB and the phase balance is about 3 degrees across the entire band.
As will be shown and described below in conjunction with FIGS. 3-6, multiple stages (i.e. balun pairs coupled with filter pairs) can be combined to form multi-stage channelizers (also known as "N-channel multiplexers" or more simply, "N-plexers"). It should be appreciated that all baluns included in the channelizer could operate over the original input frequency range, or alternately, the first balun could be selected to operate over the entire input frequency range and subsequent baluns (i.e. baluns after the first balun) could be designed to operate over smaller frequency ranges (e.g. portions of the input frequency range) to take advantage of the reduced bandwidth of a channelized stage. The filters should be provided having the out-of-band filter response characteristics of Pi and T filters (i.e. out-of-band reflection of 0 degrees and 180 degrees), but may otherwise be provided as low pass filters, band stop filters, band pass filters, high pass filters or any other filter type. Those of ordinary skill in the art will know how to select a particular type of filter to use in a stage.
Referring now to FIG. 3, a one-stage channelizer 300 (also referred to as a two-channel multiplexer) includes a single channelizer stage comprised of a first balun 310 a, a second balun 310 b and filters 390, 392 coupled between the baluns 310 a, 310 b. In one embodiment, the filters 390, 392 are provided as low pass Pi and T filters 390, 392.
Baluns 310 a and 310 b may be substantially the same as balun 10 described above in conjunction with FIGS. 1-2. For example, the balun 310 a includes a difference port 344 a, a sum port 354 a, a first port 334 a and a second port 336 a. The balun 310 bincludes a difference port 344 b, a sum port 354 b, a first port 334 b and a second port 336 b. In this particular configuration, sum port 354 b not used and thus can be terminated with a matched impedance. The Pi filter 390 is coupled between the first port 334 a of balun 310 a and the first port 334 b of balun 310b. The T filter 392 is coupled between the second port 336 a of balun 310 a and the second port 336 b of balun 310 b.
The operation of the channelizer is as described below. It should be appreciated that in the below description, the filters 390, 392 are provided as low pass Pi and T filters, 390, 392. To signals having a frequency outside a frequency band of interest (so-called out-of-band signals), the Pi filter presents an open circuit impedance characteristic and the T filter presents a short circuit impedance characteristics. Thus, out-of-band signals reflected from the T filter undergo a phase reversal (i.e. the reflected signals undergo a 180 degree phase shift) while out-of-band signals reflected from the Pi filter do not undergo a phase reversal (i.e. the reflected signals undergo a 0 degree phase shift). Conventional filter designs and fabrication techniques can be used to provide the filters. In one exemplary embodiment, the filters are provided using a Butterworth design, but other filter designs may, of course, also be used.
The one-stage channelizer 300 includes an input line 370 coupled to the difference port 344 a of the balun 310 a. RF signals having a frequency within the full band of frequencies accepted by channelizer 300 (identified as Band 0 in FIG. 3) are provided to the channelizer 300 via signal path 370. In one embodiment, the full frequency band (i.e. Band 0) is 7-21 GHz. Other frequency ranges may, of course, also be used. A first output line 380 coupled to the sum port 354 a of the balun 310 a represents one channel and a second output line 382 coupled to the difference port 344 b of the balun 310 b corresponds to another channel.
The Pi filter and the T filter are preferably provided having pass bands with relatively low insertion loss characteristics and are provided having substantially matched pass band phase and amplitude characteristics. In the stop band, the filters reflect substantially the entire signal. As mentioned above, the signals reflected from the respective filters will be in phase for the Pi filter 390 and 180 degrees out of phase for the T filter 392. Thus, the filters appear as open circuit and short circuit terminations to signals having frequencies outside of the pass band of the respective filters. Thus, with the above-described filter characteristics, the operation of the channelizer is as described below.
A signal having a first bandwidth (Band 0) is received at the input line 370. The signal propagates through balun 310 a to ports 334 a, 336 a. Portions of the Band 0 signal which are within the passbands of filters 390, 392 propagates through the passbands of filters 390, 392 and the remainder of the Band 0 signal (i.e. portions of the Band 0 signal outside of the filter passbands) toward balun ports 334 a, 336 a.
In the case where the filters 390, 392 are provided as low pass filters, the low frequency portions of the Band 0 signal appear at output port 382 (and designated Band 1 in FIG. 3) while higher frequency portions of the Band 0 appear at output port 380 (and designated as Band 2 in FIG. 3). It should be appreciated that in most practical applications, Band 0=Band 1+Band 2. For example, if Band 0=7-21 GHz and Band 0 is channelized into two bands (i.e. Band 1 and Band 2), then Band 1 may be 7-12 GHz and Band 2 may be 12-21 GHz.
Thus, a signal having a first bandwidth (Band 0) is provided to input line 370 and with filters 390, 392 provided as low pass filters, the channelizer 300 provides a first or lower frequency channel output having a bandwidth designated as Band 1 and a second or higher frequency channel output having a bandwidth designated as Band 2.
In an example of a specific operation of the one-stage channelizer 300, in response to a signal received by balun 310 a at difference port 344 a, two balanced (i.e. equal amplitude or equal power) output signals 180 degrees out of phase are provided at the first and second ports 334 a, 336 a, respectively. A first output signal is coupled from the port 334 a to the filter 390 which is provided as a Pi filter and a second output signal is coupled from the second port 336 a to the filter 392 which is provided as a T filter. The first output signal and the second output signal are balanced and 180 degrees out of phase with respect to each other.
The Pi filter 390 and the T filter 392 are provided having low pass filter characteristics. Both filters allow the in-band signals to pass with their magnitude and phase intact. The out-of-band signals are reflected back with their magnitude intact; however, while the Pi filter maintains the input phase, the T filter provides a phase reversal. This makes the reflected input on 336 a in-phase with the reflected input on 334 a (i.e., even mode) which travels through the sum port (354 a) to signal path 380. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, signal path 380 corresponds to an output of the two-channel multiplexer. In other embodiments in which more stages are used, however, signal path 380 would be coupled to a next channelizer stage.
In one embodiment, the balun 310 a and balun 310 b may both be provided as 7-21 GHz baluns (i.e. the baluns operate over the 7-21 GHz frequency range). That is, baluns 310 a, 310 b could be the same (i.e. covering the entire frequency range).
Alternatively however, balun 310 b could be provided as a 7-12 GHz balun. This is possible because balun 310 b operates over a frequency range defined by the passbands of the filters 390, 392 and since this frequency range is less than the input frequency range, balun 310 b (as well as subsequent baluns) need only operate over a frequency bandwidth which is less than the frequency bandwidth of balun 310 a. Since balun 310 b need only operate over a smaller bandwidth, one could take advantage of this and provide the balun 310 b having insertion loss, and other characteristics which are improved compared with the like characteristics of the balun 310 a. This approach allows the operating characteristics of all baluns after the first balun to be improved or in some cases even optimized.
As mentioned above, in this exemplary embodiment, the Pi filter 390 is provided as a low pass filter (LPF) having a stop or cutoff frequency of 13 GHz. This allows the filter to cleanly pass signals in the 7-12 GHz frequency range. Although the filter 390 may be provided having a stop frequency of 13 GHz, other stop frequencies may also be used as long as the stop frequency of the LPF is be selected to cleanly pass signals in the 7-12 GHz frequency range. In one embodiment, the Pi filter 390 is provided as a Butterworth low pass filter and the T filter 392 is a 13 GHz Butterworth low pass filter. The one-stage channelizer 300 receives signals in the 7-21 GHz frequency range (Band 0) on input line 370 (first channel) and signals in the 7-12 GHz frequency range (Band 1) appear on the first output line 382 (first channel) while signals in the 12-21 GHz frequency range (i.e. Band 2) appear on the second output line 380 (second channel). The output signal on line 380 from the circuit in FIG. 3 can be further cascaded with another stage (i.e. another balun-filter pair) to further channelize the band output from the first stage; thus creating a 3-band channelizer. An exemplary embodiment of a three-band channelizer is described below in conjunction with FIG. 4.
Referring now to FIG. 3A, a plot of insertion loss (dB) versus frequency (GHz) for a one-stage channelizer (also referred to as a two-channel multiplexer) is shown. Curves designated by reference numerals 395 and 394 correspond to measured insertion loss characteristics for Band 1 and Band 2 of a one-stage channelizer comprised of a pair of baluns operational over the 7-21 GHz frequency range. The pair of baluns are appropriately coupled via a pair of Butterworth low pass filters (N=5) with one of the filters being a Pi filter and the other filter being a T-filter.
If one chooses to define a useful channel as a channel having less than 2.2 dB of insertion loss and 10 dB or more of isolation with respect to other channels, then as shown in FIG. 3A, the useful portion of Band 1 is 7 GHz to approximately 12.5 GHz and the useful portion of Band 2 is approximately 16.5 GHz to 21 GHz. Thus, in the example shown in FIG. 3A, the frequency range between approximately 12.5 GHz and 16.5 GHz is not used.
Also shown in FIG. 3A are insertion loss characteristics for an ideal N-plexer (or channelizer) for the useful channel portions (as defined above) of Band 1 and Band 2 (designated by reference numerals 391 and 393, respectively).
Referring to FIG. 4, a two-stage channelizer 400 (also referred to as a three-channel multiplexer 400) includes a balun 410 a and a balun 410 b coupled to the balun 410 a via filters 490 a, 492 a. Filters 490 a, 492 may, for example, be provided as a low pass Pi filter 490 a and a low pass T filter 492 a. The two-stage channelizer also includes a balun 410 c coupled to receive signals from a sum port 454 a of balun 410 a and coupled to a balun 410 d via filters 490 b, 492 b. Filters 490 b, 492 b may be provided as Pi filter 490 b and a T filter 492 b. Each of the filters 490 a, 492 a, 490 b, 492 b may be provided as low pass filters (LPF) with each of the filters having an appropriately selected and possibly different stop frequency (i.e. the upper frequency limit for the LPF). The filters 490 a, 492 a, 490 b, 492 bmay also be provided having other passband characteristics such as band-pass or high pass filter characteristics. This change in filter characteristics would result in a change in the frequency band (e.g. Band 1, Band 2, etc . . . . ) which appears at the balun ports.
The balun 410 a includes a difference port 444 a, a sum port 454 a, a first port 434 a and a second port 436 a. The balun 410 b includes a difference port 444 b, a sum port 454 b, a first port 434 b and a second port 436 b. The balun 410 c includes a difference port 444 c, a sum port 454 c, a first port 434 c and a second port 436 c. The balun 410 d includes a difference port 444 d, a sum port 454 d, a first port 434 d and a second port 436 d.
The sum port 454 a of balun 410 a is coupled to the difference port 444 c of balun 410 c. The filter 490 a couples the first port 434 a of balun 410 a to the first port 434 b of balun 410 b. The filter 490 b couples the first port 434 c of balun 410 c to the first port 434 d of balun 410 d. The filter 492 a couples the second port 436 a of balun 410 a to the second port 436 b of balun 410 b. The T filter 492 b couples the second port 436 c of balun 410 c to the second port 436 d of balun 410 d.
The two-stage channelizer 400 includes an input line 470 coupled to the difference port 444 a of the balun 410 a. The two-stage channelizer includes three output lines (or channels): a first output line 481 coupled to the difference port 444 b of the balun 410 b (a first channel), a second output line 482 coupled to the sum port 454 c of the balun 410 c (a third channel) and a third output line 484 coupled to the difference port 444 d of the balun 410 d (a second channel).
In one example of the operation of the two-stage channelizer 400, a signal having a first bandwidth (Band 0) is received at the input line 470 and the two-stage channelizer provides a first output signal having a second bandwidth (Band 1′) on line 481, a second output signal having a third bandwidth (Band 2′) on line 484 and a third output signal having a fourth bandwidth (Band 3′) on line 482 where the frequency bandwidth of Band 0 is equal to the sum of the frequency bandwidths of Band 1′, Band 2′ and Band 3′ (i.e. Band 0=Band 1′+Band 2′+Band 3′).
As noted above in conjunction with FIG. 3A, in practical circuits, there may be some portions of the bands (i.e. Band 1′, Band 2′, Band 3′) which will not be used due to the desire to have particular insertion loss or isolation characteristics in a given band.
In one embodiment, the balun 410 a operates over a 7-21 GHz frequency range, the balun 410 b operates over a 10-21 GHz frequency range, the balun 410 c operates over a 10-21 GHz frequency range, the balun 410 d operates over a 12-21 GHz frequency range, the filters 490 a, 492 a are 10 GHz low pass Butterworth filters and the filter 490 b , 492 b are 12 GHz low pass Butterworth filters. The two-stage channelizer 400 receives RF signals having frequencies in a 7-21 GHz range at input line 470 and the two-stage channelizer 400 provides RF signals having frequencies in a 7-10 GHz range on output line 481 (the first channel), and RF signals having frequencies in a 12-21 GHz range to output line 482 (second channel) and RF signals having frequencies in a 10-12 GHz range on output line 484 (third channel).
Referring now to FIG. 4A, a plot of insertion loss vs. frequency for an ideal two-stage channelizer is shown. It should be noted that that the channelizer model which produced the results shown used low pass filters in the first stage (18 GHz stop band) and band stop filters in the second stage (14 GHz center frequency and a 5.0 GHz stop bandwidth and a 5.5 GHz pass bandwidth) and that 5-stage (N=5) Butterworth filter designs were used for both the low pass and stop band filters. It should also be appreciated that "ideal" baluns having an insertion loss characteristic of 0.7 dB and filters with an insertion loss characteristic of 0.3 dB were used in channelizer model. Thus, the implementation details of the three-channel multiplexer which produced the insertion loss characteristic shown in FIG. 4A are different than the implementation details of the three-channel multiplexer 400 described above in conjunction with FIG. 4.
If the useful portions of Bands 1′ and 3′ are defined to be those portions with an insertion loss less than about 3.5 dB, then Band 1 covers the frequency range of 7-10 GHz and Band 3′ covers the frequency range of 18-21GHz. Similarly, if the useful portions of Band 2′ is defined to be that portion with an insertion loss less than about 2.0 dB, then Band 2′ covers the frequency range of 12-16 GHz.
Thus, the useful portion of a channel can be defined by specifying a desired maximum insertion loss within the channel or by specifying a desired isolation between two or more channels or a combination of desired insertion loss and channel isolation may be used. Other characteristics besides insertion loss and isolation may, of course, also be used either individually or in a combination.
It should be noted that the insertion loss for each channel is lower than 4.0 dB and the isolation between channels is greater than 10 dB.
Referring to FIG. 5, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that balun pairs along with filters may be cascaded together to form a channelizer 500 having N stages (which results in a possible N+1 channels). For example, the N-stage channelizer 500 includes a balun-filter pair 520 a, a balun-filter pair 520 b, . . . , and a balun-filter pair 520N. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 5, the filters are provided having appropriately selected filter characteristics. In one embodiment, the entire N-stage channelizer may be fabricated on a single medium, using microstrip, stripline or other fabrication techniques.
The RF system 600 may function as a radar system, a communications system and/or an EW system. The N-stage channelizer 615 receives broadband RF signals from wideband antenna 610 and channelizes the received RF signals for receipt by appropriate ones of the plurality of narrowband RF receivers 620 a-620 n (e.g., an RF receiver 1 620 a receives a channel 1, an RF receiver 2 620 b receives a channel 2, an RF receiver N 620N receives a channel N). Thus, receiver 620 a may be provided having a frequency bandwidth selected to receive only RF signals in the frequency range of a selected radar system of interest (e.g. an air traffic control system); receiver 620 a may be provided having a frequency bandwidth selected to receive only RF signals in the frequency range of a communications system; and receiver 620N may be provided having a frequency bandwidth selected to receive only RF signals in the frequency range of an EW system.
The apparatus described herein is not limited to the specific embodiments described herein.
a second filter coupled between the fourth port of the first balun and the fourth port of the second balun.
2. The channelizer of claim 1 wherein the first filter and the second filter are provided having a pass band for which the first and second filters allow an in-band signal to propagate maintaining input magnitude and phase to the second balun and for which the out-of-band reflection maintains the magnitude and phase of the signal back to the first balun for one of the filters while the other filter reflects a phase reversed signal in the stop band to provide a signal that propagates to a sum port that is the second port of the first balun.
3. The channelizer of claim 1 wherein the first filter is a Pi filter and the second filter is a T filter.
4. The channelizer of claim 1 wherein the first balun and the second balun are fabricated on a single substrate.
5. The channelizer of claim 1 wherein the channelizer is a one-stage channelizer and the first port of the second balun corresponds to a second output of the output ports of the channelizer.
6. The channelizer of claim 1, wherein the second port of the second balun is terminated in an open circuit impedance.
7. The channelizer of claim 1 wherein the first port of the first balun corresponds to a difference port and the second port of the first balun corresponds to a sum port.
8. The channelizer of claim 7 wherein the first port of the second balun corresponds to a difference port and the second port of the second balun corresponds to a sum port.
9. The channelizer of claim 1 wherein the channelizer is a one-stage channelizer and the second port of the second balun is terminated with a desired impedance.
10. The channelizer of claim 9 wherein the second port of the second balun is terminated in an open circuit impedance.
an output path circuit separated from the input path circuit by a layer and disposed on a substrate, the output path circuit comprising the third port of the first balun and the fourth port of the first balun.
12. The channelizer of claim 11 wherein the layer is a polyimide layer and the substrate is an alumina.
13. The channelizer of claim 1 wherein the channelizer is a two-stage channelizer, the second port of the first balun corresponds to an input to the next stage and the first port of the second balun corresponds to a first one of the output ports of the channelizer.
14. The channelizer of claim 1 wherein the channelizer is a two-stage channelizer and the second port of the second balun of each stage is terminated with a desired impedance.
15. The channelizer of claim 1 wherein first portions of the first balun are disposed on a first substrate and second portions of the first balun are disposed on a second different substrate.
16. The channelizer of claim 1 wherein first portions of the second balun are disposed on a first substrate and second portions of the second balun are disposed on a second different substrate.
17. The channelizer of claim 1 wherein first portions of the first and second baluns are disposed on a first substrate and second portions of the first and second baluns are disposed on a second different substrate.
the second substrate is provided from polyimide.
20. The channelizer of claim 18 wherein the first filter and the second filter are provided having a pass band for which the first and second filters allow an in-band signal to propagate maintaining input magnitude and phase to the second balun and for which the out-of-band reflection maintains the magnitude and phase of the signal back to the first balun circuit for one of the filters while the other filter reflects a phase reversed signal in the stop band to provide a signal that propagates to a sum port that is the second port of the first balun circuit.
Trott et al.; "7-21 GHz Wideband Phased Array Radiator;" 2004 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium; Jun. 20-25, 2004; ISBN: 0-7803-8302-8; vol. 3; pp. 2265-2268.
Trott et al.; "Wideband Phased Array Radiator;" 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Symposium and Technology; Oct. 14-17, 2003; ISBN: 0-7803-7827-X; pp. 383-386.


text:
What does WWWP stand for?
WWWP stands for Wisconsin Well Woman Program (Wisconsin Department of Health Services)
See other definitions of WWWP
We have 9	other meanings of WWWP in our Acronym Attic
WWWP
MLA style: "WWWP." Acronym Finder. 2021. AcronymFinder.com 17 Jan. 2021 https://www.acronymfinder.com/Wisconsin-Well-Woman-Program-(Wisconsin-Department-of-Health-Services)-(WWWP).html
Chicago style: Acronym Finder. S.v. "WWWP." Retrieved January 17 2021 from https://www.acronymfinder.com/Wisconsin-Well-Woman-Program-(Wisconsin-Department-of-Health-Services)-(WWWP).html
APA style: WWWP. (n.d.) Acronym Finder. (2021). Retrieved January 17 2021 from https://www.acronymfinder.com/Wisconsin-Well-Woman-Program-(Wisconsin-Department-of-Health-Services)-(WWWP).html
World Wide Wrestling Federation
Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies
World Wide Web Institute (Geneva, Switzerland)
World Wide Web Implementation Coordination
World Wide Web Instructional Committee
World Wide Web Journal (Teknetics)
Whole Wide World No Matter What
Works Well with Others
Walla Walla Watershed Plan (est. 2009; Walla Walla, WA)
WICSA (Working IEEE/IFIP (International Federation for Information Processing) Conference on Software Architecture) Wiki WAN (Wireless Area Network) Party (software project)
World Weather Watch Programme (World Meteorological Organization)
World Wide Web Programming (course)
World Wide Web Protocol
What Would Will Rogers Do?
World Wide Web Resources for Social Workers
Whirlwind Web Solutions (web hosting provider)
World Wide Water Systems (various locations)
World Wide Web Services
What's Wrong with That?
World Wide War on Terror

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) is seeking the public's help in solving the 1995 murder of Liberty County Sheriff's Office Patrol Deputy Wilburn Junior "Will" Agy, who was shot and killed while acting in an official capacity. As part of the Office of the Governor and Texas Crime Stopper's Fallen Hero Reward – Texas Remembers program, a reward of up to $20,000 is being offered for information that results in this case being solved. In addition, Crime Stoppers of Houston and The 100 Club of Houston are partnering to offer a reward of up to $10,000, and Multi-County Crime Stoppers is offering a reward of up to $5,000. All tips are guaranteed to be anonymous.
On April 5, 1995, at approximately 11 p.m., Deputy Agy was shot and killed as he was working an extra job as a security officer at a shopping center located near Fondren Road and Sanford Road in southwest Houston. Two masked gunmen entered a video store located at 11092 Fondren Road, and as Agy turned to confront the gunmen, he was fatally shot by one of the unidentified suspects.
Witnesses described the suspects as black males wearing black masks. At the time of the incident, one suspect was described as a 20 to 25-year-old male, approximately 5 feet 5 inches to 5 feet 6 inches tall. The other suspect was described as approximately 5 feet 10 inches to 5 feet 11 inches tall. According to witnesses, the two gunmen fled on foot and were last seen northbound on Fondren Road.


On March 10, 2016, Ford announced it will offer ballistic panels on the Police Interceptor sedan and utility with protection from armor-piercing rifle ammunition. In laymen's terms that means both the Police Interceptor sedan and SUV are bulletproof.
"The fact that we design our Police Interceptors around officer feedback is what has made them number one. Officers globally told us they needed protection from armor piercing ammunition and we added increased ballistic protection to an already great product—that's continuous innovation," said Arie Groeneveld, chief engineer, Ford Police Interceptors.
Optional Type III ballistic panels are already on duty in agencies around the U.S. and are rated to protect against all handgun and non–armor-piercing bullets up to .30 caliber (specifically up to 7.62mm x 51mm NATO M80 ball ammunition) as well as special threat rounds identified by the Los Angeles Police Department.
Ford says other examples of its commitment to officer safety include a 75-mph rear crash test rating, police-tuned suspensions, police brakes, steel wheels, and unique police interiors as well as a range of upfit options.


The key for any practice is how to build a team with knowledge to better serve clients.
Simply providing menu items isn't going to bring you closer to the client -- or their specific needs.
Advisors need to be aware of how their clients' bias can impact investment decisions.
In Volatility, Should You Be Protectionist or Opportunistic?
Volatility in the markets is causing advisors to question what to do with client portfolios.
Check Capital president explains how he makes sure clients have enough to retire.


The United Nations system's chief scientist on weather and climate cautioned on Friday that climate change has "a multitude of security impacts" and is becoming more widely regarded as a national security threat.
Pavel Kabat, chief scientist of the World Meteorological Organization, warned this week at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland that climate change is erasing gains made in the global population's access to food, exacerbating the potential for wildfires and worsening air quality.
"The relationship between climate-related risks and conflict is complex and often intersects with political, social, economic and demographic factors," Rosemary DiCarlo, U.N. under secretary-general for political and peacebuilding affairs, said.
Acting U.S. ambassador to the U.N., Jonathan Cohen, did not mention the words "climate change" or "security" in his speech to the council, according to NBC News. Russia's ambassador, Vassily Nebenzia, said the issue should only be taken up if it poses a risk to international peace.
More than 80 delegations spoke Friday, with nearly all except the U.S. acknowledging the effects of climate change, according to The Associated Press.
"While we are still busy trying to decide which form of the United Nations must address which aspect of climate change, our lakes are drying up, depriving fresh water to tens of millions of people. Unseasonal droughts are leaving millions of people homeless. Hunger and displacement are leading to conflicts, and entire nations are sinking under water," Maldives Foreign Minister Abdulla Shahid said.
Bill Wehrum, the EPA's assistant administrator for air, said the EPA is still trying to figure out climate change science and whether it is a "crisis," among other scientific questions.


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Kessler: 'New vision come to life and brings the Kessler touch to the beautiful historic city of New Bern' – WNCT
WNCT
by: Ciara Sutherland
The Elks Building
NEW BERN, N.C. (WNCT) – The Kessler Collection, known for its bohemian chic flair and luxury boutique design, has chosen the iconic Elks Temple landmark as its new project.
After a decade of stagnation, the historic building located in downtown New Bern is finally getting some life back into it.
It's known for being the tallest and most prominent commercial building in the city. In early 2023, the Kessler team will begin its construction. The luxurious boutique will have 1,500 square feet of meeting and event space, an intimate speakeasy in the basement, a ballroom with lots of views and even a specialty coffee shop.
The bohemian style will definitely add to the eclectic vibe of the city with its museums, entertainment, boutiques and restaurants. There's a lot of technical things The Kessler Collection must consider, but with a fabulous team of architects they've worked with for 10 years, Sotille & Sotille, they will spearhead the project of restoring the Elks Temple.
In a conversation with President & COO of Kessler Collection Design and Development Mark Kessler, he shares how Kessler is making plans to add its signature touch as well as preservation for its history.
Why did you choose the historic landmark?
"We saw the building for sale, and met with local officials, and everyone was welcoming. It's a great city with potential, and we want to bring the grandeur back to it."
The city uses a bear as its symbol so will the Kessler Collection incorporate the symbol somewhere in its design?
"I'm not sure if we'll use the bear yet but we want to incorporate the history of the building and New Bern."
Here's an example of their past interior designs:
The Kessler Collection provided more information through a press release:
The Kessler Collection is excited to watch this new vision come to life and bring the Kessler touch to the beautiful historic city of New Bern," said Richard C. Kessler, Chairman, and CEO of The Kessler Collection. "By restoring this iconic landmark in the hub of downtown and adding another key historic preservation project within the collection, the dynamic growth furthers the luxury hotel collection's position as a discernable leader in the boutique lodging industry."
The Kessler team will diligently work with the development, design, and construction team for the next 12-14 months to finalize plans with an estimated completion date of mid-2024. Additionally, Kessler will work with the New Bern Historic Preservation Commission, State Historic Preservation Office, and the National Park Service for the historic preservation of the Elks Building.
Upon completion of the historic restoration of the Elks Building into a boutique hotel, the property will be the brand's third hotel in North Carolina alongside Grand Bohemian Hotel Asheville and Grand Bohemian Hotel Charlotte. The Kessler Collection spans Alabama, Colorado, Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina, with the recently debuted Plant Riverside District, Savannah's Entertainment District, and Grand Bohemian Hotel Greenville coming Fall 2022.
Set along the picturesque Trent and Neuse Rivers of North Carolina's coast, New Bern, is the birthplace of Pepsi Cola and the state's original capital. Local restaurants, boutiques, museums, and live entertainment are within walking distance, making New Bern a year-round playground for leisure and business travelers.
Kessler project with J.E. Construction will start in 2023 and is hoping for a grand opening in 2024.
DURHAM, N.C. (WNCN) — An Amber Alert was issued Friday night that was later canceled for a missing boy from Durham.
The alert was issued just before 10 p.m. for 9-year-old Andrake Zacharich Paulk, according to the North Carolina Department of Public Safety.
PASSAIC, N.J. (WPIX) — A chemical plant fire in New Jersey has public officials urging residents to seal their homes as a vast blaze and smoke plume rage about 10 miles northwest of the Hudson River.
Passaic Mayor Hector Lora took to Facebook to warn residents about the dangerous chemical plant fire in the city. Passaic, New Jersey, sits 10 miles north of Newark and 15 miles west of Manhattan.
RALEIGH, N.C. (AP) — Federal regulators have agreed to investigate whether the North Carolina Department of Environment Quality violated the rights of minority residents and poor people living near farms where it approved plans to capture gas from hog waste.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency wrote this week saying it had accepted a complaint filed in October by the Southern Environmental Law Center for the Duplin County NAACP and the North Carolina Poor People's Campaign.
Allentown youth center: our vision for new community hub – The Morning Call
Iris tuberosa @ 14.01.2022
Kyndryl gains Certified Strategic Service Provider status for Government zCloud – iTWire
6 Top Technology Trends to Watch – DevOps.com


Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Hypopnoea (OSAH) involves repetitive narrowing or closure of the upper airway during sleep, which results in reduced breathing (hypopnoea) or paused breathing (apnoea). This abnormal breathing causes oxygen levels to drop and leads to wakening from sleep. Sleep disturbance results in excessive daytime sleepiness, poor concentration, personality changes and irritability. In the long term there is an increased risk of heart disease and stroke in affected individuals. OSAH is a chronic condition that generally requires life-long treatment. Patients with mild OSAH are often treated conservatively with advice on weight loss, alcohol consumption and sleeping position. The standard treatment for people with moderate to severe OSAH is Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) where air is blown into the upper airway during sleep, via either a nasal or face mask, to prevent it collapsing. However, some patients are unable to tolerate this treatment. Mild to moderate OSAH can be treated with Mandibular Advancement Devices (MAD) which hold the lower jaw and tongue forward, making more space to breathe. Research evidence indicates that CPAP is more effective than MAD and MAD is better than sham (pretend) MAD for the treatment of OSAH. Two important research questions are not answered: is MAD more effective than no treatment, and is MAD effectiveness related to device complexity? The first question is important because patients using sham MAD are likely to experience discomfort and side effects but no benefit from the sham device. This can make MAD appear more effective than it actually is. Comparing MAD to no treatment is important to ensure the benefits of MAD are not overestimated. The second question is important as there is a wide range of MADs available and it is not known which type is the most effective. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and costs in a 'real life' setting where participants may not necessarily follow the prescribed MAD treatment due to inconvenience, discomfort and other side effects.
All participants receive four treatments (bespoke, semi-bespoke, over the counter, no treatment) for a period of 6 weeks each, in a random order. The first two weeks of this are an 'acclimatisation phase' where the patient is given the opportunity to get used to the device, followed by a 4 week 'treatment phase' where we assess how well the treatment is working. Between each treatment period there is a 1 week 'wash out' interval to ensure that any effects of the last treatment have worn off before starting a new treatment. We measure how often the patients' breathing is paused or reduced during sleep using a home portable measurement device in the final week of each treatment period. We also measure quality of life, patient symptoms and daily functioning at the end of each treatment period. Side effects experienced using each device, cost of treatment, number of withdrawals from the study and patient preference are also measured. Participants choose which device they prefer at the end of the study.
1. Are mandibular advancement devices (MADs) more effective than no treatment?
2. Does the level of MAD sophistication - bespoke, semi-bespoke and over the counter (OTC), representing a spectrum of complexity and cost - influence treatment outcome?
The study will compare the clinical effectiveness and costs of three types of MAD (bespoke, semi-bespoke and over the counter) and a no treatment control for participants with mild to moderate OSAH. Each 6-week period (4-week for no treatment arm) will comprise of a 2-week acclimatisation phase, followed by a 4-week treatment phase. A 1-week washout period will follow active treatments.
Apnoea-Hypopnoea Index (AHI). AHI is the frequency of apnoeas and hypopneas per hour of study.
Measured at baseline and then in the final week of each treatment period (5 times in total). The sleep diary will be completed daily during the treatment periods.
Quinnell TG, Bennett M, Jordan J, Clutterbuck-James AL, Davies MG, Smith IE, Oscroft N, Pittman MA, Cameron M, Chadwick R, Morrell MJ, Glover MJ, Fox-Rushby JA, Sharples LD, A crossover randomised controlled trial of oral mandibular advancement devices for obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea (TOMADO)., Thorax, 2014, 69, 10, 938-945, doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205464.
Sharples L, Glover M, Clutterbuck-James A, Bennett M, Jordan J, Chadwick R, Pittman M, East C, Cameron M, Davies M, Oscroft N, Smith I, Morrell M, Fox-Rushby J, Quinnell T, Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness results from the randomised controlled Trial of Oral Mandibular Advancement Devices for Obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea (TOMADO) and long-term economic analysis of oral devices and continuous positive airway pressure., Health Technol Assess, 2014, 18, 67, 1-296, doi: 10.3310/hta18670.
26/05/2016: Plain English summary added.


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Florida Gamer Arrested After Rape Overheard By Other Player: Report
After they stopped playing "Grand Theft Auto," Fabian remained logged on to the network and didn't turn off the microphone on his Playstation 4 console
Published November 26, 2018 • Updated on November 27, 2018 at 1:49 pm
A Florida video gamer was arrested after another gamer overheard him committing a rape through an online multiplayer network, authorities said.
Daniel Enrique Fabian, 18, was arrested last week on a charge of lewd and lascivious battery on a victim between 12 and 15 years old, according to Pasco County jail records.
According to an arrest affidavit, Fabian, of New Port Richey, was playing "Grand Theft Auto" on June 28 when told another gamer there was a girl at his house who he planned to "smash," WFLA reported.
After they stopped playing the game, Fabian remained logged on to the network and didn't turn off the microphone on his Playstation 4 console. The affidavit said the other gamer overheard the girl groaning and saying "no." The 15-year-old girl told detectives she was sitting on Fabian's bed when he put his hand over her mouth and raped her, the station reported.
Fabian and the other gamer resumed playing after about 15 minutes. It was not known if the other gamer was the person who reported the incident to authorities.
A spokesman for the Pasco County Sheriff's Office said Fabian was charged in June with raping another 15-year-old girl. Kevin Doll said Fabian was arrested after the incident, which also took place in his home.
He remained behind bars Monday, jail records showed. Attorney information wasn't available.
attorneyFloridaspokesmanplayerBrian Hamacher


"Click Here to view other pictures of Zambuka"
There are two pontoon style tender boats provided for Fishing and Game viewing. They are both powered by 15h.p. motors and each seats 8 pax – one has roof whilst the other is open. Please note that only the crew of Zambuka are permitted to drive these boats.
2 x double air-conditioned cabins (twin beds pushed together) with sliding doors and mosquito screen sliding doors facing the Lake.
All the cabins are air-conditioned and have wall mounted fans. Please note that the air-con units run from 10p.m. through to 6a.m.
Fully equipped kitchen with gas stove/oven, fridges, cooler boxes and freezer.
Mini ice-maker (cubes for drinks).
The top deck is partially shaded with a large covered dining and bar area. There is a large fan on the bar which blows across the bar and dining area.
Secure railings makes this boat child-friendly – however children are to be watched at all times.
Extra mattresses and mosquito nets provided for those wanting to sleep "under the stars".
Splash pool and sun deck with sun loungers. There is a shade awning for the pool.
CD music system which is compatible to Smart Phones/USB port/1 RCA pre-out AUX in – guests to provide their own music.
Disembarking Time 09:00a.m. – unless arranged otherwise.


text:
Statement From Bury Football Club
Bury FC Media
buryfcofficial
As a Club, we understand the frustration that our fans must be feeling due to recent events. We are asking that you stand by us and be resilient in the face of adversity, as we strive for a solution with the EFL to help get Bury Football Club back on the right track.
Your support is vital to us, and we are eternally grateful to all of those who are sticking by us as we look to get our season in EFL Sky Bet League One underway as soon as possible.
In the last six months, we have come a long way together. If we all stand united, then we can get through this difficult spell for our historic Club.
Once we have supplied the EFL with the recently requested additional information, we are confident that our embargo will be lifted. In anticipation of this, we would expect that the EFL will not remove us from the Football League.
A lot of people are working very hard to get this over the line. As a Club, we would like to thank the players who are currently training at Carrington with a view to signing for our brilliant football club. Thank you for standing by us, even though the situation we find ourselves in is very difficult.
There is a lot of uncertainty in the Football League with other Clubs outside of Bury, everyone at the Club wishes them all the best with their own circumstances.
VINCIT OMNIA INDUSTRIA


text:
The NFL has a new policy
This week, in a long overdue decision, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell announced that the league would fine any team or employee (i.e., player) who fails "to stand and show respect for the flag and the Anthem" during NFL games.
As I argued when this trend of refusing to stand during the National Anthem first started, it is not an infringement on First Amendment rights to demand respectful behavior of employees when they are at work. The government isn't telling them they can't speak out; their employer is ordering them to observe a basic rule of conduct that's part of their job. If they don't like it, they're free to give up their multi-million dollar contracts and go rail against America in the park all they like. But when they are representing the NFL in uniform during a game, they have no more right to make divisive political speeches that alienate the audience than a McDonald's clerk would have the right to harangue a customer with his or her personal political opinions.
But of course, this is 2018, the era of Trump Derangement Syndrome, so the NFL couldn't just say they expect the players to show respect for the flag and Anthem when they're on the clock because it's the right thing to do and it's contractually required of them. No, they had to find a way to make one of the most basic standards of the job and of good citizenship sound outrageous and unfair and blame it on Trump.
And so we have stories like the one at the link, in which anonymous sources blame the new policy (actually, just a firm restatement of the longstanding policy) on the league being "terrified" of Trump. Even a team owner who is reportedly a Trump friend is quoted as slamming Trump, claiming that his criticism of the players is "divisive and it's horrible" and "not in the best interests of America." Hey, wait a minute: so the players' criticism of America is protected free speech, but Trump's criticism of them is divisive, horrible and anti-American?
What they're really terrified of is the sharp drop-off in viewership since the NFL "got woke," turned left, and let some players politicize what was once a nonpartisan common area of enjoyment for all Americans, and their ratings naturally followed ESPN and the Oscars down the drain. According to Nielsen, NFL TV ratings fell by an average of 9.7% in one year, and average viewership per game dropped by 1.6 million people.
They blame this on Trump badmouthing the players, but that's yet another insult to their own fans. News flash to the NFL: the millions of patriotic football fans who were offended by the shows of disrespect for the flag and the National Anthem did not tune out because Trump criticized the people doing it. We didn't need him to tell us to be offended. He wasn't telling us what to think, he was just saying what we were already saying.
And incidentally, I can attest that this is one of those incredibly rare occasions when Donald Trump expressed himself in terms that were positively genteel compared to what I've privately heard from a lot of other NFL fans.
http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/05/24/nfl-owners-are-f-g-terrified-trump-report-says.html
Permalink: https://www.mikehuckabee.com/2018/5/nfl-owners-blow-it-again


We think Mercury Hall is one of the best outdoor wedding venues in Austin (of course we do, right?). It affords a versatility to events that allows the client's personality to really shine through. We love Heather + Scott's fall wedding with bright accents + sweet details. Hear more from Heather below!
Scott and I met online. After exchanging a few messages and a quick, pre-date phone call, we met for what was meant to be a lunch date that turned into a 10 hour long date. I called my mom the next day and told her that I had met the man I was going to marry. Almost two years later, I did.
I loved wedding planning, but I'll be honest, it was incredibly easy to get overwhelmed with all the great inspiration that you can gather from a multitude of sources. Though selecting flowers, food, and paper goods was incredibly fun for me, my most treasured planning moments was shopping for my wedding dress with mom, along with selecting wedding rings with my husband.
What's one piece of advice you'd give to brides planning a wedding at Mercury Hall?
Work with vendors who have participated in an event at Mercury Hall. Some of our vendors had worked with the space before, but others had not. If you absolutely can't live without a vendor that hasn't worked at Mercury Hall, get a coordinator who has. As someone who had never planned a wedding, I was clueless and though it all came together in the end, I know I could have benefited from some subject matter expertise.
My favorite part of Mercury Hall is __________.
Scott and I fell in love with the space the moment we saw it. I'm originally from Nashville, TN and Scott attended University in Charleston, SC. Whenever either of us envisioned our wedding, we thought of those two cities and Mercury Hall was the perfect blend of both aesthetics. The hall reminded me of TN, while the grounds reminded us of Charleston. It's a beautiful space and our guests were extremely complimentary of the venue.
We love that! A big thanks to Heather for allowing us to feature and for hosting her wedding at Mercury Hall! What's your favorite wedding you've been to at Mercury Hall?


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PureAGT Season 8, Top 12 – Power Rankings
Well, to those of you who didn't join myself, Matt B. and Matt W. in the live discussion post/"Matt Chat" during the show last night – you missed out on some great discussion 🙂 And I'm planning on resurrecting the "Matt Chat" for next week's finale…so plan on joining us, k? 😉
Overall, last night was a night that the judges seemed to do a LOT of gushing and giving of standing ovations – and I'm not sure they were all deserved. Seems like the judges have decided who they do and don't want in the finale, and are critiquing accordingly. Will be interesting to see who's still standing when the dust settles tonight…
1.) Forte – As I mentioned in the live discussion post last night, I actually thought last night was one of their weaker performances – that song has just been done to death, and I actually don't think the arrangement had enough "light and shade" to really showcase the guys' voices well. The whole thing just felt a bit "meh…it's ok" to me. That said, I think they long ago solidified their place in the finals, and are one of the few remaining acts who can afford to have a bit of a stumble and still make it through safely.
2.) Kenichi Ebina – Another usually top-notch performer that left me feeling a bit "meh" last night. I get what he was going for – a more emotional, artsy performance – but up until the part with him leaping through the dark with the strobe light, I just felt a bit lost, as he seemed to be a little all-over-the-place with his movements. Again, another act that long ago secured his place in the finale – but I think if he wants a shot of displacing Forte for the win, he should stick with what has really worked well for him in the past: very cool, fun, upbeat performances that show off his full repertoire of skills.
3.) Kristef Brothers – Highlight of the evening for me, and I think they reached a Kenichi-level of creativity with their performance last night. An infomercial on how to be a Kristef Brother? HILARIOUS. And they still did all of their tricks well – color me entertained. And can I just say how RAD Kris' dad is? I think I may have to rewatch just the little blurb with him later, cause he had me laughing pretty hard. I think these guys and Cami have been the biggest surprises of the season for me – I never would have guessed they would make it this far.
4.) Collins Key – *sigh* I was really, really hoping that Collins would both clean up his delivery AND come up with something totally different for the top 12 – and I guess he succeeded, but only minimally. Yeah, he trimmed down a lot of the confusing fluff from his last trick, and the "pick a bag for me to smash" premise was probably the most innovation we could expect from the type of magic he does; but last night, I saw the "man behind the curtain" a bit, and it detracted from my enjoyment of the trick. There was just wayyyy too much funny business with the bags – Howard chose bag #2 for him to put Nick's watch in, but all Collins did was take the 2nd bag and switch it with the first one…the watch was still going in bag #1. Then when he was "mixing up" the bags, he was really keeping the same bag with Nick's watch in the same hand the whole time. Then watch his face when he's asking Heidi to pick bag 1, bag 2, or bag 3 – he smiles broadly when he says "bag #3", which to me could have easily been a signal to Mel & Heidi that Nick's watch was in that bag and they needed to pick the other two. And really, the bags were never sealed, and Nick's quite obviously was much larger & heavier than the two cheap ones…so Collins knew the whole time where Nick's watch was, which enabled him to "coach" the ladies. Then there was the whole debacle with the time on Howie's watch – I don't think Collins considered that Howie's watch doesn't have well-defined second marks, and that Mel is sometimes a bit of a dipsh*t, so once again the trick lost its magic a bit when Collins asked if the time "was rounded or not". I like the kid, I really do – but each time I see him perform, he loses a little bit more of the magic that made me enjoy him so much the first few times we saw him. That said, I think he has the teenybopper vote, and should make it through without any problems. I'm just not confident he can win the whole thing, though.
5.) Jimmy Rose – I think last night was actually my favorite performance we've seen from Jimmy – was nice to see him sing something a tad more uptempo. But the judges just weren't feeling it – has the luster worn off the rose with their favorite country boy? Or have they just decided he's not finale material? I just found the whole critique to be rather strange – granted, Jimmy did have a few wobbly notes, but I don't think it was any worse than any of his other performances…which the judges GUSHED about. I'm guessing that he still has enough fan support to secure himself a place in the finale…even though I think I'd rather see Cami there.
6.) Taylor Williamson – Taylor just gets funnier and funnier to me, the edgier and more inappropriate his humor gets 😛 And I love that Howard & Howie get it and are on board with it – because I feel like both Heidi & Mel have missed the bus at different points, and last night it was Mel's turn. I could tell Mel soured on the act the minute the word "racist" passed Taylor's lips – I remember reading that she demanded that one of the comedians we saw in Vegas not have his audition performance aired because she thought it was racist & offensive, so she's quite touchy about that particular subject. I actually didn't find Taylor's joke to be particularly offensive – it was pretty darn innocent, as far as "racist" jokes go, and ended up being more ageist than racist, really. But I could tell Mel had written the act off based on that joke alone – so I'm actually a little glad Howard & Howie managed to keep her from critiquing the act, because I have a feeling she would have torn him a new one.
7.) Catapult Entertainment – I'll just put it out there: I'm sick to death of Catapult, and I'm totally over the main guy's preachy attitude and tendency to go for the "schmaltz factor" in order to get his group to advance. Aside from their initial audition (which I still think was their best performance), the one time they DIDN'T go for some sappy storyline, they kind of lost both the judges' and America's interest. Do they really think they're going to be able to craft an entire Vegas show out of sappy vignettes like the one they did last night? I about wanted to slap the leader in the face when he pulled out the whole "we need to protect our kids from bullies" line and acted like he was doing such a noble thing by announcing that to the world and sharing his group's performance…as if he was single-handedly going to stop bullying by doing a few shadow puppets. And mediocre shadow puppets, at that – some of the shapes they were making kinda made me go "Wait, what is that? Is that supposed to be a dog? It's a crappy-looking dog…oh, I guess it's a dog. Whatever." I'm over the "look at us, we're so touching and socially-conscious that you simply MUST put us through to the next round!" act.
8.) Cami Bradley – Cami was my 2nd favorite act of the evening – loved her rendition of "Living on a Prayer" and thought she was the only singer last night that really did something fresh and unexpected. And as I said earlier – she has pleasantly surprised me each round she performs. That said – I worry she's going to get lost in the shuffle between all the country fans trying like hell to save Jimmy Rose and all the opera fans duking it out between Forte & Branden James. I think she DESERVES a spot in the finale, but I'm not sure if she'll actually GET a spot in the finale…too many sheeple voters that are blinded by Collins, country, & opera.
9.) Branden James – *shrug* I just don't know what to make of this guy anymore. He reverted back to his usual "I'm going to sing a touching song that's been done wayyyy too many times because I know America just eats this sh*t up!" strategy, and gave a schmaltzy, average performance to "Hallelujah". And of course – the judges gush. I give up…but I guess I just hope Forte has enough clout to edge him out of the finals.
10.) Innovative Force – Anyone else find it a bit funny that they had all 3 acrobatic acts basically go back-to-back-to-back at the beginning of the show, as if to force America to see them side-by-side and pick just 1 to go through? I think this likely benefitted Kristef Brothers, but hurt Innovative Force & Chicago Boyz – because both paled in comparison. Innovative Force are great at what they do – I think their tricks are a lot more cleanly-executed than Chicago Boyz, and their the most "artistic" of the 3 acrobatic acts in the top 12…but I feel like they're getting a bit repetitive. Each performance, it's the same intense, classical music; the same tricks (we saw the "throw the girls around in star formation" trick in their audition); and the same type of costuming. I just think they've run their course on this show, unfortunately.
11.) D'Angelo & Amanda – I'm not sure there was really anything that D'Angelo & Amanda could have done to earn themselves a place in the finale – I feel like America is so country, opera, and Collins-crazy that they just don't have time to really care about these two very talented dancers. I was thrilled that they did samba – it's the "party dance", and was probably their best bet at making a splash (no pun intended, considering their performance last week) in the top 12. I thought they did great – they moved big, they added in an interesting new element (dancing around the judges' table), and had a great energy about them. I don't think it will get them into the finale, but I think it was a great way to go out with a bang.
12.) Chicago Boyz – Poor Chicago Boyz. I don't think they did terrible, by any means; I just think they had the unfortunate distinction of being really the only act that made very noticeable mistakes last night. I do applaud them for stepping up the danger level each week (jump-roping a 3-tired pyramid formation??!!), but I think the fact that they lost one of their key stuntmen to a leg injury really crippled them this week – I'm fairly certain I saw his replacement involved in both bungled jump rope tricks I saw. I have enjoyed their journey on the show, but I'm fairly certain we've seen the last of the Chicago Boyz 🙁
So what are your thoughts on last night's performances? Who do you think will advance to the finale next week?
Post a Comment(11)
September 11, 2013 I Written By Courtney
Filed Under: America's Got Talent America's Got Talent Live America's Got Talent Season 8 Entertainment NBC Reality TV TV TV News
Tags:acrobat AGT AGT 2013 AGT 8 AGT Season 8 America's Got Talent 2013 America's Got Talent Season 8 ballroom Branden James Cami Bradley Catapult Catapult Entertainment Chicago Boyz Collins Key D'Angelo & Amanda Forte Innovative Force Jimmy Rose jump rope Kenichi Ebina Kristef Brothers Magician Opera silhouette singer Taylor Williamson
PureAGT Season 8 – Top 12 Live Discussion Post
You don't have to wait until I post my power rankings in order to discuss the show – go ahead and do it here, live 🙂 Tell us what you think – which acts performed well tonight? Which acts stunk? Which acts surprised you the most? Who do you think is going through to the finale? TELL US!!! 😀
Tags:acrobat AGT AGT 2013 AGT 8 AGT Season 8 America's Got Talent Season 8 ballroom Branden James Cami Bradley Catapult Catapult Entertainment Chicago Boyz Collins Key comedian country D'Angelo & Amanda finale Forte Innovative Force Jimmy Rose Kenichi Ebina Kristef Brothers Opera singer Taylor Williamson top 12
PureAGT Season 8 POLL: Did Catapult "Rip Off" Silhouettes?
Whilst browsing around on YouTube for a clip of Catapult's performance on last week's premiere, I noticed something odd: almost every video of them posted had a slew of comments from angry viewers claiming that they had "ripped off" season 6 runner-up Silhouettes. Here's a video of them to jog your memory:
A few overseas viewers also accused Catapult of copying Attraction, the winner of the most recent season of Britain's Got Talent:
Now while I agree that all three acts are very similar, I also think that there's very, very few acts on any of the Talent franchises that are truly original anymore – I think it's all been done before, and everyone's just trying to make their mark and somehow put a fresh spin on their act. So to really accuse any of the three of "ripping off" one another? Not really fair, IMO. If you're going to call out Catapult for copying Silhouettes, then you may as well call out Lightwire Theater from last season for copying Team iLuminate from season 6, and Angela Hoover for copying season 6's Melissa Villasenor. Almost every act shares some similarities with a previous act.
Truth be told, I was never really wowed by what Silhouettes did – just seemed like a lot of running from place to place making shapes while some schmaltzy song played. What I like about Catapult, though, is that they actually create pictures that move, and tend to tell a story – Silhouettes seemed like they just went with a theme, as opposed to an actual narrative with a beginning, middle, and end. Haven't really had a chance to compare either of the two to Attraction, beyond the video I posted above, but all three appear to have different strengths & weaknesses. But what do you think?
June 10, 2013 I Written By Courtney
Filed Under: AGT Flashback America's Got Talent America's Got Talent Alumni America's Got Talent Flashback America's Got Talent Polls America's Got Talent Season 6 America's Got Talent Season 8 America's Got Talent Videos Britain's Got Talent Entertainment NBC Reality TV TV
Tags:AGT AGT 6 AGT 8 AGT Season 6 AGT Season 8 America's Got Talent America's Got Talent Season 6 America's Got Talent Season 8 Angela Hoover Attraction Britain's Got Talent Britain's Got Talent Season 7 Catapult Catapult Entertainment Lightwire Theater Melissa Villasenor Silhouettes Team iLuminate


February 13, 2013 — Hurricane Sandy, which blew through the New York metropolitan area late last October, left millions of households and businesses in the region in the dark. Few places were unplugged for as long as the service territory of the Long Island Power Authority (LIPA), the state owned electric power distribution company where 1 million of its 1.1 million customers on Long Island lost power as a result of the storm.
There are three parts to modern electric systems: generation (power plants), transmission (high voltage lines connecting power plants with local utilities), and distribution (local poles and wires connecting businesses and residences). In New York State, like many places in the United States, those three phases in electric production and distribution are frequently (but not always) owned by different entities (which can be public or private).
In electricity distribution — the segment of the market in which LIPA predominantly operates — roughly 70 percent of Americans are served by investor-owned utilities. 15 percent, meanwhile, are served by publicly owned and operated systems, frequently referred to as "public power" or "munis" because many are owned by an individual municipality, though they can encompass much larger areas as well (especially in the west). This sub-segment includes LIPA, the city of Los Angeles and Austin, Texas, as well as three villages on Long Island itself (Rockville Centre, Freeport, and Greenport).
The final segment of power distribution in the U.S. is provided by rural electric cooperatives, nonprofit member-owned and governed utilities set up primarily in the 1930s and 1940s and which serve rural and exurban areas that investor-owned utilities deemed uneconomical to provide with electricity.
In response to inadequate performance by LIPA and other utilities, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo created a commission to investigate the preparation and response of utilities to Sandy and other recent weather events. This "Moreland Commission," co-chaired by Robert Abrams, former New York State attorney general, and Benjamin Lawsky, the head of the state's Department of Financial Services, released its interim report in early January. It called the state's Public Service Commission (PSC), which regulates most utilities in the state, a "toothless tiger" and suggested strengthening its powers.
Moreover, though LIPA is publicly owned, it outsources virtually all of the operation of the electric grid — the line work, customer service, etc. — to National Grid. As an aide to Gov. Cuomo told the New York Daily News shortly after Sandy, "The facts are the utility is National Grid…They are contracted with LIPA." National Grid is a privately owned British utility.
In Massachusetts, where National Grid operates fully on its own as an electric utility, the company was recently fined $18.7 million by the state's Department of Public Utilities for "systematic failures" related to its slow restoration times in the wake of Hurricane Irene and an October snow storm in 2011.
Thus, the Moreland Commission's privatization recommendation is really better described as a re-privatization plan (viewed from the perspective of what had existed in LILCO days) or a full-privatization plan (viewed from the perspective of the largely private operation of National Grid today).
If that proposal itself is ironic given the history of electric power provision on Long Island, most startling is what the commission left out — what exactly a utility, whether private or public, should do. What are the values it should hold? How should it balance them? And what are the best ways to realize those values?
Such an omission, Matthew Cordaro, a former utility executive and current co-chair of Suffolk County's LIPA Oversight Committee (established by the county in 2010), told Remapping Debate, "doesn't surprise me…The Moreland Commission's job was to justify the governor's conclusions" that LIPA should be privatized.
"Utilities always say that 'our job is to provide affordable, reliable electricity,'" said John Farrell, a senior researcher with the Institute for Local Self-Reliance and director of its work on "democratic energy." They say this, Farrell added, because "that is pretty much what they have been told to do" by regulators and legislators.
Other energy watchdogs and industry representatives Remapping Debate spoke with concurred with Farrell: the basic values that electric utilities should be pursuing are affordability, reliability, and sustainability, though the latter, many agreed, only recently became important and has not been made an equal to the others.
In recent decades, "affordable" power has meant for most utilities a commitment to some "social equity" goals, notably providing power to low income households at a lower rate, said Sharon Beder, a professor in Australia and author of "Power Play," a book on global energy deregulation. Gerald Norlander, the executive director of a consumer utility watchdog in New York State called the Public Utility Law Project, said that low-income customers of many utilities in New York State are entitled to a cut on their base charge (a discount paid for by a slightly higher charge on other consumers).


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text:
Boston's 'Salt Bae' Restaurant Fails Covid-19 Safety Regulations,Closes Down
Timi Olaniyi 4 months ago
A Boston steakhouse opened by a Turkish restaurateur and social media star known as Salt Bae has been ordered closed for failing to meet coronavirus safety rules. A popular Instagram star is catching flak after Boston's Licensing Board ordered his latest restaurant venture to close for failing to meet Covid-19 […]
NLC To Hold Nationwide Protest 28th Over Hike In Fuel, Electricity Prices
Sunday Akintoye 4 months ago
By Sunday Akintoye The National Executive Council of the Nigeria Labour Congress says a nationwide protest and strike will hold on the 28th of this month. The action is against the hike in the pump price of petrol and electricty tariff. Briefing newsmen at end of a meeting in Abuja, […]
Lagos Tasks Farmers On Food Security
By Sunday Akintoye Lagos State Government has charged farmers in the State, especially beneficiaries of Lagos State Agro-Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support (APPEALS) Project, to improve their productivity for food security in the State and Nigeria in general. Speaking during a monitoring exercise to APPEALS project sites in […]
FG Suspends Emirates Airlines from operating in Nigeria
By Sunday Akintoye The Federal Government has included Emirates Airlines in the list of airlines not allowed to operate in Nigeria. The Federal Government has included Emirates Airlines in the list of airlines not allowed to operate in Nigeria. This is part of measures to curb the spread of COVID-19 […]
FG, LASG Launch Eko Fashion Hub In Lagos
By Sunday Akintoye The Federal and Lagos State Governments have jointly inaugurated the Eko Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, MSME, Fashion Hub-1 in Ikeja area of Lagos State. The Vice President, Professor Yemi Osinbajo who joined the ceremony virtually reiterated the President Muhammadu Buhari administration's commitment to support the growth […]
Polish Parliament Passes Animal Rights Law
Kevin Ifedayo 4 months ago
Poland's parliament on Friday passed an animal rights law that had angered fur farmers and kosher meat producers and divided the country's right-wing governing alliance. The junior partners in the three-party ruling coalition had refused to vote in favour, provoking the ire of Jaroslaw Kaczynski, the powerful leader of […]
Osinbajo Arrives Lagos To Commission EKO MSMEs Fashion Hub-1
By Sunday Akintoye The Vice President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Prof. Yemi Osinbajo (SAN) and the Governor of Lagos State, Mr. Babajide Sanwo-Olu will tomorrow, Friday, 18th September 2020, commission the MSMEs Fashion Shared Facility, known as "Eko MSMEs Fashion Hub-1", at No. 5 Ogunsiji Street, off Alade […]
Ethiopian Airlines Resume Flights From U.S.To Nigeria
By Sunday Akintoye Africa's largest airline, Ethiopian Airlines, has resumed passenger flights from New Jersey, United States, to Lagos and Abuja. This follows the recent reopening of the Nnamdi Azikwe International Airport, Abuja, and the Murtala Muhammed International Airport, Lagos on September 5 Mr Million Legesse, Ethiopian Airlines' Traffic and […]
Electricity Supply: A Mystery In Ese- Odo
By Pounah Dennis Ese- Odo Local Government Area is located at the coastal area of Ondo State in the Niger Delta Region with the Headquarters at Igbekebo. The Local Council area was created in 1996 by the then military government. It comprises the Arogbo Ijaws and the Ijaw Apois who […]
Arik Air Begs Customers Over Flights Disruption
By Sunday Akintoye The management of Arik Air on Monday apologised to its customers whose travel plans were disrupted by the picketing of operations by some Aviation unions on September, 14, 2020. Mr Adebanji Ola, Manager, Communications of Arik Air, made the apology in a statement in Lagos. Arik Air […]
US:Vice President-Elect, Kamala Harris Sets To Resign From Senate
WAFU Cup Final:Golden Eaglets Will Make Nigeria Proud Says Obodo
Akeredolu Reads Riot Act To Herdsmen Over Incessant Criminal Activities
Buhari's Administration Has Brought Nothing To Nigerians- Pastor Giwa
LASU Workers Call Off Industrial Action


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Picago is a small Go library for downloading photos from Picasa Web.

## Install
    go install github.com/tgulacsi/picago/pica-dl

After getting a client ID and secret from , you can run the example app as

    pica-dl -id=11849328232-4q13l4hgr5mdt35lbe49l8banqg5e1mk.apps.googleusercontent.com -secret=Y0xf_rauB9MVTNYAI2MYIz2w -dir=/tmp/pica

This will download all photos from all albums under /tmp/pica.
Each album and photo is accompanied with a .json file containing some metadata.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We have checked a few reviews and found 6 reasons to buy the Impact - and 2 reasons NOT to buy it.
74% of the reviewers give the Revo Impact a good or excellent rating!
Many reviewers thought it is best for travels.
Some users are pleased with its smooth rolling wheels.
Others thought its quality is great, also its durable.
A number of owners were impressed with its capacity to expand.
Most reviewers found it lightweight and sturdy.
Many are satisfied with the fact that it has a handle at the bottom.
Some users complained that the suitcase has hard parallel sides, making it a bit difficult to fit it overhead.
One owner found it had to use the suitcase as a carry-on.
The Revo Impact ranks #1 compared with the other Revo bags.
The Revo Impact ranks #2565 compared with all the bags we have checked.
Bag ID 36718. Images from Amazon Product Advertising API and shop datafeeds.


This topic provides links to documentation resources about how to use ASP.NET Identity.
If you know a great blog post, stackoverflow thread, or any other link that would be useful, [send us an email](aspnetue@microsoft.com?subject=Identity recommended resources) with the link or just leave a message at the bottom of this page.
Deploy a Secure ASP.NET MVC app with Membership, OAuth, and SQL Database to a Azure. This tutorial adds Azure deployment, how to secure your app with roles, how to use the membership API to add users and roles, and additional security features.
For the ASP.NET forums, post to the Security forum and add ASP.NET Identity to the title.
ASP.NET Identity on GitHub Get nightly builds, request features, open bugs.
What is a SecurityStamp in ASP.NET Identity?
ASP.NET Core Identity This blog examines the core abstractions, including IUser, IUserStore and the I*Store interfaces.
Introducing IdentityReboot: a set of extensions to ASP.NET Identity that implement the major missing features I've complained about.
If you want to write your own provider, read Overview of Custom Storage Providers for ASP.NET Identity and Implementing ASP.NET Identity and then examine the source of one of the OSS projects listed below.
Tutorial:Setting up the basic Identity accounts, and pointing them at an external DB. By @xivSolutions.
Azure Table Storage by James Randall.
Azure Table Storage: AspNet.Identity.TableStorage by @stuartleeks.
CouchDB / Cloudant by Daniel Wertheim.
Elastic Search: Elastic Identity by Bombsquad AB.
MongoDB by Jonathan Sheely Jonathan Sheely.
NHibernate.AspNet.Identity by Antônio Milesi Bastos.
Introducing the Yahoo and LinkedIn OAuth security providers for OWIN by Jerrie Pelser for Yahoo and LinkedIn instructions.
Q: Locked out users who have enabled "remember me" (so they don't have to go through 2FA on that computer/browser) are not locked out. Why and how do I prevent that? Answer here.
Q: How can I store custom claims, such as the user's real name, in the ASP.NET Identity cookie to avoid unnecessary database queries on every request. Answer here.
Q: Updating AspNetUser Password Hash: I have 2 projects. One of them is using ASP.NET authentication, the other uses Windows authentication, which is the administration side. I want the Admin project to be able to manage the users of the other. I can modify everything except the password. Answer here.
Q: How can I reset password as a admin for other users? Answer here.
Q: Can I change the displayed name of the UserName field in ASP.NET MVC IdentityUser? Answer here.
Q: How can I gran users permissions to add other users to certain roles? Answer here.
Q: Storing profile information in the AspNetUsers table vs. the AspNetUserClaims table. Answer here.
Q: Remember me when using an external authentication provider. Answer here.
Q: Why does every request require a ApplicationDBContext, isn't that too much overhead?. Answer, No, the overhead is low.
Q: How do I get a list of logged in users? Answer here.
Q: How can I detect when a user logs in with Microsoft.AspNet.Identity? Answer here.
Q: How do I get localized error messages for Identity? Answer here.
Q: How do I configure the CookieMiddleware to get fresh claims every 30 minutes? Answer here.
Q: How do modify the claims for the user after they have signed in? Answer here.
Q: How do I invalidate security tokens? Answer here.
Q: How do is store claims in the cookie middleware? Answer here.
Q: I'd like to have a PIN or security check on each action method in my MVC app, but I'd like to store the users success so they don't have to enter the PIN on every request to that action method. Answer here.
Q: How can I detect when a user logs in both with/with-out a "remember me" cookie? Answer here.
Q: Can I modify claims in ASP.NET Identity with OWIN after calling SignIn? Answer: Calling SignIn is exactly what you are supposed to do when you want to modify the claims for the user. It basically causes the ClaimsIdentity to be serialized into the cookie, which is why you see the new claims show up on subsequent requests.