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Home Ministry Training Ministerial Development Life Events Ministry Baptisms An article discussing the history of the words Baptism and Christening
An article discussing the history of the words Baptism and Christening
When I began my PhD research, I wanted to investigate the history behind the words 'baptism' and 'christenings' and what the linguistic differences between churchgoers and non-churchgoers may tell us. Might we understand one another better if we understood one another's language more clearly?
The History of the words 'baptism' and 'christening'
Many Christians feel very strongly about the importance of using the word 'baptism' and may see the word 'christening' as a dumbed-down, popular term which does not capture the full theological and spiritual meaning that 'baptism' does. Baptism is one of the treasures of the Church, a simple yet beautiful rite which brings new birth. Baptism speaks of passing through the waters of trials, of dying and rising with Christ, of spiritual cleansing. At the end of a baptism, candidates are made part of the family of the Church, they begin a new life. Churchgoers may find the word 'christening' does not capture any of this for them. It feels shallow and is primarily associated with cakes, dresses, presents, parties. All these may be good, but they are not what really matters in baptism.
When I began my PhD research I wanted to investigate the history behind these words and what the linguistic differences between churchgoers and non-churchgoers may tell us about some of the other things which divide us. Might we understand one another better if we understood one another's language more clearly?
I don't speak Old English or Middle English (I'm a theologian not a language scholar!), so I began my studies around 1500, at which time the language is becoming recognisably modern. I looked into the words used to refer to baptism prior to this and was interested to see that 'christening' has linguistic roots going back into Old English (the first reference in the Oxford English Dictionary is from Bede in 890), whereas 'baptism's' roots in the English language are not as recent, it first appears in Middle English (the first reference to it in the OED is from "Piers Plowman", in 1377).
In the phase of the English Language known as 'Early Modern English' (about 1500-1710) I found that 'christen', at the start of this period, usually meant 'Christian', but was also used to refer to the sacrament making someone a Christian (that is, baptism). This shows how closely the ideas of baptism and being a Christian were at this time: with just one word to refer to both, the ideas were inseparable. 'Christened' was particularly likely to be used of an adult who had converted from another faith, since they were being 'christian-ed', made into a Christian. 'Christened' was also almost always used to describe an actual instance of a baptism occurring (as opposed to theoretical discussion of baptism). In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries 'baptism' was usually used to refer to the sacrament as a theoretical idea, in theological discussions or in Bible translations. This is why 'baptism' feels more biblical to Christians today, because it is the word chosen in the Tyndale and later in the King James version of the Bible. The Middle English translation of the Bible by Wycliffe, in 1382, however, was happy to speak of Jesus being 'christened' by John in the Jordan.
At this stage of history women, people from lower ranks of society and those without a university education used 'christening' much more than 'baptism'. Conversely, men, people from higher social ranks and those with a university education used 'baptism' more. Clergy were particularly striking in that they hardly ever used 'christening', perhaps partly because
much of their writings were theological or biblical rather than practical, but maybe even at the time of the Reformation clergy had begun to have negative associations with 'christening', seeing it as a popular word and not quite theologically 'correct'.
After 1570 the new word 'Christian', derived more closely from the Latin and which came over with the continental influence of the Reformers, took over from the Old English word 'christen' and the two concepts were divorced. After this time, by the end of the seventeenth century, a small minority of radical Reformers and puritans began to complain about the word 'christening', seeing it as not true baptism. Most people, however, gradually began to use both words interchangeably.
A study of the records of the Old Bailey trials in the eighteenth show that the people speaking in court as witnesses, as victims of crime or as defendants (the majority of whom were from lower social positions) used 'christening' much more than 'baptism', over ¾ of the time. At the same period the lawyers, professional witnesses and those taking notes about the trial proceedings also used 'christening' more than 'baptism', but less so than for those in lower social positions, about 2/3 of the time. Meanwhile the chaplain of Newgate prison used 'baptism' well over 95% of the time.
As we move into the first part of the nineteenth century, however, we see a shift. The lower social orders (witnesses, victims and defendants in the trials at the Old Bailey) continued to use 'christening' about ¾ of the time, or just a little less, so they were now using 'baptism' very slightly more than earlier. The lawyers and professional witnesses, however, suddenly shift massively over to use 'baptism' more than 'christening', over 60% of the time. 'Baptism' has become the word which it is proper for the higher social orders to use in formal situations such as in court. This split between the higher and lower social orders widens in the second half of the nineteenth century. Meanwhile clergy continued to almost completely avoid using 'christening' in all the places I studied their language. From the point of view of the 'ordinary' people, the clergy's language seems to be an extreme version of the language of the elite.
In the twentieth century, I found that this avoidance of the word 'christening' amongst clergy began to extend to lay churchgoers, too. Meanwhile, in secular contexts, 'christening' was used more in informal settings (such as on twitter and in the tabloid newspapers) and 'baptism' was used more in formal settings (such as in the broadsheet newspapers and in parliament). Google's search trends reveal that in Britain 'christening' is searched for much more than 'baptism', whereas in America this trend is reversed.
So, from the point of view of ordinary, secular British people, 'christening' is associated in their minds with a friendly, informal form of religion, one which they feel they can relate to. 'Baptism', meanwhile, is associated with American religion, with formality, with religious fervour and maybe even extremism. The use of these words in figures of speech is telling. 'Baptism' is almost always a negative and frightening thing, as seen in the figure of speech 'baptism of fire'. 'Christening', meanwhile, is happy and celebratory, as in 'I christened my new house with a glass of wine!'
Christians have good reasons to have some wonderful associations in their minds with the word 'baptism', but they should remember that, when speaking to those who do not have this churchgoing background, they may find their conversation partner has very different associations in their mind. Using 'baptism' to them will not communicate anything about washing away sins, celebrating new life or joining the church. Instead they will inadvertently communicate a kind of formality and stiffness. By using 'christening' to them, we are not communicating a lack of seriousness about religion, but rather a joyousness and celebration.
I do not believe that Christians should be afraid of using 'christening'. It is time we reappropriated this ancient and spiritually rich word back into our language, and in doing so re-connect with our culture and enable us to speak more clearly with them again. To be christened means to become a Christian, a little Christ, and this is surely something to celebrate and embrace.
The Revd Sarah Lawrence


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/ Modified mar 23, 2020 12:28 p.m.
Financial impact to Arizona from border closure will be severe
The administration has said both countries will review whether or not to continue the closure in 30 days. by Michel Marizco, Fronteras Desk TWEET SHARE
Originally published on Fronteras Desk March 20.
The U.S. and Mexico announced the closing of the shared border to shoppers and tourists alike in an attempt to slow the spread of the coronavirus pandemic. The response is intended not to shatter cross-border economies, but experts say the economic impact in Arizona is inescapable.
Homeland Security Secretary Chad Wolf emphasized that trade won't be affected.
"Essential commercial activities will not be impacted. We will be continue to maintain a strong and secure economic supply chain across our borders," Wolf said.
But for Arizona, the losses translate to $7 million of revenue from Mexican shoppers and tourists every day. Some cities like Nogales, Arizona, rely on sales tax entirely for their government budget, and much of that comes from Mexican buyers.
"This is necessary, but what we need is for the federal government to do everything possible to minimize the lost wages for workers and the lost revenue for businesses," said Glen Hamer, Arizona Chamber of Commerce president.
Santa Cruz County Sheriff Tony Estrada says this shutdown is unprecedented.
"We'll find out how bad it is," Estrada said.
Like Hamer, Estrada understands the need for the closure but hopes it's short.
"It's going to be a real challenge and this is a challenge we've never had. Like a double whammy, we're dealing now with the coronavirus and now we're dealing with virtually in a way a closed border," he said.
The administration has said both countries will review whether or not to continue the closure in 30 days.
Fronteras Desk is a KJZZ project covering important stories in an expanse stretching from Northern Arizona deep into northwestern Mexico.
MORE: Border, Business, Coronavirus, Fronteras Desk, Mexico, News, Travel
Hermosillo among hardest hit Mexican capitals economically during pandemic Arizona weekly unemployment drops Local bars and restaurants sue Pima County over curfew

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What's an all-analog quad core processor? Excellent question—the Make Noise QPAS Quad Peak Animation System is a stereo filter that surpasses the realm of simple filtering into another dimension of pings, resonant sweeps, and otherworldly modulation. A worthy successor to the long-missed MMG, the QPAS is a Eurorack filter unlike any other.
Filling an obvious gap in their already very complete lineup of modules, the QPAS sounds excellent as a simple filter: just plug in a saw or square wave, tweak the Freq and Q knobs, and bathe in the spectacularly squelchy glory. Much of the QPAS's magic, though, comes from three very special features: stereo operation, multimode output, and the Radiate parameter.
First things first: the QPAS offers true stereo operation, and a host of niceties for mono-to-stereo and stereo-to-mono normalization—that is to say, one doesn't need exclusively stereo sources to make full use of the module's stereo capabilities. This brings us to the matter of the outputs—all eight of them (whoa). QPAS offers lowpass, bandpass, highpass, and Smile-Pass outputs for its left and right channels, enabling some truly complex sonic combinations and bizarre stereo trickery when utilizing different filter types at different positions in the stereo field. Oh geez though, what is Smile Pass? Smile Pass is an ever-so-special filter type that creates some really lovely notching effects in the output spectrum: it sounds not unlike a phaser when modulated, and unlike the other filter types keeps the overall amplitude of the output relatively constant. And it is aptly named—it definitely puts a smile on our faces, anyway.
And that brings us to Radiate, perhaps one of the most interesting parameters on the entire module. As its name implies, the QPAS is a Quad Peak filter (not unlike the handful of Twin Peak filters out in the world)—essentially like four resonant filters with the potential for dramatic peaks and rings at each peak's cutoff frequency. Radiate is an extension of the Frequency control for these four peaks: the Frequency parameter defines a center frequency for all peaks, but the left and right Radiate controls each provide a control for the spread of two of the individual peaks from this center frequency. One can think of Freq like a master cutoff and the Radiate controls as a sort of "detune" amount for the individual peaks.
At this juncture, it makes sense to address the response of the resonance control. When adjusting the Q on some filters, they go from dry to snarl to outright screeching in no time. The QPAS is absolutely not one of these filters. Akin to the Serge VCFQ or Hordijk Twin Peak, the QPAS's resonance response is tuned in such a way that simple impulses to its input can really make each individual peak ring, creating everything from clean decaying sines to the sound of striking a clay pot. In fact, one could conceivably use the QPAS as a type of primitive modal resonator, sending quick bursts of noises or impulses to the audio inputs to "ping" the filters themselves. One could go further and FM the frequency to create four decaying frequency modulated sines—or even further, and independently modulate the Radiate controls to create various FM depths for each pair of peaks. Wow, that's not a half-bad idea.
And then, then !!!! controls—these are mysterious and essentially unexplained inputs that work with any signal type to produce everything from acid accents to bizarre FM-like sidebands…we don't know what it does, but we know it sounds great.


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How exactly to get rid from monogamy without destroying wedding
Before internet dating, before her two children, ahead of the Big Conversation together with her husband that is skeptical currently had an inkling that perhaps she ended up beingn't quite just like the women she saw at church, that perhaps the intimate strictures of life in D.C.'s monied suburbs weren't on her behalf.
Her marriage that is first her very very early 20s, had ended after an event. (Hers.) Her 2nd wedding, started soon thereafter, had been "happy — really happy," but as her guys grew up and moved away and managed to move on, she had been kept faintly bored.
She seriously considered cheating on her behalf spouse of two decades. She considered pubs, events, overview of the lapses in her own mid-20s.
Alternatively, she sat her spouse down and told him a thing that increasingly more couples that are progressive just starting to recognize. They liked one another and desired to remain together — however in the chronilogical age of Tinder and Ashley Madison and OkCupid, in addition they both desired to have other choices. Choices they knew had been only a click away.
"Interesting, introspective, gladly hitched D.C. professional," reads Jessie's profile in the brand brand brand brand new non-monogamous site that is dating Minded. "I'm into building deep and loving relationships that increase the joy and aliveness to be individual."
Open Minded isn't quite like Ashley Madison, the unapologetic dating-for-cheaters solution that expects a billion-dollar valuation when it launches its impending IPO. Moreover it is not quite like mobile hook-up app Tinder, where according that is one current report — as numerous as 40 % of "singles" are secretly . . . perhaps perhaps maybe maybe perhaps not.
Alternatively, claims Brandon Wade, the site's pragmatic, MIT-educated creator, Open Minded is a unique sorts of dating internet site for the newly main-stream lifestyle: one in which partners form genuinely genuine accessories, not solely with one another. He expects swingers, polysexuals and 20-somethings that are experimental make use of their web site. But he guesses that many of their 70,000 users are individuals like Jessie: Those in committed, mainstream relationships, who understand that, statistically talking, few contemporary partners stick to a person that is single entire everyday lives.
"If you appear at wedding, it developed as being a success strategy and a way of raising kids," Wade said. "But relationships are not any longer a component that is necessary of. Individuals have jobs as well as other passions — they could endure without them."
That's not incorrect, claims Helen Fisher, a biological anthropologist and certainly one of the world's leading relationship scientists. Within the caveman times, people teamed up in non-exclusive pairs to protect kids. Later on, as individuals discovered to grow crops and settle within one destination, wedding became a means for males to ensure young ones, as well as ladies — who couldn't push plows that are heavy carry lots of crops to advertise — to consume and keep a roof over their minds.
There's a long reputation for married guys sleeping around, Fisher stated. Therefore the notion that is romantic relationships are certainly not deals is reasonably present — as it is the social expectation that both individuals partner for a lifetime, to your exclusion of everybody else.
In reality, offered the history and prevalence of non-monogamous relationships throughout countries, it is maybe maybe not scientifically proper to express the individual types mates or pairs for a lifetime. Dogs mate for a lifetime. Beavers mate for a lifetime. Humans have actually one-night stands, paramours and a 50 % breakup price.
Fisher dubs it a "dual reproductive strategy": We're biologically programmed to create pair-bonds, yes, many individuals — lots of people — will also be programmed to search out variety.
Simply look at the wide range of married males who possess lovers away from their wedding — more than 40 per cent in the usa. (That's down, in addition, from previous years.) Present research shows that the community of additional lovers we developed inside our cavemen times remains to be on Twitter, where we poke and message as much as eight could-be lovers in expectation of rainy times. Also Leviticus tacitly permitted male adultery, supplied the work didn't include a lady that is married.
"Nothing about that is brand brand brand new. It is as old as the hills," Fisher stated. "What is brand brand brand new is the fact that women can be now additionally being more that is adulterous so people are starting to become more available about any of it."
J essie doesn't that way word. Adultery. It conjures pictures of lipstick stains and burner phones. Or even even even worse, stonings and scarlet A's. Moreover it reminds her of her marriage that is first finished after an event. She hated the lying, the sneaking around. This time around, she desired to become more honest.
This season, Jessie approached her spouse with a notion she called "ethical non-monogamy." They might remain together as each other's main, lifelong partners, nonetheless they wouldn't eliminate other relationships — since long as they took place freely. Jessie indicates her husband her profile on a few online dating sites, including Open Minded. She tells him as much, or as little, as he likes when she returns from her weekly date with one of her four extramarital partners.
Publicly, no body understands about it arrangement. (It's why we now have decided to simply utilize her name that is first in tale.) Jessie does not intend to inform her children, it coming up one day though she could see. She along with her spouse continue to have intercourse, nevertheless head to social functions, nevertheless celebrate wedding wedding wedding anniversaries.
But that entire benefit of "the girl which hath a spouse is limited by the legislation . . . as long as he liveth"? To this, Jessie states no many many many many thanks.
Increasingly more females can make this option or ponder over it, Fisher expects; it is in order to keep with years of extensive change that is social women's empowerment. Simply three decades ago, whenever Jessie was at her 20s, the woman that is average at 23 along with her very very first youngster inside the 12 months. Her mother's generation didn't even keep your home. The bulk just raised young ones, preached chastity and finger-waved their locks.
"That's all sliding away from us," Fisher stated. "We're shedding all of these traditions which can be agricultural . . [and] returning towards the means we had been https://besthookupwebsites.net/pl/swapfinder-recenzja/ scores of years back."
Internal information from Open Minded seems to back that up: so far, almost all of its self-declared "monogamish" users are under 33. They're women (and men) who paid off their own student loans, fooled around on Tinder — and grew up with a notion of personal independence much different from the one taught in the 1st century A.D in other words.
For them, as well as for their more traditional peers, Jessie has some advice: confer with your partner about monogamy. Pay attention "without judgment." Keep, in every instances, a available brain.
"Whichever it really is, make a proper option," she stated. "We're told we only have sufficient love for example individual. Does that sound straight to you?"
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\section{Introduction}
Transmission through a perforated metallic screen where the hole is much smaller than or comparable to the wavelength of the incident field has been a subject of intensive study. In particular, it has been shown that strong transmission can occur through a single slot \cite{had1,nee,lit,auck,auck1,eom,taka,eom1} or an array of slots \cite{eom1,solo,kim,ebb,kue,med,del,park} under certain conditions. Many techniques have been used to solve for the transmission through single or multiple slots in a thick metallic screen: a Green's function formulation \cite{nee}, an integral equation with a mode-series expansion \cite{had1,lit,eom,kim}, an equivalent circuit admittance model \cite{auck,auck1}, a surface
impedance model \cite{del}, and a circuit theory model \cite{med,park}, to mention only a representative sample of work. In the articles cited above, there are two main mechanisms responsible for the strong transmission---a Fabry-Perot resonance \cite{taka,med,park} that has a relatively broad bandwidth and is mainly due to resonance within the slot, or what has been called extraordinary transmission \cite{med,park}, which is due to coupling among the slots in an array. The latter resonances are usually of very narrow bandwidth and have the characteristic asymmetric shape of a Fano resonance. Our previous work on a single dielectric-loaded slot in a thick metallic screen \cite{had,had2} showed that in addition to previously known resonant (Fabry-Perot) transmission based on the fundamental waveguide mode of the slot, there exist extremely narrowband (Fano) resonances associated with the presence of higher-order modes in the slot, rather than coupling to adjacent slots. Due to the shape and narrow bandwidth of these resonances, the authors referred to them as extraordinary transmission---metaphorically, since we are dealing with a single slot and extraordinary transmission is generally understood to be an array phenomenon.

In the above-mentioned articles, only a homogeneously loaded slot was considered. In some articles, the problem of an inhomogeneously shaped slot, homogeneously loaded \cite{har1} or inhomogeneously loaded \cite{har,vol,ged} has been formulated for purely numerical solution, but only in \cite{ged} were results presented for such a case, the inhomogeneity being an absorbing material so that any resonances were significantly damped. In the present study, we extend our earlier analysis to include the effect of introducing a gap region of different low-loss dielectric permittivity within the slot on resonances due to both the fundamental parallel-plate TEM mode and to a higher-order mode in the slot \footnote{A brief preliminary version of the work presented in this paper has been given in \cite{had3}.
}. Our study reveals how the thickness of the gap within the slot, as well
as the dielectric constant of the substance that fills the gap, can control the location and magnitude of resonances. We show that a specified resonance may be targeted and moved to another frequency without significantly affecting neighboring resonances. This approach opens a new degree of freedom in design that to the best of our knowledge has not been recognized before. Our results are validated by comparison with a full-wave numerical finite element simulation (ANSYS-HFSS) \cite{hfss}.
\section{Derivation of the fields}
\subsection{Transmission Factor of $TF$}
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.2}
{\includegraphics{fig1.eps}}
\caption{A metallic shield with an inhomogeneous slot.}
\label{Fig1Label}
\end{figure}
Similar to what we have done in previous work \cite{had,had2,had3}, let an H-polarized electromagnetic wave be obliquely incident at an angle $\theta$ to a single inhomogeneous dielectric-loaded slot of width $2b$ in a perfectly conducting metallic shield of finite thickness $a_3$ as shown in Figure~\ref{Fig1Label}. The slot consists of three layers of different thicknesses, where the 1st and 3rd layers of thickness $a_1$ and $a_3-a_2$ respectively are filled by a material of relative permittivity $\varepsilon_{r1}$, and the layer in the middle of thickness $a_2-a_1$ is filled by a material with $\varepsilon_{r2}$. We assume for simplicity that the gap is symmetrically located ($a_3-a_2=a_1$).

The formulation is based on an integral representation of the field external to the screen, and a mode-series expansion within the slot, as used in \cite{lit,had,had2,had3}. The magnetic field is expressed as:
\begin{eqnarray}
\lefteqn{H_x(y,z) = }\nonumber \\
&& e^{-ik(\alpha y-\gamma z)}+e^{-ik(\alpha y+\gamma z)}+\int\limits_{-\infty}^{\infty} a(\xi)e^{-ik(\sqrt{1-\xi^2}z+\xi y)}\,d\xi, \nonumber \\
&& \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \mbox{($z>0$)} \nonumber \\
&& \sum\limits_{m=0}^\infty [A_m e^{-ih_m(z+a_1)}+B_m e^{ih_mz}] \cos{ \frac{\pi m}{2b}(y+b) }, \nonumber \\
&& \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \quad \mbox{($-a_1<z<0$)} \nonumber \\
&& \sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty [C_n e^{-ig_n(z+a_2)}+D_n e^{ig_n(z+a_1)}] \cos{ \frac{\pi n}{2b}(y+b) }, \nonumber \\
&& \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \mbox{($-a_2<z<-a_1$)} \nonumber \\
&& \sum\limits_{m=0}^\infty [E_m e^{-ih_m(z+a_3)}+F_m e^{ih_m(z+a_2)}] \cos{ \frac{\pi m}{2b}(y+b) }, \nonumber \\
&& \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \mbox{($-a_3<z<-a_2$)} \nonumber \\
&& \int\limits_{-\infty}^{\infty} d(\xi)e^{ik(\sqrt{1-\xi^2}(z+a_3)-\xi y)}\,d\xi, \quad \mbox{ ($z<-a_3$)} \label{eq1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $h_m=\sqrt{k^2\varepsilon_{r1}-(\frac{\pi m}{2b})^2}$, $g_n=\sqrt{k^2\varepsilon_{r2}-(\frac{\pi n}{2b})^2}$, $\alpha=\sin\theta$, $\gamma=\cos\theta$ and $A_m$, $B_m$, $C_n$, $D_n$, $E_m$ and $F_m$ are mode amplitudes. Applying the boundary condition of continuity of $H_x$ and $\frac{1}{\tilde{k}^2}\frac{\partial H_x}{\partial z}$ (where $\tilde{k}=k\sqrt{\varepsilon_r}$) at the interfaces between the dielectrics within the slot ($|y|< b$) at $z=-a_1$ and $z=-a_2$, we can obtain the following relations between $A_m$, $C_n$, $D_n$, $F_m$, $B_m$ and $E_m$:
\[
 A_m=\frac{e^{-ih_m a_1}}{T_{1m}+T_{2m}}\left[E_m- T_{3m} B_m \right]
\]
\[
 F_m=B_m e^{-ih_m a_1}\left[T_{1m}-T_{2m}+\frac{T_{3m}^2}{T_{1m}+T_{2m}}\right]
\]
\[
-\frac{T_{3m}e^{-ih_m a_1}}{T_{1m}+T_{2m}}E_m
\]
where
\[
 T_{1m}=\cos g_m(a_2-a_1), \quad T_{2m}=\frac{i(t_m^2 + 1)}{2t_m} \sin g_m(a_2-a_1)
\]
\[
 T_{3m}=\frac{i(t_m^2 - 1)}{2t_m} \sin g_m(a_2-a_1) \quad \mbox{\rm and} \quad t_m=\frac{g_m \varepsilon_{r1}}{h_m\varepsilon_{r2}}
\]
Mode orthogonality shows that modes with $m \neq n$ do not couple with each other. We next apply the boundary condition $\frac{\partial H_x}{\partial z}=0$ at the top and bottom surfaces of the metallic shield ($z=0$, $z=-a_3$ and $|y|> b$) and continuity of $H_x$ and $\frac{1}{\tilde{k}}\frac{\partial H_x}{\partial z}$ at the slot ($z=0$, $z=-a_3$ and $|y|< b$). Using the Fourier transform and defining $\tilde{x}^\pm(\zeta)=[a(\zeta)\pm d(\zeta)]\sqrt{1-\zeta^2}$ (where a new variable $\zeta$ has been introduced to avoid confusion with the variable of integration $\xi$), we arrive at the integral equations:
\begin{align}
& \tilde{x}^\pm(\zeta) = \frac{4\alpha(kb)^2\zeta}{\pi \varepsilon}  \sum\limits_{m=0}^{\infty} \frac{h_m b\Gamma_m^\pm}{(1+\delta_{0m})} G_m(\zeta) G_m(\alpha) \nonumber \\
 & +\frac{2(kb)^2\zeta}{\pi \varepsilon}  \sum\limits_{m=0}^{\infty} \frac{h_m b\Gamma_m^\pm}{(1+\delta_{0m})} \int\limits_{-\infty}^{\infty} \tilde{x}^\pm(\xi)\frac{\xi}{\sqrt{1-\xi^2}} G_m(\zeta) G_m(\xi) \,d\xi \label{x_sum}
\end{align}
where
$$G_m(\zeta) =  \frac{\sin(kb\zeta-\frac{\pi m}{2})}{(kb\zeta)^2-(\frac{\pi m}{2})^2}, \quad \Gamma_m^\pm=\frac{\Gamma_{2m}^\pm}{\Gamma_{1m}^\pm}$$
$$\Gamma_{1m}^\pm=\frac{e^{-i2h_m a_1}}{T_{1m}+T_{2m}} \pm 1 \mp \frac{T_{3m} e^{-i2h_m a_1}}{T_{1m}+T_{2m}}$$
$$\Gamma_{2m}^\pm=\frac{e^{-i2h_m a_1}}{T_{1m}+T_{2m}} \mp 1 \mp \frac{T_{3m} e^{-i2h_m a_1}}{T_{1m}+T_{2m}}$$ and $\delta_{0m}$ is the Kronecker delta.

For simplicity, we now assume normal incidence ($\theta=0$), and further that $kb\sqrt{\varepsilon_{r1}}<2\pi$; the latter condition ensures that only the $m=$ 0, 1 and 2 modes of the parallel plate waveguide will be above cutoff and all other modes will be evanescent (and for normal incidence, the $m=1$ mode is not excited). Retaining only these modes in (\ref{x_sum}), we get a degenerate kernel integral equation whose solution can be found by well-known methods \cite{had2}:
\begin{equation}\label{x}\tilde{x}^\pm(0)=\frac{2kb}{\pi \sqrt{\varepsilon_{r1}}} \left[\frac{N_0^\pm}{1+\frac{2 h_0 h_2 b^2  q^2 N_0^\pm N_2^\pm}{\pi^6 \varepsilon_{r1}^2} }\right]\end{equation}
where $N_0^\pm=\frac{\Gamma_0^\pm}{1-\frac{kb\Gamma_0^\pm}{2\sqrt{\varepsilon_{r1}}} I_{00}}$ and
$N_2^\pm=\frac{\Gamma_2^\pm}{1-\frac{h_2 b \Gamma_2^\pm}{\varepsilon_{r1}}I_{22}}$, while for  $kb \ll 1$ \cite{lit}:
$$I_{00}\simeq 2+\frac{4i}{\pi}\ln\left(\frac{\phi}{kb}\right)-\frac{(kb)^2}{3}\left[1-\frac{i2}{\pi}\left(\ln(kb)-\frac{19}{12}+\gamma_E\right)\right]$$
and $I_{22}\simeq\frac{2i}{\pi^2} Si(2\pi)\simeq i0.2874\ldots$, $Si$ being the sine integral function \cite{had}.
Here, $\ln\phi=\frac{3}{2}-\gamma_E$ with $\gamma_E\simeq 0.5772 \ldots $ being Euler's constant.

Now we can determine the magnitude of the transmission through the infinite dielectric slot. The following integral will be defined as the (amplitude) transmission factor ($TF$):
\begin{eqnarray}
TF &=& \frac{\int\limits_{-b}^{b} E_y(y,-a_3) \,dy}{\int\limits_{-b}^{b}|E^{inc}(y,0)|\,dy} \label{TF} \\
&=& \frac{1}{\sqrt{\varepsilon_{r1}}}\left[\frac{N_0^+}{1+\frac{2 h_0 h_2 b^2  q^2 N_0^+ N_2^+}{\pi^6 \varepsilon_{r1}^2} }-\frac{N_0^-}{1+\frac{2 h_0 h_2 b^2  q^2 N_0^- N_2^-}{\pi^6 \varepsilon_{r1}^2} }\right] \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
having used (\ref{x}) to obtain the final formula.

\subsection{Transmission Factor fundamental mode $TF_0$}
Analogous to what was done in \cite{had}, in this section we will present a simplified result that takes only the TEM mode into account. We then get a transmission factor that only contains the effect of the fundamental mode $m=0$:
\begin{equation}\label{TE0}TF_0=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\varepsilon_{r1}}} (N_0^+ - N_0^-)\end{equation}
The reader may notice the similarity between the formulas for the homogeneous case \cite{had,had2} and those for the inhomogeneous case presented in this article; the only difference is in the definition of the $\Gamma_m^\pm$ parameters in each case.

\section{Results}
Our formula allows us to examine two different problems or geometries. When we have $\varepsilon_{r1}>\varepsilon_{r2}$ we have what we call the gap geometry; on the other hand, when $\varepsilon_{r1}<\varepsilon_{r2}$ we have what we call a groove. The homogeneously filled slot showed two kinds of resonances: broad resonances due to the TEM mode, and sharp (Fano) resonances caused by the higher-order mode ($m=2$) \cite{had,had2}. Below, we investigate the effect of a gap or a groove on each type of resonance. A full description of the simulation setup for ANSYS HFSS can be found in \cite{had}.

\subsection{Gap Geometry}

\subsubsection{Fundamental-mode formula ($TF_0$)}
We assume a shield thickness $a_3=4$ mm and a slot width $2b=2$ mm, with $\varepsilon_{r1}=50$, $\varepsilon_{r2}=1$ and a symmetrically located gap: $a_3-a_2=a_1$. A comparison for different gap sizes (no gap, $a_2 - a_1 = 1$ mm , 2 mm and 3 mm) determined from equation (\ref{TE0}) is shown in Figure~\ref{Fig2}. A comparison between the result of equation (\ref{TE0}), the analytical result for the case of a homogeneous slot (no gap) \cite{had}, and a full-wave finite-element (FEM) simulation using ANSYS HFSS for gap size $(a_2-a_1)=2$ mm is shown in Figure~\ref{Fig3}.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.6}{\includegraphics{fig2.eps}}
  \caption{Transmission Factor $TF_0$ for slot with $a_3=4$ mm, $b=1$ mm and different gap size= 0, 1, 2 and 3 mm}\label{Fig2}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.6}{\includegraphics{fig3.eps}}
  \caption{Transmission Factor $TF_0$ of homogeneous and inhomogeneous slots: $a_3=4$ mm, $b=1$ mm and gap = 2 mm}\label{Fig3}
\end{figure}
The results show that introducing a gap within the slot will shift the even-order resonances to higher frequencies while keeping odd-order resonances almost unchanged.  Increasing the size of the gap will shift the even-order resonances to progressively higher frequencies until they meet the next odd-order resonances, which begin to be shifted to higher frequencies but at a rate much slower than for the even-order resonances, eventually forming new resonances which keep moving to higher frequencies as the size of the gap is increased. Because the gap is introduced in the middle of the slot in our example, the electric field of the odd-order resonances is minimum at that location, but is at a maximum for even-order resonances as can be seen in Figure~\ref{field} for homogeneous and in Figure~\ref{field1} for inhomogeneous, which explains why the impact of the gap on the latter is larger.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.3}{\includegraphics{dist-1st.eps}}
  \caption{Electric field distribution within the slot at first (odd, f=5.2 GHz), second (even, f=10.4 GHz) and third (odd, f=15.7 GHz) resonances for the homogeneous case $a_3=4$ mm, $b=1$ mm (no gap).}\label{field}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.25}{\includegraphics{gap_field_dis.eps}}
  \caption{Electric field distribution within the slot at first (odd, f=5.65 GHz), second (even, f=20.2 GHz), third (odd, f=22.4 GHz) resonances for the inhomogeneous case $a_3=4$ mm, $b=1$ mm and gap= 2 mm, reference figure~\ref{Fig3}.}\label{field1}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Resonances from higher order modes ($TF$)}
In the previous section (also see \cite{had3}), we saw that the gap size controls the frequency intervals between TEM resonances. In \cite{had} and \cite{had2}, we showed that including higher order modes in the analysis of the homogeneous slot reveals new sharp resonances that are always located above the cutoff frequency of the second parallel-plate waveguide mode ($m=2$). We obtained an analytical formula to locate these new resonances in the frequency domain.

In this section, we will investigate the effect of introducing a gap within the slot on higher order mode resonances. For parameter values $a_3=2$ mm, $2b=4$ mm, $a_2=1.3$ mm, $\varepsilon_{r1}=50$ and $\varepsilon_{r2}=20$, a comparison between results of the inhomogeneous gap formula (\ref{TF}), the homogeneous slot (no gap) formula from \cite{had} and \cite{had2} is shown in Figure~\ref{Fig4}. Also, comparisons between results of the inhomogeneous gap formula (\ref{TF}) and a full-wave ANSYS HFSS simulation near 17.6 GHz and 27.4 GHz are shown in Figure~\ref{Fig5}.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.6}{\includegraphics{fig4.eps}}
  \caption{Transmission Factor $TF$ of homogeneous and inhomogeneous symmetrically filled ($a_3-a_2=a_1$) slot: $a_3=2$ mm, $b=2$ mm, $\varepsilon_{r1}=50$, $\varepsilon_{r2}=20$ and gap = 0.6 mm.}\label{Fig4}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.6}{\includegraphics{fig5.eps}}
  \caption{Analytical transmission Factor $TF$ of inhomogeneous and numerical results (HFSS)  near 17.6 GHz for symmetrically filled  ($a_3-a_2=a_1$) slots: $a_3=2$ mm, $b=2$ mm, $\varepsilon_{r1}=50$, $\varepsilon_{r2}=20$ and gap = 0.6 mm.}\label{Fig5}
\end{figure}
The numerical results show excellent agreement with the analytical formula for the frequency location of the Fano resonances. There is some disagreement between the amplitudes at the Fano resonant frequency, but this is typical for full-wave simulations of resonances with such narrow bandwidth \cite{had}.

The results show that the higher order resonances' locations and magnitudes will be determined by the gap's size and its dielectric permittivity $\varepsilon_{r2}$. Increasing the size of the gap will always shift the higher order mode resonances to higher frequencies. The choice of dielectric constant will determine the cut-off frequency of the higher-order parallel-plate waveguide mode within the gap (in our case, the second mode $m=2$) which represents the threshold between propagation and evanescence of the mode within the gap. So if we choose a dielectric such that the sharp resonance is located below that threshold (cut-off frequency), then increasing the gap size will shift the resonance to a higher frequency. If it doesn't reach and pass the threshold, it will be attenuated and vanish, but if it passes this threshold, it will be sustained and keep shifting to higher frequencies as the size of the gap is increased.

The electric field distribution of those resonances in both cases homogeneous and inhomogeneous cases are shown in figures~\ref{2nd-dis} and \ref{2nd-dis-2}.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.35}{\includegraphics{2nd-dis.eps}}
  \caption{Electric field distribution (magnitude) within the slot for higher order resonances of homogeneous case near 15 and 23.5 GHz (reference \ref{Fig4}), $a_3=2$ mm, $b=2$ mm, $\varepsilon_{r}=50$.}\label{2nd-dis}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.2}{\includegraphics{2nd-dis-2.eps}}
  \caption{Electric field distribution (magnitude) within the slot for higher order resonances of inhomogeneous case near 17.58 and 27.38 GHz (reference \ref{Fig4}), $a_3=2$ mm, $b=2$ mm, $\varepsilon_{r1}=50$, $\varepsilon_{r2}=20$ and gap=0.6 mm.}\label{2nd-dis-2}
\end{figure}
It is obvious that the electric field distribution of the first higher order resonance is disturbed by introducing the gap while the second one is almost unchanged. The electric field components ($E_y$ and $E_z$) for the first and second higher order resonances for homogeneous case are shown in Figures~\ref{y-z-1} and \ref{y-z-2} respectively. The (tangential) $E_y$ component will be continuous while the normal one ($E_z$) is not, so introducing the gap in the middle disturbs $E_z$ in the higher order resonance near 15 GHz where the field is maximum, but has almost no effect near 23.5 GHz where the field is minimum.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.45}{\includegraphics{y-z-2nd-1.eps}}
  \caption{Electric field distribution (y and z components) within the slot for higher order resonances of homogeneous case near 15 GHz (reference \ref{2nd-dis}), $a_3=2$ mm, $b=2$ mm, $\varepsilon_{r}=50$.}\label{y-z-1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{y-z-2nd-2.eps}}
  \caption{Electric field distribution (y and z components) within the slot for higher order resonances of homogeneous case near 23.5 GHz (reference \ref{2nd-dis}), $a_3=2$ mm, $b=2$ mm, $\varepsilon_{r}=50$.}\label{y-z-2}
\end{figure}

To see whether realistic materials with loss will alter the foregoing results, we consider the following commercially available dielectric, for which $\varepsilon_{r1}=75$ and the loss tangent is $\tan\delta =2.6\times 10^{-4}$ at 3 GHz and $\varepsilon_{r2}=35$ and the loss tangent is $\tan\delta =2.9\times 10^{-5}$ at 2 GHz \cite{skywork}. For a fair comparison, we move the resonant frequency to around 3 GHz by modifying the slot size to $a_3=8$ mm and $b=16$ mm.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.6}{\includegraphics{fig7.eps}}
  \caption{Transmission Factor $TF$ lossless case, $a_3=8$ mm, $b=16$ mm: (a) Homogeneous: $\varepsilon_{r}=75$. (b) Inhomogeneous: $\varepsilon_{r1}=75$, $\varepsilon_{r2}=35 $ and gap=2 mm}\label{Fig7}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.6}{\includegraphics{fig8.eps}}
  \caption{Transmission Factor $TF$ and numercial results (HFSS), lossy case, $a_3=8$ mm, $b=16$ mm: (a) Homogeneous: $\varepsilon_{r}=75(1-i2.6\times 10^{-4})$. (b) Inhomogeneous: $\varepsilon_{r1}=75(1-i2.6\times 10^{-4})$, $\varepsilon_{r2}=35(1-i1\times 10^{-4})$ and gap=2 mm}\label{Fig8}
\end{figure}
Results are shown in Figure~\ref{Fig7} for the lossless case and in Figure~\ref{Fig8} for the lossy case and compared with numerical results from HFSS. We see that the broad TEM mode resonances are barely affected by losses within the dielectric slot, while the sharp resonances, though still present, are changed significantly in amplitude.

\subsection{Groove Geometry}

\subsubsection{Fundamental-mode formula ($TF_0$)}
We assume a shield thickness $a_3=4$ mm and a slot width $2b=2$ mm with $\varepsilon_{r1}=1$ (air) and $\varepsilon_{r2}=50$ (symmetrically located: $a_3-a_2=a_1$). With this choice, we actually form a groove in the slot, in which we will fix the thickness of the shield (PEC) while varying the thickness of the dielectric layer. A comparison among the result of equation (\ref{TE0}), the analytical result for the case of homogeneous (no groove) \cite{had}, and a full-wave finite-element simulation using Ansys HFSS for different groove sizes $a_1=1$ and $1.5$ mm (the thicknesses of dielectric layer ($a_2-a_1$) within the slot being 2 mm and 1 mm respectively) are shown in Figures~\ref{Fig9} and \ref{Fig10}, where we compare with the homogeneous case that has thickness equal to the thickness of dielectric layer in inhomogeneous case. The electric field magnitude distribution at 10 GHz for a groove size $a_1=1$ mm is shown in Figure~\ref{groove}.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.6}{\includegraphics{fig9.eps}}
  \caption{Transmission Factor $TF_0$ of homogeneous ($a=2$ mm, $b=1$ mm and $\varepsilon_r=50$) and inhomogeneous ($a_3=4$ mm, $b=1$ mm, $a_1=1$mm (groove=1 mm), $\varepsilon_{r1}=1$ and $\varepsilon_{r2}=50$). Note: The thickness in homogeneous case is 2mm which equal the thickness of dielectric in inhomogeneous case}\label{Fig9}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.6}{\includegraphics{fig10.eps}}
  \caption{Transmission Factor $TF_0$ of homogeneous ($a=1$ mm, $b=1$ mm and $\varepsilon_r=50$) and inhomogeneous ($a_3=4$ mm, $b=1$ mm, $a_1=1.5$mm (groove=1.5 mm), $\varepsilon_{r1}=1$ and $\varepsilon_{r2}=50$). Note: The thickness in homogeneous case is 1mm which equal the thickness of dielectric in inhomogeneous case}\label{Fig10}
\end{figure}
The results show that introducing a groove in the slot has less effect on the first resonance, where it slightly changes its resonance frequency and magnitude. On the other hand, the groove significantly alters the magnitude of the Transmission Factor at the higher resonance frequencies and away from those resonances.

If we introduce the air groove but keep the screen thickness constant, we actually reduce the thickness of dielectric layer, and that will alter the ratio ($\frac{a}{b}$), which will change the magnitude of the broad resonances that can be determined using equation (19) in \cite{had}. We note in Figure~\ref{Fig10} that there appear many closely spaced "ripples" in the HFSS results between 20 and 40 GHz. By plotting the field distribution in HFSS, we observe standing waves at the peaks of the ripples in Figure~\ref{Fig10}. We believe that this artifact is due to imperfect absorption of the radiation boundary at those particular frequencies.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{1}{\includegraphics{dis-groove.eps}}
  \caption{Electric field distribution (magnitude) at 10 GHz for inhomogeneous case: $a_3=4$ mm, $b=1$ mm, $a_1=1$mm (groove=1 mm), $\varepsilon_{r1}=1$ and $\varepsilon_{r2}=50$.}\label{groove}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Resonances from higher order modes ($TF$)}
In this subsection, we investigate the effect of a groove on the higher order mode resonances. Comparison between results of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous cases is shown in Figure~\ref{groove_2nd} for $a_3=4$ mm, $a_1=0.9$ mm (symmetrically located: $a_3-a_2=a_1$) and a slot width $2b=8$ mm with $\varepsilon_{r1}=1$ (air), $\varepsilon_{r2}=50$.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.6}{\includegraphics{groove_2nd.eps}}
  \caption{Transmission Factor $TF$ of homogeneous and inhomogeneous symmetrically filled ($a_3-a_2=a_1$) slot: $a_3=4$ mm, $b=4$ mm, $\varepsilon_{r1}=1$, $\varepsilon_{r2}=50$ and groove= 0.9 mm.}\label{groove_2nd}
\end{figure}
As we expected, introducing the air grooves shifts all resonances to higher frequencies as the high dielectric layer decreases in size, with magnitude reduction in the broad resonances consistent with the prediction of equation~(19) and Table~I in \cite{had}. The comparison with HFSS results for the higher-order resonance at 10.81 GHz for the inhomogeneous case in Figure~\ref{groove_2nd} is shown in detail in Figure~\ref{groove_2nd_hfss}, and the agreement is seen to be good.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{0.6}{\includegraphics{groove_2nd_hfss.eps}}
  \caption{Analytical transmission Factor $TF$ of inhomogeneous and numerical results (HFSS) near 10.8 GHz for sysmmetrically filled ($a_3-a_2=a_1$) slot: $a_3=4$ mm, $b=4$ mm, $\varepsilon_{r1}=1$, $\varepsilon_{r2}=50$ and groove= 0.9 mm.}\label{groove_2nd_hfss}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}
In this study, we have obtained an approximate analytical formula to determine the transmission through an inhomogeneously loaded dielectric slot in a thick metallic screen. This analytical model allows us to study two different loading geometries (a gap and grooves) and analyze the influence on both kinds of resonances (Fabry-Perot and Fano). By introducing a region of different dielectric constant within the slot (gap), we can control the separation between the broad bandwidth resonances (Fabry-Perot) and the locations and magnitudes of the very narrow bandwidth (Fano) resonances. In addition, the effect of creating grooves on both kind of resonances is considered, as well as the losses in the dielectric slot. Our results were validated by comparison with a full-wave numerical finite element simulation (HFSS).

\appendices

\ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff
  \newpage
\fi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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The Legacy of Walter W. Ristow
I first met Wally around 1946, appropriately, through his publications. While working as a cartographer at the U. S. Aeronautical Chart and Information Center in St. Louis, I stumbled across Wally's work in the Center's library. Stimulated by his articles and books, I left St. Louis to become a cartographic archivist at the National Archives. He literally changed my life before I met him in person.
During Wally's distinguished professional career, which spanned a remarkable seven decades, he inspired and taught countless other individuals by his original research, writing, committee work, active participation in several professional societies, and leadership of two of the world's great map libraries – the Map Division of the New York Public Library (1937-1946) and the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress (1946-1970). Additionally, he headed the geography and map section of the U. S. Army's New York City Office of Military Intelligence for 32 months during World War II in a civilian capacity while continuing his duties with the New York Public Library on a part-time basis.
From my perspective, Wally made significant contributions to three related fields - geography, map librarianship, and historical cartography – and I would like to briefly comment on each.
Wally's association with professional geography began during his undergraduate days at the University of Wisconsin where he studied with some of the founding fathers of modern American geography – Vernor C. Finch, Glenn Trewartha, and Armin Lobeck. This was followed by a teaching assistantship in the Geology and Geography Department at Oberlin College, Ohio, and graduate studies at the Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. His first contribution to the field was an article on "The influence of geography upon the history of Bohemia," which appeared in the Bulletin of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia in 1933, the same year that he received his M. A. degree from Oberlin College. It was the first of more than 250 published articles, notes, and books that would flow almost effortlessly from Wally's pen.
Wally practiced what he called the "practical side of the science of geography," which he defined as working with government and professional organizations to "dispense cartographic and geographic information." During his association with the New York Public Library and the Library of Congress he prepared numerous carto-bibliographies and acquisitions lists to inform the public about the map holdings of these two great institutions.
Wally also promoted geography though participation with professional organizations. He played a critical role in the creation of the reconstituted Association of American Geographers in 1949 following its merger with the American Society for Professional Geographers, an organization established in 1943 by younger wartime geographers. Wally served as the last secretary of the ASPG and the first secretary of the new AAG, whose central office was moved to the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress in 1950 where it was housed for nearly a decade.
He also represented the Library of Congress on the U. S. Board on Geographic Names for eighteen years, serving as chairman for one term. Established in 1890, the BGN is the final authority for naming geographical features in the United States. Other notable committee work assignments included chairmanship of the Middle Atlantic Division of the AAG and co-organizer of the first U. S. Federal Map Users Conference in 1965.
Wally's contribution to the "practical side" of geography took on international significance in 1949 when he represented the Library of Congress at the Pan American Institute of Geography and History in Rio de Janeiro. This was followed by a two-year leave of absence from the Library during which time Wally directed the planning and scheduling of the Seventeenth International Geographical Congress, which was held in Washington in 1952. More than one thousand geographers participated.
Map Librarianship
Although Wally began his career in map librarianship without formal training in either cartography or library science, he became a leading figure in the field. He was one of the first to actively promote map librarianship as a profession. His paper, "The Library Map Collection," which appeared in the June 15, 1942, issue of Library Journal, is one of the earliest papers on this subject to appear in an American library publication in the United States.
Wally played leading roles in founding the first professional map library society in the U.S - the Geography and Map Section of the Special Libraries Association - and its international counterpart, the Geography and Map Libraries Section of the International Federation of Library Associations. Under his direction, the Library of Congress became the worldwide leader in automated map cataloging. In 1978, the Geography and Map Library Section of IFLA honored Wally with a Festschrift on his 70th birthday "for his 40 years of distinguished service to map librarianship."
Historical Cartography
Finally, Wally contributed significantly to the emergence of historical cartography as a distinct field of scholarship in the United States through his numerous publications and the co-founding of the Washington Map Society. Wally's breadth of interest in the history of cartography was simply amazing. He had the unique ability to popularize the subject for a general audience. He explored new avenues of historical cartographic research, most notably oil company road maps, aviation cartography, and journalistic mapping. In a series of profiles on early American mapmakers that appeared over several decades in the quarterly journals of the Library of Congress and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, he traced the development of American commercial cartography, which he later expanded for his landmark 1985 book, American Maps and Mapmakers.
Walter W. Ristow was the epitome of the scholar-manager, a person who combined an inquisitive mind, superb research skills, a flair for writing, and rare administrative and organizational abilities. Dr. Ristow will be sorely missed, but he will continue to inspire and instruct through his unique body of work, and through the Walter W. Ristow Prize in the History of Cartography, which has been awarded annually since 1994 by the Washington Map Society, and the Walter Ristow Fund at the Library of Congress, generously established by the Ristow Family "to support the work of the Geography and Map Division [and] American cartography."
--Ralph Ehrenberg is retired Chief of the Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress. He delivered these remarks at the Ristow Memorial Service at the Falls Church Presbyterian Church, Falls Church, VA on May 7, 2006.
Dr. Walter W. Ristow
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I was doing research the other night and realized BKS Iyengar's birthday is today. I feel it appropriate to mention one of the teachers who's most influenced my practice. If anyone lit up a sense of hope in me, hope of not only improving my health but of becoming a whole human being, Iyengar helped sparked my internal fire. Today he is 93 years old.
Soon after my first awakening to how great yoga was I went to the library in search of books. In and amongst the books was a copy of Light on Yoga, the book considered to be the bible of modern yoga. I was amazed at the photos as most are but what really blew my mind was the back of the book. If you have shoulder problems do these asanas, if you have digestive problems do these asanas…etc.
Could it be? Look at the photos! He's got to know something about the body look at what he's capable of. Ask your overweight doctor what shoulderstand does.
I knew I'd stumbled onto something huge. 8 years or so later, I'm still at it, breathing, stretching and working on my body one small piece at a time. As I reconnect and experience the great things a yoga practice brings I occasionally find a video like this series. I watched in awe last night, Iyengar makes me look like a novice.
This is part one of a series. If you have the time watch it all. It's quite the demonstration.
So Iyengar is now 93 years old. The bushy eyebrowed lion of Pune has influenced most of the lineage of hatha yoga due to his intense focus on the alignment in poses. His alignment allows one to do yoga safely and over time deepen into the poses. Using props to help students open their bodies and aid in the process was one of his great influences on the practice as well.
Thank you so much Mr. Iyengar. May your life and teachings continue on. Thank you for providing a crack that lets all the light shine in.


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There are many services out there online for proofreading and editing; however many of them are not going to provide you with an effective service. Many of these services use only software which is far from accurate while others will use ineffective unqualified freelancers. We, however, will provide you with highly qualified and very experienced editors to ensure that your work is provided with that final polish that it requires.
Our editors and proofreaders will work with you to ensure that they fully understand what you are expecting before they start to work on your project. Our services are fully flexible and we can provide you with editing for your whole dissertation or just a single page or section as required. All work is provided to you in the draft from fully marked up so that you can see the changes that are recommended. If you feel that additional work is required then our editors will continue to work with you making unlimited revisions until you are fully satisfied.
Editing and proofreading are so much more than a quick read through to look for errors. It requires a dissertation proofreader that has the right mindset as well as the training and experience to improve your writing.
So if you are looking for a reliable and affordable dissertation proofreading service that you can trust to deliver error-free and well-written papers just contact our experts here today!


Telcel offers several prepaid plans to meet the requirements of clients in Mexico. Telcel prepaid clients will also be given the "Amigo Kit" containing airtime, handset, charger, and other accessories that may be needed for your phone.
Enjoy a variety of voice services under Telcel rate plans that meet the needs of various market segments. Find a Telcel prepaid dealer now using our mobile store locator.


how is spl audio..? good bad Junk any comment be helpful thx.. talkin bout amps here..
Just taken delivery of an SPL 25001.. it's a top notch amp driving 2 x DSL 12" subs & 4 x infinity component door speakers & it's handling them all quite nicely.. had it all running for over an hr in the car without the engine running & it didn't kill my battery either which is a good thing!! Only gripe is I'm getting some major feedback when I start the car up, so i'll need to look into that!!
lol putting your phone in a forum is bad.
i smell lots of pizza and prank calls.


text:
The 5th Siberian Army Corps was an Army corps in the Imperial Russian Army.

The formation was formed, in 1904, from the 54th reserve brigade of the Kazan Military District, deployed in a corps consisting of two divisions during the Russian-Japanese war of 1904–1905.
The corps staff was formed on the basis of the headquarters of the 54th reserve brigade. The corps divisions received numbers 54th and 71st infantry.

In 1910 it was re-formed.

Composition
1904:
54th Infantry Division
71st Infantry Division
1914:
3rd Siberian Rifle Division
6th Siberian Rifle Division

Part of
Amur Military District: 1904–06.1914
1st Army: 10.1914 – 01.1915
2nd Army: 02.1915 – 09.1915
4th Army: 09.1915 – 02.1916
12th Army: 03.1916 – 04.1916
6th Army: 04.1916 – 05.1916
8th Army: 06.1916 – 07.1916
11th Army: 07.1916 – 1917

Commanders
01.1904-05.1906: Leonid Dembowsky
06.1910-07.1911: Nikolai Podvalnyuk
09.1911-12.1913: Pavel Savvich
12.1913-02.1914: Arkady Sychevsky
02.1914-12.1914: Leonty Sidorin
12.1914-04.1917: Nikolai Voronov,
04.1917-11.1917: Alexander Turbin,
11.1917-02.1918: Captain Alexander Todorsky

Sources
 the article in the Russian Wikipedia, 5-й Сибирский армейский корпус.''

Corps of the Russian Empire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The gig economy is changing the way business is being done from the inside out. Companies no longer have to juggle their budgets to add additional heads to their payrolls; they're not faced with figuring out how to pay for the insurance, benefits, overhead and other usually-unseen expenses associated with the true cost of employees.
They can simply hire gig workers to fill skills gaps or pick up workflows when things get busy. They can hire long-term freelancers with whom they build lasting relationships, or they can order content for a single web page and move on about their business. Soon, the world will wonder how it even revolved around the sun without freelancers pulling the strings of gravity. In fact, many organizations have already begun to build gig workers into their daily operations.
It's important to remember that gig workers aren't employees, although most of them will treat your business as though it's their very own. There are a few nuances you should be aware of if you're thinking about going gig.
The traditional sense of bankers' hours has been gone for a long time. After all, people used to work 9-to-5 jobs. At some point, that first number snuck down to an 8 without anyone really noticing. Suddenly, everyone was working an extra hour a day, and that's what expected of anyone who was working "conventional" day-job hours.
Gig workers freelance for many reasons—one of which is the freedom to make their own schedules. Some writers keep weird hours, working overnight or on the weekends, as their personal situations allow. Others prefer to get up super early and be done with work by 1:00 or 2:00 in the afternoon. Others prefer to abide by bankers' hours, as they might fit their families' schedules best.
The thing to remember when you hire a gig worker is that each person makes his or her own hours. If you specifically need your freelancer to be available during certain times, reach out with a message to ensure your expectations are on the same page.
So, you've found a writer who always hits your content right on point, communicates your messages clearly, and has absolutely nailed the tone-of-voice you need for your marketing efforts.
Congratulations! It often takes a few test trials before clients land their ideal writers. Once you've got a few in your pocket, things go smoothly. You send assignments, and they pick them up, write them, and submit them. Your content calendar becomes a well-oiled machine.
Then, one day, you're met with a message that says your writer isn't going to write your piece.
You might have a go-to writer or two (which we highly recommend), but sometimes, the stars just don't align. Keep communication channels with your freelancers open so you can create new game plans when you need to adjust. Your gig workers will give you the same courtesy when they're able to re-work their schedules to suit your needs.
When you're working with gig workers, there are humans on the other side of the screen. Even if you never actually have a conversation with them, it's essential to remember that they can make mistakes just like anyone else. They're not robots; they're people who do their best to churn out optimal content with minimal errors.
Seasoned freelancers deliver impeccable content, but they sometimes goof just like you do. Remember to approach errors in the same manner you'd want to receive revisions if they were yours. A kind note can smooth over a frustrating situation. Along similar lines, be mindful that you can often fix simple errors yourself more quickly than you'd be able to shoot a revision request to your writer. Of course, if the submission you receive is totally out of left field, you should absolutely request a revision. Just be sure your initial instructions are cohesive with the revision you're asking for. Otherwise, you'll essentially be asking for a brand new order.
WriterAccess offers a small army of gig workers who have big talents. Here, you'll find writers, editors, content strategists, and translators who are ready to tackle your company's needs, no matter the project at hand. Ready to get started? Request a demo today!


text:
Pałac Bogusławskiego – pałac znajdujący się przy ul. Żelaznej 97 w warszawskiej dzielnicy Wola. Siedziba domu generalnego Zgromadzenia Sióstr Franciszkanek Rodziny Maryi.

Historia
Budynek został wzniesiony w 1807 przez Wojciecha Bogusławskiego w wyniku gruntownej przebudowy istniejącego w tym miejscu pałacyku. Źródła podają, że w czerwcu 1780 podczas pobytu w Warszawie Alessandro di Cagliostro, Hrabia di Cagliostro, właściwie Giuseppe Balsamo, miał występ w pałacyku. W tym też roku założył egipską lożę wolnomularską w Warszawie.

Budowla znajdowała się pomiędzy dwiema parterowymi oficynami. Jedna mieściła w sobie mieszkania, druga natomiast wozownie i stajnie. W 1825 pałac zakupił architekt Karol Henryk Gall, po czym go przebudował. Od roku 1862 właścicielem był ks. Julian Feliński. Wraz z bratem, arcybiskupem Zygmuntem, założył w pałacyku szkołę i sierociniec. Opiekę nad nim sprawowało założone przez Felińskiego Zgromadzenie Sióstr Franciszkanek Rodziny Maryi. W 1863 na dziedzińcu ustawiono zachowaną do dzisiaj rzeźbę Matki Boskiej, wykonaną przez Andrzeja Pruszyńskiego. Rzeźbiarz ten stworzył również płaskorzeźbę Chrystusa zamieszczoną w tympanonie. Na fasadzie umieszczono napis po łacinie Parva sed apta (Mała, ale wygodna).

W latach 1940–1943 pałacyk znajdował się w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie warszawskiego getta. Siostry ze Zgromadzenia przyjęły pod opiekę ok. 11 dzieci żydowskich. Pomagały także w przemycaniu dzieci na stronę "aryjską" (skąd przewożono je do sierocińców lub rodzin na prowincji). W czasie powstania warszawskiego oddziały niemieckie dokonały dużych zniszczeń pałacyku. Został mocno naruszony pożarami, a siostry wywieziono do obozu koncentracyjnego w Ravensbrück.

Został odbudowany po 1945 w stylu klasycystycznym. Zmiany przeprowadziła Beata Trylińska. W obecnym kształcie różni się od pierwotnego. Niezmieniony zachował się portyk dwukolumnowy umieszczony w elewacji przedniej i czterokolumnowy w ogrodowej. Oficyny zostały połączone z korpusem budynku.

W 2017 roku w prawej oficynie pałacu otwarto Muzeum św. Zygmunta Felińskiego.

Upamiętnienia
 Tablica upamiętniający zakup nieruchomości w 1862 roku dla "Rodziny Maryi" przez Zygmunta Szczęsnego Felińskiego od hrabiego Pusłowskiego.
 Tablica upamiętniająca Janusza Tarnowskiego (na fasadzie od strony ul. Żelaznej).
 Pomnik Zygmunta Szczęsnego Felińskiego z dwójką dzieci odsłonięty przed budynkiem w 2007.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Pałace w Warszawie
Muranów (Wola)


text:
package org.apache.yoko.rmi.util;

public class SearchKey<T> implements Key<T> {
    private final T value;
    private final int hash;

    public SearchKey(T value) {
        this.value = value;
        hash = value.hashCode();
    }

    @Override
    public T get() {
        return value;
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return hash;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (this == o) return true;
        if (!!!(o instanceof Key)) return false;
        return value.equals(((Key)o).get());
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


One of the reasons that neurological studies of religious and spiritual experiences are still relatively rare is that such studies are unusually complicated, with many variables for which it is difficult to control. Progress is always slower under such circumstances. Another reason such studies are rare is a social one: scientific reputation needs to be built carefully and there is enough suspicion around topics such as religion that young scientists hesitate to get involved for fear that they will not be taken seriously by their colleagues.
The Institute for the Biocultural Study of Religion exists in part to conduct and coordinate rigorous research in this area, and in other aspects of the biological and cultural functions of religious behaviors, beliefs, and experiences. The Institute Activities pages will introduce you to some aspects of our work. The News pages will alert you to information about research developments, forthcoming events, and news from the field. The Resources pages will direct you to useful information connected to the Institute's research programs.


text:
Episode #188: Dr. Levatta Levels
Dana Goodier October 3, 2022 Out of the Trenches Podcast
It's not about the role, it's about the goal. Click To TweetDr. Levels has served many professional and civic organizations, including Delegate to the Texas Democratic Convention representing Senate District 23, DeSoto Chamber of Commerce Board, Leadership Southwest Board, Big Brothers Big Sisters Southern Region Board, University of North Texas Exes Board, and the University of North Texas Advisory Council.
She is active with the Texas Association of School Administrators, National Council of Negro Women, Parent Teacher Association, UNT Trailblazers, Texas Counseling Association, Texas Association of Black School Educators, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Incorporated, and the Zeta Eta Alumnae Association.
Dr. Levels earned an Ed.D. in Educational Leadership from Texas A&M University-Commerce. She earned both her Bachelor of Science and Master of Education with a focus on Education Administration from the University of North Texas and completed the Superintendent Certification program with the University of Houston-Victoria. She is most proud of her two children Leah and Lofton and granddaughter London.
Trench story: School district made decisions around positions. Trying time. Tried to allow input from everyone. Needed to best serve paret, t's. budget allocations for the next year. Re-alligned budget items. Was very transparent.
Tell me about work with (Higher Levels Educational Group) HLEG? Is it just for ppl who work in higher ed? She works with private industry. Started in 2006. Mentored principals in TX education assn. She still does that work. Individuals who want to craft goals, see progress, she assists in the progress. Can tell a story about a current superintendent she has helped. Was hired to mentor leaders across the state of TX. Worked with a TX educational agency for 8 years. Still works with 100's of leaders. Works with HS/MS on scheduling. Executive mentoring w/ superintendents. Reflective practices. Many thought partners are currently sitting supt. Also self-employed people. Has a knowledgeable team.
She co-authored Power of Kingdom Mindset How would it help leaders who are of faith? It's your story about discipline as a 1st year principal. It's around discipline. In book she shared 15 diff stories. More leadership/inspiration Around her work as ES principal. Great for motivation, inspiration. Allows one to read & glean from. Helps overcome obstacles. Stories from many women about their different roles. It's ok to take care of yourself. Her author name is ELLE DEAN. (amazon link)
Moving from superintendency to working with college students. Students are students, learners are learners. It's a transferable skill. You understand it. Conduct officer, she works with code of conduct violations, complaints. Physical altercations, assaults. She wants students to participate in decision making. Maintains positive relationships. Mental health, emergency response. Much the same as asst. superintendent. principal, etc. Almost like a principal at college. Pres at college is a lot more executive. It's not about the role, it's about the goal. She ensured parents were involved. Had the same opportunities as at school. Constantly collaborating across college. They have students from ages 16-80+.
Community, precinct chair. Is on county elections advisory committee-how elections are administered, was appointed for 2 yrs. Her sorority ensures they look at their work, actions, behaviors, etc. and focus on the community, elected positions. In the last 10 years has been involved with voter registration. Registered 500 HS St's. Huge proponent of voter registration. She is from O'Cliff, an urban area in Dallas, so she went to that area to get ppl engaged. Also conducted school board elections for 15 yrs. Became election judge when done working in K-12. Some centers outside her area were closed. Worked w/ a variety of orgs around her area. Several events in the next few weeks.
Could talk about shifts in the past few years and how we could make it. Dallas is blue in the middle of the red sea. Still haven't healed from the '21 ice storm. Power grid. There's still pushback, will be always. Ft. Worth-purple county. They need ppl to show up for early voting. Most of Dallas leadership are Democrats. Assist across the political lines when it comes to school budgets, crime, etc.. Do mail-in ballots. Recent legislation has limited voter opportunities, id requirements.
Key quotes…IS a life-long educator, passion is education. #2 family/community service. Whole family was/is educators. Through HLEG is avail.
Find Levatta online: Higher Levels Educational Group email alllevels@yahoo.com
Facebook @Higher Levels Educational WebChat Group
Twitter @3lllevels
Higher Levels Educational Group – Time to Elevate
View this episode on YouTube: https://youtu.be/VOIo1dlW4Ac
Are you excited that in-person conferences are back? I know I am! In fact, I am excited to announce that I will be at the 2022 Teach Better Conference this October 14-15 in Akron, OH. I'll be recording episodes live, attending sessions, and connecting with a whole bunch of amazing educators. It would be awesome if you could join us! Head over to www.teachbetterconference.com/register and use code outofthetrenches to save $50 off your 2-day registration. I hope I see you in October!
Your Affiliate Code: outofthetrenches
Tags:#collegeandcareer, #danagoodier, #outofthetrenches, #principalsinaction, #servantleader


Entry into force of new FCRA reporting obligations Early this month, CFPB published updates to the disclosures requirements of the Fair Credit Reporting Act of the Swiss Confederation. Published on 21 September 2018, the Summary of Your Rights Under the Fair Credit Reporting Act is one of many communications that employer must submit under the FCRA when using a CRA for a Background Review during the recruitment procedure.
You will find the updated version of the online registration here together with a updated summary of consumer identity theft rights. May 2018 saw the adoption by Congress of the Act on Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection (the "Act"). This law will add a new phrase to the summary of your rights, explaining that the consumer can receive a "safety stop" free of charge.
Safety freezes allow a customer to suspend his bank accounts so that a CRA cannot publish information on a loan without the consumer's consent. It also warns proposers that the use of the safety freezer may slow down, hinder or ban the timeliness of an offer. Alternatively to Sicherheitsfreeze, users also have the right to add a first or expanded scam warning to their loan files free of charge.
FCRA governs the gathering and dissemination of FCRAs, a joint part of a professional review. A number of employer who use user reporting during the claim procedure are already aware of the FCRA's strict notification and reporting obligations and the traps of non-compliance. The FCRA collective actions have affected many companies in various sectors for alleged non-compliance with notification and publication obligations and led to comparisons in the millions.
However, many companies are unaware that country-specific regulations for retail coverage, known as "mini-FCRAs", often place additional demands such as the German FCRA. Employees in states such as California, Colorado, Illinois, New York and Massachusetts must adhere to both the FCRA and the state mini-FCRAs and legislation on backgrounds. In order to make things even more complicated, communities have passed legislation to review backgrounds in place in supplement to national and miniatureCRAs.
New York City workplaces, for example, must also respect the Fair Chance Act on background crime and the Stop Crime Discrimination in Employment Act, which forbids most workplaces from using employee loan histories to make decisions about work. How should an employer do? Employers who use consumers' reporting during the recruitment procedure should make sure that they provide candidates with the latest FCRAs.
In addition, before introducing a backgrounds review procedure, an employer should seek advice from their lawyer to make sure that their procedure complies with all state and municipal legislation.


The days of stuffy old posed wedding photography are dead. We won't clock watch, we know weddings rarely run to schedule. We're yours for the day and we don't leave until we feel like we've got everything we need and everything that you'd want. We do all this without being intrusive, bossy or in your face and give you relaxed, natural wedding photography.
The best feedback we can get (and we regularly do!) is that you will hardly notice we were there. We'll come dressed as guests to your wedding and blend in with the day. We want to feel like a natural part of your celebrations and by blending in we're able to capture all those intimate, fun moments that we know are important to you and your family.
We know special moments aren't always perfect but imperfect moments can be special. We won't be dictators on your wedding day, after all it's your wedding day. Because there are two of us we can divide our attentions to capture all the things you'd expect to be captured and all the hidden details, moments you missed and all the behind the scenes things you'll never know about until you get your photos back. This culminates in an honest story of your day the way you remembered it.
We know how important photos are to you. That's why we edit them in a style that leaves the colours looking natural, but at their best. We won't be applying filters that will look dated in just a year or two's time. We want your photos and your albums to have a classic contemporary feel like a piece of mid century furniture that never goes out of style.
We don't just provide creative wedding photography, we provide a service. We want to take away as much of the stress of wedding planning as we can. We believe we should always be on hand for whatever you need. Our policy is to aim to reply to all emails within 24 hours (or 48 over weekends). If you need anything, you can expect a quick response from us.
Clear and transparent pricing means you know you won't have any hidden extras to pay for. And at the end of the day, all the photos are yours to print and share – they're all yours to do with what you wish.
Above all, we want you to have the peace of mind that you're hiring a very experienced, professionally trained, creative and friendly wedding photography duo. You're in safe hands with us.


Dr.Malpani's Blog: How can you find an IVF doctor you can trust ?
A referral by other infertile patients is very helpful - especially if they've had a baby from that clinic, because that's a living endorsement that the doctor is good. However, this can be gamed as well, and lots of IVF clinics do unnecessary IVF treatment cycles for young patients who don't need IVF in the first place – thus inflating their success rates. You need to confirm that the patient who is recommending an IVF clinic to you is well-informed - just having achieved success is actually not enough !
You can download the IVF comic book free at https://www.drmalpani.com/pdf/IVF_COMIC_BOOK.pdf and this will help you make better decisions as to which doctor to trust !


I started blogging officially at NYLON JAPAN.
I would say I use this page like a diary including fahsion, art, my friends... and everything with my NY life.
Sorry it is written in only Japanese, but just please take a look if you are interested in it!
#302 Ringo Chung on West 22nd St.
#301 Corey Moran on Crosby St.


Stout Consultants is specialized in interim and project management in the area of sustainable entrepreneurship. The consultancy's power is the unique combination of strategic commercial insight, pragmatic acting and cooperation with social and environmental organizations.
I am originally a corporate economist, however the last 30 years I have been mostly active in commercial business. Especially in the timber sector, I have gained increased experience in several (interim) management- and executive functions, national as well as international.
Having been raised in the region of Rotterdam, the creed "Actions speak louder than words" has been drilled into me. I prefer to combine strategic insight with pragmatic acting. Actually I am 'terribly practical' (see interviews in Milieudefensie magazine).
Sustainability is my life's work. Since the early 90's I've witnessed the poor working conditions in the Brazilian timber industry. The safety measures were especially poor. My common sense told me that it could not continue that way. The FSC-seal came at the right time.
However, when it comes to sustainability, the economic factor is often undervalued. Sustainability is only realistic when combined with a healthy profit. Profit can be used to reinvest, expand and to improve social conditions. FSC shows that this is quite possible. Due to the quick success of FSC, I have become optimistic about the earth's future.
As an entrepreneur I have been taught the belief that business cannot cooperate with environmental movements and development organizations. From experience I now know that cooperation is quite possible when based on clear agreements from both sides. Because of this, I feel that businesses should be more willing to cooperate with social and environmental organizations.


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Sony & Disney Make Up, 'Spider-Man 3' Movie…
A crisis of magnanimous proportions has been averted. Today (Sept. 27), Sony and Disney (Marvel's parent company) announced that they…
Wesley Snipes Is All For Mahershala Ali For…
When Marvel announced on Saturday that they were not only bringing Blade back to the Marvel Cinematic Universe but that Mahershala Ali would be…
Spider-Man: Far From Home Official Trailer Hints At…
It's been two weeks since Avengers: End Game so if you haven't seen the movie yet, the makers of Spider-Man:…
'Avengers: Endgame' Sets Box Office Records With $358M…
It was expected but Marvel now owns the highest grossing opening weekend (again) as Avengers: Endgame not only became the fastest film to…
Netflix Cancels 'Daredevil' After Three Seasons
Join Our Text Club To Get The Latest Music, Entertainment, Contests And Breaking News On Your Phone. Text BOX to…
Marvel x Urban Legends/UME Announce New Series of…
The popular Marvel Variant Hip-Hop covers are coming back in a big way thanks to a new collaboration with Urban…
'Luke Cage' Canceled At Netflix
After two seasons, Luke Cage isn't returning for a third season at Netflix. The streaming company announced they were axing…
Movie Alert!!! Deadool 2 Trailer
After the success of Marvel's Black Panther movie, I wouldn't be surprised if plenty more comic book movies release…
What Would You Say To Black Panther In…
Making upwards of 700 Million in 2 weeks has to an amazing feeling for the "Black Panther" film cast. Not…
Which Hollywood Icon Paid For Chadwick Boseman To…
Chadwick Boseman has been having a breakout year! You may remember him from the movie 42 (The Jackie Robinson…
First Look at Marvel's 'Jessica Jones' Season 2
It's been a little over 3 years since the original release of the Jessica Jones' season 1 series and now…
Is Marvel Throwing Shade At DC By Releasing…
This week, Marvel released the trailer for their upcoming Netflix series The Punisher. At first, all seemed well, and folks…
New Movie Alert! Spiderman – Homecoming [Trailer]
I'm an action movie junkie! The Avengers franchise is about to "launch" a new spin off. Spider-Man: Homecoming looks sensational. In The…
Did Disney Make A Mistake By Not Paying…
Will Smith has been the face of box office hit films for over 20 years, but according to Disney, he's…
MIT's Admissions Video Features Black Woman Superhero
Marvel Comics character Riri Williams, an African-American woman superhero, was featured in MIT's admissions video.
NEWS ROUNDUP: Dylann Roof No Longer Wants To…
Dylann Roof asked a federal judge if his former defense team could represent him for his murder trial.
Kanye's Ex-Fiancee Alexis Talks Amber Rose & Life Out Of The Limelight
Where Are They Now? Lil Zane [Photos]
What Does 'Dog Walk You' Mean ?


This nifty design "Moose Hat" is not only super warm, but a lot of fun to wear. Our Moose hat is fully lined with thick fleece, complete with ear flaps and strings to keep out the cold.
50% Alpaca/50% Acrylic Blend. Comes in children's and adult size.


Hi, I've been on 80mg of Prednisone every other day for 2 1/2 months now and I have at least one more script to go and I was just wondering if I should get a flu shot or not? I read that a long term user shouldn't but I don't know if I'm considered long term or not.
Thank you, that makes me feel better.
Hi, I have been on Prednisone for several years and always get the flu shot as per my doctor's recommendation. I would not take a vaccine with live ingredients..
Thank you, I think I will get one.
How many years have you been on Prednisone and how many mg do you take each day. I have been on Prednisone for over two years now for Chronic Urticaria. hoping to get off in the future. It has been a blessing but know its not good to be on it long term. WHEN I try to go off...the urticaria comes back. i will ask about the flu shot.
I just saw my doctor the other day and he told me to go ahead and get a flu shot. But thank you for offering to ask your doctor.


text:
Q: Доступ к произвольной строке файла Здравствуете, столкнулся с вопросом доступа к произвольной строки в файле. Если я хочу вывести например 67000 строку ... Но не хочу бежать 1, 2, 3,..., 66999,и наконец 67000. Как можно сделать это быстрее? Например как с массивом? arr[67000]?
Слышал o RandomAccessFile, но суть не понял.

A: Дмитрий, если вы не собираетесь менять файл и он у вас работает в роли БД, то для скорости работы 1 раз считайте файл в лист (или в мап, если вам нужна определенная буква) и им пользуйтесь.
Радо каждого слова читать файл от начала и до конца - будет очень долго (в сравнении с коллекцией). А если взять не модифицируемую коллекцию, то ещё немного в скорости выиграете (совсем чуть-чуть).
Но по каждому слову бегать по всему файлу (в 67к строк) это не то, что нужно

A: Файл - это плоские данные, где там находятся начала строк, да и вообще, есть ли там строки текста, картинки или музыка - это неизвестно. В файле может быть все что угодно, и вероятно даже без хлеба.
Чтобы получить доступ к конкретной строке, сразу без регистрации и смс, нужно где-то и как-то узнать позицию файла, где эта строка начинается. К примеру, прочитать все строки в файле, записывая в другой файлик места, откуда эта строка начинается, а когда надо будет прочитать нужную строчку - мы читаем весь этот маленький файлик со смещениями, открываем большой файл, через RandomAccessFile переходим к нужному месте и оттуда читаем. Фактически, мы таким образом изобрели индексы, а процесс создания таких вспомогательных файликов называется индексированием.
Задача со словарем может быть решена еще проще: зная размер файла, и предварительно отсортировав слова в файле в алфавитном порядке (на самом деле в порядке кодировки, но это тонкости), можно методом половинного деления, искать позицию слова в файле приблизительно, постепенно подбираясь к нужному. Свой словарь я так и делал, разве что seek делал на 200 символов раньше, а потом читал одну строчку и отбрасывал ее, таким образом я находил начало строки. Все собираюсь победить к нем эксепшены и выложить, да времени не найду - может допишите за меня?

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Yesterday the Paramount Group today handed over a Mirage III airframe to Rhodesfield Technical High School to mark the official launch of the first Engineering School of Specialisation in Aviation and to celebrate its partnership with Gauteng's Department of Education. The MEC of Education in Gauteng, Panyaza Lesufi, presided over the official unveiling of the Mirage III which will be on permanent display at the entrance to the school.
Brian Greyling, CEO of Paramount Aerospace Systems said: "We are very proud of our partnership with Gauteng's Department of Education and Rhodesfield Engineering School. This donation confirms our long-term commitment to the growth of South Africa's aviation sector. It is our hope that the Mirage aircraft will stand proudly as a symbol of aviation excellence in the province, and that it will instill and nurture a passion for aviation and encourage learners to embark on an exciting future in the aerospace industry." Paramount Aerospace Systems, a subsidiary of Paramount Group, operates an Aviation Academy in Polokwane which is dedicated to the training and qualification of the next generation of South Africans looking for a career in the aviation industry.
Paramount's Aviation Academy recently launched an internationally recognized aviation technician course to train aircraft technicians as the demand for these professionals is sharply on the increase across Africa and around the world. Greyling added that, "insufficient training capacity and an exodus of skilled manpower are some of the most important factors that have resulted in a shortage of aviation professionals in Africa. Across both the civilian and military aviation sectors there are increasing skills shortages.
The three-year course offered by Paramount Group covers theory and practical training across two trades, namely Mechanical Technician and Avionics Technician. The mechanical training will be conducted on all aspects of the aircraft covering the airframe, hydraulics, piston engines, turbine engines, undercarriage, pneumatic systems and fuel systems. The Avionics training course will cover all aspects of the aircraft avionics trade namely aircraft instruments, electrical systems, radios and navigation systems.
Lesufi said that although the Rhodesfield Engineering School focuses on aviation, it is also Gauteng's third school of specialisation that uses nuclear technology. "That we have opened three schools that specialise in the use of nuclear is something to be proud of. We went to SAA and requested that they donate an engine for a township school. They told us that an engine of a 747 engine is expensive…but they donated the engine anyway. Today, one of our schools in Soweto has the engine…they can dismantle that engine and build it again while in a township classroom," Lesufi said.