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Article Library / Annual Assessment
2020 Annual Assessment
Opening Remarks By Avinoam Bar-Yosef
Foreword By Dennis Ross and Stuart Eizenstat
Five Dimensions of Jewish Well-Being
Identity and Identification
Community Bonds
In-Depth Analyses
The Geopolitical Arena in the Shadow of the COVID-19 Pandemic
The International System
Regional Flashpoints
The Palestinian Arena
The Jerusalem-Washington-US Jewry Triangle
The COVID-19 Crisis and the Jewish People: Implications, Dilemmas, and Recommendations
Main Arenas of Impact on the Jewish People
Dilemmas for Decision Makers in Israel and the Diaspora at a Time of Uncertainty
Economic Priorities
Israel-Diaspora
Relations Between Jews and Non-Jews
The Haredim: Tested by Corona
Physical vs. Digital Judaism
The Israel Visit Index
Integrated Index: Polarization in Israel and US Jewry
Part One: Israeli Society
Part Two: US Jewry
Israeli Society Index
Jews and Non-Jews
Israel-Diaspora Relations
Integrated Index: Anti-Semitism
Part 1: In the Shadow of COVID-19
Part 2: Impact on Jewish Life
Part 3: Anti-Semitism and the Western Liberal Order
Part 4: Directions for Action
Jewish Demography Index
The Israeli Population
Incoming Tourism
Demographics and the COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 Crisis: Jewish Institutions are Rethinking Everything
Religion and State in Israel Project: Seeking a Better Balance
The Impact of Anti-Semitism on Jewish Identity: From Identity "in Itself" to Identity "for Itself" (Preliminary Report)
Israel's Interests amid Increasing US-China Tensions
Gone Global: The Acceptance and Influence of Israeli Television in Foreign Markets
Cultural Currency
Traumas Present, Traumas Past Literature, Television, Film, Theater, Art
Milestones of Jewish Culture 2020
Talmud vs. Kabbalah: Religion, Theology, History, Philosophy, Sociology
Siyyum HaShas – Daf HaYomi
Gershom Scholem, Jacob Frank
Diaspora Voices
DEVELOPMENTS OF NOTE 2020
As we publish this year's Annual Assessment, the entire global system, including the Jewish people in Israel and the Diaspora, is in a period of great uncertainty, replete with many risks but also opportunities to implement reforms and changes.
The health, economic, and governance crises affecting the entire world as a result of COVID-19 has dominated the year and is significantly impacting the Jewish people in many areas. These include through economic disruption, which affects how resources are divided among the Jewish people; the changing face of Jewish communal programming in the Diaspora and in Israel, as everything shifts from the physical to the digital sphere; a significant increase in anti-Semitic acts and sentiment, as the perpetrators take advantage of the current social distress caused by the pandemic to attack the Jewish people and spread messages of hate against it; and the difficulty within many Jewish communities around the world (including Israel), especially Haredi communities, to adjust to the social distancing required in this time of crisis, which has resulted in their higher infection rates relative to other segments of society.
The impact of the crisis on the geopolitical arena is evident in the shift of attention to new and urgent areas. The COVID-19 pandemic could also impact the domestic political arena in many countries as well as the global balance of power.
Those who handle the crisis well and recover quickly will come out strengthened, while others could weaken due to their inadequate response to the crisis and its consequences. At the time of this writing, it seems that both Israel and the United States, – home to the two largest Jewish communities in the world – have had difficulty managing the crisis. That said, the implications for the economic future are uncertain. When examining the long-term global implications of the crisis, we must consider the possibility that it could reinforce nationalistic and isolationist trends at the expense of globalization and international cooperation.
Alongside the crisis, it is worth recalling that Israel has undergone a year of political upheaval, which included three election cycles and culminated in the establishment of a unity government. As this upheaval came to an end, the American Jewish community entered a period of political tumult as the upcoming US presidential election approaches (November 3, 2020). This comes against the backdrop of growing social and ideological polarization, which affects all other spheres. These developments, alongside the changes brought by the pandemic, will determine the direction and intensity of the trends that impact the Jewish people in the coming months, whether in the internal Jewish arena (including Israel-Diaspora relations) or in the Jewish people's relationship with the rest of the world.


We will be having a graduation on June 30th at 10:00am. It is a great opportunity to get everyone together to celebrate your achievements and be rewarded for all the hard work.
Students will need to get a black tab on their belt. This is where the stripes will go. The tab is 11.5 to 12cm. A tailor or anyone with a sewing machine can add the tab.


To just change the text you can use a function.
It is a good idea to create a child theme of Twenty Eleven first so that you can use automatic updates without losing your work (there are instructions on how to create a Child Theme on the WordPress codex).
In reply to: Congratulations Stephen Edgar!
Does it work if you use a default theme (e.g. twenty twelve)?
You can choose the order than forums appear in by giving them an Order value. I usually give mine order values like 10, 20, 30, 40 so that if I add another forum later I don't have to reorder them I can just add order 25 to put it in between 2 existing forums.
I don't think there's an easy way to have forums change order by activity but if activity is important to you then you should consider having Latest Topics as your default view instead of categories (like https://bbpress.org/forums/).
You can allow them to use images hosted elsewhere via HTML or BBCode. e.g.
Or there are plugins (GD bbPress Attachments) to add a way for them to upload an image on your site.
There isn't currently a plugin, I think, that will let them upload an image and place it somewhere the way you do with a WordPress Post using the Media Library but it's on the roadmap for the rtMedia plugin.
I can see all your pages fine, if you log out can you see them? Or is it working now?
There is a bug in 2.4 causing this (https://bbpress.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/2405), it's been fixed for patch 2.4.1 but this hasn't been released yet. The bug did not exist in earlier versions, hence it works on one for you but not the other. If you need it urgently you could apply the patch in the trac item yourself.
But it would have to have 10 replies before the pagination would appear…or do you mean you have set the 'Topics and Replies Per Page' limit to less than 2?
The nested replies limit only does how many levels deep the conversation can go, it doesn't affect pagination.
Sorry if I'm not understanding your question :S Maybe add some screenshots of the settings and of the results you get (you can share them using http://imgur.com).
I think it works like this: If nested is enabled, it will show 10 parent replies, it won't count the second level nested replies in the 10 (because that would break a discussion over multiple pages). Does that help at all?
content.php seems like a weird place to be swapping an image, is this a header image or something?
From the way you've worded it I think maybe you need an if else statement around the specific image?
Is that the issue? If not, could you describe a bit more what you're expecting to happen and what is happening instead please? It could also be that you actually need a BuddyPress if call rather than bb.
Perhaps try patching with the change (https://bbpress.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/5109) and see if it works.
In reply to: Reply Threading not working?
You'd need to ask the Genesis folks about bbPress compatibility 🙂 Are you using https://wordpress.org/plugins/bbpress-genesis-extend/ ? No idea if it'd help though.
Pick the template you want to use and make a copy of it called bbpress.php (in your child theme folder) and bbPress will figure out the rest.
Your child theme needs to call your normal WordPress theme as its parent. It will then use your normal theme and add your child theme customisations on top.
If you have followed the instructions there, especially Step 5 (including the bit where it tells you to follow the ones here: https://codex.wordpress.org/Child_Themes) then activating the theme should still use your normal theme as well.
Acutally it's probably not that, what theme are you using and does it still happen if you use a default theme like 2012?
What are your WordPress permalink settings?
There is no simple way of doing this, the breadcrumb uses the automatic Forum Index. Why do you need to use a page? Perhaps there's a different way of looking at it.
The breadcrumb uses the default Forum Index even if you use a shortcode to display your forum so it will always link back to the automatically created Forum Index.
If you only need the shortcode method because of the template problem then let's fix the template so you don't need the shortcode.
I'm guessing your theme doesn't have one of those so bbPress appears to be using some kind of archive template.
You need to give bbPress a theme template to hook into. In your theme folder (or in a child theme if you want to do auto-updates with your theme) create a bbpress.php template, you can probably just create a duplicate of one of your theme templates and change its name.
Here's my bbpress.php template: http://pastebin.com/ZquKQfmw (Adept is my theme name, hence @package Adept). I took my theme's full width template and duplicated it, called it bbpress.php then changed the header information. bbPress will figure out the rest.
What versions are you running? Pretty sure this got fixed in 2.4.
In reply to: what are the benefits of Genesis layout extras ?
This is a question for the creators of the plugin. The plugin page has lots of information https://wordpress.org/plugins/genesis-layout-extras/ and also links to their support forum if you have further questions.
It is best not to make changes to the bbPress core files because they will be lost when you update. The same for your theme files unless it's already a custom theme. The best way is with a Child Theme.
The last rule defined overrides any previous, conflicting rules so this file will make your styles the last rules. See if it works then and if it still doesn't then check for what is overwriting it – because something is.
Something like https://wordpress.org/plugins/members/ or https://wordpress.org/plugins/s2member/ might do what you want but there are lots of different WordPress plugins for this, just check for one that is recently updated and compatible with bbpress.


Guests who arrived at Concorde Banquets in Kildeer for a Lake County Republican fundraiser that featured a gun raffle were greeted by about 100 protesters upset the event was happening less than two weeks after 58 people were killed in the Las Vegas mass shooting.
The protesters held signs that said "If guns are prizes we all lose" and "USA not NRA." There were also signs with the names of the 58 victims.
Grayslake resident Patt Heise, who on Wednesday came up with the idea to protest the gun raffle, made the signs.
"I started writing down information about each victim on the back of them, but I just got too depressed," Heise said.
Members from 17 gun control and political groups came to the protest. Lee Goodman of Peaceful Communities said the demonstrators wanted to send a message to the Lake County Republicans that they should stop financing their campaigns with guns.
"The people want more effective gun laws, not more guns," Goodman said.
Ted Livengood, the second vice chairman for the Lake County Republicans, said Friday's event was no different from fundraisers held by other political groups.
"This is something that has been planned for nine months; it's just another event," said Livengood, who made clear that he was speaking about his own views and not on behalf of his organization. "Do you change your life because of a tragedy? If we postpone the event, they have a victory that they can fundraise off it."
Mark L. Shaw, chairman of the Republican Central Committee, acknowledged the strong feelings on both sides of the debate.
"We live in a very diverse county here, a very diverse state," he said. "There are a lot of hunters, a lot of Second Amendment types that live in the Chicago metropolitan area. Also, I understand the concerns in Chicago, because obviously we have a horrendous number of homicides every day in Chicago. "I wish that there was as much media attention put on what is the root cause of the murders in Chicago than merely just assuming that a gun is the reason."
Not all Lake County Republicans agreed the gun raffle was appropriate.
On Thursday, Lake County Board Chairman Aaron Lawlor said he would not attend, opting instead to meet with members of Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America to speak about sensible gun law reform.
"I think that support for the Second Amendment and support for sensible gun laws are not mutually exclusive," Lawlor said. "I think (having the dinner) two weeks after nation's largest mass shooting is in poor taste. It is a bad time to do this, especially when folks are drinking."
Lake County Board member Steve Carlson also was among the prominent Republicans skipping the fundraiser. He called it inappropriate "in view of recent events."
Carlson, of the Gurnee area, said "reasonable gun laws" can be enacted while simultaneously protecting the constitutional rights of gun owners.
The protest went on with little interaction between the protesters in the back of the parking lot and the diners inside, though some at the banquet came out to take pictures of the protesters and speak to the media.
"This was discussed in March. It wasn't like, 'Hey, look a there's a shooting -- let's take advantage of it,'" Rioux said.
Rioux said more gun raffles are happening in the area because they are fun events.
"People want guns," Rioux said. "America loves firearms."
As the protest was winding up, Heise of Grayslake collected the signs bearing the names of the 58 Las Vegas victims.
"You know, for the next one," she said.


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Q: ffmpeg server vs darwin stream server I am looking for video stream server for mobile,and find dss and mfpeg server.
is anyone know the difference between dss and ffmpeg server? which one is recommended?
thank you

A: if you need a server with a lot of community coverage, use vlc. It is uses live555libs (live555 has its seperate streaming server too)
As for the other too, i found that DSS was better. You can lookup how to install and configure but troubleshooting can get real annoying.

A: Of course DSS is preferred.
1. Easy to use
2. Better performance
3. More readable & stable code...
ffmpeg server is usually used by hackers to experiment some new protocols, codecs, etc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Rom, Afghanistan is a village in Sar-e Pol Province in northern Afghanistan.

See also
 Sar-e Pol Province

References

External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com

Populated places in Sar-e Pol Province

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On July 13th, new ICO regulations were introduced by David Bart, the Premier and Minister of Finance of Bermuda at the House of Assembly.
The new framework prescribes the minimum information an ICO project needs to provide before launching and establishes measures that a company needs to undertake to conduct an ICO.
Other technical details that are linked to software and blockchain specifications.
The minister stated that the regulations are being specified to expand existing laws against "money laundering" and "terrorism financing". He also announced that a new set of bills will be brought forward before the end of summer. Burt spoke about the country preparing to address legal issues concerning the FinTech and Blockchain industries.
The regulatory framework not only specifies the limits for business in blockchain and cryptocurrency but also safeguards existing and potential users and their rights.
The government had earlier announced plans of releasing modifications to the Banking Act, targeted at a new class of bank that would serve the blockchain and local FinTech companies. The decision has been a consequence of the local banks denying to offer services to such organisations.
The finance minister was joined by Changpeng Zhao, the CEO of Binance, to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), earlier this year. The MoU would help in channelising funds for education platform ancillary to the blockchain and FinTech startups.
The minister spoke about Binance's vision of developing a "global compliance base" in the country, paving the way for about 40 new jobs, especially for the citizens.
The MoU states that the Binance Foundation will spend up to $10 million in training the citizens in Blockchain technology and up to $5 million in companies that function on Bermuda-based blockchains.
"We want to ensure that Bermuda is the world's number-one place for regulation inside of this space. We have a reputation to protect, we will protect it, but at this point in time we will work with all persons who we believe represent future growth for the people of this country and future opportunities and jobs," said Burt.


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When & How to Write a Polyptoton
How to Write a Polyptoton
In order to create polyptoton,
Pick a root word to be emphasized.
Repeat that root word in a variety of forms.
For instance, imagine that you want to express what it is like to be head-over-heels in love.
Root word:
Polyptotonic Phrase:
Love! Is there anything as lovely as loving a lover? To be in love, to rejoice in loveliness, to love the very life of one's beloved? I love being in love.
In this example, the repetition of "love" in its various forms emphasizes just how enjoyable loving is, in equal variety.
For a second example, imagine a boy who is very frustrated.
Frustrate
He was so frustrated he felt frustrated with his own frustration, as if the very act of being frustrated could frustrate more frustration to arise in his already-frustrated mind.
Once again, repetition of the root word emphasizes its power and transformative effect on the mood of the frustrated fellow.
When to Use Polyptoton
Polyptoton in its most basic form is used for emphasis. Repetition of word creates emphasis, but repetition of a word in a variety of forms creates an emphasis that is even more wide-ranging, showing how the word's mood and meaning can be used in many different ways. Polyptoton is frequently used in poetry and prose, speeches, songs, and even dialogue in television, advertisements, and movies. Because polyptoton is a form of wordplay, it should not be used in more formal instances where poeticism and wit would be unwelcome or inappropriate, such as a research paper or user's manual.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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With all the hype behind new technological innovations, people are becoming wary of its psychological and social implications. Technology addiction expert, Dr Richard Graham, explains its effects, symptoms and cures.
An exciting era brought on by the technological boom has begun but it has also given birth to new health issues. With smartphone applications like Facebook and Instagram, information is being exchanged at an alarming rate. Technology is also putting more value on these types of information and introducing a new understanding and term like 'attention economy'. Some people say this is the new currency of business.
The attention economy recognises that human attention has become a scarce commodity because it is limited. Though this realisation may have emerged in earlier years, in 2001 it was specifically highlighted by American academic Thomas Hayes Davenport in his book, The Attention Economy: Understanding the New Currency of Business.
For over a decade the online market continues to consume more and more of people's attention to an extent that it can even disrupt people's lives. This has been an area of study for many health and technology experts who have recognised the problems arising from technology use. Technology addictions and effects of being online too much have often been mere speculations but health experts confirm it's a health condition to be taken seriously.
Technology addiction is new and for the first time, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has recognised it. In this years' WHO guide to International Classification of Diseases (ICD), gaming disorders will be listed as a health condition that should be taken seriously by health services.
Dr Richard Graham, technology addiction consultant psychiatrist at the Nightingale Hospital in London (part of the French Sinoué Group), recalls how he first came across technology addiction 14 years ago in young men who played video games for more than 16 hours a day. 'It disrupted their whole lives,' he says. 'But as smartphones allow us to take the Internet with us almost everywhere in our pockets, and as social media and messaging apps become more popular, our use of technology is becoming a much wider issue and for some, a problem,' he adds.
Dr Richard tells us his experience with technology addiction and advises on how to watch out for it.
What are the symptoms of technology addiction in patients?
struggling to cut down, and if you can stop, once you start again you go back to high levels of use.
While these symptoms or behaviours are important, the impact on your life is also really important, over at least 12 months. So, there should be negative consequences for your use and that if you continue in the same way you will start to affect your health and life chances. The key sign or symptom of an addiction for many people is not being able to reduce their use of technology, knowing it's having a negative impact on them and on the people in their life.
Do addictions differ by gender and age?
A smartphone allows for so many different activities, we see different patterns for different ages.
Generally, for boys and young men, the rewards of gaming are huge and based on the feeling of success. Many gamers are also looking to succeed in other ways and may look to earn money through streaming, YouTube videos and gambling, earning bitcoins and other digital currencies. For young women, social media is more dominant. They try to also succeed in building successful profiles on Instagram or send lots of Snapchat streaks – which are direct Snapchats sent to friends over a period of several consecutive days. For adults, they may be more on Twitter or other news channels and that can be a big part of their use.
The key issue is to understand not just how much time someone spends on technology but what they do, why they do it and is it disrupting their life?
It's hard to live without technology as so much depends on our use of it, for work, our finances and applying for jobs, etc. So, like how we support someone who eats too much, we try to find a healthy balance and a way of living well with technology. For some that will start with a digital detox, of spending at least 72 hours, usually more, away from technology. This allows you to reassess what you have been using technology for.
It can feel very difficult but also a relief. Planning to keep busy with other activities for the first few days reduces the impact of the unpleasant feelings that come with switching off and the urge to get back online. From there it's good to schedule activities that support your wellbeing; sleep, eating well, being physically active and prioritising time for your relationships and friendships. A good night's sleep is a good start, so no screen time at least 60 minutes before you need to be asleep, to get eight hours of sleep or more per night.


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Governors Are in Charge of Rallies Not Police!
Tuesday, October 19, 2021 4:06 pm
Mr Femi Falana, today, at NECA House, Ikeja, Lagos
Femi Falana
argued against the position of the Police that public protest to mark the first anniversary would not be allowed tomorrow. He quoted a court judgment that was in favour of the All Nigeria Peoples Party which held a rally in Kano in 2013, that the Police disrupted. Then the party hired Falana who secured the court verdict below:
"The gist of the provision in section 1 of the Act is that the Governor of each State is empowered to direct the conduct of all assemblies, meetings and processions on public roads or places of public resort in the state and prescribe the route by which and times at which the procession may pass. Persons desirous of convening or collecting any assembly or meeting or of forming a procession in any public resort must apply and obtain the license of the Governor. The Governor can delegate his powers to the Commissioner of Police of the State or to other police officers. Persons aggrieved by the decision of the Commissioner of Police may appeal to the Governor and the decision of the Governor shall be final and no further appeal shall lie therefrom."
Here is Falana's full presentation
By Femi Falana
The defunct All Nigeria Peoples Party applied to the Nigeria Police Force to hold rallies protesting the alleged rigging of the 2003 general election. The application was turned down by the Police Authorities. Convinced that the action of the Police could not be justified the ANPP proceeded with the plan to hold the rallies. The first in the series of rallies held in Kano On September 22, 2003 was attended by the leaders of the party including General Mohammadu Buhari (as he then was). Even though the rally was peaceful it was violently disrupted by the police. To put an end to such crude violation of the freedom of citizens to convene rallies without official harassment the ANPP and 10 other political parties instructed our law firm to challenge the disruption of the Kano rally.
We accepted the brief and filed the suit at the federal high court to challenge the constitutional validity of police permit as a precondition for exercising the freedom of expression and freedom of assembly guaranteed by sections 39 and 40 of the Constitution and articles 10 and 11 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights Act. In defending the action the defendant contended that by failing to obtain a police permit the conveners of the rally had violated the provisions of the Public Order Act. In the epochal judgment of the Court in the case of All Nigeria Peoples Party v Inspector-General of Police the trial judge, the Honourable Justice Chinyere stated inter alia:
In upholding the fundamental rights of Nigerians to freedom of expression and assembly enshrined in sections 39 and 40 of the Constitution and Articles 10 and 11 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights Act (Cap A9) Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2004, the learned trial judge said:
"In my view, the provision in section 40 of the Constitution is clear, direct and unambiguous. It is formulated and designed to confer on every person the right to assemble freely and associate with other persons. I am therefore persuaded by the argument of Mr. Falana that by the combined effect of sections 39 and 40 of the 1999 Constitution as well as Article 11 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, the right to assemble freely cannot be violated without violating the fundamental right to peaceful assembly and association. I agree with Mr. Falana that violation can only be done by the procedure permitted by law, under section 45 of the Constitution, in which case there must be a state of emergency properly declared before these rights can be violated.
I also agree with Mr. Falana that the criminal law is there to take care if protesters resort to violence in the course of demonstration and that once the rights are exercised peacefully, they cannot be taken away. The Public Order Act so far as it affects the right of citizens to assemble freely and associate with others, the sum of which is the right to hold rallies or processions or demonstration is an aberration to a democratic society. It is inconsistent with the provisions of the 1999 Constitution. In particular, sections 1(2),(3),(4),(5) and (6), 2, 3 and 4 are inconsistent with the fundamental rights provisions in the 1999 Constitution and to the extent of their inconsistency, they are void. I hereby so declare."
After declaring the specific sections of the Public Order Act which require police permit for public meetings and rallies illegal and unconstitutional the Federal High Court proceeded to grant the following reliefs:
"1. A DECLARATION that the requirement of police permit or other authority for the holding of rallies or processions in Nigeria is illegal and unconstitutional as it violates section 40 of the 1999 Constitution and Article 11 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Ratification and Enforcement) Act (Cap 10) Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990.
2. A DECLARATION that the provisions of the Public Order Act (Cap 382) Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990 which require police permit or any other authority for the holding of rallies or processions in any part of Nigeria is illegal and unconstitutional as they contravene section 40 of the 1999 Constitution and Article 7 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Ratification and EnforcementAct (Cap 10) Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990.
3. A DECLARATION that the Defendant is not competent under the Public Order Act (Cap 382) Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990 or under any law whatever to issue or grant permit for the holding of rallies or processions in any part of Nigeria.
4. AN ORDER OF PERPETUAL INJUNCTION restraining the Defendant (the Inspector-General of Police) whether by himself, his agents, privies and servants from further preventing the Plaintiffs and other aggrieved citizens of Nigeria from organizing or convening peaceful assemblies, meetings and rallies against unpopular government measures and policies."
Completely dissatisfied with the judgment of the Federal High Court on the issuance of police permit for public meetings the Inspector-General of Police appealed to the Court of Appeal. In Inspector-General of Police v All Nigeria Peoples Party (2008) 12 WRN 65 the Justices of the Court of Appeal unanimously affirmed the judgment of the Federal High Court. With respect to the powers of governors to authorize the issuance of permit for holding public meetings and rallies in each the state of the federation, OlufunmilayoAdekeye JCA (as she then was) had this to say:
"On a proper perusal of the provisions particularly section 1 subsection 1-6, and sections 2-4 there is nowhere the name of the Inspector General is mentioned in connection with the issuance of permit for the purpose of conducting peaceful public assemblies.Such application is to be forwarded to the Governor within forty-eight hours of holding such. The Governor may delegate his powers under the Act to the Commissioner of Police of the State or any superior police officer of a rank not below that of a Chief Superintendent of Police as applicable to this case is hand."
On the fundamental right of Nigerian citizens to assemble freely and protest without licence or permit issued by the police, Adekeye JCA proceeded to hold as follows:
"The power given to the Governor of a State to issue permit under Public Order Act cannot be used to attain unconstitutional result of deprivation or right to freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.
The right to demonstrate and the right to protest on matters of public concern are rights which are in the public interest and that which individuals must possess and which they should exercise without impediment as long as no wrongful act is done.
Public Order Act should be promulgated to compliment sections 39 and 40 of the Constitution in context and not to stifle or cripple it. A rally or placard carrying demonstration has become a form of expression of views on current issues affecting government and the governed in a sovereign state. It is a tread recognized and deeply entrenched in the system of governance in civilized countries – it will not only be primitive but also retrogressive if Nigeria continues to require a pass to hold a rally. We must borrow a leaf from those who have trekked the rugged path of democracy and are now reaping the dividend of their experience."
In urging Nigeria to join other democratic societies in respecting the right of citizens to protest peacefully against the policies and activities of the government the learned Justice said:
"A rally or placard carrying demonstration has become a form of expression of views on current issues affecting government and the governed in a sovereign state. It is a trend recognised and deeply entrenched in the system of governance in civilized countries- it will not only be primitive but also retrogressive if Nigeria continues to require a pass to hold a rally. We must borrow a leaf from those who have trekked the rugged path of democracy and are now reaping the dividend of their experience."
As the judgment of both the Federal High Court and Court of Appeal could not be faulted the authorities of the Nigeria Police Force did not appeal to the Supreme Court on the illegality of police permit and the limit of the enormous powers vested in State Governors under the Police Order Act. However, the apex court has had taken advantage of other cases to uphold the powers of State Governors with respect to the maintenance of law and order in all the States of the Federation. Thus, in the case of Attorney-General of Anambra State V Attorney-General of the Federation (2005) 9 NWLR (Pt 931) 572, Uwais CJN (as he then was) held that: "The Constitution in section 215 subsection (1) clearly gives the Governor of Anambra State the power to issue lawful direction to the Commissioner of Police, Anambra State in connection with securing public safety and order in the State."
Last year, some lawyers questioned the legal validity of the decision of 28 out of the 36 State Governors in the country to institute judicial commissions of inquiry to investigate serious allegations of police brutality after the #endsars protests in October 2021. I was compelled to draw the attention of such lawyers to the case of Chief GaniFawehinmi v. Ibrahim Babangida(2003) 12 WRN 1 where the Supreme Court held that the power to set a Tribunal of Inquiry is vested in state governors and that the power of the President to institute a commission of enquiry under the Tribunal of Enquiry Act is limited to the Federal Capital Territory. Consequently, while the State Governors set up the judicial commissions for each of the states the panel instituted by the President was limited the Federal Capital Territory.
In view of the foregoing, Governors should take control of the security situation in all states of the Federation. In particular, State Governors should henceforth exercise the exclusive powers conferred on them to manage public meetings, rallies and processions in line with the provisions of the Public Order Act and the relevant judicial authorities. Therefore, the Inspector-General of Police and Commissioners of Police should stop usurping the powers of State Governors to infringe on the fundamental right of the Nigerian people to protest peacefully against public policies considered inimical to their interests. State Attorneys-General are enjoined to ensure that police officers are prosecuted whenever they refuse to provide adequate security for participants in public meetings, rallies and processions in contravention of section 83 (4) of the Police Establishment Act, 2020 which provides as follows:
"Where a person or organization notifies the police of his or its intention to hold a public meeting, rally or procession on a public highway or such meetings in a place where the public has access to, the police officer responsible for the area where the meeting rally or procession will take place shall mobilize personnel to provide security cover for the meeting, rally or the procession."


Dr. Kimberly Goldenbaum is a proud member of the Academy of General Dentistry.
She has received an AGD Fellowship, which only 6% of dentists earn.
Read the rest of the FAGD/MAGD Awareness builtin from the Academy of General Dentistry here.


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Home Ronaldo Readers ask: How Many Teams Has Cristiano Ronaldo Played For?
Readers ask: How Many Teams Has Cristiano Ronaldo Played For?
2003–2009 Manchester United 196
2009–2018 Real Madrid 292
2018–2021 Juventus 98
2021– Manchester United 5
1 Who is faster Messi or Ronaldo?
2 Is Ronaldo better than Messi?
3 Is Mbappe faster than Ronaldo?
4 Who is faster Neymar or Ronaldo?
5 How fast can Ronaldo run?
6 Who has more fans Messi or Ronaldo?
7 Is Ronaldo billionaire?
8 Who is the god of football?
Who is faster Messi or Ronaldo?
Ronaldo is a very fast footballer- but Messi is faster and more agile than him. Messi's body structure is what that helps him to change his pace so quickly and it helps him to change his direction of dribbling without having to bleed away momentum- unlike Ronaldo.
Is Ronaldo better than Messi?
Ronaldo's international career puts him on a higher level than Messi. In fact, Messi has never won an international trophy. He lost finals in both the Copa America (the South America championship) and the World Cup. Meanwhile, Ronaldo led his Portugal side to win the 2016 European Championship.
Is Mbappe faster than Ronaldo?
Mbappe has 1,589 more minutes on his clock than Ronaldo aged 22 and a half, indicating he has become more vital earlier into his career. Apropos of nothing, Ronaldo didn't complete a full game for Portugal until his 11th cap, playing all 120 minutes of Portugal's shootout victory over England at Euro 2004.
Who is faster Neymar or Ronaldo?
Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, commonly known as Neymar Jr. or simply Neymar, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for French club Paris Saint-Germain and the Brazil national team. His top speed is 31 km/hr. According to FIFA, Cristiano Ronaldo's fastest speed is 31 km/hr.
You might be interested: FAQ: How Rich Is Ronaldo?
How fast can Ronaldo run?
Ronaldo hit a top speed of 32 km per hour during his 92-metre run and interestingly, it took him just 14.2 seconds!
Who has more fans Messi or Ronaldo?
Ronaldo is the first person who has crossed 100, 200, 250 million fan base first time on Instagram. On Facebook, Messi has a huge fan base. 90 million+ members have joined his page on Facebook. On Facebook also, Ronaldo is more popular than Messi with 124 million+ followers.
Is Ronaldo billionaire?
Congratulations are in order for Cristiano Ronaldo, who is now officially the world's first and only billionaire soccer player. As Forbes reports, he was one of the top five highest-grossing athletes in 2019, bringing in a whopping US$105 million to push his net worth into the 10-figure zone.
Who is the god of football?
He was none other than Diego Maradona, one of the world's greatest football players, also called 'The God of Football'. He saw heaven and hell on Earth and died Wednesday at the age of 60. Maradona was a player who, apart from scoring goals, also made mistakes.
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Q: disable client certificate prompt My application need to be enabled with SSL . I  made server.xml change in tomcat .It is working fine .now there are multiple applications hosted on the server and i want client authentication only for one apllication and for all other aplications we need server authentication but not client .
I changed clientAuth="false" in server.xml to disable client authentication . But when i send a request to server i am getting a popup with list of cerficates on browser from which i need to select one.. How can I disable certificate promping on  browser for applications where i don't need client uthentication.

A: With clientAuth="false" that should only happen for resources that are marked as confidential and requiring a role, in applications that are described as requiring SSL client authentication.


Zonal averages are now collected independently, but use the world plot as a fallback. When collected separately the zonal mean is done separately for land, sea and all pixels. The default resolution is 1 degree.
The statistics are now also recorded per hemisphere and for land and sea pixels separately (for five sets in total). This solves issues #15131 and #15141.
Fix a bug then processing a product without surface classification.
Several plotting issues have been resolved. The PyCAMA version in the PDGS can remain the same (0.7.3), that part is not affected here.
Version 0.7.2 was released earlier, but was pulled from the server because testing revealed issues. These have been fixed, and all currently produced L2 products can be processed. Specifically a workaround has been introduced to allow PyCAMA to process more than a single NPP file at a time.
Note that feedback from ATBD authors on the reports and the parameter settings is more than welcome.
The code can be pulled via Mercurial, or a zip archive can be found in the DMSF.
PyCAMA: PyCAMA 0.7.0 available for download.
In version 0.6.10 several minor issues in the plot routines were corrected.
A really small update has been released. It fixes an error when generating reports (this update does not affect the S5P PDGS).
A minor update to PyCAMA has been released.
An issue with the sensing time in the job order has been fixed, but be sure to read the (updated) manual. The sensing time works on the assigned time for the granule, not on individual measurements. Our advise is to leaf it of and only offer the files you want to have analysed.
A graphical representation of the input data has been added to the report, as well as a plot showing the failure modes.
The version check when plotting has been relaxed. The bug fix release is now ignored, only the major and minor version numbers are now relevant.
Most user-visible change is the option to exclude parameters from L3 generation, reducing the output file size and the processing time. The user manual has been updated to better describe the test cases and the new configuration flags.
A few minor updates, related to storage of the irradiance granules, specifically the time of the irradiance granule.


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The 50 Best Craft Breweries in America 2017
Shannon Darnall
You responded with overwhelming votes, and we listened
Kris J / Yelp
According to the Brewers Association, there were over 5,234 craft breweries in America in 2016, more than twice as many as there were in 2012. What defines a craft brewery? It's a question that's been debated in recent years, and though there are certain criteria, the proper use of the term remains hotly contested.
The Colorado-based Craft Brewer's Association, however, states that a craft brewery must be three things:
— Small: Annual production of 6 million barrels of beer or less (approximately 3 percent of U.S. annual sales).
— Independent: Less than 25 percent of the craft brewery is owned or controlled (or equivalent economic interest) by an alcoholic beverage industry member that is not itself a craft brewer.
— Traditional: A brewer that has a majority of its total beverage alcohol volume in beers whose flavor derives from traditional or innovative brewing ingredients and their fermentation.
That seems like a good starting point to us. Yet as more craft breweries expand beyond their humble beginnings and grow profitable, some are being bought up by the larger companies. In the rapidly evolving craft beer industry, is your favorite still considered a craft beer? The answer seems to be open to interpretation.
Case in point: Goose Island, our No. 24, was purchased by Anheuser-Busch in 2011. John Hall, the founder of Goose Island, who resigned from the brewery in 2012, had this to say to Time regarding the debate: "The so-called definition of craft beer has evolved over the years. Both the brewery size and ingredients have been changed. I believe the beer drinkers are the ones who truly decide what is a craft beer or isn't."
Beer and Whiskey Bros' Jim Galligan told Time that although he agrees for the most part with the "craft" label guidelines set forth by the Brewers Association, "I also think a lot depends on if a brewer's heart is in the right place."
Ultimately, it's the beer lovers who decide. To arrive at our top 50, we combined our past years' lists with numerous new additions and opened the voting to our readers via survey. You responded enthusiastically, with over 1,100 replies, and when we tabulated the results, over 20 states were represented — California and Colorado were the "craftiest," with 12 and 6 entries, respectively — as were many new faces, among them Hill Farmstead Brewery (No. 36), Tree House Brewing Company (No. 38), and Clown Shoes (No. 49).
Read on for the 50 Best Craft Breweries in America, as voted on by you, our readers.
50. Fat Head's Brewery, Middleburg Heights, Ohio
Andrea P./Yelp
Fat Head's started as Fat Head's Saloon in 1992 on Pittsburgh's historic South Side. As their popularity (and list of awards) grew, they opened Fat Head's Brewery & Saloon in North Olmstead, Ohio, in 2009. They expanded to a full-scale production brewery in 2012 in Middleburg Heights, due to an explosion in demand for their craft brews. Try the Hop Juju Imperial IPA, which in 2016 won the gold medal for Imperial India Pale Ale at the World Beer Cup and the bronze at the Great American Beer Festival.
49. Clown Shoes, Ipswich, Mass.
Beer Area Liquors/Yelp
Clown Shoes' mission is "to produce beer without pretension while being free and a little crazy." The founders initially owned a liquor store, and in an effort to expand the unique beer offerings their shop made available, decided to start making their own beer — thus Clown Shoes Beer. Now, fans enjoy offerings such as Hoppy Feet, Black IPA, and Mangö Kölsch, a new addition for the summer season.
48. SweetWater Brewing Company, Atlanta, Ga.
Ganbatte K./Yelp
SweetWater was founded in 1997. Because their beers are all unpasteurized, distribution is limited to a few nearby states. This didn't stop them from taking home the gold medal at the 2010 World Beer Cup for The Creeper, from their Dank Tank series. They also "keep it green" by repurposing spent grain as cattle feed instead of sending it to a landfill, and use post-recycled content for all their cardboard packaging.
47. The Bruery, Anaheim, Calif.
Dean C./Yelp
Located in Orange County, The Bruery (called that as a play on founder Patrick Rue's surname), this boutique craft brewery, opened in 2008, prizes innovation. They specialize in unique ales and barrel-aging, with almost half the beer produced having been matured in either spirit or wine barrels.
46. New Glarus Brewing Company, Green County, Wis.
Sherry L./Yelp
New Glarus, located in a charming Swiss-heritage town, is co-owned by Dan Carey, a diploma master brewer formerly with Anheuser-Busch, and his wife and co-founder, Deborah Carey. They produce six year-round beers, including the lauded Wisconsin Belgian Red, and seasonal specialties like Uff-da and Fat Squirrel.
45. Odell Brewing Company, Fort Collins, Colo.
Regen K./Yelp
Odell was the first craft brewery in Fort Collins when they opened in 1989, and they have been committed to sustainability ever since (they have vowed to be a zero-landfill brewery by 2020). Odell was awarded the Fort Collins Chamber Small Business Sustainability Award in 2009 and 2013. Their Myrcenary Double IPA is named for myrcene, an essential oil component in the hop flower.
44. Sixpoint Brewery, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Kenny C./Yelp
At Sixpoint, "beer is culture." The six-point brewer's star is a symbol that's lasted through the ages in the craft of brewing. Since the brewery'sfounding in 2004, Sixpoint has released hundreds of beers, so it's difficult to pick just one standout. Sweet Action, however, is unlike anything you've ever tasted, with a refreshing zing all its own, and the 4Beans Imperial Porter is steeped with Madagascar vanilla beans for a rich and creamy flavor.
43. Alaskan Brewing Company, Juneau, Alaska
June S./Yelp
In true pioneer spirit, Alaskan Brewing Company is the first brewery in Juneau since Prohibition, and the country's 67th independent brewery. Marcy and Geoff Larson have been making beer in the Last Frontier since 1986. Slow fermentation lends a distinct smoothness to their Alaskan Amber, a brew whose historically-based recipe was found in an old Alaskan newspaper.
42. Dark Horse Brewing Company, Marshall, Mich.
Kimberly J./Yelp
Aaron Morse started brewing beer under the sink while in college, and Dark Horse was born in 1997. Dark Horse Brewing Company "does it the way they want to do it." Try the Boffo Brown Ale: robust and nutty with toffee and caramel notes.
41. Elysian Brewing Company, Seattle, Wash.
Lena C./Yelp
Elysian Brewing Company operates four pubs in Seattle. Since opening their first location in the Capitol Hill neighborhood, Elysian has brewed over 350 different blends. Their fans can't get enough of their year-round beers such as Space Dust IPA, a "totally nebular IPA" which features Chinook, Amarillo, and Citra hops. Known for their seasonal pumpkin brews, Elysian yearly hosts the Great Pumpkin Beer Festival.
40. Boulevard Brewing Company, Kansas City, Mo.
MandA R./Yelp
Owner John McDonald first tasted Belgian beer on a trip to Europe and was hooked. After forays into art school and carpentry, he began home-brewing, eventually selling his house and cobbling together enough money to begin building what would become Boulevard Brewing Company. The first keg of Boulevard Pale Ale was delivered to a local restaurant in 1989, and the brewery's reputation and size have been growing steadily ever since.
39. Anchor Brewing Company, San Francisco, Calif.
Alexander G./Yelp
Anchor Brewing Company dates all the way back to 1896 and is proud to be America's first and oldest craft brewery. They are one of the few breweries that still make "California common beer" (also called "steam beer"), an effervescent product brewed with higher-temperature-fermented lager yeasts. According to Anchor, "'steam' was a nickname for beer brewed on the West Coast of America under primitive conditions and without ice." Their Liberty Ale is produced according to traditional craft brewing methods, which yield the distinctive dry-hopped ale.
38. Tree House Brewing Company, Monson, Mass.
Alex R./Yelp
Tree House Brewing Company is an artisan, draft-only brewery that values the freedom to craft new brews based on the season, daily inspiration, and innovation. Rotational offerings include the top-rated hop-loaded Julius and That's What She Said, a roasted coffee milk stout.
37. Maine Beer Company, Freeport, Maine
Alexis N./Yelp
Maine Beer Company loves beer and the planet, and is committed to both. The tasting area of this brewery is a great place to go with a group, as it is filled with community tables big enough for all of your friends to enjoy the sample flights on offer — and to enjoy views of the brewing operation through huge glass windows. Sample Dinner, a dry-hopped double IPA that Craft Beer & Brewing magazine gives a perfect score of 100.
36. Hill Farmstead Brewery, Greensboro Bend, Vt.
dan e./Yelp
The Hill family has over 200 years of history in Vermont, and Hill Farmstead is one of the most respected names in American beer. The image of their logo originates from a sign that at one time hung in Aaron Hill's tavern in the early 1800s. Their mission is "to hand craft succinct, elegant beers of distinction and to revive and diversify the farmscape of the Hill Farmstead in Greensboro."
35. Flying Dog Brewery, Frederick, Md.
Brian R./Yelp
Flying Dog originally opened as the Flying Dog Brewpub in Aspen. Now housed in a state-of-the-art facility in Maryland, this "good beer" company produces over 100,000 barrels annually. While the beer speaks for itself, Flying Dog's iconic labels also have a fascinating history. When co-founder George Stranahan was introduced to English artist Ralph Steadman by gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson (who lived down the road from the brewery in a "fortified compound" in Aspen), he met the man who'd create his bottles' unique look, beginning with the Road Dog Porter.
34. 21st Amendment Brewery, San Francisco, Calif.
Nicole F./Yelp
"Brew Free! or Die" Blood Orange IPA sums up this brewery's character. Friends Nico Freccia and Shaun O'Sullivan met in a summer brewing science class at UC Davis, and the idea for 21st Amendment (the passage of which repealed Prohibition) was born. The name is a nod to the fighting spirit of the old-time San Francisco breweries, gathering places which captured the essence of San Francisco's old neighborhoods.
33. New Holland Brewing, Holland, Mich.
Bill W./Yelp
New Holland's founders grew up together in Michigan, sharing a love for home-brewing and creating beers that are unique to their state. Their simple dream has expanded to include a brewery, brewpub, and distillery. Try one of the Dragon's Milk Reserve series, the Paleooza Michigan Pale Ale, or Hoptronix Double IPA.
32. Trillium Brewing, Boston, Mass.
Vinay F./Yelp
Trillium Brewing Company originally opened in March of 2013 and they quickly made a name for themselves as one of the top breweries in Massachusetts. Trillium Brewing now has two locations, but the original is nestled in South Boston's Fort Point neighborhood. This New England farmhouse-style brewery focuses on hoppy brews that can be found in shops throughout Massachusetts. Try Sprang, an ale inspired by Germany's Kölsch ale, or Night and Day Imperial Stout, brewed with Barrington Coffee Roasters coffee.
31. AleSmith Brewing Company, San Diego, Calif.
Liza X./Yelp
Founded in 1995, AleSmith's innovative, hand-crafted ales are inspired by quintessential European styles. They blew up the beer world in 2003 with the release of their epic Barrel Aged Speedway Stout, considered by many to be one of the best beers in the world. Check out their new Mexican-style lager created to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the California ska-punk band Sublime's iconic debut album, 40oz. to Freedom; the initial batch comes in 40-ounce bottles, naturally.
30. Wicked Weed Brewing, Asheville, N.C.
Matt C./Yelp
Wicked Weed Brewing has what it calls a Funkatorium, the "East Coast's first sour and funky beer dedicated taproom." The Funkatorium is the perfect stop for sour beer lovers to grab a bite and discover what Wicked Weed is brewing for the season. Check out Freak of Nature, a West Coast-style double IPA brewed with a massive amount of hops, or Oblivion, a sour red ale aged in wine barrels with dates and blackberries.
29. Bear Republic Brewing Company, Healdsburg, Calif.
Bear Republic Brewing/Yelp
Located deep in wine country, this brewery is owned by family members who have lived in Sonoma County for four generations. Established in 1995, they pride themselves on carefully hand-crafted brews that are never filtered. Try their Hop Shovel IPA, bursting with Meridien, Mosaic, and Denali hops.
28. Evil Twin Brewing, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Founded in 2010 in Denmark, Evil Twin have already made their mark on the beer world and now proudly call Brooklyn their second home. They brew with "All good intentions to disturb, disorder, and enlighten you with unforgettable beer after beer." Try the Double Barrel Jesus, an imperial stout with bourbon and vanilla notes, ranked as one of our top 50 Beers in the World.
27. Great Divide Brewing Company, Denver, Colo.
Ian L./Yelp
Founded in 1994, Great Divide is famous for brewing strong beers; as founder Brian Dunn says, "brewers like to sell the beer that they like to drink." They've earned five World Beer Cup awards, and 18 Great American Beer Festival medals, among many other honors. Great Divide represents a Colorado lifestyle by investing in the local community and environmental initiatives. Explore their brews, which include Yeti Imperial Stout and Fresh Hop Pale Ale.
26. Brewery Ommegang, Cooperstown, N.Y.
Chris M./Yelp
Before Cooperstown was known for baseball, the town was the center of U.S. hop production. Situated on 136 acres of an old hop farm, Brewery Ommegang seeks to keep that tradition alive. Ommegang has famously teamed up with HBO to make Game of Thrones-inspired beer: "In the world of Westeros it is known that 'Valar Dohaeris' means 'All Men Must Serve' in High Valarian. Here at Brewery Ommegang, we like to think that 'All Men Must Serve Beer.'"
25. Allagash Brewing Company, Portland, Maine
Anne-Margaret S./Yelp
Allagash Brewing Company is known best for the Belgian influence in their beer, something founder Rob Tod thought was missing in American brewing culture. Before each beer is bottled, a fresh dose of yeast and candi sugar (a Belgian invert sugar) is added, so that when it is put in a temperature-regulated cellar it re-ferments to add a unique taste. This attention to detail and focus on quality is exactly why Allagash continues to be a fan favorite.
24. Goose Island Beer Company, Chicago
Ethan T./Yelp
Goose Island was founded in 1988 and has grown exponentially since then. One of the main reasons to visit Goose Island Beer Company? They pioneered the use of bourbon barrels in the beer-aging process. If you've never had the pleasure of trying bourbon-aged beer, you are in for a treat. By championing sustainability in their breweries and investing in Chicago's communities, Goose Island continues to lead in the craft brewing industry.
23. Great Lakes Brewing Company, Cleveland, Ohio
Susan H./Yelp
Great Lakes Brewing Company pride themselves on their environmental conscience and sustainability practices almost as much as their beer. The brewery, established in 1988, is committed to local, organic farming for the harvest of raw materials, and repurposes spent brewer's grains into fertilizer and feed for the livestock that eventually makes its way in meat form onto their brewpub's menu. All that green power produces some truly great beer. Great Lakes' Edmund Fitzgerald Porter is a testament to that, comprising roasted barley and a slightly bittersweet mocha flavor.
22. Brooklyn Brewery, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Jeannie G./Yelp
Located in the hipster capital of the world — Williamsburg, Brooklyn — this brewery predates the counterculture wave that has sprung up around it. On the team is Garret Oliver, a brewmaster, author, and Great American Beer Festival judge, and co-founder Steve Hindy, who's an author and beer industry commentator. They are just two among a team of impassioned beer advocates who bring unique seasonal flavors and year-round ales to their growing masses of fans. Brooklyn Brewery's iconic logo was created by Milton Glaser, the graphic artist who also created the I Love New York campaign.
21. Tröegs Independent Brewing, Hershey, Pa.
Alex F./Yelp
Brothers John and Chris Trogner founded Tröegs (a play on their last name and kroeg, Flemish for "pub") in 1996, and in 1997 they sold their first keg to a local restaurant in Harrisburg. While the Troegenator Double Bock is a year-round favorite, every Tröegs fan longs for the holiday season, when the brewery's Christmastime beer Mad Elf arrives on shelves.
20. Green Flash Brewing Company, San Diego, Calif.
Pradeep M./Yelp
At Green Flash Brewing Company, brewmaster Erik Jensen produces award-winning craft ales and is constantly experimenting with new brews. Since their start in 2002, Green Flash has become synonymous with highly-hopped IPAs, such as their revolutionary West Coast IPA. Stop by Cellar 3, their tasting room and facility, which opened in 2015, to see where Green Flash experiments with barrel-aging and bottle-conditioning, thus producing fan favorites like Baroque Belgique and Vivid Sauvage.
19. Left Hand Brewing, Longmont, Colo.
Maddy D./Yelp
Left Hand Brewing is quintessential Colorado, and is all about staying balanced. From the brewery's lightest beers to their darkest, each brew finds a nice equilibrium between hops and malt for a smooth and refreshing finish. Try the Wake Up Dead Imperial Stout if you're looking for the perfect example of a beer that makes a statement while keeping a balanced flavor profile.
18. Southern Tier Brewing Company, Lakewood, N.Y.
Joseph M./Yelp
Southern Tier was founded in Lakewood in 2002, and recently opened their first satellite brewpub in Pittsburgh. Try the Nu Skool IPA, brewed with experimental and new American hops, or Thick Mint, a beer inspired by those famous Girl Scout cookies with a similar name.
17. Avery Brewing Company, Boulder, Colo.
Avery Brewing Company started in Boulder in 1993, blending "Old World tradition and expertise with ingenuity, creativity, and boldness." They are also extremely involved in the community, partnering with nonprofits such as American Rivers, Boulder Valley Humane Society, and the Colorado Haiti Project. Their beers can be found in 36 states, plus Japan and Sweden. Try the Coconut Porter, White Rascal, or Raja Double IPA, which "chief barrel herder" Andy Parker says tastes "like a passion fruit wrapped in really good weed."
16. Victory Brewing Company, Downingtown, Pa.
Gia S./Yelp
Created in 1996 by best friends Ron Barchet and Bill Covaleski, Victory Brewing Company is the toast of Pennsylvania, with a reach that spans the nation. The company uses German malted barley and both American and European whole-flower hops. (The use of whole-flower hops is unusual; the brewers insist this creates a better flavor and aroma in the beer.) Victory is well known for their Hop Devil IPA, but Belgian-style lovers flock around any tap that is pouring the fruity and spicy Golden Monkey. In 2016, Victory and New York State's Southern Tier Brewing Company (No. 18) united under parent company Artisanal Brewing Ventures (ABV). "Like-minded brewers such as Victory and Southern Tier can preserve our character, culture and products by banding together," said Bill Covaleski, founder and brewmaster of Victory.
15. New Belgium Brewing Company, Fort Collins, Colo.
Brian M./Yelp
New Belgium quickly turned from a microbrewery into one of the most respected and loved full-scale breweries in the country. While Fat Tire is the solid flagship beer of New Belgium, the brewery takes risks with their seasonal offerings. Their Juicy Watermelon, for instance, has a clean finish and notes of cucumber and freshly cut grass. New Belgium has become 100 percent employee-owned, after the Employee Stock Ownership Program bought the balance of company shares in December 2012. After one year of employment, each New Belgium employee is rewarded with ownership rights and a cruiser bicycle.
14. Firestone Walker Brewing Co., Paso Robles, Calif.
Kevin P./Yelp
Firestone Walker Brewing is the collaboration of two brothers-in-law with an unparalleled love for beer. They won the award for World Cup Champion Brewer four times, in 2004, 2006, 2010, and 2012. Stop by the brewery and try one of their Barrelworks Wild Ales, matured in oak barrels and fermented with microflora, or Parabola, an intense Russian Imperial Stout that's considered to be one of the best beers in the world.
13.Three Floyds Brewing Company, Munster, Ind.
Peter M./Yelp
Three Floyds Brewing Company is well known not just for what's in the bottle, but for the amazing label artwork as well. Two of their most famous brews, Zombie Dust and Dark Lord Imperial Stout, regularly land on best beer lists around the world. The super-hopped Zombie Dust, a pale ale, "will be the only respite after the zombie apocalypse." Dark Lord Imperial Stout is available at the brewery only one day a year, Dark Lord Day (May 13 this year).
12. The Alchemist Brewery, Waterbury, Vt.
Saori K./Yelp
This family brewery, situated in small-town Vermont, specializes in unfiltered IPAs. It was opened in 2003 as a modest brewpub, and expanded to include the Alchemist Cannery in 2011, which is closed to the public but produces the brewery's famous double IPA, Heady Topper, which is sold in limited production. In 2016, Alchemist Stowe was opened in Stowe, Vermont; the new facility produces Focal Banger IPA and various seasonal beers in addition to Heady Topper, and includes a visitor center.
11. Oskar Blues Brewery, Longmont, Colo.
J. R./Yelp
In 2002 Oskar Blues Brewery starting canning their Dale's Pale Ale, which "began the craft-beer-in-a-can craze." They now brew numerous beers year round, such as Priscilla, Old Chub, and Gubna, an Imperial IPA brewed with "the most potent, unique and mind-bending hop varietals of the season."
10. Cigar City Brewing, Tampa, Fla.
CB R../Yelp
Cigar City Brewing, a Florida favorite, has fans from far outside the Sunshine State thanks to their unique lineup of beers. John Holl, author of The American Craft Beer Cookbook, says it best: "Capitalizing on the Latin culture and tobacco-manufacturing history of Tampa Bay, Cigar City highlights those strengths on its labels and in its beer names and recipes. Many of the beers it produces — Jai Alai IPA, Improv Oatmeal Rye India-Style Brown Ale, Cubano-Style Espresso Brown Ale — reflect the sensibilities and ingredients of Florida."
9. Ballast Point Brewing Company, San Diego, Calif.
Ballast Point Little Italy/Yelp
Ballast Point didn't stop at brewing — they branched into distilling as well. Ballast Point Brewing was founded in 1996 and became the first micro-distillery in San Diego since Prohibition. Many of the beers are named after fishing terms, and the labels "have fish on them as a reminder to always do what you love." Try the Watermelon Dorado or the Grunion Pale Ale, both refreshingly different from your everyday craft beers.
8. Sierra Nevada Brewing Company, Chico, Calif.
Eric C./Yelp
Established in 1979, Sierra Nevada Brewing has come a long way and now produces the second-best-selling craft beer in the United States. The first brew ever made here, in 1980, was Sierra Nevada Pale Ale, "the beer that helped to launch the American craft beer movement." Celebration Ale soon followed in 1981, and the brewery now offers seasonal, year-round, and even high-altitude beers like the Bigfoot, one beast of a beer with a full body and aggressive hop flavor.
7. Deschutes Brewery, Bend, Ore.
Allyson L./Yelp
As the Deschutes Brewery looks over the gorgeous Deschutes River, it is only fair to wonder if the secret to their delicious beer is actually in the water. A local institution, this brewery has been around since 1988, consistently pushing flavor profiles to the limit and experimenting with special small-batch brews. For a go-to beer, try the Black Butte Porter, a rich dark beer that satisfies. Deschutes will be expanding soon with the anticipated August 2017 opening of a brewery in Roanoke, Virginia.
6. Russian River Brewing Company, Santa Rosa, Calif.
The beer that is now brewed under the name Russian River Brewing Company was originally influenced by a winery. When Korbel Champagne Cellars decided to do away with their own beer in 2003, the company turned to their trusted brewmaster, Vinnie Cilurzo, giving him the opportunity to continue brewing the beer he made for them under the same brand. Russian River Brewing is completely different now, and produces beer aged in wine barrels. Try their famous double IPA, Pliny the Elder, for a well-balanced and hoppy brew.
5. Stone Brewing Co., Escondido, Calif.
Devin A./Yelp
Stone Brewing, founded in 1996, is Southern California's largest brewery, and was voted by Beer Advocate's readers as the "All Time Top Brewery on Planet Earth." A high hop content is the calling card of many of their beers, which feature ABVs well above average. Thomas K. Matthews is the local designer who originally created the gargoyle motif for which their bottles have become famous, including Arrogant Bastard and Stone IPA.
4. Dogfish Head Brewery, Milton, Del.
John M./Yelp
Since 1995, this brewery has been creating craft beer that is approachable and relatable to all tastes. Their dedication to quality is what garners the brewery such a respectable reputation in the Rehoboth Beach area and around the country. Try the year-round Belgian-style white beer Namaste, made with "dried organic orange slices, fresh-cut lemongrass, and a bit of coriander," for a refreshing reminder of why Dogfish Head Brewery has been near the top of our list for the last few years.
3. Bell's Brewery, Kalamazoo, Mich.
Kevin F./Yelp
Bell's Brewery has been producing delicious, inspired brews since 1985. Two Hearted Ale, Black Note Stout, and Hopslam are regular fixtures on best beer lists. This Kalamazoo icon places great emphasis on sustainability, environmental stewardship, and the low environmental impact of their beer. Spent grain is donated to local dairy farmers to feed cattle, and the brewery's carbon footprint has been drastically reduced due to recycling practices that only require once-per-week garbage pick-up.
2. Lagunitas Brewing Company, Petaluma, Calif.
Janice C./Yelp
Known for their irreverent labels, Lagunitas has been one of America's fastest-growing craft breweries, opening a Chicago outpost in 2014 and a third operation that's just recently been built in Azusa, California. Long known for their association with marijuana, they even named a beer "Undercover Investigation Shut-Down Ale" in reference to the brewery's twenty-day suspension of operations as the California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control investigated alleged cannabis dealing amongst the brewery's staff. No charges were filed, but another great beer was born.
1. Founders Brewing Co., Grand Rapids, Mich.
Sarah S./Yelp
Exactly 20 years ago, Mike Stevens and Dave Engbers quit their jobs to pursue their dream of opening a brewery, and co-founded Founders Brewing Company, your top choice for the Best Craft Brewery in America. They were on the verge of bankruptcy when they decided to throw caution to the wind and start making the complex, assertive beer they were passionate about. Their wild popularity stems from a simple philosophy: "We don't brew beer for the masses. Instead, our beers are crafted for a chosen few, a small cadre of renegades and rebels who enjoy a beer that pushes the limits of what is commonly accepted as taste. In short, we make beer for people like us." Their wildly acclaimed KBS (Kentucky Breakfast Stout) is cave-aged in oak bourbon barrels and is bursting with chocolate and espresso.
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SULLIVAN TOWNSHIP AND MAINESBURG.
Sullivan Township is bounded on the north by the township of Rutland, on the east by the county of Bradford, on the south by the township of Ward, and on the west by the townships of Covington and Richmond. Its mean elevation above tide is about 1,400 feet. The soil is well adapted to the growth of corn, wheat, oats, buckwheat and the grasses. Tobacco has been raised to some extent. The orchard products are great. Iron ore is found within its limits, but has not been mind to any great extent. The township is distinguished for its fine quarries of building and flagging stone. The principal business of the people is farming, and some of the finest farms in the county are to be found within its limits. As a rule the farmers are prosperous, with good buildings, ample agricultural machinery, fine horses and carriages, and all the surroundings needed to make life agreeable. Their ancestors and themselves have known the vicissitudes and hardships of pioneer life, and the present generation is enjoying the fruits of hard work and rigid economy.
The value of the taxable property in Sullivan in the year 1880 was $349,389, and in Mainesburg borough $325,500, making in the township and borough an aggregate of $381,889. The number of taxables in the township in 1881 was 363, and there were 91 in the borough, making a total of 454. The valuation of property in this township, as in all the rest of the county, is not half its real value. The property in Sullivan Township and Mainesburg will closely approximate one million dollars.
THE SETTLERS.
More than one hundred years ago General John Sullivan led an expedition against the Indians in the Wyoming, Chemung and Genesee Country, who had committed such atrocious cruelties in the earlier years of the Revolutionary War. A number of the early settlers here were soldiers of the Revolution, and had seen service under Sullivan or other distinguished officers of the continental army. They came for the granite hills of New Hampshire, the Green Mountains of Vermont, and the rich valleys of the Connecticut, and pitched their tents or established their rude cabins in the highlands of Tioga County, in the territory now known as Sullivan and Rutland Townships. They were brave, intelligent and hardy pioneers, and brought with them the frugal habits and persevering energy of their New England ancestry, and soon made the wilderness resound with the echoes of their well directed blows. As the territory of Tioga County was then divided, they located in Tioga and Covington Townships.
The earliest settlements in Sullivan and Rutland Townships were made as early as 1806. The years 1807-10 increased the number of families, and by 1817 they petitioned the court and were organized as the township of Sullivan, naming the township in honor of the brave General John Sullivan. The township then embraced what is now Sullivan, Ward, Union and Rutland townships. It was a territory situated in the highlands east of the Tioga Valley and west of Troy, Alba and Canton, in Bradford County. It abounded with wild game--deer, elk and bears. The same reciprocal favors of which we have spoken in other portions of this work characterized the intercourse between the early settlers of Sullivan. The logging bees, spinning bees, raisings, huskings, and all the gatherings which were in vogue in other portions of the county were well patronized among the pioneers of that day; and we occasionally meet one of them, who points back to those days with exceeding gratification and pleasure, and recalls to mind the happy days "when this our land was new."
Below is a list of taxables in the township of Sullivan for the year 1817. John Knox, Asa Mann, and Elijah Dupuy were commissioners, James Gray Jr., assessor, David Lindsay, clerk for the commissioners. The tax was two-thirds of a cent on a dollar. The appeal was to be held at the house of James Gray.
John Andrews, Isaac Baker, Ananias Baker, Simeon Briggs, Simeon Briggs, Jr., Griffin Bailey, Constant Bailey, Thomas R. Corey, Paul Cudworth, James Cudworth, David Crippen, Jacob Collins, Peleg Doud, Josiah Dewey, Joseph Dewey, John Ellis, David Fellows, James Gray, John Gray, Silas Gray, Aaron Gitchell, David Jones, Timothy Knowlton, John King, Uriah Loper, Allen Lane Jr., Lemuel Lane, Allen Lane, John Luddington, William Luddington, Benjamin Lawrence, Henry Lawrence, Asa Mann, Reuben Merritt, Ira Mudge, Eli McNett, John Newell, Jesse Orvis, Joseph Orvis, Timothy Orvis, David Palmer, John Packart, Jonathan Patridge, Stephen Palmer, H. Pitts, Clement Paine, Samuel Reynolds, Enos Smith Rumsey, Thomas Raxford, Elisha Rush, John Simpkins, Gardner Seaman, Jesse Smith, Jonathan L. Spencer, Lyman Spencer, Benjamin Trout, Nathaniel Welch, Elijah Welch, Nathan Welch Jr., Roswell Webster, Abial Webster, Zebedee Woodward, Noah Weast, John Watson, Ephraim S. Marsh, Eli Gitchell, Joseph Ford, Lyman Rumsey, Abijah Hawley, Samuel Hardin, Robert Potter, Apollos Cudworth, John Benson Jr., Daniel James, Levi Fox, Isaac Benson, Thomas Bennet, Benjamin Harrison.
The non-resident owners of land were the General Lutheran Congregation, Messrs. Fisher, Thomas M. Willing, Robert Gilman, John Vaughan, George Mead, Robert Coleman, Nicklin & Griffith, etc.
The residences of the men above named, as near as can be learned at this late date, were as follows: Isaac Baker and Ananias Baker lived in Gray's Valley; Simeon Briggs and Simeon Briggs Jr. on the State road - went west; Griffin Bailey and Constant Bailey in what is now known as Chandlerburg, on the farm now occupied by Samuel Longwell; Thomas R. Corey on the State Road; Paul Cudworth on Rumsey Hill, and James Cudworth near him; David Crippen in the northeastern portion of Sullivan; Jacob Collins and Peleg Doud near the present borough of Mainesburg; Josiah Dewey on the State road; John Ellis in Mainesburg; David Fellows a mile from Mainesburg, where Jasper Smith now resides; Captain James Gray, a soldier of the Revolution, in Gray's Valley, giving the name to that locality; John and Silas Gray in Gray's Valley; Eli Gitchell on Rumsey Hill; Timothy Knowlton in the southeastern portion of the township; Uriah Loper in what is now Union Township; Allen Lane Jr., Allen Lane and Lemuel Lane in the eastern portion of the county, where Nathan Palmer now resides; John Luddington where Isaac Squires now resides; Benjamin Lawrence, a hatter by trade, in the neighborhood of the Lanes; Henry Lawrence in the same vicinity; Asa Mann at Mansfield, owning property, however, in Sullivan Township; Ira Mudge on the State road near Joseph, Timothy and Jesse Orvis; Eli McNett in what is now the township of Union; John Newell near McNett's; David Palmer on the State road; John Packart in Mainesburg; Jonathan Patridge below Chandlerburg; Stephen Palmer beside his brother David; H. Pitts on the County road, where John Phillips now resides; Samuel Reynolds on the State road, on the farm now owned by his son Thomas; Daniel Rose and Enos Rose north of Mainesburg; Jeremiah Rumsey in Mainesburg; Noah and Smith Rumsey on Rumsey Hill, near Mainesburg; Thomas Raxford in the eastern portion of the township, near the county line; Gardner Seaman in the eastern portion of the township; Jesse Smith near the present township line between Sullivan and Rutland townships; Jonathan L. Spencer in the present township of Union; Nathaniel Welch on the State road; Elijah Welch near Nathaniel; Nathaniel Welch Jr. where Lyman Reynolds now resides; Roswell Webster near the State road; Abial Webster where Lyman Smith now resides; Zebedee Woodward lived in the eastern portion of Sullivan; Noah Weast on the State road; John Watson north of Mainesburg; Ephraim S. Marsh in the east part of Mainesburg. Eli Gitchell was a Baptist minister; Aaron Gitchell, who was a dancing master and had taught deportment and dancing in Washington D. C., taught also in Sullivan, and died there at an advanced age. Joseph Ford lived in Mainesburg, where Warren Doud now lives, and had an ashery; Lyman Rumsey, a son of Jeremiah Rumsey, lived with his father; Abijah Hawley lived in the northeastern portion of the township; Samuel Harden near where Orrin Smith now resides; Apollos Cudworth removed to the Holland Purchase, in New York, many years ago; John Benson Jr. lived in the northeastern portion of the township of Sullivan; Daniel James in Mainesburg; Isaac Benson in what is now the township of Rutland. Peleg Doud came to Sullivan from Vermont in the year 1808 and settled near Mainesburg. His family consisted of a wife and twelve children; the children now living are; Philemon, aged 82; Munson, aged 79; Peleg W., aged 72, and R. H., aged 69 years; they are all farmers excepting R. H. Doud, who is now engaged in mercantile pursuits.
TOWNSHIP ELECTIONS.
The affairs of the township did not get into due form until about the close of the year 1819. In the year 1820, March 17th, an election was held and the following named persons were chosen to the several offices: Supervisors, Ira Mudge, William Luddington, auditors, Benjamin Lawrence, Isaac Baker, Stephen Palmer, John King; constables, Isaac Dewey, Noah Rumsey; overseers of the poor, Samuel Harding, Peleg Doud. Ira Mudge had 28 votes, William Luddington 32, Benjamin Lawrence 30, Isaac Baker 28, Stephen Palmer 32, John King 30, Isaac Dewey 29, Noah Rumsey 22, Samuel Harding 18 and Peleg Doud 18. The record was certified March 17th 1820, by Samuel Harding and Isaac Halsey, judges, and by David Palmer Jr. and Isaac S. Dewey.
The first election for the township was held in Gray's Valley; subsequent ones at the house of William Luddington, and still later they were held at Mainesburg. William Luddington, at whose house the elections were so long held, kept one of the best houses of entertainment in northern Pennsylvania. He was one of those cheerful, large-hearted men whom the traveler delights to find for his host. He was one of the wealthiest men of the township in his day; was virtually the people's banker, and cheerfully loaned to his neighbors without interest.
The vote for township officers at the last election was reported at the time as follows:
Supervisors--O. F. Robbins, 95; L. R. Smith, 125. Justice of the peace--C. Strange, 103. Constable--L. Squires, 125. School directors--H. B. Card, 102; O. O. Dodge, 94; G. M. Smith, 84. Assessor--I. N. Tears, 118. Assistant assessors--A. T. Smith, 107; J. B. Rumsey, 95. Treasurer--James Lay, 111. Town clerk--C. W. Palmer, 90. Judge of election--C. F. Parkhurst, 94. Inspectors of election--B. F. Connelly, 50; Nelt Reynolds, 51; B. C. Smith, 8. Auditor--B. F. Ashley, 98; B. Connelly, 6.
ROADS.
The first road through the township was the State road, constructed in 1807-8. This road ran nearly east and west. The next was the County road, cut out in 1808-9. Since that time roads have been opened running in all directions through the townships of Sullivan and Rutland, connecting with those in Jackson, Armenia and Ward on the north, east and south, and with the roads to Covington, Canoe Camp, Mansfield, Lamb's Creek, Mill Creek and Tioga on the west. The roads of the township are convenient and in excellent condition. The surface of the township is hilly, but the roads are laid out with such rare good judgment that heavy loads can be transported over them with ease.
CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS.
The first preacher in the township of Sullivan was Rev. Joseph Mitchell, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, who preached at the log school-house near Allen Lane's known as the Dewey school-house. This was about the year 1808.
The M. E. society now has at Mainesburg one of the finest structures int he county, built in 1875, at a cost of $13,000. It is of brick, with stained glass windows, slated roof, and a fine tower and spire. In the tower is a very fine bell. John D. Rumsey in a communication to the Wellsboro Agitator says:
Rev. Joseph Mitchell (M. E. clergyman) preached a sermon about the year 1808. He was at the time on a visit to his brother Ensign Mitchell, and preached at his house. About two years later Captain Thomas Lewis, an exhorter of the same church, commenced to hold meetings at the Diven school-house, which he kept up for several years. He is spoken of a s a devoted follower of Christ, and his efforts were productive of much good in assisting the spread of the Christian religion among the people. Several years after Captain Lewis commenced his labors Rev. Mr. Warner organized a Methodist Episcopal class at the same point, which is said to have been the first religious organization within the township.
Rev. Mr. Power was the first Old School Baptist clergyman to enter the field. Soon afterward Rev. Mr. Ripley entered it and they both occupied it together, and about the year 1814 they organized a society at the residence of Deacon Peleg Doud, near Mainesburg.
About the year 1828 Rev. Mr. Whitehead, of the "Christian" denomination, preached several times at the residence of Oliver Rumsey, who at the time resided on the County road, near Rumsey Hill. Not long after this Rev. Norman Lamphere, of the same church, began to preach at the residence of James B. Dewey, on the State road. A short time thereafter Rev. Messrs. Pentecost, Sweetland and John Ellis began to labor in the township, and soon a society was organized at Mr. Dewey's.
In the autumn of 1830 Rev. James H. Lamphere, of the Free-Will Baptist Church, commenced to preach at Rumsey Hill school-house, and the following winter a revival occurred under his labors. In the following spring he organized a church at that point.
The first church edifice erected in the township was built by the Baptists at Gray's Valley, and known as the East Sullivan Church; and the next one was that of the Methodist Episcopal society at Mainesburg.
The first school-house in the township was a log structure, and stood near Allen Lane's. There are now in the township fifteen schools, and one in the borough of Mainesburg, with 204 male and 172 female scholars, a total of 376. The school-houses are generally new and well cared for, furnished with the necessary school apparatus.
PROGRESS AND DEVELOPMENT.
According to the statement of John D. Rumsey the first frame building erected in the township was a barn, built in 1808.
In 1816 John Gray started a store in Gray's Valley, hauling his goods by wagon from Philadelphia. This was the first store in Sullivan. Some time after this Timothy and Joseph Orvis started a store on King's Hill, some distance south of the State road, and after that Alvin Ames opened one on Ames Hill. Mrs. Gray's store was a framed structure; the others were built of logs. In 1832 John Fox opened a store at Mainesburg, the first one at that point. He sold goods at that place about forty years.
The first post-office in the township was established in 1814; Henry Rew postmaster. It was called "Sullivan" post-office. The one at Mainesburg was not established until some years later, John Maine being the first postmaster. He was succeeded in the office by John Fox, who retained it several years.
About the year 1809 Noah Rumsey located where Mainesburg now is and erected a flouring-mill near the site of the present steam and water flouring-mill. The structure was of logs, with one run of stones taken from the Armenia Mountain. The mill was run by water, and was the first one in the township or vicinity. At that time where Mainesburg now stands was a dense wilderness; by the overflowing of the water timber was killed, and where the business portion of Mainesburg now is there was a mill pond thickly interspersed with dead trees, which, lifting their leafless arms heavenward, presented a scene somewhat resembling the shipping in a harbor. Mr. Rumsey after a few years sold the property to Jonathan F. Spencer, and he a few years later sold it to John Maine, who afterward erected a distillery.
About the year 1831 Sylvester Bailey built a water power flouring-mill at a point now known as Chandlerburg. After he had used it many years it fell into the hands of C. Palmer, who repaired it and did quite a business.
The first saw-mill in the township was built by John Gray, about the year 1811.
After Noah Rumsey sold his mill property to Mr. Spencer he moved on to the hill south of Mainsburg, giving to the place the name of Rumsey Hill. There were three brothers, Jeremiah, Noah and Smith Rumsey, who were natives of Rutland County, Vt. There are a great number of the descendants of these brothers now in the township of Sullivan.
MAINESBURG.
Mainesburg is situated on Corey Creek, about five miles southeast from Mansfield, and contains a hotel, five dry goods and general stores, two drug stores, two churches, a school-house, an Odd Fellows' hall, two blacksmith shops, a wagon shop, a grist-mill and about 40 dwellings. It was organized as a borough from the township of Sullivan in March 1859, and named after one of its prominent citizens, John Maine.
The first officers were: Burgess, John Fox; councilmen, A. C. Witter, E. R. Maine, G. W. Carman, A. B. Austin, P. D. Parkhurst; treasurer, Alpheus Peters; street commissioners, D. S. Peters, G. W. Carman; collector, James Packard; secretary of clerk of council, A. C. Witter.
The present officers are: Burgess, J. B. Cudworth; councilmen, I. S. Woodburn, O. T. Haight, L. R. Austin, E. R. Maine, C. C. Whiting, L. M. Doud; assessor, L. M. Doud; assistant assessors, J. H. Dewitt, P. W. Doud; school board, W. B. Hall (president), I. S. Woodburn (secretary), A. M. Haight (treasurer), G. E. Staugger, Floyd Ashley, E. G. Lovell; borough treasurer, J. B. Strong; constable, N. E. Calkins; justices of the peace, A. M. Haight, I. S. Woodburn; auditors, E. R> Maine, E. M. Rumsey; judge of election, O. T. Haight; inspectors of election, J. B. Strong, H. E. Dewey; pound master, C. C. Whiting.
Mainesburg Lodge, No. 754, I. O. O. F. was organized March 15th 1871, by District Deputy Grand Master O. G. Gerould, of Covington. The first officers were: Peleg Doud, N. G.; R. F. Ashley, V. G.; A. M. Haight, secretary; O. T. Haight, treasurer. The lodge was organized with 19 charter members. The history of this lodge is one of many severe trials and difficulties, of which it is best not to speak. It has had its bright and its gloomy days. Since its organization there have been 114 withdrawals and suspensions. The active membership is now 45 and the lodge is in a sound condition. The lodge room is nearly furnished, and there is in the treasury about $150.
The Patrons of Temperance use the hall in conjunction with the Odd Fellows.
DANIEL M. SHAW
is the only surviving of the seven children of Joshua Shaw. He was born in Massachusetts, in 1808, and came to Tioga county with his parents in 1810. In 1835 he married Miss Jane Seaman, daughter of James and Mercy Seaman, of Bradford County, and the same year started out in life for himself by buying a farm of 90 acres in Sullivan, on which he still resides, now owning 235 acres. Mr. Shaw has had eleven children, of whom only fiver are now living. His son Byron enlisted in 1861 in Company B 101st Pa. (calvary) regiment, and died in 1864 in the rebel military prison at Florence, S.C. Mr. and Mrs. Shaw are members of the Universalist Church of Mansfield.
Joshua Shaw, the father of our subject, was born in 1764, in the town of Abington, Mass., and married Miss Sarah Hawes, of that State. In 1809 he came from his eastern home to Tioga County on foot, in company with Noah Nast, to look for a home. He selected and bought of Elijah Clark 106 acres of land in the Tioga Valley, between Lamb's Creek and Mansfield; then returned to his native State, and in the spring of 1810 brought his family to their new home. He was by trade a carpenter, and followed that business through life. He and his wife were among the original members of the old school Baptist Church, and among the first to organize a society of their denomination in the eastern part of the county. Their place of worship was the residence of Peleg Doud, in Sullivan Township, to which they frequently rode horseback--a distance of eight miles.


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Jacqueline Olive
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Jacqueline Olive is an independent filmmaker and digital media producer with artist grants from International Documentary Association, Sundance Institute, Independent Television Service, Firelight Media, Chicken & Egg Pictures, Catapult Film Fund, Southern Documentary Fund, and more. After receiving a master's degree from the University of Florida Documentary Institute in 2007, she worked on the production team of the Emmy Award-winning PBS documentary series, Independent Lens, and the internationally-themed PBS WORLD series, Global Voices, for three seasons. Jacqueline also co-directed and produced the award-winning documentary, Black to Our Roots, which broadcast on PBS WORLD.
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