text:
The Eclectic review. vol. 1-New [8th], Volume 27
learned přelate, we shall briefly consider it in reference to the boun
ries of divine providence, and the riches of divine grace. ... The feast of Tabernacles was about the end of our. September,
when the fruits of the earth were gathered in, and the praiscs of Israel were waiting in silence (as it were) ready to burst from every grateful heart, in joyful shouts and songs, at the commencement of this festival. The Chaldee labours to give an idea of the extraordinary rejoicings by an hyperbolical expression. The praise of angels is accounted as silence before thee, O God, whose majesty is in Sion :" being intended to intimate, that the shouts of Israel were far louder than the songs of angels.
• The imagery employed in the following verses, is eminently sublime and beautiful. He girdeth together the mountains by his strength, as with a girdle: he stilleth the roarings of the sea, and the still louder ravings of the people. He maketh the outgoings of the morning and evening to rejoice. The former idea is amplified and illustrated in the nineteenth psalm (ver. 5 and 6), and the latter alluded to in the eighth : no scenes in nature can be more beautiful or more cheerful, than the rising of the morning sun, or the moon 66 walking in brightness" in the evening sky. The watering of the earth with showers, or with full and flowing streams, is another display of providential goodness; but the crowning mercy is the gathering in of the harvest. The expression (in ver. 11) is peculiarly elegant and impressive, " His paths drop fatness." In other psalms, the Almighty is represented as walking or riding " upon the wings of the wind," (psalm xviii. 10; civ. 3): the clouds, therefore, are his pathways, and the showers which distil from them enriching the earth, may be said, poetically, to " drop fatness" upon it, and from the cheerful and useful vegetation which clothes the hills and valleys, they are said to become joyful, and even to " shout and sing."
But we must not contine our remarks to blessings merely temporal. The Psalmist complains of iniquities prevailing against him, and prays to be delivered from them: he speaks of the blessedness of attending God's house, and considers communion with him as the highest privilege of man. The floods of heaven, and the rivers of earth, are both used to typify the gifts of the Holy Spirit and the diffusion of divine truth (Acts ii. 17, 18), which produces the same effect in the moral, as water in the natural world. This psalm may therefore be considered as no less rich in spiritual unction than ia poetic beauty; and is especially interesting to us Gentiles, residing in the sends of the earth, as our part of Europe was considered. : Blest is the man whom thou shalt choose,
And give him kind access to thee;
; Give him a place within thy house,
. .. To taste thy love divinely free.' Watts. .
.'NOTES. • Psalm LXV.Title. A Psalm and Song ...Ver. 1. Praise waiteth.-The Heb. term meads, to wait in silence, as slaves in the presence of their master.
• Ver. 3. Iniquities.--Heb. " Words (or matters) of iniquity pre. vail," &c. -Purge them.-Heb. " Cover," expiate them: the allue sion is to the cover of the mercy-seat. See Ainsworth.
. Ver. 5. By terrible things. - Ainsworth, " Fearful ;" Horne; " wonderful things.
• Ver. 8. Thy tokens. Or signs; i. e. tempests, by sea or land.. • Ibid. To rejoice.-Marg. " Sing."
• Ver. 9. The river of God.-Rain from heaven. See Gen. i. 6, 7. Or the Jordan, which "overflowed its banks in harvest. See Josh. iii. 15.
• Ver. 10. Thou visitest the earth.-Or," land :" namely Canaan. -Thou settlest the furrows.- Marg. " Thou causest (rain) to descend (into) the furrows thereof."
• Ver. 12. Rejoice on every side.-Heb. " Are girded with joy." Compare ver. 6.
Art. V. The Life of Paul Jones, from Original Documents in the
Possession of John Henry Sherburne, Esq. Register of the Navy
of the United States. Small 8vo. pp. 332. London. :1825. PAUL JONES has hitherto been little more than the hero of 1 chap.books. His terrific figure, in the act of shooting the recreant lieutenant who had dared to strike the bloody flag, may yet be seen on hawkers' stalls, striding across the quarterdeck of the Bonhomme Richard in the fiercest hues of gam, boge, indigo, and vermilion. Five and twenty years have • not elapsed since the nurses of Scotland hushed their crying • infants by the whisper of his name ;' and we are still apt to think of him as of a mere rover of the seas, ferocious, unprincipled, and disavowed even by those to whom his reckless valour might make his services, though not his person or his name, acceptable. His story, obscurely known, and, hitherto, imperfectly authenticated, has been usually taken as the last chapter in the chronicles of piracy, and his character as exhibiting a sort of counterpart to those of Morgan and Monbar.
It now appears, however, that much of all this was misapprehension, and that this last of the Buccanneers, this rival of Mansvelt and l'Olonnois, although certainly a British-born subject fighting against his native flag, and liable to be hanged at the yard-arm, if he had fallen into the hands of his countrymen, was not a mere adventurer of casual means and desperate enterprise, but a seaman of consuminate ability, an intriguer of no little dexterity, and a regularly commissioned officer, decorated with chivalric honours, and enjoying the emoluments of high naval rank, under more than one legitimate government. He was in friendly and confidential intercourse
pers, at both of The Marin any madison
a The pin son he
with some of the leading men of his time, with Franklin, şe. gur, Jefferson, and la Fayette; the young nobility of France were ambitious of serving under bis command; he commanded a frigate in the French navy, he was a commodore in the service of the United States, and a vice-admiral in that of Russia. He received a diamond-hilted sword and the cross of Military Merit from Louis XVI., the order of St. Anne from the imperial Catharine, a pension from Denmark, and his funeral was attended by a deputation from the National Assembly of France. All this is so much at variance, with the general apprehension of his character and career, that a distinct authentication of the original documents was obviously necessary; and this has been satisfactorily given in the Editor's preface. Paul seems to have been an indefatigable scribe, and his papers, after passing through the hands of Mr. Hyslop and Mr. Ward, both of New York, came into the possession of Mr. Sherburne. The Marquis de la Fayette has given his attestation to all that he was in any way connected with ; and the ex-presidents Jefferson and Madison have been applied to with effect: the former, in particular, supplied a number of letters that he had formerly received from Jones.
The early part of the life of this extraordinary man is involved in some obscurity. He was born in July, 1747, at Ar. begland, in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, Scotland. His father, John Paul, was a gardener. The youth, after receiving the elements of education at the parochial school, was, in compliance with his own wishes, bound apprentice to a Whitehaven merchant, trading to America. After much voyaging, he engaged for himself in traffic, hut unsuccessfully; and when the war broke out between England and her Transatlantic colonies, he obtained a command in the insurgent navy. Of his exploits in this service, the burning of the shipping at Whitehaven, the capture of the Drake sloop, and the taking of the Serapis frigate, were the most conspicuous. Few naval engagements have exceeded the latter in desperate resolution. The Bonhomme Richard, Jones's ship, was an old and decayed vessel, with a motley crew of Americans, French, English, Italian, Portuguese, and Malays; while the Serapis was quite new, and one of the finest heavy frigates in the British service. Her commander, Captain Pearson, was a brave and able seaman, and appears to have manœuvred with much skill; but he was far beneath his antagonist in the determination which rises superior to average calculations, and the tact which discerns the probabilities of success where others would discover only the certainty of failure. The first broadsides of the Serapis shook the crazy timbers of her opponent with such effect as to
part of the life had formerly 'n particular
put her in danger of sinking; and Jones, could find no surer way of securing his vessel, than by lashing her alongside the English frigate. Amid all the horrors of the fight, with his ship filling, his officers flinching, his heavy guns bursting, and the rest nearly all silenced, this extraordinary man never for a moment lost his presence of mind ; nor, even when his own consort, instead of assailing the enemy, opened a heavy fire on the Bonhomme Richard, did his resolution forsake him.
• The leak gained ground on the pumps, and the fire increased so much on board both ships, that some officers advised Jones to strike, " of whose courage and good sense he entertained the highest opinion."
It was a grand scene that the Channel witnessed that night. A numerous ficet had taken refuge under the walls of Scarborough Castle; the Bonhomme and Serapis, joined in an encounter almost unparalleled for its fierceness and duration, finely contrasted with the picturesque and shattered appearance of the Pallas and the Countess of Scarborough, now both silenced; and the moon, which was extremely bright and full, lighted up, not only this magnificent scene, but Flamborough Head, and the surrounding heights covered with the inhabitants of all the neighbouring towns. While the American commodore appeared to be hesitating, whether he should follow the advice of his officers, his master at arms, who was frightened out of his wits, suddenly let loose all the prisoners, amounting to nearly five hundred, telling them, " to save themselves, as the ship was going to sink." This last misfortune seemed to be decisive. One prisoner jumped over to the enemy, and told them, that if they held out a moment longer, the enemy must strike. '" Our rudder, says Jones, in his letter to Franklin, " was nearly off; the sternframe and transoms were almost entirely cut away; the timbers by the lower deck, especially from the mainmast to the stern, being greatly decayed by age, were mangled beyond every power of des scription; and a person must have been an eye-witness, to have formed a just idea of the tremendous scene of carnage, wreck, and ruin, that every where appeared." Yet, notwithstanding this state notwithstanding that the prisoners were let loose-that the ship was on fire in many places, and that there was five feet of water in the hold, Jones determined to fight on. He observed what his affrightened crew had overlooked-he saw the maiomast of the Serapis shake, and his practised ear told him that " their firing decreased." He took care that his own should immediately increase ; and at half past ten, in the sight of thousands, the flag of England, which had been nailed to the mast of the Serapis, was struck by Capt. Pearson's own hand. Her mainmast at the same time went overboard. Before any thing, except the wounded, could be removed, the Bonhomme Richard sank.'
After this extraordinary sea-fight, Jones put into the Texel, where he was permitted to land his prisoners, and toʻrefit his ship, notwithstanding the remonstrances of the British am: bassador. When his repairs were completed, he put to sea, eluded the cruizers that were stationed at every outlet, and, after sailing through the Downs, and in full view of the Isle of Wight, reached l'Orient in safety. Early in 1780, he visited Paris, where he was received with enthusiasm by the people, and with favour by the monarch. His time was fully occupied with intrigue, both amorous and political; for Jones was a Libertine by temperament, and an unreluctant courtier. lo September, he sailed for America, where he arrived early in the following year, and was appointed to the command of a seventy-four, ihen building. While superintending the equipment of his ship, he, as usual, recreated himself with compo. sition, and, in one instance, with disquisition of a very singular kind. After adverting to the disadvantageous circumstances under which the United States commenced the naval war against Great Britain, he speaks of his own qualifications. Although he had sailed in armed ships and frigates, he states, that when he assumed command, be found himself deficient in the requisite experience, and that midnight study, as well as diligent attention to the instructions of the greatest and most learned • sea-officers,' had still left him with the conviction that he had much to acquire. Frigate service and cruising are, he observes, very inadequate preparation for the command of a feet. 'The English, who boast so much of their navy, never fought a ranged battle on the ocean before the war that is now ended.' The battle off Ushant was, on their part, like their former ones, irregular; and Admiral Keppel could only justify himself by the example of Hawke in our remembrance, and of Russel in the last century. From that moment, the English were forced to study, and to imitate, the French in their evolutions. They never gained any advantage when they had to do with equal force; and the unfortunate defeat of Count de Grasse was owing more to the unfavourable circumstances of the wind coming a-head four points at the beginning of the battle, which put his fleet into the order of echiquier when it was too late to tack, and of calm and currents afterwards, which brought on an entire disorder, than to the admiralship or even the vast superiority of Rodney, who had forty sail of the line against thirty, and five threedeckers against one. By the account of some of the French officers, Rodney might as well have been asleep, not having made a second signal during the battle, so that every captain did as he pleased.' .
In this last statement, there is much that is erroneous. Rode ney's line of battle consisted of thirty-six ships, including five of 90 guns, twenty-one of 74, and ten of 64. The French had an equal number, but two were armed en Ayte, and three


All over body cream blended with natural whitening complex such as Carica Papaya oil and has super rich moisturizing effect, leaving the skin with renewed and fairer complexion. Easily absorbed and non-greasy. Delicately scented with relaxing oils and herbs. For best result, use Massage Oil or Sports Spray. See the effect after two weeks.
Usage: After bath. scoop enough amount of cream and massage gently onto the body. Use day and night.
Is renowned for helping moisturize the skin, Lavender has soothing herbal and floral scent that calms the mind and promotes restful sleep. Ease anxiety.


Iconic Digital Studios is a leading Colorado studio video production company. Some stories demand to be told. We believe that video is one of the most powerful mediums for sharing a tale because it so accurately captures the human experience. We can connect you, the writer or director, with actors, costume designers, and a studio space to get the job done. Our cinematographers know all the tricks of the trade to create a stunning, unique piece of art. We've collaborated with multiple teams across the west coast and beyond to create acclaimed features and short films. Whether you're involved with a television production or a feature film, we've got a team of professionals who can create stunning visual storytelling.
Film in a quality studio where animation and effects can easily be added.
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Iconic is a top Colorado studio-style video producer, filming exceptional video productions at great prices. We produce videos that capture the spirit of our company and the skilled talent that runs it. Contact Iconic Digital Studios for additional information about our studio video production services.
Studio video productions allow film to mix both animation, effects and classic video. We can incorporate our actors, or engage with your own team. The Iconic crew is lead by Jason Van Vleet, an award-winning video producer since 1989. Review Mr. Van Vleet's IMBd profile. To learn more info about the services Iconic offers, please contact us today and we'll respond promptly.


Seeing an opportunity to get Linda's old job back, Zorn increases Sanitation Solutions' business by tapping into the Zephyrian market. Alan tries to win Layla back by becoming Prom King – with Zorn's help.
Craig is worried he's not man enough for Edie and asks Zorn to help him become a warrior. Meanwhile, to get closer to Layla, Alan finds a way to change the thing about which he's most insecure, but ends up going to extremes.
Zorn tries to teach Alan about Zephyria, while Edie fights her new neighbors over their talking garden gnome.
Craig decides to run away to gain perspective on his relationship with Edie, leading to a road trip to bring him back.
Zorn's friend, Headbutt Man comes to town. Unfortunately for Zorn, his friend is now sober.
Zorn uses his body double dummy "Meka-Zorn" to sneak out of work and wait in line for the latest video game in a series that has Alan and Craig bonding, while Edie and Linda take their frustrations with Zorn out on the dummy.
When Zorn travels from his native land of Zephyria to California to visit his son, Alangulon, aka Alan, he learns that his ex-wife, Edie, has a fiancé. But to reconnect with his son, Zorn stays and obtains a job where, despite his "unique" qualities, he is welcomed by his new boss.
Zorn tries to be a "cool dad" when Alan comes to visit, but things go off track when a friend of Alan's visits.


text:
Budget Bill - HB1500 (Reenrolled)
Bill Order » Independent Agencies » Item 489
Virginia Retirement System
Personnel Management Services (70400) $13,338,829
$16,911,431 $13,381,244
Administration of Retirement and Insurance Programs (70415) FY2017 $13,338,829
$16,911,431 FY2018 $13,381,244
General FY2017 $32,585 FY2018 $50,000
Trust and Agency FY2017 $13,306,244
Authority: Title 9.1, Chapter 4; Title 51.1, Chapters 1, 2, 2.1, and 3, Code of Virginia.
A. The Board of Trustees of the Virginia Retirement System is hereby authorized to charge a participation fee to each employer served by the Virginia Retirement System for any services provided pursuant to Title 51.1, Code of Virginia. The fee shall be utilized to pay the administrative expenses of all administrative services, including non-retirement programs. Retirement contributions required by the board shall be reduced to pay such fees in a manner prescribed by the Board of Trustees.
B. State agencies and institutions of higher education shall make payments to the Virginia Retirement System (VRS) for VRS-administered benefits no less often than monthly.
C. The Virginia Retirement System shall make changes to administrative policies, procedures, and systems as necessary for implementation of the public employee retirement reforms provided in Chapter 701 of the Acts of Assembly of 2012.
D.1. Out of this appropriation, $32,585 the first year and $50,000 the second year from the general fund is provided for expenses associated with the Volunteer Firefighters' and Rescue Squad Workers' Service Award Fund.
2. Gains forfeited prior to July 1, 2016 pursuant to § 51.1-1206, Code of Virginia, and the accumulated earnings thereon shall be used to provide the reimbursement described in § 51.1-1200, Code of Virginia. All future gains forfeited pursuant to § 51.1-1206, Code of Virginia, shall also be used to provide the reimbursement described in § 51.1-1200, Code of Virginia.
E. The Board of Trustees of the Virginia Retirement System shall provide notification to the Chairmen of the House Appropriations Committee and Senate Finance Committee when a political subdivision becomes more than 60 days in arrears in their contributions to the Virginia Retirement System. Such notification shall occur within 15 days of when the 60 day period has occurred.
F.1. Pursuant to the administration of Chapter 4 of Title 9.1, Code of Virginia, the following provisions are effective July 1, 2017:
2. For purposes of this Item, employer contributions for coverage provided to members of the National Guard and Virginia Defense Force on active duty shall be paid by the Department of Military Affairs.
3. For purposes of establishing employer contributions, a member of any fire company or department or rescue squad that has been recognized by an ordinance or a resolution of the governing body of any county, city, or town of the Commonwealth as an integral part of the official safety program of such county, city, or town shall be considered part of the city, county, or town served by the company, department or rescue squad. If a company, department, or rescue squad serves more than one city, county, or town, the affected cities, counties, or towns shall determine the basis and apportionment of the required covered payroll and contributions for each local department, company, or rescue squad.
4. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, for the purposes of Chapter 4 of Title 9.1, Code of Virginia, the term "nonparticipating employer" means any employer that is a political subdivision of the Commonwealth that elected on or before July 1, 2012, or the RSW Regional Jail Authority that elected on or before July 1, 2016, to directly fund the cost of benefits provided under this chapter and not participate in the Fund.
5. The Virginia Retirement System Medical Board established pursuant to § 51.1-124.23, Code of Virginia, shall make a written report of its conclusions and recommendations on matters referred to it regarding eligibility for benefits under the Line of Duty Act.
6. In addition to any other benefit provided by law, an additional death benefit in the amount of $20,000 for the surviving spouses and dependents of certain members of the National Guard and United States military reserves killed in action in any armed conflict on or after October 7, 2001, are payable pursuant to § 44-93.1.B., Code of Virginia, from the Line of Duty Death and Health Benefits Trust Fund. The Virginia Retirement System, with support from the Department of Military Affairs, shall determine eligibility for this benefit.
7. For any surviving spouse of a "deceased person" or any "disabled person" as those terms are defined in § 9.1-400, who is receiving the benefits described in § 9.1-401 and who would otherwise qualify for the health insurance credit described in Chapter 14 of Title 51.1, Code of Virginia, the amount of such credit shall be deposited into the Line of Duty Death and Health Benefits Trust Fund or paid to the nonparticipating employer, as applicable, from the health insurance credit trust fund, in a manner prescribed by the Board of Trustees of the Virginia Retirement System.
8. A member of any fire company providing fire protection services for facilities of the Virginia National Guard or the Virginia Air National Guard shall be eligible to receive benefits according to the provisions under the Line of Duty Act, Title 9.1, Chapter 4, Code of Virginia. Funding for the inclusion of a member of any fire company providing fire protection services for facilities of the Virginia National Guard or the Virginia Air National Guard will be paid by the Department of Military Affairs out of its appropriation in Item 419 of this act.
9. Any locality that has established a trust, trusts, or equivalent arrangements for the purpose of accumulating and investing assets to fund post-employment benefits other than pensions under § 15.2-1544, Code of Virginia, may fund Line of Duty Act benefits from the assets of the trust, trusts, or equivalent arrangements.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package org.ovirt.engine.core.bll;

import java.util.List;

import javax.inject.Inject;

import org.ovirt.engine.core.common.businessentities.HostDeviceView;
import org.ovirt.engine.core.common.queries.IdQueryParameters;
import org.ovirt.engine.core.dao.HostDeviceDao;

public class GetExtendedHostDevicesByHostIdQuery<P extends IdQueryParameters> extends QueriesCommandBase<P> {

    public GetExtendedHostDevicesByHostIdQuery(P parameters) {
        super(parameters);
    }

    @Inject
    private HostDeviceDao hostDeviceDao;

    @Override
    protected void executeQueryCommand() {
        List<HostDeviceView> hostDeviceList = hostDeviceDao.getExtendedHostDevicesByHostId(getParameters().getId());
        getQueryReturnValue().setReturnValue(hostDeviceList);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Re: Regimental party Jule 2009.
Nice. I only had that particular problem once here... when I put a cold coke into a freezer. The darned thing exploded as soon as I took it out and tried to open it.
One winter while I was working, I bought a pepsi 20 ounce at the store up the street. It was so cold outside that the four block walk super-chilled the soda. When I tried to pour it out into a cup, it turned into slush.
It happened three more times that winter before temps came up high enough to stop.


text:
Q: Trying to sort a multidimensional array, by a sub-value with special characters I used to have a PHP array containing a list of countries:
$countries = array(
  'AX' => 'Åland Islands',
  'AF' => 'Afghanistan',
  'GB' => 'United Kingdom'
);

$collator = collator_create('en');
collator_asort($collator, $countries, Collator::SORT_STRING);

Obviously this list is much shorter for this example, but the sorting here worked. I expected and got:

*

*Afghanistan

*Åland Islands

*United Kingdom

However, I needed to add more data, and it became multidimensional:
$countries = array(
  array(
    'name' => 'Åland Islands',
    'code' => 'AX'
  ),
  array(
    'name' => 'Afghanistan',
    'code' => 'AF'
  ),
  array(
    'name' => 'United Kingdom',
    'code' => 'GB'
  )
);

usort($countries, function($a, $b){ return $a['name'] <=> $b['name']; });

It sorts every other country in the list, but gives me this:

*

*Afghanistan

*United Kingdom

*Åland Islands

I cannot for the life of me work out how to sort this correctly. I realise that no collator is being called or applied in it's current state, but is there a way to make the collator work in a multidimensional environment?

A: Below is a possible fix based on your initial approach:
usort($countries, function($a, $b) {
  $collator = collator_create('en');
  $arr = array($a['name'], $b['name']);
  collator_asort($collator, $arr, Collator::SORT_STRING);

  return array_pop($arr) == $a['name'];
});

For optimal performance on long lists, you may want to instantiate $collator only once outside the scope of the anonymous function, though.

A: In the case of multidimensional array, we can define a custom sort function using collator_compare() function:
$collator = new Collator('en');
usort($countries, function($a, $b) use ($collator) {
    return $collator->compare($a['name'], $b['name']);
});

A: To sort the "country list" without Collator you should convert all words with accented characters into its ASCII presentation(e.g. Å to A) by using iconv function:
usort($countries, function($a, $b){
    return strcasecmp(iconv('utf-8', 'ascii//TRANSLIT', $a['name']), iconv('utf-8', 'ascii//TRANSLIT', $b['name']));
});

print_r($countries);

The output:
Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [name] => Afghanistan
            [code] => AF
        )

    [1] => Array
        (
            [name] => Åland Islands
            [code] => AX
        )

    [2] => Array
        (
            [name] => United Kingdom
            [code] => GB
        )
)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We are pleased to announce the introduction of Nutrislice – our all new Digital Menu program that allows everyone to access our menus and – for that matter – most breakfast and lunch menus in our district.
The app can be downloaded to any device, phone, laptop, ipad and so on. The best part is that when you click on any menu item its nutritional information is displayed. This is a great tool for children with medical issues who require this information. With this new system, anyone can access our menus anytime from anywhere. Just go to the website at trsu.nutrislice.com.
Just a reminder, we have a point of sale breakfast and lunch payment system. Remember, we don't allow a meal to be charged if it creates a negative balance, but with our system, we offer convenient ways to access and make payments on your child's account. You can create an account on line by going to mymealtime.com to set up your profile. You will need your child's the account number and I can send that to you via e-mail on request. This will enable you to access your child's account anytime to observe when they are eating and make payments on the account. You can also send in a check to the school or cash anytime and we can place it on the account.
Our three Jr. Iron Chef teams have been working very hard on perfecting their recipes. The competition is March 17 in Essex Junction at the Fair Grounds. I have sampled a couple of the recipes in their early stages and they are great. We are hoping that competing on on St. Patrick's Day it will bring us luck.
Our Farm to School Program is going very well this year. Winter is a slow time for some items but we have been purchasing locally raised beef to use in our meat sauces and wherever we use ground beef. We also are buying local potatoes, onions, lots of great apples. We purchase these items from a supplier called Food Connects. They buy from local producers and deliver to us. We also purchase high quality greens when available.
We are also continuing to offer our popular Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program, which is financed by USDA and allows us to offer fresh fruit and vegetables to children every day during non mealtime hours. It's a great program we have had for several years and the children love it.
Here we are in the middle of a cold winter and also in our Winter Sports Program for the season. Our Food Services staff prepares a snack for all the children when they go off to their various activities. The eight-week Winter Sports Program is hands down the best activity program the school offers.
The first Wednesday of every month we offer our senior citizen luncheon. We serve at noon. Please feel free to stop by for a great meal and a great time with the kids. Feel free to contact me anytime with any questions concerning account balances or menus.


text:
ALSO employees exercise for charity
Client case | Feb 1, 2021 11:15:19 PM
ALSO Finland Oy is Finland's leading wholesaler in the ICT sector and a supplier of a full range of products and services. ALSO employs some 200 people in clerical and logistics positions. The company is part of the global ALSO Group, which has a total of 4,000 employees in more than 20 countries.
ALSO has used the enterprise version of HeiaHeia to promote employee wellbeing and to implement inspiring charity challenges over several years. The HeiaHeia team has been following ALSO's successful projects for a long time. We asked Ilari Lipsonen, ALSO's head of personnel, to tell us about the wellbeing activities organized by the company and the role of the HeiaHeia digital platform.
Ilari Lipsonen, ALSO's Regional HR Business Partner.
At ALSO, supporting wellbeing is a planned activity
In 2019, ALSO personnel chose four wellbeing themes for the company: Nutrition, Sleep, Exercise and Self-Management. These themes are strong guidelines for managing employee wellbeing. At ALSO, promoting wellbeing is a planned activity. In practice, this means ALSO arranges coaching sessions for each theme at regular intervals. A number of visiting experts have shared their knowledge about goal-oriented exercise, nutrition, the role of self-management goals, and methods of mind control.
For building wellbeing knowledge, ALSO leverages a number of systems – in which HeiaHeia has an important role. HeiaHeia was a familiar service to Ilari, as he had used the basic version of HeiaHeia to keep track of all his activities for about ten years before the introduction of the enterprise version.
Individual and group engagement, regardless of time and place
HeiaHeia provides employees with ongoing individual support. Individuals can find the right program from a comprehensive selection. During 2020, staff have completed dozens of individual HeiaHeia programs in a variety of wellness themes ranging from a "smile challenge" to home workouts. The use of HeiaHeia is voluntary, but still more than 50% of the staff use the service.
Annual company-wide wellbeing and exercise challenges, organized on HeiaHeia, have an important role at ALSO. The challenges are linked to charity – this has been a great inspiration for staff to exercise, as well as an excellent way to support different charities.
The best ideas come from the staff
Concretely, the model at ALSO has worked in such a way that the staff first decides, in an open Teams discussion, the charity to which the funds are raised in any given challenge. HeiaHeia is then used to set the challenge, for example, in kilometers. The app cleverly shows the total progress in real time, encouraging you to do that extra evening run or walk for the common cause. Encouraging others, of course – for example, in 2020, ALSO employees gave more than 22,000 virtual cheers to one another for various wellness activities.
So far, ALSO has raised money to a charity improving the comfort of patients during their stay at the new children's hospital in Tampere. In addition, funds have been raised by exercising for a charity supporting sports opportunities for low-income children. Support for local food bag collection is currently underway. The latest campaign recently ended, and the crew did a lot of work during the last weekend, reaching the 5,000-kilometer donation target.
HeiaHeia is praised for its versatility and its good mobile interface. It has enabled ALSO to e.g. organize joint exercise targets and monitor them. After all, it's about combining two important things, charity and wellbeing.
Get the application
Energy for individuals,
team spirit for organizations!
© 2022 HeiaHeia – All rights reserved


text:
Guiding you towards financial security
Savings & Investments Planning
Protecting Your Loved Ones
Mortgage Solutions (and Equity Release)
Key Guides
Redundancy Action Plan
Divorce and Separation Infographic
polestarNewsletter - June 2017 FTSE, FTSE 250, Index
FTSE at 20,000
No, it's not a mistake, but it is not the FTSE 100, either.
The most frequently quoted index of UK share prices is the FTSE 100 index, or the "Footsie" as it is frequently described. The FTSE 100 index was launched at the end of 1983, with the aim of giving a yardstick to the value of the largest 100 companies listed on the London Stock Exchange. It started life with an initial value of 1,000 and is now about 7,500, equivalent to an average annual return of about 6.2% excluding dividends.
Two years after the FTSE 100 came into being, the FTSE 250 appeared. This captured the performance of the 250 UK listed companied that ranked below the Footsie's larger constituents. The FTSE 250 was launched with an initial value of 1,412.6, an odd-looking number which becomes more understandable when you know that was the reading on the FTSE at the FTSE 250's birth.
In May, the FTSE 250 hit one of those round numbers which cause a brief flurry of comment: 20,000. That is equivalent to an average annual return of 8.8%, again excluding dividends.
The difference in performance between the two can largely be explained by the difference in the industry concentrations in the two indices, as illustrated in the chart below.
The industry concentration is partly driven by the nature of the companies. The FTSE 100 contains many large multinational companies, including mining groups (e.g. Rio Tinto), with little more than a share listing in the UK. On the other hand, the FTSE 250 is more domestically oriented.
The gap between the two indices' performance is a reminder that the numbers that make the press headlines do not always tell the full story and that relying on a fund tracking the Footsie may mean missing out on some of the better performing UK companies. A review of your portfolio can be a useful exercise.
Interested in any of these topics?
For an informal, no obligation, chat with a consultant please call
contact@polestarifa.net
Making the most of ISAs
Extended self-employed support measures under new lockdown
Some light in the dividend tunnel
Can you afford to retire if you're self-employed?
China: ever larger, ever changing
© Polestar 2021
All rights reserved. Polestar IFA and Polestar Financial Planning are trading names of Polestar which is an Appointed Representative of Quilter Financial Planning Solutions Limited, which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Polestar's FCA reference number is 594013 and Quilter Financial Planning Solutions Limited reference number is 440703. Financial Conduct Authority does not regulate advice on trusts. Principal Ian Russell DipPFS. Polestar is part of Polestar Holdings Ltd. Incorporated in England and Wales Number 11882633. The guidance and/or advice contained within this website is subject to the UK regulatory regime, and is therefore targeted at consumers based in the UK. Estate planning is not regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.
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text:
---
id: implementing-undo-history
title: Implementing Undo History
sidebar_label: Implementing Undo History
hide_title: true
---

# Implementing Undo History

Building an Undo and Redo functionality into an app has traditionally required conscious effort from the developer. It is not an easy problem with classical MVC frameworks because you need to keep track of every past state by cloning all relevant models. In addition, you need to be mindful of the undo stack because the user-initiated changes should be undoable.

This means that implementing Undo and Redo in an MVC application usually forces you to rewrite parts of your application to use a specific data mutation pattern like [Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_pattern).

With Redux, however, implementing undo history is a breeze. There are three reasons for this:

- There are no multiple models—just a state subtree that you want to keep track of.
- The state is already immutable, and mutations are already described as discrete actions, which is close to the undo stack mental model.
- The reducer `(state, action) => state` signature makes it natural to implement generic "reducer enhancers" or "higher order reducers". They are functions that take your reducer and enhance it with some additional functionality while preserving its signature. Undo history is exactly such a case.

Before proceeding, make sure you have worked through the [basics tutorial](../basics/README.md) and understand [reducer composition](../basics/Reducers.md) well. This recipe will build on top of the example described in the [basics tutorial](../basics/README.md).

In the first part of this recipe, we will explain the underlying concepts that make Undo and Redo possible to implement in a generic way.

In the second part of this recipe, we will show how to use [Redux Undo](https://github.com/omnidan/redux-undo) package that provides this functionality out of the box.

[![demo of todos-with-undo](https://i.imgur.com/lvDFHkH.gif)](https://twitter.com/dan_abramov/status/647038407286390784)

## Understanding Undo History

### Designing the State Shape

Undo history is also part of your app's state, and there is no reason why we should approach it differently. Regardless of the type of the state changing over time, when you implement Undo and Redo, you want to keep track of the _history_ of this state at different points in time.

For example, the state shape of a counter app might look like this:

```js
{
  counter: 10
}
```

If we wanted to implement Undo and Redo in such an app, we'd need to store more state so we can answer the following questions:

- Is there anything left to undo or redo?
- What is the current state?
- What are the past (and future) states in the undo stack?

It is reasonable to suggest that our state shape should change to answer these questions:

```js
{
  counter: {
    past: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
    present: 10,
    future: []
  }
}
```

Now, if user presses "Undo", we want it to change to move into the past:

```js
{
  counter: {
    past: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
    present: 9,
    future: [10]
  }
}
```

And further yet:

```js
{
  counter: {
    past: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7],
    present: 8,
    future: [9, 10]
  }
}
```

When the user presses "Redo", we want to move one step back into the future:

```js
{
  counter: {
    past: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8],
    present: 9,
    future: [10]
  }
}
```

Finally, if the user performs an action (e.g. decrement the counter) while we're in the middle of the undo stack, we're going to discard the existing future:

```js
{
  counter: {
    past: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
    present: 8,
    future: []
  }
}
```

The interesting part here is that it does not matter whether we want to keep an undo stack of numbers, strings, arrays, or objects. The structure will always be the same:

```js
{
  counter: {
    past: [0, 1, 2],
    present: 3,
    future: [4]
  }
}
```

```js
{
  todos: {
    past: [
      [],
      [{ text: 'Use Redux' }],
      [{ text: 'Use Redux', complete: true }]
    ],
    present: [
      { text: 'Use Redux', complete: true },
      { text: 'Implement Undo' }
    ],
    future: [
      [
        { text: 'Use Redux', complete: true },
        { text: 'Implement Undo', complete: true }
      ]
    ]
  }
}
```

In general, it looks like this:

```js
{
  past: Array<T>,
  present: T,
  future: Array<T>
}
```

It is also up to us whether to keep a single top-level history:

```js
{
  past: [
    { counterA: 1, counterB: 1 },
    { counterA: 1, counterB: 0 },
    { counterA: 0, counterB: 0 }
  ],
  present: { counterA: 2, counterB: 1 },
  future: []
}
```

Or many granular histories so user can undo and redo actions in them independently:

```js
{
  counterA: {
    past: [1, 0],
    present: 2,
    future: []
  },
  counterB: {
    past: [0],
    present: 1,
    future: []
  }
}
```

We will see later how the approach we take lets us choose how granular Undo and Redo need to be.

### Designing the Algorithm

Regardless of the specific data type, the shape of the undo history state is the same:

```js
{
  past: Array<T>,
  present: T,
  future: Array<T>
}
```

Let's talk through the algorithm to manipulate the state shape described above. We can define two actions to operate on this state: `UNDO` and `REDO`. In our reducer, we will do the following steps to handle these actions:

#### Handling Undo

- Remove the _last_ element from the `past`.
- Set the `present` to the element we removed in the previous step.
- Insert the old `present` state at the _beginning_ of the `future`.

#### Handling Redo

- Remove the _first_ element from the `future`.
- Set the `present` to the element we removed in the previous step.
- Insert the old `present` state at the _end_ of the `past`.

#### Handling Other Actions

- Insert the `present` at the end of the `past`.
- Set the `present` to the new state after handling the action.
- Clear the `future`.

### First Attempt: Writing a Reducer

```js
const initialState = {
  past: [],
  present: null, // (?) How do we initialize the present?
  future: []
}

function undoable(state = initialState, action) {
  const { past, present, future } = state

  switch (action.type) {
    case 'UNDO':
      const previous = past[past.length - 1]
      const newPast = past.slice(0, past.length - 1)
      return {
        past: newPast,
        present: previous,
        future: [present, ...future]
      }
    case 'REDO':
      const next = future[0]
      const newFuture = future.slice(1)
      return {
        past: [...past, present],
        present: next,
        future: newFuture
      }
    default:
      // (?) How do we handle other actions?
      return state
  }
}
```

This implementation isn't usable because it leaves out three important questions:

- Where do we get the initial `present` state from? We don't seem to know it beforehand.
- Where do we react to the external actions to save the `present` to the `past`?
- How do we actually delegate the control over the `present` state to a custom reducer?

It seems that reducer isn't the right abstraction, but we're very close.

### Meet Reducer Enhancers

You might be familiar with [higher order functions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_function). If you use React, you might be familiar with [higher order components](https://medium.com/@dan_abramov/mixins-are-dead-long-live-higher-order-components-94a0d2f9e750). Here is a variation on the same pattern, applied to reducers.

A _reducer enhancer_ (or a _higher order reducer_) is a function that takes a reducer, and returns a new reducer that is able to handle new actions, or to hold more state, delegating control to the inner reducer for the actions it doesn't understand. This isn't a new pattern—technically, [`combineReducers()`](../api/combineReducers.md) is also a reducer enhancer because it takes reducers and returns a new reducer.

A reducer enhancer that doesn't do anything looks like this:

```js
function doNothingWith(reducer) {
  return function(state, action) {
    // Just call the passed reducer
    return reducer(state, action)
  }
}
```

A reducer enhancer that combines other reducers might look like this:

```js
function combineReducers(reducers) {
  return function(state = {}, action) {
    return Object.keys(reducers).reduce((nextState, key) => {
      // Call every reducer with the part of the state it manages
      nextState[key] = reducers[key](state[key], action)
      return nextState
    }, {})
  }
}
```

### Second Attempt: Writing a Reducer Enhancer

Now that we have a better understanding of reducer enhancers, we can see that this is exactly what `undoable` should have been:

```js
function undoable(reducer) {
  // Call the reducer with empty action to populate the initial state
  const initialState = {
    past: [],
    present: reducer(undefined, {}),
    future: []
  }

  // Return a reducer that handles undo and redo
  return function(state = initialState, action) {
    const { past, present, future } = state

    switch (action.type) {
      case 'UNDO':
        const previous = past[past.length - 1]
        const newPast = past.slice(0, past.length - 1)
        return {
          past: newPast,
          present: previous,
          future: [present, ...future]
        }
      case 'REDO':
        const next = future[0]
        const newFuture = future.slice(1)
        return {
          past: [...past, present],
          present: next,
          future: newFuture
        }
      default:
        // Delegate handling the action to the passed reducer
        const newPresent = reducer(present, action)
        if (present === newPresent) {
          return state
        }
        return {
          past: [...past, present],
          present: newPresent,
          future: []
        }
    }
  }
}
```

We can now wrap any reducer into `undoable` reducer enhancer to teach it to react to `UNDO` and `REDO` actions.

```js
// This is a reducer
function todos(state = [], action) {
  /* ... */
}

// This is also a reducer!
const undoableTodos = undoable(todos)

import { createStore } from 'redux'
const store = createStore(undoableTodos)

store.dispatch({
  type: 'ADD_TODO',
  text: 'Use Redux'
})

store.dispatch({
  type: 'ADD_TODO',
  text: 'Implement Undo'
})

store.dispatch({
  type: 'UNDO'
})
```

There is an important gotcha: you need to remember to append `.present` to the current state when you retrieve it. You may also check `.past.length` and `.future.length` to determine whether to enable or to disable the Undo and Redo buttons, respectively.

You might have heard that Redux was influenced by [Elm Architecture](https://github.com/evancz/elm-architecture-tutorial/). It shouldn't come as a surprise that this example is very similar to [elm-undo-redo package](http://package.elm-lang.org/packages/TheSeamau5/elm-undo-redo/2.0.0).

## Using Redux Undo

This was all very informative, but can't we just drop a library and use it instead of implementing `undoable` ourselves? Sure, we can! Meet [Redux Undo](https://github.com/omnidan/redux-undo), a library that provides simple Undo and Redo functionality for any part of your Redux tree.

In this part of the recipe, you will learn how to make the [Todo List example](../basics/ExampleTodoList.md) undoable. You can find the full source of this recipe in the [`todos-with-undo` example that comes with Redux](https://github.com/reduxjs/redux/tree/master/examples/todos-with-undo).

### Installation

First of all, you need to run

```sh
npm install --save redux-undo
```

This installs the package that provides the `undoable` reducer enhancer.

### Wrapping the Reducer

You will need to wrap the reducer you wish to enhance with `undoable` function. For example, if you exported a `todos` reducer from a dedicated file, you will want to change it to export the result of calling `undoable()` with the reducer you wrote:

#### `reducers/todos.js`

```js
import undoable, { distinctState } from 'redux-undo'

/* ... */

const todos = (state = [], action) => {
  /* ... */
}

const undoableTodos = undoable(todos, {
  filter: distinctState()
})

export default undoableTodos
```

The `distinctState()` filter serves to ignore the actions that didn't result in a state change. There are [many other options](https://github.com/omnidan/redux-undo#configuration) to configure your undoable reducer, like setting the action type for Undo and Redo actions.

Note that your `combineReducers()` call will stay exactly as it was, but the `todos` reducer will now refer to the reducer enhanced with Redux Undo:

#### `reducers/index.js`

```js
import { combineReducers } from 'redux'
import todos from './todos'
import visibilityFilter from './visibilityFilter'

const todoApp = combineReducers({
  todos,
  visibilityFilter
})

export default todoApp
```

You may wrap one or more reducers in `undoable` at any level of the reducer composition hierarchy. We choose to wrap `todos` instead of the top-level combined reducer so that changes to `visibilityFilter` are not reflected in the undo history.

### Updating the Selectors

Now the `todos` part of the state looks like this:

```js
{
  visibilityFilter: 'SHOW_ALL',
  todos: {
    past: [
      [],
      [{ text: 'Use Redux' }],
      [{ text: 'Use Redux', complete: true }]
    ],
    present: [
      { text: 'Use Redux', complete: true },
      { text: 'Implement Undo' }
    ],
    future: [
      [
        { text: 'Use Redux', complete: true },
        { text: 'Implement Undo', complete: true }
      ]
    ]
  }
}
```

This means you need to access your state with `state.todos.present` instead of
just `state.todos`:

#### `containers/VisibleTodoList.js`

```js
const mapStateToProps = state => {
  return {
    todos: getVisibleTodos(state.todos.present, state.visibilityFilter)
  }
}
```

### Adding the Buttons

Now all you need to do is add the buttons for the Undo and Redo actions.

First, create a new container component called `UndoRedo` for these buttons. We won't bother to split the presentational part into a separate file because it is very small:

#### `containers/UndoRedo.js`

```js
import React from 'react'

/* ... */

let UndoRedo = ({ canUndo, canRedo, onUndo, onRedo }) => (
  <p>
    <button onClick={onUndo} disabled={!canUndo}>
      Undo
    </button>
    <button onClick={onRedo} disabled={!canRedo}>
      Redo
    </button>
  </p>
)
```

You will use `connect()` from [React Redux](https://github.com/reduxjs/react-redux) to generate a container component. To determine whether to enable Undo and Redo buttons, you can check `state.todos.past.length` and `state.todos.future.length`. You won't need to write action creators for performing undo and redo because Redux Undo already provides them:

#### `containers/UndoRedo.js`

```js
/* ... */

import { ActionCreators as UndoActionCreators } from 'redux-undo'
import { connect } from 'react-redux'

/* ... */

const mapStateToProps = state => {
  return {
    canUndo: state.todos.past.length > 0,
    canRedo: state.todos.future.length > 0
  }
}

const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => {
  return {
    onUndo: () => dispatch(UndoActionCreators.undo()),
    onRedo: () => dispatch(UndoActionCreators.redo())
  }
}

UndoRedo = connect(
  mapStateToProps,
  mapDispatchToProps
)(UndoRedo)

export default UndoRedo
```

Now you can add `UndoRedo` component to the `App` component:

#### `components/App.js`

```js
import React from 'react'
import Footer from './Footer'
import AddTodo from '../containers/AddTodo'
import VisibleTodoList from '../containers/VisibleTodoList'
import UndoRedo from '../containers/UndoRedo'

const App = () => (
  <div>
    <AddTodo />
    <VisibleTodoList />
    <Footer />
    <UndoRedo />
  </div>
)

export default App
```

This is it! Run `npm install` and `npm start` in the [example folder](https://github.com/reduxjs/redux/tree/master/examples/todos-with-undo) and try it out!


What do Elton John and Barack Obama have in common?
Today is the 43rd anniversary of Mr. John's first live album titled 11.17.70. It was recorded on November 17th, 1970, in the A & R Studios in New York and was broadcast live on radio.
This album was one of my first exposures to Mr. John's music, and I was quite taken with it. I'm a piano player. Most of the rock music of the mid and late 60s was driven by the electric guitar. I like rock music that is driven by the piano. I like it even better when accompanied by strong melody.
That's what Elton delivered then and now: pop rock music with infectious melodies and great piano accompaniment.
Listening to some of the tracks from 11.17.70 today, I couldn't help but think of President Obama as I reacquainted myself with the song, "Can I put you on?" which I've linked above.
Guess what? He was wrong. PERIOD.
Can I put you on?
Mr. Obama puts us on when he talks about jobs. Take the Korean Free Trade Agreement. The Bush administration initiated, negotiated and finalized this job creator for America in 2007. It required final confirmation from the new President and new Congress.
They sat on it in 2008 as unemployment went up.
They sat on it in 2009 as unemployment went up.
They sat on it in 2010 as unemployment continue to hover above nine percent.
Finally, after three years of economic stagnation, the president and his party finally passed the thing. But while we dawdled, Europe swooped in and cut their own agreement with South Korea at America's expense.
The same thing happened with the Columbia Free Trade Agreement, another job creator for America. President Bush and his team had the agreement all set to go in 2007. The Obama/Reid team sat on it as American stagnated, until late 2011.
Why all the delays? The unions got involved and wanted the agreements to be less free.
Some of the best jobs in America are energy jobs. And yet the president has blocked offshore drilling for oil even as Mexico, Russia, Cuba, and Canada move into to scoop up the oil in fields adjacent to ours.
The president put the Keystone XL pipeline on hold until after the election, which put on hold the 20,000 jobs economists say would be created by building this pipeline from Canada to Texas. So what is Canada going to do in the meantime? Their Prime Minister says they'll send the energy to Asia instead.
The election is long over, and we're still waiting.
This president is only interested in creating jobs for public employee unions (who received billions from the Obama stimulus package) and green energy companies like Solyndra who take our money, spread it among Obama campaign contributors, and then go broke.
In the meantime, Asia, Russia, Cuba, Canada, Mexico, and everyone else is snatching up our jobs while the president plays liberal politics.
This president is about creating jobs?
Another of your articles I'm sending to some friends!
Very good job on this post.
It reaches out to the MUSIC LOVERS.
We all need to be Paul Reveres spreading the word to all Americans.
How about "Rush Reveres?!" Rush's new book is driving liberals crazy.
Bought three book and audio combinations yesterday.
One for my office waiting room.


text:
Q: Where does a template(.t) file belong if i already have a header? I should be able get these 4 files to compile without changing anything. I first thought the .t file was a header file but then it makes it a (.h) file, and i already have "arrayi.h" for that? Can anyone help me format them correctly? Please and thank you.
I have this 4 files to put in 1 project: .h / .t / .cpp / client driver.cpp.
.t below
// File name         : arrayi.t

#ifndef ARRAYI_T_
#define ARRAYI_T_

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cassert>
using namespace::std;

// Default constructor for class Array
template<typename T>
Array<T>::Array(int arraySize)
{
    cout << "calling the constructor \n";
}

// Overloaded output operator for class Array
template<typename T>
ostream &operator<<(ostream &output, const Array<T> &a)
{

  int i;
  output << "{ ";

  for (i = 0; i < a.size; i++)
    {
      output << a.ptr[i] << ' ';

      if ((i + 1) % 10 == 0)
        output << "}" << endl;
    }  //end for

  if (i % 10 != 0)
    output << "}" << endl;

  return output;   // enables cout << x << y;
}

#endif

.h below
// File name         : arrayi.h

#ifndef ARRAYI_H_
#define ARRAYI_H_

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cassert>
using namespace::std;

template<typename T> class Array;
template<typename T>
ostream &operator<< (ostream& output, const Array<T> &a);

template<typename T>
class Array
{
    friend ostream &operator<< <>(ostream &output, const Array<T> &a);

public:
    Array(int = 10);    //constructor

  private:

};

#include "arrayi.t"

#endif

.cpp below
// File name         : arrayi.cpp

#include "arrayi.h"

#include "arrayi.t"

client driver.cpp below
// File name         : client_driver.cpp

#include<iostream>
using namespace::std;

#include "arrayi.h"

A: You only need to include the .h file in your .cpp files. Then compile the .cpp files, but not the .h and .t files, as translation units.
The .t is basically only meant to separate the template implementation into another file. It really belongs into the header file and that is why it is included in the .h. Other code need not bother with it at all.


165 Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur.
Brunch is served from noon to 3.00pm, Sunday only.
SUNDAY is a family day for most. Many make up for their busy week to spend quality time with their loved ones on this day and good food always makes great accompaniment for building relationships.
Acknowledging the importance of family time on a Sunday, Intercontinental Kuala Lumpur has come up with a family friendly Sunday brunch setting at Serena Brasserie, which has something to offer to all ages.
Aptly called Sparkalite, it refers to the free flow of sparkling wines and beer that will be served throughout the brunch, an option for those who love to wine and dine.
The food selection have an Australian feel to it with the wide selection of Australian barbecued items at its outdoor live action stations which goes very well with the drinks.
There is Bruce's Australian Barbecue station offering a selection of sirloin, lamb chops, sausages, baby chicken, tiger prawns, marinated tuna steaks, white fish and slipper lobster that would be grilled fresh when ordered.
Delectable surprise: The Peking duck along with its condiments a hit with the guests.
There is also the traditional roast beef at the carvery corner.
Guests can also get creative and literally "build your own burgers" of mini Angus beef sliders or mini chicken satay sliders with a choice of condiments such as BBQ sauce, tomato chutney, caramelised onion marmalade, beetroot relish, cucumber and coleslaw.
There was also an unlikely item on the buffet line — the Peking duck, which was a hit with the guests.
The succulent meat with condiments such as cucumber sticks and other vegetables wrapped in thin pancake with special sauce was indeed mouth-watering.
While all these and more are being savoured by the adults, children would have become restless the moment their stomach gets filled.
To allow the adults to continue indulging their appetite, a colourful Kids Corner is set up with a candy station, popcorn station and a movie screening area.
At 1pm, entertainers such as caricature artists and balloon-making artists will be there to keep the children occupied.
There will also be activities like colouring and lamington-making that the children can take part in.
For those who still prefer to have Asian cuisine, there is briyani rice and a choice of gravy — lamb, chicken and fish — or they can choose a serving from the variety of laksa at the Uncle Laksa Station.
On top of that, there are a variety of seafood and sushis to choose from. A selection of saled such as crab and apple, balmain bug and orange, spiced chargrilled lamb salad and potato and spring onion salad is also available.
As for dessert, much worthy of mention is the Rocky Road which full of nuts, chocolates and marshmellows packed in a small cube.
There are also lamingtons, mini pavlovas, mini fruit trifles, banana and caramel sticky pudding and chocolate fudge brownie.
Sparkalite is priced at RM120++ per adult (brunch buffet), RM60 per child (aged six until 12) and RM198++ per adult (brunch buffet, free flow of sparkling red and white wines and beer).


Tote Bag by Shubha Gokhale features two paintings by the artist. On each side is printed a vibrant painting in earthy colours celebrating Indian colours and womanhood.
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Did you know that other than technical skills, that is, being great at computers, selling, art, music, or what ever you do, the most important skill you can have in life is the ability to communicate confidently. Promotion depends on it; relationships depend on it; most important of all, personal self esteem and confidence depend on the ability to communicate confidence.
The good news is that it can be learned. Research shows that 80% of speaking ability is knowing what to do, how to do it and when to do it.
Most of speaking is in the body language. Where you stand, how you look at the audience, what you do with your hands and feet, all count more, than what you say.
Then voice variety: tone, volume, pitch, pace, and timbre of your voice, all covey more than the words. Most people don't know this. They don't know how to vary their voice or even where to project from.
Finally, the content or material you say, is the least remembered and least important. So, simple, clear easy to relate words are the ones to say and the ones that are most memorable.
Now, it usually takes a while to learn these skills and most people think it is hard to learn. However, when you have a presenter who makes it fun, interesting and hands on, it can be learned quite quickly and can be life changing.
Judith Field is the director of Direct Speech. Check out her website at and learn how you can change your business and life through public speaking.


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Google Buzz: Is Google Social Networking Tool A Twitter Killer?
by Hina Safdar
Google has announced its newest push into the social media incursion in the form of Google Buzz. It is a social networking tool which enables the Gmail users to share updates, photos, videos and more. It sounds like an imitation of the features of the most popular Social networking sites Facebook and Twitter.
Gmail is the third most popular Web-based email in the world with 176.5 million users worldwide. Google has fallen behind Facebook, facing a tough competition after Facebook's acquisition of FriendFeed.
However, privacy concerns have been raised about this new tool too. Buzz compiles a list of the Gmail contacts that users most frequently e-mail or chat with and automatically starts following these people and makes the list public for other buzz users (which probably many of us don't want). Many people who start using Buzz may be publicly linked to other users without realizing it that the default setting is to make the information public.
Despite Buzz being the major topic of conversation on Twitter in the last 24 hours or so, it doesn't compare with the excitement garnered by other recent product announcements. Most users have been comparing it to their experience on Twitter and feedback is mixed. Following are some reviews from Twitter users.
· As per the reviews..it seems that the only thing good about Buzz is that its optional.. 😀 Vishupuri
· It's interesting, I'm not really in to facebook, but I am attracted to buzz because it seems to fit into my work flow #googlebuzz Phil Peterman
· Thinking about Google Buzz this morning. Not sure if its going to be business tool for me or a personal tool. Greg Wilson
It might seem overwhelming and unnecessary when you're already using so many other social networking services, but Buzz allows you to integrate Picasa, Flickr, Twitter and your Google Reader so you can be as transparent as ever right in one place. And, of course, I'd imagine that the bulk of our sharing takes place while on the go, so there is a mobile version, too.
Mashable is already loaded with Google buzz sharing button and reviews Buzz as a partner for twitter but an attempt to challenge the dominance of Facebook by not importing status updates from Facebook while tweets will be imported.
Google is going to have a difficult time building a user base when everyone who has a Facebook profile (that's just about everyone who uses the social web at all now) is concerned that they can't see their friends' updates. They'll have to keep using Facebook to stay in touch with their Facebook friends.
And last but not the least here is a video tutorial from Google itself to know what buzz is all about.
[ev type="youtube" data="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yi50KlsCBio"][/ev]
So are you buzzing?
Paradox of Benazir
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Habitual Condemnation
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To Whom Shall We Vote?
Hallmark Uncertainty for Our Response
Approaching a Poem
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Is Cricket really batsman friendly?
2 thoughts on "Google Buzz: Is Google Social Networking Tool A Twitter Killer?"
From my personal experience, Buzz seems to be more of an imitation of twitter than facebook. Having said that, Google hasn't been sleeping on that front (facebook) either.
Google also owns and operates Orkut; a social networking site. Orkut came into picture long before facebook & myspace and was quite popular (at least in India). However, in the last few years, facebook seems to have taken up a lot of orkut's share. Google has noticed this and changed Orkut last month to closely reflect facebook. The difference can be seen if you use Orkut in an old Internet Explorer browser and compare that with the newer version of IE or Firefox or Safari or Chrome.
Actions such as status updates, fan clubs, photo tagging have taken over from orkut's main feature; scrapping.
Infact, Google seems to be becoming an octopus with arms in every pool. What with it launching its own mobile Nexus One against Apple's I-phone.
However, in doing so it does risk loosing some of its original sheen with Microsoft's Bing gaining popularity by the day and Apple planning to use Bing Search and Bing Maps instead of the respective Google applications in its next generation of I-phone and I-pod touch.


We've all been in the awkies position when asked to do extra work, help on a project or take on more responsibly - even when these tasks are not part of our job description. There is a fine line between wanting to seem helpful and hardworking, and not having enough time or energy to take on these extra commitments.
But pushing back and saying no is often easier said than done. You don't want to offend your boss. You don't want to sound harsh or uninterested and, somehow, you want to seem apologetic and sincere - even if you aren't!
Sorry, I can't, but thank you for asking!
I can't now, but maybe next time.
I don't think I will be able to help for all of it, but let me help with a part of it.
Thank you for thinking of me, but I'm just too busy at the moment.
I'm not taking on any more jobs at the moment, sorry!
I wish I could help, but at the moment I just can't commit to anything at the moment.
Let me try and work out a few things first, but it's probably best to work without me.
Thank you, but I'm not the right person for the task, at the moment. Have you asked Maria*?
I'm sorry I just have a bit too much on my plate at the moment.
I'm really sorry; I just don't think I will be able to make it work at this point.
These phrases will help the person asking for the extra work to understand why you can't/won't help on the project. It will also prevent them from believing you just don't want to help them, or don't like doing extra jobs. Try practising these phrases by saying them politely and kindly - but also firmly.


This Top 100 national law firm is recruiting for a newly qualified real estate (commercial property) solicitor.
The firms Real Estate team is one of the largest in the UK, spread nationally across all offices and representing an impressive range of clients from developers, investors and corporate occupiers through to banks and funders.
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Beautiful Outdoors offers both commercial and residential lawn mowing services throughout the entire Kansas City Metro area. Our work is quickly completed and affordably priced without compromising the quality of workmanship. Performed by lawn care crews and supervised by experienced industry professionals you can rest assured your lawn will be looking great all summer long.


text:
Britain | Infrastructure in Britain
London's bridges are falling down
It is unclear whom to blame—and that is the reason for the problem
IN THE SPRING of 2019 micro-fractures were found in the cast-iron pedestals of Hammersmith Bridge in west London—one of more than 40 Thames river crossings in the capital. It has been closed to cars and buses ever since. That has knock-on effects on the neighbouring Chiswick and Putney bridges, as the 20,000-odd vehicles that used to cross Hammersmith Bridge each day seek other routes.
Cockneys have long joked that north and south London are separate cities, and increasingly they are. Last year Vauxhall and London bridges were closed to car traffic in order to allow repairs. Tower Bridge has closed twice in the past year because its drawbridge was jammed open. Battersea, Kew, Lambeth and Twickenham bridges are expected to need expensive repairs within a decade.
Many of the bridges are old: Hammersmith's opened in 1887. But they would be in better nick if they had been properly maintained. A report published on November 4th by the London Assembly's transport committee put the blame on the lack of any single authority responsible for keeping London's bridges functioning. Dozens of agencies, boroughs and departments share responsibility for their upkeep. As each tries to hand off the burden to others, a maintenance backlog of £241m ($326m) has built up.
Hammersmith and Fulham, the borough north of Hammersmith Bridge, has been responsible for its maintenance since 1985. Even before covid-19 gutted its reserves, it would have struggled to find the £140m or more needed to repair the bridge sufficiently to reopen it to cars and buses (an alternative plan to build a temporary truss and repair the bridge off-site might lower the cost—and be quicker). Nor does it feel much compulsion to do so. Its residents use the bridge less than people living in Richmond upon Thames to the south, says Sarah Olney, the local MP.
The national Department of Transport and Transport for London (TfL) have agreed to split the cost of repairs with the borough in equal parts. But TfL also has a huge budget shortfall, caused by a slump in the use of public transport. The Conservative government in Westminster is more focused on building up infrastructure in northern England, where many of its new voters live, than on repairing a crumbling bridge in an affluent part of London. It might not help that Ms Olney is a Liberal Democrat. In 2019 her predecessor, Zac Goldsmith, a Conservative, claimed that he could get the bridge open if he was re-elected—though that boast was never tested.
A solution is possible. Some of London's transport authorities already work together informally to ensure that maintenance work does not gum up traffic entirely. The London Assembly's transport committee recommends formalising that co-operation, and giving the resulting group a budget to take over the repair of bridges. TfL seems open to the idea. But even if this solution is adopted, it could be too late for Hammersmith Bridge.
Build it up with iron bars
Locals fear that the government-led task force meant to be co-ordinating repairs is waiting out the frustration, and that the bridge will never reopen to heavy vehicles. Some have already changed their travel habits. Fabrice Guillon, who owns a café down the street from Hammersmith Bridge, used to drive in every day from Kensington. He has switched to biking. Others have added 15 minutes to their commute, as they walk instead of taking the bus over the bridge to the closest Tube stop, in Hammersmith and Fulham. Older, frailer people must drive over another bridge. Efforts have been made to bring in pedicabs to help. But these too, have been held up by buck-passing and red tape.■
This article appeared in the Britain section of the print edition under the headline "London's bridges falling down"
Britain November 11th 2021
Can smaller reactors make nuclear power economic?
Voters do not want MPs to profit from their job
How Boris Johnson's failure to tackle sleaze among MPs could prove costly
From the November 11th 2021 edition


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Academic Competitiveness Grants
To provide eligible first and second-year full-time undergraduates who have completed a rigorous course of study in high school with need-based grant assistance to help meet educational expenses.
Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants
Federal Family Education Loans
Perkins Loan Cancellations
Federal Perkins Loan Program_Federal Capital Contributions
TRIO_Student Support Services
TRIO_Talent Search
TRIO_Upward Bound
Federal Pell Grant Program
TRIO_Educational Opportunity Centers
Leveraging Educational Assistance Partnership
National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent (SMART) Grants
Agency - Department of Education
The Department of Education ensures equal access to education and promotes educational excellence through coordination, management and accountability in Federal education programs. The Department works to supplement and complement educational efforts on all levels, encouraging increased involvement by the public, parents and students.
Office - Federal Student Aid Information Center.
Telephone: (800) 433-3243.
Regional Director, Federal Student Aid, the Director of Financial Aid at the institution the student wishes to attend, high school guidance counselors, or directors of State agencies.
http://www.ifap.ed.gov
This program was created by the Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2006; it began operation on July 1, 2006. The Department of Education estimates that awards will support 559,000 students.
The student must be a U. S. citizen who has been accepted for enrollment in, and is making satisfactory progress at an eligible institution of higher education.
Eligible schools may be public or private non-profit institutions of higher education (such as colleges, universities, vocational technical schools, hospital schools of nursing), and for-profit institutions (proprietary).
Eligible males who are at least 18 years or older and born after December 31, 1959, can receive aid only if they have registered with the Selective Service.
Graduate students and students who have already earned a bachelor's degree are not eligible for assistance.
Recipients must demonstrate need according to Part F of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, and must be eligible for a Federal Pell Grant.
Undergraduate students enrolled as full-time regular students in an eligible program at an eligible institution of higher education and making satisfactory academic progress.
Applicants must be U.S.
citizens and have a high school diploma, a GED, or demonstrate the ability to benefit from the program of study offered.
First- and second- year undergraduate students who are U.S citizens and are eligible to receive a Federal Pell Grant. Students must be full-time regular students in an eligible program at an eligible institution of higher education and making satisfactory academic progress. A first-year undergraduate must also be a first-time undergraduate, enrolled or accepted for enrollment in a 2- or 4-year degree-granting institution, and have completed, after January 1, 2006, a rigorous secondary school program. A second-year undergraduate at such an institution must have completed such a rigorous program after January 1, 2005, and have obtained a cumulative grade-point-average (GPA) of at least 3.0 in the first academic year as an undergraduate. In addition, students must sign a statement of educational purpose, not owe a refund on a Title IV grant, and not be in default on a Title IV loan. Eligible males that are at least 18 years old and born after December 31, 1950, can receive aid only if they have registered with the Selective Service.
This program is exempted from coverage under OMB Circular No. A-87.
This program is excluded from coverage under E.O.
This program is excluded from coverage under OMB Circular No.
A-102.
Student completes a "Free Application for Federal Student Aid" and submits it to the agency specified on the form. Students may apply using a paper application, an electronic application, or via the Internet. The U. S. Department of Education calculates the student's eligibility for assistance and the agency to which the student sent the application returns a notification to the student of his or her eligibility for assistance. The student submits this notification to the institution of his or her choice in order to have his or her award calculated. This program is excluded from coverage under OMB Circular No. A-110.
Institutions act as disbursing agents for the Department of Education. The institution that the student attends calculates and disburses the Academic Competitiveness Grants, using a payment schedule developed by the Department of Education that determines the amount of the award based on the amount of available funding and the estimated number of recipients.
Contact the program office for deadlines.
Higher Education Act of 1965, Title IV, Part A, Subpart 1, Section 401A, as amended.
Approximately 2 to 4 weeks.
An institution, on the basis of supplemental documentation, may rule that an applicant is self-supporting, even though under the standard criteria, the applicant would normally be considered financially dependent on his or her parents. An institution may adjust on a case-by-case basis a student's data elements used to calculate his or her EFC and cost of attendance due to unusual circumstances documented by the institution.
Students who have applied in the previous award year may be eligible to complete a paper or electronic renewal application that contains preprinted student data and requires students only to update certain information.
Students are limited to one Academic Competitiveness Grant during any award year (July 1 through June 30). Funds for these grants are usually disbursed at least twice during an award year. Students may only receive an Academic Competitiveness Grant until they have received a bachelor's degree.
Institutions will be required to furnish reports, periodically, on the disbursement of funds, as well as furnish any other reports the Secretary requires.
No reports are required of students.
Annual audits will be made.
All records pertaining to the eligibility of each Academic Competitiveness Grant recipient and all fiscal management records must be maintained by the institution for a period of 3 years or until an acceptable audit has been completed, whichever is later. Selected students will have the information on their applications verified.
(Grants) FY 07 $350,000,000; FY 08 est $440,000,000; and FY 09 est $643,000,000.
Grants are up to $750 for first-year students and up to $1,300 for second-year students. In combination with other Federal student aid, awards may not exceed a student's cost of education; in addition, award levels may be reduced if available funding is insufficient to support estimated program costs. Average award: est $787.
This program was created by the Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2006; it began operation on July 1, 2006. Contact the program office for more information.
Federal Student Aid Information Center. Telephone: (800) 433-3243. Regional Director, Federal Student Aid, the Director of Financial Aid at the institution the student wishes to attend, high school guidance counselors, or directors of State agencies.
Office of Postsecondary Education, Department of Education, 400 Maryland Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20202. Telephone: (800) 433-2343.
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*Clears throat* Anyway, like us on Facebook, follow us on Twitter (@mickeymutineers) and check out the podcast here or on iTunes! We just recorded Episode 2, but it's not up yet. Should be up by Monday. Alright, I'm done whoring myself out for now.


text:
HomeNews & AnnouncementsIntroducing our Faculty & Staff
Introducing our Faculty & Staff
Tarbiyah Academy has always been committed to provide the highest caliber of education in both academic and Islamic subjects. As such, we have continued to hire this year the best and brightest teachers locally and nationally. This year, our enrollment has increased by more than 50% Alhamdulilah. As such, our faculty has increased from nine employees to 16. All our faculty members have degrees and certifications in their fields.
To learn more about our faculty and staff, please click on the links below.
KG – 2nd Grade Homeroom Teachers
3rd – 6th Grade Homeroom Teachers
Arabic, Qur'an and Islamic Studies Teachers
Art Teachers
Administrative Support Team
We are also very proud to announce two special additions to our Pedgagogical Leadership Team:
Ms. Reem Azzam joins Tarbiyah Academy as the Assistant Head of School. Prior to joining Tarbiyah Academy, she served as Vice Principal of Al Fatih Academy in Virginia and resident Arabic Instructor at Fawakih Institute. Ms. Azzam holds a Master's of Education in Curriculum and Instruction from the University of New Orleans and a BA in Arabic from the University of California as well as certifications in Middle School Science and English as a Second Language.
Imam Mikaeel Ahmed Smith joins Tarbiyah Academy as our Islamic & Qur'an Coordinator and our Grade 3 – 6 Islamic Studies Teacher. Prior to joining us, Imam Mikaeel served as a resident scholar at the Islamic Society of Annapolis and the Islamic Society of Baltimore. He studied the Islamic sciences at the Dar ul-Uloom al-Madania in Ontario, Canada, where he completed the Alim program and earned his Bachelors in Islamic Studies . He further completed his studies of the Sihah Sitta (six most authentic collections of Prophetic traditions) and Qur'anic Tafseer (commentary), earning his Masters in Islamic Studies at the same institution.


text:
Q: Best practice for structuring/grouping a collection of string constant in VB.NET? I would like a wau to organize and group a collection of strings in the same way as an enum. That is with a name used in code and a value. Since enums can only be created as integrals, I usually do like this:
**Public Structure SomeStrings
    Public Shared ReadOnly Property Something1 As String
        Get
              Return "Something1"
        End Get
    End Property
    Public Shared ReadOnly Property Something2 As Color
        Get
            Return "Something2"
        End Get
    End Property
End Structure**

Is there a better way to do it?

A: Is there a better way?
Yes, use Shared ReadOnly fields instead of properties. You can even get proper IDE auto-completion like for real enums by using an undocumented XML doc tag:
''' <completionlist cref="SomeStrings"/>
Public Structure SomeStrings
    Public Shared ReadOnly Something1 As String = "Something1"
    ' etc.
End Structure

For more details, refer to my previous answer explaining this feature.

A: You might want to look into creating resources.
An other option could be to use a dictionary.
Dim d As New Dictionary(Of Integer, String)

d.Add(1, "String 1")
d.Add(2, "String 2")

Console.WriteLine(d(2))


text:
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Diagnosing Lds
Learning Disability Or Behavior Problem?
Since the range of what's "normal" in children in kindergarten is quite wide, concerned parents should seek a multidisciplinary evaluation.
How can you tell after only two months in kindergarten that a child has a learning disability versus a behavior problem?
The answer is you can't -- or at least not easily. First of all, children develop at different rates and the range of what's "normal" in children in kindergarten is quite wide.
A lot of children get identified as students with a learning disability in the second or third grade, because that's when the curriculum (especially reading-related subjects) starts to get much more difficult. It is difficult to identify a learning disability in younger children, since the expectations of teachers are so broad, and teachers tend to expect much more variation in children's ability and rate of learning. However, some behaviors in young children have been shown to be linked to later learning disabilities. A child who exhibits several of the following behaviors may be showing the symptoms of early learning disabilities:
Seems clumsy and bumps into things or people.
Has uneven profile of skills; talks really well, but can't zipper or button.
Looks but doesn't seem to "see"; watches but doesn't respond to what he sees.
Appears to be listening, but doesn't understand what is said.
May have very short attention span.
Understands well, but has difficulty expressing himself in words.
Acts younger than his or her chronological age.
Either overreacts or underreacts to things. Emotions may not match events.
Seems disorganized, chaotic. Takes more time to get ready and do things.
It's often the case that undiagnosed and untreated learning disabilities lead to feelings of frustration and failure in young children. What a teacher might see is a child who acts up or who is resistant or oppositional in order to avoid that thing that he or she dreads most -- learning.
It's very important to rule out underlying learning disabilities as a possible cause of a child's inappropriate behavior. It's also important to realize that unfortunately, some little children have underlying emotional problems that take a real toll on learning. If a pre-schooler is spending a lot of his/her time worrying about something, or hearing voices that aren't there, it is no wonder that he or she has "holes" in learning that look very much like learning disabilities.
The key to answering the dilemma of whether the problem is related to learning or behavior is a multi-disciplinary evaluation carried out jointly by teachers, psychologists, pediatricians, and anyone else who provides service to the child.
Jerome (Jerry) Schultz is the founding clinical director of the Learning Lab @ Lesley University, a program that provides assessment, tutoring, and case management services for children with learning challenges. Schultz holds a Ph.D. from Boston College, and has completed postdoctoral fellowships in both clinical psychology and pediatric neuropsychology.
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