text:
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7067-7080, 2009
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7067-2009
Special issue: European Integrated Project on Aerosol-Cloud-Climate and Air...
Aerosol- and updraft-limited regimes of cloud droplet formation: influence of particle number, size and hygroscopicity on the activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
P. Reutter et al.
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds and Precipitation | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Direct Lagrangian tracking simulation of droplet growth in vertically developing cloud
Yuichi Kunishima and Ryo Onishi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16619-16630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16619-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16619-2018, 2018
This paper shows the tracking simulation of motions and growth of the entire cloud particles, including aerosols and rain drops, in vertically developing clouds. A cutting-edge direct simulation code (i.e., the Lagrangian cloud simulator) has been run for an extremely vertically elongated three-dimensional domain, with 1 cm in width and 3 km in depth. This unique domain makes the computation-demanding simulation feasible and has led to the success of the present full tracking simulation.
The effect of secondary ice production parameterization on the simulation of a cold frontal rainband
Sylvia C. Sullivan, Christian Barthlott, Jonathan Crosier, Ilya Zhukov, Athanasios Nenes, and Corinna Hoose
Ice crystal formation in clouds can occur via thermodynamic nucleation, but also via mechanical collisions between pre-existing crystals or co-existing droplets. When descriptions of this mechanical ice generation are implemented into the COSMO weather model, we find that the contributions to crystal number from thermodynamic and mechanical processes are of the same order. Mechanical ice generation also intensifies differences in precipitation intensity between dynamic and quiescent regions.
Global streamflow and flood response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering
Liren Wei, Duoying Ji, Chiyuan Miao, Helene Muri, and John C. Moore
We analyzed streamflow and flood frequency under the stratospheric aerosol geoengineering scenario simulated by climate models. Stratospheric aerosol geoengineering appears to reduce flood risk in most regions, but the overall effects are largely determined by the large-scale geographic pattern. Over the Amazon, stratospheric aerosol geoengineering ameliorates the drying trend here under a future warming climate.
Large simulated radiative effects of smoke in the south-east Atlantic
Hamish Gordon, Paul R. Field, Steven J. Abel, Mohit Dalvi, Daniel P. Grosvenor, Adrian A. Hill, Ben T. Johnson, Annette K. Miltenberger, Masaru Yoshioka, and Ken S. Carslaw
Smoke from African fires is frequently transported across the Atlantic Ocean, where it interacts with clouds. We simulate the interaction of the smoke with the clouds, and the consequences of this for the solar radiation the clouds reflect. The simulations use a new regional configuration of the UK Met Office climate model. Our simulations indicate that the properties of the clouds, in particular their height and reflectivity, and the fractional cloud cover, are strongly affected by the smoke.
The role of droplet sedimentation in the evolution of low-level clouds over southern West Africa
Christopher Dearden, Adrian Hill, Hugh Coe, and Tom Choularton
We perform computer simulations of the life cycle of low-lying clouds over southern West Africa during the monsoon season. Such clouds tend not to produce much precipitation, but they do affect the regional climate by modifying the amount of sunlight reaching the surface. The aim of this work is to understand the factors that influence the growth and break-up of these clouds. We show that the number of water droplets contained within the clouds affects how quickly they dissipate.
A numerical modelling investigation of the role of diabatic heating and cooling in the development of a mid-level vortex prior to tropical cyclogenesis – Part 1: The response to stratiform components of diabatic forcing
Melville E. Nicholls, Roger A. Pielke Sr., Donavan Wheeler, Gustavo Carrio, and Warren P. Smith
Mid-level vortices are often observed to develop prior to the formation of a tropical cyclone. A numerical modelling simulation of tropical cyclogenesis is carried out which shows the development of a mid-level vortex, and an analysis indicates that sublimation at the base of the stratiform ice layer plays a major role in its formation. Understanding how mid-level vortices form and their role in tropical cyclogenesis may eventually lead to improved forecasts of these major weather events.
Aerosol as a potential factor to control the increasing torrential rain events in urban areas over the last decades
Seoung Soo Lee, Byung-Gon Kim, Zhanqing Li, Yong-Sang Choi, Chang-Hoon Jung, Junshik Um, Jungbin Mok, and Kyong-Hwan Seo
Investigating the impacts of Saharan dust on tropical deep convection using spectral bin microphysics
Matthew Gibbons, Qilong Min, and Jiwen Fan
The effects of dust aerosols on ice formation within a tropical Atlantic thunderstorm system were investigated using a 3-D weather model and compared with observations. Updated ice formation mechanisms directly connect available dust particles with ice particle formation. The resulting clouds were lower and narrower and produced less rain at the surface compared to cleaner conditions, due to ice formation occurring at warmer temperatures. These results agree well with observed changes.
The relative impact of cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particle concentrations on phase-partitioning in Arctic Mixed-Phase Stratocumulus Clouds
Amy Solomon, Gijs de Boer, Jessie M. Creamean, Allison McComiskey, Matthew D. Shupe, Maximilian Maahn, and Christopher Cox
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-714,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-714, 2018
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
The results of this study indicate that perturbations in Ice Nucleating Particles (INPs) dominate over Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) perturbations in Arctic Mixed-Phase Stratocumulus, i.e., an equivalent fractional decrease in CCN and INPs results in an increase in the cloud-top longwave cooling rate, even though the droplet effective radius increases and the cloud emissivity decreases. In addition, cloud-processing causes layering of aerosols with increased concentrations of CCN at cloud top.
A model intercomparison of CCN-limited tenuous clouds in the high Arctic
Robin G. Stevens, Katharina Loewe, Christopher Dearden, Antonios Dimitrelos, Anna Possner, Gesa K. Eirund, Tomi Raatikainen, Adrian A. Hill, Benjamin J. Shipway, Jonathan Wilkinson, Sami Romakkaniemi, Juha Tonttila, Ari Laaksonen, Hannele Korhonen, Paul Connolly, Ulrike Lohmann, Corinna Hoose, Annica M. L. Ekman, Ken S. Carslaw, and Paul R. Field
We perform a model intercomparison of summertime high Arctic clouds. Observed concentrations of aerosol particles necessary for cloud formation fell to extremely low values, coincident with a transition from cloudy to nearly cloud-free conditions. Previous analyses have suggested that at these low concentrations, the radiative properties of the clouds are determined primarily by these particle concentrations. The model results strongly support this hypothesis.
Impact of gravity waves on the motion and distribution of atmospheric ice particles
Aurélien Podglajen, Riwal Plougonven, Albert Hertzog, and Eric Jensen
Using a simplified analytical setup, we show that the temperature and wind fluctuations due to an atmospheric gravity wave can induce a localization of ice crystals in a specific region of the wave. In that region, the air is nearly saturated and the vertical wind anomaly is positive. As a consequence, reversible gravity wave motions have an irreversible impact (mean upward motion) on the ice crystals. Our findings are consistent with observations of cirrus clouds near the tropical tropopause.
The efficacy of aerosol-cloud-radiative perturbations from near-surface emissions in deep open-cell stratocumulus
Anna Possner, Hailong Wang, Robert Wood, Ken Caldeira, and Thomas Ackerman
We quantify aerosol-cloud-radiative interactions in a regime of deep open-cell stratocumuli (boundary layer depth 1.5 km); a regime which remains largely unexplored within this context and yet is more dominant than cases of shallow stratocumuli previously studied. We simulate substantial increases in albedo in a regime where ship tracks are not found and argue that such changes may escape detection and attribution through remote sensing due to the large natural variability of the system.
Aerosol–cloud interactions in mixed-phase convective clouds – Part 2: Meteorological ensemble
Annette K. Miltenberger, Paul R. Field, Adrian A. Hill, Ben J. Shipway, and Jonathan M. Wilkinson
Impact of upstream moisture structure on a back-building convective precipitation system in south-eastern France during HyMeX IOP13
Keun-Ok Lee, Cyrille Flamant, Fanny Duffourg, Véronique Ducrocq, and Jean-Pierre Chaboureau
Extreme temperature and precipitation response to solar dimming and stratospheric aerosol geoengineering
Duoying Ji, Songsong Fang, Charles L. Curry, Hiroki Kashimura, Shingo Watanabe, Jason N. S. Cole, Andrew Lenton, Helene Muri, Ben Kravitz, and John C. Moore
We examine extreme temperature and precipitation under climate-model-simulated solar dimming and stratospheric aerosol injection geoengineering schemes. Both types of geoengineering lead to lower minimum temperatures at higher latitudes and greater cooling of minimum temperatures and maximum temperatures over land compared with oceans. Stratospheric aerosol injection is more effective in reducing tropical extreme precipitation, while solar dimming is more effective over extra-tropical regions.
The importance of mixed-phase and ice clouds for climate sensitivity in the global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6-HAM2
Ulrike Lohmann and David Neubauer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8807-8828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8807-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8807-2018, 2018
The climate is warming, at the current rate so much so that the 2 ºC target is likely to be exceeded. Uncertainty remains as to when the 2 ºC of warming will be reached. One factor contributing to this uncertainty is how clouds change in the warmer climate. While previously most emphasis was placed on how low clouds change in the warmer climate, here we investigate the importance of mixed-phase and ice clouds.
Evaluate autoconversion and accretion enhancement factors in GCM warm-rain parameterizations using ground-based measurements at the Azores
Peng Wu, Baike Xi, Xiquan Dong, and Zhibo Zhang
Manuscript under review for ACP
Prescribed autoconversion and accretion enhancement factors in GCM warm rain parameterizations contribute partially to the too frequent and too light problem in precipitation simulation. The two factors should be regime and resolution dependent. Decrease autoconversion enhancement factor and increase accretion enhancement factor in Morrison and Gettleman (2008) scheme can improve simulated precipitation frequency and intensity. Values for different model resolutions are also suggested.
Convective environment in pre-monsoon and monsoon conditions over the Indian subcontinent: the impact of surface forcing
Lois Thomas, Neelam Malap, Wojciech W. Grabowski, Kundan Dani, and Thara V. Prabha
A thermodynamic parcel analysis of several high-resolution soundings from Pune, India, investigating pre-monsoon and monsoon conditions, is carried out in this study. A simple theoretical approach for cloud base height estimation is illustrated. Results illustrate the role of surface forcing in contrasting conditions of the pre-monsoon and monsoon. Large eddy simulations, observational data, and theoretical explanation are presented.
Competition for water vapour results in suppression of ice formation in mixed-phase clouds
Emma L. Simpson, Paul J. Connolly, and Gordon McFiggans
This study explores the process of ice formation in clouds by conducting computer model simulations and laboratory experiments in a cloud chamber. We show that the formation of ice in clouds can be limited by the presence of atmospheric aerosol particles and that further research is required to identify the requirements for freezing, e.g. minimum mass of water, in order to accurately calculate ice formation and thus improve climate and weather prediction.
Cloud droplet size distribution broadening during diffusional growth: ripening amplified by deactivation and reactivation
Fan Yang, Pavlos Kollias, Raymond A. Shaw, and Andrew M. Vogelmann
Cloud droplet size distribution (CDSD), which is related to cloud albedo and lifetime, is usually observed broader than predicted from adiabatic parcel calculations. Results in this study show that the CDSD can be broadened during condensational growth as a result of Ostwald ripening amplified by droplet deactivation and reactivation. Our results suggest that it is important to consider both curvature and solute effects before and after cloud droplet activation in a 3-D cloud model.
Bridging the condensation–collision size gap: a direct numerical simulation of continuous droplet growth in turbulent clouds
Sisi Chen, Man-Kong Yau, Peter Bartello, and Lulin Xue
This paper introduces a sophisticated approach to incorporate the droplet hydrodynamic collision and condensation processes into a single DNS modeling framework. Arguably, this model provides a sophisticated approach to study the warm-rain initiation problem that has puzzled the cloud physics community for decades. The results show the increased condensation-mediated collisions when turbulence intensifies, indicating a positive impact of turbulence on droplet condensational–collisional growth.
Quantifying the effect of aerosol on vertical velocity and effective terminal velocity in warm convective clouds
Guy Dagan, Ilan Koren, and Orit Altaratz
In this paper we distill the problem of aerosol–cloud interactions to an interplay between the system's two characteristic vertical velocities, i.e., the air vertical velocity and the collective droplets fall velocity. We show using theoretical considerations and cloud-resolving models that the relations between the two velocities are extremely sensitive to the cloud field's thermodynamics and microphysical properties.
Assessing the uncertainty of soil moisture impacts on convective precipitation using a new ensemble approach
Olga Henneberg, Felix Ament, and Verena Grützun
Soil moisture influences the occurrence of convective precipitation. An accurate knowledge of soil moisture might improve the prediction of convective cells. But the model uncertainty overshadows the impact of soil moisture in convection resolving models. Only drastic soil moisture changes can exhibit the model uncertainties. Both the enhanced and reduced soil moisture result in a reduced precipitation rate. We point out the need for uncertainty estimations in soil moisture studies.
The sensitivity of Alpine summer convection to surrogate climate change: an intercomparison between convection-parameterizing and convection-resolving models
Michael Keller, Nico Kröner, Oliver Fuhrer, Daniel Lüthi, Juerg Schmidli, Martin Stengel, Reto Stöckli, and Christoph Schär
Deep convection is often associated with thunderstorms and heavy rain events. In this study, the sensitivity of Alpine deep convective events to environmental parameters and climate warming is investigated. To this end, simulations are conducted at resolutions of 12 and 2 km. The results show that the climate change signal strongly depends upon the horizontal resolution. In particular, significant differences are found in terms of the radiative feedbacks.
Theoretical analysis of mixing in liquid clouds – Part IV: DSD evolution and mixing diagrams
Mark Pinsky and Alexander Khain
In this paper it is shown that the difference between the mixing diagrams for homogeneous and inhomogeneous mixing is insignificant and decreases with an increase in the DSD width. If the normalized droplet concentration is used, mixing diagrams do not show any significant dependency on relative humidity in the dry volume. The main conclusion of the study is that traditional mixing diagrams cannot serve as a reliable tool in analysis of mixing type.
Aerosol–cloud interactions in mixed-phase convective clouds – Part 1: Aerosol perturbations
Annette K. Miltenberger, Paul R. Field, Adrian A. Hill, Phil Rosenberg, Ben J. Shipway, Jonathan M. Wilkinson, Robert Scovell, and Alan M. Blyth
Towards a bulk approach to local interactions of hydrometeors
Manuel Baumgartner and Peter Spichtinger
Ice crystals are surrounded by liquid cloud droplets in mixed-phase clouds. The coexistence of ice and water is thermodynamically not stable and the particles will influence their respective growth by condensation. This effect is known as the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process. In current models, the local interactions of the particles are neglected and they can only interact indirectly. This work proposes an approach to include local interactions and discusses some implications.
Initiation of secondary ice production in clouds
Sylvia C. Sullivan, Corinna Hoose, Alexei Kiselev, Thomas Leisner, and Athanasios Nenes
Ice multiplication (IM) processes can have a profound impact on cloud and precipitation development but are poorly understood. Here we study whether a lower limit of ice nuclei exists to initiate IM. The lower limit is found to be extremely low (0.01 per liter or less). A counterintuitive but profound conclusion thus emerges: IM requires cloud formation around a thermodynamic sweet spot and is sensitive to fluctuations in cloud condensation nuclei concentration alone.
Relating large-scale subsidence to convection development in Arctic mixed-phase marine stratocumulus
Gillian Young, Paul J. Connolly, Christopher Dearden, and Thomas W. Choularton
Large-scale subsidence, associated with high-pressure systems, is often used in cloud-resolving models to maintain the height of boundary layer clouds; however, its influence on the small-scale interactions in mixed-phase clouds has not been previously investigated. Using large-eddy simulations, we have identified a relationship between subsidence and convection development in such clouds, with implications for mixed-phase boundary layer clouds forming in the ocean-exposed Arctic regions.
Regional simulation of Indian summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillations at gray-zone resolution
Xingchao Chen, Olivier M. Pauluis, and Fuqing Zhang
Simulations of the Indian summer monsoon by the cloud-permitting WRF model at gray-zone resolution (9 km) are described in this study, with a particular emphasis on the model ability to capture the monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs). When compared to simulations with coarser grid spacing (27 km) and using a cumulus scheme, the 9 km simulations reduce the biases in mean precipitation and produce more realistic low-frequency variability associated with MISOs.
Response to marine cloud brightening in a multi-model ensemble
Camilla W. Stjern, Helene Muri, Lars Ahlm, Olivier Boucher, Jason N. S. Cole, Duoying Ji, Andy Jones, Jim Haywood, Ben Kravitz, Andrew Lenton, John C. Moore, Ulrike Niemeier, Steven J. Phipps, Hauke Schmidt, Shingo Watanabe, and Jón Egill Kristjánsson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 621-634, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-621-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-621-2018, 2018
Marine cloud brightening (MCB) has been proposed to help limit global warming. We present here the first multi-model assessment of idealized MCB simulations from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project. While all models predict a global cooling as intended, there is considerable spread between the models both in terms of radiative forcing and the climate response, largely linked to the substantial differences in the models' representation of clouds.
Effects of model resolution and parameterizations on the simulations of clouds, precipitation, and their interactions with aerosols
Seoung Soo Lee, Zhanqing Li, Yuwei Zhang, Hyelim Yoo, Seungbum Kim, Byung-Gon Kim, Yong-Sang Choi, Jungbin Mok, Junshik Um, Kyoung Ock Choi, and Danhong Dong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13-29, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13-2018, 2018
This paper compares the contribution of resolutions with that of parameterizations to errors in the simulations of clouds, precipitation, and their interactions with aerosol in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. This comparison shows that resolutions contribute to errors to a much greater degree than microphysics parameterizations. This finding provides a useful guideline for how to develop NWP models and has not been discussed in previous studies.
Multifractal evaluation of simulated precipitation intensities from the COSMO NWP model
Daniel Wolfensberger, Auguste Gires, Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia, Daniel Schertzer, and Alexis Berne
Precipitation intensities simulated by the COSMO weather prediction model are compared to radar observations over a range of spatial and temporal scales using the universal multifractal framework. Our results highlight the strong influence of meteorological and topographical features on the multifractal characteristics of precipitation. Moreover, the influence of the subgrid parameterizations of COSMO is clearly visible by a break in the scaling properties that is absent from the radar data.
Partitioning the primary ice formation modes in large eddy simulations of mixed-phase clouds
Luke B. Hande and Corinna Hoose
In this study, the relative contributions of different primary ice nucleation modes (i.e. processes leading to the formation of ice crystals with or without the help of certain aerosol particles, in this case mineral dust) are quantified in model simulations for different cloud types.
Data assimilation of GNSS zenith total delays from a Nordic processing centre
Magnus Lindskog, Martin Ridal, Sigurdur Thorsteinsson, and Tong Ning
Atmospheric moisture-related information obtained from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations from ground-based receiver stations of the Nordic GNSS Analysis Centre (NGAA) has been used within a state-of-the-art kilometre-scale numerical weather prediction system. The sensitivity of results to aspects of the data processing, observation density, bias-correction and data assimilation has been investigated. Results show a benefit on forecast quality of using GNSS ZTD.
Sensitivity of surface temperature to radiative forcing by contrail cirrus in a radiative-mixing model
Ulrich Schumann and Bernhard Mayer
It is generally assumed that a positive radiative forcing of the atmosphere implies a warming of the Earth surface. This assumption is valid for well-mixed greenhouse gases but is not guaranteed for disturbances which cause a vertically variable radiative heating rate profile with warming in the upper troposphere and cooling near the surface. This conceptual study shows that the warming induced by contrail cirrus prevails only for fast vertical heat exchange by mixing within the troposphere.
Stochastic coalescence in Lagrangian cloud microphysics
Piotr Dziekan and Hanna Pawlowska
Raindrops form when small cloud droplets collide with each other. In most computer models of clouds, this process is described using the Smoluchowski equation. We compare the Smoluchowski equation with computer simulations in which each droplet within a small part of the cloud is modeled. We show, depending on the simulation setup, that the Smoluchowski equation can give overly slow or fast rain formation. This implies that many cloud models used do not correctly represent rain formation.
The influence of sea- and land-breeze circulations on the diurnal variability in precipitation over a tropical island
Lei Zhu, Zhiyong Meng, Fuqing Zhang, and Paul M. Markowski
This work shows a strong diurnal rainfall cycle over Hainan island due to land–sea breeze circulations. Years of gauge and CMORPH rainfall datasets were examined. More than 60 % of the total annual precipitation is attributable to the diurnal cycle. The multistage dynamics of the diurnal rainfall cycle and the related land–sea breeze circulations were analyzed based on WRF simulations. The rather high island orography is not a dominant factor in the diurnal variation of rainfall over the island.
Large eddy simulation of radiation fog: impact of dynamics on the fog life cycle
Marie Mazoyer, Christine Lac, Odile Thouron, Thierry Bergot, Valery Masson, and Luc Musson-Genon
Large eddy simulations of a radiation fog event occurring during the ParisFog experiment have been studied to analyze the impact of the dynamics on the fog life cycle. They included a sophisticated microphysical scheme, the drag effect of a trees barrier and deposition on vegetation. The blocking effect of the trees induces elevated fog formation and limits cooling and cloud water production. The deposition process was found to exert the most significant impact on the fog prediction.
Uncertainty from the choice of microphysics scheme in convection-permitting models significantly exceeds aerosol effects
Bethan White, Edward Gryspeerdt, Philip Stier, Hugh Morrison, Gregory Thompson, and Zak Kipling
Aerosols influence cloud and precipitation by modifying cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNCs). We simulate three different types of convective cloud using two different cloud microphysics parameterisations. The simulated cloud and precipitation depends much more strongly on the choice of microphysics scheme than on CDNC. The uncertainty differs between types of convection. Our results highlight a large uncertainty in cloud and precipitation responses to aerosol in current models.
The microphysics of clouds over the Antarctic Peninsula – Part 2: modelling aspects within Polar WRF
Constantino Listowski and Tom Lachlan-Cope
Modelling Antarctic tropospheric clouds remains challenging because of the lack of observations in this remote place. We use aircraft in situ observations to assess the performances of simulations over the Antarctic Peninsula within the Polar Weather Research and Forecasting model. The cloud scheme used by the operational forecast model AMPS performs the least well. Ice microphysics is key for correctly modelling the supercooled liquid phase and hence for lowering the surface radiative biases.
How do changes in warm-phase microphysics affect deep convective clouds?
Qian Chen, Ilan Koren, Orit Altaratz, Reuven H. Heiblum, Guy Dagan, and Lital Pinto
Cloud albedo changes in response to anthropogenic sulfate and non-sulfate aerosol forcings in CMIP5 models
Lena Frey, Frida A.-M. Bender, and Gunilla Svensson
In this study, the cloud albedo effect in climate models is investigated, separating the influence of anthropogenic sulfate and non-sulfate aerosols. Cloud albedo changes induced by added anthropogenic aerosols are found to be determined by changes in the cloud water content rather than model sensitivity to monthly aerosol variations. The results also indicate that the background aerosol is the main driver for a cloud brightening effect on the month-to-month scale.
On the limits of Köhler activation theory: how do collision and coalescence affect the activation of aerosols?
Fabian Hoffmann
This study analyzes at which aerosol radius the mass growth leading to activation switches from diffusion to collection, marking the limit of traditional Köhler activation theory. It is found that collection becomes increasingly important for aerosols larger than 0.1 µm in dry radius and is responsible for all activations of aerosols larger than 1.0 µm. A novel particle-based cloud modeling approach is applied, in which activation can be represented without parameterizations.
Time-dependent, non-monotonic response of warm convective cloud fields to changes in aerosol loading
Guy Dagan, Ilan Koren, Orit Altaratz, and Reuven H. Heiblum
Large eddy simulations with bin microphysics are used to study cloud fields' sensitivity to changes in aerosol loading and the time evolution of this response. We show that the mean field properties change with a non-monotonic trend, with an optimum aerosol concentration for which the field reaches its maximal water mass or rain yield. The evolution of the mean thermodynamic properties is studied and shown to cause the migration of the optimal aerosol concentration toward higher values.
Technical note: Fu–Liou–Gu and Corti–Peter model performance evaluation for radiative retrievals from cirrus clouds
Simone Lolli, James R. Campbell, Jasper R. Lewis, Yu Gu, and Ellsworth J. Welton
We compare net TOA radiative forcing between the simplified Corti–Peter (CP) and relatively complex Fu–Liou–Gu models for cirrus clouds observed by NASA MPLNET at Singapore in 2010–11 and Greenbelt, Maryland, in 2012. We find daytime forcing discrepancies up to 65 % between the two, which is greater than previous studies. In some cases, the sign of net TOA daytime forcing also differs. We attribute model differences to numerical simplifications in CP via regression that are not valid globally.
The impact of fluctuations and correlations in droplet growth by collision–coalescence revisited – Part 1: Numerical calculation of post-gel droplet size distribution
Lester Alfonso and Graciela B. Raga
The main hypothesis of this work is that the discrepancy between the observations and the theoretical models of precipitation formation in warm clouds could be explained by the formation of embryo droplets in the context of a sol–gel transition. By using novel numerical techniques, our calculations show that after the formation of the raindrop embryo, the droplet mass distribution strongly differs from the results obtained by using the traditional approaches.
Modelling micro- and macrophysical contributors to the dissipation of an Arctic mixed-phase cloud during the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS)
Katharina Loewe, Annica M. L. Ekman, Marco Paukert, Joseph Sedlar, Michael Tjernström, and Corinna Hoose
Processes that affect Arctic mixed-phase cloud life cycle are extremely important for the surface energy budget. Three different sensitivity experiments mimic changes in the advection of air masses with different thermodynamic profiles and aerosol properties to find the potential mechanisms leading to the dissipation of the cloud. We found that the reduction of the cloud droplet number concentration was likely the primary contributor to the dissipation of the observed Arctic mixed-phase cloud.
Thermodynamic and dynamic responses of the hydrological cycle to solar dimming
Jane E. Smyth, Rick D. Russotto, and Trude Storelvmo
Geoengineering is a controversial proposal to counteract global warming by reducing the incoming solar radiation. Solar dimming could restore preindustrial temperatures, but global rainfall patterns would be altered. We analyze the global rainfall changes in 11 climate model simulations of solar dimming to better understand the underlying processes. We conclude that tropical precipitation would be substantially altered, in part due to changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation.
Effect of anthropogenic aerosol emissions on precipitation in warm conveyor belts in the western North Pacific in winter – a model study with ECHAM6-HAM
Hanna Joos, Erica Madonna, Kasja Witlox, Sylvaine Ferrachat, Heini Wernli, and Ulrike Lohmann
The influence of pollution on the precipitation formation in warm conveyor belts (WCBs), the most rising air streams in low-pressure systems is investigated. We investigate in detail the cloud properties and resulting precipitation along these rising airstreams which are simulated with a global climate model. Overall, no big impact of aerosols on precipitation can be seen, however, when comparing the most polluted/cleanest WCBs, a suppression of precipitation by aerosols is observed.
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European Integrated Project on Aerosol-Cloud-Climate and Air...


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Team News: Maidstone United vs Leyton Orient
Leyton Orient's loan signing Levi Lumeka warms up (pic: Simon O'Connor).
Simon O'Connor Photography
Crystal Palace loanee Levi Lumeka is not available for the O's
Leyton Orient will be without Levi Lumeka and Joe Widdowson for today's FA Cup fourth qualifying round tie at Maidstone United.
Defender Widdowson will serve the first of a three-match ban following the red card he picked up during the stalemate at home to Hartlepool United last weekend.
He will be a big miss for the O's after starting the campaign with a string of consistent displays, but it should offer Sam Ling an opportunity to impress, albeit out of position.
Meanwhile for Lumeka, his frustrating loan spell with Orient continues with parent club Crystal Palace not giving the wide-man permission to play in the tie.
The young winger has struggled for opportunities since moving to E10 and although he struck twice in a recent behind closed doors match with Barnet, his all-round game is lacking compared to Jobi McAnuff, James Dayton, Josh Koroma and James Brophy.
It means even if Lumeka had been available for this afternoon, he still probably would not have been selected in the starting XI.
Yet whoever head coach Justin Edinburgh picks at the Gallagher Stadium, the Orient manager will back them to send O's into the first round proper.
Speaking after the Hartlepool game, he said: "All of the decisions are difficult regarding every player in the team.
"Ling come off the bench, and he hadn't played for a little while, and he was excellent.
"We had to be mindful of the fact (Myles) 'Juddy' was on a booking and we didn't know what the referee was going to do, so we had to take it out of his hands because he couldn't be trusted on the day
"And like I said in my programme notes, this squad is only as good as the people who don't play and everyone who come on against Hartlepool affected the game."
O's head coach wishes Wheeler well, but only after cup tie is over
Successful FA Cup run a big motivation for Orient, says Clay
Josh Koroma
Joe Widdowson
Jobi McAnuff

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Daily Ratings & News for Fastenal
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Short Interest in Fastenal (NASDAQ:FAST) Rises By 118.4%
Fastenal (NASDAQ:FAST) saw a large increase in short interest during the month of May. As of May 31st, there was short interest totalling 42,490,000 shares, an increase of 118.4% from the April 30th total of 19,457,800 shares. Currently, 15.0% of the company's stock are short sold. Based on an average daily trading volume, of 4,270,000 shares, the short-interest ratio is currently 10.0 days.
Shares of FAST traded down $0.24 during mid-day trading on Monday, hitting $31.41. 70,954 shares of the company's stock were exchanged, compared to its average volume of 3,978,819. Fastenal has a 52 week low of $23.68 and a 52 week high of $35.94. The stock has a 50-day moving average of $50.76. The stock has a market capitalization of $18.11 billion, a price-to-earnings ratio of 23.82, a price-to-earnings-growth ratio of 1.40 and a beta of 1.27. The company has a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.20, a quick ratio of 1.97 and a current ratio of 4.31.
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Fastenal (NASDAQ:FAST) last announced its earnings results on Thursday, April 11th. The company reported $0.34 EPS for the quarter, hitting the Thomson Reuters' consensus estimate of $0.34. Fastenal had a net margin of 15.16% and a return on equity of 33.52%. The company had revenue of $1.31 billion for the quarter, compared to analysts' expectations of $1.30 billion. During the same period last year, the firm earned $0.31 earnings per share. Sell-side analysts forecast that Fastenal will post 1.42 earnings per share for the current year.
The firm also recently announced a quarterly dividend, which was paid on Wednesday, May 22nd. Stockholders of record on Wednesday, April 24th were issued a dividend of $0.43 per share. The ex-dividend date of this dividend was Tuesday, April 23rd. This represents a $1.72 annualized dividend and a dividend yield of 5.48%. Fastenal's dividend payout ratio is presently 65.15%.
In other news, insider Leland J. Hein sold 19,929 shares of the stock in a transaction dated Thursday, April 18th. The shares were sold at an average price of $70.37, for a total transaction of $1,402,403.73. Following the completion of the transaction, the insider now directly owns 14,931 shares in the company, valued at approximately $1,050,694.47. The transaction was disclosed in a document filed with the SEC, which is available at this link. Also, CAO Sheryl Ann Lisowski sold 9,166 shares of the stock in a transaction dated Wednesday, May 15th. The stock was sold at an average price of $64.22, for a total transaction of $588,640.52. Following the transaction, the chief accounting officer now owns 9,466 shares of the company's stock, valued at $607,906.52. The disclosure for this sale can be found here. Over the last 90 days, insiders have sold 163,470 shares of company stock valued at $11,485,007. Company insiders own 0.62% of the company's stock.
Several institutional investors and hedge funds have recently made changes to their positions in the company. Nordea Investment Management AB boosted its position in shares of Fastenal by 11.8% during the 1st quarter. Nordea Investment Management AB now owns 1,776,845 shares of the company's stock worth $114,271,000 after acquiring an additional 187,103 shares in the last quarter. Advisory Services Network LLC boosted its position in shares of Fastenal by 45.0% during the 1st quarter. Advisory Services Network LLC now owns 25,229 shares of the company's stock worth $1,622,000 after acquiring an additional 7,827 shares in the last quarter. Stonebridge Capital Advisors LLC acquired a new stake in shares of Fastenal during the 1st quarter worth approximately $239,000. Mitsubishi UFJ Securities Holdings Co. Ltd. boosted its position in shares of Fastenal by 654.5% during the 1st quarter. Mitsubishi UFJ Securities Holdings Co. Ltd. now owns 1,660 shares of the company's stock worth $107,000 after acquiring an additional 1,440 shares in the last quarter. Finally, Andra AP fonden acquired a new stake in shares of Fastenal during the 1st quarter worth approximately $6,367,000. 85.36% of the stock is currently owned by institutional investors.
A number of equities analysts have recently commented on FAST shares. BidaskClub downgraded shares of Fastenal from a "strong-buy" rating to a "buy" rating in a research note on Thursday, May 9th. ValuEngine cut shares of Fastenal from a "sell" rating to a "strong sell" rating in a report on Thursday, May 23rd. William Blair cut shares of Fastenal from an "outperform" rating to a "market perform" rating in a report on Tuesday, May 7th. Zacks Investment Research cut shares of Fastenal from a "buy" rating to a "hold" rating in a report on Wednesday, April 17th. Finally, Buckingham Research set a $31.00 target price on shares of Fastenal and gave the company a "neutral" rating in a report on Friday. One analyst has rated the stock with a sell rating, thirteen have issued a hold rating and two have given a buy rating to the company. The company has a consensus rating of "Hold" and a consensus price target of $30.70.
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Fastenal Company Profile
Fastenal Company, together with its subsidiaries, engages in the wholesale distribution of industrial and construction supplies in the United States, Canada, and internationally. It offers fasteners, and other industrial and construction supplies under the Fastenal name. The company's fastener products include threaded fasteners, such as bolts, nuts, screws, studs, and related washers, which are used in manufactured products and construction projects, as well as in the maintenance and repair of machines.
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Лист КЛГП Губернатору МО Борису Громову от 04.02.2004 (Eng.)
Розділ: Світовий Конгрес Українців
Дата: 05 липня 2004
The Hon. Boris Gromov
Governor of the Moscow Region
Honourable Sir,
We are writing to you, on behalf of the Commission on Human and Civil Rights of the Ukrainian World Congress, about a matter, which has been a focus of our attention for over five years. This matter is concerned with the conflicting situation in which two parishes of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate find themselves. The two parishes in question are the Bogoiavlenskaia and Sviato-Troitskaia parishes in the city of Noginsk of the Moscow Region.
These two orthodox parishes, headed by Archbishop Adrian Starina of the UOC-KP, have been in existence since the spring of 1989. Under the leadership of the Archbishop, these two parishes, through their own efforts and at their own expense, built the Bogorodskaia Seminary, an Orthodox High-School (Gymnasium), the Sviato-Tykhvynskii Monastery for nuns, and rebuilt the partially ruined Bogoiavlenskii Sobor, a noted architectural monument.
The two parishes were also widely known for their charitable work. Every day many people in need were given meals in two dining halls, which were maintained on the territory of the Sobor. In addition, ill people were able to receive medical assistance at an infirmary on the Sobor grounds.
From January 1993 till October 1997, the two orthodox parishes in question, headed by Archbishop Adrian, had a lengthy legal conflict with the Moscow Eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church - Moscow Patriarchate regarding the ownership of the Bogoiavlenskii Sobor and the buildings located on its territory. A turning point of the legal process was the February 21, 1995 Protection Agreement No. 2-95 between The Committee for Culture and Tourism of the administration of the Moscow Region and the Moscow Eparchy of the ROC-MP. After the General Procuracy of the Russian Federation, referring to Agreement 2-95, took the side of the Moscow Patriarchate (cf. the letter of Deputy Procurator General of the RF V. I. Davidov, April 1996), the final court decision in September 1997 went in favour of the Moscow Eparchy. Thereafter, on the night of 29 September 1997, the Bogoiavlenskaia Eparchy of the UOC KP and other juridical persons were forcibly evicted from their premises. The evictions were accompanied by beatings of elderly parishioners, crude language, threatening gestures with automatic weapons towards the hegumen of the monastery, handcuffing, beating and detention of Archbishop Adrian, and attempt by inebriated members of the OMON to incite interethnic enmity. Various belongings, archives and library of the Eparchy, as well as personal effects of the parishioners were illegally confiscated.
After eviction from the territory of the Bogoiavlenskii Sobor, the priests of the UOC-KP and their families, together with small children, moved into the building of the Sviato-Troitskii Church in Noginsk, ul. Sovietskoi Konstitutsii 17. The Administration of the Noginsk District immediately shut off electricity, gas, water and heating to this building. The electricity was reconnected in 2002, while the gas was connected only in February 2003. As a result, the Sviato-Troitskaia Parish has had to exist in circumstances, in which the parishioners have had to prepare food on wood-stoves for more than five years and, until last year, to live by candlelight. The numerous petitions of the parishioners and civic organizations regarding the reconnection of gas supplies have been met by refusals and threats of eviction on the part of the local authorities.
The Administration of the Noginsk District has been demanding taxes in excess of one million US dollars from the humanitarian organization "Brotherhood", and has been pressuring the Sviato-Troitskaia parish with the aim of evicting it from its rightful premises. We append some documents related to this matter.
We regard the attitude of the Administration of the Moscow Region towards the parishioners of the UOC KP in Noginsk to be a violation of the right to freedom of conscience, discrimination on the basis of religious belief and nationality and the abrogation of human rights. At a time when the Moscow Patriarchate has more than 5,000 parishes in Ukraine and over 100 monasteries, the only centre of the Kiev Patriarchate is being demeaned and repressed by the authorities of the Russian Federation. Such a state of affairs is incompatible with the rule of law in a democratic state, and is an affront to the religious and national feelings of Ukrainians throughout the world.
Our Commission had earlier appealed to your predecessor as Governor of the Moscow Region, Mr. A. Tiazhlov, in a letter dated January 1999. This letter has remained unanswered. We are writing to you in the realization that all the above deplorable events occurred during the tenure of the previous Administration of the Moscow Region. We are, therefore, placing our hope in your new Administration, and ask that you consider implementing the following:
that the Protection Agreement No. 2-95 of February 21, 1995 between The Committee for Culture and Tourism of the administration of the Moscow Region and the Moscow Eparchy of the ROC-MP be reconsidered,
that the unprecedented oppression of the Sviato-Troitskaia Parish of the UOC-KP in Noginsk be stopped and that the Administration of the Noginsk Region stop its efforts to evict parishioners from their rightful premises at ul. Sovietskoi Konstitutsii 17, in Noginsk. The parish should receive assurance that the building on ul.Sovetskoi Konstitucii 17 is in its rightful possession.
that the discriminatory and unbearable taxation pressure on the centres of the UKC KP in Noginsk be stopped;
that the property of the Bogoiavlenskaia Parish, its archive, library and personal belongings of the parishioners, illegally confiscated by the Moscow Patriarchate shall be returned to their owners.
We append two documents to our letter, the "Noginsk Document" and the "Statements of the Parishioners". We are hopeful of your assistance in resolving this difficult and lengthy conflict, which has no analogues in the Russian Federation, and which has been the subject of concern in Ukraine and the UKrainian Diaspora.
We wish you success in your work at the helm of the Moscow Region, which, according to official figures, is home to some 185 thousand citizens of Ukrainian nationality.
Jurij Darewych Vassili Kolomatski
Chair Chair of the Committee on
CHCR UWC the Ukrainian Community in


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Doreiku Anime Review
Post author:Micahangello
Post category:The Anime Review Table
This week, I had the distinct pleasure of watching an anime that both intrigued and captivated me. While I tend to consume a lot of anime, it is very rare that I tell myself that I am definitely going to watch a show again after only watching episode one. So, without further ado, I present you with my review of the anime Doreiku.
So, this show is about a mind control device known as the SCM and how the cast of characters have their lives changed by these devices. The SCM allows the wearer to enslave another person who is also wearing an SCM by defeating them in a game or a challenge. The enslavement of the loser is pretty much absolute, with very few rules to go by, and while the most obvious thing that would pop into people's minds here is sex, this show isn't a hentai. Instead, it is more of a thriller than anything else.
At first glance, the plot of this anime seems relatively simple. And it is. If I wanted to explain the plot of this show in a very vague way, I would simply say "people use a mind control device to enslave other people", which I'm sure most of us could name at least one other anime (or hentai) with that same basic plot.
However, the simplistic plot is not a bad thing. Because of how basic the actual plot is, it gives room for the characters to display who they are and what they are about more effectively without having to give time to needless narration or exposition.
By far, my favorite thing about this show is the characters. Each of them is different, with different personalities and motivations, and watching them interact with each other is more interesting than anything else. The funny thing about this is that none of the characters are actually likable. They are all (with few exceptions) absolutely horrible and deserve everything that they have happen to them. For the most part. There are the select few who did get a raw deal in this whole thing.
Funnily enough, I didn't feel like this show truly had a main character. While it can be said that the first character we are introduced to (Eiya Arakawa) seems like she is the show's MC, she gets just as much screen time (if not less) than the other characters in the show. Honestly, the only thing that makes her able to be seen as the MC is that she is the best of the worst. I won't spoil the show by telling you why that is, but, trust me, she is the best one of the cast.
All that said though, because this show is only twelve episodes, there is a lot to learn about these characters in a short amount of time. This issue was handled well by the creators of the show. Each character gets their own little portion of an episode where we see how and why they got involved with something as crazy as the SCM. Some of the stories are better than others, to be sure, but I do think that it was well done.
The only complaint I have is that not all the characters are really memorable. A lot of the characters we meet early on have such a small impact on the overall story that it makes me wonder if they were worth mentioning at all.
I love this show. I would definitely recommend this show to people who are fans of the thriller/psychological genre of anime. However, I would be lying if I didn't say that I felt that the show would've benefited from being a bit longer and a bit darker. The characters obviously have dark inclinations and it would have been nice to explore them a bit more.
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Are You a Technology Bubble Boy?
When Jerry Seinfeld built his classic episode around the Bubble Boy, he created a picture of a foul-tempered kid locked away inside a plastic environment. While some, including his parents, wanted him to interact with people, his time with George and Jerry proved he was better left alone. I mention this, because recent data appears to show that many an online user is a technology bubble boy. Maybe with the same temperament issues.
Tad Williams has published research that shows online users are moving more and more towards like-minded communities that block out dissenting or disagreeing voices. "Our challenge in the coming century will be to resist hiding in the comfort of these self-made bubbles, to remember that there will also be a growing number of other bubbles, large and small, and each one will contain people who feel just as strongly as we do about their own individuals truths, passions, and needs." Conjures up the image of soap bubbles floating into the sky, always separate.
His comments got me thinking about what kinds of content I consume. I try to spend at least 15% with media (articles, blogs, television, radio) with which I do not agree. I am increasingly trying to better understand the arguments, but more importantly the passions driving difference of opinions. Ultimately, solutions will not come from everyone agreeing with me (dictators have been trying that for centuries with usually bloody outcomes), but in reaching a middle ground.
How about you? How thick is your bubble? How often do you engage with other bubbles? I challenge you to try something new. Who knows, perhaps you'll learn something.


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Home LOCAL Brother and sister meet for the first time in Aruba
VISITORS GALLERY
Brother and sister meet for the first time in Aruba
It's never too late to find where you came from, and potentially find your family. Dan Bruder tells the story of how he found his sister Pennie Arneson after 65 years, and finally met her here in Aruba.
Dan Bruder was adopted when he was just 8 weeks old. His adoptive mother and father along with their family were and are his family, and "that's all I ever knew. My mom and dad always offered to help me find my biological relatively, and I always said 'no, I'm good, I'm comfortable'" said Dan. His mother and father passed away a few years ago, but always maintained until the end that they were willing to help him find his biological family. Eventually Dan decided to make use of ancestry, 23andme and such, which led to him being able to see his family tree and all the connections. His results ended up identifying Pennie as a relative, "Dan contacted me and said 'I was adopted and I checked my family and it says we're related' and I said I'm not really sure how," Pennie expressed.
He then explained to her that he's also related to another person who then Pennie told him was her son, expressing that "if you're related to me, you'd be related to him". He continued telling Pennie about the other people showing up, and mentioned Debbie, who is Pennie's sister, which helped her conclude that Dan was her relative from her father's side, "his DNA is actually closer to me than my sister Debbie who i was raised with," Pennie added.
This was the start of what would later become the reunion of two siblings, who never knew of the other's existence before. They started to "communicate and speak often, we facetimed, and then COVID-19 hit so we kind of put the brakes on the idea of meeting."
Dan and his wife Helene come to Aruba often. They are loyal visitors who have been coming to our island for more than 20 years, and visit us 3 to 4 times a year. Pennie lives with her husband Greg Arneson and their family in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, while Dan and his wife Helene Bruder live in New Jersey. "Pennie saw that we posted pictures of our trip and she said 'oh I see you were in Aruba'" which lead to Dan telling her they would be coming to Aruba on a trip soon, and Pennie then told him that they would be there as well.
For Dan, it's the first time he has ever met a blood relative, "I'm 66 years old and I'd never met a blood relative." When asked what motivated Dan to take the DNA test, he explained that "getting older you recognize the value and importance of family, and I just had that curiosity that started to itch more." Pennie had no idea she had any other siblings, "At first I didn't know where he fit in," said Pennie.
After meeting each other and personally getting to spend with together, the two have realized they have the most peculiar things in common which are very interesting, for instance, they both have Ducks as pets, which are surely not common pets to have, and the most interesting yet funniest thing they have in common you ask? "you know how you get a bucket of fried chicken?, well both of us will remove the chicken and eat the crumbles," Pennie shared. So now, even the Ducks have gained a relative!
"I feel like I've known him forever," Pennie said of her brother, adding that "there was no awkwardness when we met, I felt very comfortable." Dan explained that "it exceeded my expectations. It's such a pivotal milestone and you're hoping that it's not someone weird, but it has been amazing."
It's a very unique opportunity for the both Dan and Pennie alike, to know how much of who they are and what they do has been influenced by their genetics and not their upbringing, seeing how they we're brought up differently, but still have very distinctive similarities like the pet ducks and chicken crumbles, "It's duck's and chickens, a 'foul' relationship," Pennie joked.
It's a wonderful story to share, not only because it is opening something personal and starting a conversation about many different wonderful topics, but it's a story that we can all learn from and take something with us, seeing that it's never too late to find who we are and where we come from. "If we could be kind of the catalyst to something good, that's a good feeling," Dan concluded.
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THE ENEMY — TEASER TRAILER (Jake Gyllenhaal, Isabella Rossellini, Melanie Laurent)
By TBA on	 September 20, 2013 Media, Trailers (Film)
When a teacher discovers he has a doppelgänger, he sets out to find out who he is.
DIRECTOR: Denis Villeneuve
WRITER: Javier Gullon, Jose Saramago
STARRING: Jake Gyllenhaal, Isabella Rossellini, Melanie Laurent, Sarah Gadon
Weekend Watch Guide – The Hit List / Young & Hungry List Edition – "Social Animals" & "Adrift"
Hotel Artemis Drops an Action Packed Trailer Premiere and Jodie Foster Owns it
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom's Final Trailer Brings The Horror!


Tan is formed under the action of the skin to ultraviolet rays, only the soft spectrum. Their source is the sun (natural tan) and a Solarium (tanning).
The appearance of the skin tanning due to the fact that under ultraviolet light induces the production of melanin, which is the source of tanning. The tan color depends on the melanin pigment. It can be Golden, bronze, chocolate, reddish. When there is insufficient production of melanin, the skin does not change.
The sun is not only a means for obtaining suntan, but also a source of good mood. Under the influence of sunlight normalizes the circulation of blood, strengthens bone tissue (bones, teeth), aktiviziruyutsya hormonal system.
But excessive sun exposure causes early aging of the skin, appearance of age spots and freckles, weakens the immune system, increases the predisposition to cancer of the skin (melanoma).
Different skin types react differently to UV rays. For example, the owners of dark skin fairly quickly get beautiful and even tan, the burn happens very rarely (intensive exposure). But people with fair skin type (blonde, redheads) short stay under the rays can easily get a sunburn. Usually, such people redness of the skin, which soon disappears and the skin remains pale.
To reduce the sensitivity of the skin is recommended before sunbathing to eat foods high in vitamin C and PP (blackcurrant, Kale, lemon, apples, green onions).
You should not use before going to the beach or Solarium cosmetics, as its constituent substances have a negative effect on the skin and lead to the formation of age spots. Also absolutely contraindicated the use of perfumes because the essential oil under the influence of rays cause inflammation on the skin.


A woman has spoken out after being told she was too glamorous to be partially blind whilst boarding a plane.
Amit Patel attached a GoPro camera to his guide dog Kika at Waterloo station to see how people responded to them.
Ally became traumatised after she was mauled by other dogs.
He was worried her guide dog would urinate in his car.
Much like the Apple Watch, Dot's braille smartwatch can connect to a smartphone via Bluetooth, and receive information from apps like Whatsapp, Google Maps and Messenger.
It'll really make you think about the things we take for granted.
Kiaya, a 10-year-old Akita, lost both eyes after she was diagnosed with glaucoma.


Through the years, African American women found it difficult to start their own business for lack of capital and the presence of other factors that tend to work against them. A business owned by an African American woman is considered a big disadvantage right from the start and to help mitigate this situation, a lot of agencies and organizations help by providing grants for African American women to start a business.
It is an agency of the federal government that helps African American women in their business by providing assistance, helps in drawing up a business plan, and continuous guidance to enable them position their business to become a competitive enterprise and be able to contribute to the U.S. economy.
It was formerly known as the Service Corps of Retired Executives but is presently recognized as SCORE, "Counselors to America's Small Business". It is a nonprofit organization that gives free mentoring services to the entrepreneurs in the U.S. It also conducts free business seminars and workshops for a fee. The mentoring service for business is provided by active and retired business executives and by entrepreneurs who give their expertise and their time as mentors assisting new and upstart businesses, especially those put up by African American women and other minority groups. The association is dedicated to provide their resources and expertise in maximizing the success of emerging small businesses in the country. SCORE has 370 chapters and over 11,200 volunteers throughout the U.S. and its territories.
It is a nonprofit program that provides quarterly software communication grants to allow small and start-up technology businesses owned by African American women free communication software licenses. Such free licenses could translate to huge expense savings that otherwise will hurt a start-up business.
This grant for African American women to start a business is funded by the Challenge Grant to small businesses that provide innovation and technology. Businesses owned by African American women that introduce new product lines and new processes of production, and those that aim to find new markets are qualified to apply for this grant program.
Disaster response services – Organizations such Seton Hill University's National Education Center for Women in Business, National Association of the Self-employed, and the Edward Lowe Foundation provides assistance in financing small businesses owned by African American women if they provide support services in natural disasters.


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As this is the rebirth of thebigcity.co.nz I still have no idea what the intended function of the site will be.
The original website has a long history, originally being an archive of music reviews it morphed through stages as a gig guide and live music photography exposition, but lay dormant for almost a year, a great chunk of which I (Chris Andrews) was away from my beloved home-town.
The focus however is definitely on Christchurch, New Zealand and the art and culture contained within this wonderful city.
I've been gradually adapting the old Artist profiles and adding new reviews, photos and other such content – and thebigcity.co.nz now has a dedicated facebook page.
4 replies on "About"
Mitchell Dickermansays:
Some time ago, The Big City was a fantastic resource for obscure NZ bands, including their discographies. What ever happened to those pages? Are they still on a hard drive somewhere? The information was incredibly valuable and often the only place on the 'net to find it.
Thanks for your commitment to great NZ music!
fraewsays:
Hey Mitchell – thanks for your comment. Yeah the profiles and whatnot are stored in a hard drive somewhere, however its kind of a hard thing to put back together. There is the old archival site up (the 'old site' link), however it doesn't contain much of the content your referring too.
Warren T Prenticesays:
Great site- Thanks.
SkankAttacksays:
Legendary Wellington band Skank Attack to release archival material
I was wondering if you were interested in receiving our press release about this?
The first single 'Down Around Our Ears' is now available from http://www.amplifier.co.nz
Our album will be available round NZ mosic month.
Skank Attack, the late eighties Wellington three-piece band notorious for their high energy sound and socially aware songs, recently unearthed the multi-track tapes from their last recording session and have worked with respected New Zealand music producer Nick Roughan to mix the best songs for release in 2012.
Roughan, whose long and impressive CV includes playing and producing with Skeptics, Dimmer, and The Adults, recorded the original Skank Attack sessions (with help from Brent McLachlan of Bailter Space) at Wellington's Writhe Recording Studios, back in 1988.
Realizing the dark but melodic sound they created back then would appeal to both their former contemporaries and a new audience, former Skank Attack members Phil Simpson, Jeff Eden and Steve Cochrane have selected the track Down Around Our Ears to launch a series of online single releases on 1.2.12. This will be followed by release of the album Here on Out, which will be timed to coincide with NZ Music Month.
It's been a long time coming, but we feel confident the wait will be worth it. Expect driving, rhythmic arrangements, cool graphics and lyrics that seem as relevant today as they did well, back in the day.
To hear the new single click here:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2v3Pn9ePbJ4
For further information visit the Skank Attack website:
http://www.skankattack.com
Or contact Phil Simpson 021 509 292
skank@skankattack.com


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Are You in the Shrinking Middle Class? Take This 2-Step Test
The middle class is disappearing, with lower- and upper-income households together matching our traditional measure for financial success.
Juleyka Lantigua-Williams and National Journal
The middle class is disappearing, with lower- and upper-income households together matching our traditional measure for financial success.Shutterstock
More Americans are getting poorer and some are getting richer while the middle class is being erased. That's the blunt summary of a new Pew Research Center study that looks at household income distribution in the past four decades. The data came from the Census Bureau and the Federal Reserve Board of Governors.
Pew defines middle-income households as having "income that is two-thirds to double that of the U.S. median household income." For a three-person household the figure ranges from $42,000 to $126,000 annually. There were about 120.8 million of those in the country this year, but there were also 121.3 million lower- and upper-income households combined, making the middle class even with its bookend tiers for the first time.
A closer look at the findings shows that the country's wealth is concentrated more in households in the upper class (49 percent, up from 29 percent in 1970) than the middle class. Only 43 percent of all income settled in middle-class households (down from 62 percent in 1970)
"And middle-income Americans have only fallen further behind financially in the new century," the report states. Median income for middle-income households fell by 4 percent in 2014 compared to 2000. Their median wealth also dropped by 28 percent from 2001 to 2013.
America's Second-Worst Scenario
Barton Gellman
Pramila Jayapal Is 'Next-Level' Angry
Elaine Godfrey
Peter Nicholas
Far more alarming is the growth in the lowest-income tier, from 16 percent in 1971 to 20 percent today. That means one in five American adults is in the lowest income category.
The silver lining in all this seems to be that nearly one in 10 adults are now part of the highest-income tier (9 percent with average income of $174,625 per household), which represents a near doubling of the affluent population since 1971 (4 percent).
So where do you fit in? Use the calculator below to estimate your place on the income spectrum.


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The Forbidden Arts arrive on Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, in Q1 of 2019!
February 7th, 2018 | Author: Shaun
SAN FRANCISCO – Feb. 7, 2018 – The Forbidden Arts, an action adventure platformer, has been summoned onto Steam Early Access. Wizards who prefer to work their magic on consoles can look forward to Q1 2019 when Stingbot Games brings their title to Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One simultaneously alongside the complete PC launch.
Phoenix, a young man with newfound pyromancy abilities, sets out to protect the world of Chora from a looming evil. By joining forces with other valiant souls he can confront the evil necromancer Voltaire and his horde of undead.
To overcome the enemies that stand in his way, Phoenix will channel his inner flame – launching fireballs, conjuring elemental shields, and propelling himself into the air in this epic adventure full of action, suspense, and comedy.
Quests, puzzles, mini-games, and long-forgotten secrets await Phoenix and his companions on their travels through Chora. This magical realm delicately combines western and eastern cultures, given life by a vibrant and colorful art style, with an acoustic guitar soundtrack.
"Chora is a magical world full of mystery and wonder, with many more surprises on the way," says Sterling Selover, founder and visionary, Stingbot Games. "Our Early Access players will help us shape Phoenix's journey and strengthen him for the challenges ahead."
The Forbidden Arts is currently available for $9.99 USD in English. Other localizations will come during the full launch next year. New content will be added regularly, with the first major update due out in the next few weeks. The price of The Forbidden Arts will rise as it approaches release, but early adopters will receive all added content at no extra cost.
For more information about The Forbidden Arts and Stingbot Games, please visit the official website or follow them on Twitter and Facebook.
About Stingbot Games
Based in the San Francisco Bay Area, Stingbot Games is an independent game development studio with an insatiable thirst for creating fantastic and unparalleled gaming experiences. The team finds inspiration in retro classics and modern masterpieces alike.
Posted in News | Tags: Nintendo, Stingbot Games, Switch, The Forbidden Arts


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It is good to feel better, but better to feel good: whether a patient finds treatment 'successful' or not depends on the questions researchers ask
Ewa M Roos1,
Eleanor Boyle1,2,
Richard B Frobell3,
L Stefan Lohmander3,
Lina Holm Ingelsrud1,4
1 Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
2 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
3 Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lunds Universitet, Lund, Sweden
4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Correspondence to Dr Ewa M Roos, Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark; eroos{at}health.sdu.dk
Introduction In sports physiotherapy, medicine and orthopaedic randomised controlled trials (RCT), the investigators (and readers) focus on the difference between groups in change scores from baseline to follow-up. Mean score changes are difficult to interpret ('is an improvement of 20 units good?'), and follow-up scores may be more meaningful. We investigated how applying three different responder criteria to change and follow-up scores would affect the 'outcome' of RCTs. Responder criteria refers to participants' perceptions of how the intervention affected them.
Methods We applied three different criteria—minimal important change (MIC), patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) and treatment failure (TF)—to the aggregate Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS4) and the five KOOS subscales, the primary and secondary outcomes of the KANON trial (ISRCTN84752559). This trial included young active adults with an acute ACL injury and compared two treatment strategies: exercise therapy plus early reconstructive surgery, and exercise therapy plus delayed reconstructive surgery, if needed.
Results MIC: At 2 years, more than 90% in the two treatment arms reported themselves to be minimally but importantly improved for the primary outcome KOOS4. PASS: About 50% of participants in both treatment arms reported their KOOS4 follow-up scores to be satisfactory. TF: Almost 10% of participants in both treatment arms found their outcomes so unsatisfactory that they thought their treatment had failed. There were no statistically significant or meaningful differences between treatment arms using these criteria.
Conclusion We applied change criteria as well as cross-sectional follow-up criteria to interpret trial outcomes with more clinical focus. We suggest researchers apply MIC, PASS and TF thresholds to enhance interpretation of KOOS and other patient-reported scores. The findings from this study can improve shared decision-making processes for people with an acute ACL injury.
knee ACL
randomised controlled trial
Contributors EMR conceived and designed this exploratory analysis, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. EB conducted the analyses, and all coauthors contributed to the interpretation thereof. All authors contributed in revising the manuscript and gave their final approval of the submitted version.
Funding The KANON study received funding from the Swedish Research Council (RBF, LSL, EMR), Medical Faculty of Lund University (RBF, LSL, EMR), Region Skåne (LSL, RBF, EMR), Thelma Zoegas Fund (RBF), Stig & Ragna Gorthon Research Foundation (RBF), Swedish National Centre for Research in Sports (LSL, RBF), Crafoord Foundation (RBF), Tore Nilsson Research Fund (RBF) and Pfizer Global Research (LSL). EMR is the developer of Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and several other freely available patient-reported outcome measures.
Patient consent for publication Obtained.
Data sharing statement No data are available.


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by Dan | Mar 5, 2012 | Uncategorized | 0 comments
There's a buoyancy around Fulham at the moment. The boys seem to have a real spring in their step under Martin Jol, with a run of three straight wins suggesting that a top half finish could be a real possibility. Whereas the previous two victories were gritty affairs, some of the football that swept Wolves aside yesterday was simply sublime. Pavel Pogrebnyak might need a while to master English, but he seems to have taken to our football in no time at all. His composure in front of goal comes as no surprise now, but Pogrebnyak's awareness and movement have been first class.
Before we all get a little too carried away, there should be a note of caution. Wolves were woeful. Their defensive deficiency gave the Torygraph's Jonathan Liew perhaps the line of the weekend:
For a team this poor, there can be only two words of comfort: parachute payments.
If Jez Moxey and co aren't already regretting their trigger-happy firing of Mick McCarthy, Sunday's surrender should be giving them pause for thought. It could be argued that Fulham's recent run owes much to the state of the opposition they faced: Stoke, scrambling to adjust to life after the Europa League, QPR, seemingly unable to win at home and facing a relegation fight, while Wolves looked utterly despondent midway through the second half. Given that Aston Villa are hardly setting the world alight at the moment, the insanely optimistic amongst you might even be dreaming of a second away success in swift succession.
Whereas it looked a little difficult to decipher Jol's plan at first, you can't fail to be excited by what's unfolding now. Moussa Dembele looks like he has the freedom of Hammersmith and Fulham at times, appearing liberated by his reshaped midfield role. Danny Murphy seems to be enjoying having the Belgian's quick feet alongside him in central midfield, as with Dembele as an outlet, the captain can float passes forward at will. As my colleague Nick West wrote on Twitter over the weekend, the ball with which he found Clint Dempsey for the American's first goal was 'something too few English midfielders could have done' and reminiscent of Xavi Alonso.
The fluidity of Fulham's football is definitely much more apparent than earlier in the season. John Arne Riise's raids down the left were back with renewed vigour and far greater effectiveness – he was unlucky not to score twice in the first twenty minutes. The Norwegian also made several successful breaks at Loftus Road last week and Jol pointed out afterwards that he was working on getting his full-backs further up the field. Even Aaron Hughes, still very much a makeshift right back, heeded his manger's words – frequently progressing beyond the halfway line.
It's the interplay between the front six that is so memorising. Andy Johnson's ability to work the channels made him such a successful part of Roy Hodgson's side until he was crudely pole-axed by a Perm defender early in our European run and his movement turns a conventional 4-4-2 into a mobile 4-3-3 almost in an instant. AJ might not score enough goals – although he certainly deserved one yesterday – but his endeavour alone is almost enough to consider extending that contract by another couple of years. Clint Dempsey's clever runs, the hallmark of his sensational improvement whilst at the Cottage, poached another pair of goals and simultaneously demonstrated the growing breadth of Fulham's goal threat, which can only be a positive.
Mahamadou Diarra offered a tantalising glimpse of his quality too, although it was hard not to shine during such a rampant team performance. I particularly liked the way he disdainfully bounced off a Stephen Fletcher challenge on the halfway line and his threaded through pass for the fifth was perfectly judged. There will be tougher tests to come, of course, and his fitness remains the real question mark, but Dickson Etuhu might be limited to crowd-pleasing saunters from the substitutes' bench if the new arrival keeps this up.


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Ajax extends Frank de Boer's contract
Ajax's management has reached a verbal agreement with head coach Frank de Boer to extend his contract, which had been effective until June 30, 2015. The new contract takes effect on July 1, 2013 and is valid for four years, until June 30, 2017. De Boer: "This new contract is exactly what I wanted."
Frank de Boer (Hoorn, May 15 1970) has been active at Ajax since playing with the B-juniors. After playing for the youth academy for four years, he played for the first team for eleven years, where he was in more than 400 official matches. With Ajax, the left footed defender won various national titles, KNVB Cups, Super Cups, the Europa Cup 1, the club world cup and the UEFA Cup. In 1999, he went abroad and played for FC Barcelona, Glasgow Rangers, Galatasaray and Al-Rayyan, successively. De Boer was active in five final tournaments as an international and was active in 112 games for the Dutch national team.
De Boer, who got his diploma as a Professional Football Coach in 2007, started out as a coach in the 2006-2007 season with Ajax's D1. After that, we was active as a coach with A1 as well as national coach Bert van Marwijk's assistant with the Dutch national team, reaching second place in the World Cup in South Africa. He's been Ajax's head coach for the past two and a half years, and in this period, he's won the national championship three times in a row.
Frank de Boer, who has been on holiday since Monday, is pleased with the new contract: "I like it here and my family is happy. There are enough challenges here. This new contract is exactly what I wanted. We came to an agreement quickly, since we're happy on both sides. Now I can continue what we've started together and I'm really looking forward to that."
Director of football affairs Marc Overmars is pleased as well: "It's no surprise that we wanted to extend Frank's contract. The fact that we've reached an agreement after one meeting says it all. It's good for Ajax that Frank will be with the club for longer."


STOCK STATUS: In Manufacturing. Call if you need an exact availability date, or an equivalent product that can ship today -- (800) 486-2674.
The Photoflex ProDuty™ BackDrop Support Kit includes a BackDrop Pole, two LiteStands: Large, and a rugged carry bag to hold the whole kit. Shoot with confidence with this strong, stable outfit.
The BackDrop Pole is a single-unit with telescoping sections that constructs easily. The Pole stores collapsed at 4'7 " and extends to 12′ 6″.
Each LiteStand extends to 12′ high. The extra height afforded with these stands means you can shoot your model from a low angle without seeing the top of the backdrop in your shot. These are exceptionally sturdy stands with a maximum load rating of 40 pounds. The "flip-top" design of the brass post adds versatility for multiple uses in your studio.
The best, easy setup, durable.


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Q: How to extract information from self-closing xml elements in vb.net in asp.net? For example,
<Image><URL scope="public" type="string" value"image URL"/></Image>

I want to extract image URL(value of URL) from this element and display the image.
How can i do that?

A: You may use XDocument (LINQ-to-XML):
Dim url As String = XDocument.Load(new StringReader("<Image><URL scope=\"public\" type=\"string\" value=\"image URL\"/></Image>")).Descendants("URL").Attribute("value").Value

Check the XDocument.Load(TextReader) method overload documentation.

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