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As the number of people arrested for drunk driving continues to decrease each year, the number of DUI cases for drugged driving rises. According to Florida law, driving under the influence of drugs means operating a motor vehicle or being actual physical control of a vehicle while under the influence of any chemical or controlled substance.
DUID, or drugged driving, also can include cases in which the driver has consumed both alcoholic beverages and an illicit drug that in combination impair the driver's normal faculties, according to Florida law.
Prosecutors often have a difficult time proving impairment in these cases. Although limits exist to presume alcohol impairment under the law, such limits in drug cases are not scientifically justified because levels of impairment from drugs cannot be so easily predicted or presumed. This can become tricky when dealing with prescription medication.
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In drugged driving cases, the scientific evidence often hinges on the opinion testimony of the Drug Recognition Expert and the results of a blood or urine test. Hiring an experienced criminal defense attorney in this kind of case is critical. The Tallahassee drugged driving defense lawyers at Pumphrey Law understand the importance of contesting this scientific evidence, which leads to the best pre-trial negotiations.
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In DUID cases in Florida, the issue is whether the driver's normal facilities were impaired, according to Florida Statutes Annotated § 316.293 (1)(a). The term "normal facilities" can include the ability to see, hear, walk, talk, judge distances, drive an automobile, make judgments, act in emergencies and, in general, normally perform the many mental and physical activities of daily life.
After a DUI arrest, if the officer has reasonable cause to believe the driver is under the influence of any chemical or controlled substance, the officer can request a urine or blood test. Blood tests typically are more accurate in determining if a driver was under the influence of drugs. The results of urine tests can be highly inflated.
After a lawful DUI arrest, the driver is deemed to have given his or her consent to submit to the urine or blood test, according to Florida Statutes Annotated § 316.1932 (1). If that consent is withdrawn by a refusal to submit, the law provides for certain enhanced administrative penalties.
Drivers can receive a one-year driver's license suspension for a first refusal to submit to a chemical test or an 18-month suspension for a second or subsequent refusal. According to Florida Statutes Annotated §775.082(4)(a), a second refusal to submit to testing is a first-degree misdemeanor that can be punished by up to one year in jail.
Law enforcement officers are trained to look for impairment caused by different classes of drugs that may cause impaired driving. The most common substances in DUID cases can include:
Marijuana, also known as cannabis, pot or weed
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The problems with testing for these controlled substances vary widely. For example, tests may reveal traces of a drug, but it cannot determine when or how much of it was ingested. Both can be critical when determining if a person was in fact under the influence while driving or in actual physical control of a vehicle. An experienced criminal defense lawyer in Tallahassee often will file motions to suppress or exclude the results of any blood or urine test.
NORML on Florida's Drugged Driving Laws – Read more about Florida's laws on drugged driving from the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws with information on the statutory language of the DUI statutes, the application of implied consent laws, penalties and recent case law.
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Home/POLITICS/Egypt, Greece agree on rejecting 'foreign interference' in Libya
Egypt, Greece agree on rejecting 'foreign interference' in Libya
25 May، 2020
Egypt, Greece agree on rejecting 'foreign interference' in Libya
Egypt President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi received a phone call from Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis on Monday where they discussed the latest developments in Libya as well as efforts to halt the spread of the coronavirus and ease its medical, economic and social impacts.
El-Sisi and Mitsotakis agreed on boosting cooperation in terms of fighting the coronavirus through exchanging know-how and upholding coordination between concerned bodies in the two friendly nations, according to presidency spokesman Bassam Radi.
During the call, El-Sisi and Mitsotakis shared similar views with regards to their countries' stances and interests in the Middle East region along with asserting the significance of the East Mediterranean Gas Forum (EMGF), which is considered as one of the key tools towards cementing cooperation among countries taking part in it in the domain of energy and gas, Radi said.
They took up means of boosting cooperation at all levels, whether bilaterally or within the framework of the trilateral cooperation mechanism grouping Egypt, Cyprus and Greece. In this respect, both sides agreed on resuming exchanged visits at the level of senior officials once the international aviation movement, which is disrupted by the pandemic, is back to normal.
The spokesman added that the phone call tackled the latest updates of the Libyan crisis, with both sides affirming their rejection of foreign interference that makes the issue more complicated and serves the interests of the foreign parties at the expense of Libyan people's rights, will and interests.
Such interference jeopardises not only the stability and security of Libya's neighboring countries, but also the European ones, El-Sisi and Mitsotakis said.
Meanwhile, they called for unified international efforts to support a settlement to the Libyan crisis through supporting the UN bids in this regard along with putting into effect the outcomes of the Berlin summit on Libya, which took place in January 2020 in Germany.
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Berlin summit Egypt El-Sisi European Germany Greece Libya UN
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11 October، 2020
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WET> Vol.8 No.1, January 2017
A Simple and Cost-Effective EPON-Based Next Generation Mobile Backhaul RAN Architecture
Abstract Full-Text HTML XML Download as PDF (Size:1829KB) PP. 1-19
DOI: 10.4236/wet.2017.81001 1,406 Downloads 1,989 Views Citations
Ajaz Sana1, Syed R. Zaidi1, Shahab Hussain2, Mohammad Nizamuddin3
1Department of Engineering, Physics & Technology, Bronx Community College of the City University of New York, New York, USA.
2Nokia, Westford, USA.
3Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, USA.
This study proposes a novel, simple and cost-effective PON-based next generation mobile backhaul RAN architecture that enables redistribution of some of the intelligence currently centralized in the Mobile Packet Core (MPC) platform out into the access nodes of the RAN. Specifically, this work proposes a fully distributed ring-based EPON architecture that enables the support of a converged PON-4G/5G mobile WiMAX/LTE access networking transport infrastructure to seamlessly backhaul both mobile and wireline multimedia traffic and services.
LTE, WiMAX, 4G, EPON, TDM PON
The phenomenal growth of mobile backhaul to support the emerging fourth- generation (4G) traffic that includes mobile WiMAX and cellular Long-Term Evolution (LTE), requires rapid migration from today's legacy circuit switched T1/E1 wireline and microwave backhaul technologies to a new fiber-supported, all-packet-based mobile backhaul infrastructure [1] [2] [3] [4] . Mobile backhaul sometimes referred to, as the Radio Access Network (RAN), is used to backhaul traffic from individual base stations (BSs) to the Radio Network Controller (RNC) which is then connected to the mobile operator's core network or gate- way. In contrast with the typically centralized 2G/3G RAN infrastructure, the 4G architecture specifically LTE has fundamentally different RAN design require- ments. Hence, a cost-effective fiber supported all-packet-based mobile backhaul RAN architecture that is compatible with these inherently distributed and packet- oriented NG RAN architectures, is needed to efficiently scale current mobile backhaul networks. However, deploying a new fiber-based mobile backhaul infrastructure is a costly proposition mainly due to the significant cost associated with digging the trenches in which the fiber is to be laid.
This underlying potential prompted many carriers around the world to consider the use of the fiber-based Passive Optical Network (PON) access infrastructure as an all-packet-based converged fixed-mobile optical access networking transport architecture to backhaul both mobile and typical wireline traffic. A PON connects a group of Optical Network Units (ONUs) located at the subscriber premises to an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) located at the service provider's facility. While the economies for commercially deploying TDM-PON in the access arena as a near-term converged fixed-mobile optical networking transport infrastructure are quiet convincing, however, several technical issues must be addressed first before mainstream TDM-based PONs could be used as viable optical access networking technology that enables the support of a truly unified PON-4G access networking architecture or just a 4G mobile backhaul RAN architecture. The most notable issue is, TDM-PON is a centralized access architecture-relying on a component at the distant OLT to arbitrate upstream traffic, while 4G is a distributed architecture where, in particular, the 4G LTE standard requires a new distributed RAN architecture and further create a requirement to fully meshing the BSs (the X2 interface for LTE BS-BS handoffs requires a more meshed architecture) [1] [2] [3] . Thus, a converged PON-4G access infrastructure (or just a PON-based 4G mobile backhaul RAN) must be capable of supporting a distributed architecture as well as distributed network control and management (NCM) operations. The major weakness is that, mainstream PONs are typically deployed as tree topologies and the tree-based topology can neither support the distributed access architecture nor intercommunication among the access nodes (ONUs) attached to the PON. The key challenge in devising a truly unified PON-4G access architecture is how to reconcile the traditionally centralized PON's architecture and NCM operations with the typically distributed 4G's architecture and NCM operations.
Though numerous hybrid Fiber-Wireless network architectures have been expected to utilize the fiber-based PON access infrastructure to backhaul mobile traffic [5] [6] [7] [8] , most of these architectures, however, have utilized the typically centralized tree-based PON topology, which can only support a centralized RAN architecture. Since both wireless and wireline segments of these hybrid architectures are assumed to be centralized, the key design requirements and challenges associated with overlaying a fully distributed mobile RAN segment (e.g., 4G LTE) over a typically centralized PON-based wireline segment, still remain unresolved. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel, simple, and cost effective PON-based 4G mobile backhaul RAN architecture that enables redistribution of some of the intelligence (e.g., bandwidth/QoS provisioning) currently centralized in the Mobile Packet Core (MPC) platform out into the access nodes of the RAN. Specifically, this project devises a fully distributed ring-based EPON architecture that enables the support of a converged PON-4G mobile WiMAX/ LTE access networking transport infrastructure to seamlessly backhaul both mobile and wireline multimedia traffic and services. We quantify the merits of utilizing a distributed EPON-based mobile WiMAX RAN architecture and those of traditional mobile WiMAX backhaul infrastructure. The salient feature of the proposed architecture is that it supports a fully distributed control plane that enables intercommunication among the access nodes (ONUs/BSs) as well as signaling, scheduling algorithms, and handoff procedures that operate in a distributed manner. We outline some of the key technical requirements associated with devising a truly unified fixed-mobile 4G LTE/flat mobile WiMAX access transport architecture that is built on top of a typically centralized PON infrastructure.
The proposed architecture supports several key networking features that significantly improve the performance of both the RAN and MPC in terms of handoff capability, overall network throughput and latency, and QoS support. Though we have chosen Ethernet-based PON and mobile WiMAX as representative techniques for fixed PON and 4G mobile access technologies, the proposed architecture and related operation principles are also applicable to other PON and 4G access networks such as GPON and LTE.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 gives an overview of the standalone ring-based EPON architecture and Section 3 discusses how to evolve the ring-based architecture to an all-packet-based converged fixed-mobile optical access networking transport infrastructure. Section 4 presents some of the key salient features enabled by the proposed architecture. Section 5 reports simulation results and Section 6 offers some concluding remarks.
2. Overview of the Standalone Ring-Based EPON Architecture
Figure 1 illustrates the proposed standalone ring-based PON architecture [9] . An OLT is connected to N ONUs via a 20 km trunk feeder fiber, a passive 3-port
Figure 1. EPON-based RAN architecture.
optical circulator, and a short distribution fiber ring. The ONUs are joined with point-to-point links in a closed loop around the access ring. The links are unidirectional. Both downstream (DS) and upstream (US) signals (combined signal) are transmitted in one direction only. The US signal is transmitted sequentially bit by bit around the ring from one node to the next where it is terminated, processed, regenerated, and retransmitted at each node (ONU). Since US transmission is based on a TDMA scheme, inter-ONU traffic (LAN data and control messages) is transmitted along with upstream traffic destined to the OLT (MAN/WAN data) within the same pre-assigned time slot. Thus, in addition to the conventional transceiver maintained at each ONU (a λup US transmitter (Tx) and a λd DS receiver), this approach requires an extra receiver (Rx) tuned at λup to process the received US/LAN signal.
DS signal is coupled with the ring at port 2 of the optical circulator. After recombining it with the re-circulated US signal via the 2 × 1 CWDM combiner placed on the ring directly after the optical circulator, the combined signal then circulates around the ring (ONU1 through ONUN) in a Drop-and-Go fashion, where the DS signal is finally terminated at the last ONU. The US signal emerging from the last ONU is split into two replicas via the 20:80 1 × 2 passive splitter, placed on the ring directly after the last ONU as shown in Figure 1. The first replica (80%) is directed towards the OLT via circulator ports 1 and 3, where it is then received and processed by the US Rx (housed at the OLT), which accepts only MAN/WAN traffic, discards LAN traffic, and process the control messages, while the second replica (20%) is allowed to recirculate around the ring having been recombining with the DS signal via the 2 × 1 CWDM combiner.
The detailed ONU architecture is shown in Figure 2. Each ONU attaches to the ring via the input port of a 1 × 2 CWDM DMUX housed at each ONU (incoming signal at point A in Figure 2) and can transmit data onto the ring through the output port of a 2 × 1 CWDM combiner (outgoing signal at point E
Figure 2. ONU architecture.
in Figure 2). At each ONU, the incoming combined signal is first separated into its two constituent: DS and US signals via the 1 × 2 CWDM DMUX housed at the ONU. As can be seen from Figure 2, the separated US signal is then received and processed via the US Rx housed at the ONU, where it is regenerated and retransmitted along with the ONU's own local control and data traffic.
As can also be seen from Figure 2, the separated DS signal is coupled with the input port of the (10:90) 1 × 2 passive splitter, which splits the DS signal into a small (10%) "Drop-signal-portion" and a large (90%) "Express-signal-portion". The small portion (Drop-Signal) is then received and processed by the DS Rx housed at the ONU. The remaining large portion emerging from the 90% output splitter's port (Express-Signal) is further transmitted through the ring to the next ONU, where it is, once again, partially split and detected at the corresponding DS Rx and partially transmitted towards the rest of the ring. Note that the Express-Signal recombines again with the retransmitted US signal (all previous ONU's regenerated US signals plus its own US signal) via the 2 × 1 CWDM combiner to form the outgoing combined signal (incoming signal for next ONU) that circulates around the ring.
3. Proposed EPON-Based Converged Fixed-Mobile Optical Access Networking Architecture
The standalone ring-based EPON architecture can be evolved around an all- packet-based converged fixed-mobile optical access networking transport infrastructure (or just 4G mobile backhaul RAN) by simply interconnecting (overlying) the ONUs with the 4G's BSs (WiMAX or LTE) and the OLT with LTE's access gateway (AGW) or WiMAX's access service node (ASN). Under this simple overlay (independent) model, the PON and 4G systems are operated independently where the RAN system is assumed to have its own NCM operations, independent of those for the PON. The BS is assumed to be collocated with an ONU or treated as a generic user attached to it. The ONU and BS can be interconnected as long as they support a common standard interface. Thus, the OLT, ASN/AGW, ONUs, and 4G BSs, are all assumed to support a common standard interface (e.g., 802.3ah Ethernet interface). Each ONU is assumed to have two different Ethernet port ranges; the first port range will support wired users, while the second port range will support mobile users. The port ranges will be used by the ONUs to identify and differentiate between mobile users versus fixed users.
3.1. Fully Distributed Control Plane
This work uses the control and management messages defined by the IEEE 802.3ah multi-point control protocol (MPCP) standard [10] that facilitate the exchange of control and management information between the ONUs/BSs and OLT. The protocol relies on two Ethernet control messages, GATE (form OLT to ONUs/BSs) and REPORT (from ONUs/BSs to OLT and between ONUs/BSs) messages in its regular operation. Direct communication among ONUs/BSs is achieved via the US wavelength channel {control messages along with both LAN and US data share the same US channel bandwidth (in-band signaling)}, which is terminated, processed, regenerated, and retransmitted at each ONU. Since control messages are processed and retransmitted at each node, the ONUs can directly communicate their US/LAN queue status and exchange signaling and control information with one another in a fully distributed fashion. Likewise, BSs can also directly communicate the status of their queues and radio resources and exchange signaling and control messages with one another. The control plane utilized among the ONUs/BSs can thus support a distributed PON-4G RAN architecture, where each access node (ONU/BS) deployed around the ring has now a truly physical connectivity and is, thus, capable of directly communicating with all other access nodes, in conformity with 4G standards.
Each access node maintains a database about the states of its queue and the state of every other ONU/BS's queue on the ring. This information is updated each cycle whenever the ONU receives new REPORT messages from all other ONUs. During each cycle, the access nodes sequentially transmit their REPORT messages along with both US and LAN data in an ascending order within their granted timeslots around the ring from one node to the next, where each REPORT message is finally removed by the source ONU after making one trip around the ring. The REPORT message typically contains the desired size of the next timeslot based on the current ONU's buffer occupancy. Note that the REPORT message contains the aggregate bandwidth of both fixed and mobile data buffered at each ONU's/BS's queue (requested size of next timeslot).
An identical dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) module, which resides at each access node (ONU/BS), uses the REPORT messages during each cycle to calculate a new US timeslot assignment for each ONU. ONUs sequentially and independently run instances of the same DBA algorithm outputting identical bandwidth allocation results each cycle. The execution of the algorithm at each ONU starts immediately following the collection of all REPORT messages. Thus, all ONUs must execute the DBA algorithm prior to the expiration of the current cycle so that bandwidth allocations scheduled for the next cycle are guaranteed to be ready by the end of the current cycle. Once the algorithm is executed, the ONUs sequentially and orderly transmit their data without any collisions, eliminating the OLT's centralized task of processing requests and generating grants for bandwidth allocations.
3.2. Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation and QoS Support & Mapping
Based on bandwidth demands, ONUs can be classified into two groups, namely: 1) lightly loaded ONUs that have bandwidth demands less than BMAX 2) heavily loaded ONUs that have bandwidth demands more than BMAX. BMAX is defined as follows where, TG is guard band interval, N is number of ONU's, TMAX is EPON maximum cycle period and REPON is EPON data rate.
Bandwidth demand here is the aggregate of wired and wireless demand.
During each cycle, the DBA module keeps track of the unclaimed bandwidth from the set of lightly loaded ONUs. It then redistributes this excess bandwidth to other heavily loaded ONUs based on their requested bandwidth i.e. two ONUs requesting bandwidths B1 and B2 more than BMAX will be assigned excess bandwidths proportional to B1 and B2. During each cycle, the lightly loaded ONUs with Ri < BMAX will contribute a total remainder cycle bandwidth:
The heavily loaded ONUs with Ri > BMAX will require a total over the limit cycle bandwidth:
The total remainder cycle bandwidth can be fairly distributed amongst the heavily loaded ONUs to expand their maximum transmission window as follows:
The granted bandwidth, BGH, for a heavily loaded ONUi is given by:
If Ri is the requested bandwidth of ONUi, BGranted is the bandwidth granted using the proposed limited service-based distributed DBA scheme, then BGranted can be expressed as:
We call this process as Inter-ONU scheduling.
After each ONU is given fair share of its bandwidth then it runs Intra-ONU scheduling module to distribute its total granted bandwidth to wired and wireless users. Intra-ONU scheduling algorithm is given as follows:
where Rwimax is the bandwidth demand from WiMAX users and Rwired is the bandwidth demand from the wired users. Moreover, Bwimax_granted and Bwired_granted is the bandwidth granted to WiMAX and wired users respectively. Since, typically the wired data rate is more than wireless, it is given more share.
Typical mobile WiMAX MAC is centralized and connection-oriented. A connection identifier (CID) identifies each WiMAX connection. The main mechanism for providing a connection-based QoS is to classify and associate packets traversing the MAC interface to IP Service Flows (SFs), where each existing SF is identified by a 32-bit SF identifier (SFID) and is characterized by a set of QoS parameters. A CID is then mapped into an SFID provided that the SF has already been admitted (active SF). Once the MS's CIDs are terminated at the BS, they are mapped into the appropriate mobility tunnels based on their CIDs. The BS's packet classifier then maps their constituent IP SFs into their appropriate priority queues based on CIDs attached to the IP packets. To allow for traffic separation in the PON-based transport network (IP cloud connecting the BSs to the OLT/ASN), the BS maps each CID into a corresponding DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) in order to translate CID to transport-based QoS (DSCP). Using this mapping function, packets on a given CID associated with specific QoS parameters are marked with a specific DSCP for forwarding in the transport network. The MPC performs the mapping for DL packets
On the other hand, EPON technology does not allow this type of CID-based connection. Rather, it supports only enhanced QoS through prioritization where packets are classified, stored in different priority queues and, then, scheduled for service according to their priorities. In a typical centralized EPON, QoS support is implemented via two independent scheduling mechanisms [10] : 1) inter-ONU scheduling: an aggregate bandwidth is allocated to each ONU by the OLT. 2) intra-ONU scheduling: each ONU makes a local decision to allocate the granted bandwidth and schedules packets transmission for up to eight different priority queues in the ONU. In the case of the proposed architecture, however, instances of the same DBA algorithm are executed simultaneously at each ONU. Thus, both scheduling mechanisms (inter and intra-ONU scheduling) are performed at each ONU-BS in a fully distributed approach, leading to the notion of integrating both scheduling mechanisms at the ONU. This enables the proposed distributed architecture to provide better QoS support and guarantees.
For simplicity, we assume that each ONU maintains three separate priority queues that share the same buffering space. We consider three priority classes P0, P1, and P2, with P0 having the highest priority and P2 having the lowest. These classes are used for delivering voice (CBR), video stream (variable-bit-rate or VBR), and best-effort (BE) data, respectively, as they allow easy mapping of DiffServ's Expedited Forwarding (EF), Assured Forwarding (AF), and BE classes into 802.1D classes. Since both EPON and mobile WiMAX classify data traffic in a differentiated services mode, an effective mapping mechanism is required between EPON priority queues and CID-based WiMAX IP flows. Specifically, the mapping has to identify which WiMAX IP flow should be stored in which EPON priority queue for equivalent QoS. EPON has up to eight different priority queues in each ONU, while mobile WiMAX supports five classes of service including Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS), extended real-time Polling Service (ertPS), real-time Polling Service (rtPS), non real-time Polling Service (nrtPS), and Best Effort (BE). In this work we assume that WiMAX UGS queues are mapped into EPON P0 queue, rtPs into P1, and BE into P2.
3.3. MAC Architecture of Hybrid ONU-BS
Ranging sub channel (responsible for uplink scheduling and channel allocation) informs BW requirement to the Hybrid ONU-BS and that requirement conveyed to OLT for BW assignment for that particular ONU for Wireless requirement. This can be a quick solution to connectionless PON and connection oriented WiMAX integration as shown in Figure 3.
4. Key Salient Networking Features Enabled by the Distributed EPON-Based Ran Architecture
The distributed ring-based architecture along with the supporting control plane enable the proposed EPON-based RAN architecture to support several key salient networking features that significantly enhance the performance of both the RAN and MPC in terms of handoff capability, overall network throughput and latency, and QoS support. These include:
4.1. Significance of Local Mobile LAN Traffic
Local mobile LAN traffic is defined here as bidirectional multimedia traffic exchange (including VOIP, video, and data sessions) between two mobile users served by two different BSs that are either collocated or attached with/to two different ONUs on the same ring (same PON domain). In the proposed EPON-based RAN architecture, this traffic is directly routed on the ring from the source BS directly to the destination BS and vice-versa as local LAN traffic, without the direct participation of either the OLT or the MPC (e.g., ASN/ AGW).
This is significant as the volume of VOIP calls and/or multimedia data exchange between all local mobile users that are served by the many different BSs attached to the same ring, is substantial. In a typical mobile WiMAX and/or LTE RAN, however, this traffic represents bidirectional US/DS data exchange between the two mobile users, which must be routed first from the source BS to the MPC (US traffic) and then from the MPC to the destination BS (DS traffic), and vice-versa.
Thus, a substantial volume of local mobile traffic and associated signaling overhead as well as the lengthy and complex processing of this traffic (e. g., sessions (LTE bearers/mobility tunnels) switch/set-up, retain, and tear-down and associated signaling commands from the BSs to the MPC and vice-versa) have been offloaded from the overburdened MPC to the access nodes (ONUS/ BSs) of the RAN. This has a significant impact on the performance of the MPC. First, it frees up a sizable fraction of the badly needed network resources as well as processing on the centralized serving nodes (e.g. ASN/AGW) in the MPC to handle Internet-bound traffic more efficiently. Second, it frees up capacity and sessions on the typically congested mobile backhaul from the BSs to the MPC and vice-versa.
4.2. Enhanced Handoff Capabilities
In both mobile WiMAX and LTE standards, hard handoff (HHO) is mandatory.
Figure 3. MAC architecture of hybrid ONU-BS.
The HHO is a break-before-make procedure, in which WiMAX mobile station (MS) and/or LTE user equipment (UE) breaks its connections with the serving BS (SBS) before setting up new connections with the target BS (TBS) and this is when traffic interruption and packet loss take place. By exploiting both the distributed nature of the ring-based RAN architecture and the supporting control plane, the proposed architecture enables the support of seamless and speedy inter-BS HOs in which, as the simulation results will show, packet loss is almost totally avoided and VoIP and other real-time IP applications can be adequately supported during HO. This is accomplished as follows:
1) When a MS/UE enters a domain served by the PON-RAN, it needs to register itself to the domain OLT's access router and updates the new location in its home subscriber server (HSS). As long as the MS/UE is roaming within the same PON-RAN domain, it does not need to reregister again.
2) The physical connectivity of both the SBS and TBS attached to the ring allows direct data exchange and intercommunications among them during HO (compare the simplicity and reduced latency and signaling overhead of this direct approach versus that of the typical 4G indirect bidirectional lengthy intercommunications and logical connectivity among the SBS and TBS via the MPC). Thus, once the TBS accepts the HO command, the SBS may immediately start to forward the buffered data (which have not yet been successfully sent to the MS), to the TBS directly on the ring as local LAN traffic. This is significant for creating the typical 4G logical connectivity among the SBS and TBS, which requires the lengthy process of signaling to the ASN/ AGW to coordinate the mobility-tunnel set up/switch from the SBS to TBS (and vice-versa) via the MPC, is totally avoided as well as the direct participation of the ASN/AGW/OLT.
3) For the HO to complete, the TBS signals the OLT/ASN to inform it that the HO is complete and to update its records with the new TBS, i.e., to add TBS (and corresponding target ONU (TONU) that is collocated or attached with/to the TBS) to the forwarding list for the MS. Then, under the typical 4G RAN scenario, to resume normal operation and forward DS traffic to the TBS (or MS), the typical lengthy process of setting up a mobility tunnel form the MPC to the TBS is essential. Under the proposed PON-based RAN architecture, however, the scheduler at the OLT just simply redirects the MS's DS traffic from the DS queue that was serving the SONU/SBS before the HO (the OLT houses N dedicated DS queues, each serving one of the N ONUs-BSs attached to the ring) to the new DS queue that is now serving the TONU/TBS. To further reduce the signaling latency and packet loss during the HO, the OLT may concurrently broadcast DS traffic destined to the MS to both the SBS and TBS.
Seamless mobility that enables the support of VoIP and other real-time IP applications is one of the most important functionalities of the proposed converged architecture. The converged architecture must support seamless distributed HO procedures that conform to the distributed nature of the WiMAX architecture. In WiMAX, there is no soft handover support and at each HO, the user context (defines the radio-bearer configurations) and the coupling of mobility tunnels and radio bearers need to be relocated from one eNB to the other. LTE defines three mobility states of the MS, WiMAX-DETACHED, WiMAX- IDLE, and WiMAX-ACTIVE. In WiMAX-ACTIVE, when a MS roams between two WiMAX BS cells, "backward" handover is carried out. Based on measurement reports from the BS, the source cell determines the target cell and queries the target cell if it has enough resources to accommodate the MS. The target cell prepares radio resources before the source cell commands the MS to handover to the target cell. Because data buffering in the DL occurs at the BS, mechanisms to avoid data loss during inter-BS HOs are more critical compared to the 3G architecture where data buffering occurs at the centralized RNC and inter-RNC HOs are less frequent. The proposed architecture efficiently addresses this issue as described shortly. In this paper, HO is in scenario of intra-OLT HO. In this HO between two neighboring BSs (cells) that are located on the same ring and managed by the same OLT (same PON domain).
When a MS enters a domain served by a new PON-RAN, it needs to register itself to the new domain OLT's access router and update the new location in its home subscriber server (HSS). This is done by the new OLT that initiates a location update request to the HSS indicating the change of location to a new OLT. As long as the UE is roaming within the same PON-RAN domain, it does not need to re-register again. The remaining procedures follow the typical LTE registration process. Intra-OLT Handoff: the message sequence diagram of the intra-OLT HO procedure between the source and the target is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4 shows both the control plane signaling messages (solid arrows) and the flow of the user data plane packets (dashed arrows). The MS sends measurement reports to the source BS, which may decide on the execution of a HO based on these reports. The source sends the coupling information and the MS context to the target requesting the preparation of a HO (HO Request Context Transfer). The target performs admission control to check whether the established QoS bearers of the MS can be accommodated in the target cell.
Figure 4. Sequence of the intra-OLT HO procedure between the source and the target.
Overall, the proposed EPON-based RAN architecture introduces several significant advantages over typical mobile WiMAX and/or LTE RAN and the advantages include: 1) significant reduction in the signaling overhead and handoff latency; 2) offloading a sizable fraction of the local mobile sessions switch/set-up and tear-down and associated lengthy and complex signaling processing from the overloaded MPC to the RAN's access nodes; 3) re-registration procedures to the HSS when the MS/UE moves from a BS to another is avoided as long as the MS/UE roams within the coverage area served by the BSs attached to the ring; 4) during inter-BSs HOs, no path switch/setup command is needed since the path (mobility tunnels) from MPC to the MS/UE remains unchanged.
5. Performance Evaluation
In this section, we first compare the performance of the proposed EPON-based mobile WiMAX RAN with that of the typically centralized WiMAX RAN. Two simulation programs were developed using OPNET, one for the typical WiMAX RAN and the other one for the EPON-based RAN. The performance metrics used here are network utilization, handoff throughput, and end-to-end (ETE) delay, where ETE delay is defined here as the time that elapses between the times of arrival of packets at the MS queues and the time of their arrival at the OLT/ASN (US traffic) or at the TBSs around the ring (local mobile LAN traffic). We consider the practical case of non-uniform traffic load in which, during a given period, some BSs might be lightly loaded/idle, while other BSs might be heavily loaded as shown in Table 1. At a given total network load, different BSs have different average traffic loads. Under this non-uniform traffic load scenario, the significance of utilizing PON-based RAN architecture is clearly established.
The following are the system parameters used for simulating the EPON- based RAN architecture: 1) a PON with 16 ONUs, each serving varying number of BSs (a minimum of one BS to a maximum of 10 BSs), depending on the varying traffic load.; 2) aggregate access link data rate from the MSs to a given ONU is 100
Table 1. Unevenly loaded base stations scenarios.
Mb/s; 3) the RAN DS line rate (from the OLT/ASN to the ONUs/ BSs) is assumed to be same as the US line rate (from the ONUS/BSs to the OLT/ASN) and is equal to 1 Gb/s; 4) the average distance between the OLT/ASN and ONS/BSs is 20 km; 5) the buffer size in each ONU/BS is 1 Mbyte; 6) the maximum EPON cycle time is 2 ms for US transmission, while a standard fixed periodic cycle of 5 ms is assumed for WiMAX US transmission (from the MSs to the BS); 7) the IEEE 802.3ah MPCP REPORT/GATE message is 64 bytes; 8) we assume that all network traffic is just mobile traffic initiated by WiMAX' MSs, i.e., traditional EPON's fixed wired end-user's traffic is assumed to be zero; 9) the total mobile traffic is divided equally among US mobile traffic and local mobile LAN; 10) the mobile traffic model used here is as described above in Section III B, with the three WiMAX CoSs (UGS, rtPs, and BE) are mapped into the three EPON CoSs (P0, PI, and P2), respectively; 11) the DBA scheme reported in [9] is used here to provision EPON US traffic, whereas the proportional fairness algorithm is used to provision WiMAX US traffic.
To have a fair comparison, all EPON-based RAN parameters listed above are also used for simulating the typical WiMAX except for the following: each and every dedicated link data rate of the typical WiMAX RAN in either US (16 dedicated point-to-point links between the ONUs/BSs and the OLT/ASN) or DS (16 dedicated point-to-point links between the OLT/ASN and the ONUs/BSs) direction is set to 62.5 Mbps. Thus, the aggregated link data rate in either direction is: 62.5 Mbps × 16 = 1 Gbps, which is equal to that of the EPON-based RAN.
Figure 5 shows the uplink utilization versus time at a given single network load of 0.83 and versus the total network load, respectively, for both the typical WiMAX and EPON-based RAN architectures. Figure 5 demonstrates that EPON-based RAN has much higher level of usefulness as well as stability with
Figure 5. Uplink utilization time series at network load = 0.83.
less variation with time compared to typical WiMAX. This enhances the network's stability and predictability. Figure 6 shows that the average uplink throughput EPON-based RAN architecture is much higher than typical WiMAX architecture at higher total network load.
Figure 7 shows the ETE network delay for both rtPs and BE traffic for both the typical WiMAX and EPON-based RAN architectures. It can be seen from the figure that at lower load, the typical WiMAX has lower delay that the EPON- based RAN. This is expected as typical WiMAX traffic utilizes dedicated point- to-point links and the queuing delay are still almost zero. However, at higher traffic load, as expected, the EPON-based RAN exhibits much lower delay.
5.1. Packet Loss Analysis of EPON-Based WiMAX-Ring vs Typical WiMAX-Star Network
In this section, we compare the performance of our proposed EPON-based WiMAX network deployed in Ring architecture with EPON-based WiMAX
Figure 6. Uplink ave throughput.
Figure 7. Average network ETE delay for rtPs and BE traffic.
deployed in typical star configuration. The primary focus of analysis is the packet loss measurement as we vary the local US traffic load. Simulation model used here is same as used in the previous sections, however the typical WiMAX network in this case is also EPON-based meaning that BS's of typical WiMAX network are integrated with ONU's. Moreover simulation is performed in a way to see the effect of packet loss in the DS as a function of US local traffic. Simulation is run three times and results are averaged as shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9.
As evident from Figure 8 and Figure 9, both ring and star EPON-WiMAX networks have similar packet drop pattern when the US local traffic load is 0.
Figure 8. Average packet loss of DS traffic as a function of US local load in EPON-based WiMAX Star network.
Figure 9. Average packet loss of DS traffic as a function of US local load in EPON-based WiMAX ring network.
However as the US local load is increased, EPON-based Ring network has similar packet loss pattern as when the US load was 0. On the other hand, this is not the case with typical star network where the packet loss increases exponentially when the local US traffic is increased as shown in Figure 8. The increase of packet drop in case of star network is attributed to the fact that the US traffic has to reach OLT from where it is transmitted as DS. Therefore, it obviously over-burdens the queues and US/DS resources. However, in the WiMAX-Ring network, the local US traffic is routed within the ring itself by the ONU's and this not only off-loads the OLT but also saves precious network resources and hence increasing the local US traffic doesn't affect the performance of the network. This is the key advantage of the proposed EPON-based WiMAX-Ring network.
5.2. Handover Scenario
One significant benefit of using WiMAX ring network would be less handover delay and packet drop. To validate this, we use a scenario where MS node moves from its Home Agent BS 4 to Foreign Agent BS 5. Uni-directional best effort application traffic is configured between MS and the server at the rate of 64 Kbps. MS from BS 4 has trajectory that starts moving around 110 seconds. Its movement converges to BS 5 between 115 to 120 seconds. Same scenario is set up for both traditional WiMAX backhaul and WiMAX BS's connected to ring network.aq. Parameters collected for comparison are the traffic received/dropped and handover delay vs. time. Handover delay is computed from the time the Mobile Station sends a MOB_MSHO-REQ message starting the handoff process until initial ranging with the new Serving BS successfully completed.
Figure 10 shows the throughput versus time for a MS during HO when moving
Figure 10. Traffic throughput during MS handoff.
away from the SBS attached to ONU1 and approaching the TBS attached to a neighboring ONU2 for both the typical WiMAX and EPON-based RAN architectures. A unidirectional BE application traffic is configured between MS and the server at the rate of 64 Kbps. The MS has trajectory that starts moving around 110 seconds and converges to the TBS between 115 to 120 seconds. Same scenario is set up for both traditional WiMAX and EPON-based RAN. Parameters collected for comparison are the traffic received/dropped and HO latency. HO latency is computed from the time the MS sends a MOB_MSHO-REQ message to initiate the HO process until initial ranging with the TBS is successfully completed. As expected, EPON-based RAN show lower HO latency (15 ms versus 20 ms) and almost no packets drop as compared to typical WiMAX.
This study presents a simple and cost effective PON-based 4G mobile backhaul RAN architecture supporting several key salient networking features that collectively contributes towards significant enhancement of the performance of both the RAN and MPC in terms of handoff capability, overall network throughput and latency, and QoS support. We quantify and compare between the merits of utilizing a distributed EPON-based mobile WiMAX RAN architecture and that of traditional WiMAX mobile backhaul infrastructure. Some of the key technical requirements associated with devising a truly unified fixed-mobile 4G LTE/flat mobile WiMAX access transport architecture that is built on top of a typically centralized PON infrastructure are also outlined in the work.
Sana, A. , Zaidi, S. , Hussain, S. and Nizamuddin, M. (2017) A Simple and Cost-Effective EPON-Based Next Generation Mobile Backhaul RAN Architecture. Wireless Engineering and Technology, 8, 1-19. doi: 10.4236/wet.2017.81001.
[1] UMTS Evolution, from 3GPP Release 7 to Release 8, HSPA and SAE/LTE, June 2008 UPDATE. http://www.3g4g.co.uk/Lte/LTE_WP_0806_3GAmericas.pdf
[2] 3GPP TS 23.401 (2007) GPRS Enhancements for E-UTRAN Access.
www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/23401.htm
[3] Ekstrom, H. (2009) QoS control in the 3GPP Evolved Packet System. IEEE Communication Magazine, 47, 76-83.
https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2009.4785383
[4] IEEE 802.6e-2005 (2005) Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems. http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/802.16e-2005.html
[5] Sarkar, S., Dixit, S. and Mukherjee, B. (2007) Hybrid Wireless-Optical Broadband-Access Network (WOBAN): A Review of Relevant Challenges. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 25, 3329-3340.
https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2007.906804
[6] Yang, K., et al. (2009) Convergence of Ethernet PON and IEEE 802.16 Broadband Access Networks and its QoS-aware Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Scheme. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 27, 101-116.
https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2009.090202
[7] Shen, G., Tucker, R.S. and Chae, C.-J. (2007) Fixed Mobile Convergence Architectures for Broadband Access: Integration of EPON and WiMAX. IEEE Com. Mag., 45, 44-50.
[8] Ghazisaidi, N., Maier, M. and Assi, C.M. (2009) Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) Access Networks: A Survey. IEEE Communications Magazine, 47, 160-167.
[9] Delowar, A., et al. (2006) Ring-Based Local Access PON Architecture for Supporting Private Networking Capability. OSA Journal of Optical Networking, 5, 26-39.
https://doi.org/10.1364/JON.5.000026
[10] IEEE 802.3 Ethernet in the First Mile Study Group.
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PORTLAND, OR, 06/26/2018 — Even before hitting shelves this August, the forthcoming CROWDED by Eisner-nominated writer Christopher Sebela (Heartthrob, We(l)come Back, Harley Quinn), Ro Stein and Ted Brandt (Captain Marvel, Raven: The Pirate Princess), Triona Farrell (Runaways, Mech Cadet Yu), and Cardinal Rae (BINGO LOVE, ROSE) is stirring up buzz with The Hollywood Reporter dropping the news yesterday that Rebel Wilson has optioned the film rights to the series with the goal of starring in and producing the movie adaptation. Wilson will develop the project and produce it via her Camp Sugar production banner. Also producing is Oni Entertainment.
First announced at the prestigious Image Expo in February, CROWDED explores the seedy implications of today's technology with the gut-wrenching resonance of a Black Mirror episode. In CROWDED, the world runs on an economy of job shares and apps, including Reapr: a crowdfunding platform to fund assassinations. Charlie Ellison leads a quiet, normal life until she's suddenly targeted by a million-dollar Reapr campaign. Hunted by all of Los Angeles, Charlie hires Vita, the lowest-rated bodyguard on the Dfend app. As the campaign picks up speed, they'll have to figure out who wants Charlie dead before the campaign's 30 days—or their lives—are over.


We skip any discussion of Standard in lieu of all of the stuff happening with non-rotating formats. We talk Eternal Weekend, Modern SCG, and throw in our "expterise" with what should be done with Shops in Vintage and Deathrite in Legacy. Thank you for your honor.


When it comes to writing and formatting a blog post, there's a lot to think about. If you're publishing it onsite, you'll need to consider keywords, SEO, content organization, image inclusion, and more.
Up there high in priority to include in your content (and one that's commonly tough to map out correctly), is the presence of great sub headers to optimize and visually format your content for the reader.
Known by their tags, H1s, H2s, and H3s, while it may seem like article subheaders could be small beans that can be disregarded. But in the world of content and online writing, this simply isn't true.
In fact, how you choose to use header tags can have a major effect on how well your content performs. Use them wrong, and you may find your content suffering as a result.
Here's a guide to subheaders: what you need to know about these pesky, yet critical, little elements that should be placed in your content with care. Read on!
Subheaders, subheads, or header tags all refer to what's written inside of a bit of code known as H1, H2, H3. The code, placed in the text editor, tells the HTML that this is a bold subheading, and to present it visually that way.
Used correctly in content, these little headings act like a small table of contents in your online content. If people read web pages word-for-word, like a book, headers might not be as critical as they currently are. Given the fact that people skim web pages more than they read them, header tags help people determine what they can expect to find in a given chunk of web content.
They're vital to a great web presence and content presentation.
According to Slate.com, most visitors read only about 60% of content before bouncing off a page. 10% of people never even scroll at all! In light of the fact that peoples' attention spans have gotten worse in recent years, it's critical for content creators to toss their readers a bone by inserting relevant subheaders that provide a hint about what's coming up next and why it matters.
In addition to helping people locate the points of interest in a piece of content, these small, in-text guide posts can also go a long way toward helping search engines determine what your content is about and rank it accordingly.
Learning to use H1s, H2s and H3s in your written online content is essential. Here are some key tips for each of these tags.
Some people use H1s as their subheaders tags. Don't be swayed: this is a terrible idea. While H1s can help your rankings when they're used correctly, you need to know that you should never use an H1 title in your WordPress blogs. Never. H1s should only ever be used in the HTML that starts a page. If you plug in an H1 in your WordPress blogs, the SERP robots will be confused about the topic of the page and may not rank it correctly.
It's a safe guideline to say that a H1 tag should virtually never be used by a writer. It may be used by the development team to input code into the page header, but it's not commonly something a writer would touch.
Header 2 Tags are much more common and necessary than header 1 tags. H2 and H3 tags are critical for formatting content correctly, and can play a massive role in how well content performs online.
Think of H2 tags as tiny table of contents pieces, showing your readers where to go and what they can expect to find in the given sections of your blog. What's more, H2 tags must be optimized accordingly with your keyword phrases of choice, since they help SERP crawler bots interpret your pages and rank them accordingly.
Header 3 tags, like H2 tags, are critical for organizing your content. Used in conjunction with H2 tags, but always after H2 tags, they are important for organizing your content and helping to guide your readers through it.
H3 tags are like the little siblings to H2 content, and should be used throughout your content to organize it more efficiently.
You know how hard you work on a blog title? Optimize your subheaders with the same care and attention! Think of each one as a winning title that could make or break your content (because, really, people scroll down dependent on how good your content *cough* subheads *cough* is). With today's typical attention span being less than a goldfish (<12 seconds), you want to knock your reader's socks off.
Use tools like the Advanced Marketing Institute's Headline Analyzer to help you analyze and create a winning header.
Unless you have a client who specifies that he or she would like their subheaders longer or shorter, keep them to five words at least. This helps improve the subheaders' SEO value and enhance your visibility online. It will also enhance the value of your individual headers and make them easier for readers to engage with.
Give yourself an SEO boost by including your keyword phrase in the first subheader you write. It will help Google's crawler bots determine what your site is about and rank it accordingly. It also helps your content feel cohesive and attractive for readers.
Subheaders help break up and organize your content, so don't be afraid to use them accordingly. If you're writing content with more than 500 words, consider including more than two subheaders.
For example: this piece is 1,400 words, and contains an astounding 14 subheaders! That's pretty much 1 per every 100 words. But if you stand back, the piece is entirely readable. With readability being your goal, don't be afraid of creating a lot of sub heads in your content.
Think of these as the bookends of your content. They help organize it and make it visually appealing for readers. What's more, they can help your content look more readable and may boost its conversion rate.
The concluding header is more critical than many people give it credit for. That said, use it in your content to help boost readability and end the material on a good note for your readers. Don't ever neglect the concluding H2 header in your content.
H3 headers play the primary role of being used to break down content under H2 subheaders. Use them for lists and bulleted information.
While there's a great deal of confusion about headers and how they're supposed to be used in online writing, these tips will help you master the use of H2 and H3 tags in your online writing.
Just remember, as a writer, your domain is H2s and H3s. There's no need to bother with H1 tags, unless you're writing them into a page's code. Instead, use H2 and H3 headers to clarify your page's meaning, break it up more intuitively, and help your readers follow through more easily.
When you do this correctly, it can help readers connect with and enjoy your content, and may make it simpler for some people to read.
What's more, it can help you rank more prominently in the SERPs, which benefits you and your content all at once.
While headers can be confusing, learning to use them in your online content is essential, and this guide is here to help you learn to use headers throughout your online writing, without making many of the preventable mistakes others have with headers in times past. When you learn to master headers, your entire online writing life will benefit from it and you will prosper.
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Why didn't anyone tell me earlier 🙂 Now I have to fix up five years of blog posts with proper sub-headers!
Haha, Amy!! Better late than never. 😉 Thanks for dropping by!
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OS Linux with glibc >= 2.12, X.org 7.1+. For example Ubuntu 10.04 or newer. A real-time kernel is recommended.
Sound libasound2 (ALSA >= 1.0 for Audio + MIDI). JACK is optional, but recommended.
More info regarding Linux System requirements.
From version 2.8, Renoise has been available in both 32-bit and 64-bit versions. The main benefit of the 64-bit version is support for larger amounts of RAM.
A special bridging technology makes it possible to load 32-bit plugins into Renoise 64-bit and 64-bit plugins into Renoise 32-bit at the cost of some additional processing power. Bridged plugins are denoted with an arrow icon.
Renoise's minimum window size is 990 x 550 pixels. The window can be stretched across multiple screens. On screens with a height lower than 700 pixels, either the top or bottom panel will be collapsed.
To benefit from ASIO in the full version on Windows, your soundcard and system have to be compatible. If your soundcard has no native ASIO drivers, you can try ASIO4ALL.
Renoise 1.8+ requires SSE. If you have an AMD CPU, find out if SSE is disabled and switch it back on with H.Oda's WCPUID/XPUID. You can also try A4SSE.


Calder Machine Company quick turnaround, on-time delivery as well as competitive pricing. Calder Machine Company produces products both to large and small companies. These companies have certified us to their ISO 9000 certifications. We operate on a "TQM" (Total Quality Management) to ensure product reliability as well as producing growth for our people.


My friend is being abused by her mother and she doesn't want to tell anyone. She told me that she didn't want me to tell. But being a good friend is not telling but doing the right thing is telling. She also said that she doesn't care since it's the first time she has been abused and that she doesn't want her mother taken away. I told her that I'd rather her safe then abused and hurt. I don't know what to do, tell an adult and help her, or watch her come to school hurt?
Thank you for reaching us to tell us about your friend's situation. You have taken a very brave step towards helping your friend. It really proves that you are a good person to want the best for her. She does not deserve to be hurt like that. She deserve to feel safe in her own home. We are concerned for her safety and understand how frustrating this must be for you. It is not surprising that your friend does not want to take her mother away. We do not condone the actions of her mother.
We are a confidential hotline but we are also mandated reporters. What that means is that we can report abuse. Have you considered calling your local child abuse hotline yourself? If she shows up to school with bruises it is expected for her teachers to take action because teachers are mandated reporters also. We do not define or investigate abuse. We are the instrument to use to get to the proper sources to come pay her mother a visit.
There are no guarantees what the outcome of her case will be. State agencies involved may investigate and they may think there is not enough evidence to support your friend's claims. They also believe in family preservation and do there best to reunify families. They may offer her mother counseling and maybe she might stop what she is putting your friend through. At the end of the day, someone needs to know. Have you talk to any adults about it? We understand the hesitation on the part of your friend. We are also a confidential hotline. We do not force info out of our callers and we do not mislead them.
If your friend were to call us we can help her through the options she has. We have resources for shelters if she needs time away from home. Another option is emancipation. If she can prove she is capable of living on her own and can take care of her own finances and live independently then maybe a judge may see things in her favor. Have you discussed counseling as an option with her? We also have resources if this is something your friend may be in favor of.
In the end, in cannot tell you or your friend what to do. We cannot give legal advice. We can only help her through this difficult time by exploring options with her in hopes that she may be able to benefit in some way. She deserves better. We are here for her and you also. We hope you can pass our number along to her. Our number is 1800RUNAWAY (1800-786-2929). We are here 24 hours/7 days a week if you or her need to reach out directly. We are all trained the say way. We wish you and your friend the best of luck. Stay strong.
Thanks for reaching out and posting here. It sounds like you're really concerned about your friend. She's so lucky to have you. You know more than anyone about how your friend doesn't deserve to be mistreated. She deserves to be valued and supported by her mom. It must be difficult to find out that your friend is put in difficult situations. You're asking some good questions and it's smart of you to reach out for support and guidance through this. So let's see how we can help you out.
It can be stressful to deal with something like this on your own. It seems like you're taking steps to try to understand what your friend is going through, but that your friend isn't sharing much about it. It sounds like she's been dealing with this on her own for some time, so it makes sense that she wouldn't want to share a lot about it. Just letting her know that you're here for her can go a long way to support her.
There is a good resource for you too that has a lot of experience talking with people who have friends or family who are being abused. You can call Child Help USA at 1800-422-4453. They can talk through with you about more specific ways and steps that you can take to help her.
We are also here to support you and your friend. If you want to give her our number, we would be more than happen to talk with her. You can also call us if you want to discuss more about options or just to share how you've been feeling through all this.
You can call us at 1800-RUNAWAY (786-2929) or chat with us through our website (www.1800runaway.org) from 4.30pm-11.30pm central time.
One of my friends is being abused at home, she wants to runaway and suicide I have told her not to do anything, I want to adopt her in but I don't know how.
Hello and thanks for reaching out on behalf of your friend. She certainly doesn't deserve to be abused at home and we imagine that is quite scary for her. We aren't sure whether she's tried to file an abuse report yet and as scary as that can be, she does have that right should she choose. We are also here to help her file an abuse report if that would help and there is also Child Help https://www.childhelp.org/ You also mentioned suicide and there is support for young people and their friends/family who are feeling suicidal too. There is http://www.youmatter.suicidepreventionlifeline.org/ specifically for young people and we are here to help to the best of our ability as well.
We'd also like to say how lucky your friend is to have you looking out for her and offering her a place to go. Our understanding of adoption is that it is typically done either through child protective services once a child/minor is in foster care, although that's not always the outcome. Alternative placement or transfer of custody usually would have to go through the current parent/guardian to our knowledge; however, we aren't legal experts. We're available to further discuss your friend's situation and hopefully come up with some options that would make her feel safe and comfortable. Best of luck to you both!
Slaps my face.she calls me names.
Re: My friend is being abused.
Thank you for reaching out to us. We are truly sorry to hear that you've been treated this way. No one deserves to be mistreated at home. You asked whether the way your mom behaves with you would be called abuse or discipline. We're not legal experts, but we will do our best to provide you with information to help answer your questions.
You described what sounds like a difficult situation with your mom. If you are feeling unsafe, you always have the option of reporting what goes on to your local child protective services. How they handle your report depends on where you live, so you would need to speak with someone familiar with the laws in your state. If you are not comfortable reporting, we can assist you in identifying other resources that might support you in however you choose to handle your situation. Whatever you choose to do, please know that we are here to support you.
If you would like further support, please feel free to reach out to us. We are available 24/7 at 1-800-RUNAWAY (786.2929). You can also reach out to us via chat from 7 days a week from 4:30pm-11:30pm CST.
..My friend lives in New Jersey. I live in Missouri. ..As you can imagine, I can't be there for her in real life, but we text all of the time and are extremely close. I found out that her mom slaps her or hits her with a belt, and verbally abuses her. It happens at least once or twice a week. It used to be worse before her little brother told one of their teachers. ...I'm really worried about her, and I love her to bits, but I don't know what will happen if I tell my parents. ..Should I tell my parents or a teacher, or stay quiet?
Thanks for reaching out to us. It sounds like your friend is going through a really difficult time at home. No one deserves to feel unsafe in their own home. She has the right to report the abuse that she has been experiencing if she feels that is the right decision. We are glad to hear that she has a friend like you to talk to about what is going on. Our main priority is always safety. One thing that may be helpful to work through with your friend is figuring out if she has somewhere safe near her house that she can go when things get out of control.
There are a few options you have as a friend. You mentioned talking to your parents or a teacher about the situation. That is an option you have. Keep in mind that teachers are mandated reporters. This means that if you talk to them about what your friend is going through, they are obligated to file an abuse report. If you're not sure that this is what your friend wants, you can talk to your friend and find out what she wants or feels comfortable with. If your friend want to talk with someone confidentially about her options, she can always call us at 1-800-RUNAWAY 24 hours a day or chat with us at www.1800RUNAWAY.org open daily. There is also Child Help USA, an organization that helps kids who are suffering from domestic abuse. Their hotline is 1-800-4-A-CHILD. Lastly, your friend can always call 911 if things at home get too unsafe and she needs immediate help.
You are a good friend to reach out for help! Thank you for being so strong for her.
My friend is being abused at home and she told me that she wanted to run away. I told her to come stay with me Bc she's so new to our town. I told my parents what was going and and since my dad is a teacher he had to report it.
My friend has no where else to go and I definitely don't want her put in the system, so what do I do? Could I ask the social worker tomorrow if she could stay with us and finish out the rest of the school year?
Thank you for contacting the National Runaway Safeline. We are very sorry to hear that your friend is being abused at home. Nobody deserves to be treated this way and she definitely has the right to feel safe at home. It sounds like you are concerned about your friend and that you are trying to help her find somewhere safe to stay. This must be a very difficult situation and it is very brave of you to reach out for help.
It sounds like you were able to talk with your parents about her situation and your father made a report. Typically after this happens an investigation is launched by child protective services and someone is sent out to the home to start this process. The outcome, or where your friend will stay during this process, most likely depends on a variety of factors. It is possible that she could be moved to stay with a friend or family member or a foster home if there wasn't another option. If child protective services felt she wasn't in any current danger, they may have her remain at home with her parents. It sounds like the social worker you are meeting might be a helpful resource as well. You can definitely share your concerns and thoughts with them.
Again, it is great that you reached out to us here at the National Runaway Safeline. It is really admirable that you are trying to help your friend in this very hard situation. If you would like to talk further about your situation or if your friend would like to talk to us directly to explore her options, please do not hesitate to call or chat with us. We are here to listen, here to help.
HI I was here a few months back and I wrote something about my suicidal side and depression and how I planned to run away. I managed to beat depression, thought there are still some traces of it left and it has been making things difficult but im taking this all in and "fighting back".
Anyways, this call for help isn't really for me, its for a friend. She's being abused by her parents. Her mom mostly.. i dont know about her dad.
At first I thought it was the same abuse as mine. Punching, Pushing, verbal abuse, but hers' is a completely different level.
Last night her she texted me. She said that her mom pushed and hit her and she started bleeding. So she ran in her room locking the door. She's been in there the whole day. No food. No water.
She texted me saying how hungry and thirsty she was. So i told her to just go out there and take on any pain that comes to her and take how ever many food she can get.
She said and I quote: "i might die out there"
I want to sneak out to go to her but she lives too far away.
Thank you for writing to us here at National Runaway Safeline (NRS). We understand it takes great courage to reach out, and we appreciate you sharing a little bit about what's going on. It seems there is a lot that your friend is faced with right now and you're wanting to find a way to help them as they mentioned some issues with safety at home. Your friend does not deserve to be harmed in any way. If she fears that she will be harmed by her mother, she has the right to call authorities for help (911 and child protective services). Child Help USA 1-800-422-4453 www.childhelp.org is an organization that helps prevent and stop child abuse/neglect. It's great that your friend has support and concern from you especially since this time is quite difficult for them. It seems you can relate to what they're going through. Which, by the way, you do not deserve to be mistreated or harmed either.
If your friend needs a safe place to turn to for some help, they can reach out to us or reach out to the National Safe Place website http://nationalsafeplace.org/text-4-help/.
My friend is being abused by his dad. He's in another state, far from me, and he won't tell me the address of his house so I can call the police. He's already taken his dad to court for the abuse, but he lost and is still in his dad's care. I don't know what to do or how to help. Please tell me what to do im seed for his safety.


Greetings from Buea. Cameroon is a country located in Central Africa, which has been ruled by one President for 28years. Presently, Presidential elections, were held on Oct 9., the oppositions parties presented over 26 candidates, from all indications, results to be released on Friday 21, will not favor any opposition aspirant.
Recently the oppositions candidates have called for a boycott of any results that will proclaim the incumbent victorious. People every where are carrying an atmosphere of aggression and intensity. Already riot police have been placed everywhere to counter any problem. As Emissaries conscious of our divine responsibilities, we are calling on our friends all over to extend radiant blessings to this part of the globe. This is a peace loving country for many years.


text:
De roodvoorhoofdwever (Euplectes hordeaceus) is een zangvogel uit de familie Ploceidae (Wevers).

Verspreiding en leefgebied
Deze soort komt voor in westelijk, centraal, oostelijk en zuidoostelijk Afrika en telt twee ondersoorten:
 Euplectes hordeaceus hordeaceus: van Mauritanië, Senegal en Gambia tot westelijk Soedan, Congo-Kinshasa, Tanzania en zuidelijk tot Angola, Zimbabwe en Mozambique.
 Euplectes hordeaceus craspedopterus: zuidelijk Soedan, zuidwestelijk Ethiopië, Oeganda en westelijk Kenia.

Externe link
Avibase

Wevers en verwanten
Dier uit het Afrotropisch gebied
IUCN-status niet bedreigd

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Rockford airport: Conservationist group's lawsuit should be thrown out
Jim Hagerty
Special to the Rockford Register Star
ROCKFORD – The Natural Land Institute has until Jan. 19 to answer why its lawsuit against the Greater Rockford Airport Authority should not be thrown out.
According to court records, the airport filed a motion to dismiss the case on Dec. 17, claiming that the institute has no legal standing in its effort to stop the airport from building a road that will cross the Bell Bowl Prairie, a rare piece of gravel prairie owned by the airport that the institute is trying to protect.
"NLI, and its members that NLI claims will be injured by the development, simply have no cognizable injury under the law and, even if they did, the alleged injury could not be redressed in this action," the motion states. "The land at issue is owned exclusively by GRAA and is not a public park or otherwise accessible to the public. NLI and its members have no right to be on the property and thus can claim no injury resulting from the development of the land or any impact to the prairie."
More:Region's economy depends on development of airport's midfield
Kerry Leigh, the Natural Land Institute's executive director, said the airport's latest move comes as no surprise.
"They filed the motion saying we don't have standing because they don't have anything else," Leigh said.
The institute's legal team is preparing to argue that the institute does have legal grounds to sue because it acted as a steward for the prairie for more than 40 years.
"We did land management out there for decades," she said.
The legal battle between the institute and the airport started on Oct. 26. That was when the institute filed a federal complaint against the airport claiming the airport was failing to protect the prairie and its endangered or threatened animals, plants and insects, such as the rusty patched bumble bee.
More:Rockford airport can be the hero and save the Bell Bowl Prairie with proposed solutions
The suit aims to keep the airport's $50 million expansion project stalled until a plan that spares the prairie is drafted. Work is scheduled to resume March 1.
The U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Aviation Administration and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are named in the lawsuit.
The institute claims the agencies violated the National Environmental Policy Act by allowing the project to commence.
The federal government has until Jan. 31 to respond to the lawsuit.
"They were requesting an additional 60 days to respond, which would take them to Feb. 28, which is the eve of the March 1 deadline," Leigh said. "We objected to that. So, the court gave them one extra month rather than two."
The expansion project's 90,000 square-foot cargo center opened in June. A 100,000 square-foot facility and the service road are expected to be completed next year.
Leigh said the prairie could be preserved if the airport redesigned the strip of Cessna Drive that leads to an AAR maintenance center instead of building the new road. Airport officials say Cessna Drive is on its way out.
Jim Hagerty is a freelance correspondent.


Is your garage home to a piece of timeless history? Do you spend your afternoons behind the wheel or under the hood or maybe just sitting out on the front steps, staring at it in the driveway? Do you love the idea of restoring an old truck to its former glory and adding a few bells and whistles along the way?
Whatever era you love best – from classic to modern – ARIES offers a wide range of vehicle-specific accessories to provide you with a custom fit on your truck, Jeep or SUV. With hundreds of applications going back as far as the 1960s, we have the fit, form and function to complement your ride.
For an original equipment look on your pickup truck or SUV, ARIES 6" oval side bars are a perfect match. They are designed to mimic the look of popular OE side bars on a variety of makes and models.
They are available in polished stainless steel or black powder-coated aluminum, and they install with no drilling required.
Our 4" oval side bars are another excellent side step option, providing a solid step and a classic look. They feature an elliptical tube profile with 20° bent ends. They have raised step pads for more comfortable footing, and the pads are custom-positioned to match the vehicle layout.
4" ovals are available in polished stainless or black powder-coated steel.
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They offer waterproof protection for your seats without detracting from the look and style of the interior. Seat Defenders™ are available for bucket seats, bench seats, XL bench seats and the cargo area.


"Az alma itt van, nem ott."
Translation:The apple is here, not there.
Wait, is Hungarian an SOV language?
But which word order is used more often? The first one?
Köszönöm, TamsMar. Ez nagyon jó magyarázat! Quick question: 'Péter' eszik egy almát (emphasis is on the person) < since this is the same word order as the neutral sentence, is 'Péter' emphasized using intonation?
This is a good question. I spent a couple years in Hungary, so I got a lot of practice trying different word orders. I believe that word emphasis comes into play with this. In English we emphasize by the way we say a word in a sentence, giving more stress to the word. In Hungarian, I believe it is the word before the verb that gets emphasis.
It depends on the context. If You want to emphasize something then you have to put it in front of the sentence. So. It's hard to explain. :) But You can use whichever you want. All of these are correct.
"Eszik egy almát Péter" sounds very unnatural to me, I can hardly think of an example for using such a word order - could you provide some context for this example, please? I can imagine saying "Eszik egy almát" where the subject is omitted, however it would still be at the beginning of the sentence, "(Péter) Eszik egy almát", respecting neutral SVO word order.
For example: "Mindennap eszik egy almát Péter mielőtt elindul a suliba." or "Eszik egy almát Péter amikor kijön a boltból." or "Eszik egy almát Péter, hogy egyen valami gyümölcsöt is." or "Azért eszik egy almát Péter, mert már nagyon éhes." These are absolutely natural to me. In my opinion, the main point is what the sentence wants to express or emphasize.
Is it also possible to say "Az alma nincs ott" instead of "nem ott", and please tell me what's the difference, if there is any?
yes possible.however i would translate it to english a little bit different: the apple is here,it isn't there.


text:
MCDOT Reminder: Federal Regulations Continue to Require Face Coverings on Public Transportation Including Taxis, Ride Sharing, Ride On, Ride On Extra and Flash Bus
For Immediate Release: Wednesday, June 30, 2021
The Montgomery County Department of Transportation (MCDOT) is reminding residents that even though many COVID-19 restrictions are easing, Federal guidelines continue to require face coverings when traveling by public transportation. The regulation covers County Ride On buses, Ride On extra, Flash, Metrobus, Metrorail and when taking taxis or on-demand car services.
All MCDOT buses have a supply of face coverings for those who do not have their own.
Most statewide restrictions regarding COVID-19 will end on July 1 and Maryland's state of emergency will legally lift on Aug. 15. However, Federal guidelines are still in place for public transit through at least Sept. 13.
All Ride On, Ride On extRa and Flash buses will remain free to all passengers through at least September. Fees were suspended during the onset of the pandemic.
Social distancing continues to be strongly recommended on board the buses and trains and at bus stops and shelters. Riders are asked to make their best effort to maintain maximum physical distance between themselves and other riders who are not from the same household.
Bus interiors continue to be cleaned by the County's Department of General Services twice daily with hospital-grade disinfectant. Bus filter and ventilation systems also are treated each night with a disinfectant.
For the most up-to-date service information, riders should follow @RideOnMCT on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. In addition, information is available at rideonbus.com or by subscribing to "Ride On Services" email alerts. Riders also can receive text alerts by texting MONTGOMERY RIDEON to 468311.
For more information on MCDOT programs and services visit montgomerycountymd.gov/mcdot, follow @MCDOTNow on Twitter, and subscribe to MCDOT's 'Go Montgomery!' newsletter.


text:
With a wealth of experience in Health & Safety, specifically within the construction sector, Elite is proud to have the dedicated services of Health & Safety Manager Samantha Durber.
Samantha is a full time employee of Elite, which shows how seriously we take our responsibilities to our work force and to the wider community.
Samantha's current qualifications include, NEBOSH Construction certificate, IOSH Technical member, CSCS, CISRS Scaffolding Inspection Training Scheme, The Management of Pre-Construction Health & Safety, Site Safety Plus, Asbestos Awareness, AoFAQ Level 3 in First Aid at Work (QCF), First Aid at work and FAA Level 2 Award in Fire Safety (QFC).
You can download our Health & Safety Policy here
0800 - 1630 Monday - Friday
Samantha's key responsibilities include…
Advising directors, managers, supervisors and employees on statutory requirements and company standards.
Supporting and advising managers, supervisors and employees on health and safety related to their work activities, in particular the assessments of risks, development of method statements and health and safety plans.
Ensuring that all records, reporting and documentation relating to health, safety and welfare and competency training, are established and maintained and up to date.
Circulate copies of procedures, instructions, guidance and this policy in accordance with management requirements and maintaining the currency of such documents by overseeing their review and revision.
Undertake regular inspections and audits of the workplace to ensure the managers, supervisors, employees and contractors are complying with the appropriate statutory and company standards.
Provide support to directors and managers in complying with their health, safety and welfare duties.
Monitoring health, safety and welfare to ensure that practices are adhered to and that no breach of statute law occurs on health and safety matters.
Where appropriate provide arrangements to train and develop company personnel in health and safety matters to ensure competence standards are maintained and enhanced.
Advising on the provision of appropriate welfare, fire protection, first aid and emergency arrangements for all work activities, both office and site based.
Monitor arrangements for effective participation of all employees in health and safety issues through consultation and promotion of a pro-active health and safety culture.
Set a good personal example by always wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment etc. when on site.
"Really pleased with the works!"
Mr & Mrs Hunter - November 2018
NHBC
"Very pleased with the works carried out & the professionalism & efficiency of the workers. I always feels is good to pass on feedback. Well done."
Mrs Parker - November 2019
Kier Homes
"Excellent workmanship, nothing was too much trouble."
Mr Dowler, Newcastle under Lyme - June 2012
The Sage Repair Network
"The guys did a fantastic job, very happy."
Mrs Jordan - November 2017
The Building Repair Network
"We are really happy with the works. The lads are superb & my mother is over the moon with her new wall."
Mr & Mrs Williams - June 2019
Kendrick Homes
"Very pleased with the remediation work our contractor Ian carried out, he did a very thorough job, the finish is excellent!"
Mr Small - May 2016