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Co-virality
Zoë Sofoulis on singles and diverse cohabitations in lockdown
Over the ANZAC day weekend, a time when Australian values of mateship are ritually celebrated, the Queensland government announced a slight relaxing of lockdown laws. Families could drive up to 50 km to go on picnics together if they were members of the same household. But, Premier Palaszczuk clarified, «What we don't want is groups of friends meeting up with other friends at this stage.» 1 There was no distinction made between small groups or large gatherings of friends. This kind of discrimination, which prohibits single people from enjoying familial pleasures available to co-resident kin and housemates, is exercised in the name of epidemiological risk management.
Australians' mental health is suffering under lockdown rules that reflect anachronistic and ideological understandings of family, household, and social life. Surprisingly for a nation that holds mateship sacrosanct, friendship is massively undervalued in policy. Here I propose a new socio-epidemiological unit—the coviral group, or ‹cove›—for public health policies attuned to the realities of contemporary Australian society. Allowing contact with kith as well as kin would make pandemic lockdowns less punitive, especially for single people.
Lockdown laws are performative speech acts that bring into being that of which they speak. By radically restricting and redistributing intimacy, they created two categories of people: those in the 71% of Australian households comprising families with children or cohabiting couples for whom relations of proximity and intimacy are intensified, and the ‹untouchables› in the 24% (or over 2 million) households with sole residents,2 for whom any social or physical intimacy is suddenly criminalised.
«We are living with our loved ones. That doesn't mean it is easy.»3
In contrast to the 19th century bourgeois fantasy of the family as a soothing private refuge from the hard world of business and public life, life under lockdown proves very trying for the modern family, especially where children are involved. Domestic violence support services have been promised funding for an expected increase in demand, and a rise in the divorce rate is anticipated. Neoliberalism may have been temporarily set aside in favour of Keyensian economic intervention, but other ideologies remain intact. There's a whiff of ancient patriarchy and heteronormativity in the assumption that society is entirely made up of co-habiting couples and families, and the preparedness to sacrifice the mental health of those outside those structures for the sake of ‹flattening the curve›.
The ‹working family,› now morphed into the ‹out of work› or ‹working at home› family, still absorbs most attention, though parents living with children made up only 37% of households in 20164 (down from 48% in 19715).
The myth of the household as a unit is being put to the test. The lockdown laws soon had to be modified to account for split families and sexually active couples who don't live together, and single people were grudgingly given dispensation to be visited by a friend for a cuppa or (socially distanced) walk.
Previous research on household water consumption led me to think of the household as a network, an assemblage of people of different generations and cultures, and as a node in a set of overlapping networks that connect its members with groups, people and places outside the home.6 Media stories abound of such outwards-connected households in lockdown trying to get on with each other and actually form a family unit.
The unhappiness, depression and malaise resulting from these lockdown conditions are categorised as mental health issues, with those feeling anxious or depressed invited to phone a counselling hotline. But maybe they just need a hug?
On ABC's Q&A (broadcast 13 April 2020), an older single woman raised the problem of damaging social isolation and lack of physical contact for single people, exacerbated by loss of casual social interactions in shops, cafes, or bars, now all shut down. Former National Party leader John Anderson responded by declaring the lockdown had revealed two types of people: those who could, and those who could not, cope with it.
This victim-blaming diagnosis attributes the questioner with fragile mental health, whereas she is arguably suffering from ill-fitting and anachronistic sociodemographic categories, applied in a policy hastily developed for three quarters of households but excluding those like hers.
We need a kinder and more socially realistic, evidence-based approach to pandemic lockdowns that didn't punish people for their failure to live in family units, that didn't turn them into depressed pariahs or reduce them to fomites, infective objects to be avoided.
A basic problem here is a confusion between the family and the household that was noted in a 1994 report by the Australian Institute of Family Studies. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defined the family as persons «who are usually resident in the same household», whereas «[t]here is a great deal of evidence that Australians in general do not define their families in this way» and «often regard their families as extending across households.»7 Moreover, people who do not live in family households can still be connected with families.
A slipshod equation between ‹household› and ‹family› allows people who live alone to be classified as having no family, with no social connections worth considering.
Last time Australia had a pandemic lockdown, households were larger8, fewer people lived alone, and ‹household› and ‹family› really were more interchangeable categories. There was no Bluetooth™ or Zoom™. Instead of relying on stale family ideologies and muddle-headed confusions between kinship structures and housing arrangements, we need to imagine a demographic unit more suited to the social and epidemiological realities of 21st century Australia. I propose the ‹cove›, the co-viral group.
From a microbiological point of view, the salient thing about people in co-resident families and couples is their shared or overlapping microbiomes: they are co-viral (and co-fungal and co-bacterial etc). The idea of household quarantine is presumably to avoid sharing microbiomes outside the household/family unit, and to contain any infections within it. (And sympathies for health workers and others who try hard to isolate and not to share their microbiomes with co-habiting family members and housemates.)
What if we thought of people as living in co-viral groups, some of which were cohabiting, others of which were distributed across different households (or premises)?
At the start of an epidemic or pandemic lockdown, people who lived alone could nominate a handful of people—the exact number determined through epidemiological modelling—who will be their ‹co-virals›, ‹coves› or ‹covies› for the duration. Each member of the co-viral group would inform the others if they tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 or became ill with COVID-19 symptoms. There would no doubt be an app for it.
A co-viral group might consist of non-cohabiting relatives (kin) and/or friends and neighbours (kith); it could even be formed around shared serological status (+ or – COVID-19 antibodies). The ‹cove› would be considered the equivalent of a ‹family› or ‹household›. This replacement for the household/family category would permit kith groups to shop, exercise, hug, eat or sit out a fortnight's quarantine together just as kin groups (and co-habiting kith groups) currently do, without being classed as criminals.
Perhaps people in family households could also nominate a friend or two as their ‹coves› during lockdown. The increased epidemiological risk of opening up contacts to small numbers of people outside of co-located families and households could be worth it for the resultant savings in mental health services and the health benefits of contact with friends. Indeed, under recent lockdown provisions, 48% of people were having direct contact with others outside their household, which is a drop from non-lockdown contacts (76% in a 2014 survey), but still represents a significant amount of extra-household co-virality.9
There may be fewer secret contraventions of isolation laws, and higher tolerance of lockdowns, were people allowed (restricted) contact with friends or family members from different households. My main point is that lockdown laws need to be designed around actual family structures and social networks, not census household categories.
It's important to remember that without a vaccination, the public health response to the coronavirus relies not just on social distancing, self-isolation and quarantine but also on testing and contact tracing. Having a nominated group of ‹co-virals› made up of close friends or neighbours and or some family members would permit easier contact tracing should any ‹cove› become ill.
Meanings of the term ‹cove› are worth thinking about. Most familiar is a small sheltered bay or inlet, or a recessed cavity, den or cavern. Origins are the Old English cofa, a chamber or cave, akin to Old High German chubisi hut, and the German Koben ‹pigsty, pen›. Another meaning of cove, most popular in the early 19th century, is a «fellow». Usually paired with an adjective («he was a flash cove», «an ambiable cove»), this meaning is traceable to the Romany word ‹kova›, a thing or person.
The use of ‹coves› as a short hand for ‹co-virals› mobilises all of these meanings: those amiable friends with whom one can share a beer or a meal or a chamber—or a period of quarantine—and a sheltering niche whose inhabitants are not necessarily married or genetically related.
Mateship values might prematurely propel footballers back onto the field, but friendship's importance to mental and physical well-being is only belatedly and tangentially recognised in public health policies. In some states (though not Queensland) the relaxation of the strictest lockdown laws for «mental health reasons» equates to being allowed to see more friends or non-co-resident family. Christakis and Fowler in their studies of the ‹contagion› of happiness and health practices in social networks found the emotions of women's friends and next door neighbours had much more influence on their well-being than did changes in their husbands' emotional state.10 The recent finding that women are emotionally suffering more than men under lockdown may well reflect deprivation of such sustaining friendships.11
Collaborations between social and cultural researchers and public health experts and epidemiologists are needed to identify appropriate social units for lockdowns. In the next wave there could be a trial to form, track and trace co-viral groups and to compare their mental and physical health outcomes, and observation of the lockdown rules, with those of people under household based regimes.
We deserve better from our experts and policy makers than epidemiological policies based on notions of statistical averages, anachronistic myths, or accommodation arrangements. Allowing enjoyment of social intimacy with nominated ‹coves› could be the basis of a more compassionate, evidence-based and sustainable approach to the isolation of single person households in pandemic lockdowns.
1. ABC Radio National News, broadcast in Sydney, 1:00pm, Sunday 26 April 2020.
2. https://aifs.gov.au/facts-and-figures/population-and-households
3. Christine Morgan, CEO of National Mental Health Commission, at cabinet public briefing, Wednesday April 29 2020, reported in Sydney Morning Herald, May 23, News section p. 32
4. 37% is the figure given by the (Government) Australian Institute of Family Studies, https://aifs.gov.au/facts-and-figures/population-and-households, though according to the demographics firm ID, 30.3% of households had children; the discrepancy may be due to where single parent families are counted; https://profile.id.com.au/australia/households?EndYear=2001&DataType=EN.
5. David de Vaus, Diversity and change in Australian families: Statistical profiles, July 2004, https://aifs.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-documents/DiversityAndChange.pdf
6. Zoë Sofoulis, Below the Double Bottom Line: The challenge of socially sustainable urban water strategies, in: Australian Journal of Water Resources, 17 (2), 211–221, p.217.
7. Peter McDonald, Household and Family Trends in Australia, Australian Institute of Family Studies, 1994
8. «In 1911, the average number of people per household was 4.5. By 2016, that number had fallen to 2.6.» Australian Institute of Family Studies, https://aifs.gov.au/facts-andfigures/ population-and-households
9. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2020, 4940.0 – Household Impacts of COVID-19 Survey, 14–17 Apr 2020.
10. N. A. Christakis, J.H. Fowler, Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. BMJ 2008; 337:a2338, doi:10.1136/bmj.a2338, p.7. See also Christakis, Fowler, Connected: The surprising power of our social networks and how they shape our lives. New York: Little Brown/Hachette, 2009-
11. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2020, 4940.0 – Household Impacts of COVID-19 Survey,
14–17 Apr 2020.
Sofoulis, Zoë: Co-virality. Zoë Sofoulis on singles and diverse cohabitations in lockdown. In: Gender-Blog der Zeitschrift für Medienwissenschaft, online, 7. Mai 2020, https://zfmedienwissenschaft.de/node/1511.
Zoë Sofoulis
Adjunct Researcher, Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney University


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Home » UFC » Events
How Many Rounds In UFC Fights? (A Full Analysis)
December 13, 2022 February 17, 2022 by Joe Bloom
If you're new to watching MMA fights and are getting confused when the latest UFC event is on, then this article is here to simplify this common question for you!
In short, how many rounds in UFC?
A UFC fight typically has three rounds of five minutes each for regular matchups on the card. Fights that are a main or co-main event (like for a Championship bout) on the card last longer with five complete rounds of five minutes each. Timeouts could make rounds last longer.
I've done deeper research on this topic to tell you precisely what you can expect from a UFC event. While there are multiple rounds in a UFC fight, they can end very abruptly. Let's look into the details!
How Many Rounds In UFC Fights Typically?
Rounds On A Fight Card: UFC 271
Are UFC Fights 3 Or 5 Rounds?
How Long Are UFC Rounds?
Round Time Averages On A Fight Card: UFC 269
The number of rounds in a UFC fight is either three or five. Most fights are scheduled for three rounds, but the biggest fights on the card are usually scheduled for five rounds. The main (last shown) fight is often for a Championship belt or challenger spot.
Sometimes there can be the main fight on a card that isn't necessarily for a belt or challenger spot. However, it will still be a five-round fight because it's considered the card's main event. This usually happens on the smaller but more regular UFC Fight Night events (unlike the numbered events, for example, UFC 271).
Fighters will desire these five-round fight opportunities, even if they're not on the main UFC event because it will allow them to challenge their cardio and abilities in a whole five-round fight.
Some fighters call out publicly for these opportunities as they are often in a contender spot (usually ranked between the top 2-7 in a division) and want the right fights to prove their status as a contender for a title fight.
Even though there can be three rounds or five rounds scheduled for a fight, that doesn't mean they will always reach that limit. Fights can end early from knockouts, technical knockouts, submissions, and even disqualifications.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaBgK8odTxs
Video can't be loaded because JavaScript is disabled: UFC 271: Derrick Lewis vs Tai Tuivasa Highlights (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaBgK8odTxs)
Let's take a look at the rounds from an actual UFC event, UFC 271, to get an idea of how many rounds there commonly is:
Winning Method
Main Event: Israel Adesanya (W) vs. Robert Whittaker 5:00 5:00 5:00 5:00 5:00 Decision
Tai Tuivasa (W) vs. Derrick Lewis 5:00 1:40 – – – KO
Jared Cannonier (W) vs. Derek Brunson 5:00 4:29 – – – KO
Renato Moicano (W) vs. Alexander Hernandez 5:00 1:23 – – – Submission
Bobby Green (W) vs. Nasrat Haqparast 5:00 5:00 5:00 – – Decision
Andrei Arlovski (W) vs. Jared Vanderaa 5:00 5:00 5:00 – – Decision
Casey O'Neill (W) vs. Roxanne Modafferi 5:00 5:00 5:00 – – Decision
Kyler Phillips (W) vs. Marcelo Rojo 5:00 1:48 – – – Submission
Carlos Ulberg (W) vs. Fabio Cherant 5:00 5:00 5:00 – – Decision
Ronnie Lawrence (W) vs. Leomana Martinez 5:00 5:00 5:00 – – Decision
Jacob Malkoun (W) vs. A.J. Dobson 5:00 5:00 5:00 – – Decision
Douglas Silva de Andrade (W) vs. Sergey Morozov 5:00 3:24 – – – Submission
Jeremiah Wells (W) vs. Mike Mathetha 4:38 – – – – Submission
Maxim Grishin (W) vs. William Knight 5:00 5:00 5:00 – – Decision
The main event fight for UFC 271 went to its total capacity of five rounds. With five complete rounds to compete in, it's relatively common for the fighters to be more cautious. They also have to manage their cardio to fight for so long. They could use that full 25 minutes to win the judges' vote by earning more points during the battle.
Most fights went to the decision on this card after three five-minute rounds. Close behind that was finishes mainly in the second round, including submissions and KOs. Fights ending in the first round is uncommon, with only one on this card. Jeremiah Wells submitted Mike Mathetha at 4:38 in the first round.
UFC fights can be both three or five rounds depending on the fight. Main and co-main event fights are scheduled for five rounds whereas regular fights are scheduled for three rounds. Five-round fights usually occur in fights for Championship belts.
The rounds in a UFC fight are set to last for five minutes each. Each UFC round can also last longer if a fighter is given a timeout. The referee could cut each round if a winner is declared from knockout, technical knockout, or submission.
A timeout is only usually given when an accidental eye poke or groin hit. If either of these happens, the suffering fighter can get up to five minutes extra time to recover.
Most of the time, fighters rarely use the full five minutes of recovery time that they can get. Even though they might need time to recover themselves, they don't want to give their opponent the extra time to recover as well.
Even though fighters wear cups during an MMA fight, it's still pretty common to feel the pain in an accidental groin hit.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85A-FI-o1WM
Video can't be loaded because JavaScript is disabled: UFC 269: Fully Loaded (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85A-FI-o1WM)
Let's consider another actual UFC event, UFC 269, and look at the round times of the entire card:
Rounds Average
Charles Oliveira (W) vs. Dustin Poirier 5:00 5:00 1:02 – – 3:40
Amanda Nunes vs. Julianna Pena (W) 5:00 3:26 – – – 4:13
Geoff Neal (W) vs. Santiago Ponzinibbio 5:00 5:00 5:00 – – 5:00
Kai Kara France (W) vs. Cody Garbrandt 3:21 – – – – 3:21
Raulian Paiva vs. Sean O'Malley (W) 4:42 – – – – 4:42
Josh Emmet (W) vs. Dan Ige 5:00 5:00 5:00 – – 5:00
Pedro Munhoz vs. Dominick Cruz (W) 5:00 5:00 5:00 – – 5:00
Augusto vs. Tai Tuivasa (W) 5:00 0:26 – – – 2:43
Jordan Wright vs. Bruno Silva (W) 1:28 – – – – 1:28
Andre Muniz (W) vs. Eryk Anders 3:13 – – – – 3:13
Miranda Maverick vs. Erin Blanchfield (W) 5:00 5:00 5:00 – – 5:00
Ryan Hall (W) vs. Darrick Minner 5:00 5:00 5:00 – – 5:00
Randy Costa vs. Tony Kelley (W) 5:00 4:15 – – – 4:37
Gillian Robertson (W) vs. Priscila Cachoeira 4:59 – – – – 4:59
This card had two main events, Charles Oliveira vs. Dustin Poirier for the Lightweight Championship belt and Amanda Nunes vs. Julianna Pena for the Women's Bantamweight Championship belt.
Even with the main event and a co-main event scheduled for the complete five five-minute rounds, neither of them went past the third round. It's pretty common as getting five complete five-minute rounds of brutality is a rare delight.
Also Read: How Long Do UFC Fights Last?
When looking at the data, it's evident that the average duration of a round depends on how long the match went on, which relies on the winning method. But the average time of rounds is between 3-5 minutes.
Most rounds reach their total time limit, especially the first round. When a fight gets into the third round, it's most common for the fight to complete all three rounds (in a regular three-round fight), which is most likely because it shows that the fighters are more evenly matched.
A TKO or KO becomes less likely as the fight goes on and the fighters' energy levels deplete.
MMA fights can be very varied, so the actual number of rounds and length of those rounds can change. Usually, this happens because of knockouts, submissions, or stoppages but can occasionally come from other methods, too.
Now you should be sure about what to expect with how many rounds in UFC fights typically. But you might also want to know how the UFC scoring works or how long UFC fights last, which are covered in these next articles:
How Is UFC Scored?
How Long Do UFC Fights Last?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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1. Switzerland (in Slovak unofficial andSwitzerland (in Slovak unofficial and Helvécia, in Latin Helvetia), long shapeHelvécia, in Latin Helvetia), long shape Switzerland is a landlocked federal state inSwitzerland is a landlocked federal state in central Europe, which is adjacent tocentral Europe, which is adjacent to Germany, France, Italy, Austria andGermany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. The country has a longLiechtenstein. The country has a long tradition of political and military neutrality,tradition of political and military neutrality, but also international cooperation and thebut also international cooperation and the seat of several international organizations.seat of several international organizations.
2. Switzerland with its area of 41,000 squareSwitzerland with its area of 41,000 square kilometers is a small country. Thekilometers is a small country. The population of the country's 7.4 millionpopulation of the country's 7.4 million inhabitants, the population density is 184 /inhabitants, the population density is 184 / km², which is comparable with the USkm², which is comparable with the US state of Maryland.state of Maryland.
3. In Switzerland, we distinguish three types ofIn Switzerland, we distinguish three types of mountain areas: the Swiss Jura, Swiss plateaumountain areas: the Swiss Jura, Swiss plateau and the Swiss Alps.and the Swiss Alps.
4. Jura is a narrow, 250 km long limestoneJura is a narrow, 250 km long limestone mountain with a height of up to 1700 m a. m.mountain with a height of up to 1700 m a. m. Jura is separated from the Alps to the south ofJura is separated from the Alps to the south of Lake Geneva and the arc stretches along theLake Geneva and the arc stretches along the border with France. It covers about 10% of theborder with France. It covers about 10% of the country.country.
5.  Swiss Alps make up more than 57% of the country belong mostly toSwiss Alps make up more than 57% of the country belong mostly to western Alps. Extend mainly in the southwest to the northeast. Theywestern Alps. Extend mainly in the southwest to the northeast. They are divided into northern and southern zone. The northern part ofare divided into northern and southern zone. The northern part of the Swiss Alps form the Bernese Alps in the west and the Glarusthe Swiss Alps form the Bernese Alps in the west and the Glarus Alps. The southern part is the Pennine Alps, Ticino Alps andAlps. The southern part is the Pennine Alps, Ticino Alps and Bündner Alps. The center of the Swiss Alps is the massive St.Bündner Alps. The center of the Swiss Alps is the massive St. Gotthard. The highest peaks of the Swiss Alps is DufourspitzeGotthard. The highest peaks of the Swiss Alps is Dufourspitze (Dufour Peak 4634 m). Sources here several European rivers: Aare,(Dufour Peak 4634 m). Sources here several European rivers: Aare, Rhine, Rhone and Inn.Rhine, Rhone and Inn.
6.  Swiss plateau covers about 37% of the country. LocatedSwiss plateau covers about 37% of the country. Located between the Jura and the Alps and the Geneva andbetween the Jura and the Alps and the Geneva and Lake Constance. At its heart lies the town of Bern.Lake Constance. At its heart lies the town of Bern. Lakes, valleys and hills on it incurred the action of theLakes, valleys and hills on it incurred the action of the iceberg. The upland is the economic center of theiceberg. The upland is the economic center of the country.country.
7. In Switzerland it is highly developed road andIn Switzerland it is highly developed road and rail transport network. Roads are known for theirrail transport network. Roads are known for their quality, not just highways, but also regionalquality, not just highways, but also regional roads of lower categories. Regular bus service isroads of lower categories. Regular bus service is out to every alpine village. Paths lead just afterout to every alpine village. Paths lead just after the section of the bridge, but especially throughthe section of the bridge, but especially through many tunnels, which are perhaps the most inmany tunnels, which are perhaps the most in Europe. Rail transport is known for comfort,Europe. Rail transport is known for comfort, speed and accuracy in particular. Anspeed and accuracy in particular. An unforgettable experience is a way known to theunforgettable experience is a way known to the Alpine Express. After a number of large lakesAlpine Express. After a number of large lakes shuttle operates passenger ships as localshuttle operates passenger ships as local transportation.
8.  Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the SwissFreedom of religion is guaranteed by the Swiss Constitution (Article 15 of the Constitution). AConstitution (Article 15 of the Constitution). A referendum in 1973, were deleted from the Constitutionreferendum in 1973, were deleted from the Constitution articles defending the Jesuit order settle in the country,articles defending the Jesuit order settle in the country, which were part of the Constitution since 1848.which were part of the Constitution since 1848.  In the country there is no official state church, most ofIn the country there is no official state church, most of the cantons (except Geneva and Neuchâtel) arethe cantons (except Geneva and Neuchâtel) are financially supported by either the Roman Catholicfinancially supported by either the Roman Catholic Church, Old Catholic Church or the Swiss ReformedChurch, Old Catholic Church or the Swiss Reformed Church.Church.  Representation of members of different faiths: RomanRepresentation of members of different faiths: Roman Catholics 41.82%, the Swiss Reformed Church, 33.04%,Catholics 41.82%, the Swiss Reformed Church, 33.04%, 1.94% other Protestants, Jehovah's Witnesses 0.49%,1.94% other Protestants, Jehovah's Witnesses 0.49%, Muslims 4.26%, 1.80% Orthodox, Hindus 0.38 %, 0.25%Muslims 4.26%, 1.80% Orthodox, Hindus 0.38 %, 0.25% Jews, Buddhists 0.25%, 0.18% Old Catholic, no religionJews, Buddhists 0.25%, 0.18% Old Catholic, no religion 11.11% and others.11.11% and others.
9.  Swiss culture originated at the interface surroundingSwiss culture originated at the interface surrounding cultural area that has been affected. However, over timecultural area that has been affected. However, over time evolved as a separate culture. Sometimes it is difficult toevolved as a separate culture. Sometimes it is difficult to talk about Swiss culture as a homogeneous, whereastalk about Swiss culture as a homogeneous, whereas itself divided according to linguistic areas.itself divided according to linguistic areas.
10.  Switzerland has contributed significantly to theSwitzerland has contributed significantly to the development work of modern architecture (Le Corbusier,development work of modern architecture (Le Corbusier, Bill Mix), painting (Felix Vallotton, Paul Klee) andBill Mix), painting (Felix Vallotton, Paul Klee) and sculpture (Alberto Giacometti, Jean Tinguely).sculpture (Alberto Giacometti, Jean Tinguely).  Swiss music has never been well-known for the countrySwiss music has never been well-known for the country but like in Slovakia, developed folk music with folkbut like in Slovakia, developed folk music with folk dances typical for different regions. Musical Instrumentsdances typical for different regions. Musical Instruments for Switzerland is a special wind instrument alphorn,for Switzerland is a special wind instrument alphorn, previously used by shepherds. From this country arepreviously used by shepherds. From this country are known musicians such as DJ Bobo, group Celtic Frostknown musicians such as DJ Bobo, group Celtic Frost which laid the foundations extreme metal and alsowhich laid the foundations extreme metal and also progressive thrasher Coroner.progressive thrasher Coroner.
11.  Swiss official holidays are:Swiss official holidays are:  New Year's Day (January 1)New Year's Day (January 1)  Easter (from Friday to Monday)Easter (from Friday to Monday)  Holy ThursdayHoly Thursday  Whit Sunday and MondayWhit Sunday and Monday  National Day (August 1)National Day (August 1)  Federal praying day (Thanksgiving in September)Federal praying day (Thanksgiving in September)  Christmas (25 and 26 December)Christmas (25 and 26 December)  most cantons also the feast of Labour Day (1 May), and some days betweenmost cantons also the feast of Labour Day (1 May), and some days between Christmas and New Year.Christmas and New Year.  Ascension Day is also called Banntag (trigger date), according to tradition,Ascension Day is also called Banntag (trigger date), according to tradition, when people can check their boundary stones and bless their fields. Thiswhen people can check their boundary stones and bless their fields. This tradition is still alive in many villages, people are being accompanied bytradition is still alive in many villages, people are being accompanied by musicians.musicians.
12. Christmas is the most popular holidays in theChristmas is the most popular holidays in the country. On Christmas Eve, people tend to havecountry. On Christmas Eve, people tend to have a rich dinner and give you gifts, 26th December,a rich dinner and give you gifts, 26th December, another visit. On New Year's Eve arouse the lastanother visit. On New Year's Eve arouse the last member of the family, which has risen from bedmember of the family, which has risen from bed displeasure New Year !. Check the new year isdispleasure New Year !. Check the new year is celebrated like most of Christendom.celebrated like most of Christendom.
13.  Gotthard Road Tunnel (nem. Gotthard-Strassentunnel, France.Gotthard Road Tunnel (nem. Gotthard-Strassentunnel, France. Tunnel Routier du Saint-Gothard) is a Swiss road tunnel whichTunnel Routier du Saint-Gothard) is a Swiss road tunnel which passes alpine Gotthard massif. It was opened in 1980 and ispasses alpine Gotthard massif. It was opened in 1980 and is located on the A2 motorway connecting the city of Lucerne andlocated on the A2 motorway connecting the city of Lucerne and Lugano. It has built only one tube with a length of 16.918 km is theLugano. It has built only one tube with a length of 16.918 km is the third longest tunnel in the world.third longest tunnel in the world.
14.  Swiss chocolate refers to chocolate produced inSwiss chocolate refers to chocolate produced in Switzerland. While cacao beans and other ingredientsSwitzerland. While cacao beans and other ingredients such as sugar can originate from outside of Switzerland,such as sugar can originate from outside of Switzerland, the actual production of the chocolate must take place inthe actual production of the chocolate must take place in Switzerland. Switzerland's chocolates have earned anSwitzerland. Switzerland's chocolates have earned an international reputation for high quality with manyinternational reputation for high quality with many famous international brands.famous international brands.
15. The 17th century saw the start of chocolateThe 17th century saw the start of chocolate processed in Switzerland. In the 18th centuryprocessed in Switzerland. In the 18th century chocolate was only produced in a few areas,chocolate was only produced in a few areas, such as the Ticino.such as the Ticino.
16.  The wording was formally adopted in the late 19th century[1] and is unique in thatThe wording was formally adopted in the late 19th century[1] and is unique in that most other countries use the phrase "Made in (Country Name)". The most obviousmost other countries use the phrase "Made in (Country Name)". The most obvious place where the label is found is on Swiss watches. The Swiss laws permit the use ofplace where the label is found is on Swiss watches. The Swiss laws permit the use of the words "Suisse", "produit suisse", "fabriqué en Suisse", "qualité suisse" or thethe words "Suisse", "produit suisse", "fabriqué en Suisse", "qualité suisse" or the translations, "Swiss", "Swiss Made", or "Swiss Movement". On some older watches,translations, "Swiss", "Swiss Made", or "Swiss Movement". On some older watches, for example, the word "Swiss" appears alone on the dial at the six o'clock position.for example, the word "Swiss" appears alone on the dial at the six o'clock position.  There are two discrete sections of the Swiss law that pertain to the use of the nameThere are two discrete sections of the Swiss law that pertain to the use of the name Swiss made. The first law, which applies to all types of Swiss products, is the Loi surSwiss made. The first law, which applies to all types of Swiss products, is the Loi sur la protection des marques (LPM). The LPM at Article 50 provided the authority for thela protection des marques (LPM). The LPM at Article 50 provided the authority for the enactment of the second law, Ordonnance du 23 décembre 1971 réglant l'utilisationenactment of the second law, Ordonnance du 23 décembre 1971 réglant l'utilisation du nom «Suisse» pour les montres, relating specifically Swiss watches. The text ofdu nom «Suisse» pour les montres, relating specifically Swiss watches. The text of either law is available in French, German or Italian, since those are the principaleither law is available in French, German or Italian, since those are the principal official languages of Switzerland.official languages of Switzerland.
17.  Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton.Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton.  The city is located in a diverse country in the northern end of Lake Zurich. It hasThe city is located in a diverse country in the northern end of Lake Zurich. It has 366,000 inhabitants (2004). Old Town is located on both sides of the Limmat River,366,000 inhabitants (2004). Old Town is located on both sides of the Limmat River, which rises in the lake. Barcelona is situated 408 m above sea level on an area of 92which rises in the lake. Barcelona is situated 408 m above sea level on an area of 92 km².km².  It is one of 171 political communes forming canton. The metropolis is managed by theIt is one of 171 political communes forming canton. The metropolis is managed by the municipal council (executive body of 9 members) and City Council (legislature, 125municipal council (executive body of 9 members) and City Council (legislature, 125 members). Both bodies are elected by citizens every four years.members). Both bodies are elected by citizens every four years.  Higher and lower schools, education and research are high. Flanked also ETHHigher and lower schools, education and research are high. Flanked also ETH (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule), today renowned Polytechnic.(Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule), today renowned Polytechnic.  Two Swiss large banks (UBS and Credit Suise) have their head office about the centerTwo Swiss large banks (UBS and Credit Suise) have their head office about the center of the famous Bahnhofstrasse Paradeplatz.of the famous Bahnhofstrasse Paradeplatz.  Agglomeration, together with the city of 1.2 million inhabitants. The city of Zurich andAgglomeration, together with the city of 1.2 million inhabitants. The city of Zurich and Winterthur is connected network Bahn, S-Bahn and roads that are connected to theWinterthur is connected network Bahn, S-Bahn and roads that are connected to the network of railways, highways and international airport Kloten.network of railways, highways and international airport Kloten.  Normal temperature in January is in the range between -10 ° C and + 5 ° C and 16 ° CNormal temperature in January is in the range between -10 ° C and + 5 ° C and 16 ° C to 30 ° C in July.to 30 ° C in July.
18. Agglomeration, together with the city of 1.2 millionAgglomeration, together with the city of 1.2 million inhabitants. The city of Zurich and Winterthur isinhabitants. The city of Zurich and Winterthur is connected network Bahn, S-Bahn and roads that areconnected network Bahn, S-Bahn and roads that are connected to the network of railways, highways andconnected to the network of railways, highways and international airport Kloten.international airport Kloten. Normal temperature in January is in the rangeNormal temperature in January is in the range between -10 ° C and + 5 ° C and 16 ° C to 30 ° C in July.between -10 ° C and + 5 ° C and 16 ° C to 30 ° C in July.
19. Swiss cheese is a generic name in North America for severalSwiss cheese is a generic name in North America for several related varieties of cheese, mainly of North Americanrelated varieties of cheese, mainly of North American manufacture, which resemble Emmental cheese, a yellow,manufacture, which resemble Emmental cheese, a yellow, medium-hard cheese that originated in the area around Emmental,medium-hard cheese that originated in the area around Emmental, in Switzerland. Some types of Swiss cheese have a distinctivein Switzerland. Some types of Swiss cheese have a distinctive appearance, as the blocks of the cheese are riddled with holesappearance, as the blocks of the cheese are riddled with holes known as "eyes". Swiss cheese without eyes is known as "blind".known as "eyes". Swiss cheese without eyes is known as "blind". (The term is applied to cheeses of this style made outside(The term is applied to cheeses of this style made outside Switzerland, such as Jarlsberg cheese, which originates inSwitzerland, such as Jarlsberg cheese, which originates in Norway).Norway).
20. Belp is a municipality in the Bern-MittellandBelp is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern inadministrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is close to Bern's Belp Airport.Switzerland. It is close to Bern's Belp Airport. The municipality of Belpberg merged on 1The municipality of Belpberg merged on 1 January 2012 into the municipality of Belp.January 2012 into the municipality of Belp.
21.  Belp is first mentioned in 1263 as Belpo.[4]Belp is first mentioned in 1263 as Belpo.[4]  Scattered neolithic artifacts indicate that the Belp area was inhabitedScattered neolithic artifacts indicate that the Belp area was inhabited prehistorically. Bronze Age cemeteries and La Tène artifacts showprehistorically. Bronze Age cemeteries and La Tène artifacts show that there were villages near modern Belp before the Romanthat there were villages near modern Belp before the Roman invasion. After the collapse of the Roman Empire the area may haveinvasion. After the collapse of the Roman Empire the area may have been uninhabited, but by the High Middle Ages there were villagesbeen uninhabited, but by the High Middle Ages there were villages and wooden castles here. Very little is known about Fahrhubeland wooden castles here. Very little is known about Fahrhubel Castle, located about 700 meters (2,300 ft) north-west of theCastle, located about 700 meters (2,300 ft) north-west of the Hunzigenbrücke (Hunzigen Bridge), and it was eventually completelyHunzigenbrücke (Hunzigen Bridge), and it was eventually completely demolished.demolished.
22. The Swiss franc is the currency used inThe Swiss franc is the currency used in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. PublishedSwitzerland and Liechtenstein. Published by her Swiss National Bank.by her Swiss National Bank.
23. ImageImage ValueValue 5 Rapen5 Rapen 10 Rapen10 Rapen 20 Rapen20 Rapen 1/2 franc1/2 franc 1 franc1 franc 5 francs5 francs
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Lapse of Civility
The current Common Council, under the leadership of Tom DePietro, takes pride in the civil manner in which it conducts its business. All of that seemed out the window last night, in a meeting that lasted for more than an hour and a half and included many a feisty moment.
The discord started with a resolution forwarded to the full Council by the Housing and Transportation Committee, chaired by Tiffany Garriga (Second Ward). The resolution calls for extending New York State's Emergency Tenant Protection Act (ETPA) of 1974, the law that created rent stabilization, to the entire state. The resolution also expresses support for the following bills now before the state legislature--S2845/A4349, S185/A2351, S2591/A1198, and S2892/A5030--all of which relate to tenants' rights.
Eileen Halloran (Fifth Ward) had concerns about the potential cost to the city of adopting rent stabilization, suggesting it might discourage investment, and protested, "This is an awful lot to ask us to understand and then vote on next week." When DePietro assured her, "This doesn't commit us to anything," Halloran opined, "I don't see Hudson as a place that needs rent stabilization." After several other aldermen reiterated that the resolution simply declared support for legislation, DePietro called for an introduction and a second to introduce the resolution.
That was the last of the resolutions to be introduced, and it was then that audience member Annette Perry rose to deliver an emotional indictment of the Common Council, the main themes of which seemed to be that she was born and raised in Hudson, and it was her town; the members of the Council (or some other undefined you) were taking over her town and wrecking it; and she was not going to let them ignore the kids and the elderly. She accused the Council of "taking from the kids" and "meeting in secret" and complained about the condition of the Youth Center. It is not clear if there was any particular incident that inspired her outrage.
DePietro tried to placate Perry by saying the Council was looking into moving the Youth Center to the former John L. Edwards school and announced that the proposals to do a feasibility study of the potential adaptive reuse of the building would be received and opened today, Tuesday, March 12, at 4:00 p.m., in City Hall.
Alderman Shershah Mizan (Third Ward) then brought up the issue of assessments, stating that some of his constituents saw the assessed value of their property double or triple, and wanted the Common Council to pass a resolution to have those properties reassessed. Mizan was told that's not how the process worked, and city assessor Justin Maxwell explained that the property owners needed to challenge their assessments. Advice was offered about the process by other aldermen, and Mizan was assured that all information needed was available online, but he protested that many homeowners don't have a good command of English, and Alderman Dewan Sarowar (Second Ward) noted that many did not know how to use a computer. Maxwell promised to work on getting interpreters and setting up a meeting with GAR on the weekend expressly for Bangladeshi homeowners. The possibility of extending the deadlines for challenging assessments was also raised, but no decision was made regarding an extension, and it may not be possible since the assessment rolls need to be finalized by July 1.
When DePietro asked if any other aldermen had issues to bring before the Council, Halloran stood, which is not typical for aldermen when they have the floor, and declared that the environment of the Council Chamber was getting "more confrontational" and called for a return of civility. DePietro said he was not allowing anyone to "go over the line," which he defined, in part, as questioning someone's motives. Garriga took Halloran's complaint to be specifically about Perry's tirade and accused Halloran of judging her (Garriga's) constituents who come to City Hall. The exchange devolved into intimations of racism and then segued into aldermen taking turns declaring what they have done, individually and collectively, to help the youth of the city. Audience member Claudia Bruce took the opportunity to bring up the revenue from the lodging tax controlled by the Tourism Board, which now amounts to about $140,000, and express the opinion that the money should not be used for branding and marketing the city but for other things--namely, the Youth Center and sidewalks. DePietro encouraged people concerned about how the funds were spent to attend the next Tourism Board meeting, which will be held on Tuesday, March 26, at 5:30 p.m. at 1 North Front Street.
When DePietro invited comments from the public, a woman who identified herself only as Gloria from CCSM (Columbia County Sanctuary Movement) wanted to know whom to hold accountable for the police "violating the executive order." When DePietro said the Common Council had no jurisdiction over the police and referred her complaint to the mayor, she said, "The mayor is not getting my anger and frustration." Bryan MacCormack, executive director of CCSM, then said, "If our only access is the mayor, it's a closed door meeting. The public has to be involved." Mayor Rick Rector, who was present at the Council meeting, responded, reiterating many of the points made in a statement released on Friday. He avowed that he had supported the "Welcoming and Inclusive City" resolution when he was on the Council and continued to support it and stressed that he just wanted to get to the facts. "If the police did something wrong, we will correct it. If I did something wrong, I want to know." The woman from CCSM told Rector that his statements "don't sound like they are coming from a sincere place."
After DePietro asked MacCormack to provide more evidence that the HPD is violating the the "Welcoming and Inclusive City" resolution, and MacCormack alleged the police were present at the incident last Tuesday "to protect the safety of ICE not anyone else," it was decided that the mayor's next meeting with CCSM would be a public meeting, to take place on Friday, March 15, at 6:00 p.m. in City Hall.
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Posted by Carole Osterink at 7:26 AM
raoul duke March 12, 2019 at 8:36 AM
Proposing to support rent stabilization after doubling the property tax is the kind of progressive legislation I'd like to see more of from the council.
Instead of paying their fair share of property taxes, the landed proprietors of this city would love to strangle out the residents by raising rents.
Then, they could simply rent out their properties for tourists on AirBnb, and live in a hollowed out city - like an empty playground.
An empty playground...the stage upon which tantrums of affluence are used to apply peer pressure to any government official that stands in their way.
Hudson not only needs rent stabilization, but higher taxes on the wealthy landowners as well.
John K. Friedman March 12, 2019 at 2:32 PM
Hudson needs rent stabilization like it needs more junkies and drug dealers, and the suggestion that it will help is simply not supported by evidence. It will almost certainly result in lower investment in rental housing, a devaluation of the real property inventory available for taxation and therefore an increase in actual property taxes. Recall that the City's annual budget isn't quite $13m -- and the City provides essentially no services (except to its employees, especially its retirees but that's a legacy of another time). The real problem is that there are too many not-for-profit property owners (NGOs, GOs, NFPs, etc.) who game the system and take property off the rolls thereby forcing the "wealthy landowners" to pay their neighbors' costs.
We don't need rent stabilization, we need a moratorium on site plan approvals for NFPS and other non-contributors that push up the cost of living here for the actual residents.
nathan March 12, 2019 at 5:25 PM
How does one differentiate between not for profit entities who game the system, and those who provide essential and legitimate services?
newcomer March 12, 2019 at 7:37 PM
Rent stablization in NY has a long, complicated, and fascinating history dating back to when soldiers returned from WWI, housing demand was high, and unscrupulous landlords engaged in price gouging.
Rent stabilization has since been used when a "housing emergency" exists, defined as a vacancy rate of less than 5%. Hudson's current vacancy rate is about 17%.
Simply put, when operating expenses exceed income, deferred maintence results, causing properties and neighborhoods to decline, leaving residents in substandard and unsafe living conditions.
While Hudson could benefit from an increase in mixed-income, mixed-use buildings, affordable housing only addresess one side - the expense side - of the equation.
Jobs that pay a living-wage address the income side. A large number of Hudsonians earn well below the area median income. Rent regulation won't change this. Investment in targeted, long-term economic development initatives will. It's a more challenging path to be sure. But focusing resources and public discourse on living-wage employment would likely yield a stonger, more sustainable community than would short-sighted, economically unviable rent regulation strategies.
John K. Friedman March 13, 2019 at 10:29 AM
When an NFP uses a building it owns 1 day a year and keeps it off the rolls on that basis, it's a scam meant to save money at the NFP's neighbors' expense.
Newcomer -- Rent control was initiated in NYC in 1943. Be that as it may, you are correct in my view that the living-wage issue is the key to a perceived "housing crisis." This is a by-product of educational opportunities and skills-building trade-oriented apprenticeships, or the lack of those (but that's another story).
nathan March 13, 2019 at 12:19 PM
"When an NFP uses a building it owns 1 day a year and keeps it off the rolls on that basis, it's a scam meant to save money at the NFP's neighbors' expense."
Fair enough, and that needs to be somehow addressed by the city, but we can not move forward with blanket statements about NFP organizations that are indeed "contributors" and "actual residents". That is a damaging approach that discounts a lot of good work being done in the city (services provided, employment offered, cultural enrichment, community engagement) that does contribute meaningfully to the economy.
I agree with you -- that's the purpose of a moratorium in development: to give the community time to study the issues and come up with reasonable, equitable and workable solutions.
I was there at the meeting, and would like to offer a re-interpretation of Annette Perry's performance of grief and dismay, which if not civil in that it did not feature "formal politeness and courtesy in behavior or speech," had many more significant features. It is not to be sniffed at when a person insists, by whatever means necessary, that her indigenous rights and the rights of her people be recognized. As a white gentrifying resident of Hudson (meaning that when I moved here I brought my greater wealth to bear on the existing lower income community, and stood to profit from my ability to regard as "investment" what had been simply a home (though home is never simple)), I have been acutely aware of the intensifying shock and disorientation of the black community. The informal Common Council meeting is, as Council President De Pietro pointed out, informal, and also a forum for citizens to bring their concerns and speak their piece. From where I sat, Annette Perry was taking the burden of an all-but silenced and shrinking perspective, and emotionally voicing an emotional truth, one that causes Hudson to be cast under a pall. It should not surprise or confuse anyone whose eyes are open in Hudson that that truth would come out in hyperbolic and/or histrionic fashion. While it is definitely factual that there are members of the Common Council who work hard for the youth of Hudson, and that the meetings of the Common Council are far from secret, it is also factual that there are children living hand-to-mouth in the lengthening shadow of fine dining and eager shoppers and ever more extreme disposable income, and that Hudson is a brutally small city in which for such inequity to be allowed to continue when there are revenue streams open and gushing. The subsequent mention of the $140,000 raised by the Lodging Tax, and potentially to be used to "brand" Hudson—the ironies of the term must not go un-noted—when the Youth Center and other necessary infrastructures including the funding of a Housing Commissioner, as recommended by the Housing Task Force, reminded me of the real potential for Hudson to be a great city, which will not be fulfilled by any further marketing to tourists but only by a re-dedication of resources to its youth and the residents who love them. REBECCA WOLFF
What are "indigenous rights?"
Peter Meyer March 13, 2019 at 11:20 PM
Hurrah Rebecca! If we expand the definition of indigenous people to include Hudson's working class, we see this "lengthening shadow" in the current assessment eclipse, which is driving out once proud and hardworking homeowners. Shameful.
And if we expand the definition of "daytime" to include the dark periods of time then we won't need a word for "night." Words either have meaning or they don't. I chose to believe they do.
In addition, expanding the definition of "indigenous" to include people who happen to be born somewhere now though they have no ties to the actual indigenous peoples who populated that particular geography, negates the concept that the term "indigenous people" was coined to encapsulate and, in doing so, dilutes the actual focus on actual indigenous peoples. I was born on the island of Manhattan but that doesn't make me an Algonquin, Manahata, Iroquois or any other indigenous group of that sandbar. I may be a native to somewhere but that doesn't make me "indigenous" to that place. If you're going to torture the language try not to do it at someone else's expense.
Tamar Adler March 14, 2019 at 11:49 AM
I feel dumb, because I thought I'd replied to this yesterday, and am tech illiterate enough there's always a chance two comments will so up. Notwithstanding: I wasn't at the meeting, but reading this account and reading Rebecca Wolff's reply sent me to my dictionary. I make my money writing, so it sits on my desk. It's a big 1913 Webster's that's so exhaustive it's like a thesaurus. Next to the word "civility" it says: "The state of society in which the relations and duties of a citizen are recognized and obeyed." Now, it seems to me that by repeatedly speaking up, and upholding her duty to articulate her grievances in a forum designed for it, Annette Perry is being the model of civility. I'm not worried about people being displeased and talking about it together, out loud, as a society and community. I'm worried about people feeling like there's nowhere left to air grievances and no duty to do it.
man bites dog March 13, 2019 at 3:01 PM
This is what I think it means.A self hating cockasion with a privileged background..
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This blog takes its name from the 1848 novel by Hudson author Alice B. Neal. The original Gossips of Rivertown cast a gimlet eye on Hudson society in the mid-19th century. More than a century and a half later, the new Gossips carries on the spirit of the original, but in a different genre and with a different focus.
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Бори́с Алекса́ндрович Руно́в (24 мая 1925, Богородск — 22 сентября 2017, Москва) — советский и российский учёный в области сельского хозяйства, кандидат технических наук, доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, ,  (1988; с 1992 года — ) и Российской академии наук (2013), заместитель министра сельского хозяйства СССР (1970—1985). Герой Советского Союза (1945), заслуженный деятель науки и техники Российской Федерации (1995).

Биография

Детство и юность
Родился 24 мая 1925 года в городе Богородск (ныне — Ногинск) Московской губернии в семье рабочего. Отец — Александр Григорьевич, работал в горфинотделе, накануне войны был избран председателем колхоза; с началом войны добровольцем ушёл на фронт, отказавшись от брони. В семье Руновых было ещё четверо детей, Борис был самым старшим. О своём детстве Рунов вспоминал:

Я с детства был приучен к работе. Моя мать не могла меня видеть без дела — сразу находила мне работу по дому. А её хватало — это и огород, уход за животными и курами, заготовка дров, поход за грибами, заготовка на зиму различных солений. В ранние годы научился у деда сапожному ремеслу.

C началом Великой Отечественной войны Рунов, ещё будучи школьником, начал работать на военном заводе, затем устроился в «Мосэнерго» монтёром на воздушных линиях.

Великая Отечественная война
В 1943 году был призван в Рабоче-крестьянскую Красную армию Ногинским райвоенкоматом. В 1944 году окончил Московское военно-инженерное училище.

На фронтах Великой Отечественной войны Рунов с июня 1944 года, «боевое крещение» принял в боях на Сандомирском плацдарме: прокладывал пути для наступающей пехоты и танков. После месячного пребывания в действующей армии получил тяжёлое ранение. Осколком разорвавшегося поблизости снаряда разбило бедренную кость правой ноги. После лечения в Киевском госпитале был назначен командиром сапёрного взвода, а затем командиром роты 3-й гвардейской моторизованной инженерной бригады (1-й Украинский фронт).

В декабре 1944 года младший лейтенант Рунов был награждён орденом Красной Звезды. В наградном листе от 28 декабря 1944 года отмечено, что Рунов отлично справился с поставленной командованием задачей, умело организовав личный состав взвода в ходе прокладки маршрута для пропуска танков до исходной позиции.

В марте 1945 года Рунов вторично был награждён орденом Красной Звезды: 16 марта младший лейтенант Рунов со своим взводом под огнём противника в течение часа исправил дорогу в районе Шенхейде, ликвидировав таким образом крупную пробку, 23 марта в районе Фугсбер в числе первых со своим взводом вступил в бой с группой немецких автоматчиков, в результате которого было убито 10 солдат и офицеров противника.

14 апреля 1945 года с группой бойцов переплыл реку Нейсе и произвёл разведку места для переправы войск. После этого был быстро построен мост для танков. Когда на реке начался ледоход, сапёрам пришлось взрывами разрушать напиравшие на него льдины. В конце апреля строил мост через Эльбу, на котором произошла встреча с американскими войсками.

Подвиг

1 мая 1945 года роту под его командованием подняли по тревоге, придали два танка и бросили навстречу вырвавшейся из окружения группе солдат противника, направлявшимся прямиком к штабу 4-й танковой армии. Рунов оставил оба танка у крайних домов посёлка, развернул взвод в цепь и повёл навстречу противнику. Бойцы взвода растянулись в лесу, лейтенант вышел на опушку и лицом к лицу встретился с немцами. Их оказалось гораздо больше, чем ожидали. До советских танков было 300 метров, но их не было видно из-за деревьев и с ними не было связи. Борис Александрович приказал бойцам не стрелять, вернуться к танкам и привести их на опушку. Сам же остался один лицом к лицу с врагом.

Немцы окружили Рунова, майор наставил на него парабеллум. Рунов выхватил из кармана ручную гранату и крикнул немцам по-немецки: «Берлин пал. Сдавайтесь! Я сохраню вам жизнь. Там мои танки. Сопротивление бесполезно, вы будете уничтожены…».

К немецкому офицеру подошёл другой офицер и сказал: «Убери парабеллум, майор. Солдаты не хотят умирать. А ты, лейтенант, убери гранату…». Солдаты противника сдались.

Через некоторое время около сотни немецких солдат пошли вперед, к выходу в поле, на советские танки. Рунов понял, что стоит им только выйти из леса, как танки откроют огонь. Тогда офицер принял решение остановить их на выходе из леса:

И в этот момент наши танки открыли огонь. Недалеко разорвался снаряд, а я бросился в кювет и по нему быстро пополз к своим. Когда до наших танков оставалось немногим больше сотни метров, я вытащил платок и стал им махать, чтобы в меня не стреляли. Меня заметили и, собрав все силы, я бросился вперед. Радость встречи трудно описать. Мои солдаты уже и не думали, что я останусь живым. Вскочив на танк, мы двинулись туда, где была основная масса немцев. Немцы, а их было около 700, сдались.

За успешную операцию и взятие в плен большой группы противника Рунов был представлен к званию Героя Советского Союза. На тот момент ему было неполных 20 лет.

Указом Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 27 июня 1945 года лейтенанту Рунову Борису Александровичу было присвоено звание Героя Советского Союза.

После войны. Научная деятельность
В 1945 году Рунов ушёл в запас в звании старшего лейтенанта, по ранениям получив инвалидность 3-й группы. В 1946 году вступил в КПСС. В 1950 году окончил Московский институт механизации и электрификации сельского хозяйства и аспирантуру. Работал в этом же институте ассистентом, с 1953 года — доцент.

После стажировки в 1960—1961 годах в Университете штата Айова в Эймсе (США) был проректором (1961—1962) Московской сельскохозяйственной академии имени К. А. Тимирязева.

Работал заведующим сектором науки и образования в Сельскохозяйственном отделе ЦК КПСС (1962—1965, 1968—1970) и советником Посольства СССР в Канаде (1965—1968).

С 1970 года по 1985 год — заместитель Министра сельского хозяйства СССР.

В 1953 году стал кандидатом технических наук, а в 1973 году защитил докторскую диссертацию и стал доктором сельскохозяйственных наук.

С 1986 года по 1989 год — начальник отдела внедрения науки и передового опыта Госагропрома СССР. С 1989 года — председатель Совета по пропаганде и организации освоения достижений науки и техники ВАСХНИЛ.

В 1988 году избран академиком ВАСХНИЛ (член-корреспондент с 1978)

С 1992 года — начальник отдела пропаганды и издательской работы РАСХН. С 1994 года по 1995 год — академик-секретарь отделения землеустройства и строительства РАСХН. С 1995 года — главный научный сотрудник Центральной научной сельскохозяйственной библиотеки РАСХН. Автор более 300 научных трудов и пяти монографий по проблемам агропромышленного комплекса.

С 1995 года — профессор Московского государственного агроинженерного университета имени В. П. Горячкина и Московской сельскохозяйственной академии имени К. А. Тимирязева.

Проживал и работал в Москве. Являлся членом правления Московского Клуба Героев. Участвовал в эстафете олимпийского огня «Сочи 2014» в Москве.

Скончался 23 сентября 2017 года в Москве.

Награды и звания

 Герой Советского Союза (указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 27 июня 1945 года, орден Ленина № 41668 и медаль «Золотая Звезда» № 7866);
 орден За заслуги перед Отечеством IV степени (26 мая 2005 года) — за большой личный вклад в развитие сельскохозяйственной науки, многолетнюю добросовестную работу и активное участие в ветеранском движении;
 орден Отечественной войны I степени (11 марта 1985 года);
 орден Трудового Красного Знамени;
 два ордена Красной Звезды (31 декабря 1944 года, 31 марта 1945 года);
 медали СССР и РФ, в том числе:
 медаль «За отвагу»;
 медаль «В ознаменование 100-летия со дня рождения Владимира Ильича Ленина» (1970);
 медаль «За победу над Германией в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.»;
 медаль «За взятие Берлина»;
 медаль «За освобождение Праги»;
 медаль «Ветеран труда»;
 медаль Жукова;
 юбилейные медали СССР и РФ:
 юбилейная медаль «Двадцать лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.» (1965);
 юбилейная медаль «Тридцать лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.» (1975);
 юбилейная медаль «Сорок лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.» (1985);
 юбилейная медаль «50 лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.» (1995);
 юбилейная медаль «60 лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.» (2005);
 юбилейная медаль «65 лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.» (2010);
 юбилейная медаль «70 лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.» (2015);
 Заслуженный деятель науки и техники Российской Федерации (21 июня 1995 года);
 Почётная грамота Президента Российской Федерации (22 июля 2010 года) — за достигнутые трудовые успехи и многолетнюю добросовестную работу;
 другие награды.

Библиография

Научные труды
Некоторые сочинения:

Мемуары

Примечания

Литература

 [az-libr.ru/index.htm?Persons&GLD/d7c90114/index Рунов Борис Александрович] //
 Боевая слава сапёров. — , 1958. — С. 52—57.
 Творческий путь академика Российской академии сельскохозяйственных наук, Героя Советского Союза Бориса Александровича Рунова : к 80-летию со дня рождения / Министерство сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации; Российская Федерация. Министерство сельского хозяйства. — : Росинформагротех, 2005. — 55 с. — 300 экз.
 Борис Александрович Рунов — 85 / Центральная научная сельскохозяйственная библиотека Российской академии сельскохозяйственных наук; [сост. И. В. Задворная, Ф. К. Невядомская; вступ. ст. В. И. Фисинин, Ю. Ф. Лачуга]. — : ЦНСХБ, 2010. — 59 с. — (Материалы к биобиблиографии деятелей сельскохозяйственной науки). — 150 экз. — ISBN 978-5-91694-018-3.
 Борис Александрович Рунов — 80 : библиография / Центральная научная сельскохозяйственная библиотека Российской академии сельскохозяйственных наук; [сост.: И. В. Задворная, Ф. К. Невядомская; авт. вступ. ст. В. И. Фисинин, Ю. Ф. Лачуга]. — : ЦНСХБ, 2005. — 50 с. — (Материалы к биобиблиографии деятелей сельскохозяйственной науки). — 200 экз.

Ссылки

 Рунов Борис Александрович // Биографическая энциклопедия РАСХН, ВАСХНИЛ.
 Некролог на сайте газеты «Красная звезда»

Командиры рот в Великой Отечественной войне
Выпускники Московского военного инженерного училища
Сапёры Великой Отечественной войны
Преподаватели РГАУ-МСХА им. К. А. Тимирязева
Заведующие секторами отделов ЦК КПСС
Государственные деятели СССР
Заместители министров СССР
Мемуаристы России

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