text:
Ruth Eckstein Grunau
Professor, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia
Premature Babies
rgrunau@bcchr.ca
4500 Oak St
Cecil Ming Yeung Chau
cchau@bcchr.ca
Early stress in immature neonates, both animal and human, has the potential for long-term effects. Medical care of infants born prematurely at very low gestational age (below 33 weeks gestation) involves repeated exposure to noxious procedures, at a time of very rapid brain development and programming of stress systems.
Pain in biologically immature neonates is developmentally "unexpected" inducing numerous physiologic, endocrine and behavioral changes that may contribute to altered brain development and stress regulation - affecting neurodevelopment, ability to self-regulate behaviorally and physiologically, as well as altering multiple aspects of attention, learning and memory. These difficulties may impact the infant's adjustment to the environment, parent-infant interaction, behavior and later academic achievement; however the etiology is largely unknown.
Using a transdisciplinary, biobehavioural approach we have gained new knowledge about pain reactivity, relationships between response systems in premature compared to healthy term born infants, and increased understanding of mechanisms contributing to altered neurodevelopment and internalizing behaviors in these fragile children.
Family integrated care: Very preterm neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months
Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition
Synnes, A.R. and Petrie, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Church, P. and Kelly, E. and Moddemann, D. and Ye, X. and Lee, S.K. and O{'}Brien, K.
DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-321055
Pharmacologic Analgesia and Sedation in Neonates
Clinics in Perinatology
McPherson, C. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2021.11.014
Proceedings of the 13th International Newborn Brain Conference: Neuroprotection strategies in the neonate
Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine
Abou Mehrem, A. and Al Awad, E. and Anninck, K. and Au-Young, S. and Aydinol, N. and Bartmann, P. and Benders, M. and Benlamri, A. and Bolderheij, L. and Celik, Y. and Chan, N. and Chau, C. and Chau, V. and Chen, X. and Chetcuti Ganado, C. and Coetser, A. and Cools, F. and Da Rocha, G. and Deigner, H.-P. and Dereymaeker, A. and Deshmukh, L. and Domonoske, R. and Dossani, S. and Dsouza, J.M. and El Gamal, M. and Eshemokhai, P. and Esser, M. and Fiedrich, E. and Franz, A. and Ghosh, A. and Groenendaal, F. and Grunau, R.E. and Venkata, S.K.R.G. and Hamitoglu, S. and Hellstr{\"o}m-Westas, L. and Irvine, L. and Jansen, K. and Javadyan, A. and Jenkin, G. and Kamanga, N. and Kaur, N. and Keles, E. and Keller, M. and Kelly, E. and Kesting, S.J. and Kgwadi, D. and Kim, B. and Kohl, M. and Kowal, D. and Kricitober, J.D. and Leijser, L. and LePine, M. and Lim, Y.-P. and Lodha, A. and Londhe, A. and Ly, L. and Maes, E. and Malhotra, A. and Marlow, N. and Mathew, J.L. and McDonald, C. and McLean, M. and Metcalfe, C. and Meyer, R. and Miller, S.P. and Miller, S. and Mogajane, T. and Mohammad, K. and Momin, S. and Montpetit, J. and Mukiza, N. and Murthy, P. and Scott, J.N. and Nakibuuka, V. and Nakwa, F. and Naulaers, G. and Noort, J. and Ntuli, N. and Ondongo-Ezhet, C. and Paul, R. and Pepper, M. and Plum, A. and Rombough, B. and Saugstad, O. and Scotland, J. and Scott, J. and Seake, K. and Sebunya, R. and Selvanathan, T. and Sepeng, L. and Simsek, H. and Steins-Rang, C. and Stonestreet, B. and Tang, S. and Taskin, E. and Thewissen, L. and Thomas, S. and Thomas, R. and van Kwawegen, A. and van Rensburg, J. and Velaphi, S. and Wu, Y. and Yaman, A. and Yapicioglu-Yildizdas, H. and Yawno, T. and Zaki, P. and Zein, H. and Zhou, L.
DOI: 10.3233/NPM-229003
Brain Development and Maternal Behavior in Relation to Cognitive and Language Outcomes in Preterm-Born Children
Miller, J.V. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A. and Miller, S.P. and Grunau, R.E.
Lower Maternal Chronic Physiological Stress and Better Child Behavior at 18 Months: Follow-Up of a Cluster Randomized Trial of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Family Integrated Care
Journal of Pediatrics
Mclean, M.A. and Scoten, O.C. and Yu, W. and Ye, X.Y. and Petrie, J. and Church, P.T. and Soraisham, A.S. and Mirea, L.S. and Weinberg, J. and Synnes, A.R. and O{'}Brien, K. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.055
Head circumference, total cerebral volume and neurodevelopment in preterm neonates
Selvanathan, T. and Guo, T. and Kwan, E. and Chau, V. and Brant, R. and Synnes, A.R. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
Ventricular Volume in Infants Born Very Preterm: Relationship with Brain Maturation and Neurodevelopment at Age 4.5 Years
Sheng, M. and Guo, T. and Mabbott, C. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A. and de Vries, L.S. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
Neonatal pain, thalamic development and sensory processing behaviour in children born very preterm
Early Human Development
Duerden, E.G. and Mclean, M.A. and Chau, C. and Guo, T. and Mackay, M. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A. and Miller, S.P. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105617
Prenatal antidepressant exposure and sex differences in neonatal corpus callosum microstructure
Developmental Psychobiology
Campbell, K.S.J. and Williams, L.J. and Bjornson, B.H. and Weik, E. and Brain, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1002/dev.22125
Sensory processing and cortisol at age 4 years: Procedural pain-related stress in children born very preterm
McLean, M.A. and Niknafs, N. and Scoten, O.C. and Chau, C.M.Y. and MacKay, M. and Weinberg, J. and Synnes, A. and Miller, S.P. and Grunau, R.E.
Interaction between Preterm White Matter Injury and Childhood Thalamic Growth
Annals of Neurology
Cayam-Rand, D. and Guo, T. and Synnes, A. and Chau, V. and Mabbott, C. and Benavente-Fern{\'a}ndez, I. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1002/ana.26201
Preterm infant heart rate is lowered after Family Nurture Intervention in the NICU: Evidence in support of autonomic conditioning
Ludwig, R.J. and Grunau, R.E. and Chafkin, J.E. and Hane, A.A. and Isler, J.R. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Welch, M.G. and Myers, M.
Longitudinal neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm twins
Pediatric Research
Christensen, R. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants conceived by assisted reproductive technology
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Roychoudhury, S. and Lodha, A. and Synnes, A. and Abou Mehrem, A. and Canning, R. and Banihani, R. and Beltempo, M. and Theriault, K. and Yang, J. and Shah, P.S. and Soraisham, A.S. and Ting, J. and Alvaro, R. and Adie, M. and Ng, E. and Pelausa, E. and Claveau, M. and Barrington, K. and Lapoint, A. and Ethier, G. and Drolet, C. and Piedboeuf, B. and Afifi, J. and Dahlgren, L. and Wood, S. and Metcalfe, A. and O{'}Quinn, C. and Helewa, M. and Taboun, F. and Melamed, N. and Abenhaim, H. and Wou, K. and Gratton, R. and Boucoiran, I. and Taillefer, C. and Allen, V. and Grunau, R. and Hendson, L. and Moddemann, D. and de Cabo, C. and Nwaesei, C. and Church, P. and Nguyen, K.-A. and Khairy, M. and Dorval, V. and Luu, T.M. and B{\'e}langer, S.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.03.027
Family Integrated Care (FICare): Positive impact on behavioural outcomes at 18 months
Church, P.T. and Grunau, R.E. and Mirea, L. and Petrie, J. and Soraisham, A.S. and Synnes, A. and Ye, X.Y. and O{'}Brien, K.
Atypical neuromagnetic resting activity associated with thalamic volume and cognitive outcome in very preterm children
Nunes, A.S. and Kozhemiako, N. and Hutcheon, E. and Chau, C. and Ribary, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Doesburg, S.M.
Association of early skin breaks and neonatal thalamic maturation: A modifiable risk?
Duerden, E.G. and Grunau, R.E. and Chau, V. and Groenendaal, F. and Guo, T. and Chakravarty, M.M. and Benders, M. and Wagenaar, N. and Eijsermans, R. and Koopman, C. and Synnes, A. and Vries, L. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010953
Neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal caffeine therapy
Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine
Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2020.101160
Effects of maternal depression and prenatal SSRI exposure on executive functions and susceptibility to household chaos in 6-year-old children: Prospective cohort study
BJPsych Open
Dhaliwal, G. and Weikum, W.M. and Jolicoeur-Martineau, A. and Brain, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2020.73
Sex differences in brain connectivity and male vulnerability in very preterm children
Kozhemiako, N. and Nunes, A.S. and Vakorin, V.A. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Moiseev, A. and Ribary, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Doesburg, S.M.
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24809
Mechanical Ventilation Duration, Brainstem Development, and Neurodevelopment in Children Born Preterm: A Prospective Cohort Study
Guillot, M. and Guo, T. and Ufkes, S. and Schneider, J. and Synnes, A. and Chau, V. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
Location and Size of Preterm Cerebellar Hemorrhage and Childhood Development
Garfinkle, J. and Guo, T. and Synnes, A. and Chau, V. and Branson, H.M. and Ufkes, S. and Tam, E.W.Y. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
Alterations in Resting-State Networks Following In Utero Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Exposure in the Neonatal Brain
Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging
Rotem-Kohavi, N. and Williams, L.J. and Virji-Babul, N. and Bjornson, B.H. and Brain, U. and Werker, J.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.08.004
Association of socioeconomic status and brain injury with neurodevelopmental outcomes of very preterm children
Benavente-Fernandez, I. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Chau, V. and Ramraj, C. and Glass, T. and Cayam-Rand, D. and Siddiqi, A. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2914
Hub distribution of the brain functional networks of newborns prenatally exposed to maternal depression and SSRI antidepressants
Rotem-Kohavi, N. and Williams, L.J. and Muller, A.M. and Abdi, H. and Virji-Babul, N. and Bjornson, B.H. and Brain, U. and Werker, J.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P. and Oberlander, T.F.
Hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus volumes in very preterm children at 8 years: Neonatal pain and genetic variation
Chau, C.M.Y. and Ranger, M. and Bichin, M. and Park, M.T.M. and Amaral, R.S.C. and Chakravarty, M. and Poskitt, K. and Synnes, A.R. and Miller, S.P. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00051
Predictive connectome subnetwork extraction with anatomical and connectivity priors
Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics
Brown, C.J. and Miller, S.P. and Booth, B.G. and Zwicker, J.G. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A.R. and Chau, V. and Hamarneh, G.
DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2018.08.009
Self-reported Quality of Life at Middle School Age in Survivors of Very Preterm Birth: Results from the Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity Trial
Schmidt, B. and Anderson, P.J. and Asztalos, E.V. and Doyle, L.W. and Grunau, R.E. and Moddemann, D. and Roberts, R.S.
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.4853
Neurologic Examination Findings Associated With Small Cerebellar Volumes After Prematurity
Journal of Child Neurology
Tam, E.W.Y. and Chau, V. and Lavoie, R. and Chakravarty, M.M. and Guo, T. and Synnes, A. and Zwicker, J. and Grunau, R. and Miller, S.P.
Prenatal SSRI antidepressant use and maternal internalizing symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum: Exploring effects on infant temperament trajectories for boys and girls
Erickson, N.L. and Hancock, G.R. and Oberlander, T.F. and Brain, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Gartstein, M.A.
Atypical resting state neuromagnetic connectivity and spectral power in very preterm children
Kozhemiako, N. and Nunes, A. and Vakorin, V.A. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Moiseev, A. and Ribary, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Doesburg, S.M.
bioRxiv
Early psychosocial development of small for gestational age and intrauterine growth-restricted children: a systematic review
Journal of Perinatology
Levine, T.A. and Grunau, R.E. and McAuliffe, F.M. and Alderdice, F.A.
Adverse behavioral changes in adult mice following neonatal repeated exposure to pain and sucrose
Ranger, M. and Tremblay, S. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Goldowitz, D.
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02394
Pain in Child Health from 2002 to 2015: The early years of an international research training initiative
Canadian Journal of Pain
von Baeyer, C.L. and Stevens, B.J. and Craig, K.D. and Finley, G.A. and Johnston, C.C. and Grunau, R.V.E. and Chambers, C.T. and Pillai Riddell, R.R. and Stinson, J.N. and McGrath, P.J.
Morphine biotransformation genes and neonatal clinical factors predicted behaviour problems in very preterm children at 18¿months
Chau, C.M.Y. and Ross, C.J.D. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A.R. and Miller, S.P. and Carleton, B. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.042
Predicting developmental outcomes in preterm infants: A simple white matter injury imaging rule
Cayam-Rand, D. and Guo, T. and Grunau, R.E. and Benavente-Fern{\'a}ndez, I. and Synnes, A. and Chau, V. and Branson, H. and Latal, B. and Mcquillen, P. and Miller, S.P.
Concurrent Validity of the Bayley-III and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 at 18 Months
Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics
Gill, K. and Osiovich, A. and Synnes, A. and A. Agnew, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P. and Zwicker, J.G.
Maternal depression trajectories from pregnancy to 3 years postpartum are associated with children's behavior and executive functions at 3 and 6 years
Park, M. and Brain, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Diamond, A. and Oberlander, T.F.
Association of histologic chorioamnionitis with perinatal brain injury and early childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes among preterm neonates
Bierstone, D. and Wagenaar, N. and Gano, D.L. and Guo, T. and Georgio, G. and Groenendaal, F. and De Vries, L.S. and Varghese, J. and Glass, H.C. and Chung, C. and Terry, J. and Rijpert, M. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Barkovich, A.J. and Ferriero, D.M. and Benders, M. and Chau, V. and Miller, S.P.
Early procedural pain is associated with regionally-specific alterations in thalamic development in preterm neonates
Journal of Neuroscience
Duerden, E.G. and Grunau, R.E. and Guo, T. and Foong, J. and Pearson, A. and Au-Young, S. and Lavoie, R. and Chakravarty, M.M. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0867-17.2017
Children's stress regulation mediates the association between prenatal maternal mood and child executive functions for boys, but not girls
Neuenschwander, R. and Hookenson, K. and Brain, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Devlin, A.M. and Weinberg, J. and Diamond, A. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1017/S095457941800041X
DOI: 10.1097/01.ogx.0000549830.07599.6f
Plasma betaine is positively associated with developmental outcomes in healthy toddlers at age 2 years who are not meeting the recommended adequate intake for dietary choline
Journal of Nutrition
Wiedeman, A.M. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Grunau, R.E. and McCarthy, D. and Yurko-Mauro, K. and Dyer, R.A. and Innis, S.M. and Devlin, A.M.
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy108
Neurobehavioral outcomes 11 years after neonatal caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity
M{\"u}rner-Lavanchy, I.M. and Doyle, L.W. and Schmidt, B. and Roberts, R.S. and Asztalos, E.V. and Costantini, L. and Davis, P.G. and Dewey, D. and D{'}Ilario, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Moddemann, D. and Nelson, H. and Ohlsson, A. and Solimano, A. and Tin, W. and Anderson, P.J. and Dix, J. and Adams, B.A. and Warriner, E. and Callanan, C. and Davis, N. and McDonald, M. and Duff, J. and Kelly, E. and Hutchinson, E. and Hohn, D. and Ayaz, A. and Allen, J. and Haslam, R. and Goodchild, L. and Lontis, R.M. and Opie, G. and Woods, H. and Marchant, E. and Magrath, E. and Williamson, A. and Synnes, A. and Butt, A. and Petrie, J. and Sauve, R.S. and Christianson, H. and Anseeuw-Deeks, D. and Makarchuk, S. and Debooy, V. and Granke, N. and Bow, J. and Herlenius, E. and Legnevall, L. and B{\"o}hm, B. and BergStr{\"o}m, B.-M. and St?lnacke, S. and Sund{\'e}n-Cullberg, S. and Mayes, C. and McCusker, C. and Robinson, U. and Embleton, N. and Carnell, J.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-4047
Procedural pain and oral glucose in preterm neonates: Brain development and sex-specific effects
Schneider, J. and Duerden, E.G. and Guo, T. and Ng, K. and Hagmann, P. and Graz, M.B. and Grunau, R.E. and Chakravarty, M.M. and Huppi, P.S. and Truttmann, A.C. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001123
Multiple Postnatal Infections in Newborns Born Preterm Predict Delayed Maturation of Motor Pathways at Term-Equivalent Age with Poorer Motor Outcomes at 3 Years
Glass, T.J.A. and Chau, V. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Guo, T. and Duerden, E.G. and Foong, J. and Poskitt, K.J. and Miller, S.P.
A randomized trial to evaluate the effect of two topical anesthetics on pain response during frenotomy in young infants
Pain Medicine (United States)
Shavit, I. and Peri-Front, Y. and Rosen-Walther, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Neuman, G. and Nachmani, O. and Koren, G. and Aizenbud, D.
DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnw097
Survival, Short-Term, and Long-Term Morbidities of Neonates with Birth Weight < 500 g
American Journal of Perinatology
Bashir, R.A. and Thomas, J.P. and Mackay, M. and Agnew, J. and Hubber-Richard, P. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A.
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1603462
Quantitative assessment of white matter injury in preterm neonates
Guo, T. and Duerden, E.G. and Adams, E. and Chau, V. and Branson, H.M. and Chakravarty, M.M. and Poskitt, K.J. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
Antenatal exposure to antidepressants is associated with altered brain development in very preterm-born neonates
Podrebarac, S.K. and Duerden, E.G. and Chau, V. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Oberlander, T.F. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.025
Academic performance, motor function, and behavior 11 years after neonatal caffeine citrate therapy for apnea of prematurity: An 11-year follow-up of the CAP randomized clinical trial
Schmidt, B. and Roberts, R.S. and Anderson, P.J. and Asztalos, E.V. and Costantini, L. and Davis, P.G. and Dewey, D. and D{'}Ilario, J. and Doyle, L.W. and Grunau, R.E. and Moddemann, D. and Nelson, H. and Ohlsson, A. and Solimano, A. and Tin, W. and Dix, J. and Adams, B.A. and Warriner, E. and Callanan, C. and Davis, N. and McDonald, M. and Duff, J. and Kelly, E. and Hutchinson, E. and Hohn, D. and Ayaz, A. and Allen, J. and Haslam, R. and Goodchild, L. and Lontis, R.M. and Opie, G. and Woods, H. and Marchant, E. and Magrath, E. and Williamson, A. and Bairam, A. and B{\'e}langer, S. and Fraser, A. and Leblanc, M. and Synnes, A. and Butt, A. and Petrie, J. and Sauve, R.S. and Christianson, H. and Anseeuw-Deeks, D. and Makarchuk, S. and Debooy, V. and Granke, N. and Bow, J. and Nwaesei, C. and Ryan, H. and Saunders, C. and Herlenius, E. and Legnevall, L. and B{\"o}hm, B. and Bergstr{\"o}m, B.-M. and St?lnacke, S. and Sund{\'e}n-Cullberg, S. and Mayes, C. and McCusker, C. and Robinson, U. and Embleton, N. and Carnell, J.
Narcotics and Sedative Use in Preterm Neonates
Borenstein-Levin, L. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P. and Yoon, E.W. and Shah, P.S.
Severe retinopathy of prematurity predicts delayed white matter maturation and poorer neurodevelopment
Glass, T.J.A. and Chau, V. and Gardiner, J. and Foong, J. and Vinall, J. and Zwicker, J.G. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Poskitt, K.J. and Miller, S.P.
BrainNetCNN: Convolutional neural networks for brain networks; towards predicting neurodevelopment
Kawahara, J. and Brown, C.J. and Miller, S.P. and Booth, B.G. and Chau, V. and Grunau, R.E. and Zwicker, J.G. and Hamarneh, G.
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.046
Repeated exposure to sucrose for procedural pain in mouse pups leads to long-term widespread brain alterations
Tremblay, S. and Ranger, M. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Ellegood, J. and Lerch, J.P. and Holsti, L. and Goldowitz, D. and Grunau, R.E.
Association between corpus callosum development on magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging, and neurodevelopmental outcome in neonates born very preterm
Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
Malavolti, A.M. and Chau, V. and Brown-Lum, M. and Poskitt, K.J. and Brant, R. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13364
Pregnancy-specific stress, fetoplacental haemodynamics, and neonatal outcomes in women with small for gestational age pregnancies: A secondary analysis of the multicentre Prospective Observational Trial to Optimise Paediatric Health in Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Levine, T.A. and Grunau, R.E. and Segurado, R. and Daly, S. and Geary, M.P. and Kennelly, M.M. and O{'}Donoghue, K. and Hunter, A. and Morrison, J.J. and Burke, G. and Dicker, P. and Tully, E.C. and Malone, F.D. and Alderdice, F.A. and McAuliffe, F.M.
Developmental Outcomes at 24 Months of Age in Toddlers Supplemented with Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid: Results of a Double Blind Randomized, Controlled Trial
Devlin, A.M. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Dyer, R. and Matheson, J. and McCarthy, D. and Yurko-Mauro, K. and Innis, S.M. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.3390/nu9090975
Prediction of brain network age and factors of delayed maturation in very preterm infants
Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)
Brown, C.J. and Moriarty, K.P. and Miller, S.P. and Booth, B.G. and Zwicker, J.G. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A.R. and Chau, V. and Hamarneh, G.
Clinical Risk Factors for Punctate White Matter Lesions on Early Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Preterm Newborns
Wagenaar, N. and Chau, V. and Groenendaal, F. and Kersbergen, K.J. and Poskitt, K.J. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Duerden, E.G. and de Vries, L.S. and Miller, S.P. and Benders, M.J.N.L.
The Val66Met brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene variant interacts with early pain exposure to predict cortisol dysregulation in 7-year-old children born very preterm: Implications for cognition
Chau, C.M.Y. and Cepeda, I.L. and Devlin, A.M. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E.
SLC6A4 promoter region methylation and socio-emotional stress response in very preterm and full-term infants
Epigenomics
Montirosso, R. and Provenzi, L. and Giorda, R. and Fumagalli, M. and Morandi, F. and Sirgiovanni, I. and Pozzoli, U. and Grunau, R. and Oberlander, T.F. and Mosca, F. and Borgatti, R.
DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0010
Sculpting infant soothability: the role of prenatal SSRI antidepressant exposure and neonatal SLC6A4 methylation status
Gartstein, M.A. and Hookenson, K.V. and Brain, U. and Devlin, A.M. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F.
Surface displacement based shape analysis of central brain structures in preterm-born children
Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE
Garg, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Popuri, K. and Miller, S. and Bjornson, B. and Poskitt, K.J. and Beg, M.F.
Prenatal stress and hemodynamics in pregnancy: a systematic review
Levine, T.A. and Alderdice, F.A. and Grunau, R.E. and McAuliffe, F.M.
Neonatal Invasive Procedures Predict Pain Intensity at School Age in Children Born Very Preterm
Clinical Journal of Pain
Valeri, B.O. and Ranger, M. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Cepeda, I.L. and Synnes, A. and Linhares, M.B.M. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000353
Comment on the Paper by Van Den Bosch et al. Entitled 'prematurity, opioid exposure and neonatal pain: Do they affect the developing brain?': The impact of subtle messaging
Holsti, L. and Zwicker, J.G. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1159/000442081
STEAM - Statistical Template Estimation for Abnormality Mapping: A personalized DTI analysis technique with applications to the screening of preterm infants
Booth, B.G. and Miller, S.P. and Brown, C.J. and Poskitt, K.J. and Chau, V. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A.R. and Hamarneh, G.
Early postnatal docosahexaenoic acid levels and improved preterm brain development
Tam, E.W.Y. and Chau, V. and Barkovich, A.J. and Ferriero, D.M. and Miller, S.P. and Rogers, E.E. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A.R. and Xu, D. and Foong, J. and Brant, R. and Innis, S.M.
DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.11
Sensory processing patterns in children born very preterm
American Journal of Occupational Therapy
Crozier, S.C. and Goodson, J.Z. and Mackay, M.L. and Synnes, A.R. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P. and Zwicker, J.G.
DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2016.018747
Predictive subnetwork extraction with structural priors for infant connectomes
Higher cortisol is associated with poorer executive functioning in preschool children: The role of parenting stress, parent coping and quality of daycare
Wagner, S.L. and Cepeda, I. and Krieger, D. and Maggi, S. and D?Angiulli, A. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E.
Blood Pressure in Young Adults Born at Very Low Birth Weight: Adults Born Preterm International Collaboration
Hovi, P. and Vohr, B. and Ment, L.R. and Doyle, L.W. and McGarvey, L. and Morrison, K.M. and Evensen, K.A.I. and Van Der Pal, S. and Grunau, R.E. and Brubakk, A.-M. and Andersson, S. and Saigal, S. and Kajantie, E.
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08167
Smaller cerebellar growth and poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in very preterm infants exposed to neonatal morphine
Zwicker, J.G. and Miller, S.P. and Grunau, R.E. and Chau, V. and Brant, R. and Studholme, C. and Liu, M. and Synnes, A. and Poskitt, K.J. and Stiver, M.L. and Tam, E.W.Y.
Midazolam dose correlates with abnormal hippocampal growth and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants
Duerden, E.G. and Guo, T. and Dodbiba, L. and Chakravarty, M.M. and Chau, V. and Poskitt, K.J. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
Magnetoencephalography: Neurophysiologic imaging for perinatal brain development
Cheung, T.P.L. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Eswaran, H. and Doesburg, S.M.
DOI: 10.1542/neo.16-9-e544
Early childhood neurodevelopment after intrauterine growth restriction: A systematic review
Levine, T.A. and Grunau, R.E. and McAuliffe, F.M. and Pinnamaneni, R.M. and Foran, A. and Alderdice, F.A.
Altered Network Oscillations and Functional Connectivity Dynamics in Children Born Very Preterm
Brain Topography
Moiseev, A. and Doesburg, S.M. and Herdman, A.T. and Ribary, U. and Grunau, R.E.
Tract-based spatial statistics in preterm-born neonates predicts cognitive and motor outcomes at 18 months
American Journal of Neuroradiology
Duerden, E.G. and Foong, J. and Chau, V. and Branson, H. and Poskitt, K.J. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Zwicker, J.G. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4312
Stress in parents of children born very preterm is predicted by child externalising behaviour and parent coping at age 7 years
Archives of Disease in Childhood
Linden, M.A. and Cepeda, I.L. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E.
Parent ratings of child cognition and language compared with Bayley-III in preterm 3-year-olds
Perra, O. and McGowan, J.E. and Grunau, R.E. and Doran, J.B. and Craig, S. and Johnston, L. and Jenkins, J. and Holmes, V.A. and Alderdice, F.A.
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.01.009
Prediction of motor function in very preterm infants using connectome features and local synthetic instances
Brown, C.J. and Miller, S.P. and Booth, B.G. and Poskitt, K.J. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A.R. and Zwicker, J.G. and Grunau, R.E. and Hamarneh, G.
Neonatal Pain and Infection Relate to Smaller Cerebellum in Very Preterm Children at School Age
Ranger, M. and Zwicker, J.G. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Park, M.T.M. and Chakravarthy, M.M. and Poskitt, K. and Miller, S.P. and Bjornson, B.H. and Tam, E.W.Y. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A.R. and Grunau, R.E.
Predicting severe motor impairment in preterm children at age 5 years
Synnes, A. and Anderson, P.J. and Grunau, R.E. and Dewey, D. and Moddemann, D. and Tin, W. and Davis, P.G. and Doyle, L.W. and Foster, G. and Khairy, M. and Nwaesei, C. and Schmidt, B. and D{'}Ilario, J. and Cairnie, J. and Dix, J. and Adams, B.A. and Warriner, E. and Kim, M.-H.M. and Argus, B. and Callanan, C. and Davis, N. and Duff, J. and McDonald, M. and Asztalos, E. and Hohn, D. and Lacy, M. and Haslam, R. and Barnett, C. and Goodchild, L. and Lontis, R.M. and Fraser, S. and Keng, J. and Saunders, K. and Opie, G. and Kelly, E. and Woods, H. and Marchant, E. and Turner, A.-M. and Magrath, E. and Williamson, A. and Bairam, A. and B{\'e}langer, S. and Fraser, A. and Blayney, M. and Lemyre, B. and Frank, J. and Solimano, A. and Hubber-Richard, P. and Rogers, M. and Mackay, M. and Petrie-Thomas, J. and Butt, A. and Van Wassenaer, A. and Nuytemans, D. and Houtzager, B. and Van Sonderen, L. and Regev, R. and Itzchack, N. and Arnon, S. and Chalaf, A. and Ohlsson, A. and O{'}Brien, K. and Hamilton, A.-M. and Chan, M.L. and Sankaran, K. and Proctor, P. and Golan, A. and Goldsch-Lerman, E. and Reynolds, G. and Dromgool, B. and Meskell, A. and Parr, V. and Maher, C. and Broom, M. and Kecskes, Z. and Ringland, C. and McMillan, D. and Spellen, E. and Sauve, R.S. and Christianson, H. and Anseeuw-Deeks, D. and Creighton, D. and Heath, J. and Alvaro, R. and Chiu, A. and Porter, C. and Turner, G. and Granke, N. and Penner, K. and Bow, J. and Mulder, A. and Wassenberg, R. and Van Der Hoeven, M. and Clarke, M. and Parfitt, J. and Parker, K. and Ryan, H. and Saunders, C. and Schulze, A. and Wermuth, I. and Hilgendorff, A. and Flemmer, A.W. and Herlenius, E. and Legnevall, L. and Lagercrantz, H. and Matthew, D. and Amos, W. and Tulsiani, S. and Tan-Dy, C. and Turner, M. and Phelan, C. and Shinwell, E.S. and Levine, M. and Juster-Reicher, A. and Grier, P. and Vachon, J. and Perepolkin, L. and Barrington, K.J. and Sinha, S.K. and Fritz, S. and Walti, H. and Royer, D. and Halliday, H. and Millar, D. and Mayes, C. and McCusker, C. and McLaughlin, O. and Fahnenstich, H. and Tillmann, B. and Weber, P. and Wariyar, U. and Embleton, N. and Swamy, R. and Bucher, H.U. and Fauchere, J.-C. and Dietz, V. and Harikumar, C.
Automatic segmentation of the hippocampus for preterm neonates from early-in-life to term-equivalent age
Guo, T. and Winterburn, J.L. and Pipitone, J. and Duerden, E.G. and Park, M.T.M. and Chau, V. and Poskitt, K.J. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Miller, S.P. and Mallar Chakravarty, M.
DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.07.019
Social variables predict gains in cognitive scores across the preschool years in children with birth weights 500 to 1250 grams
Manley, B.J. and Roberts, R.S. and Doyle, L.W. and Schmidt, B. and Anderson, P.J. and Barrington, K.J. and B{\"o}hm, B. and Golan, A. and Van Wassenaer-Leemhuis, A.G. and Davis, P.G. and D{'}Ilario, J. and Cairnie, J. and Dix, J. and Adams, B.A. and Warriner, E. and Kim, M.-H.M. and Argus, B. and Callanan, C. and Duff, J. and McDonald, M. and Asztalos, E. and Hohn, D. and Lacy, M. and Haslam, R. and Barnett, C. and Goodchild, L. and Lontis, R.M. and Fraser, S. and Keng, J. and Saunders, K. and Opie, G. and Kelly, E. and Woods, H. and Marchant, E. and Turner, A.-M. and Davis, N. and Magrath, E. and Williamson, A. and Bairam, A. and Belanger, S. and Fraser, A. and Blayney, M. and Lemyre, B. and Frank, J. and Solimano, A. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Hubber-Richard, P. and Rogers, M. and Mackay, M. and Petrie-Thomas, J. and Butt, A. and Van Wassenaer, A. and Nuytemans, D. and Houtzager, B. and Van Sonderen, L. and Regev, R. and Itzchack, N. and Arnon, S. and Chalaf, A. and Ohlsson, A. and O{'}Brien, K. and Hamilton, A.-M. and Chan, M.L. and Sankaran, K. and Proctor, P. and Goldsch-Lerman, E. and Reynolds, G. and Dromgool, B. and Meskell, S. and Parr, V. and Maher, C. and Broom, M. and Kecskes, Z. and Ringland, C. and McMillan, D. and Spellen, E. and Sauve, R.S. and Christianson, H. and Anseeuw-Deeks, D. and Creighton, D. and Heath, J. and Alvaro, R. and Chiu, A. and Porter, C. and Turner, G. and Moddemann, D. and Granke, N. and Penner, K. and Bow, J. and Mulder, A. and Wassenberg, R. and Van Der Hoeven, M. and Clarke, M. and Parfitt, J. and Parker, K. and Nwaesei, C. and Ryan, H. and Saunders, C. and Schulze, A. and Wermuth, I. and Hilgendorff, A. and Flemmer, A.W. and Herlenius, E. and Legnevall, L. and Lagercrantz, H. and Matthew, D. and Amos, W. and Tulsiani, S. and Tan-Dy, C. and Turner, M. and Phelan, C. and Shinwell, E.S. and Levine, M. and Juster-Reicher, A. and Khairy, M. and Grier, P. and Vachon, J. and Perepolkin, L. and Sinha, S.K. and Tin, W. and Fritz, S. and Walti, H. and Royer, D. and Halliday, H. and Millar, D. and Mayes, C. and McCusker, C. and McLaughlin, O. and Fahnenstich, H. and Tillmann, B. and Weber, P. and Wariyar, U. and Embleton, N. and Swamy, R. and Bucher, H.U. and Fauchere, J.-C. and Dietz, V. and Harikumar, C. and Dewey, D. and Gent, M. and Fraser, W. and Hey, E. and Perlman, M. and Thorpe, K. and Gray, S. and Chambers, C. and Costantini, L. and Yacura, W. and McGean, E. and Scapinello, L.
How do babies feel pain?
Ranger, M. and Grunau, R.E.
Cortisol levels in former preterm children at school age are predicted by neonatal procedural pain-related stress
Brummelte, S. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Cepeda, I.L. and Degenhardt, A. and Weinberg, J. and Synnes, A.R. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.018
Minimum variance beamformer weights revisited
Moiseev, A. and Doesburg, S.M. and Grunau, R.E. and Ribary, U.
Internalizing behaviours in school-age children born very preterm are predicted by neonatal pain and morphine exposure
European Journal of Pain (United Kingdom)
Ranger, M. and Synnes, A.R. and Vinall, J. and Grunau, R.E.
Neonatal pain and comt Val158Met genotype in relation to serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) promoter methylation in very preterm children at school age
Chau, C.M.Y. and Ranger, M. and Sulistyoningrum, D. and Devlin, A.M. and Obertander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E.
Reduction in developmental coordination disorder with neonatal caffeine therapy
Doyle, L.W. and Schmidt, B. and Anderson, P.J. and Davis, P.G. and Moddemann, D. and Grunau, R.E. and O{'}Brien, K. and Sankaran, K. and Herlenius, E. and Roberts, R.
Five-year follow-up of effects of neonatal intensive care and morphine infusion during mechanical ventilation on diurnal cortisol rhythm
De Graaf, J. and Van Den Akker, E.L.T. and Van Lingen, R.A. and Groot Jebbink, L.J.M. and De Jong, F.H. and Grunau, R.E. and Van Dijk, M. and Tibboel, D.
Neonatal pain control and neurologic effects of anesthetics and sedatives in preterm infants
Training highly qualified health research personnel: The Pain in child Health consortium
Pain Research and Management
Von Baeyer, C.L. and Stevens, B.J. and Chambers, C.T. and Craig, K.D. and Finley, G.A. and Grunau, R.E. and Johnston, C.C. and Riddell, R.P. and Stinson, J.N. and Dol, J. and Campbell-Yeo, M. and McGrath, P.J.
Invasive procedures in preterm children: Brain and cognitive development at school age
Vinall, J. and Miller, S.P. and Bjornson, B.H. and Fitzpatrick, K.P.V. and Poskitt, K.J. and Brant, R. and Synnes, A.R. and Cepeda, I.L. and Grunau, R.E.
Manually segmented template library for 8-year-old pediatric brain MRI data with 16 subcortical structures
Garg, A. and Wong, D. and Popuri, K. and Poskitt, K.J. and Fitzpatrick, K. and Bjornson, B. and Grunau, R.E. and Beg, M.F.
DOI: 10.1117/1.JMI.1.3.034502
Early repetitive pain in preterm infants in relation to the developing brain
DOI: 10.2217/pmt.13.61
Impact of repeated procedural pain-related stress in infants born very preterm
Vinall, J. and Grunau, R.E.
Resuscitation intensity at birth is associated with changes in brain metabolic development in preterm neonates
Duerden, E.G. and Brown-Lum, M. and Chau, V. and Poskitt, K.J. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Miller, S.P.
Neonatal Pain-Related Stress and NFKBIA Genotype Are Associated with Altered Cortisol Levels in Preterm Boys at School Age
Grunau, R.E. and Cepeda, I.L. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Brummelte, S. and Weinberg, J. and Lavoie, P.M. and Ladd, M. and Hirschfeld, A.F. and Russell, E. and Koren, G. and Van Uum, S. and Brant, R. and Turvey, S.E.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073926
Slower postnatal growth is associated with delayed cerebral cortical maturation in preterm newborns
Science Translational Medicine
Vinall, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Brant, R. and Chau, V. and Poskitt, K.J. and Synnes, A.R. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004666
Neonatal Pain-Related Stress Predicts Cortical Thickness at Age 7 Years in Children Born Very Preterm
Ranger, M. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Garg, A. and Woodward, T.S. and Beg, M.F. and Bjornson, B. and Poskitt, K. and Fitzpatrick, K. and Synnes, A.R. and Miller, S.P. and Grunau, R.E.
Region-specific slowing of alpha oscillations is associated with visual-perceptual abilities in children born very preterm
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Doesburg, S.M. and Moiseev, A. and Herdman, A.T. and Ribary, U. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00791
Score for neonatal acute physiology-II and neonatal pain predict Corticospinal tract development in premature newborns
Zwicker, J.G. and Grunau, R.E. and Adams, E. and Chau, V. and Brant, R. and Poskitt, K.J. and Synnes, A. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.10.016
Perceived Stress and Canadian Early Childcare Educators
Child and Youth Care Forum
Wagner, S.L. and Forer, B. and Cepeda, I.L. and Goelman, H. and Maggi, S. and D{'}Angiulli, A. and Wessel, J. and Hertzman, C. and Grunau, R.E.
The impact of prenatal serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressant exposure and maternal mood on mother-infant interactions at 3 months of age
Weikum, W.M. and Mayes, L.C. and Grunau, R.E. and Brain, U. and Oberlander, T.F.
Electroencephalographic activity in response to procedural pain in preterm infants born at 28 and 33 weeks gestational age
Maimon, N. and Grunau, R.E. and Cepeda, I.L. and Friger, M. and Selnovik, L. and Gilat, S. and Shany, E.
DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318284e525
Long term effects of pain-related stress on neurodevelopment and pain perception of infants born very prematurely,Effets à long terme du stress lié à la douleur sur le neurodéveloppement et la perception de la douleur chez les enfants très grands prématurés
Grunau, R.E.
Parent behaviors moderate the relationship between neonatal pain and internalizing behaviors at 18 months corrected age in children born very prematurely
Vinall, J. and Miller, S.P. and Synnes, A.R. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.050
Neonatal pain-related stress, functional cortical activity and visual-perceptual abilities in school-age children born at extremely low gestational age
Doesburg, S.M. and Chau, C.M. and Cheung, T.P.L. and Moiseev, A. and Ribary, U. and Herdman, A.T. and Miller, S.P. and Cepeda, I.L. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E.
Prenatal and postnatal inflammation in relation to cortisol levels in preterm infants at 18 months corrected age
Gover, A. and Chau, V. and Miller, S.P. and Brant, R. and Mcfadden, D.E. and Poskitt, K.J. and Synnes, A. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1038/jp.2013.24
Hair cortisol reflects socio-economic factors and hair zinc in preschoolers
Vaghri, Z. and Guhn, M. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Yu, W. and Hertzman, C.
Prenatal serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressant exposure and serotonin transporter promoter genotype (SLC6A4) influence executive functions at 6 years of age
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
Weikum, W.M. and Brain, U. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Grunau, R.E. and Boyce, W.T. and Diamond, A. and Oberlander, T.F.
Abnormal brain maturation in preterm neonates associated with adverse developmental outcomes
Chau, V. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Poskitt, K.J. and Brant, R. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000437298.43688.b9
Frontal EEG/ERP correlates of attentional processes, cortisol and motivational states in adolescents from lower and higher socioeconomic status
D{'}Angiulli, A. and Van Roon, P.M. and Weinberg, J. and Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Hertzman, C. and Maggi, S.
Focused attention, heart rate deceleration, and cognitive development in preterm and full-term infants
Petrie Thomas, J.H. and Whitfield, M.F. and Oberlander, T.F. and Synnes, A.R. and Grunau, R.E.
Procedural pain and brain development in premature newborns
Brummelte, S. and Grunau, R.E. and Chau, V. and Poskitt, K.J. and Brant, R. and Vinall, J. and Gover, A. and Synnes, A.R. and Miller, S.P.
Single course of antenatal steroids did not alter cortisol in preterm infants up to 18 months
Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics
Gover, A. and Brummelte, S. and Synnes, A.R. and Miller, S.P. and Brant, R. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E.
Neonatal pain in relation to postnatal growth in infants born very preterm
Vinall, J. and Miller, S.P. and Chau, V. and Brummelte, S. and Synnes, A.R. and Grunau, R.E.
Survival without disability to age 5 years after neonatal caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity
JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association
Schmidt, B. and Anderson, P.J. and Doyle, L.W. and Dewey, D. and Grunau, R.E. and Asztalos, E.V. and Davis, P.G. and Tin, W. and Moddemann, D. and Solimano, A. and Ohlsson, A. and Barrington, K.J. and Roberts, R.S.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.2024
Magnetoencephalography reveals slowing of resting peak oscillatory frequency in children born very preterm
Doesburg, S.M. and Ribary, U. and Herdman, A.T. and Moiseev, A. and Cheung, T. and Miller, S.P. and Poskitt, K.J. and Weinberg, H. and Whitfield, M.F. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1203/PDR.0b013e3182225a9e
Declining cognitive development from 8 to 18months in preterm children predicts persisting higher parenting stress
Brummelte, S. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A.R. and Whitfield, M.F. and Petrie-Thomas, J.
Altered long-range alpha-band synchronization during visual short-term memory retention in children born very preterm
Doesburg, S.M. and Ribary, U. and Herdman, A.T. and Miller, S.P. and Poskitt, K.J. and Moiseev, A. and Whitfield, M.F. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E.
Cortisol levels in relation to maternal interaction and child internalizing behavior in preterm and full-term children at 18 months corrected age
Brummelte, S. and Grunau, R.E. and Zaidman-Zait, A. and Weinberg, J. and Nordstokke, D. and Cepeda, I.L.
Preterm birth: Preterm cerebellar growth impairment after postnatal exposure to glucocorticoids
Tam, E.W.Y. and Chau, V. and Ferriero, D.M. and Barkovich, A.J. and Poskitt, K.J. and Studholme, C. and Fok, E.D.-Y. and Grunau, R.E. and Glidden, D.V. and Miller, S.P.
Antenatal depression and anxiety affect postpartum parenting stress: A longitudinal, prospective study
Misri, S. and Kendrick, K. and Oberlander, T.F. and Norris, S. and Tomfohr, L. and Zhang, H. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1177/070674371005500405
Altered long-range phase synchronization and cortical activation in children born very preterm
IFMBE Proceedings
Doesburg, S.M. and Ribary, U. and Herdman, A.T. and Cheung, T. and Moiseev, A. and Weinberg, H. and Whitfield, M.F. and Synnes, A. and Liotti, M. and Weeks, D. and Grunau, R.E.
School entry age outcomes for infants with birth weight =800 grams
Synnes, A.R. and Anson, S. and Arkesteijn, A. and Butt, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Rogers, M. and Whitfield, M.F.
Ethics in neuroscience graduate training programs: Views and models from Canada
Mind, Brain, and Education
Lombera, S. and Fine, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Illes, J.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-228X.2009.01079.x
Tractography-Based Quantitation of Corticospinal Tract Development in Premature Newborns
Adams, E. and Chau, V. and Poskitt, K.J. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Miller, S.P.
Physiological correlates of memory recall in infancy: Vagal tone, cortisol, and imitation in preterm and full-term infants at 6 months
Haley, D.W. and Grunau, R.E. and Weinberg, J. and Keidar, A. and Oberlander, T.F.
Long-range synchronization and local desynchronization of alpha oscillations during visual short-term memory retention in children
Experimental Brain Research
Doesburg, S.M. and Herdman, A.T. and Ribary, U. and Cheung, T. and Moiseev, A. and Weinberg, H. and Liotti, M. and Weeks, D. and Grunau, R.E.
Considerations for using sucrose to reduce procedural pain in preterm infants
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E.
Cortisol, behavior, and heart rate reactivity to immunization pain at 4 months corrected age in infants born very preterm
Grunau, R.E. and Tu, M.T. and Whitfield, M.F. and Oberlander, T.F. and Weinberg, J. and Yu, W. and Thiessen, P. and Gosse, G. and Scheifele, D.
DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181e5bb00
Prenatal alcohol exposure alters biobehavioral reactivity to pain in newborns
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
Oberlander, T.F. and Jacobson, S.W. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Molteno, C.D. and Jacobson, J.L.
Prenatal effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, serotonin transporter promoter genotype (SLC6A4), and maternal mood on child behavior at 3 years of age
Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Oberlander, T.F. and Papsdorf, M. and Brain, U.M. and Misri, S. and Ross, C. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.51
Neonatal pain, parenting stress and interaction, in relation to cognitive and motor development at 8 and 18 months in preterm infants
Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Petrie-Thomas, J. and Synnes, A.R. and Cepeda, I.L. and Keidar, A. and Rogers, M. and MacKay, M. and Hubber-Richard, P. and Johannesen, D.
Pain and distress reactivity and recovery as early predictors of temperament in toddlers born preterm
Klein, V.C. and Gaspardo, C.M. and Martinez, F.E. and Grunau, R.E. and Linhares, M.B.M.
Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses
Oberlander, T.F. and Weinberg, J. and Papsdorf, M. and Grunau, R. and Misri, S. and Devlin, A.M.
DOI: 10.4161/epi.3.2.6034
Contingency learning and reactivity in preterm and full-term infants at 3 months
Haley, D.W. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Weinberg, J.
Long-term outcome after neonatal intraparenchymal echodensities with porencephaly
Sherlock, R.L. and Synnes, A.R. and Grunau, R.E. and Holsti, L. and Hubber-Richard, P. and Johannesen, D. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1136/adc.2006.110726
Is it painful or not? Discriminant validity of the Behavioral Indicators of Infant Pain (BIIP) scale
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Osiovich, H.
DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318158c5e5
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in 3-month old infants with prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant exposure
Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R. and Mayes, L. and Riggs, W. and Rurak, D. and Papsdorf, M. and Misri, S. and Weinberg, J.
Extremity movements help occupational therapists identify stress responses in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit: A systematic review
Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy
Magnetoencephalography study of brain dynamics in young children born extremely preterm
International Congress Series
Cepeda, I.L. and Grunau, R.E. and Weinberg, H. and Herdman, A.T. and Cheung, T. and Liotti, M. and Amir, A. and Synnes, A. and Whitfield, M.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2006.12.090
Maternal stress and behavior modulate relationships between neonatal stress, attention, and basal cortisol at 8 months in preterm infants
Mai, T.T. and Grunau, R.E. and Petrie-Thomas, J. and Haley, D.W. and Weinberg, J. and Whitfield, M.F.
Initial validation of the Behavioral Indicators of Infant Pain (BIIP)
Relationships between adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol are altered during clustered nursing care in preterm infants born at extremely low gestational age
Holsti, L. and Weinberg, J. and Whitfield, M.F. and Grunau, R.E.
Externalizing and attentional behaviors in children of depressed mothers treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant during pregnancy
Oberlander, T.F. and Reebye, P. and Misri, S. and Papsdorf, M. and Kim, J. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.161.1.22
Altered Basal Cortisol Levels at 3, 6, 8 and 18 Months in Infants Born at Extremely Low Gestational Age
Grunau, R.E. and Haley, D.W. and Whitfield, M.F. and Weinberg, J. and Yu, W. and Thiessen, P.
Teenagers born at extremely low birth weight
Whitfield, M.F. and Grunau, R.E.
A prospective controlled study of neurodevelopment in HIV-uninfected children exposed to combination antiretroviral drugs in pregnancy
Alimenti, A. and Forbes, J.C. and Oberlander, T.F. and Money, D.M. and Grunau, R.E. and Papsdorf, M.P. and Maan, E. and Cole, L.J. and Burdge, D.R.
Biobehavioural reactivity to pain in preterm infants: A marker of neuromotor development
Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Fay, T. and Holsti, L. and Oberlander, T. and Rogers, M.L.
Cortisol, contingency learning, and memory in preterm and full-term infants
Haley, D.W. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E.
Internalizing behaviors in 4-year-old children exposed in utero to psychotropic medications
Misri, S. and Reebye, P. and Kendrick, K. and Carter, D. and Ryan, D. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1026
Behavioral responses to pain are heightened after clustered care in preterm infants born between 30 and 32 weeks gestational age
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Whifield, M.F. and Oberlander, T.F. and Lindh, V.
DOI: 10.1097/01.ajp.0000210921.10912.47
Stereoselective disposition of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine during pregnancy and breast-feeding
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
Kim, J. and Riggs, K.W. and Misri, S. and Kent, N. and Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Fitzgerald, C. and Rurak, D.W.
Long-term consequences of pain in human neonates
Grunau, R.E. and Holsti, L. and Peters, J.W.B.
DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2006.02.007
Prior pain induces heightened motor responses during clustered care in preterm infants in the NICU
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F.
Aerobic capacity, strength, flexibility, and activity level in unimpaired extremely low birth weight (=800 g) survivors at 17 years of age compared with term-born control subjects
Rogers, M. and Fay, T.B. and Whitfield, M.F. and Tomlinson, J. and Grunau, R.E.
Neonatal procedural pain exposure predicts lower cortisol and behavioral reactivity in preterm infants in the NICU
Grunau, R.E. and Holsti, L. and Haley, D.W. and Oberlander, T. and Weinberg, J. and Solimano, A. and Whitfield, M.F. and Fitzgerald, C. and Yu, W.
Pain reactivity in 2-month-old infants after prenatal and postnatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication exposure
Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Fitzgerald, C. and Papsdorf, M. and Rurak, D. and Riggs, W.
Body movements: An important additional factor in discriminating pain from stress in preterm infants
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F. and Weinberg, J.
Psychosocial and academic characteristics of extremely low birth weight (=800 g) adolescents who are free of major impairment compared with term-born control subjects
Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Fay, T.B.
Does Prone or Supine Position Influence Pain Responses in Preterm Infants at 32 Weeks Gestational Age?
Grunau, R.E. and Linhares, M.B.M. and Holsti, L. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F.
Specific newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program movements are associated with acute pain in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit
DOI: 10.1542/peds.114.1.65
Neonatal procedural pain and preterm infant cortisol response to novelty at 8 months.
Grunau, R.E. and Weinberg, J. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.114.1.e77
Are there developmentally distinct motor indicators of pain in preterm infants?
Morison, S.J. and Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Oberlander, T.F. and Chan, H.W.P. and Williams, L.
Neonatal Facial Coding System for Assessing Postoperative Pain in Infants: Item Reduction is Valid and Feasible
Peters, J.W.B. and Koot, H.M. and Grunau, R.E. and De Boer, J. and Van Druenen, M.J. and Tibboel, D. and Duivenvoorden, H.J.
Does parenchymal brain injury affect biobehavioral pain responses in very low birth weight infants at 32 weeks' postconceptional age?
Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Fitzgerald, C. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.110.3.570
Developmental coordination disorder in extremely low birth weight children at nine years
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.V.E. and Whitfield, M.F.
Pain in vulnerable infants
Stevens, B. and Grunau, R.E.
Early pain in preterm infants: A model of long-term effects
Eckstein Grunau, R.
DOI: 10.1016/S0095-5108(02)00012-X
Prolonged prenatal psychotropic medication exposure alters neonatal acute pain response
Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Fitzgerald, C. and Ellwood, A.-L. and Misri, S. and Rurak, D. and Riggs, K.W.
Pattern of learning disabilities in children with extremely low birth weight and broadly average intelligence
Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Davis, C.
DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.156.6.615
Affect expression in prenatally psychotropic exposed and nonexposed mother-infant dyads
Infant Mental Health Journal
Reebye, P.N. and Morison, S.J. and Panikkar, H. and Misri, S. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1002/imhj.10025
Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice
Pain reactivity in former extremely low birth weight infants at corrected age 8 months compared with term born controls
Eckstein Grunau, R. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F. and Fitzgerald, C. and Morison, S.J. and Philip Saul, J.
Consensus statement for the prevention and management of pain in the newborn
Anand, K.J.S. and Aynsley-Green, A. and Bancalari, E. and Benini, F. and Champion, G.D. and Craig, K.D. and Dangel, T.S. and Fournier-Charri{\`e}re, E. and Franck, L.S. and Grunau, R.E. and Hertel, S.A. and Jacqz-Aigrain, E. and Jorch, G. and Kopelman, B.I. and Koren, G. and Larsson, B. and Marlow, N. and McIntosh, N. and Ohlsson, A. and Olsson, G. and Porter, F. and Richter, R. and Stevens, B. and Taddio, A.
Demographic and therapeutic determinants of pain reactivity in very low birth weight neonates at 32 weeks' postconceptional age
Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F. and Fitzgerald, C. and Lee, S.K.
Relations between behavioral and cardiac autonomic reactivity to acute pain in preterm neonates
Morison, S.J. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F.
Predicting IQ of biologically "at risk" children from age 3 to school entry: Sensitivity and specificity of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale IV
Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Petrie, J.
Behavior, pain perception, and the extremely low-birth weight survivor
Biobehavioral pain responses in former extremely low birth weight infants at four months' corrected age
Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Fitzgerald, C. and Pitfield, S. and Philip Saul, J.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.105.1.e6
Are twitches, startles, and body movements pain indicators in extremely low birth weight infants?
Grunau, R.E. and Holsti, L. and Whitfield, M.F. and Ling, E.
Morphine pharmacokinetics and pain assessment in premature newborns
Scott, C.S. and Riggs, K.W. and Ling, E.W. and Fitzgerald, C.E. and Hill, M.L. and Grunau, R.V.E. and Solimano, A. and Craig, K.D.
Long-term effects of pain in infants
Porter, F.L. and Grunau, R.E. and Anand, K.J.S.
The developmental character of cardiac autonomic responses to an acute noxious event in 4-and 8-month-old healthy infants
Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Pitfield, S. and Whitfield, M.F. and Saul, J.P.
Long-term effects of pain
Research and Clinical Forums
Bedside application of the neonatal facial coding system in pain assessment of premature neonates
Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T. and Holsti, L. and Whitfield, M.F.
Children's judgements about pain at age 8-10 years: Do extremely low birthweight (= 1000 g) children differ from full birthweight peers
Judging pain in infants: Behavioural, contextual, and developmental determinants
Hadjistavropoulos, H.D. and Craig, K.D. and Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F.
Extremely premature (= 800 g) schoolchildren: Multiple areas of hidden disability
Whitfield, M.F. and Grunau, R.V.E. and Holsti, L.
DOI: 10.1136/fn.77.2.F85
The expression of pain in infants and toddlers: Developmental changes in facial action
Lilley, C.M. and Craig, K.D. and Grunau, R.E.
The focus of my transdisciplinary research program is biobehavioural reactivity and infant neurodevelopment, broadly encompassing multiple aspects of infant arousal, self-regulation, attention, cognition and brain development in preterm and term born infants. My research program is currently funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH, USA) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
Clinical practice of pain management in neonatal intensive care Unit (NICU) changed over the years from no concern with pain to widespread use of analgesia and sedation, however there are major gaps in knowledge of pain assessment in immature infants, and in long term effects of pain-related stress and pain medications. With the goal to improve pain assessment, we recently confirmed that, along with recognized facial and heart rate changes, there are motor stress behaviors unique to premature infants (e.g. backward splaying of fingers). Conversely, other behaviors such as twitches and startles reflect sleep/waking state, and do not appear to be stress or pain cues. We have shown that greater exposure to neonatal pain-related stress in the NICU (adjusted for multiple medical and neonatal confounding factors) is associated with altered brain microstructure, cortico-spinal tract development, cortical thinning and resting oscillatory activity, stress hormone (cortisol) expression, cognitive development and internalizing behaviors, in infancy and at school-age. Importantly, greater morphine exposure does not appear to prevent adverse long term sequelae, and may impair cerebellar growth.
In two longitudinal cohorts followed since birth, we build on our extensive neonatal medical and nursing data to examine behavior, neurodevelopment, stress regulation, parent-infant interaction at multiple ages from infancy to school-age. Further, in collaboration with the Child and Family Brain Imaging Facility and Brain mapping Unit, our group undertakes brain imaging (MRI, DTI), and in collaboration with Simon Fraser University - magnetoencephalography (MEG) at school-age. Furthermore, we are studying to what extent caregiver interaction style and parenting stress may modify infant behavior, as well as ameliorate or exacerbate effects of early stress/pain experience in preterm infants.
In collaboration with geneticists in CFRI, we are beginning to address gene X environment (early stress) interactions, as well as epigenetics.
CIHR Operating Grant – Project: "Analgesia and sedation in the preterm neonate: brain development and outcome" (2014-2020)
CIHR Operating Grant - Project: "Stress, Brain and Neurodevelopment in Children Born Preterm" (2018-2022)
Jeffrey Lawson Award for Advocacy in Children's Pain Relief, American Pain Society 2018
Rovee-Collier Mentor Award, International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 2018
Outstanding Pain Mentorship Award, Canadian Pain Society 2019
Distinguished Career Award, International Association for the Study of Pain SIG Pain in Childhood 2019
Senior Scholar, Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, 2001 - 2006
Senior Scholar, Human Early Learning Partnership, 2007 - 2009
Evelyn Armour, Volunteer
Mary Beckingham, Research Assistant
Cecil Ming Yeung Chau, Research Manager
Connie Che, Research Nurse
Kenny Fok, Research Assistant
Vicki Goh, Research Nurse
Eddie Kwan, Visiting Scholar
Mia McLean, Postdoctoral Research Fellow
Hannah Phillips, Graduate Student
Janet Rigney, Research Coordinator
Victoria Tapics, Research Respiratory Therapist
A career dedicated to relieving pain in the tiniest patients: Dr. Ruth Grunau recognized for outstanding accomplishments in the field of infant pain
At one time, many doctors and nurses believed that newborn babies couldn't feel pain. Now we know that high levels of pain early in life can have lasting effects on the brain development and stress responses of babies born very preterm. This dramatic shift is due in part to the research of BC Children's Hospital investigator Dr. Ruth Grunau who has dedicated her career to understanding and managing the effects of pain on young babies.
Continue reading A career dedicated to relieving pain in the tiniest patients: Dr. Ruth Grunau recognized for outstanding accomplishments in the field of infant pain
Pediatric epigenetic clock can be a useful tool in assessing neurodevelopment in very preterm babies
Researchers have found that very preterm babies with abnormally accelerated molecular aging, as determined by a specially designed epigenetic "clock", might be more susceptible to ongoing medical complications and neurodevelopmental issues throughout their lifespan.
Continue reading Pediatric epigenetic clock can be a useful tool in assessing neurodevelopment in very preterm babies
Research Roundup: January 2022
This month's Research Roundup covers how increasing parent-child proximity in the first days of life can improve toddler behaviour later on, what lean body mass can tell us about the health of pediatric kidney transplant recipients, insights into the barriers to knowledge translation in Canadian pediatric health-care centres, and an evaluation of the effectiveness of saline gargle COVID-19 tests.
Continue reading Research Roundup: January 2022
Congratulations CIHR Spring 2021 Project Grant Recipients!
BC Children's and BC Women's investigators received more than $6 million in new research grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Project Grants Spring 2021 competition.
Continue reading Congratulations CIHR Spring 2021 Project Grant Recipients!
New book shares the latest research on prenatal stress and child development
Dr. Oberlander co-edited a new book called "Prenatal Stress and Child Development," which covers current knowledge in the field of prenatal stress.
Continue reading New book shares the latest research on prenatal stress and child development
Congratulations CIHR Project Grant Recipients!
Congratulations to the BC Children's and BC Women's investigators who were awarded funding through the highly competitive Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Project Grant Fall 2019 competition.
Continue reading Congratulations CIHR Project Grant Recipients!
Do Premies Become Problem Teens?
Developmental issues in former premature babies — what types of problems might they experience as teens? Presented by Dr. Mike Whitfield, Clinical Investigator, Developmental Neurosciences & Child Health, CFRI; Professor, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics & Associate Course Director, Undergraduate Medical & Dental Program, UBC. | Dr. Ruth Grunau, Scientist, Developmental Neurosciences & Child Neonatology, CFRI; Professor, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics & Associate Member, Department of Psychology, UBC. (2010)


The plugin has been working fine for years but I recently updated and files no longer seem to be overwriting/replacing when they have been updated.
Deleting a file in dropbox then running the backup process again does correctly upload the file back to dropbox. However if I subsequently make a change to that file then run the backup, it doesnt get replaced so the OLD version of that file is on dropbox (e.g. its not an up to date backup at all).
Any ideas? It is a bit frustrating.
The topic 'Updated files not replacing/overwriting' is closed to new replies.


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text:
George Anderson McAfee (March 13, 1918 – March 4, 2009) was an American professional football player who was a back for the Chicago Bears from 1940 to 1941 and 1945 to 1950 in the National Football League (NFL). As an undergraduate at Duke University, McAfee starred in baseball and track and field as well as college football. McAfee was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame. As of 2018, he still holds the NFL record for punt return average in a career.

Early life and college
George McAfee was born in Corbin, Kentucky. He was the 10th of 12 children, and he often joked that the first children awake in the morning were the only ones who could wear shoes for the day. Soon after his birth, his family moved to Ironton, Ohio, where he attended Ironton High School.

McAfee earned a scholarship to play college football at Duke University in 1937. During his three years at Duke, the team compiled a record of 24–4–1. He led the Blue Devils to Southern Conference (SoCon) championships in 1938 and 1939. The 1938 Duke Blue Devils football team was unscored upon and unbeaten until the Rose Bowl, when the USC Trojans scored a touchdown with less than a minute remaining to win, 7-3. That Duke team was nicknamed the Iron Dukes.

In his senior season in 1939, McAfee led the team in rushing, receiving, scoring, kickoff returns, punt returns, interceptions, and punting. He earned All-America honors from the Associated Press, United Press, Central Press, and Newspaper Enterprise Association, among others.

McAfee also batted .353 as a center fielder for the Duke Blue Devils baseball team and captured a Southern Conference 100-meter championship as a senior.

Professional career

McAfee was the second overall pick in the 1940 NFL draft. Nicknamed "One-Play McAfee", he was known for explosive speed; he ran a 100-yard dash in 9.7 seconds. In his first professional game, McAfee returned a punt for a 75 yard touchdown with 30 seconds to play to beat the Brooklyn Dodgers. Later in his rookie season, he ran back a kickoff for 93 yards and threw a touchdown pass to help the Bears win over their rival, the Green Bay Packers. In the final game of the season, the 1940 NFL championship game, McAfee returned an interception for a 34-yard touchdown during the 73–0 victory over the Washington Redskins.

His second year in the League, 1941, was a banner year for McAfee: he led the league with a 7.3 rushing yards per carry while scoring a league-high 12 touchdowns in an 11-game season. While his rushing yardage totals seem modest by today's standards, he had to share the backfield with other outstanding running backs, such as Hugh Gallarneau, Norm Standlee, and Bill Osmanski, as well as Hall of Fame quarterback Sid Luckman. Known for his versatility, in 1941 his 12-touchdown total consisted of six by rushing, three receiving, one by punt return, one by kickoff return, and one by interception return, all while helping the Chicago Bears to their second straight NFL league championship over the New York Giants. That season, his 31.6 yards per punt return also set a franchise record that still stands.

Following his All-pro 1941 season, McAfee entered the Navy in World War II, returning for three games each in 1945 and 1946. He played four more seasons in the NFL, becoming more of a return specialist, especially after a disastrous 11-fumble season in 1948. In 1948 and 1950 he led the NFL in punt returns (30 for a league-leading 417 yards in 1948, 33 in 1950). In his final professional game, a division-round loss to the Los Angeles Rams, McAfee had six punt returns for 79 yards, setting the Bears' playoff franchise record for most returns in a game, and most yards and yards per return in a game, single post-season, and post-season career (a total of seven franchise records).

Military career
McAfee volunteered to join the United States Navy after the U.S. entered World War II. He served between 1942 and 1945.

Return to the NFL
McAfee returned to Chicago in 1945 after missing almost 4 complete seasons during what would likely have been the prime of his pro career. In his first game back, late in 1945, McAfee carried the ball five times for 105 yards and three touchdowns.

McAfee played for Chicago until 1950. While McAfee was not again voted to the All Pro team, he continued to excel on both offense and defense for the Bears.

During his time playing pro football, McAfee scored 234 points, gained 5,313 combined net yards, intercepted 25 passes in eight seasons, and was the NFL punt return champion. As of 2018, he remains the all time NFL record holder for average punt return in a career at 12.78 yards.

McAfee's coach at Duke, Wallace Wade, called him "a one-man offense, and practically unstoppable." Red Grange, a star of earlier Bears teams, called McAfee "the most dangerous man with the football in the game."
Green Bay Coach Earl "Curly" Lambeau called McAfee "the most talented back the Packers ever faced."  John F. Kieran, the sports columnist for The New York Times, wrote in 1940: "the debate around Chicago has been as to whether McAfee is just as good as Jim Thorpe ever was, or better."   George Halas, the Bears' longtime owner and coach, once said, "the highest compliment you can pay any ball carrier is just compare him with McAfee."

McAfee himself described his running strategy differently. At 6', 178 pounds, he was small even for his era. During his initial training camp with the Bears, he was impressed by the size of the so-called Monsters of the Midway. "I never saw so many big men in my life," McAfee said at the time. "I remember clearly, on one of the first scrimmage plays, that a rookie halfback was knocked cold trying to bring down Bill Osmanski. That play served as a valuable lesson for me. Whenever I ran with the ball, I had that picture in my mind of [him] there on the ground, cold as a stone. I would run as fast as I could if there was any daylight."

Honors
During his college football career, McAfee was named first-team All-American, helped the Duke Blue Devils to two Southern Conference championships, and was a member of the Iron Dukes, which narrowly lost the 1939 Rose Bowl to Southern Cal.

While starring as running back, defensive back, kicker, punter, and kick returner for the mighty Chicago Bears of the 1940s, McAfee was named All Pro, set the all-time career punt return mark, and contributed to the Bears' NFL championships in 1940, 1941, and 1946.

McAfee's jersey #5 was retired by Chicago in 1955. He entered the College Football Hall of Fame in 1961, the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1966, the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 1967, and the Duke Sports Hall of Fame in 1975, where he was a charter member. McAfee was also named to the NFL's 1940s All-Decade Team and the All-Time Two Way Team.

Later life and death
After his retirement as a player in 1950, McAfee and his wife, Jeanne M. McAfee, moved back to Durham, where they raised their three children. Immediately upon his retirement, in 1950, McAfee worked as an NFL referee for several years. At the same time, he and his brother, Wes, started the McAfee Oil Company, a Shell oil distributor. He led McAfee Oil until he sold the company 30 years later.

The brother with him whom he started the oil company, Wes McAfee, had also played football for Duke before being drafted to play in the NFL. Wes played only a single NFL season until he too volunteered to serve in WWII.

According to his obituaries, McAfee rarely spoke of his football exploits after he retired from the sport but did frequently attend Duke athletic events for many years.

McAfee developed dementia in his later years and moved into Cypress Court, an assisted living facility specializing in Alzheimer's and memory care in Decatur, Georgia. Cypress Court is owned and operated by the Seattle-based Emeritus Senior Living. In February 2009, McAfee died from chemical burns after drinking a toxic substance that had not been properly locked up. The State of Georgia found Emeritus negligent in McAfee's death. The circumstances surrounding McAfee's death were featured in the 2013 PBS Frontline documentary "Life and Death in Assisted Living".

References

Further reading

External links

1918 births
2009 deaths
American football halfbacks
American male sprinters
Chicago Bears players
Duke Blue Devils baseball players
Duke Blue Devils football players
Duke Blue Devils men's track and field athletes
Jacksonville Naval Air Station Flyers football players
National Football League officials
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
National Football League players with retired numbers
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
United States Navy personnel of World War II
People from Corbin, Kentucky
People from Ironton, Ohio
Players of American football from Ohio
Baseball players from Ohio
Track and field athletes from Ohio
Track and field athletes in the National Football League
20th-century American Episcopalians

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