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Message of the Cross
Jonathon Goforth
Rosalind and Jonathon Goforth.
Jonathan Goforth (1859 – 1936) was the first Canadian Presbyterian missionary to go to China with his wife, Rosalind (Bell-Smith) Goforth. Jonathan Goforth became the foremost missionary revivalist in early 20th century China and was primarily responsible for a great move of the Holy Spirit in the Protestant China missions.
Goforth grew up on an Oxford County, Ontario farm. As a young man he taught school in Thamesford, Ontario. He claimed to sense a call from God to go to China after hearing George Mackay, Presbyterian missionary to Taiwan, speak. He attended University of Toronto, and Knox College, where he graduated in 1887, and was awarded the Doctor of Divinity in 1915. Goforth met Rosalind Bell-Smith at the Toronto Union Mission during his training. She had been born in London, England, and had grown up in Montreal. They married in 1887, in his final year at Knox, and eventually had eleven children.
One book that had deeply impressed Goforth was China's Spiritual Need and Claims, by Hudson Taylor. He ordered many copies of the book to promote missionary work in China and mailed them to many pastors that he knew.
ChinaJonathon and his wife arrived in Shantung province in China in 1888. For two years the mission base was in Lingchin in Shantung. In 1890 they moved to Chuwang in Honan. In 1894 the mission moved to Changte. For the first seven years, Jonathon had been preaching in the field but with small results.
In 1900, the so-called Boxer Rebellion broke out. All foreigners in China were in great physical danger from Chinese infuriated by the years of insults and humiliation their nation had suffered from the West and Japan. In June, the missionaries in Changte received word from the American consul in Chefoo to flee south.
Troups of eight nations alliance in China to quell the Boxer rebellion in 1900
The Goforths had to flee for many miles across China during the Boxer Rebellion. Jonathan was attacked and injured with a sword, but they both survived and escaped to the safety of one of the "Treaty Ports".
After many terrifying experiences and narrows escapes they reached Shanghai and sailed for Canada. The furlough was a time of sorrow for Goforth. In his tours around Canada, he found that worldliness had invaded the churches and many of the people had little concern for the unsaved masses in the heathen lands.
So back they went to China, to the multitudes they yearned to win to Christ. After their return to Henan in 1901, Goforth became restless and dissatisfied. It was at this time that an unknown party from England began sending pamphlets on the Welsh revival in 1904. Goforth was deeply stirred as he read these accounts.
A new thought, a new conception seemed to come to him of God the Holy Spirit. He had a strong desire to see a great move of the Spirit and many souls brought into the kingdom of God. He gave himself to much more prayer and study of the Bible.
The Power of the Holy Spirit Came
In 1908 he went to conduct some meetings in Manchuria. He began to meet daily with other missionaries to pray for the power of the Holy Spirit. These men vowed to God that they would pray until the power of the Spirit came. Goforth said:
My conviction is that divine power, so manifest in the church at Pentecost, was nothing more or less than what should be in evidence in the church today. Normal Christianity, as is planned by our Lord, was not supposed to begin in the Spirit and continue in the flesh. In the building of His temple it never was by might nor by power, but always by His Spirit.
The Lord Himself met the foiled Satan after first being filled with the Spirit. And no child of God has ever been victorious over the adversary, unless empowered from the same source. Our Lord did not permit His chosen followers to witness a word in His name until endued with power from on high. It is true that before that day they were "born again" children of the Father and had the witness of the Spirit. But they were not the Lord's efficient co-workers and never could be until Spirit-filled. This Divine empowering is for us as for them. We, too, may do the works our Lord did, yea and greater works.
The scriptures convey no other meaning to me than that the Lord Jesus planned that the Holy Spirit should continue amongst us in as mighty manifestation as at Pentecost. One should be able to chase a thousand and two put ten thousand to flight — as of old. Time has not changed the fact that "Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today and forever."
"But will it last?" How constantly unbelief puts this question! Of course, the work will last — if man is faithful. When the blood-bought servants of Christ yield Him absolute dominion, all the resources of the Godhead are in active operation for the glory of the Lamb which was slain. The efficacy of the baptism of the Holy Ghost and of fire dies down in any soul only when that soul wilfully quenches it. Did Pentecost last? Did God will that it shouldn't? Pentecost was of God. So was the Wesleyan Revival. It is not of God, then, but man whom we must blame for the pitiful way in which the channels of blessing, originating in these great movements, have become clogged up.
We cannot emphasize too strongly that all hindrance in the church is due to sin ….. the Holy Spirit brings all manner of sin to light. Indeed, the appalling fact is that every sin which is found outside the church is also found, although perhaps to a lesser degree, within the church. For fear that some may judge too harshly, we would point out that many of these Chinese churches, of which mention is made are not even one generation removed from heathenism. At the same time, let us not delude ourselves by thinking that all is well with our old established churches at home. It is sin in individual church members, whether at home or on the foreign field, which grieves and quenches the Holy Spirit. I imagine that we would lose much of our self-righteousness if we were to find that pride, jealousy, bad temper, back-biting, greed and all their kindred are just as heinous in God's sight as the so called grosser sins. All sin in the believer, of whatever kind, mars the redemptive work of Christ.
If revival is being withheld it is because some idol still remains enthroned.
The most piercing cries that I have ever heard have come from Chinese Christians, when the Holy Spirit made plain to them that their sin had crucified the Son of God afresh.
"Behold, the Lord's hand is not shortened that He cannot save; neither is His ear heavy, that He cannot hear: But your iniquities have separated between you and your God, and your sins have hid His face from you, that He will not hear." [Isaiah 59:1,2]
The filth and blood-guiltiness of the churches can only be swept away by the Spirit of Judgment and of burning.
Some years ago, while addressing a large body of ministers and elders in the homeland, we urged that the Divine call was for a greater emphasis upon sin. A few hours later, at a certain ministerial gathering, the subject was brought up, and I understand that in the argument that ensued a large majority decided that the church had laid too much emphasis upon sin. Man's thoughts, however, are not God's thoughts. Calvary is His emphasis upon sin. Surely, since the sinless Son of God had to be made sin for us an over-emphasis upon sin is in the nature of things impossible. Wasn't John Wesley, who, as he was passing in the presence of the King, was heard whispering:
"I the chief of sinners am, but Jesus died for me!"
Acknowledgements: References.
Banias
The Double Gate
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We can help you with any type of Highland Village raccoon removal problems that you may have. Raccoons might look endearing. However, raccoons digging in the garbage are not so pleasant. Raccoons really love to explore your trash can attempting to find food.
Raccoons are nocturnal animals and will damage your lawn as they dig for grubs and worms. Raccoons will make dens in your attic. They will tear into your rooftop to search for ways inside. The smell of raccoon urine and droppings can be very strong. Highland Village raccoon control will help you with this pest animal.


Edison Research/Arbitron Internet and Multimedia Series released an interesting report entitled "Twitter Usage in America: 2010". What really sets this report apart is the fact that they spent 3 years collecting and tracking usage.
The most interesting conclusion is the fact that "twitter is a broadcast channel" contrary to what many marketers believe. The majority of twitter users are lurkers and rarely post.
Although the level of awareness of Twitter now matches that of Facebook, the latter has significantly more active users. 7% of Americans actively use Twitter compared to 41% for Facebook.
Surprisingly 2/3 of Twitter users access the service from a mobile device.


The ADHD label were rampantly overused on young ones with different difficulties while the debatable first variation of ADHD was once praised by way of practitioners and fogeys alike as a well timed booklet whose message was once lengthy late. This new version contains a whole revision of the bankruptcy on drugs, detailing whilst to take advantage of sure medicinal drugs and the unwanted side effects that may be anticipated, and together with a radical evaluation and replace of older drugs. certain difficulties for teens with ADHD are addressed, together with sexual relationships, being pregnant, substance abuse, using, and basic teenager attitudes. fabric has been extra to aid mom and dad locate their approach in the course of the felony maze of public schooling the place little ones are frequently wrongly first stigmatized with the ADHD label.
One of the main illuminating books ever on a activities culture, studying to respire hearth combines bright activities writing with a considerate meditation on what it capacity to be human. within the booklet, veteran journalist J. C. Herz explains the technology of extreme attempt, why the fashionable fitness center fails an overweight society, and the psychic rewards of finishing up at the flooring feeling as if you're approximately to die.
The tale strains CrossFit's upward push, from a unmarried underground health club in Santa Cruz to its adoption because the work out of selection for elite distinctive forces, firefighters and police officers, to its attractiveness because the go-to health regimen for normal Joes and Janes. specifically riveting is Herz's description of The CrossFit video games, which commence as an off-the-cuff throw-down on a California ranch and evolve right into a televised international proving flooring for the fittest women and men in the world, in addition to thousands of lesser mortals.
In her portrayal of the sport's superstar athletes, its passionate coaches and its "chief armorer," Rogue health, Herz powerfully conjures up the individuality of a health tradition that cultivates primal fierceness in typical humans. And within the shared ordeal of an all-consuming work out, she finds the ritual depth that's been with us due to the fact that people invented activities, exhibiting us how, on a deep point, we're all tribal hunters and primary responders, awaiting the sign to head all-out.
The mum of All. .. sequence is now firmly verified within the hearts and minds of tens of millions of Canadian mom and dad. by no means one to shrink back from the harsh themes, Ann Douglas addresses the troubles that each one mom and dad contemplate whilst dealing with being pregnant and elevating younger children.
The mom of All being pregnant Books, second variation presents the directly items on getting ready your physique for being pregnant, together with useful recommendation on find out how to bring up your percentages for conceiving quick; the pinnacle ten concerns for every trimester--along with a hearty dose of reassurance; a thesaurus of being pregnant and birth-related phrases; and a sneak peek of existence after baby.
The mom of All child Books: An All-Canadian consultant for your Baby's First yr, 2d variation is the handbook that mom Nature forgot to incorporate along with your new arrival--a hands-on consultant to dealing with the fun and demanding situations of taking good care of your new child. It's a wholly complete consultant that includes a non-bossy, clean, and enjoyable method of baby's interesting first year.
The mom of All boy or girl Books alternatives up the place mom of All child Books left off. The infant years are busy and not easy as baby improvement and behavioural and self-discipline matters take centre degree.
Packed with 100s of step by step pictures and transparent, concise directions, Psoas power and adaptability gains routines for firming the muscle in addition to rehabbing from damage. and every software is predicated on basic matwork routines that require minimum or no apparatus.
Muscle & health journal has supplied a application of rapid-fire center routines for these looking to "get moving" on a weight-training health software or should you desire to extend, freshen-up, and increase their exercise routine routine. There are one zero one photo-illustrated routines that let lovers the chance to look on the picture in the course of a work out to examine their trustworthy following of the regimen.
For me to have neglected all my own affairs and to have put up with this neglect of my domestic life for so many years now, but always to have minded your business, by visiting each of you in private, like a father or elder brother, to persuade you to care about virtue. Of course, if I were getting anything out of it or if I were being paid for giving this advice, my conduct would be intelligible. But, as it is, you can plainly see for yourselves that my accusers, who so shamelessly accused me of everything else, couldn't bring themselves to be so utterly shameless as to call a witness to say that I ever once 66.
Omitting vi\v ypacpf^v TatJTnv with de Strycker and Slings. 58. Heroes are demigods (28c2), children of gods and mortals, whose existence therefore entails the existence of gods. Hence someone who denies the existence of gods denies that of heroes too. " I, however, would be right to reply to him, "You're not thinking straight, sir, if you think that a man who's any use at all should give any opposing weight to the risk of living or dying, instead of looking to this alone whenever he does anything: whether his actions are just or unjust, the deeds of a good or bad man.
EUTHYPHRO: I do. I3e SOCRATES: W h a t about service to shipbuilders? W h a t result does the service aim to produce? EUTHYPHRO: Clearly, Socrates, its aim is a ship. SOCRATES: And in the case of service to builders, I suppose, the aim is a house? 5 EUTHYPHRO: Yes. SOCRATES: T h e n tell me, my good friend, at what result does service to the gods aim? Clearly, you know, since you say you've a finer knowledge of religious matters than any other human being. 4 8 10 EUTHYPHRO:Yes, and what I say is true, Socrates.


The UK's National Audit Office (NAO) has just published its findings following its investigation into the WannaCry cyber attack that significantly disrupted the National Health Service (NHS) in May this year. To those who have followed this story from the start, it won't be a surprise that the NAO concluded the NHS trusts had not acted on a 2014 warning from central government to patch or migrate away from vulnerable older software.
Following WannaCry, cyber security specialists were emphasising the need for upgrades and patches to occur on a timely basis. Much the same thing was said after Petya as well and will probably be repeated again after the next large scale cyber attack.
All of this makes for great headlines, but to say that systems should be upgraded from vulnerable older versions and patches implemented immediately is to ignore the reality of the modern world.
Let's take system upgrades first – these cost money. Hardly a revelation, but in an NHS that is already strapped for cash, nobody in senior management is going to authorise a costly IT upgrade when this money could be spent on primary care. Imagine the headlines and criticism that would be forthcoming from the Daily Mail et al if/when the system upgrade is late and/or goes wrong and you can see why the money will go into primary care.
While not as exposed to media criticism, a similar issue exists in the private sector, where funds available for investment are also finite. Company directors have to make the choice where these funds are used – are they used in a project that will grow revenues and increase profits or are they used in a project that has no immediate impact on the bottom line and solely exists to protect against a future cyber attack that may or may not happen? I know which choice my money will be on.
In contrast, patches are free as they are provided by the software vendor, but that is not to say there is no cost. The majority of IT networks in both the public and private sectors have been cobbled together over time, a legacy of mergers, demergers, staff changes and previous investment decisions. However, these networks operate on a knife edge given the general lack of compatibility between different applications and the bespoke software code that is usually required to make the whole thing work. A software patch may alter how these applications interact, causing IT teams to write more bespoke code to ensure that the network continues to work and the lights remain on.
However, not every company has the luxury of a test environment to consider these issues in a safe manner. On that basis, there is a real risk of the need for additional bespoke code not being identified prior to a patch being implemented. If this risk crystallises, then the house of cards that is most networks will collapse. The time required to write the new code is anyone's guess and, in the meantime, staff can't work and the company is losing money. Given that, if you are head of IT, are you going to implement each and every patch as soon as it is issued, knowing that if it doesn't work as expected, you might be out of a job?
Keeping software up to date and implementing patches on a timely basis is clearly a good idea and I'm not arguing a contrary position. However, the reality of modern business and the way in which decisions are made in both the public and private sectors, cannot be ignored.
Ben Hobby and Thomas Sanderson share their thoughts having just returned from working in the Caribbean.


Medical communication A schematic diagram or illustration, usually in color, representation of a biological process or molecule, presented either in a journal or in a lecture. Cf 'Nettergram. '.
In defense of satire and cartooning, Barajas maintains that the fundamental principle of cartooning is simple, that the fear of ridicule will modify the subject's behaviour in question, or persuade the subject to change.
Political cartoons: now you see them!
The Pulitzer, the nation's most important cartooning prize, has never been awarded to a local cartoon.
Ultimately, it's not the most productive type of insomnia, since the wee hours are not when the political cartooning ideas start to flood the brain of Toles, who won a Pulitzer Prize in the field.
Nobody in cartooning draws any funnier than Mike Peters, and 'Mother Goose & Grimm' displays a creative energy that lends itself perfectly to viewing on the Internet," added award-winning editorial cartoonist Bob Gorrell, iPipe's Editor, "iPipe is very proud of our association with Mike.
Down here in San Diego, our chapter of the National Cartoonists Society will get together once a month, have speakers and talk cartooning.
Mankoff said today, "The New Yorker is to cartooning what God is to religion.


This governance manual aims to guide all AAI's stakeholders on AAI's governance and also to stimulate discussion, debate and consensus on AAl's appropriate governance practices. It is a point of reference and is neither final nor complete.
The manual draws on other ActionAid International documents including the Constitution and Membership Regulations. As a legal document, the Constitution has priority over this manual in the event of disagreement. Annexure 9 presents an outline of the Constitution for reference.
It is hoped that parts of this manual will be helpful to new Associates drafting their own manuals. Governance is a means to an end. In the case of AAI, the end is the eradication of poverty and injustice. Ultimately that mission is what matters and documents such as this are simply aids to achieve AAI's mission.


When it comes to design, it's a touchy-feely thing that's often subjective to the eyes of the beholder (or in our case – our clients). At times it becomes an endless back and forth struggles trying to make sure an ad or email is on-brand and visually appealing. When either party tries to do too much (or not enough), that is when potential problems can arise. With that being said, here are some pro-tips to help you get on your designer's good side to start off the New Year.
When working with copy layover, don't send your designer an image with a background that's too busy. Backgrounds with too much going on and/or too much contrast (i.e brick walls, busy rooms, etc) make it difficult to lay copy over without making it look forced or too busy. Having a busy background can also be distracting and will take the focus away from your message or promotion.
An ideal image should have plenty of white space to make room for text (such as the one pictured above), and it should drive the focus towards the product instead of the surroundings.
Lifestyle shots can be a tricky matter. You don't want to make it look forced and you don't want to take the viewer's attention away from the product(s) being showcased. When getting a designer to edit a lifestyle shot, this can add an extra degree of complexity, as these types of shots can sometimes get busy.
A key to avoiding conflict here is to provide your designer with a variety of shots from multiple views. That way they can better create something that looks both visually appealing and sends the appropriate brand message.
Another bonus tip for lifestyle shots: choose colours that complement each other such as in the shot shown below. If you are using a model, play around with the shot and have them look at something. As humans, we will have a tendency to look wherever the model is looking. This opens the doors to various creative opportunities.
Fade or blurring the background, can be done by the designer in post-production. It will look a lot better than trying to force a look with poor lighting.
The key to a good image whether it's a lifestyle or product shot is good lighting. There is nothing worse than an image where the product is out of focus or is difficult to notice due to poor lighting conditions. If the intent is to create fade or blur the background, this can be done by the designer in post-production. It will look a lot better than trying to force a look with poor lighting. In the example below, the product is featured in great lighting conditions, making post-production fade easy to accomplish.
Sending your designer a cropped photo is a huge faux-pas, especially when you're asking them to do text overlays on the image. Once again, you want to provide as much white space as possible for text overlays, and if the designer can find room to crop and adjust the image size later on, it can be done post-production.
When it comes to making GIFs, it's easier to do than some people think. When in the photography stage of the product, making a GIF is as easy as creating a stop motion. If you're rotating multiple products in a GIF, keep it nice and simple by showcasing them on a plain background so that you can bring all the attention towards the products in motion. The extra white space will also make it easy for your designer to add text overlay if needed.
So there you have it. Follow these few simple tips when submitting creative to your designer this year and you will be sure to win their hearts this year – making your job a whole lot easier as well.
Roman Komarov is a full-time soulpepper, part-time DJ and has a keen eye for design. He is regarded as one of the top graphic designers in the country and if that's not enough, he also has a few good dads jokes up his sleeve.
Like what you see? Subscribe to our newsletter for more great tips and strategies to grow your e-commerce empire.


While I'm not here to defend EC I can tell you they haven't been around 10 years. They've been in existence for 14 months. And while I have no idea why your search engine traffic dropped it isn't the fault of any type of traffic exchange program. That argument doesn't make sense.
I didnt say EC had been around 10 years – I said banner exchanges, of which EC is an example, have been around a long time!
Think about the type of traffic argument – if you you go to a really, really good site – what do you do – you stay, you look around, you go to a few pages, maybe watch a video – i.e. your visit length is long and you go to lots of pages. Now you hit another site- which is just all ads and flashing banners – what do you do? Leave, fast – Google can tell how long you stay on a site – don't you think your behavour on each of those 2 examples tells Google something about the quality of the site?
Sorry to hear that…..yea,most people who drop ECs just drop and go without reading a post….but,I am not sure whether that would affect search engine rankings.
Think about this for a sec. If you're looking for traffic to an Adsense site, isn't the point to get them to the site, realize they're not going to find it, and click an ad? Isn't that also hit & click out traffic? But we both know folks who make a ton off that very pattern. I have to agree with the two previous posters. I'm not seeing how quality would hurt you.
And now, for an alternative pov on Entrecard traffic. I just posted The Return of Entrecard today with a very specific way that Entrecard can help your site(s). If you consistently drop on sites that make a monthly "Top Droppers" post (including a link of course) AND that site has PR, you have just gotten yourself a backlink from a site with related content, on your keyword (hopefully) from a site with PR. How is that a bad thing?
Great topic and post Lis, hope all is well with you and I hope to be stopping by more often.
Hi Thom- nice to see you here – my first bit of linkbait is going quit well LOL Know argument re they come, they flee via Adsense is EXACTLY why I thought entrecard was a good fit with my today blogs!
I like your idea re top droppers and your technique – I have to think about this again! I love a good debate and this is turning into an excellent one!
I think I agree – its logical if you just run from the site then the assumption is that the site is off little value – I suspect that's why my hubpages do so well in the SERPs – and so badly with CLR!
I had used entrecard initially as a traffic boost; however I just use it now on test sites, to get an initial traffic boost to help with rankings etc; and this seems to work well.
Made me think twice about adding the entrecard widget. Probably won't anymore.
I must admit I havent gotten around to removing but stopped dropping very much , the search traffic did return!
I have no prove that Bounce Rate will effect the ranking (My site is on the Sand Box).But the backlink and the "hit" from different IP will definery improve the page rage.
Same exact thing happened to me. I'm seriously considering removing entrecard completely now.
s0uThp4rk's last blog post..Does Entrecard Kill Search Engine Traffic?
I again stopped dropping and my search traffic went right back up and compenstated for the lost entrecard traffic without actually having to do anything!
I see no real benefit in using Analytics over something like Piwik, and if you have your own hosting, you'll get more accurate results from something hosted locally, since people with NoScript and other such plugins tend to whitelist TLDs.
That's an interesting view point fuzion – I've only used entrecard on one site – on today.com – and I think they use analytics over the entire site.
Hi, thanks for this arguments. I'm also thinking that i should remove entrecard on my site. I just don't have enough proofs from people who used entrecard and what their experiences were.
Nice information you got in here. To be honest I didn't get much traffic with entrecard. That is why I'm thinking to remove it from my widget list.


This post was originally published on The Social Observer.
It's no secret that the social media landscape changes in the blink of an eye. So how can you prepare for the unknown? It's important to understand current trends in anticipation of what's to come in the future.
Visually appealing content is becoming more and more prevalent across networks from the introduction of networks like Pinterest and Instagram into mainstream social media channels to the insight brands have interpreted regarding engagement on photo posts.
Search, social, and paid advertising are becoming more closely related than ever with the alignment of Google+ pages, local listings, reviews, ads, etc.
Increasingly more conversations about a brand are being authorized by its consumers across a variety of networks.
Brands need to focus more on their visual identity when it comes to social media. Users are making visual connections between messages, campaigns, and the overall brand that must be mirrored on social sources. Social posts accompanied by branded images, cover photos with CTAs, and visuals directly aligned with other external campaigns will help align the brand across all channels, promote a sense of unity to your followers, and improve overall engagement.
Google+ is no longer only for the "tech savvy." If you have any hope at all of your brand showing up in search results higher than your competitors who are engaging on the channel, it will be crucial to engage with users from a brand page and create highly engaging content containing keywords.
In order to effectively partake in the conversations being authored about brands by other online users, it's important to set up effective monitoring and listening processes. A variety of tools can be helpful in accomplishing this, and will ultimately lead to a stronger online presence. Once online influencers have been identified, a crucial next step is to conduct outreach to encourage positive conversations about the brand.
What makes a great viral marketing campaign? It all starts with thinking, planning, and strategy.
A good viral marketing campaign can inject new life into a business and make a large impact on a business's bottom line. Using social media to spread a message through a viral process can reach great deal of people within a short amount of time, generating buzz that can translate to both increased brand awareness and new leads or sales.
Developing a successful strategy for a viral campaign requires excellent content as well as exceptional social networking skills. In 2010, Old Spice launched its "The Man Your Man Can Smell Like" campaign with a video ad that mixed humor with product promotion targeting woman.
The video was well-produced and garnered a great deal of viral buzz on social med. Old Spice leveraged the viral buzz to extend the campaign by replying to influencers and average social media users with more than 180 personalized videos in one day.
In the first 24 hours, the Old Spice responses videos generated nearly 6 million viral video views – that's more views than Obama's victory speech received in the first 24 hours after it was given.
The short time frame on the campaign kept it fresh and unique, which garnered an extreme amount of buzz in that short time. The buzz the campaign created not only increased brand awareness, but the rise in conversations could also be tied to an increase in sales if one existed.
What other viral marketing campaigns effective incorporate these elements into their strategy?
Some say you can master Twitter in just 20 minutes a day; others say it only takes 12 minutes.
The fact of the matter is that creating a strong presence on Twitter does not take an excessive amount of time, but it does require dedication. You can learn how to effectively use your time by educating yourself on best practices and helpful tools.
Tweet three times per day at three different times of the day and vary your content. Send a tweet about: something interesting you saw, heard, or read that is non-work related; news related to your business or industry; and your opinion about something going on in the news.
Monitor and respond to mentions and direct messages.
Read through your Twitter timeline and retweet a few of the people you follow.
Tweet a Follow Friday mention on Fridays.
If you've mastered the basics, Socially Stacked has tips on maintaining your Twitter presence in just twelve minutes a day!
Regardless of your level of expertise, Social Media Today has some quick tips and tricks to boost engagement with your Twitter handle.
Tweet from your brand's handle on Saturday and Sunday; engagement rates are 17% higher on the weekends.
Send your tweets between 8am and 7pm; engagement rates are 30% higher.
Include image links in your tweets; they double engagement rates.
Trim your tweets to 100 characters or less for a 17% higher engagement rate.
Send a tweet with a link in it; tweets with links receive and 86% higher retweet rate.
Include hashtags in your tweets for two times more engagement.
Spell out "retweet" as opposed to using the shorthand of "RT" for a 23 times higher engagement rate.
Lastly, it's important to monitor the metrics around your Twitter presence. There are a slew of free tools available that provide basic metrics including link clicks, retweets, mentions, followers, etc. My favorite is HootSuite. Not only does it provide metrics and reports with visually appealing graphs, but it also serves as a monitoring and publishing tool.
What other best practices and tools have helped you build and maintain a strong Twitter presence?
In a recent post about the state of social media in the healthcare industry, I talked briefly about the major risks and challenges associated with taking a healthcare system social. But, there can also be immense benefits.
The risk that gets the most attention from C-level executives is managing patient privacy.
Being a social health system requires that the proper people, policies, and protocol are in place in order to avoid HIPAA violations.
Make sure that you have a team identified for managing communication if a HIPAA violation is at risk, especially if you have a large social media workforce. These concerns are not something to be trifled with, and it's important that each individual knows their place in mitigating the risk. Do you have a member of your organizations legal team available to review digital conversations? Who is responsible for crafting messages to social media users who have addressed a specific and personal health concern via social media? Whose final approval is needed before interacting with a user on social media that could potentially involve Protected Health Information (PHI) being shared?
Having a social media policy for both users who interact with your health system on social media is just as important as having a social media policy for your employees.
It's important to note in your social media policy that dialogue on social changes should not be construed as medical advice, professional services or recommendations. It's also important to point out that social media is not a place for patients to post their own Protected Health Information. While this is not a fool-proof method for avoiding HIPAA violations, it is important to remind users and patients that their information cannot remain private if they share it publically via social channels.
While I am a firm believer that employees of any organization should be able to use personal social media accounts without interference from their employers, I am also a firm believer that the use of social media should not negatively reflect the image of your employer. For healthcare professionals, there are greater risks involved. At the end of the day, all you really need to remember is: DO NOT post ANYTHING related to your day at work or the patients you encountered. Something as simple as communicating gender and symptoms can be considered a HIPAA violation, and it will result in the loss of your job.
While I've never been an advocate of "canned" social media responses, they are important to have on-hand when a possible HIPAA violation occurs. Sit down with your social media team and legal counsel to determine the best course of action if the risk of a HIPAA violation is imminent. Talk about things like messaging, terminology, and phrasing to be used in responses and protocol for removing posts, comments, tweets, etc. containing PHI from the digital space. Unfortunately, as we all know, once it's posted, it's never truly deleted, but it's important to have a process in for mitigating the risks associated with PHI being shared.
With proper education for your social media team and organization employees, social media can be truly beneficial to a health system. Having a social presence allows a health system to build trust, place itself as a thought leader, and cultivate a digital community. Let's discuss the rewards – and how to measure them – at a later date.
In a world increasingly dominated by social media and smart phones, it's important to remember that prospective patients can access information about a physician almost instantaneously. As marketers, it is important to focus on the online reputation of employed physicians.
For restaurants, bars and spas, we look to Yelp to find out what other people are saying about local destinations. But what about healthcare? While Yelp has a home for health and medical reviews, we can't forget about niche review sites dedicated to reviewing and rating specific physicians like Vitals and Healthgrades. Fortunately, a study by the folks at DocSpot shows that 65% of online reviews of healthcare professionals gave the highest rating possible, and 3 out of 4 reviews rated the physicians either a 4 or a 5 on a 5-point scale.
That being said, it's important to ensure that physicians have listings on the popular review sites; they can be a very powerful tool in promoting a physician and building their online and mobile presence.
One of the more popular healthcare review sites – Vitals – even has a mobile app tailored to show the user the top 10 rated physicians within their area. The app has received 54 reviews in the App Story with an average rating of 3 out of 6 stars. One user reviewed the app saying, "A lot of useful information if you've had trouble finding good doctors." Another user said, "Tried to schedule initial Dr. visit but was provided inaccurate contact information." Both of these comments teach us very valuable lessons: consumers find physician reviews to be useful in making an informed decision about choosing a healthcare provider, and not leveraging these tools to provide current information for your physicians could be deterring prospective patients.
As a consumer, do you utilize review sites when searching for healthcare providers? As a marketer, have you built managing online review sites for physicians into your strategy?


text:
'Small investors are after my head,' says City grandee Peter Hambro as shares plummet
By Simon Watkins, Financial Mail on Sunday
Published: 17:04 EST, 7 February 2015 | Updated: 17:04 EST, 7 February 2015
Cold shouldered: Peter Hambro has been blamed for not spending enough time in the icy Siberian region of Amur
Peter Hambro, scion of the blue-blooded banking family, is fighting to save his mining business and desperately needs the support of thousands of small shareholders.
The problem, as the 70-year-old admits, is that he is not their favourite man. 'A lot of them are calling for my head,' he says. Not surprising, since those investors have seen their shares plunge in value by 98 per cent in the past three years.
The firm under threat is Petropavlovsk, the Russian gold mining group set up by Hambro and others 20 years ago. It operates mines in the icy far eastern Amur region and is one of Russia's biggest gold producers. Last year it produced 625,000 troy ounces (20 tons). Turnover exceeded £1.2 billion.
But that has not stopped the shares collapsing, as vast debts mean that the group is at risk of being taken over by its creditors.
Hambro blames the company's predicament on the diplomatic war between the West and Russia, and the plunging price of gold. City experts also blame Hambro himself. Once known for his Midas touch, Hambro's reputation as City royalty has been tarnished by the debacle.
The company now needs the backing of shareholders to refinance £200 million of debt, including what is thought to be tens of thousands of small investors who bought into the company in its boom, with the share price rising as high as 1365p in 2010 before collapsing to 13¾p today.
Investors are being asked to vote for a big fundraising, giving them the right to buy yet more shares in the group. Even if they don't want to invest further, their vote is needed to support the restructuring. If they do not support Hambro – he says – the company will go bust.
Shareholders will vote on February 26. Three quarters of those voting must do so in favour of the rescue, whether or not they put in more cash, or the mining group will fall into the hands of its creditors. Those who do take up the offer can buy 15.7 new shares in Petropavlovsk for every share they own.
PETROPAVLOVSK SHARES: Check the latest price MARKET REPORT: Gold miner lays out rescue plan from Russia...
City experts believe investors would be mad not to vote in favour. It will cost them nothing to do so, but voting against the rescue could destroy whatever value is left in their shares. Buying new shares involves a risk, but if the company survives and thrives again it offers the chance to recover huge losses.
Despite the logic of a Yes vote, Hambro fears ill-feeling could derail the plan. He said: 'I'm not confident about the vote. There are a lot of people who don't understand a No vote means bankruptcy.'
His real concern is that with so many shareholders owning shares through stockbroker nominee accounts many will not make the effort required to vote, leaving the decision in the hands of a relatively small number. There are more than enough angry investors out there.Furious shareholders have taken to internet chat rooms to criticise him. 'Nice job, Hambro,' wrote one sarcastic investor last month. 'You t**l,' wrote another, rather more bluntly. Professionals are also critical. John Meyer, an analyst at broker SP Angel, said: 'I have questioned the management very hard and I know Peter very well. But Peter was not there on the ground in Russia.'
According to Meyer 'the wheels came off' when chief executive Pavel Maslovskiy quit for a career in politics in 2011, though he rejoined this autumn. The firm, formerly named Peter Hambro Mining, added Maslovskiy's first name in 2009.
'Cost control went and targets were missed. Production targets were unrealistic,' said Meyer. But he also says sanctions have starved Russian banks of access to Western capital, so to them Petropavlovsk looks like a tasty morsel to seize. That would be a major reversal of fortune for Hambro.
His family founded Anglo-Scandinavian bank Hambros in 1839. It became a big name in the City and is now part of French financial giant Société Générale. Eton-educated Hambro worked in banking before focusing on the gold trade and eventually mining. His personal fortune is estimated at £100 million after he made £90 million selling his banking business Expobank to Barclays in 2008. With Maslovskiy he is underwriting the new share issue, meaning the pair will pay out £20 million if shareholders do not buy new shares.
Hambro admits his errors: expanding into new mines without securing long-term funding; assuming future bank loans would be easy to secure. That would have been fine until the gold price started its descent in 2011, standing at $1,241 today.
'We did not bother to finance it all. The gold price was going up, we were making a fortune, so what the hell? We were walking on water. Suddenly the gold price went down and the lenders would not lend us the money to complete the project.
'We believed the gold price would stay at $1,900 and that we were in a stable geopolitical environment. We were wrong on both counts. That is a mea culpa,' said Hambro.
He will be hoping that shouldering the blame is enough to convince shareholders to resist the temptation to punish him, and instead give him and the firm another chance. Later this month we will find out the extent of their forgiveness.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Aquatic Management (AMI) continues to be an industry leader in aquatic safety. AMI's commitment to and aquatic facility management remains to be as strong as ever. Our water safety program is built on five very effective pillars.
The AMI Aquatic Safety Program is built on the foundation of our ALERT PAK. We consider the A.L.E.R.T. program as a minimum safety standard in planning for operations for each facility. The following items are needed in the A.L.E.R.T. PAK. Rescue tubes, lifeguard stand/stations, spinal extrication board with head/neck stabilizing supports, supplemental oxygen, Automatic External Defibrillators (AED), seal-easy face masks, Bag Valve Masks (BVM's) (for adult/child/Infant), first aid kit, blood borne kit, ring buoy/rope, shepherd's hook, fanny packs, surgical gloves, one V- vacuum suction device and ample amount of Coast Guard Approved Life Jackets (CGLJ) for all swimmers at Owner's facility that is less than 48" (inches). This water safety equipment is necessary to provide quality care for swimmers who patronize the facility to ensure their water safety.
A lifeguard must be concerned about the safety and welfare of everybody in the pool and pool area. That's a lot of responsibility and so guards follow a simple rule for watching the pool. The 10/20 Protection Rule. This rule has given a standard for lifeguards to follow in a commercial pool setting. The rule states that "...a lifeguard who spots someone in trouble needs to respond in 10 seconds and reach the person within 20 seconds." The 10/20 Rule is a two step method to reduce drowning rates by creating a standard that not only monitors each square foot of a pool every few seconds, but also placing lifeguards for quick response to an accident, or unusual event. Swimming pool and water park managers have recently been required, by code, to implement and use the 10/20 Rule. This method of scanning and response is used, primarily, to determine the placement and number of lifeguards. Then additional lifeguards and/or first responders may be added after factoring in crowd size, and environmental conditions (such as blind spots, loud noise or other distractions). AMI must be given the ability to maintain adequate staffing levels to meet the "10/20 Rule". Rescue tubes, lifeguard stand/stations, spinal extrication board with head/neck stabilizing supports, supplemental oxygen, Automatic External Defibrillators (AED), seal-easy face masks, Bag Valve Masks (BVM's) (for adult/child/Infant), first aid kit, blood borne kit, ring buoy/rope, shepherd's hook, fanny packs, surgical gloves, one V- vacuum suction device and ample amount of Coast Guard Approved Life Jackets (CGLJ) for all swimmers at Owner's facility that is less than 48" (inches). This water safety equipment is necessary to provide quality care for swimmers who patronize the facility to ensure their water safety.
AMI manages each facility in conjunction with Five Minute Scanning. While rescue and resuscitation skills are extremely important, scanning skills used in incident recognition are the primary function of the guard. Lifeguards must be constantly vigilant and attentive. When on duty, a guard must be mentally and physically prepared to scan their entire zone of coverage effectively. This includes being Rescue Ready; rescue tube in hand with the strap over the shoulder, properly attired, easily identifiable, wearing a whistle, and equipped with a resuscitation mask and gloves on the guard's person. Thus the Five Minute Scanning Strategy has been designed to reduce monotony and increase vigilance. This strategy includes: Posture - Sit – Stand – Stroll Position - Switch position or posture every five minutes and include more frequent rotations. Pattern - Scan – Change visual patterns every five minutes and scan the pool bottom first and then the pool top. Count - Count or approximate swimmers in zone every five minutes. The 10/20 Rule is a two step method to reduce drowning rates by creating a standard that not only monitors each square foot of a pool every few seconds, but also placing lifeguards for quick response to an accident, or unusual event. Swimming pool and water park managers have recently been required, by code, to implement and use the 10/20 Rule. This method of scanning and response is used, primarily, to determine the placement and number of lifeguards. Then additional lifeguards and/or first responders may be added after factoring in crowd size, and environmental conditions (such as blind spots, loud noise or other distractions). AMI must be given the ability to maintain adequate staffing levels to meet the "10/20 Rule". Rescue tubes, lifeguard stand/stations, spinal extrication board with head/neck stabilizing supports, supplemental oxygen, Automatic External Defibrillators (AED), seal-easy face masks, Bag Valve Masks (BVM's) (for adult/child/Infant), first aid kit, blood borne kit, ring buoy/rope, shepherd's hook, fanny packs, surgical gloves, one V- vacuum suction device and ample amount of Coast Guard Approved Life Jackets (CGLJ) for all swimmers at Owner's facility that is less than 48" (inches). This water safety equipment is necessary to provide quality care for swimmers who patronize the facility to ensure their water safety.
AMI defines minimum water safety standards as "the reasonable supervision and protection afforded to swimmers in all aquatic facilities" located on the premises of an aquatic facility including recreational pools, lap pools, diving wells, lazy rivers, children's pools, water slides and other aquatic attractions. To work in conjunction with these safety standards Aquatic Management places a recommended safety zone classification at each facility we manage. The classification system for aquatic facilities is designed to help aid Owners of the facility to determine the recommended staffing levels of safety personnel at each facility. The size of each zone is based on the type of facility. Each zone covers a predetermined amount of water surface area. The classification system defines the size of each zone per facility. The first step in properly placing aquatic personnel is to establish the proper number of safety personnel on duty. These recommended guidelines will help place safety personnel in the best position to quickly aid patrons in the event of an emergency situation. Aquatic Facilities are also "classed" by size and features to properly and accurately categorize into these safety zones.
Class A – A swimming facility of any size, shape, or depth (without obstructions) falls into this classification. Competition pools are an example of a Class A facility. We recommend as a minimum that one (1) zone for every 3000 square feet or less of pool surface area. One (1) additional zone should be added for surface area above 3000 square feet.
Class B – A swimming facility with two (2) or more water features or special purpose equipment at their facility. Examples of special purpose equipment include pools with zero entry, slides, wave pool, etc. We recommend as a minimum that one (1) zone for every 1500 square feet or less of pool surface area. One (1) additional zone for each additional 1500 square feet of pool surface area. All facilities with a slide of more than 10 feet in height should require an additional zone positioned at the entrance of the slide at all times.
Class C – A swimming facility that consists of open water or a river pool. Any facility meeting this classification should have as a minimum one (1) zone per entrance/exit area and an additional zone for every 100 linear feet of water front. All open water facilities are highly encouraged to have lifeguard stands/stations for each safety zone. Examples of open water facilities include beaches, quarries, and lakes. One (1) additional zone for each additional 100 linear feet of water front.
AMI defines minimum water safety All swimming facilities should provide and administer a water safety "swim test" (swim 1 length of pool and tread water for 60 seconds) for swimmers that are 48" (inches) or less to test their "basic" water safety swimming skills. Each child must demonstrate their swimming ability. Wrist bands should be issued and documentation should be recorded regarding the results of each individual swim test. The post-test evaluations that outline strengths and/or weakness of each swimmer should be available to parents/guardians, pool staff and swim coaches for each swimmer.


Break the Cycle - WEAVE, Inc.
I was married for 6 years and had 2 small children. I was married to my high school sweetheart. After the birth of our 2nd son, he began to become more controlling than ever.
One evening with both my children in the room, my husband beat me. He abused me over and over beating me from my face to my back. All I could do was lay over my son praying for it to stop and not hurt my children. The next day came and went, he was apologetic and we were back to the "happy" family. It didn't take long to start the feeling of "egg shells" in my home and the cycle began to repeat itself again.
Summer of 2002 my cousin talked me into going to WEAVE. It was the best choice I ever made for my family. Hearing my own words and seeing this cycle repeat made me really open my eyes that this would never stop. My life for the next 16-18 years until my children were 18 would be lived being, scared, afraid and controlled. That was not my plan in life. I married someone who was my best friend, my lover and the father to my children. I felt like a failure, isolated from friends and family. I knew this wasn't the life I signed up for. I deserved to be happy, and most importantly my children deserved to have a normal healthy life. I knew if I stayed what would happen. This learned behavior would be passed along to my children. I had a chance to break the cycle. WEAVE gave me the resources, but most importantly WEAVE gave me the confidence and the knowledge. 5 years later I can now talk about this and I thank WEAVE for the opportunities it gave to me and my children.


The International Labour Organization estimates that there are 12.5 million children and adolescents under the age of fifteen currently working in Latin America and the Caribbean. Of these, 9.6 million (77%) perform tasks that pose a risk to their physical and psychological health. This article presents a brief comparative analysis of child labor in Brazil and Uruguay in order to discuss the challenges of confronting this phenomenon in two very different countries that have embraced divergent strategies to deal with similar problems. To do this, the article presents an overview of the incidence of child labor in Brazil and Uruguay and seeks to demonstrate how far the category of labor is from a universal definition in the academic world, which is also repeated in the debate on the definition of child labor. It is possible to identify different moments of the debate in Latin America regarding the concept of child labor. Some approaches have been more contextualized than others, but all remain controversial and are sometimes considered incomplete. It will also consider the changes in the world of labor and how they interfere in this phenomenon. Despite advances in the fight against child labor overall, Brazil is starting to stagnate in its efforts to reduce the number of child and adolescent workers, and its challenge is to find new political solutions to address this problem. Uruguay still needs to place the issue more centrally on the nation's political and social agenda in order to guarantee consistent research on the problem that can guide its policy responses.
Although it is debated in various parts of the world, there is no global consensus on the various aspects, concepts, and dimensions of child labor. There are a number of elements to this debate that must factor into any discussion of the problem and its solutions, including cultural and symbolic factors, economic interests, social class differences, social inequities, political orientations, religious influences, etc.
Different initiatives by civil society organizations, international entities and national governments also seek to intervene on this matter in various ways, either for the eradication of child labor in the world, or to mitigate its effects by pursuing cultural and/or economic conciliation. Working children and adolescents have always been present in the history of Western societies, and the incidence of child labor is related to the world of labor and, above all, to the meaning of labor throughout the course of history.
In order to better express the similarities and differences of child labor in different contexts, this article will present a brief comparative analysis between two countries of the Southern Cone, Brazil and Uruguay. This comparison will allow us to explore how countries with such different population, territorial, and economic dimensions can present similar situations and, at the same time, opt for such different policy approaches. The article addresses concepts of child labor in both countries and their general characteristics based on statistical data and studies on the matter.
The main ILO statutes on child labor are Convention 138, which sets the minimum age for employment, and Convention 182 on the worst forms of child labor. In January 2017, 169 of the 187 ILO member countries had adopted Convention 138, and 180 countries ratified Convention 182.6 Both Brazil and Uruguay ratified these Conventions. Uruguay adopted Convention 138 on November 30, 1976, well before Brazil, which ratified it only on February 15, 2002.7 Brazil ratified Convention 182 on September 12, 2000, and Uruguay ratified it on August 3, 2001.8 Convention 138 was implemented in June 1976 and was soon ratified by Uruguay. Brazil, for its part, has long delayed adopting Convention 138, despite the fact that social movements that defend the rights of children in Brazil demand its approval.
Before presenting an overview of the incidence of child labor in Brazil and Uruguay, we will discuss how this category of labor has so far eluded consensus in the academic world, which is also repeated in the debate on the definition of child labor.
The aim is to establish the basis for a discussion on child labor in Brazil and Uruguay from a comparative perspective. Is it possible to talk about child labor in the same sense in different contexts? How does each country act in the face of this enduring problem?
It is important to point out that this article will address some general aspects related to child labor in Brazil and Uruguay, so it is quite synthetic and selective in its approach and, therefore, is subject to some explanatory limitations.
The Western tradition of thought has approached the topic of labor through a constellation of perspectives, from those that see it as an essential element in the study of societies to those who proclaim the end of its centrality in explaining current social dynamics.11 Although at first glance the term labor seems to refer simply to one of the forms of human activity, its content and its meaning vary across time.
The Greeks' contempt for drudgery was based on the idea that it was a servile act, submitting itself to the needs of the body.
It is important to point out that in Portuguese, the words labor (drudgery) and trabalho (labor) express both the act of accomplishing something durable that grants social recognition as well as carrying out an activity that requires effort, something routine, repetitive, and relatively unfree. Labor is both a source of dignity and a value in itself, and also a source of suffering, exploitation, and submission. This is why the topic of child labor generates such controversy: because it touches upon symbolic issues that guide any discussion of work in Brazil and Uruguay.
According to Arendt, the "theoretical glorification" of work is a product of the modern era, transforming society into a society of workers.15 The author saw in technological innovation the possibility of "liberation" from work, something that societies throughout history have longed for and that was the privilege of a few. Scientific advances and automation would empty the factories and free "humanity from its oldest and most natural burden, the burden of labor and subjection to necessity." But she concluded that this is an illusion, since the advancement of science carried with it the exaltation of work.
The contrast between Arendt's notion of labor and Marx's perspective reveals the theoretical complexity of the debate over work, and this is also manifested in society, in the permanent process of life's reproduction. Labor is not the same for everyone, nor does it occur under the same conditions. It is not carried out by all indiscriminately, and the age for entry into the world of work varies culturally and according to social class.
Arendt suggests that Marx did not distinguish between labor, drudgery, and action, and, moreover, in his fascination with the productive capacity of the modern Western world, he confused homo laborans and homo faber.
Antunes summarizes the circumstances in Latin America, where work is still a central consideration. Faced with this fact, repercussions in the social, political, economic, and cultural realms are inevitable. The issue of child labor is a part of this broader context. What are the chances for the social and cultural development of children and adolescents inserted in the world of work in the current situation if, even for adults, the prospects are not promising?
According to analysis by Defence for Children International, there have been distinctive moments regarding the conception of child labor in Latin America.22 At one point, the debate centered on defining activities that could humanely be carried out by children and adolescents, that is, a normative and prohibitive stage. The discussion eventually moved on to defining the types of labor that should be prohibited, giving rise to dichotomous classifications, such as "educational work," "intolerable forms of child labor," and "worst forms of child labor." These definitions, which relativize and posit the possibility of tolerable and non-tolerable forms of child labor, demonstrate contradictions in the attempt to define the problem. This kind of discussion is wrongheaded, since what would be the dividing line between the tolerable and the intolerable? This duality makes it difficult to define public policies and opens itself up to subjective interpretations, allowing for confused and insufficient action.
In Brazil, children and adolescents are barred from working at night and from carrying out tasks considered dangerous or insalubrious. Those under the age of 16 cannot be employed at all, except as a trainee, which they can beginning at 14.23 In Uruguay, the Children and Adolescents' Code (Código de la Niñez y Adolescencia) (Law No. 17.823, article 162) sets the minimum age for employment at 15. There is also a small difference in the way both countries define children and adolescents. In Brazil, children are defined as anyone up to their twelfth birthday and adolescents are those between the ages of 12 and their eighteenth birthday, according to the Statute of the Child and Adolescent (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, or ECA) (Law 8069/90), article 2. In Uruguay, children are defined as individuals up to 13 years of age and adolescents as those over 13 and under 18 years of age, according to article 1 of the Children and Adolescents Code.
This conception was formulated by the National Commission for the Eradication of Child Labor (Comissão Nacional de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil, or CONAETI), a public entity linked to the Ministry of Labor and Employment. Policies and programs for the eradication of child labor are required to follow this definition. This applies both to government agencies and civil society organizations.
The Brazilian definition is more detailed, with employment permitted between the ages of 14 and 16 years as a trainee and expressly prohibited before 14. The Constitution allows for apprenticeships in article 7, item XXXIII, and in the ECA, article 60. In addition to these provisions there is a law specifically relating to apprenticeships, Law 10.097/2000, which allows medium and large companies to hire young people between the ages of 14 and 24. The employment contract can last up to two years on the condition that the young person is instructed at a training institution and in the company itself, combining theoretical and practical experience with compulsory attendance at school.
Although legislation prohibits a workload of more than six hours per day and night work, the INAU may authorize a workday of eight hours for adolescents between 16 and 18 and night work with prior technical evaluation, taking into account the greater interest of the adolescent. On the other hand, Law 11.577, article 14, prohibits unhealthy activities for those under 21, while in Brazil the age limit is 18.
This notion of child labor was used in the country's most recent research, guided by the Resolution on Child Labor Statistics, adopted by the ILO in December 2008, which sets the basis for the classification of jobs carried out by children and adolescents. The clarifying point, which holds "that a child or adolescent performs economic activities does not necessarily imply that he is a child laborer," is key here.29 In Brazil, such differentiation did not appear in the official documents consulted. Instead, there is a tendency to affirm what the phenomenon is, and there is no concern about clarifying possible exceptions.
International social movements against child labor, like the Global March Against Child Labor, and international organizations such as the ILO and UNICEF, which have sought to eradicate child labor, have succeeded in attracting government and non-governmental definition of child labor as a violation of the human rights of children and adolescents.32 Even so, the concept of child labor and the way of addressing it varies in different contexts.
The production of information on child labor through quantitative and qualitative research is fundamental for developing an understanding of the problem and for guiding political actions to be taken by society and the State.
The PNAD 2015 data do not allow for much disaggregation, for which information on race and detail of activities would be helpful. In this way, we will present PNAD 2014 data that have already been disaggregated and allow us to maintain the greatest possible comparability with the situation in Uruguay.
According to the latest data released by the IBGE, in 2015 there were 2.7 million (6.6% of the total of this age group) children and adolescents between 5 and 17 years of age in child labor in Brazil—a reduction of 19.8% compared to 2014, when numbers reached 3.3 million.36 Despite this, the numbers remain high, in addition to a new increase in the age group from 5 to 9 years, going from 61,000 h in 2013 to 70,000 in 2014 and finally to 79,000 in 2015 (12.3% in relation to the previous year).
Of the total number of working children and adolescents, 20.5% are not remunerated. Among the unpaid, 42.8% are between the ages of 5 and 13; 25.4% between 14 and 15 years of age, and 12.7% between 16 and 17.
Child labor is distributed across all regions of the country: Northeastern Region 6.7%; Southeast Region 5.6%; Central-West Region 7.2%; North Region 7.1%; South Region 8.3%. According to the IBGE, there has been a reduction in all regions, but the South remains with the highest percentage.
The data presented below are part of the aforementioned research. Of the total population of the country, 21% are children and adolescents between 5 and 17 years of age, equivalent to 685.1 thousand people. About 59.9% of this group is in the poorest quintiles, and in rural areas this figure increases to 70%.
In the countryside, about 21% of children and adolescents carried out some economic activity, and the rate was 10.9% for urban areas. The lowest rate of insertion in the workforce was found among girls aged 5 to 14 years living in urban areas (4%).
Work at home was performed by 84.6% (579.5 thousand people) of children and adolescents, consuming about 2.3 hours per week. The main tasks involved organizing one's bedroom; washing dishes, floors and clothes, and the vast majority reported that they performed the tasks to "help," "because they want to," or "because they like to do it." At the national level, domestic tasks are predominantly carried out by female children and adolescents.
In total, about 9.9% of children and adolescents in Uruguay between the ages of 5 and 17 years of age are involved in child labor, according to the Frontera de Producción del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales (FPSCN). However, when considering the Frontera General de Producción (FGP), this rate jumps to 13.4%.41 Most, 75%, are in hazardous lines of work. At the national level, the percentage of children and adolescents in hazardous work is 3.2% (5 to 14 years) and 5.3% (15 to 17 years), respectively. According to INE, activities that by their nature or conditions may cause moral or physical damage are considered hazardous work.
The highest incidence of hazardous work is on boys, 12.5%, while it affects about 4.3% of girls. There is also a difference in the rural area and urban area, with the incidence in the rural area almost double the urban area, with 15.9% and 7.9% respectively.
Since the INE does not consider all economic activities carried out by children and adolescents to be child labor, the rates are differentiated, even so the percentage difference between economic activities and child labor is very small, 11.6% and 9.9%, respectively.
The rate of school enrollment for adolescents between the ages of 15 and 17 is 88%, which includes 92% of adolescent girls and 84% of adolescent boys.42 In any case, the data show that child labor negatively affects adolescent performance in school, particularly as it pertains to inclusion, attendance, and overall academic success.
For a better understanding of the phenomenon, and in order to establish political intervention strategies, it is necessary to clarify that the causes are varied and interact differently among the various individuals and groups where they are manifested. The effects on the development of children and adolescents are widely known, such as occupational accidents leading to serious injuries; the fatigue that leads to dropping out of school; psychosomatic problems due to adverse labor relations requiring a lot of responsibility, fulfilling goals, and establishing often conflicting interpersonal relations.
The world of work today is undergoing a series of transformations caused by the flexibilization that characterizes modern capitalism, which also generates a change in the very meaning of labor. Workers are required to be more agile and flexible in order to adapt to short-term changes that do not always align with formal conduct and laws.44 There is a widespread notion that the flexibilization of labor relations will grant workers more freedom and control; in fact, however, as Richard Sennett explains, new complex and technology-mediated forms of control arise as well.45 Such changes interfere with the character of people, because when living in a system that values flexibility in work relations, concerned with the immediate short-term goals, people have difficulty establishing life goals and making enduring commitments.
As mentioned earlier, Arendt criticized the exaltation of work brought on by modernity, which generated a society of workers.47 Although technological advances seem to usher in a "liberation" from work, they have made it even more central to the lives of individuals. And Marx's analysis describes the transformation of the worker into a commodity through labor, in addition to the fact that capitalism itself transforms the object of work into a product alien to its creator.48 Marx stresses exploitation in the world of labor and the submission of the worker to the capitalist on whom he depends in order to sell his labor. Therefore, child labor cannot be limited to issues of poverty or survival or cultural patterns, rather it must be considered within the complex world of work that makes this phenomenon something with different aspects that need to be considered when confronting it.
In spite of the differences between Brazil and Uruguay, related to matters of economy, territory, and demography, as well as cultural issues like linguistic differences and cultural inheritances of Uruguayan colonization by the Spaniards, and Portuguese in Brazil, both share the same problem. But, as stated earlier, although we can identify similarities in the manifestation of child labor, we must avoid universalisms that may reduce the capacity for understanding and political intervention.
Surveys on the incidence of child labor in Uruguay are relatively recent and still infrequent, with only three significant surveys in 1999, 2006, and 2009/2010 found among the literature consulted. There may be a number of explanations for this matter to have taken a long time to enter the national political and social agenda, but what can be inferred is that not grasping the scope of the problem, regardless of motives, is a demonstration of the matter's low priority on the Uruguayan national agenda. In Brazil, on the other hand, information about child labor has been collected for a longer period of time and the data show a significant drop in its occurrence, however, further decisive action on this issue has not been guaranteed. Numbers remain high, with consecutive increases in the last three years for the age group between 5 and 9 years of age. Obviously, understanding the scale of the problem does not necessarily lead to the consolidation of effective policy measures, but the lack of diagnoses may indicate little commitment on the government's part to tackling the problem.
Regarding the countries' data, one must consider the differences in the collection practices employed in the use of surveys. In Uruguay, an exhaustive survey was conducted between October 2009 and May 2010 on child labor in the country with a much greater level of detail in the data than those collected by PNAD 2015 in Brazil, however, this survey is annual, and works with probabilistic samples, and investigates the general characteristics of the population, such as occupation, education, income, housing, etc. The PNAD 2015 reference week was September 20–26, 2015.51 The Uruguayan survey presents two child labor indices, one based on the Frontera de Producción del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales (FPSCN) and another considering the Frontera General de Producción (FGP). For the purposes of this paper we will use the FPSCN as reference data.
The average number of hours worked per week in Brazil was 24.6, and in Uruguay, 16.7 in urban areas and 17 in the countryside.
In both Brazil and Uruguay, the majority of child workers are male. In Brazil, 66% are male, indicating that there are 2 boys for each girl working. In the case of Uruguay, there are 14% of working boys and 5.8% of girls, so the proportion is 2.4 boys for each girl, which suggests a similar proportionality between the two countries. On the other hand, it is important to note that in both countries there is a greater participation of girls in housework. Although statistics provide data on domestic child labor, this field of work remains mostly invisible, making it difficult to characterize its real size and to gauge the participation of female children and adolescents. But it is a fact that domestic child labor has a crucial difference in relation to other forms of child labor, which expresses a gender issue, since there is an implicit view that determines domestic tasks as typical of girls.
In Uruguay, the survey provides the average hourly income of working children and adolescents of both sexes, showing that regardless of age, boys receive higher hourly payment than girls, with the average hourly income of boys set at $33.6 (Uruguayan pesos) per hour and girls at $24.2 per hour. The Brazilian surveys did not raise the hourly value obtained in child labor in order to compare with Uruguay. However, it offers us another type of information that refers to the monthly per capita income per household of employed and unemployed children and adolescents. The monthly per capita income per household of children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 17 was estimated at R$630.00 (around US$198.1), while the income for this age group that did not work was R$687 (around $216).54 These data allow us to say that child labor does not contribute significantly to family income as one might imagine. Another piece of data shows that the lower the age the lower the gains, since while in the 16 to 17 age range the average monthly income from work is R$592.00, in the range between 5 and 14 years of age this income falls to R$193. We have previously seen that, in three consecutive years, there has been an increase in the number of children between the ages of 5 and 9 in child labor situations, which suggests that the myth of the child's contribution to family income endures in Brazil, even as the data show that the gains are very small.
The national rates of school enrollment for adolescents between the ages of 15 and 17 in Brazil and Uruguay are very close, 85% and 88% respectively.55 But, in absolute numbers, the school exclusion of adolescents in this age group in Brazil is at an entirely different level. The 2015 school census pointed out that 1.6 million are out of school. It is a significant number that requires attention to the main drivers of such exclusion, such as not completing elementary education, early pregnancy, early entry into the labor market. Dropping out of school does not happen overnight, but it is a gradual process of withdrawal. The educational system needs to know and understand the profile of the adolescent who leaves school in order to be able to act when faced with this possibility. According to studies carried out by the IBGE and the Ministry of Education, adolescents with the highest risk of becoming school dropouts are those with low income, the majority of whom are black and leave school to work; and adolescent pregnant women. On the other hand, there are also reasons related to the school itself, such as the rate of being held back and low interest of adolescents attending a low quality school.56 For individuals between the ages of 16 and 17, 70.2% were in school, while this rate increased to 97.4% in the population aged 5 to 13 years. These data indicate that child labor is also one of the causes of school exclusion, and when work gets compared to school as a child ages, the probability of truancy increases.
The information, analyses, and data presented throughout this article demonstrate that a country with continental dimensions like Brazil, with 7.8 million working children (1992), managed to make an effort to reduce the phenomenon to 2.6 million (2015), establishing annual surveys to monitor the situation and promote policies to address it. Uruguay, a country with an absolute number of child labor close to 50,000, with a smaller national territory, did not establish a clear approach to the problem, having carried out very restricted research on the phenomenon, establishing a very diffuse definition without indicating in its official documents clearly whether the theme is among its priorities when it comes to the rights of children and adolescents.
Although Brazil has managed to significantly reduce its rates of child labor, this reduction has been slowing down and experiencing some stagnation. The challenge is to identify and reach the most complex cases, which need a more tailored approach, as they are not impacted by the policy initiatives implemented so far. Uruguay's challenge, in this article's view, is to put the issue of child labor on the national agenda more effectively, with more systematic data to follow and understand the phenomenon, and thus to advance policies for its eradication.
Several studies of child labor in Latin America have been produced since the 1980s. Most sought to quantify the problem by presenting numbers and statistics. International organizations such as the ILO and UNICEF have published reports and analyses based on figures compiled by national research institutions, such as the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and Uruguay's INE (National Institute of Statistics). Scholarly interest in the subject of child labor stems from a shift in the conception of childhood that began to gain momentum in the early 1980s. This trend fueled a series of social and discursive processes that produced new legislation and political initiatives. All of this combined to broaden the scope of problems affecting children and adolescents deemed worthy of attention.
International factors also played an important role in establishing child labor as a political and social issue in Latin America. Studies, norms, and debates promoted by international organizations such as UNICEF and ILO influenced countries to act on the matter. Furthermore, transnational civil society organizations have mobilized in order to pressure governments and the international community to intervene on this problem.64 Efforts to increase global awareness of child labor has generated the need for more rigorous analyses that help to capture the magnitude of the phenomenon and its different manifestations.
CÓDIGO DE LA NIÑEZ Y ADOLESCENCIA. Ley 17.823. Publicada D. O. 14/set/2004. República Oriental del Uruguay, Poder Legislativo.
Craigdallie Allende, J. "Trabajo infantil: encrucijada de políticas públicas. Uruguay, 2000-2010." Tesis inédita de grado, Universidad de la República Uruguay, Montevideo, 2011.
Filardo, Verónica, and Víctor Borrás. "El acceso al sistema educativo de los jóvenes: análisis de tres países latinoamericanos en base a las encuestas de juventud." Trabajo presentado en las XIV Jornadas de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales-UdelaR. Montevideo, September 15–17, 2015.
IBGE (Instituto Brasiliero de Geografia e Estatística). 5º Fórum do Sistema Integrado de Pesquisas Domiciliares por Amostragem—15 de dezembro de 2008.
(1.) For more, see Regina Célia, Couto, "Identidade Nacional na Fronteira Brasil-Uruguai: o currículo em foco," Espaço do Currículo 6, no. 1 (January–April 2013): 135–143.
(2.) For more information, consult Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Uruguay: Censos 2011.
(3.) Brazilian Government. (Population). Brazilian Government. (Area).
(4.) World Bank. (Uruguay data). World Bank. (Brazil data).
(5.) OIT-IPEC, Medir o progresso na Luta contra o Trabalho Infantil: Estimativas e tendências mundiais 2000–2012. (Bureau Internacional do Trabalho, Programa Internacional para a Eliminação do Trabalho Infantil [IPEC]). (Geneva: OIT, 2013).
(6.) ILO, Ratificación del C182 - Convenio sobre las peores formas de trabajo infantil, 1999 (núm. 182). ILO, Ratificación del C138 - Convenio sobre la edad mínima, 1973 (núm. 138). ILO, Ratificación del C138.
(7.) UNICEF, El trabajo infantil y adolescente en Uruguay y su impacto sobre la educación. Análisis de la situación en la década pasada y el presente (Montevideo: Oficina de UNICEF en Uruguay, 2003). Sprandel, Marcia Anita, Henrique José Antão de Carvalho, and Akio Motonaga Alexandre, Legislação comparada sobre o trabalho de crianças e adolescente nos países do Mercosul. Brasília. Brasília, OIT, 2006.
(8.) Sprandel, Marcia Anita, Henrique José Antão de Carvalho, and Akio Motonaga Alexandre, Legislação comparada sobre o trabalho de crianças e adolescente nos países do Mercosul. Brasília. UNICEF, El trabajo infantil y adolescente en Uruguay.
(9.) IPEC, Programa IPEC América Latina y el Caribe (Lima: OIT/Oficina Regional para las Américas/Programa IPEC, 2004). ILO, El Programa IPEC.
(10.) Marcia Guedes Vieira, "Trabalho Infantil no Brasil: questões culturais e políticas públicas" (Dissertation: Master's in Social Sciences, Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação sobre as Américas [CEPPAC], Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 2009).
(11.) On the discussion of the end of work we suggest André Gorz. "Adeus ao proletariado. (Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 1982); Ricardo Antunes. Adeus ao trabalho?: ensaio sobre as metamorfoses e a centralidade do mundo do trabalho 2nd ed. (São Paulo: Cortez; Campinas, SP: Editora da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 1995), the latter being a counterpoint to Gorz's argument. See also Claus Offe, Trabalho e sociedade: problemas estruturais e perspectivas para o futuro da 'sociedade do trabalho,' trans. Gustavo Bayer. vol. 1. (Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 1989).
(12.) Karl Marx, O capital: o processo de produção do capital. Livro Primeiro, vol. 1. 13th ed. (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Bertrand Brasil, 1989), 50.
(13.) Hannah Arendt, A condição humana, trans. Roberto Raposo. 10th ed. (Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária, 2004).
(14.) Hannah Arendt, A condição humana, 91.
(15.) Hannah Arendt, A condição humana, 12.
(16.) See Marcia GuedesVieira and Simone Rodrigues Pinto, "Visões e significados do trabalho: um olhar histórico," Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas 2, no. 2 (2008): 45–51.
(17.) See Karl Marx, Manuscritos econômico-filosóficos, trans. Alex Marins (São Paulo: Martin Claret, 2002), 11.
(18.) Offe, Trabalho e sociedade.
(19.) Antunes, Adeus ao trabalho?
(20.) David Harvey, Condição pós-moderna: uma pesquisa sobre as Origens da Mudança Cultural. 4th ed. (Edições Loyola, São Paulo, 1994), 117.
(21.) Antunes. Adeus ao trabalho?, 44.
(22.) DNI (Defensa de Niños y Niñas Internacional), Reflexiones acerca del trabajo infantil y adolescente (Geneva: DNI Costa Rica, 2004).
(23.) According to article 7, subsection XXXIII of the Constituição Federal e do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (Lei 8069/1990) article 60.
(24.) BRASIL. Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, Plano nacional de prevenção e erradicação do trabalho infantil e proteção ao trabalhador adolescente (Brasília: MTE/Secretaria de Inspeção do Trabalho, 2011), 4.
(25.) CETI (Comité Nacional para la Erradicación del Trabajo Infantil), Plan de Acción para la Prevención y Erradicación del Trabajo Infantil en el Uruguay 2003–2005 (Montevideo: Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, 2003), 4.
(26.) IPEC; INE, "Magnitud y características del trabajo infantil en Uruguay." Organización Internacional del Trabajo; Programa Internacional para la Erradicación del Trabajo Infantil (IPEC); Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) de Uruguay (Ginebra: OIT, 2011).
(27.) Marcia Guedes Vieira, "Políticas Globais e Contextos Locais: Uma análise a partir do estudo comparado sobre a implementação do Programa Internacional para Eliminação do Trabalho Infantil da OIT no Brasil e no Paraguai" (Thesis, Doctorate, Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação sobre as Américas [CEPPAC], Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 2014).
(28.) IPEC; INE, "Magnitud y características del trabajo infantil en Uruguay," 24.
(29.) IPEC; INE, "Magnitud y características del trabajo infantil en Uruguay," 61.
(30.) Fifth Forum of the Integrated System of Household Sampling Research, December 15, 2008.
(32.) The Global March against Child Labor "was an initiative of 27 non-governmental organizations from all continents, which met at The Hague in the Netherlands in February 1997 and spread to 107 countries" (Vieira, "Trabalho Infantil no Brasil," 102).
(34.) IBGE (Instituto Brasiliero de Geografia e Estatística), Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios. Aspectos Complementares da Educação de Jovens e Adultos e Educação Profissional 2007 (Diretoria de Pesquisas. Coordenação de Trabalho e Rendimento. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2009).
(35.) FNPETI (Fórum Nacional de Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil), Trabalho infantil no Brasil: uma leitura a partir da Pnad/IBGE—2013 (FNPETI, Brasília, 2014).
(36.) IBGE (Instituto Brasiliero de Geografia e Estatística), Pesquisa nacional por amostra de domicílios: síntese de indicadores 2015 (Coordenação de Trabalho e Rendimento. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2016), 62–63.
(37.) FNPETI, Trabalho infantil no Brasil.
(38.) UNICEF, El trabajo infantil y adolescente en Uruguay.
(41.) The general production boundary adopted by INE in the Uruguayan survey follows the Resolution on child labor statistics, approved in December 2008 during the International Conference of Labor Statisticians, as explained below: "According to the Resolution, the System of National Accounts (SNA) serves as a conceptual basis for classifying the tasks performed by children and adolescents. This system designates a general frontier of production that separates productive activities from non-productive" (IPEC; INE, "Magnitud y características del trabajo infantil en Uruguay," p. 23).
(42.) Verónica Filardo and Víctor Borrás, "El acceso al sistema educativo de los jóvenes: análisis de tres países latinoamericanos en base a las encuestas de juventud" (Trabajo presentado en las XIV Jornadas de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales-UdelaR. Montevideo, September 15–17, 2015).
(43.) OIT, "Oficina Regional para las Américas/Programa IPEC. La acción Del IPEC contra el trabajo infantil em América Latina y el Caribe 1996–2004: avances y prioridades futuras," (Lima, 2004).
(44.) Richard Sennett, A corrosão do caráter, 11th ed. (Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2006).
(45.) Richard Sennett, A corrosão do caráter.
(46.) Christophe Dejours, A banalização da injustiça social. 4th ed. (Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV, 2001).
(47.) Arendt, A condição humana, 12.
(50.) According to Decree 367/000, which creates the National Committee for the Eradication of Child Labor.
(51.) IBGE, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2001 a 2015.
(52.) IPEC; INE, "Magnitud y características del trabajo infantil en Uruguay." IBGE, Pesquisa nacional por amostra de domicílios: síntese de indicadores 2015.
(53.) Alexandre Gori Maia and Antonio Marcio, Buainain, "O novo mapa da população rural brasileira," Confins—Revista Franco-Brasileira de Geografia no. 25, 2015.
(54.) Price of the dollar by X-Rates.
(56.) Instituto Unibanco, "Quem são os jovens fora da escola," Aprendizagem em Foco, no. 5, (February 2016).
(59.) Caio Prado Jr., Formação do Brasil contemporâneo: colônia, 1st ed. (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2011).
(60.) In accordance with Law 242, of December 12, 1842.
(61.) Ayrton Fausto and Ruben Cervini, O trabalho e a rua: crianças e adolescentes no Brasil urbano dos anos 80, 2nd ed. (São Paulo: Cortez, 1996).
(62.) Regarding the cultural aspects of childhood see Olga Nieuwenhuys, "The Paradox of Child Labor and Anthropology," Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 25 (1996), 237–251. Readers might also consult some of literature review articles by Lia da Rocha Lordelo, and Antonio Marcos, Chaves, "Crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão da literatura," Revista Entreideias 1, no.1 (January–June 2012): 61–83; F. Javier Murillo Torrecilla and Marcela Román Carrasco, "Consecuencias del trabajo infantil en el desempeño escolar: Estudiantes latinoamericanos de educación primaria," Latin American Research Review 49, no. 2 (2014): 84–106; Alejandra Rivero. "Aportes teóricos hacia la visibilización del trabajo infantil en Uruguay," Undergraduate Thesis. Universidad de la Republica (Uruguay). Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Departamento de Trabajo Social, 2013.
(64.) María Laura Peiró and María Eugenia Rausk, "El trabajo de niños y jóvenes: aportes para una reflexión sobre su tratamiento conceptual," (Trabajo presentado en la VII Reunión de Antropología del Mercosur – Desafios Antropológicos Porto Alegre Brasil, July 23-26, 2007).


A verb is a necessary part of any sentence, except when making copular sentences. Verbs can be categorised on the basis of how many elements compose them.
The class of stem verbs is semi-closed — there are only about 100 pure verbs in the entire language. Stem verbs consist of a single element.
In order to extend or specify meaning, verbs can be compounded much as a noun can. Compound verbs are, however, much more common than compound nouns, to make up for the relative lack of stem verbs.


Former world long jump champion Anju Bobby George was appointed as the Chairperson of Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS) by Union Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs.
She will succeed Anurag Thakur, Member of Parliament and Secretary of Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) who had resigned from this post.
Anju Bobby George was first Indian athlete who had won bronze medal in the World Athletics Championships (Paris) in 2003.
She had won the silver medal at the World Athletics Championships (Monte Carlo) in 2005. But in 2014, she was declared winner of this Championship after disqualification of Russian Gold Medalist Tatyana Kotova on doping charges.
Prior to this appointment, she was member of the TOPS' identification committee which includes eminent sports personalities like Pullela Gopichand, Rahul Dravid, Abhinav Bindra and MC Mary Kom.
Awards and Honours: Arjuna award (2003), Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award (2004) and Padma Shri (2004).
Formulated under the National Sports Development Fund (NSDF) with an objective of identifying and supporting potential medal prospects sportspersons for 2016 and 2020 Olympic Games.
The focused disciplines under this scheme are Boxing, Athletics, Badminton, Archery, Wrestling and Shooting.