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Home - Data & Publications - Progress in Osteoporosis -
Overview, Vol 11, Issue 4
Ego Seeman
By Ego Seeman Fri, 02/17/2012 - 13:28
PIO_Volume11-4.pdf
Burden of fractures – Worse, not better, nonvertebral not vertebral
The notion that the burden of fractures is diminishing is flawed. The notion that fractures are vertebral or hip is flawed. Between 1986-2007, Morin et al report 21,067 incident fractures in men were associated with 10,724 (50.1%) deaths while 49,197 incident fractures in women were associated with 22,018 deaths (44.8%). 76% of the fractures were at sites other than the hip and vertebrae. The risk of death in cases was increased in both sexes for hip, vertebral, humerus, wrist (in men only), and other fracture sites. Postfracture mortality was higher in men than women. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:2439-48
Between 1994-2008, Emaus et al report the annual incidence of hip fractures (per 10,000) increased from 5.8 in women and 8.7 in men (age 50-54) to 349.2 in men and 582.2 in women. The age-adjusted incidence rates were 101.0 (women) and 37.4 (men), compared to 118.0 (women) and 44.0 (men) in Oslo. Mortality after fracture was higher in men than in women. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:2603-10
Between years 2000-2007 in Switzerland, Lippuner et al report that major osteoporotic fractures (MOF, hip, clinical spine, distal radius, and proximal humerus) in women and men aged ≥45 increased by 15.9% (women) and 20.0% (men) due to an increased nonhip fractures (+37.7% in women and +39.7% in men). Hospitalizations for hip fractures were stable (-1.8% in women, +3.3% in men). In a rapidly aging population, in which the number of individuals aged ≥45 years grew by 11.1% (women) and 14.6% (men) over the study period, the crude and age-standardized incidences of hospitalizations decreased for hip fractures and increased for nonhip MOF in women and men. The length of hospital stay decreased for all MOF in women and men, the cost impact of which was offset by an increase in the daily costs of hospitalization. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:2487-97
Leslie et al assessed costs associated with 33,887 fracture cases (22,953 women, 10,934 men) over 10 years and 101,661 controls (68,859 women and 32,802 men). At the population level, hip fractures were responsible for the largest proportion of the costs after age 80, but the other fractures were more important prior to age 80. The greatest total incremental costs were associated with hip fractures (median $16,171 in women and $13,111 for men), spine fractures ($8345 in women and $6267 in men). The lowest costs were associated with wrist fractures ($663 in women and $764 in men). The largest temporal increase in women was for hip fracture ($13/year, 95% CI $6-$21, p<0.001) and in men was for humerus fracture ($11/year, 95% CI $3-$19, p=0.007). J Bone Miner Res 2011;26:2419-29
Architecture – Porosity will get its 15 minutes of fame eventually
Bones become fragile when their structure is destroyed. Most 'fragility' fractures occur before the age of 50 years and before the age of 16 years. Why? The reason is that during these two vulnerable periods, either the structure needed to tolerate loads has not been fully assembled or that the assembled structure is decaying. The skeleton is 80% cortical, only 20% is trabecular. About 70% of all bone lost during ageing is cortical and of that, about 50% is lost by intracortical remodelling in the inner third of the cortex which constitutes a much smaller volume than the outer two thirds. So, if this is correct, what is the single morphological 'footprint' of structure decay – is it trabecular thinning or loss of connectedness of trabeculae, is it cortical thinning, porosity or is it a change in the material composition of the bone? For decades the prevailing view is that trabecular bone loss is the important measure of fragility, especially for the so-called Type 1 osteoporosis.
This notion did not arise in a vacuum. While we can be critical of history's doors, we need to be cognisant of its whispering corridors that led to them. The trabecular door opened when vertebral fractures had their 15 minutes of fame bestowed by Albright who noted the problem in postmenopausal women. Forearm densitometry wasn't a big hit because it did not distinguish patients with and without spine fractures, but dual photon absorptiometry topped the charts in the second half of the 20th century and has stayed there despite it ensuring no intelligent thought can come of it. Spine densitometry seemed to discriminate fracture and nonfracture cases better than single photon absorptiometry and despite about half of all fractures arising from above the nominal threshold of -2.5 SD, the invisible line in the shifting sand, its still right up there and while trabecular bone loss is more rapidly turned over than cortical bone, Parfitt made the point that the slow loss of a larger volume of bone is equally if not more important than the rapid loss of a small volume of bone.
More recently, a young investigator, Roger Zebaze explored the occurrence of porosity in cortical bone and found large pores distant from the endocortical surface. He reasoned that these pores could not arise from the endocortical surface by endocortical resorption dissolving the cortex 'outwards' producing cortical thinning from the marrow outwards. He recognised that the mechanism was intracortical remodelling thinning the cortex from its inside, especially the intracortical remodelling upon Haversian canals traversing in the inner part of the cortex. This is not the end of the story; it's just a new beginning, like T.S. Eliot returning to the same place and knowing it for the first time.
The footprint of bone loss is porosity. While still to get its 15 minutes of fame, this aspect of bone is receiving more attention. Granke et al report that in 21 cortical specimens from the mid-diaphysis of 10 women (aged 66-98 years), scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) was used to evaluate the matrix elasticity and porosity. Porosity was validated against synchrotron radiation μCT measurements. Matrix impedance in the direction of the bone axis correlated to mesoscale elasticity which correlated to the cortical porosity (R2=0.72-0.84). The elastic properties of the mineralized matrix have a low variance (matrix impedance <6%) whereas change in the intracortical porosity accounts for most of the variations of mesoscopic elasticity. Bone 2011;49:1020-6
Bjornerem et al report that postmenopausal women have greater deficits in cortical than trabecular bone mass at the distal tibia and similar deficits at the distal radius, a notion challenging the concept of predominant trabecular bone loss after menopause; the slow loss of a large volume of cortical bone (80% of the skeleton) contributes more or equally to the rapid loss of a smaller initial volume of trabecular bone. A 1 SD higher tibia intracortical bone surface area was associated with 0.22-0.29 SD higher remodelling markers. A 1 SD higher porosity was associated with 0.20-0.30 SD higher remodelling markers. A 1 SD lower trabecular bone surface area was associated with 0.15-0.18 SD higher remodelling markers. Intracortical remodelling is self perpetuating by creating intracortical porosity and so more bone surface for remodelling to occur upon. Remodelling upon the trabecular surfaces is self limiting because it removes trabeculae with their surface. Bone 2011;49:1125-30
Strontium ranelate as an anabolic agent
Strontium ranelate (SR) has been convincingly shown to reduce the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women and women over 80 years of age. This treatment also reduces hip fractures but the evidence is based on a post hoc analysis. The reduction in hip fracture risk was observed to be statistically significant in women over 75 years of age with osteoporosis. These data are credible. However, the question is what is the mechanism responsible for the lower fracture rate in patients compared with controls. The prevailing view is that this is a "dual acting drug". Precisely what this means is difficult to know. Does it stimulate bone formation? In other words does it increase the volume of new bone deposited by each BMU at the cellular level? Does it have a modelling effect but depositing new bone on the periosteal, endocortical or trabecular surfaces? Is it antiresorptive – that is, does it reduce the volume of bone resorbed by the osteoclasts of each BMU remodelling bone upon its inner surfaces? Does it reduce the intensity or the numbers of BMUs remodelling bone upon these surfaces? Answers to these questions are not available. Whether the mechanism of action of this drug is mediated through the cellular machinery of bone modelling or remodelling is not known and remains an important challenge for investigators to address.
Quesada-Gomez et al report that after oral 2 g SR (n=40) or daily 100 μg PTH(1-84) (n=41) for 24 weeks, increases in P1NP and BSAP occurred with PTH(1-84) from week 4 onwards; not SR. This does not exclude an effect of this drug on bone formation of course, but it does not support one either. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:2529-37
PTH and its effects on promoting or inhibition bone formation
Horwitz et al report that continuous exposure of the human skeleton to PTH or PTHrP in vivo produces bone resorption and causes arrest in the osteoblast maturation. A 7-day continuous-infusion using hPTH(1-34) suppressed endogenous PTH(1-84) and increased resorption rapidly while suppressing bone formation by 30% to 40%. J Bone Miner Res 2011;26:2287-97
Prisby et al report PTH(1-84) given daily to rats increased trabecular bone mass but vessel number was reduced. PTH redistributed the smaller vessels closer to bone formation sites. VEGF mRNA expression in bone increased and returned to baseline by 24 h. Anti-VEGF antibody blunted the PTH-induced increase in bone mass and remodelling parameters and prevented the relocation of vessels closer to bone forming sites. J Bone Miner Res 2011;26:2583-96
Treatment depends on location, not your risk or doctor – If you want it, move
Diez-Perez et al report that among 58,009 women, antiosteoporosis medication use was lowest in Northern Europe (16%) and highest in USA and Australia (32%). Between 48% (USA, Southern Europe) and 68% (Northern Europe) of women aged ≥65 years with previous spine or hip fractures were nevertheless untreated. Among women with osteoporosis, the percentage treated was lowest in Europe (45-52% vs. 62-65% elsewhere). Women with osteopenia were treated most frequently in USA (31%) and Canada (31%), least in Southern Europe (12%), Northern Europe (13%), and Australia (16%). USA women were 3-fold more likely to be treated as Northern European women and 1.5 times more likely to be treated as Southern European women. Bone 2011;49:493-8
Vitamin D metabolites as therapy
Matsumoto et al report a 3-year randomized, double-blind, active comparator, superiority trial of in patients 46-92 years assigned to eldecalcitol 0.75 μg/d (n=528) or alfacalcidol 1.0 μg (n=526). The incidence of vertebral fractures was lower in eldecalcitol group (13.4 vs. 17.5%; HR 0.74; 90% CI 0.56-0.97). Eldecalcitol reduced turnover markers and increased BMD more than alfacalcidol. Eldecalcitol reduced the incidence of three major non-vertebral fractures, due to a reduction in wrist fractures by a post hoc analysis (1.1 vs. 3.6%; HR 0.29; 95% CI 0.11-0.77). Bone 2011;49:605-12
Cathepsin K inhibitors
Leung et al report that odanacatib (ODN), a selective, potent and reversible inhibitor of cathepsin K (CatK), inhibits bone loss. CatK inhibition had no effect on osteoclastogenesis or survival of OCs but reduces resorption activity as measured by CTx release (IC(50)=9.4 nM) or resorption area (IC(50)=6.5 nM). Untreated cells generate deep trail-like resorption lacunae, treated OCs form discrete shallow pits. ODN leads to accumulation of intracellular vesicles stained for CatK and TRAP. CatK (+) vesicles localize toward the basolateral and functional secretory membranes of the polarized OC and TRAP(+) vesicles are evenly distribute in the cytoplasm, suggesting that ODN disrupts vesicular trafficking. Intracellular levels of precursor and mature TRAP increased by 2-fold and the pre-pro and mature CatK by 6- and 2-fold in ODN-treated OCs compared to untreated controls. ODN treated OC accumulates labelled degraded bone matrix proteins in CatK containing vesicles. Bone 2011;49:623-35
Jerome et al report balicatib at 0, 3, 10, and 50 mg/kg for 18 months (groups O, L, M, H, respectively) increased spine and femur BMD. Most histomorphometric indices of bone turnover in vertebra and femoral neck were lower than controls but periosteal bone formation rates were higher. The potential for periosteal apposition is interesting as this is a biomechanically advantageous place to deposit bone. The problem is these changes need to be validated and it should not be assumed that this class of drug has an anabolic effect until further rigorous studies are reported. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:3001-11
Ochi et al report in vitro experiments indicated that ONO-5334 is a potent inhibitor of CatK. This compound inhibited cathepsin S, L and B 8 to 320 fold lower than that CatK. ONO-5334 also inhibited human osteoclasts resorption in vitro at a concentration more than 100-fold lower than that of alendronate. While alendronate disrupted actin ring and induced pyknotic nuclei in osteoclasts, ONO-5334 did not have such effects, suggesting that this compound does not affect osteoclasts viability. ONO-5334 dose-dependently reduced plasma calcium increased by parathyroid hormone related peptide in rats. In normal monkeys ONO-5334 decreases serum and urine C-telopeptide of type I collagen. ONO-5334 did not affect bone formation markers, serum osteocalcin and bone specific alkaline phosphatase. Bone 2011;49:1351-6
Bhola et al reported that hand radiographs of 29 boys and 30 girls 8-18 years of age showed differing robusticity by sex. For boys, slender metacarpals used an osteoblast-dependent growth pattern to establish function, whereas robust metacarpals used an osteoclast-dependent growth pattern. Differences in biological activity between girls with slender and robust metacarpals were largely based on the age at which the marrow surface changed from expansion to infilling. Cortical area for slender metacarpals was 19.7% and 32.2% lower than robust metacarpals for boys and girls, respectively, indicating that robustness was a major determinant of adult cortical area which was established by 8 years of age. Bone 2011;49:799-809
Treatment and mineralization of matrix
Fuchs et al report that the rate at which newly formed trabecular BMUs become fully mineralized is similar in rabbits treated for up to 414 days with clinical doses of either risedronate or alendronate. All groups exhibited a rapid increase in mineralization over the first 18 days, the period of primary mineralization, with no differences between treatments. Mineralization continued to increase, at a slower rate up, to 385 days (secondary mineralization), and was not different among treatments. If there are differences in the extent of completeness of mineralization then it is likely to be the result of factors other than the rate of mineralization. The context of this is whether the greater binding of alendronate to mineral may result in more complete and homogeneous mineralization that in turn may then result in greater material stiffness than with risedronate. This is not known. Bone 2011;49:701-5
Stopping alendronate, can you ever?
Peris et al report that in 43 women previously treated with alendronate (36) or risedronate (7) during a mean of 51 and 53 months, respectively, with a median time of discontinuation of 13.5 and 14 months, respectively, alendronate was detected in 41% of women, whereas no patient previously treated with risedronate showed detectable urinary values. Alendronate was not detected in any patient 19 months after treatment cessation. Alendronate levels were inversely related to time of treatment discontinuation (r=-0.403, p=0.01) and the latter was directly related to NTx (r=0.394, p=0.02). This is in line with the notion that this drug is more irreversibly bound to bone and so is eventually released, perhaps reabsorbed and released producing chronic suppression of bone remodelling with possible deleterious effects. Bone 2011;49:706-9
Stopping denosumab
Brown et al report that 15 subjects enrolled in a cohort study to evaluate the effects of denosumab discontinuation after ~25 months showed normal histology and bone remodelling; similar to those observed in untreated postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. With treatment cessation, 100% of biopsy specimens had evidence of tetracycline labels. Biochemical markers were comparable to and highly correlated with pretreatment levels. J Bone Miner Res 2011;26:2737-44
Eastell et al report that postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who completed the 3-year Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy MultiNational trial, plus a 2-year extension,one year after discontinuation, NTX/Cr levels increased toward baseline, total hip and femoral trochanter BMD values decreased, whereas lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were maintained or slightly increased. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:3367-73
Reversibility of treatment may be seen as good or bad. It is of course possible or likely that irreversibility is not a good thing from the point of view of the material composition of bone. The prolonged suppression of the very mechanism, remodelling, that functions to remove damage and replace old bone with new bone, may contribute to both the accumulation of microdamage and the occurrence of more damage as the bone becomes more brittle due to homogeneity and complete secondary mineralization as well as increased collagen crosslinking which further reduces elasticity of bone. The alternative is also not good. If treatment is reversible, as seen in this study and others with stopping denosumab, then remodelling re-emerges, may overshoot, at least as measured using remodelling markers, and result in bone loss and probably an increase in bone fragility as structural decay recurs. The answer to this dilemma is to measure the baseline material and composition of bone, measure the changes during therapy and modulate therapy in individuals accordingly. Can it be done? Yes. Must it be done? Yes.
Treatment prevents death or life permits treatment
Sambrook et al report that 2005 institutionalized older people assessed at baseline and followed up for hip fracture and death for at least 5 years. At baseline, 78 subjects were taking oral bisphosphonates. Over 5 years of follow-up, 1596 participants (80%) died. Use of bisphosphonates was associated with a 27% lower risk of death compared to nonusers (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.56-0.94; P=0.02) Osteoporos Int 2011;22:2551-6. The question is whether the lower mortality was caused by the treatment or whether persons with lower mortality were well enough to comply with therapy. There is no known mechanism that may account for the former, sampling bias; healthy user bias is a very reasonable explanation for these observations.
Estrogen and antiestrogen
Komm et al report that combined BZA/CE given during 12 months in ovariectomized (OVX) female Sprague Dawley rats prevented ovariectomy-induced increases in bone turnover and increased BMD and bone strength, a dose-dependent reduction in uterine wet weight and lowered total cholesterol. Bone 2011;49:376-86
Sclerostin antibody
This is one of the new kids on the block and this kid is a very potent anabolic agent and may actually be 'dual acting'. Marenzana et al report that young dexamethosine treated mice treated with Scl-AbI antibody had increased trabecular bone at the femoral metaphysis (BV/TV +117% vs. Ctrl) and the width and volume of the cortical bone at the femoral diaphysis (+24% and +20%, respectively, vs. Ctrl). Scl-AbI also improved strength at the femoral diaphysis (maximum load +60% and ultimate strength +47% vs. Ctrl). Elevated osteocalcin levels were not detected in DEX-treated mice that received Scl-AbI, although levels of type 5b tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were lower than those observed in mice receiving DEX and Ctrl-Ab. The suppression of bone remodelling may reflect the inhibition of RANKL reported when sclerostin inhibition. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:2385-95
Vitamin D and everything: Is there strength in numbers really
Murad et al report that in 26 trials that enrolled 45,782 participants, mostly which elderly females. Vitamin D use was associated with a reduction in the risk of falls (0.86, 0.77-0.96). This effect was seen mainly in vitamin D deficient subjects and in studies in which calcium was co-administered. The quality of evidence was not high level because of heterogeneity and publication bias. The reduction in studies without calcium did not reach statistical significance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:2997-3006
The question will not be resolved with large numbers, it requires study design and we will not know the answer to the question of calcium and vitamin D until these studies are properly designed taking subjects who are deficient in calcium and vitamin D, randomising to placebo or supplement or both in a factorial design, with endpoints of efficacy and safety and executed. Meta-analysis and statistics cannot save us.
The gut as a target for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
Inose et al report that decreasing synthesis of gut serotonin by inhibiting Tph1 prevents osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy in young mice and rats. While the role of the gut in bone metabolism remains controversial, these observations are consistent with the finding reported earlier. J Bone Miner Res 2011;26:2002-11
Osteoblasts and energy metabolism
Yoshikawa et al report that a decrease in osteoblast numbers compromises glucose metabolism in an osteocalcin-dependent manner. Partial ablation of this cell population resulted in hypoinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and decreased insulin sensitivity. Osteoblast ablation decreased gonadal fat and increased energy expenditure and the expression of resistin, an adipokine proposed to mediate insulin resistance. Administration of osteocalcin reversed the glucose intolerance and insulin levels, but only partially restored insulin sensitivity. Other osteoblast-derived hormones may contribute to the emerging function of the skeleton as a regulator of energy metabolism. J Bone Miner Res 2011;26:2012-25
"There is nothing more necessary to the man of science than its history, and the logic of discovery... the way error was detected, the use of hypothesis, of imagination, the mode of testing."
The purpose of Progress in Osteoporosis is to provide the reader with a summary of the most important literature published in the preceding three to four months in the field of osteoporosis. Most reviews and original research are cited. In addition, summaries and figures are provided for readers who may not have easy access to all the specialist literature. The summaries are based on the contents of abstracts, which have been abbreviated to concisely convey the main theme. The contents of the abstracts and figures should be used only as a means of directing the reader to the original literature and should not be quoted verbatim or cited as a reference. The opinions expressed in the Overview are my own and do not necessarily reflect those of the International Osteoporosis Foundation.
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title: Myers 25th Anniversary
date: 2016-05-24
author: Roy Proctor
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In addition to Kensington Ordinances and applicable Acts of Assembly, lists Presidents of the Board of Commissioners from incorporation to date; table of number and capacity of manufacturers in District, 1847; and table of total assessed valued of Real and Personal estate, 1842-1847.
Vol. 1848-1852 rough minutes only.
Entries for lots surveyed and regulated list survey date, surveyor, location and metes and bounds, occasional District Plan plot numbers, date land conveyed , grantor and grantee.
Entries, grouped under District Plan divisions and plot numbers, are large-scale (1"-40') drafts of streets, blocks, canals, giving dimensions of each.
Treasurer's General Account with the District; listed under each heading (loans, paving, watering, lighting expenses, water and market rents, etc.) are journal entries of receipts and disbursals, balanced at end of year.
Individual accounts, chiefly for footway paving, rental of public landings, and erection of gas lamps; each account lists name of householder or renter, date, service rendered, amount charged him, and notices of payment.
Assessment lists for paving at varying dates, list streets paved, home-owners' names, amount of paving and curbing charged to each, amount charged and notices of payment.
Essentially same record as Street Paving Expense Assessment Ledger, Record Series 209.8, listed above; format differs, information contained same.
Index in vol. 1852-1854 only.
Accounts of Tax Collectors of District with District Treasurer; each Collector's account lists his name and ward, the various taxes to be collected and amount of each with which he is charged, and dates and amounts of returns to Treasurer.
Lists of taxes (chiefly Corporation Tax) registered for non-payment; grouped by District wards and years, entries list taxable's name, description of property on which tax levied, amount of tax due, names of owners of adjoining properties, occasional notices of payments made; list for 1825 includes taxes for unincorporated Northern Liberties.
Journal entries of amounts paid to State Treasurer for State Taxes on District Loans.
Individual accounts of loan holders listing, under each heading, dates and amounts of interest payments to holder; vol. 1828-54 adds list of loan ordinances.
Arranged under separate headings for various loans, alphabetical lists of interest payees, after each of which is entered the amount of loan taken, the State tax upon it, amount of interest due, amount paid (minus State tax), date upon which paid and recipient's signature.
Each entry lists date of payment, Treasurer's name, amount paid, each payee's signature.
Each transfer form lists date, transferee, amount of and title of loan transferred, transferor, loan certificate number.
Vol. 1851-1854, 6% loan of November 1851; vol. 1852-1854, Water Works loan of same date; stubs list certificate number, person to whom issued and his signature, amount of loan taken and date.
First eleven pages journal entries of cash receipts and disbursals; following, cash accounts for apparently all District functions- i.e., payrolls, water expenses, building permits, rentals of public buildings, highway expenses, etc., also tax accounts, by ward, for 1853.
Stubs of bills presented to property owners for paving done; each lists payee's name, address, amount of paving, date and amount of bill.
Each entry lists date, amount received, by whom paid (usually tax collectors), and tax account on which paid.
Monthly payrolls of Police, Lamplighting, Highway and Paving Employees, listing amounts due each employee, and to whom paid.
Stubs bear date, amount, and number of order; name of person to whom issued and cause of payment.
Entries list date, amount, payee, cause; monthly totals, and final balance delivered to City Treasurer.
Each entry lists owner and address, number and types of vehicles registered, date and fee paid.


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Greer's Vintage Market at Park to celebrate 5th year
Greer's Vintage Market at the Park will celebrate its fifth year Oct. 17 with 60 vendors
Greer's Vintage Market at Park to celebrate 5th year Greer's Vintage Market at the Park will celebrate its fifth year Oct. 17 with 60 vendors Check out this story on greenvilleonline.com: https://grnol.co/1KriuQN
Michael Burns, mdburns@greenvillenews.com Published 5:12 p.m. ET Sept. 21, 2015 | Updated 12:49 p.m. ET Sept. 29, 2015
60 vendors to feature so much that is handmade, vintage and repurposed
Greer's Vintage Market at the Park will celebrate its fifth year Oct. 17.(Photo: Submitted)
Greer's Vintage Market at the Park will celebrate its fifth year 10 a.m. – 4 p.m. Oct. 17 when 60 vendors of so much that is handmade, vintage and repurposed will line the sidewalks at Greer City Park.
A vintage-themed photo booth, food trucks and live music will be part of the action.
It began as a small, 20-vendor market billed as the "Upcycled Living Fair" in 2010. Founder Wanda Garcia had been involved in turning old, useless items into somethings new and creative for years.
"I had participated in several shows in Tennessee that featured nothing but antique, vintage and recycled items," Garcia said. "Vintage upcycling was sweeping the nation, but there were no venues for that sort of thing around here."
The Vintage Market changed that. Since that initial show held at Poinsett Gardenalia on West Poinsett Street, the market has evolved into a biannual, juried event.
"Every application cycle brings us new and creative vendors," Garcia said. "We don't allow any mass-produced merchandise. Our niche is providing items that are either handmade or vintage. We try to have an even distribution of vendors. It's not all jewelry, nor is it all antiques. There's a little something for everyone, and as a result we generally have around 1,000 attendees."
The national publication Romantic Homes has profiled the market in its Best Flea Markets feature.
"One important component of the market is our involvement with local charities," Garcia said. "We always have a nonprofit partner. The fall market will be supporting Saved By The Heart Animal Companion Services. They are a wonderful animal rescue based in Greer."
A special holiday Vintage Market will be held the first weekend of December at Grace Hall in Greer Station.
Visit vintagemarketgreer.com for more information.
- Follow Michael Burns on Twitter @MikeNearGreer
Read or Share this story: https://grnol.co/1KriuQN

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hi, I'm Leah – a cell biologist and a triplet, originally from Frankfurt, Germany. Having shared a womb with my two brothers probably genetically predestined me to become a scientist, as I wanted to learn more about the fascinating ways in which organisms grow, develop, and reproduce.
In my current postdoc work at the Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, MA, I am driven by my passion to understand fundamental principles that allow cells to divide, which organisms need in order to develop. More specifically, my research is focused on the centromere – a structure on each chromosome that is essential for a cell to properly segregate their duplicated DNA content during each division.
Surrounded by tools that allow me to visualize structures that are invisible to the majority of the world, such as the centromere, I feel incredibly privileged. At the same time, I also feel frustrated by the challenges that come up when I try to explain my research to friends and family. In my quest to find a better way to describe my work to non-scientists, I have discovered that art is a potent ally.
Raised as the daughter of two artists, I have been confronted with and surrounded by art my entire life, but I have only now realized that merging my artistic interests with my science is a powerful way of communicating science. Art is a way to break down the barriers between scientists and non-scientists, and make science more accessible. It also provides a great venue through which we can appreciate the beauty and the science that exists in everything that surrounds us.
Art and science complement each other and are similar in many respects, yet they are completely different on other levels. In science, you address problems by forming a hypothesis and following a sense of logic. You need to properly plan and control your experiments. In art, you have the freedom to go with your instincts. Art allows space for playfulness, creativity and for spontaneous exploration that science does not. Science can be abstract, whereas art is inherently visual. Art therefore has two functions – it balances my brain doing scientific work, but it also has the power to translate science and thus to communicate complex and abstract ideas in a simplified, visual way.
My goal is to show people that science can also be humorous. Yes, we do work in labs and (occasionally) wear white lab coats, but there's a lot more to us than that! Science is fun, it is everywhere, and it should concern and interest every one of us. The same way a microscope allows us to see the invisible, the merging of science and art will help us to see the fun and beauty of science.
Perhaps we can share studio visits?


Have not felt the affects yet, been taking them for a week now. looking forward to seeing change.
Great product! Heard a lot of good things about it. My husband and I both used for 3 months and we feel a lot better sexually. Not pregnant yet bit we do feel that this has helped with trying to conceive.


Full sun. Zone 4-8. Chestnut does well under hot, dry conditions.
Prefers acidic well-drained loamy soil but might tolerate clay if well-drained (on a slope or ridge). Tolerates dry soil once established, but will produce larger nuts with irrigation. Chestnuts need better drainage than apples.
A large nut tree of rounded form with attractive leathery leaves averaging 40 feet tall and wide. The nuts are borne in clusters in a spiny husk.
Need 2 trees for cross-pollination. Most named varieties are pollen sterile, meaning that they won't pollinate another tree.
Plant chestnuts in groves or nut orchards or in large open landscapes as specimens or nut bearing timber trees, depending on variety. Prefers slopes and ridges. Not recommended for lowlands or high humidity areas.
The nuts are highly valued for drying, roasting, fresh eating, or grinding into highly nutritious chestnut flour. Good wildlife or livestock food.
'Big Tree #1', 'Big Tree #2', 'Campbell', 'North tree', 'South Tree' - Seedlings from trees selected by Bob Stehli of the Northern Nut Growers for their use in timber. Nuts are similar to American Chestnuts and quite tasty. The trees are hybrids that should be blight resistant.
$30.00 / 3 gal, $39.00 / 5 gal.


text:
One that got away
Newcastle United's experienced striker closing in on exit
By Josh Challies
Newcastle United fans in the Transfer Tavern are angrily demanding new signings at the bar, following a slow start to the new season.
Rafael Benitez' side have lost both of their opening two games following their return to the top-flight and the Spanish manager has made his desire to get further additions through the door clear, despite already signing seven new faces.
Newcastle's finances are restrictive though and players may have to leave in order for new signings to be made, which may lead to a mass exodus in the final week of the summer transfer window.
Dutch striker Siem De Jong is on the verge of becoming one of the first names to be offloaded this week, as the 28-year-old edges towards a move to Eredivisie giants Ajax.
De Jong, who signed from Ajax in 2014, is on the cusp of a return to his boyhood club after failing to make the grade in the North East, scoring just once in 22 league appearance, but his spell has been plagued by serious injury issues- including a collapsed lung.
Landlord's Verdict
Siem De Jong could have been a hit at Newcastle United but circumstances outside of his control prevented him from making a mark and also robbed him of crucial years in his career. However, at 28, he has the chance to get back-on-track.
As well as two collapsed lungs suffered during his career, a freak accident in January 2016 left him in danger of losing sight after on of his contact lenses was pushed into his eye. Hopefully, he can get going again on his return to Holland.
What do you think Newcastle fans? Let us know in the comments below!
Related Items:Ajax, Newcastle United, Siem de Jong
Rafa Benitez should give youngsters a chance, despite feeling the time isn't right
Newcastle United fans rubbish new takeover report
Introducing: The 20-year-old who could soon be taking Ayoze Perez's place, Sean Longstaff


text:
module ContentsHelper
  def content_tag_filters(tags)
    tags.map do |t|
      link_to(t, contents_path(search: { tag: t }), class: "tag")
    end.join.html_safe
  end
end


p style="text-align:center;">How much food do you think your family throws away each year?
According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, Americans threw away more than 34 million tons of food in 2010. That is absolutely appalling. Food waste is the largest component of municipal solid waste. FOOD! Not paper (that was second) or plastic, but food. You know, the stuff we pay to eat and then complain about how expensive it is. Yikes! Is it me or is it horrifying that people around the world are starving and we are throwing food away at a staggering rate? And can I tell you how weird it is to realize I'm starting to sound like my grandmother?
I have been completely and totally guilty of this myself. Leftovers that go uneaten, grocery store produce that goes bad before you can cook it and trash bags full of peelings and odd veggie pieces. Our change of eating habits has helped that a great deal, but we can do better.
Buy less. This is hard for me, especially at the farmer's market, but I'm getting a lot better. I've found that I really didn't understand how many carrots or tomatoes or heads of lettuce we REALLY needed in a week. Putting our family on a budget along with buying more organic produce makes me very conscious of how much we really eat. And it's nowhere near what I was thinking. I'm still very tempted during our peak seasons to buy, buy, buy, so I haven't mastered this yet.
Compost your kitchen scraps. We have two compost systems in our back yard and we probably need another rotating bin. If you have just a bit of space, you can turn your produce scraps, coffee grounds, egg shells, corn husks and even some paper into rich garden compost. We have been amazed at how empty our garbage bin is when we take it to the curb each week.
Eat your leftovers. I know, I know. Leftovers can be boring. The old me used to throw most leftovers away because I knew no one would eat them. The new me plans our menu a week ahead and PLANS to eat leftovers at least once a week (you've seen this on my menus). Some weeks this is a buffet with a little of this and a little of that. Some weeks we are just trying to finish up a huge pot of chili or soup. Regardless, that is what we eat because that is what is on the menu. Also, to save money, I bring leftovers for lunch. This isn't a hardship because I rather like my cooking, and it tends to be a lot healthier than eating out.
Freeze extra produce. Did you know you can freeze most produce whole? If you freeze tomatoes and peaches whole, they are easy-peasy to peel once they thaw. Beats blanching any day in my book. Some of our summer produce boxes were so huge that we couldn't possibly eat everything. Enter–the freezer! We have corn, green beans, field peas, tomatoes, fruit, pasta sauce, pesto, chopped onions and more stashed away for use at a later time.
Donate. Have a bunch of extra tomatoes or squash or cucumbers? Share with your neighbors! Not only will you make them extremely happy, but you'll reduce the amount of food you're wasting.
Ok, so with this knowledge I am re-committing our family to reduce our food waste. What about you? Do you have suggestions to help us? Share!
Great post Deanna!! I am notoriously neurotic about using up every little thing. Leftover queen right here!!! But I can always do better. I need to start composting!!
It's amazing how little trash we put out each week now–composting has helped a lot! Still have to work on not bringing so much in though!
Part of what I love about your blog is seeing those weekly budgets/menus/plans, and how you make do with buying so little and using every bit. Thanks for this post Deanna.


Remove water stains from oak flooring with a bleaching agent.
A telltale sign of an oak floor in need of refinishing is the presence of dark stains. They are caused by moisture seeping through a finish that has worn too thin and penetrating the wood. If the finish isn't worn, the stains may be the result of water left standing on the floor for an extended period. In either case, the only way to get them out is to sand off the finish and bleach the wood. Two bleaching agents that will lighten darkened wood are hydrogen peroxide and oxalic acid. You can buy either product at most hardware stores.
Sand the floor with a drum sander and edger. Use a coarse-grit paper, such as 32- or 50-grit, on both machines. It will remove the finish and open the wood grain so the bleach will penetrate. Vacuum the sanding dust off the floor when you are finished.
Prepare a bleach solution. If you use oxalic acid, mix the crystals with warm water in a bucket in the proportion recommended by the manufacturer. Hydrogen peroxide bleach usually comes in a two-part kit. Mix the components together in a bucket according to the instructions provided with the bleach.
Put on rubber gloves and spread the bleaching solution liberally over the darkened areas of the floor with a sponge. Allow it to penetrate for 10 minutes, then apply more to any stains that are still noticeable. Scrub deep stains with a scrub brush while the bleach is working to aid penetration.
Wash the bleached areas thoroughly with clean water after the last application. Wipe off any standing water with a rag and allow at least 24 hours for the water that has penetrated to the wood to evaporate before proceeding.
Sand the floor again with both sanding machines, but use 80-grit sandpaper. Vacuum the dust and inspect the stains. Apply more bleach if necessary and let it work for 10 minutes, scrubbing if necessary. Wash it off with water and let the floor dry.
Sand the floor again, this time using 100-grit sandpaper. This is the final sanding, which will smooth the surface and prepare it for a stain. A stain is usually necessary, because the bleached areas will appear lighter than the rest of the floor.
Apply the stain with two rags. Spread it in a circular motion with one rag and allow it to penetrate for several minutes. Wipe off the excess before it dries, going with the grain of the flooring, with the second rag.
Let the stain dry overnight, then finish the floor with 2 or 3 coats of oil- or water-based floor finish.
Hydrogen peroxide bleach is stronger than oxalic acid and is the better choice for removing deep stains.
If your floor has spot stains left from standing water or pet urine, you may be able to remove them without refinishing the floor by soaking them briefly with household hydrogen peroxide.
Both oxalic acid and hydrogen peroxide bleach are corrosive. Avoid skin contact by wearing gloves and protective clothing when using them. Wear protective goggles and a respirator. If you get any in your eyes or on your skin, wash the affected area with clean water for 15 minutes. If you inhale the fumes, go out of the room and breathe fresh air.
Floor sanding is a dusty endeavor. Wear a dust mask and keep the room well ventilated while you are working.
Deziel, Chris. "How to Refinish Water-Stained Oak Flooring." Home Guides | SF Gate, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/refinish-waterstained-oak-flooring-27285.html. Accessed 23 April 2019.


Producing long lasting organic SEO results for brands of different kinds for more than a decade, we understand that your company is unique. That is why we approach to each of the projects individually, and we come up with smart solutions and put our technology to work to make us the most efficient among all other SEO agencies. We have been on web marketing for 17 years helping you compete on Internet and converting your visitors into your customers.


text:
MARCUS GOSSE NEWFOUNDLAND MI'KMAQ ARTIST
Spirit Birds
Pjila'si - Welcome
Marcus Gosse : Mi'kmaq Artist
Marcus Gosse is a Newfoundland Mi'kmaq Artist represented by The Leyton Gallery of Fine Art, and a member of the Qalipu Mi'kmaq First Nation Band in Newfoundland. Marcus' grandmother, Alice Maude Gosse (maiden name-Benoit), is a Mi'kmaq Elder, who was born and raised in Red Brook, NL (Welbooktoojech) located on the Port-Au-Port Peninsula.
In 2005, Marcus was given his native name Papamikapow, which means "Traveler" (He who travels, not only physically, but spiritually) from an Ojibway-Cree Elder from Sandy Lake First Nation, Ontario. Marcus incorporates the ancient Mi'kmaq Star, Mi'kmaq Petroglyphs, Hieroglyphs, and various double curve designs into the landscapes of his paintings. More of My Story...
MI'KMA'KI COLOURING BOOK
GREAT LEARNING RESOURCE for teachers and people wanting to learn about Mi'kmaq culture... To buy yours, visit us on Facebook or email: marcusgosse@hotmail.com
The Eight-Pointed Mi'kmaq Star
The Mi'kmaq Nation grew to eight districts with the addition of K'taqmkuk (Newfoundland). The Mi'kmaq then updated the star to eight-points to welcome their brothers and sisters of Newfoundland.
The Eight-Pointed 'Mi'kmaq Star' is a common trademark in Marcus Gosse's paintings. His stars are often seen painted in four different colours: red, black, white and yellow. These four colours together represent harmony and unity between all people. The Mi'kmaq Star honors all cultures.
In 1983, a man in Bedford, Nova Scotia came across a Mi'kmaq Petroglyph in a wooded area. A 'petroglyph' is a symbol, or, design carved into stone. This petroglyph was an eight-point star – a symbol that is very important to the Mi'kmaq. It is believed that this eight-point Mi'kmaq Star petroglyph is over 500 years old.
The eight-point Mi'kmaq Star is believed to be an updated version of the seven-point star; which the Mi'kmaq used to represent the seven districts of their nation. The Mi'kmaq Nation grew to eight districts with the addition of K'taqmkuk (Newfoundland). The Mi'kmaq updated the star to eight-points to welcome their brothers and sisters from Newfoundland.
The eight-point Mi'kmaq Star is used today not only as a cultural symbol, but, also as a design emblem. Many Mi'kmaq artists use the star, and various Mi'kmaq Double Curve Designs to decorate their blankets, baskets, drums, clothing and paintings.
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text:
Gaspard Fauteux, né le  à Saint-Hyacinthe et mort le  à Montréal, est un dentiste, industriel et homme politique québécois.

Biographie

Origines
Gaspard Fauteux est né à Saint-Hyacinthe en Montérégie, dans une famille reliée à plusieurs hommes politiques. Les anciens premiers ministres québécois Honoré Mercier et Lomer Gouin sont respectivement le grand-père et l'oncle de Gaspard Fauteux. De plus, le second mari de sa grand-mère est le député et sénateur libéral Joseph Godbout.

L'ancien ministre provincial québécois et sénateur Claude Castonguay est le gendre de Gaspard Fauteux.

Député
Il débute en politique provinciale en défaisant le député sortant étant aussi le chef du Parti conservateur du Québec et maire de Montréal Camillien Houde lors des élections de 1931 dans la circonscription de Montréal—Sainte-Marie. Défait en 1935, il retourne dans le monde des affaires.

Élu en tant que député du Parti libéral du Canada dans la circonscription de Sainte-Marie lors d'une élection partielle en 1942, il est réélu en 1945 et en 1949. Il démissionne en 1950 pour accepter le poste de lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec.

Pendant sa carrière parlementaire, le député Fauteux s'oppose à la conscription et est délégué à une conférence des Nations unies qui suit la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le premier ministre Mackenzie King le pousse à devenir président de la Chambre des communes du Canada peu après les élections de 1945, jusqu'en 1949.

Fin de carrière
Nommé lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec en 1950, il occupe ce poste jusqu'en 1958. Après son décès en 1963, il est enterré au cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges à Montréal.

Hommages
L'avenue Gaspard-Fauteux est nommée en son honneur à Québec. L'ancienne ville de Sillery avait nommée cette avenue en son honneur. Sillery fait maintenant partie d'un arrondissement de Québec.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec
Député du Parti libéral du Québec à l'Assemblée nationale
Président de la Chambre des communes du Canada
Député fédéral canadien provenant du Québec
Député du Parti libéral du Canada
Dentiste canadien
Docteur honoris causa de l'Université de Montréal
Docteur honoris causa de l'Université Laval
Naissance en août 1898
Naissance à Saint-Hyacinthe
Décès en mars 1963
Décès à Montréal
Décès à 64 ans
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This minty BMW E36 came in recently for some maintenance – we replaced the valve cover gasket and installed new spark plugs and coils. She purrs like a kitten, and the owner is loving it! Contact us to set up your next service or repair.


Drawerment is a composition made of old office drawers. Fluttering loosely on the walls , tables or on the floor they freshen up the cold office atmosphere. As a flock they sometimes arrange into groups, otherwise they just float freely in their own way.


Some people love to torture themselves. They're called masochist. They LOVE the pain. They can be seen playing games like Demon Souls, Dark Souls, Bloodborne, and Nioh! If you fall into that category I'm sure you'll be happy to know Sony announced the sequel during the Sony E3 2018 press conference.


That would be Ludwig "Wiggy" van Beethoven!
Which Beatle used the aliases Hari Georgeson, Hai Raj Harisein, George O'Hara-Smith and George Harrysong?
What is the last name of John Ono Lennon?
@Bulldog - Pete Best whilst crying over a pint in the pub imagining what could have been (yeah that was just mean - as if Pete could write a song).
What did the Beatles want to hold according to their first number 1 hit single in the US?
Finish the sentence George Harrison is _________.
Ding ding ding! Step up and ask your question young lady!
73 million Americans watched The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan ____?
@Starr Shine? Tut-tut-tut! I think we all know Ed Sullivan was not a Soprano! I've seen every episode and he wasn't in one!
Which Beatles movie debuted on Boxing Day?
Take a sad song and....?


At a conceptual level, a enterprise model contains all elements of a company's method to creating a profitable supplying and delivering it to its target buyers. I bought an RV with my current back payment for SSI, and am operating on acquiring a license (I never discovered to drive.) Even if I have to shower at truck stops or consume at soup kitchens for the rest of my days, at least I don't have to sleep getting kicked or beaten by cops, almost raped, roaches crawling everywhere, and getting pissed on by a snickering college kid when I slept in an alleyway.
If you are unemployed you may be eligible for the Back to Perform Enterprise Allowance (BTWEA) or the Short-Term Enterprise Allowance (STEA) If you are starting a enterprise, you also could get added supports under these schemes, such as grants for training, marketplace study and organization plans as nicely as access to loans to purchase equipment.
Service of method upon a domestic or authorized foreign corporation, limited liability business, limited partnership, or restricted liability partnership needs that two copies of the method be personally served on the New York Secretary of State or any particular person authorized by him at the Workplace of the New York Department of State, One Commerce Plaza, 99 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12231.
Then expanded in September 2009 to Cycle Tech UK (Most business are very professional, but I was obtaining some mobile bike mechanics listed on exactly where working part time, or as a hobby and not employing the correct tools for my liking to give the appropriate image.) So this network came about for like minded individuals who like to repair bicycles and begin there own independent professional mobile bike business, working to the same high common and service below the same Cycle Tech name and logo.
Is business loan the one supply of finance accessible to a businessperson? Professionals in business finance must often earn at least a bachelor's degree in an applicable field, though necessities differ by position and employer. The module additionally seeks to look at the primary patterns of trade and trade and goals to exhibit how free trade may be influenced by government and the long run risks of protectionism. It additionally covers communication and IT expertise, that are important in the trendy enterprise world.
On our two-yr Enterprise Programme, you will full four placements inside your chosen discipline, permitting you to shape your profession, develop your personal personal effectiveness and work in direction of a relevant professional qualification, depending on the enterprise stream you select.
Our teaching and analysis in International Business are ranked 3rd in the world by the 2015 Monetary Instances Masters in Management rankings, that means you will examine among main lecturers to gain the data and expertise to thrive in your future profession.


Parents of students at a California high school are reacting to news that a long-time male high school science teacher is going to return after spring break as a woman.
The teacher, Gary Sconce, informed the Yosemite School District that he will be back in the classroom April 22 as his "true self," a woman by the name of Karen Adell Scot, KFSN-TV reported Thursday.
"When you aren't who you really are, it's like being smothered. It's like being rolled in a wave, if you've ever been rolled in a wave in the ocean where you can't find your way up, you don't know which direction you've been turned," Scot told the station.
School district Superintendent James Sargent announced that Sconce was "in the midst of gender transition" in a March 19 letter to the parents of all 650 students at Yosemite High, the Fresno Bee reported.
"We are committed to facilitating this in a sensitive way to all concerned," superintendent James Sargent said in the letter posted on the Bee website.
The Bee said the gender change has caused many reactions. It said in a letter to a weekly newspaper, community resident Kathi Bales was strongly opposed. "I see this as an assault on the minds and morals of our children. It blurs the lines of what is right and wrong," she wrote.
The paper quoted Scot as saying that kind of intolerance is what causes many transgendered people to commit suicide, or become victims of violence or murder. Scot said he won't be "pushing any social agenda" with students and will continue to "run a conservative and disciplined class."
KFSN said news of the gender change is causing all sorts of reaction from the community, including from some of Sconce's former students.
"Some parents are pulling their kids out of classes and things like that, and some of the staff is uncomfortable, which I don't understand because if you work with someone that long, they're not a different person, they're the same person just a different gender now," Natalie Choin told the station.
Jeffrey Turro added, "My feeling is if they come out and bring a community engagement and bring out community kids to discuss it, maybe bring out psychologists to discuss the changes you go through and why someone goes through that, it might be easier on the community up here."
Click for the story from the Fresno Bee.


James is a recent retiree, and as a Bitesize Irish member, we asked if he would be generous enough for us to interview him, and indeed he was!
What advice would you have for a total beginner of Irish Gaelic?
"Noli timere" — (fear not in Latin), as Seamus Heaney texted to his wife, on his deathbed. Don't be afraid, jump right in, make mistakes, laugh at yourself, imitate others, take every chance to practice. Drink; it lowers the inhibitions. The only way to learn is to make mistakes, so make some, and keep on making them. It's how you learned your native language, how you learned to walk, how you learned to read, how you learned to love and live. It works! For any language.the interview?
Where abouts in the world do you live?
I live in Manasquan, New Jersey, a small town on the Jersey Shore, about sixty miles south of New York. The house was built in 1904 by a sea captain, one of the many who helped settle the town, a former Indian village.
I grew up a few miles from where I now live, then I ran off and joined the circus: I am a retired US Department of State Foreign Service officer, and have lived and worked all over the world, serving as an American diplomat in our embassies and consulates; I retired about 18 months ago.
What got you wanting to speak Irish Gaelic?
My ancestry in part, and the realization that my grandparents were sometimes speaking "Irish with English words," i.e., phrases and sentence structure that reflected their own parents' native Irish language influence. Also, I am an accomplished linguist (French, Russian, German, Spanish, and a smattering of others, plus years of Latin) and Irish was a language I could study just for the fun of it, with no practical or professional application.
And it is such an interesting, challenging language! I even got to live out a lifelong "bucket list" dream, having a conversation in a pub in Ireland, in Irish! This was in Connemara, near Clifden, about ten years ago. The local team had just won the league Gaelic football championship, and I happened in just as they had gathered to celebrate it! They knew I was not a native speaker, but they were happy to hear me try to communicate in their own language.
Do you have Irish ancestry? Tell us about it.
Yes I do; both my paternal grandparents were born there, but met and married in the US. Most of the remaining family has emigrated to the US, but some few still live on the family farm or nearby, just outside Newry. On my mother's side, you have to go back a bit longer, but they too all came from Ireland.
How do you use Bitesize Irish?
I have tried self-study, local community college courses, audio tapes, and courses at the American-Irish Historical Society in NYC. All have helped, but now that I am retired, I find the best way to keep up is with the lessons from Bitesize.
P.S. If you want to learn to speak the Irish language, jump on this wonderful journey with Bitesize Irish.
Is Repetition the Mother of Learning Irish Gaelic?
Thanks so much for sharing this with us, James! I enjoyed reading that you tried out the Irish language on the team in the pub. Do you think they were speaking in Irish Gaelic between themselves?
Curiously, Eoin, I believe they were speaking a mix of Irish and English. Clearly though, they were more comfortable in Irish, which seemed to be their "mother tongue." I tried it out a few other places (and eavesdropped in more!) where it seemed equally clear that they knew enough Irish to hold a conversation, but were more at home in English.
Sounds about right, thanks for sharing, James.


text:
Esquerra de Menorca (), also referred to as Esquerra de Menorca–Esquerra Unida (), is the Menorca federation of United Left of the Balearic Islands.

United Left in Menorca and the Socialist Party of Menorca (PSM) maintained a stable agreement between 1987 and 1994, called Entesa de l'Esquerra de Menorca (), which obtained two representatives in the Balearic Parliament and the Insular Council of Menorca in the elections of 1987 and 1991, both of the PSM. After the break up of the agreement, they ran alone under the Esquerra de Menorca label in the 1995 election, obtaining a deputy in the Balearic Parliament and in the Council of Menorca. In the following election (1999) they ran in coalition with The Greens of Menorca. This alliance was broken in 2002. Since then, they have contested in autonomous and island elections on their own, without winning any seats.

References

Balearic Islands
Political parties in the Balearic Islands


text:
Qatar-Saudi border reopens after thaw
Qatar and Saudi Arabia reopened their land border on Saturday, Qatari sources told AFP, as they restore ties following a landmark deal to end a three and a half year rift. Saudi shut its side of Qatar's only land border in June 2017 as part of a package of sanctions it said was a response to Doha's alleged backing of "radical Islamist groups" and "closeness to Iran". Qatar always denied the charges. "Yes, the border is open," said one Qatari source, while another confirmed that traffic at the Abu Samrah crossing, 120 kilometres (75 miles) south of Doha, resumed around 0700 GMT. Saudi Arabia, a…


text:
[5.00/10] The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3 (2009)
The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3 (2009)
Tony Scott began life as a director of television adverts and while that, in itself, is no bad thing there's no escaping the fact that, to my mind at least, most of his films have had less heart than an advert. His version of "Pelham" is occasionally entertaining, with some good action scenes and more than a few decent dialog exchanges between characters, but it is nothing more than a Tony Scott action movie dressed up as "The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3". Denzel Washington stars as New York City subway dispatcher Walter Garber, whose day is thrown into chaos by an audacious crime – the hijacking of a subway train. John Travolta stars as the criminal mastermind behind the plot, the leader of a highly armed gang of four who threaten to execute the train's passengers unless a ransom of $10 million is paid within the hour. As the tension mounts Denzel Washington, who is as always fantastically charismatic and watchable, uses his vast knowledge of the subway system in a battle of wits with Travolta to save the hostages. But there's one riddle even Washington can't solve – even if the thieves get their blood money, how in the hell can they escape? Tony Scott does a pretty little job here. The film is as slick as any TV advert, is wonderfully well edited and he draws fantastic performances from his two principles, but the film is lacking heart. It's all sound and fury and it signifies nothing. We're hit from the opening with thumping music and speeded up film, the camera swirls while overall the film is flash, brash and loud. But there's something missing. It's a rock video instead of a movie.
My Rating: 5.00/10
Rotten Tomatoes: 52% (5.4/10)
IMDb: 6.5/10
Labels: 2009 Movies, 5.00* out of 10, All Reviewed Movies
[7.75/10] Confessions (2010)
[7.00/10] Red White & Blue (2010)
[6.00/10] Rammbock: Berlin Undead (2010)
[5.00/10] Kill Katie Malone (2010)
[4.75/10] Growth (2010)
[3.50/10] Hypothermia (2010)
Rewind: George Beremov's TOP 10 Favorite Movies of...
[5.00/10] Legion (2010)
[6.75/10] District 13: Ultimatum (2009)
[7.00/10] Edge of Darkness (2010)
[7.75/10] Daybreakers (2010)
[8.00/10] Bodyguards and Assassins a.k.a. Shi yue ...
[5.50/10] Red Riding: 1974 (2009)
[5.25/10] The Book of Eli (2010)
[6.50/10] Triangle (2009)
[3.75/10] Cabin Fever 2: Spring Fever (2009)
[6.50/10] Lake Mungo (2009)
[6.75/10] Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant...
[5.50/10] Planet 51 (2009)
[6.50/10] Case 39 (2009)
[4.50/10] The Collector (2009)
[3.50/10] Tormented (2009)
[6.00/10] Carriers (2009)
[6.75/10] The Invention of Lying (2009)
[7.50/10] Whip It (2009)
[6.25/10] A Serious Man (2009)
[5.75/10] The Thaw (2009)
[7.50/10] Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs (2009)
[4.50/10] Sorority Row (2009)
[6.50/10] Ci Ling a.k.a The Treasure Hunter (2009)
[9.25/10] Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)
[2.75/10] Wrong Turn 3: Left for Dead (2009)
[6.50/10] The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009)
[8.50/10] The Lovely Bones (2009)
[6.50/10] Duplicity (2009)
[2.50/10] The Hills Run Red (2009)
[5.00/10] The Fourth Kind (2009)
[6.25/10] Blood Creek a.k.a. Town Creek (2009)
[3.75/10] Albino Farm (2009)
[8.75/10] Up in the Air (2009)
[8.00/10] The Princess and the Frog (2009)
[7.00/10] My Sister's Keeper (2009)
[5.50/10] I Sell the Dead (2009)


text:
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WOODS, H. 19251931. A monograph of the fossil macrurous Crustacea of England. Parts II–VII. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society London, 77(1925), 17–40; 82 (1930), 73–88; 83 (1931), 89–122.
WOODS, J. T. 1957. Macrurous decapods from the Cretaceous of Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 13, 155–175.


UPDATE: Out of respect for the Andrew Loomis estate, Illustration Friday has removed these out-of-print books from our free collection. However, some of these wonderful resources are now being reprinted, so keep an eye out for the reissues, and also check out our critically-acclaimed ebook 15 Steps to Freelance Illustration.
In my career I've been focusing on illustration for the last years, but coming from a much broader background in graphic & communication design I am fascinated with the whole book cover designing process and the challenges it comes with.
Creating visuals that somehow represent a whole story without going the most obvious route or being too bold and simple is a skill that results in beautiful work when it's mastered. Jonathan Gray aka Gray 318 clearly is one of the masters in this field. His mainly typographical works are always smart, thought-through and often show a dry wit. If you are a fan of Jonathan Safran Foer you might already be very aware of Jon's fantastic cover work.
You can see a video on youtube about the extraordinary cover design of Nineteen Eighty-Four (3rd cover shown above) here.


"This demand is unpredictable and could vary and change completely in a short time, creating high difficulties for supply chain. To create a leagil (lean and agile) supply chain is one observed way for a fashion and textile retailing company to optimize its performance and to remain competitive".
He further explained that social media has brought upon many changes in consumer behavior, and among these is the need for immediacy. In order to adapt an increasingly demanding consumer, more and more brands are taking on the 'See now, buy now' strategy, as shoppers are used to adopting new trends almost as soon as they come out. Fast Fashion companies have also contributed to this change in the consumer buying cycle and many companies are now adjusting their strategies to keep up with competition and increase profits.
At the end of the session Program Manager Ms. Maliha Barry and Cluster Head Ms. Sayda Uzma Tahira also shared their views about the topic. They emphasized that such seminars will be instrumental to bridge the gap between industry and academia developing a liaison with industry individuals for enhancing practical knowledge and employability of students.


Australian red meat farmers release some of the lowest carbon emission levels in the meat producing world. The meat and livestock industry recognises the responsibility to maintain these low levels and manage their impact on the environment.
The futures of the Australian beef, sheep and goat industries as well as that of the environment are tied together. It is in our best interest to ensure that farming practices are environmentally sustainable, not just for the future of farming, but for our families and generations to come.


This area holds the majority of the rock climbing close to Anchorage. Much of the rock is road cuts along along the Seward Highway, although plenty of rock is located off the road on natural formations. This area is known for its loose rock and general choss although many gems are hidden at crags. But wearing a helmet is a must! Routes exist from easy 5.5 trad routes at Bermuda triangle to hard test pieces like "Howl of the Damned" 5.14a, at Shriek of the Mutilated, with climbs established by legends like Mugs Stump.
Despite the noise of the highway, It is a great place to go to after work or just for a few hours. You can see whales, sheep, bears and eagles all along the road and get some climbing in!
There have been a series of guidebooks published about the climbing on the Seward Highway, notably "The Scar" brought the highway to the masses. Currently the more extensive "Alaska Rock Climbing Guide" by Kelsey Gray has become the book of choice.
As of the last few years a rebolting initiative has been taking place, but not all routes have seen work, use caution while climbing.
Head south out of Anchorage, once you hit the Weigh Station reset your odometer.
Trundling Monkeys Foot from Kelsey T. Gray on Vimeo.


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How does the mint decide what symbols and designs are inscribed on American coins?
The Director of the Mint, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, has the prerogative of choosing new coin designs, though changes cannot be made on any coin more than once every twenty five years, according to an act of Congress, Title 31, Section 276, enacted in 1890.
It wasn't until the one hundredth anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth that public sentiment was sufficient to override one long standing prejudice, now rather hard to imagine: until the Lincoln cent, there had never been a portrait on a United States coin.
There is a stipulation, commanded by act of Congress, that every American coin bear a symbol of liberty. The advent of the Lincoln penny marked the Mint's acknowledgment that certain prominent people in the history of the country who were no longer living could represent liberty.
In some instances Congress has prescribed new designs for coins. At the bicentennial of Washington's birth, for example, Congress decided to put his portrait on the quarter. An act of Congress in 1963 placed the likeness of John F. Kennedy on the half dollar, and legislation in 1970 placed a portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower on the obverse of the dollar coin.
The Director of the Mint also responds to public sentiment, which was the motivating factor in placing the likeness of Franklin D. Roosevelt on the dime in 1946, one year after his death.
Inscriptions on the coins are required by law, as stated in Title 31, Section 324, U.S. Code, whose derivation dates as far back as 1873; it was last amended in 1970:
Upon one side of all coins of the United States there shall be an impression emblematic of liberty, with an inscription of the word "Liberty," and upon the reverse side shall be the figure or representation of an eagle, with the inscriptions "United States of America" and "E Pluribus Unum" and a designation of the value of the coin; but on the dime, 5 , and 1 cent piece, the figure of the eagle shall be omitted. The motto "In God we trust" shall be inscribed on all coins. Any coins minted after July 23, 1965, from 900 fine coin silver shall be inscribed with the year 1964. All other coins shall be inscribed with the year of the coinage or issuance unless the Secretary of the Treasury, in order to prevent or alleviate a shortage of coins of any denomination, directs that coins of the denomination continue to be inscribed with the last preceding year inscribed on coins of that denomination.
What Motto Is Inscribed In the Lobby of the CIA Building In Langley, Virginia?
Where does the word "money" (mint) come from and What does money mean in Latin?
Why does frost form on the outside of the glass of a Mint Julep after it's mixed?
What Are American Coins Made Of?
Why Do People Throw Coins Into Fountains and Make a Wish and Where Did the Superstition Come From?
Filed Under: Odds


Ahmednagar is a district which lies in the state of Maharashtra.
Ahmednagar is a district in the state of Maharashtra. It is about 120 km away from Pune and 114 km away from Aurangabad. This state has many famous buildings from the Nizam Shahi Period. It is a small town which shows relatively less development than its neighboring towns in Maharashtra.


There are 48 countries in asia. You might also be interested in coloring pages from maps category and world continents maps asian countries maps tags. Let your imagination soar and color this world map coloring page with the colors of your choice.


Remember this from September of 2006?
Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, which invited Khatami to speak on Sunday, issued a statement yesterday saying it was "surprised and disappointed" by Romney's stance.
"We can understand and often share his disagreement with the positions of Khatami, the school nonetheless believes that active and open dialogue are a critical part of effective education and policy," the statement read.
But after Romney issued a statement yesterday outlining his position — in which he called Harvard's invitation "a disgrace to the memory of all Americans who have lost their lives at the hands of extremists" — the Boston Police Department said it would step in.


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Bernard William Aronson (born May 16, 1946) was United States Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from 1989 to 1993.

Overview
Bernard W. Aronson served four U.S. Presidents -- Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama—in senior positions.  He was twice awarded the State Department's highest civilian honor, the Secretary's Distinguished Service Award, for his role in ending the wars in Central America and Colombia.  In April 1993 Aronson was awarded the Distinguished Service Award by Secretary of State Warren Christopher for "singular achievements in forging a bipartisan policy towards Nicaragua and tireless and successful efforts end the civil war in El Salvador.  In November 2016 as U.S. Special Envoy to the Colombia Peace Process, Aronson was presented the Distinguished Service Award by Secretary of State John Kerry for "his instrumental role" in ending the 52 year long war between the government of Colombia and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).  In his remarks at the February 4, 2016 White House celebration of the 15th anniversary of Plan Colombia, President Barack Obama said, "I especially want to recognize someone who's played a pivotal role in the peace process.  That's our Special Envoy, Bernie Aronson."

Early life and education
Bernard W. Aronson was born in May 1946, the son of Annette and Arnold Aronson.  His father was a founder of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights and received the Medal of Freedom for his civil rights work from President Bill Clinton.  Bernard was born in New York City, spent his early years in Queens, and grew up in Rye, New York.  He was graduated from the University of Chicago, with a B.A. with Honors in the Humanities in 1967.

Career in labor movement

Following college, Aronson lived for five years in Appalachia.  He first served as a Vista Volunteer in Cob Hill, Kentucky where he worked as a community organizer.  Aronson also worked for the Council of the Southern Mountains in Berea, Kentucky where he focused on black lung, school lunches for poor children, and opposition to strip mining.  He worked as a staff writer for the Raleigh Register newspaper in Beckley, West Virginia and wrote by-line articles for The Washington Post.  Aronson joined the staff of the Miners for Democracy (MFD) reform movement within the United Mine Workers of America.  After helping defeat Tony Boyle, the dictatorial boss of the United Mine Workers of America (UMW), later convicted of the murder of MFD founder Jock Yablonski, in an election in February 1972, Aronson moved to Washington, D.C. where he served as Assistant to the new reform President, Arnold Miller.  At the UMW, Aronson led a 13-month-long organizing campaign in Harlan County, Kentucky.  Aronson appears twice in the Academy Award-winning documentary Harlan County, U.S.A., which chronicles the strike.  Aronson served six years in the United States Army Reserve and received an honorable discharge in 1976.

Career in government

Aronson worked at the White House from 1977 to 1981 as Special Assistant and Speechwriter to Vice President of the United States Walter Mondale, Executive Speechwriter to President of the United States Jimmy Carter, and Deputy Assistant to the President in the Office of the Chief of Staff.  In 1981, he became director of policy of the Democratic National Committee.  From 1984 to 1988, he was president of the Policy Project.

Aronson, a lifelong Democrat, was appointed Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs in February 1989 by Republican President George H. W. Bush, to pursue a bipartisan policy towards Central America.  Aronson and Secretary of State James Baker negotiated the Bi-Partisan Accord on Central America, signed at the White House, March 24, 1989, which united the new Administration and leaders of the United States Congress in both parties behind the Central American Peace Plan authored by Nobel Peace Prize laureate, President Oscar Arias of Costa Rica.  Aronson convinced the new Administration to make cooperation in Central America the first test of Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev's "new thinking" in foreign policy.  Aronson's first official trip as Assistant Secretary was to Moscow to enlist the Soviet Union in supporting democratic elections in Nicaragua and an end the wars in Nicaragua and El Salvador.

Aronson faced multiple crises in the Western Hemisphere at the start of his tenure.  At the end of his service Central America was at peace; Nicaragua had held its first democratic elections ousting the Sandinista dictatorship; Panamanian dictator General Manuel Noriega was in U.S. prison and a democratically elected government in office; Peru, with strong U.S. support had defeated Sendero Luminoso;  Argentina and Brazil had placed their nuclear programs under the supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency and signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty; Haiti had held its first non-violent presidential election; Chile had made a peaceful transfer of power from the Augusto Pinochet dictatorship to a new democratically elected government, the Organization of American States had unanimously adopted the Santiago Declaration committing its member states to the collective defense of democracy; and every nation in the southern Hemisphere except Cuba had a democratically elected government.

At the end of his tenure in July 1993, Aronson received the Distinguished Service Award from Secretary of State Warren Christopher for "singular achievements in forging a bipartisan policy towards Nicaragua and tireless and successful efforts to end the civil war in El Salvador."

In February 2015, Aronson returned to government service when President Barack Obama appointed him U.S. Special Envoy to the Colombian Peace Process.  In that capacity, Aronson made 25 trips to Havana, where peace talks were held, to help the parties negotiate a peace agreement.  On February 4, 2016 President Obama hosted a 15th anniversary celebration of Plan Colombia at the White House.  In his remarks, Obama said, "I especially want to recognize someone who played a vital role in the peace process.  That's our Special Envoy, Bernie Aronson."  In November 2016, Aronson received the Distinguished Service Award from Secretary of State John Kerry, "in recognition of your extraordinary service as Special Envoy to the Colombian Peace Process. Your steadfast determination, resolve, boundless energy, and exceptional negotiating skills were instrumental in brokering peace between the government of Colombia government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) ending the longest running conflict in the western Hemisphere."

Career in business and non-profit

In 1993, following his tenure as Assistant Secretary of State, Aronson joined Goldman Sachs as an International Advisor for Latin America.  In 1996, he co-founded ACON Investments, a mid-market private equity firm that invests in Latin America and the United States.

Aronson was a founding board member of the Center for Global Development; Board Member of the Amazon Conservation Team, the National Democratic Institute, and Freedom House.  He is a Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Inter-American Dialogue, and the American Academy of Diplomacy.  He also served on a variety of corporate boards of both private and public companies, including Global Hyatt; Liz Claiborne; Royal Caribbean International; Lindblad Expeditions; Mariner Energy; Kate Spade.

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1946 births
Goldman Sachs people
Living people
20th-century American Jews
Place of birth missing (living people)
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
University of Chicago alumni
United States Special Envoys
White House Directors of Speechwriting
21st-century American Jews
Members of the Inter-American Dialogue