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Tag Archives: Hiroshima
Making Meaning of the Crime of Nagasaki: American Power and Dehumanization in the Nuclear Age
Posted on August 9, 2022 by Vinay Lal
It is on this day, August 9, seventy-seven years ago, that the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan. Several air-raid alarms had sounded early that morning, but such warnings had by now become routine. The Americans had been firebombing Japanese cities for months, and there was little reason to suspect that this morning would be any different. Two B-29 Superfortresses, as the gigantic bombers were called, had left Tinian air base and arrived at Kokura, the intended target, at 9:50 AM, but the cloud cover was too thick to drop the bomb with any degree of accuracy and the planes departed for the secondary target, Nagasaki. Here, once again, visibility was sharply reduced owing to thick clouds, but then, fortuitously for the animated plane crew, the veil was lifted momentarily—just enough to drop "Fat Boy", as the bomb was nicknamed, at 11:02 AM. Nagasaki had thus far not been laid to waste: a deliberate decision, since the effect of the bomb could not be judged if it were dropped on a city that had already been reduced to rubble. The clouds had parted, and the virginal city was now open to being ravished by "Fat Boy".
Nagasaki, the Morning After: 10 August 1945. Photograph: Yosuke Yamahata.
At the moment of detonation, less than a minute later, something like 40,000 people were killed instantly. Over the next five to six months, another 30,000 died from their injuries; the casualties would continue to mount over the years, some succumbing to their injuries, others to the creeping radiation. At least 100,000 people had died within a few years in consequence of the bombing. Almost ninety percent of the buildings within a 2.5-kilometre radius of the hypocenter, or "ground zero", were entirely destroyed. The following day, August 10, following the expressed wishes of the Emperor, the Japanese government conveyed its surrender to the Allied forces, though the American insistence on an "unconditional surrender" continued to be a stumbling block for several days. It was not until August 15 that Emperor Hirohito, taking to the airwaves to speak to his people directly for the first time, announced Japan's surrender. On September 2nd, the Japanese foreign minister signed the instrument of surrender, and the hostilities of World War II were formally brought to a close.
Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Instrument of Surrender on behalf of the Japanese Government, on board USS Missouri (BB-63), 2 September 1945. Photograph from the Army Signal Corps Collection in the U.S. National Archives.
The atomic bombing of Nagasaki has been, comparatively speaking, little explored and it is similarly less recognized and commemorated than the bombing of Hiroshima three days earlier. It is, of course, the singular misfortune of Hiroshima that it ushered humanity into the nuclear age and catapulted humanity to new and heightened levels of barbarism. "Little Boy", the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima, killed 70,000 people instantly—at the moment of detonation. The city was leveled, utterly ruined, and transformed into a mass graveyard. The graphic photographs that survive tell the same story, but in different idioms. There is the photograph of a young girl who survived initially but whose eyes were hollowed out; she was blinded by the bright light emitted by the explosion. Thousands of people were literally rendered naked: the intense heat and the fireballs stripped them of their clothes, and on one woman's back the kimono's pattern was seared into her flesh. This is one kind of barbarism.
Blinded by the light and by "Little Boy": Hiroshima, 6 August 1945. Photograph: Christer Stromholm.
It is another if related kind of barbarism to adopt the view, in the words of an American military officer at that time, that "the entire population of Japan is a proper military target." Fewer than 250 people who were killed in Hiroshima were soldiers; the targets, in other words, were the elderly, women, and children, Japanese men of fighting age already having left the city to serve in the armed forces or auxiliary services. The hyper-realists have always adhered to the position that, whatever restraints on warfare international law might impose, and whatever the ethical sentiments that soft-headed people may have, war is a brutal business and that at times nothing is forbidden in the pursuit of victory. Historians generally encompass this view under the rubric of "total war".
It is still another kind of barbarism, however, to continue to defend both the atomic bombings years and decades later, as many Americans especially do, on grounds that are at best specious. As late as 2015, seventy years after the bombings and considerable scholarship calling into question the conventional view, a Pew Research Center survey indicated that 56 percent Americans supported the atomic bombings and another 10 percent declared themselves undecided. Many arguments have been advanced in defense of the use of the bomb. Some commentators resort to what I have already described as the argument that, in conditions of "total war", nothing is impermissible. Since such an argument often sounds crass and unforgiving, others prefer to speak of "military necessity". The defense of the bombings often hinges around Japan's obdurate refusal to surrender on the terms that Americans had every right to impose.
However, at rock bottom, there is but one fundamental claim on which the proponents of the bombings rest their case. It is the argument that the atomic bombings saved lives. We can all envision scenarios, so goes the argument, where one preserves lives by taking other lives. Had the bombs not been dropped, the Americans would have had to undertake a land invasion, and the battle of Iowa Jima had shown the Americans that the Japanese would be prepared to defend their country to the last man—and perhaps woman and child. Tens of thousands of American soldiers would have been killed. The somewhat more sensitive adherents of this view, mindful of the fact that Americans are not the only people fully deserving to be viewed as "human", insist on reminding everyone that hundreds of thousands of Japanese civilians would also have been killed. Thus, it is not only American, but also Japanese, lives that were saved when the United States decided to unleash destruction on a scale the like of which had never been seen in history.
President Truman's remarks on August 11 unequivocally suggest that saving Japanese lives was certainly not on his mind—and neither was it on the minds of the military planners or even the scientists charged with bringing to fruition the Manhattan Project: "The only language they [the Japanese] seem to understand is the one we have been using to bombard them. When you have to deal with a beast you have to treat him like a beast. It is most regrettable but nevertheless true." There is but no doubt that the Japanese had been entirely dehumanized. In prosecuting the war against Germany, the United States always made it clear that the Nazis, not ordinary Germans, were the enemy; however, no such distinction was observed in prosecuting the war against Japan. Military planners and most ordinary Americans alike saw themselves as being at war against the Japanese, not just against the Japanese leadership. The savage lampooning of, and racism against, the Japanese is to be found in countless number of cartoons, writings, and official documents, as well as in the expressly pronounced views of people in the highest positions in the American government and society. The Chairman of the US War Manpower Commission, Paul V. McNutt, said that he "favored the extermination of the Japanese in toto", and President Franklin Roosevelt's own son, Elliott, admitted to the Vice President that he supported continuation of the war against Japan "until we have destroyed about half of the civilian population."
A case can be made that the United States, in undertaking the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, committed war crimes, even crimes against humanity, and engaged in state terrorism. Quite reasonably, we may expect that such a view will be aggressively countered, though the argument that the dehumanization of the Japanese—even if precipitated to some extent by Japan's own wartime atrocities, some on a monumental scale—played a role in the bombings seems to be unimpeachably true. Those who seek to defend the bombings appear, moreover, to be unable to comprehend that the nuclear bombs were not simply bigger and far more lethal bombs, and that the bombings were not merely a more aggravated and ferocious form of the strategic bombing carried out first by the Luftwaffe and then the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the U.S. Air Force. The atomic bombings breached a frontier; they constituted a transgression on a cosmic scale, bringing forth in the most terrifying way before humankind the awareness that the will to destroy may yet triumph over the will to live. The sheer indifference to the idea of life, any life, on the planet suggests the deep amorality that underlies the logic of the atomic bombings. In this sense, we may say that the crime of Hiroshima is the primordial crime of our modern age.
Still, is it also possible to argue that the crime of Nagasaki was yet greater than the crime of Hiroshima? Why did the Americans have to drop a second bomb? Why could they not have waited a few more days for Japan to surrender? The defenders of the Nagasaki bombing argue that, since the Japanese had not surrendered immediately after the Hiroshima bombing, it was quite apparent to the Americans that they were determined to keep fighting on. The Japanese may have believed that the United States had only one bomb; some argue that surrender was not an option for the Japanese since the warrior culture was pervasive in their society and "Oriental culture" does not permit such an ignominious ending. On the other side, it has been argued that American military planners had a toy, and what use is a toy if it is not going to be put into play.
As I have argued, and many others have argued this long before me, the atomic bombings were never just intended to induce Japan to surrender. Before the war had even ended, the United States was already preparing for the next war, and that against a mortal enemy—the Soviet Union. Japan, at this time, was an entirely decimated power; it was, indeed, of comparatively little interest to the Americans. If this sounds implausible to some, consider that Lt. Gen. Leslie Groves, the Director of the Manhattan Project, himself confessed that "there was never from about two weeks from the time that I took charge of this Project any illusion on my part but that Russia was our enemy, and the Project was conducted on that basis." It was imperative to convey to Stalin that the United States would not be prepared to allow the Soviet Union to spread the poison of communism around the globe and seek world domination; as Secretary of State James Byrnes remarked, "The demonstration of the bomb might impress Russia with America's military might."
With Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the United States sought to deliver a one-two punch: knock out Japan and put the Soviet Union on notice that the United States was prepared to exercise its Manifest Destiny as the one indispensable country in the world. "Power corrupts," John Dalberg-Acton [Lord Acton] famously pronounced; "absolute power corrupts absolutely".
First published under the same title at abplive.in on 9 August 2022.
Available in a Marathi translation, here.
Available in a Tamil translation, here.
Available in a Telugu translation, here.
Posted in American Society and Culture, Global Politics, Terrorism and Its Politics | Tagged absolute power, atomic bombings, B-29 bomber, Fat Man, Hirohito, Hiroshima, James Byrnes, Japanese surrender, Little Boy, Lord Acton, Lt Gen Leslie Groves, Manhattan Project, Nagasaki, racism, strategic bombing, total war | 2 Replies
*How To Speak of Hiroshima?
The liberal imagination has seldom clubbed Auschwitz and Hiroshima together. Auschwitz was both a labor and extermination camp, and more Jews, Roma, and others deemed "undesirables" were killed at Auschwitz than in any other camp in the Third Reich's vast machinery of death. One of Auschwitz's more remarkable survivors was the Italian Jewish chemist Primo Levi, whose 1947 memoir of his year in hell, If This is a Man, is a gut wrenching description of the arts of living in a place fashioned for death. Auschwitz's gate bore those words which are seared into everyone's memory, "Arbeit Macht Frei" ("work gives freedom").
The entrance to Auschwitz, with the 'welcoming' sign: 'Arbeit Macht Frei', "Work Shall Make You Free"
But the sense of the macabre scarcely stopped there. In one of the many priceless gems which adorn his inimitable book, Levi informs us that at one of the delousing stations appeared this distich: "After the latrine, before eating, wash your hands, do not forget." It must be a certain kind of German fastidiousness which insists that one must go to one's death after one has rendered oneself 'clean'.
Dead Bodies Piled Up at Auschwitz
Auschwitz has become synonymous with unimaginable evil, and the German Jewish philosopher Theodor Adorno, in his equally if differently remarkable book Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life (1951), sought to convey the unspeakable horrors of Nazi annihilationism with the aphorism that 'there can be no poetry after Auschwitz'. Not so curiously, Adorno had nothing to say of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, which took place a little more than six months after the Soviet Red Army liberated Auschwitz. The Western imagination, even at its best, has balked at the notion that Auschwitz and Hiroshima are inextricably linked. Auschwitz has no defenders—barring some Holocaust-deniers—and it provokes no "debate", leave aside the questions that animate the amateurs who devour the smallest tidbits on Auschwitz. Though most commentators in the United States and elsewhere in the West like to pretend otherwise, there isn't much of a "debate" on Hiroshima either. Those who live in the global South at least should not be fooled into thinking that a great many people in the West have been agonizing over the moral choices that faced the United States when it was galvanized into orchestrating the utter destruction of Hiroshima and later Nagasaki. Like much else that has characterized the conduct of colonial powers and liberal democracies, Hiroshima has been digested as what Margaret Thatcher used to call TINA, 'There is No Alternative'.
The inability to view Hiroshima and Auschwitz as bearing a close family resemblance tells us a great deal about the contours of the modern West and its genocidal instincts. The Guardian newspaper has characterized Auschwitz as "the largest mass murder in a single location in human history", and similarly Hiroshima can accurately be described as the largest mass murder in something like an instant over the course of human history. Nearly a million people were butchered at Auschwitz, which was established as a labor camp in May 1940; once the Nazi leadership had issued the call for the 'Final Solution', Auschwitz II was rolling in business as an extermination site. "Little Boy", the bomb carried by the "Enola Gray", named by the pilot Colonel Paul Tibbets after his mother, no doubt in glorious celebration of the universal injunction to 'honor thy mother', killed around 50,000 people on contact or very shortly thereafter.
Zykon B Gas Canister
Zyklon B, the agent of death at Auschwitz, was first tried out on insects; the poisonous gas was then used on the Roma before it was deployed to kill Jews en masse. The German literature of the period is rife with the invocation to kill Jews, the Roma, and the mentally unsound as those who were encroaching upon the living space of the superior race. Yet the idea that vermin had to be stamped out was far from being distinctly German; indeed, eugenics, or the notion that the human race could be improved by weeding out undesirables, had its greatest advocates in the United States. The Japanese were but "a nameless mass of vermin" and the "yellow dogs" were a drag on the human race.
Canisters of Zyklon B, used extensively at Auschwitz.
The historian John Dower was, if anything, understating the gravity of the problem when, in his study War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (1986), he suggested of American officials and strategists that their "stereotyped and often blatantly racist thinking contributed to poor military intelligence and planning, atrocious behavior, and the adoption of exterminationist policies."
Harry Truman, whose life is a testament to mediocrity triumphant, was charged with the onerous responsibility for framing the public discourse on the military use of the atom. While aboard the cruiser Augusta, he was brought news of Hiroshima. The obscene happiness with which he received news of the Enola Gray's successful mission is signified by his words, "This is the greatest thing in history." The White House press release in Truman's name on August 6th, the first official announcement of the bombing of Hiroshima, again celebrated the work of the scientists, headed by the Sanskrit aficionado Robert Oppenheimer, as "the greatest achievement of organized science in history." It was accompanied by a warning to Japanese leaders that if they did not accept "our terms they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth." On land and air, Hitler had similarly declaimed, Germany would unleash the full force of its mighty military machine on its foes. At least one senior American military official, Major-General Raymond Hufft, recognized that had Germany or Japan won the war, it would have been the Americans and the British who would have been put on trial for war crimes. We may need many more such insights before we learn to speak, in a political and moral vein, of Hiroshima.
Nuclear Destruction: Hiroshima after the Bomb
Posted in American Society and Culture, Global Politics, Resistance and Dissent, The Politics of Culture | Tagged "Enola Gray", 'Little Boy', Arbeit Macht Frei, Auschwitz, Hiroshima, If I Were a Man, John Dower, Major-General Raymond Hufft, Minima Moralia, people as vermin, Primo Levi, Robert Oppenheimer, Theodor Adorno, TINA, yellow race, Zyklon B | 22 Replies
*Hiroshima and American Exceptionalism
Seventy years after the United States waged what to this day remains the only instance of nuclear warfare in history, Americans persist in subscribing to the view that the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, whatever the moral perils of such an undertaking, were justified by exceptional circumstances. It is taken as an unimpeachable fact that the nuclear attacks on the two Japanese cities saved lives: on this argument, the invasion of Japan would have energized its fanatic residents to a renewed defense of their country, and the war might have stretched out for several more months and even longer. The proponents of this view have advanced an apparently noble kind of moral calculus, whereby the atomic bombings not only saved American lives but the lives of their very antagonists, since a long protracted war would have decimated what remained of young Japanese men. If this argument be stretched a bit further, the United States was animated not merely by the desire to preserve the lives of its own youth but by the reverence for all human lives. Furthermore, Japan's unconditional surrender, which the United States had insisted upon as the condition for bringing hostilities to an end, is described by those who justify the bombing as having been wholly precipitated by the picture of utter devastation unleashed upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki. An obdurate country, slavishly holding itself in subjection to the writ of the Emperor, had left no other recourse.
Hiroshima before the Bombing
It is also characteristic of the United States that, on every anniversary of the bombing, a supposed "debate" is thought to take place among Americans vigorously arguing in support of, or in opposition to, the atomic bombings. Certainly, some arguments resonate more strongly now than they did in 1945 or in the years immediately thereafter. The end of the war had brought forth a new adversary in the Soviet Union, one reason among others why German war criminals tried at Nuremberg were, barring the first set of some twenty odd Nazis who had occupied the highest positions in the Third Reich, handed down insignificant prison terms when they were not simply acquitted. If a demonstration had to be furnished to Stalin of the immense and unmatched military prowess of the United States, nothing was calculated to achieve that effect as much as a new super-bomb which was immeasurably greater than anything witnessed thus far.
Hiroshima after the Bombing: photograph taken from the Red Cross Hospital, about 1 mile from the site of the bomb blast
If the war-time rape of enemy women is merely the way in which rapists convey messages to enemy men, the nuked cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, by this reckoning, were intended to show to an emergent world power under the dictatorship of Stalin the probable consequences of embracing the enmity of the United States. Furthermore, now that "multiculturalism" and "diversity" have become enshrined as the very armor of a liberal democracy, there is greater willingness to acknowledge that the atomic bombings were, in good measure, prompted by a vicious racism that made it all too easy to dismiss the Japanese people as vermin who merited nothing but complete annihilation. The chairman of the US War Manpower Commission, Paul V. McNutt, spoke for many people when he publicly declared that he "favored the extermination of the Japanese in toto." Elliott Roosevelt, the president's son, admitted to Vice President Henry Wallace that he supported the continuation of the war against Japan "until we have destroyed about half of the civilian population." These views were by no means atypical.
The Morning of the Holocaust: Two Victims with Severe Body Burns
What is astonishing, however, is the indisputable fact that even the enlarged parameters of the liberal critique of the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki still do not permit the probing of more fundamental questions and a robust critique of the entire course of American history. Two considerations, but there are many more, might be brought to the fore. Why, for instance, did American planners target Hiroshima, a city of comparatively moderate military significance? American scientists, military strategists, and politicians were keen to assess the impact that a nuclear bomb might have on its target. In the months preceding the nuclear attacks, dozens of Japanese cities and towns had been firebombed. Large portions of major Japanese cities, including Tokyo, had already been reduced to ashes. A nuclear bomb thrown on Tokyo would have been "wasted" and it would have been difficult to measure its impact. Hiroshima had yet to be ravished; it was virgin territory: never mind that most of the casualties were bound to be civilians. Or consider Roosevelt's speech describing December 7, 1941, when the Japanese initiated war with a lightning attack on Pearl Harbor, as "a date which will live in infamy." Most people have naturally supposed that Roosevelt was lamenting the treachery of Japan and its declaration of hostilities against a peace-loving nation. But tacitly what Roosevelt, and millions of Americans, had in mind was another kind of infamy, the supposition that the United States uniquely reserves the privilege to unilaterally bomb other countries, and that any nation which dares breach Fortress America must contemplate its own doom and destruction.
This was truly "Little Boy": years later, with the advent of the hydrogen boy, "Little Boy" would have been the dinosaur of the new atomic age.
The narrative of American exceptionalism, as is well known, has enjoyed remarkable longevity, and every American president has subscribed to it, not excepting the quasi-African American Barack Obama who is frequently on record as having pronounced America as the world's one indispensable nation and the greatest force for good in the world. Let us suppose that we affirm this narrative, so long as it perfectly well understood that the United States singularly retains the sinister distinction of having carried out an attack of nuclear terrorism—not once, which would be shameful enough, though it is doubtful that the word "shame" is any more part of the lexicon of American society, but twice. There is scarcely a nation-state whose conduct might be described as irreproachable, and there are a great many countries where scandalously the better part of too many people's lives is squandered in securing a mere two meals for the day. We can easily recognize that America has been a land of opportunity for many; nevertheless, in the intellectual laziness and moral stupor which characterize the conduct of most Americans, evidenced in their steadfast refusal to question the role of their country in precipitating one of the greatest moral and spiritual crisis to have afflicted humanity with the atomic bombings of Japan, America remains qui.te exceptional.
[Published as "Superpower's Superbomb", Indian Express, 8 August 2015.]
Posted in American Society and Culture, Global Politics, Terrorism and Its Politics | Tagged American exceptionalism, atomic bombings, Day of Infamy, Elliott Roosevelt, firebombing of Tokyo, Henry Wallace, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, nuclear terrorism, Paul V. McNutt | 22 Replies
*The Vanquisher and the Vanquished: Nagasaki and Two Uncommon Lives
Posted on August 29, 2010 by Vinay Lal
Nagasaki After the Bombing --- Image by © Bettmann/CORBIS
Charles Albury, posing with a picture of the B-29 bomber & its crew
Tsutomu Yamaguchi, survivor of the Hiroshima & Nagasaki bombings
Tsutomu Yamaguchi and Charles Donald Albury died within months of each other. The former lived to the ripe old age of 93, and passed away in January this year; the latter died in May last year, at the age of 88. I was reminded of Yamaguchi this month, as the bells tolled, as they do every August 6th and 9th, in remembrance of the dead at Hiroshima and Nagasaki; and when, poring through my files, the obituary of Albury came to my notice, I knew at once that their stories had to be told together. There is no other way to tell their stories, even if their lives, and obituaries, have never been linked together.
Yamaguchi and Albury never knew each other; neither was known very much to the outside world, even if their names are, or will be, indelibly sketched in history books in unlikely ways. They ought to have known each other, all the more so since Charles Albury was dispatched to kill not Tsutomu Yamaguchi but the likes of him. We cannot characterize Yamaguchi's killing as a targeted assassination; some will even balk at calling it a killing, considering that Yamaguchi survived the attempt to eliminate him by close to sixty-five years and, more poignantly, outlived Albury. Indeed, Albury would never have known of Yamaguchi's existence when he was sent on his mission, and I doubt very much that he knew of him at all before he died. If Albury did know of Yamaguchi, he seems never to have betrayed that knowledge or acted upon it in any way.
No bookie could have placed bets on Yamaguchi's chances of survival and walked away with a booty. After hearing Yamaguchi's story, one might be a thorough non-believer and still believe in miracles. And, then, as if Yamaguchi's life doesn't already stand forth as eloquent testimony to the cliched observation that 'fact is stranger than fiction', one is even more surprised to find the lives of Yamaguchi and Albury linked in the strangest ways. Even the gifts of a supreme artist are likely to be inadequate to describe their association.
Yamaguchi was a 29-year-old engineer at the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries when, in the summer of 1945, his boss sent him to Hiroshima on a business trip. His work wound up in early August and he was preparing to leave the city on August 7th, but before he could do so the bomber Enola Gay dropped 'Little Boy' on Hiroshima and flattened the city, killing 80,000 people. Yamaguchi survived the bombing: he was a little less than two miles away from 'ground zero' when the bomb exploded, and he escaped with ruptured eardrums, burns on his upper torso, and utter incomprehension at what had transpired. High up in the sky, Charles Albury, a first lieutenant in the United States Air Force, was in the support plane behind Enola Gay: as Colonel Paul Tibbets released the bomb, Albury dropped the instruments designed to measure the magnitude of the blast and the levels of radioactivity.
From an altitude of over 30,000 feet, Albury would not have noticed the Japanese engineer. Yamaguchi could not have appeared as anything more than an ant from that immense height; at any rate, it is reasonable to suppose that the training of those charged with an extraordinary indeed unprecedented mission would have stressed on the necessity of shelving aside the slightest sentiment about feeling something for the hated enemy. Albury did, however, have the presence of mind to notice that he was a witness to a spectacular sight: as he told Time magazine a few years ago, he dropped his instruments and "then this bright light hit us and the top of that mushroom cloud was the most terrifying but also the most beautiful thing you've ever seen in your life. Every color in the rainbow seemed to be coming out of it." Robert Oppenheimer made a similar observation when the bomb was first tested in New Mexico: a more scholarly man than Albury, with some inclination for such esoteric things as the Sanskrit classics, he noted that he was reminded of verses from the Bhagavad Gita when he saw the stupendous explosion – the splendor of which, akin to the "radiance of a thousand suns" bursting into the sky "at once", turned his mind towards Vishnu. "Now I am become Death, the Destroyer of Worlds", says Krishna (the incarnation of Vishnu) to Arjuna. There is no reason to suppose that Yamaguchi, or any of the other victims of the atomic bombings, experienced anything resembling the beauty of a thousand suns or the most dazzling rainbows.
Unlike other survivors of the first atomic bombing, Yamaguchi had no reason to stay on in Hiroshima; he didn't have to hunt for survivors among family or friends. So Yamaguchi headed home – to Nagasaki. On the morning of the 9th, still nursing his wounds, Yamaguchi nevertheless reported to work. When his boss sought an explanation for his dressings and unseemly appearance, Yamaguchi began to describe the explosion and insisted that a single bomb had wiped out Hiroshima and much of its population. You must be mad and gravely disoriented, said his boss: a single bomb cannot cause such havoc and destruction. At that precise moment, Charles Albury, co-pilot of the mission over Nagasaki, dropped the second atomic bomb, nicknamed 'Fat Man', over the city that had in the 19th century been Japan's gateway to the West. Eighty thousand people would perish from the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, half of them instantly. Yamaguchi would become, one might say, thrice born; he survived the blast. "I could have died on either of those days", he told a Japanese newspaper only months before he died in January 2010. "Everything that follows is a bonus." A new word, hibakusha, the explosion-affected people, was coined in Japanese to describe the survivors of either atomic bombing; and yet another phrase describes the "twice-bombed" survivors, known in Japanese as nijyuu hibakusha. Yamaguchi was the only officially acknowledged nijyuu hibakusha, otherwise believed to number around 165. I don't believe that there is a vocabulary in any language that can describe what Yamaguchi might have gone through.
Yamaguchi's wife died from kidney and liver cancer in 2008. His daughter describes her mother as having been "soaked in black rain" from the bomb. Her brother, born in February 1945, was exposed to radiation, and would fall a victim to cancer at the age of 59. Yamaguchi himself struggled with various illnesses but held on to life with tenacity and philosophical composure, displaying an equanimity that might explain the energy he displayed, at the age of over 90, in finishing 88 drawings of the images of the Buddha, representing the same number of temples – or stations – encountered on a religious pilgrimage around Shikoku. Later in life, after his son passed away, Yamaguchi became an ardent critic of the nuclear race, and he denounced the obscenity of possession of nuclear weapons.
Meanwhile, his mission accomplished, Charles Albury returned to the US, became a pilot with Eastern Airlines, and settled down in Florida. He would say, when questioned, that he felt no remorse: the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki had, he argued, saved hundreds of thousands of lives, Japanese and American, lives that would have been needlessly sacrificed had the US commenced a land invasion. We need not be detained by the fact that this argument is now largely discredited, certainly keenly contested; nor need we ask why a second bomb had to dropped at all, when the Japanese high command had been thrown into utter confusion after the destruction of Hiroshima. In 1982, while being interviewed for the Miami Herald, Albury stated that he opposed war but would drop the bomb again if the US were under attack. We know what such 'opposition' to war means. "My husband was a hero", Albury's wife of 65 years told the Miami Herald after his death, adding: "He saved one million people . . . He sure did do a lot of praying." Since Charles Albury felt no reason to be contrite, one wonders why he prayed; and, if he prayed, whether he prayed that he might become a better Christian, or that the souls of the Japanese might be saved. Still, since prayer is a reclusive matter, a form of communication between the worshipper and the Divine, one should allow Charles Albury the privacy of his religious beliefs and practices.
The Americans vanquished the Japanese. So goes the story. However, pondering over the twisted tale of Tsutomu Yamaguchi and Charles Albury, I believe one can never be certain who is the vanquisher and who the vanquished. All too often the vanquished have given birth to the vanquisher. There are many possible readings, but when one places the stories of Yamaguchi and Albury in juxtaposition, it is quite transparent who represents the nobler conception of human dignity. The ontology of the vanquished, as the life of Yamaguchi shows, always has room for the vanquisher; the same cannot be said for the vanquisher. In this respect, at least, we might say that the vanquisher is always a lesser person than the vanquished. I would like to believe that Yamaguchi crossed over to the other side with an ample awareness of this fundamental truth.
Posted in American Society and Culture, The Politics of Culture | Tagged "twice-bombed" people, 'Fat Man', 'Little Boy', atomic bombings, Bhagavad Gita, Charles Donald Albury, Enola Gay, hibakusha, Hiroshima, miracle of Tstutomu Yamaguchi's life, Nagasaki, nijyuu hibakusha, ontology of the oppressed, ontology of the vanquisher, Robert Oppenheimer, terrible beauty of nuclear explosion, Tsutomu Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi's family | 2 Replies
*The Mosque at 'Hallowed' Ground, Part II: Some Notes on the Politics of Place & Name
One of the most notable elements in the public discourse on the proposed Islamic Center in lower Manhattan, which is conceived as a multistory building of which the mosque will constitute one part, is the extraordinary and troublesome ease with which it came to be characterized as the "Ground Zero Mosque". The association of 'mosque' with 'ground zero' informs all arguments emanating from those who have voiced their opposition to this project, just as it becomes the pretext for rendering this 'Ground Zero' as "hallowed" ground. Some supporters of the project, and even those who might profess indifference to the entire controversy, have observed quite rightly that the Islamic center and mosque is in fact two city blocks away from 'Ground Zero'. But such an argument presupposes that opponents of the proposed Islamic Center are interested in, and willing to be persuaded by, facts. If one were interested in facts, one could point to many more that are pertinent to this discussion: at least two churches – St. Paul's Chapel, which dates to 1766, and the Church of St. Peter, in what is described as "New York's oldest parish" — exist in closer proximity to 'Ground Zero' than the proposed mosque. The supposition that adherents of Islam wish to claim 'Ground Zero' solely for their own faith is nothing short of preposterous. But none of this is very germane, since such controversies are never at all about 'facts'.
If the numerical table begins with zero, let us likewise also commence with 'ground zero' and the implications of rendering this as 'hallowed ground'. The term 'ground zero' is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "that part of the ground situated immediately under an exploding bomb, esp. an atomic one." The OED has traced the first occurrence of the phrase to an article appearing in the New York Times on 7 July 1946 (p. E10), wherein it was stated, apropos of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, that "the intense heat of the blast started fires as far as 3,500 feet from ground zero"; as a further illustration of how the phrase has been deployed, it points to the September 1955 of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists: "There was no noticeable contamination even at ground zero at Hiroshima." We can see that the OED's stress on "esp[ecially] an atomic" bomb, to describe the impact on the ground situated directly underneath an exploding bomb, is not misplaced. Now, within hours of the attack upon the Twin Towers, the phrase 'ground zero' began to be used by American reporters: the intent, it is reasonable to infer, was to suggest that that the destruction of the World Trade Center (and a portion of the Pentagon) was America's Hiroshima (and Nagasaki).
It is precisely this sleight of hand, this tacit attempt to draw a parallelism between the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on the one hand, and the terrorist attacks upon some of the most iconic structures of the American landscape, that must be decisively repudiated – and, at the same time, affirmed for very different reasons than those which are summoned by those who speak of the 'Ground Zero Mosque'. The parallelism is gravely suspect, and not merely for the reason, if at all that is a reason, considering that the loss of one innocent life is too excessive a loss, that the 3,000 odd victims of the September 11 bombings are a much smaller number than the more than 200,000 dead from the atomic bombings: more importantly, unlike the attacks of the September 11 suicide bombers, the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were authorized by the President of the United States. The wanton destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was an act of state; the same cannot be said of the September 11 attacks. If, further, we are to identify the suicide bombers of September 11 as Muslims, as everyone has so effortlessly done so, even if it might be with the implicit encouragement of the terrorists themselves, should we not also identify Truman and the members of his war cabinet as Christians? And, so, let us concede that the attacks of September 11 also call to mind the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: if the atomic bombs forever altered warfare, ushering in an altogether different register of the mind at war and bringing forth a new conception of terror, we might well say that the September 11 attacks have similarly necessitated a radical rethinking of the conditions under which war might be waged. Let those who seek to sanctify 'Ground Zero' also understand that the terrorism of the atomic bombings is the underpinning of all modern forms of terror.
Even as the controversy over the 'Ground Zero Mosque' continues, many Americans have begun to describe 'Ground Zero', where the Twin Towers stood and then collapsed, as "hallowed ground". Obama himself sanctified this usage when, in the White House iftar dinner last week, he declared: "I understand the emotions that this issue engenders. Ground zero is, indeed, hallowed ground." Some Americans, at least, will at once recognize the hallowed provenance of "hallowed", as it calls to mind the address, "short, short, short" (in the author's words), delivered by Lincoln at the battlefield of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on 19 November 1863. The north and the south were in the grip of "a great civil war", proclaimed Lincoln, "testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure." Let us leave aside, so that we can get to the notion of "hallowed ground", the obvious temptation to probe whether some American commentators are not convinced that the United States today is similarly faced with a test of endurance: if the likes of the grunting troglodytes on the right are to be believed, America's future is jeopardized both by enemies from within (so-called liberals and leftists, whatever these anodyne terms mean in the US) and from without (Muslims). Here is what Lincoln was moved to say: "We are met here on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate – we cannot consecrate – we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled, here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract."
Thus, to render Ground Zero as "hallowed ground" is at once to lay claim to the legacy of Lincoln, the most hallowed figure in American history, and to render the space of Ground Zero as 'sacred'. Lincoln significantly abjures the idea that the ground can be rendered hallow: "But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate – we cannot consecrate – we cannot hallow this ground." It is human sacrifice that consecrates a ground as sacred, and what is sacred is a form of being rather than a form of becoming. For the present purposes, though, it suffices to note that the opponents of the proposed Islamic Center are firmly attached to the idea that 'Ground Zero' is sacred space and that the construction of the mosque would desacralize this space. If it is sacred, then it is sacred for a religion, or – as is the case with some religious sites or cities, such as Jerusalem — sacred for several (but not all) religions. Yet, what makes 'Ground Zero' sui generis as a sacred site, if at all it is sacred in the same way that Gettysburg is hallowed ground, is that the adherents of perhaps all the faiths — and certainly Muslims — were present in the Twin Towers, and we know as well that more Muslims have paid for those bombings than the practitioners of any other faith. Those who would deny Muslims an Islamic Center on 'Ground Zero', on the grounds that it is sacred space, have thus arrived at a conception of the sacred that has no room for the Muslim at all. That opens further the doors of the Islamophobia that has already crept upon the United States.
See also Part I, The Controversy and the Meaning of 'America'
Part III (forthcoming): Islamophobia and the new Anti-Semitism in the US
Posted in American Society and Culture, Global Politics, The Politics of Culture | Tagged atomic bombings and Twin Towers bombings compared, desacralization, Gettysburg Address, Gettysburg as hallowed ground, Ground Zero Mosque, hallowed ground, Hiroshima, Lincoln, meaning of 'ground zero', meaning of sacred space, Nagasaki, Obama and hallowed ground, sacred space | 5 Replies


Granny/bachelor flat to rent in Manor Heights Despatch Open plan room with build in cupboards. kitchen with build in cupboards Modern bathroom with shower. Private entrance. Water & lights included.
A lovely 2 bedroom flat available for rent. The price is negotiable. Occupation date: 01 May 2017 It's situated in a secure area, just behind DCC dome, Mayville -Durban. Close to town and other amenities. Limited parking.
1 Bed Garden Flat, Waterkloof Ridge Estate.
3 Bedroom House with Spacious GARDEN in Groblerpark TO RENT!
House with Garden cottage to rent in quiet street. walking distance to both shops and school. secure property with alarm system and electric fence. includes secure parking for 4 cars. dstv satalight installed.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Jobs in Geneva, Zurich or (more specifically), Pfäffikon, have always had a certain appeal. Like a Bogner ski jacket, they are both functional and stylish. You can both live well, and earn well, far from the smuts of London and New York City.
As of last week, you can now earn even more in Switzerland. Or at least you can earn even more in Switzerland if you're earning in Swiss francs in order to spend in euros or pounds, which might well be the case if you have children at school in the UK, or are one of the thousands of people living in France and working in Geneva.
So, which Swiss finance jobs should you go for? In its new salary survey for 2014-2015, recruitment firm Robert Walters says it's the middle-office Swiss finance jobs that are experiencing all the hiring action: "Specialists in regulation, risk calculation and analysis were the most sought after within the sector," they reflect. Front office hiring in Switzerland is reportedly "minimal" by comparison.
Front-office hiring in Switzerland may stay minimal. As the Financial Times points out, the strong Swiss franc is bad news for hedge funds like Brevan Howard or BlueCrest, which have offices in Switzerland but fee-paying investors elsewhere in Europe. If the franc stays strong, these hedge funds may yet be forced to repatriate some of their portfolio management and analyst jobs to London.
This eventuality could have a knock-on effect for middle-office jobs in Switzerland. For the moment, however, Swiss compliance and risk management jobs are the place to be. You can earn a fortune. Particularly in the roles below. Please note these figures are for salary alone. They all apply to candidates with seven to 12 years' experience and are derived from jobs in Zurich.
The euro is currently close to parity with the Swiss franc, making the jobs below anything from 50% to 100% more lucrative than they are in Paris right now.
Banking interview questions: What are the implications of the soaring Swiss franc?


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Agatha Christie Then There Were None Movie
Murder mystery And Then There Were None has been named the world's favourite Agatha Christie novel in a poll. The 1939 thriller received 21% of the votes, with Murder on the Orient Express and The.
The third of many film and TV adaptations of the popular Agatha Christie novel And Then There Were None (Ten Little Indians is the title of the American edition, the hit play, and most of the.
EXCLUSIVE: 20th Century Fox has acquired the feature rights to Agatha Christie's classic mystery novel And Then There Were None, and the studio has set The Imitation Game's Morten Tyldum to direct.
Like other the recent Agatha Christie adaptation And Then There Were None, The ABC Murders (based on the novel of the same name) collects a great cast for a slow, hauntingly dramatic tale that misses.
Aug 17, 2015 · The Queen of Suspense! Dame Agatha Christie is the best selling novelist of all time, according to The Guinness Book of World Records. She has sold roughly 2 billions copies of her work, and her estate claims her works come in 3rd for most-widely published books, behind only the works of William Shakespeare and The Bible.
Considered by many to be Christie's magnum opus, And Then There Were None has sold over 100 million copies worldwide. "I always think that most Agatha Christie murderers have done things against.
Plot. Eight people, all total strangers to each other, are invited to a small, isolated island off the coast of Devon, England, by a Mr. and Mrs. Owen. Ferried over by a sailor called Narracott, they settle in at a mansion tended by two newly hired servants, Thomas and Ethel Rogers, but their hosts are absent.When the guests sit down to dinner, they notice the centerpiece, ten figurines of.
Agatha Christie is one of the most successful mystery novelists in history, and now another of her novels will get the big screen treatment again. The Imitation Game director, Morten Tyldum to helm.
Reading Group Guide. Teacher's Guide "One of the most ingenious thrillers in many a day."– Time To the Teacher Among the most famous and widely praised mystery novels ever written, And Then There Were None is as suspenseful today as it was when it first appeared sixty years ago. Agatha Christie produced scores of books during her long career, and this brisk, unique, and intriguing.
Sarah Phelps will take on another Agatha Christie adaptation following. the writer revealed that she had always intended to bring five of Christie's books to TV: "When I was working on And Then.
Agatha Christie's mystery novel "And Then There Were None," named after the last line of a popular British nursery rhyme, begins with eight people en route to an island, each invited for different.
Nov 25, 2017 · With over 2 billion copies of her books in print, British novelist Agatha Christie (1890-1976) has kept countless readers up into the early morning hours. Occasionally, the mystery surrounding her.
Open auditions for Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None are Aug. 14 and 16. Callbacks will be Aug. 17 by invitation only. Audition appointments can be made at.
And Then There Were None – Kindle edition by Agatha Christie. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading And Then There Were None.
LONDON/LOS ANGELES, CA (July 13, 2015) – BBC One and Lifetime have partnered on a miniseries based on Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None, one of the best-selling. nonfiction series and.
I really liked this game. it had interesting characters, good voice acting and a good psychological mystery to it. I have a soft spot for a game with a group of characters isolated and one of them.
Fictional World of Agatha Christie. In the fictional world of Christie, there are historical figures and events included in her books. There are many fictitious towns of.
Rare Used Christian Books PanARMENIAN.Net – On April 16-17, Christie's New York will unveil a rare and splendid example of Renaissance Judaica, an illuminated manuscript Mahzor that will be included in the May 11, 2012 Books. John Bull Music Hall The second is of seemingly intractable novels – James Joyce's Ulysses, William Burroughs's The Naked Lunch, John Fowles's The
Next to "And Then There Were None", this is my favorite Agatha Christie thriller. This one was first published way back in 1937, and it has everything you would expect from the mistress of suspense: An ingenious plot, way-out but still believable characters and a setting that is as thrilling and adventurous as the exotic land of Egypt itself.
(The story has appeared on both the big and small screens before: as an Oscar-nominated movie by Billy Wilder. chief executive officer of Agatha Christie Limited, said: "What Sarah Phelps brought.
War And Peace Constance Garnett If you visit our website hoping to find by Constance Garnett, Leo Tolstoy War And Peace (Barnes & Noble Classics), we are happy to tell you that it is available in all the formats. Our database of ebooks is constantly updated with new works of world literature, so if you need to find some rare
Agatha Christie's spare-no-suspense plot keeps mystery buffs on the edge of their seats! "And Then There Were None" is the story of ten strangers invited to a deserted island for what they think they.
Agatha's Life. The world's foremost mystery writer of all time, Agatha Christie's books have been translated in over 40 languages and sold over two billion copies.
And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie, her best selling novel and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write. It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939, as Ten Little Niggers, after the minstrel song, which serves as a major plot point. The US edition was released in January 1940.
Self Help Books Worth Reading Language-Rich Classroom. by Pérsida Himmele and William Himmele. Table of Contents. Chapter 3. C = Content Reading Strategies. In CHATS, the C stands for content reading strategies, because it is within the content reading that students will experience much of their frustration and where gaps in comprehension of academic language are most noticeable. The C
the most widely read mystery of all time. now a major motion picture from twentieth century fox. directed by kenneth branagh. releasing november 10, 2017
"I've read almost everything Agatha Christie wrote and I like. If you watch the movie 'Clue,' you see the direct ties to Christie's play. 'And Then There Were None' is the play that got the whole.
Agatha Christie's characters. 2015 will be the 125th anniversary of Christie's birth and other Christie programs are slated to air on the BBC, including a new TV adaptation of her novel "And Then.
John Bull Music Hall The second is of seemingly intractable novels – James Joyce's Ulysses, William Burroughs's The Naked Lunch, John Fowles's The French Lieutenant's Woman – that serious artists take on as challenges. A. While it wouldn't be fair to his starring roles in The Untouchables and No Way Out, or his riveting portrayal of "Frat Boy #1"
The British screenwriter Sarah Phelps has been taking liberties with Agatha. Christie's plots and reshaping her sensibility in a lurid and ominous fashion that, combined with top-flight casts,
Agatha Christie's AND THEN THERE WERE NONE is the best-selling crime novel of all time, with 100 million copies sold worldwide. Now for the first time, her play of the same title has been expanded.
Agatha Christie's mystery novel And Then There Were None has been acquired by Fox, with Imitation Game helmer Morten Tyldum attached to direct. Christie's novel, first published in November 1939,
Length Of Lion King Stage Show
Ancient Crime And Punishment

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Q: Sorry, but something went wrong. Please contact the seller. Issue : when checkout with credit card (Authorized.net) - Magento-2.1.2 I am using Magento ver. 2.1.2. Some of our customer complain that they can't checkout with Credit Card (Authorize.net). A sorry message "sorry but something went wrong" showing when checkout. We have checked the issue also found the problem using credit card (testing mode).
But when I check in admin, order was placed as Pending status.

I have contacted with the theme (Porto) support section, but they replied that "payment method integration is core functionality of Magento default, not theme related". So, they are are unable to help about this issue.
Can you please help me resolve the issue.
Regards,

A: I've also experienced the same issue in Magento ver 2.1.2 Opensource. It was due to payment transaction is to long and exceeded the timeout which is 30sec. In my case I've increased the timeout time to 60sec in
Magento\Payment\Model\IframeConfigProvider::TIMEOUT_TIME

A: This error generally comes when server connection timeout of api has been expired. For authorize.net it is 45 second. you can check it from here:
Magento\Authorizenet\Model\TransactionService CONNECTION_TIMEOUT
there are two option for solve this problem you can check by increase your timeout or check with your authorize.net team.

A: Following solution worked for me.
I have upgraded the module by php bin/magento setup:upgrade
Also, make sure the api urls should be following
Gateway URL  https://secure.authorize.net/gateway/transact.dll ,
Transaction Details URL https://api2.authorize.net/xml/v1/request.api

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Famed cricket presenter and T20 Mumbai commentator, Gautam Bhimani gets candid about the league.
T20 has picked up pace and has been spreading far and wide over the last decade or so, and the quick nature of the format has been conducive to attracting more eyeballs than ever before with the way it is packaged. Renowned cricket presenter and commentator, Gautam Bhimani was a part of the commentary box during T20 Mumbai, and he speaks of how the league fits in the current scheme of things on the cricketing platform.
What sets T20 Mumbai apart from the other local leagues in the country?
I think the first thing is that Mumbai is really seen to be the home of cricket. For many people, it is a nursery from which many cricketers have come out of. I think the city itself was incomplete without a league, so now that it is there. All I can say is that it completes the picture.
Where do you see T20 Mumbai five years down the line?
I think this is just the beginning, and it is only going to grow exponentially, because of the very fact that you have so many Mumbai cricketers. I think it is only going to get bigger with more franchise interest. With the short span of time this has been put together, we can already see its success with people coming to watch it, live telecast, quality of cricket, etc. I think you might even see the format changing to incorporate players from other parts of the country, and maybe even international players.
Will T20 Mumbai help players in their Indian Premier League and National Team ambitions?
T20 Mumbai is definitely a precursor to the IPL. If you get noticed here in T20 Mumbai, you can get picked for an IPL side and go even further to take that next step. It's the perfect platform here. You already have many players in the league who have played in IPL, and have played for India, and for those who haven't, what better place is there than this?
What do you feel about T20 as a format growing exponentially all over the world?
I was just recently talking about T20 as a format to someone who was a complete newcomer to the game – doesn't follow Test cricket, doesn't follow ODI cricket, and has grown up on a diet of T20. The fact is that if someone can be introduced to the game with just this diet, which is packaged, short, and entertaining - then it replaces going to the movies and is on par with other sports that are quicker. In this day and age, people's attention spans are less, so T20 is really the future. If anything, it's ODI cricket that will have to reinvent itself, and Test is a sort of different genre altogether. But T20 is packaged entertainment, the way the modern generation likes it.


Located a short distance from Fethiye is a stunning bay with crystal clear waters and abundant sea life. Tarzan bay is commonly visited on 12-island Day Cruises from Fethiye but multi day Blue Cruises also stop here to enjoy swimming and snorkeling. You could also explore the bay in a open top canoe or just relax on the beach watching as people launch themselves from the rocks and into the sea.
This particular bay is known as a superb spot for diving, the dive site is 25 meters deep with good entrances and exits making it suitable for beginners as well as experienced divers. Entering the bay you can swim down into 5 meters of crystal-like water. Below the sea you can find Greek and Roman Amphora's which, for unknown reasons, never arrived at there destinations. Instead they have remained on the sea bed for thousands of years and small fish have made their homes inside the ancient jugs. Tarzan bay is also home to a wide variety sea life including giant groupers, eels, octopuses and countless species of colourful fish.
Other popular dive sites around Fethiye include: Samanlik Bay, Cleopatra's Bath and Red Island.
The biggest attraction of this bay is a lone tree which stands on the rocks with a rope swing attached to one of its branches. This famous tree is rightfully known as Tarzan's Tree and brave individuals line up to unleash their inner Tarzan; swinging from the rope, over rocks and into the cool turquoise water.


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The Eiffel Tower is the biggest attraction in Paris with over 300 million tourists having visited the iconic tower. It is considered one of the most beautiful monuments in the whole world. It is called the La Tour Eiffel in French and is a dominating figure in the skyline of Paris. It was built in the year 1889 and is 986 ft tall. It is considered as an engineering marvel due to its massive height and also the time and age in which it was built. In this article we will look at some of the facts related to the Eiffel Tower which makes it so special.
It was not meant to be a permanent structure: The Eiffel Tower was unveiled at the World Fair in 1889 and was a sign of the prowess of the Engineers who built it. It was fitted with antennas and radio transmitters at the top and was only meant to be in use for 20 years, after which it would be demolished. Later on it was thought that the Tower was way to precious and useful to be demolished and was kept intact.
It contains a secret apartment at the top: At the time of designing the Tower, Gustave Eiffel decided to make an apartment for himself at the top of the Eiffel Tower. He used it for entertaining guests over there and also used it as his private space. It is now accessible for the public.
Hitler wanted the Tower to be destroyed: At the time of the second world war, France and Germany were engaged in a bitter tussle. When Germany occupied France, and they were about to lose control of the city to the Allied Forces, Hitler had ordered his soldiers to destroy the tower but this was not implemented as the Military Governor couldn't follow the command.
It is the most visited paid tourist attraction in the world: The Eiffel Tower enjoys the popularity of the tourists as it garners over 6 million tourists every year which is the highest as compared to others and tops the list of the most visited paid tourist attraction.
#EiffelTower#facts#ParisFranceLa Tour Eiffelmonumentstourist. beautiful placesworld tour
Know Few Things About The Increase In Credit Card Fraud


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New Renault 4 revealed as rugged EV reinvention of the cult classic – Move Electric small cars
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9 Best Kids' Ride-On Cars of 2022 – Electric Cars for Kids Reviews – Popular Mechanics
Posted on January 13, 2022 By Cart Toons No Comments on 9 Best Kids' Ride-On Cars of 2022 – Electric Cars for Kids Reviews – Popular Mechanics
Staff, Courtesy of John Deere
Everyone's excited about electric cars nowadays—but as far as the preteen set is concerned, the rest of us are late to the party. Battery-powered ride-on cars have been a hit with kids for a couple of decades now, and they're only getting better with age. Whether it's the Barbie-branded Power Wheels ride-on for young children or an electric drift kart for the more daring set, it's safe to say that most children possess at least a passing interest in steering a powered vehicle around the driveway—or the neighborhood.
Best Electric Vehicles for children
The Expert: As an automotive journalist—my work has appeared in Haggerty Classic Cars , Road and Track , Car and Driver , and others—and one of the particular first in order to performance test the original Tesla Roadster , I have more than a decade of experience with adult-size electric cars. I'm also a parent who has bought quite the few different motorized vehicles for my child over the past twelve years, from electrical scooters plus ride-on vehicles to two-stroke competition go-karts.
If your kid is ready to take to the open road this spring, start shopping now for the ultimate ride-on machine. Here's what to look for in a kids' electric powered car.
Speed and Age Limit : Just like children, these ride-on electric cars come in the wide variety of shapes and sizes. While it can be tempting to get something a child can "grow into, " there are serious safety risks involved along with putting your own kid on something they can't easily control. It's best in order to follow the manufacturer recommendations for age and weight. It's also better to get a car that will be too slow, which will only lead to some mild frustration, rather than one that is too fast. The slowest electric car on our list doesn't exceed 1 mph; the particular fastest tops out at 9 mph. Some cars offer multiple speeds, such as those with parental controls or that provide a reverse function.
Types of Ride-On Electric Vehicles : Kids' ride-ons come in four flavors. "Side-by-side" cars, or even SxS, have got two seats in parallel. "ATV" (also called "four-trak") ride-ons have the rider straddling a center seating position with a foot upon either side of the body. "UTV" are single-seat, upright-seating variants associated with side-by-sides. Motorcycles are what you'd expect, but most toddler-oriented "motorcycles" have two permanently affixed balance wheels in order to keep the machine upright.
Batteries plus Power: The majority of these vehicles are powered by rechargeable six- or 12-volt batteries that require some skill and tools to replace if they fail. The length of time they will run on a single charge varies widely, and over period all of them will lose some power. While the traditional Energy Wheels plus similar ride-on toys use an automotive-style lead-acid or AGM battery similar to what you'd find under the hood of a standard vehicle, some newer designs use advanced lithium-ion batteries that are smaller, lighter, and more powerful, but require a lot more effort to replace. If you're looking in order to get only a year or even two of use out of your new toy , however, you probably won't have to think too much about this.
Extra Features to Look For: Some of these ride-ons offer parental control of speed. A few offer the full-fledged remote control feature, using a video-game-style remote control . Is this really necessary with regard to low-speed electric cars? It depends on your child's needs—and, more forthrightly, your needs. As with the adult-sized cars these people emulate, today's ride-ons are usually increasingly likely to possess modern features like Bluetooth, USB, or AUX ports to play music. Others have flashing lights, working doors, seatbelts, or horns. Want some thing more unusual? One of the automobiles in our check has a removable Frisbee; another has twin water cannons.
How We Selected
As a parent with experience buying, using, and maintaining ride-on electrical kids' cars, I looked for simple, fun machines from established manufacturers with a track record of safety and low recall counts. Ride-on vehicles come in a wide variety of functions, price, and speed, so I have got included both high-value plus high-feature examples. When in doubt, I gave the nod to the vehicle that just appeared more fun than its competition; isn't that will what toys are all regarding? In a few cases, I selected a product from a new manufacturer based on consumer experiences and published reviews.
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Whether you want to improve the comfort of the air inside your home or the quality of the air you breathe, Len Sciulli & Sons can provide sale, service, and installation for a variety of air quality products. We offer air purification systems to remove harmful mold, pollen, and allergens from the air in your home. We can install air purification products for one room, several rooms, or the entire house.


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Last edited by Faugami
Saturday, October 10, 2020 | History
4 edition of Property rights in a social and ecological context found in the catalog.
Property rights in a social and ecological context
case studies and design applications
Published 1995 by Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and The World Bank in Washington, D.C .
Property -- Case studies.,
Right of property -- Case studies.,
Natural resources -- Management -- Case studies.,
Sustainable development -- Case studies.,
Human ecology -- Case studies.
Other titles Property rights and the environment.
Statement edited by Susan Hanna and Mohan Munasinghe.
Contributions Hanna, Susan., Munasinghe, Mohan, 1945-
LC Classifications HB701 .P758 1995
A social-ecological system consists of 'a bio-geo-physical' unit and its associated social actors and institutions. While resilience has somewhat different meaning in social and ecological context, analysing how institutions and property rights systems deal with the dilemma of the. 5 The strategy of the commons: history and property rights in central Sweden Lars Carlsson 6 Management practices for building adaptive capacity: a case from northern Tanzania Maria Teng o and¨ Monica Hammer 7 Living with disturbance: building resilience in social–ecological systems Johan Colding, Thomas Elmqvist, and Per Olsson
Mapping social-ecological systems to understand the challenges underlying wildlife management. e.g. diverse property rights. These findings demonstrate that the new management system must apply adaptive learning principles to respond to local context attributes in order to be successful. Our innovative approach provides a valuable tool for. This research collection offers a comprehensive investigation into ecological approaches into environmental law. It brings together a kaleidoscope of different articles to examine the critique of environmental law, the ethical dimensions, and methodology before exploring the key issues focusing on rights and responsibilities, property and the commons, governance and constitutionalism.
Private property rights have two other attributes in addition to determining the use of a resource. One is the exclusive right to the services of the resource. Thus, for example, the owner of an apartment with complete property rights to the apartment has the right to determine whether to rent it out and, if so, which tenant to rent to; to live in it himself; or to use it in any other peaceful. Natural resource management (NRM) is the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations (stewardship).. Natural resource management deals with managing the way in which people and natural landscapes interact. It brings together land use planning, water.
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Property rights in a social and ecological context Download PDF EPUB FB2
This book and its companion volume, "Property Rights in a Social and Ecological Context: Case Studies and Design Applications," concern the institutional dimensions of environmental sustainability.
Humans interact with their environment through systems of property rights that are embedded in social, political, cultural, and economic context. This book and its companion volume, "Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues," concern the institutional dimensions of environmental sustainability.
Humans interact with their environment through systems of property rights that are embedded in social, political, cultural, and economic context.
Property rights in a social and ecological context: case studies and design applications (English) Abstract. This book and its companion volume, "Property Rights and the Environment: Social and Ecological Issues," concern the institutional dimensions of environmental sustainability.
Electronic books Case studies: Additional Physical Format: Print version: Property rights in a social and ecological context. Washington, D.C.: Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and the World Bank, © (DLC) (OCoLC) Material Type: Document, Internet resource: Document Type: Internet Resource, Computer File.
Get this from a library. Property rights in a social and ecological context: case studies and design applications. [Susan Hanna; Mohan Munasinghe;]. Property rights in a social and ecological context: case studies and design applications. ABSTRACT Here, I consider how social-ecological resilience can be facilitated by the use of property rights.
Taking a legal perspective on the use of different forms of property, I consider how property rules can manifest the attributes of flexibility, responsiveness, optionality, and scalability associated with resilient systems.
This approach can be summed up by Singer who said: '[p]roperty implies a vision of the social world'. 1 Many of the authors argue that property rights are context dependent and need to be reassessed and changed according to societal needs.
The state has an essential role to play in any economy and in defining a property rights system. The social character of property is not made clear by doctrines about rights emanating from the collective social body, or about property being held in trust for God.
The former line in unacceptably vague. The latter rests on a religious faith that is inaccessible to many of us. Property Rights and Social. Through a close re-examination of both early and modern statutes and cases, this book concludes that, far from being intelligible in exclusively instrumental terms, environmental law must be understood as the product of sustained reflection upon fundamental moral questions concerning the relationship between property, rights and nature.
Introduction. Are property rights in ecological resources compatible with environmental protection. Might they be essential.
From the late nineteenth century to the present, leading conservationists and environmental thinkers have warned of the threat posed to ecological sustainability by private property rights, particularly where embedded within a system of market exchange.
success of CPR management appears to be dependent on the existence of a well-specified rights structure and the congruence of this regime with its ecological and social context (Hanna and Munasinghe, ). The CPR literature argues that poor people extract more resources from the commons due to greater.
The book comprises contributions on conceptual issues relating to social-ecological responses in marine systems to global changes; offers illustrative case studies of specific examples of social-ecological responses in marine systems to significant environmental changes manifested locally; develops a syntheses between natural and social.
Product Information. The collection of papers in this book and its companion volume, "Property Rights in Social and Ecological Context: Case Studies and Design Applications," (*) examine the relationships between people, the environment, and property rights and the ways in which a given social and ecological context affects those relationships.
The book considers the content of property rights and the way legal institutions influence the extent and form of property right to natural resources, progressing from the notion of property as a social institution and fundamentally shaped by social processes.
In nine chapters, the book explores the private and public functions of property. The SES framework was later used in the context of understanding adaptability of social-ecological systems, to meet change and novel challenges and navigate ecosystem dynamics without compromising long-term sustainability (Berkes et al.
stating that social systems were those that deal with property rights, land and resource tenure. It is usually the case that scientists examine either ecological systems or social systems, yet the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the problems of environmental management and sustainable development is becoming increasingly obvious.
Developed under the auspices of the Beijer Institute in Stockholm, this new book analyses social and ecological linkages in selected Reviews: 1. Berkes, F. Indigenous knowledge and resource management systems: a native Canadian case study from James Bay.
In Property Rights in a Social and Ecological Context, pp. 99–, ed. Hanna and M. Munasinghe. Washington DC: Beijer International Institute. Property rights are theoretical socially-enforced constructs in economics for determining how a resource or economic good is used and owned.
Resources can be owned by (and hence be the property of) individuals, associations, collectives, or governments. Property rights can be viewed as an attribute of an economic good. This attribute has four broad components and is often referred to as a. Alcorn, J. and Toledo, V.
Resilient resource management in Mexico's forest ecosystems: the contribution of property rights. In Linking Social and Ecological Systems. Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience, pp. –49, ed. Berkes and C.
Folke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. By contrast, the contextual setting related to property rights, size of the resource system, and social expectations were found to be strongly related to behavioral decisions, highlighting that the social-ecological context as well as incentives may be more important than knowledge and cognitions in driving certain pro-environmental actions.Property rights (Ostrom, ; Bromley, ) encompass a few basic categories: • Private property rights are held by individuals and firms and can be transferred between them, most of the time through the exchange of money.
Private property rights are the basis for capitalism to the point that it cannot exist without them.Ecological systems theory explains how human development is influenced by different types of environmental systems. Researchers, policy makers, and practitioners are interested in the.
hamaikastudio.com - Property rights in a social and ecological context book © 2020


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July Weather in New York City New York, United States
Daily high temperatures are around 84°F, rarely falling below 75°F or exceeding 92°F. The highest daily average high temperature is 85°F on July 21.
Daily low temperatures increase by 2°F, from 69°F to 71°F, rarely falling below 62°F or exceeding 77°F. The highest daily average low temperature is 71°F on July 22.
For reference, on July 21, the hottest day of the year, temperatures in New York City typically range from 71°F to 85°F, while on January 29, the coldest day of the year, they range from 28°F to 39°F.
Average High and Low Temperature in July in New York City
Averages:JFMAMJJulASOND
Average High and Low Temperature in July in New York CityJul112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829293030313150°F50°F55°F55°F60°F60°F65°F65°F70°F70°F75°F75°F80°F80°F85°F85°F90°F90°F95°F95°FJunAugJul 2185°FJul 2185°F71°F71°FJul 183°FJul 183°F69°F69°FJul 3184°FJul 3184°F71°F71°FJul 1184°FJul 1184°F70°F70°F
The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the hourly average temperatures for the quarter of the year centered on July. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day.
Average Hourly Temperature in July in New York City
Average Hourly Temperature in July in New York CityJul112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829293030313112 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AMJunAugcoolcomfortablecomfortablewarmwarm
Gedzhukh, Russia (5,672 miles away) and Yatsuomachi-higashikumisaka, Japan (6,752 miles) are the far-away foreign places with temperatures most similar to New York City (view comparison).
Compare New York City to another city:
The month of July in New York City experiences essentially constant cloud cover, with the percentage of time that the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy remaining about 41% throughout the month.
The clearest day of the month is July 24, with clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy conditions 61% of the time.
For reference, on January 3, the cloudiest day of the year, the chance of overcast or mostly cloudy conditions is 53%, while on August 29, the clearest day of the year, the chance of clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy skies is 64%.
Cloud Cover Categories in July in New York City
Cloud Cover Categories in July in New York CityJul11223344556677889910101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425252626272728282929303031310%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%JunAugJul 157%Jul 157%Jul 3161%Jul 3161%Jul 1158%Jul 1158%Jul 2161%Jul 2161%clearmostly clearpartly cloudymostly cloudyovercast
A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. In New York City, the chance of a wet day over the course of July is gradually increasing, starting the month at 31% and ending it at 35%.
For reference, the year's highest daily chance of a wet day is 35% on August 1, and its lowest chance is 22% on January 28.
Probability of Precipitation in July in New York City
Probability of Precipitation in July in New York CityJul11223344556677889910101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425252626272728282929303031310%0%5%5%10%10%15%15%20%20%25%25%30%30%35%35%JunAugJul 131%Jul 131%Jul 3135%Jul 3135%Jul 1133%Jul 1133%Jul 2133%Jul 2133%rain
The average sliding 31-day rainfall during July in New York City is gradually increasing, starting the month at 3.3 inches, when it rarely exceeds 5.3 inches or falls below 1.5 inches, and ending the month at 3.7 inches, when it rarely exceeds 5.9 inches or falls below 1.5 inches.
The lowest average 31-day accumulation is 3.3 inches on July 5.
Average Monthly Rainfall in July in New York City
Average Monthly Rainfall in July in New York CityJul11223344556677889910101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425252626272728282929303031310 in0 in1 in1 in2 in2 in3 in3 in4 in4 in5 in5 in6 in6 in7 in7 inJunAugJul 33.3 inJul 33.3 inJul 313.7 inJul 313.7 inJul 113.4 inJul 113.4 inJul 213.6 inJul 213.6 in
Over the course of July in New York City, the length of the day is decreasing. From the start to the end of the month, the length of the day decreases by 41 minutes, implying an average daily decrease of 1 minute, 23 seconds, and weekly decrease of 9 minutes, 41 seconds.
The shortest day of the month is July 31, with 14 hours, 21 minutes of daylight and the longest day is July 1, with 15 hours, 3 minutes of daylight.
Hours of Daylight and Twilight in July in New York City
Hours of Daylight and Twilight in July in New York CityJul11223344556677889910101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425252626272728282929303031310 hr24 hr4 hr20 hr8 hr16 hr12 hr12 hr16 hr8 hr20 hr4 hr24 hr0 hrJunAugnightnightdaydayJul 115 hr, 3 minJul 115 hr, 3 minJul 3114 hr, 21 minJul 3114 hr, 21 min
The earliest sunrise of the month in New York City is 5:28 AM on July 1 and the latest sunrise is 23 minutes later at 5:51 AM on July 31.
The latest sunset is 8:31 PM on July 1 and the earliest sunset is 18 minutes earlier at 8:12 PM on July 31.
Daylight saving time is observed in New York City during 2023, but it neither starts nor ends during July, so the entire month is in daylight saving time.
For reference, on June 21, the longest day of the year, the Sun rises at 5:24 AM and sets 15 hours, 6 minutes later, at 8:30 PM, while on December 22, the shortest day of the year, it rises at 7:16 AM and sets 9 hours, 15 minutes later, at 4:32 PM.
Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight in July in New York City
Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight in July in New York CityJul11223344556677889910101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425252626272728282929303031312 AM4 AM6 AM8 AM10 AM12 PM2 PM4 PM6 PM8 PM10 PM12 AMJunAug5:28 AM5:28 AMJul 18:31 PMJul 18:31 PM5:51 AM5:51 AMJul 318:12 PMJul 318:12 PM5:38 AM5:38 AMJul 168:25 PMJul 168:25 PMSolarMidnightSolarMidnightSolarNoonSunriseSunset
The solar day over the course of July. From bottom to top, the black lines are the previous solar midnight, sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and the next solar midnight. The day, twilights (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and night are indicated by the color bands from yellow to gray.
Solar Elevation and Azimuth in July in New York City
Solar Elevation and Azimuth in July in New York CityJul112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829293030313112 AM12 AM2 AM2 AM4 AM4 AM6 AM6 AM8 AM8 AM10 AM10 AM12 PM12 PM2 PM2 PM4 PM4 PM6 PM6 PM8 PM8 PM10 PM10 PM12 AM12 AMJunAug001010202020303040405050506060700001010202030303040405050606070
Solar elevation and azimuth over the course of July 2023. The black lines are lines of constant solar elevation (the angle of the sun above the horizon, in degrees). The background color fills indicate the azimuth (the compass bearing) of the sun. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries of the cardinal compass points indicate the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).
The figure below presents a compact representation of key lunar data for July 2023. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the colored areas indicate when the moon is above the horizon. The vertical gray bars (new Moons) and blue bars (full Moons) indicate key Moon phases. The label associated with each bar indicates the date and time that the phase is obtained, and the companion time labels indicate the rise and set times of the Moon for the nearest time interval in which the moon is above the horizon.
Moon Rise, Set & Phases in July in New York City
Moon Rise, Set & Phases in July in New York CityJul112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829293030313112 AM12 AM4 AM4 AM8 AM8 AM12 PM12 PM4 PM4 PM8 PM8 PM12 AM12 AMJunAugJun 311:42 PMJun 311:42 PMJun 1812:38 AMJun 1812:38 AMJul 37:39 AMJul 37:39 AMJul 172:32 PMJul 172:32 PMAug 12:32 PMAug 12:32 PMAug 165:39 AMAug 165:39 AMAug 309:36 PMAug 309:36 PM8:20 PM8:20 PM5:25 AM5:25 AM8:33 PM8:33 PM8:20 PM8:20 PM5:07 AM5:07 AM5:03 AM5:03 AM8:55 PM8:55 PM8:42 PM8:42 PM6:36 AM6:36 AM6:02 AM6:02 AM8:26 PM8:26 PM7:43 PM7:43 PM6:48 AM6:48 AM
97% - 3:14 AM SW 7:10 PM SE 11:37 PM S 227,770 mi
99% - 4:04 AM SW 8:20 PM SE - -
100% - 5:07 AM SW 9:21 PM SE 12:44 AM S 225,377 mi
99% - 6:22 AM SW 10:10 PM ESE 1:51 AM S 224,038 mi
95% - 7:42 AM WSW 10:49 PM ESE 2:56 AM S 223,850 mi
79% - 10:21 AM WSW 11:46 PM E 4:49 AM S 226,588 mi
69% - 11:35 AM W - 5:39 AM S 229,089 mi
50% 12:10 AM E 12:46 PM W - 6:26 AM S 231,996 mi
46% 12:34 AM E 1:56 PM WNW - 7:12 AM S 235,066 mi
9% 2:31 AM NE 6:26 PM NW - 10:26 AM S 245,927 mi
1% 4:06 AM NE 8:14 PM NW - 12:11 PM S 249,617 mi
0% 5:03 AM NE 8:55 PM NW - 1:02 PM S 250,945 mi
1% 6:05 AM ENE 9:29 PM WNW - 1:51 PM S 251,886 mi
8% 8:10 AM ENE 10:21 PM WNW - 3:19 PM S 252,385 mi
14% 9:11 AM ENE 10:42 PM W - 4:00 PM S 251,806 mi
22% 10:11 AM E 11:02 PM W - 4:39 PM S 250,587 mi
40% 12:12 PM E 11:42 PM WSW - 5:58 PM S 246,113 mi
61% - 12:05 AM WSW 2:23 PM ESE 7:27 PM S 239,219 mi
81% - 1:05 AM WSW 4:46 PM SE 9:17 PM S 231,231 mi
The chance that a given day will be muggy in New York City is rapidly increasing during July, rising from 38% to 54% over the course of the month.
For reference, on August 2, the muggiest day of the year, there are muggy conditions 54% of the time, while on December 15, the least muggy day of the year, there are muggy conditions 0% of the time.
Humidity Comfort Levels in July in New York City
Humidity Comfort Levels in July in New York CityJul11223344556677889910101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425252626272728282929303031310%0%10%10%20%20%30%30%40%40%50%50%60%60%70%70%80%80%90%90%100%100%JunAugJul 138%Jul 138%Jul 3154%Jul 3154%Jul 1147%Jul 1147%Jul 2152%Jul 2152%oppressiveoppressivemuggymuggyhumidhumidcomfortablecomfortabledrydry
The average hourly wind speed in New York City is essentially constant during July, remaining within 0.1 miles per hour of 6.4 miles per hour throughout.
For reference, on February 26, the windiest day of the year, the daily average wind speed is 10.3 miles per hour, while on August 1, the calmest day of the year, the daily average wind speed is 6.2 miles per hour.
Average Wind Speed in July in New York City
Average Wind Speed in July in New York CityJul11223344556677889910101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425252626272728282929303031310 mph0 mph2 mph2 mph4 mph4 mph6 mph6 mph8 mph8 mph10 mph10 mphJunAugJul 16.5 mphJul 16.5 mphJul 316.3 mphJul 316.3 mphJul 166.4 mphJul 166.4 mph
The hourly average wind direction in New York City throughout July is predominantly from the south, with a peak proportion of 38% on July 28.
Wind Direction in July in New York City
Wind Direction in July in New York CityWSJul11223344556677889910101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425252626272728282929303031310%100%20%80%40%60%60%40%80%20%100%0%JunAugwestsouthnortheast
New York City is located near a large body of water (e.g., ocean, sea, or large lake). This section reports on the wide-area average surface temperature of that water.
The average surface water temperature in New York City is increasing during July, rising by 4°F, from 68°F to 72°F, over the course of the month.
Average Water Temperature in July in New York City
Average Water Temperature in July in New York CityJul112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829293030313155°F55°F60°F60°F65°F65°F70°F70°F75°F75°FJunAugJul 168°FJul 168°FJul 3172°FJul 3172°FJul 1170°FJul 1170°FJul 2172°FJul 2172°F
The growing season in New York City typically lasts for 7.8 months (238 days), from around March 29 to around November 22, rarely starting before March 12 or after April 14, and rarely ending before November 4 or after December 13.
The month of July in New York City is reliably fully within the growing season.
Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in July in New York City
Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in July in New York Citygrowing seasongrowing seasongrowing seasonJul11223344556677889910101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425252626272728282929303031310%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%JunAug100%Jul 16100%Jul 16Jul 28100%Jul 28100%coolcomfortablewarmhotcold
The average accumulated growing degree days in New York City are rapidly increasing during July, increasing by 797°F, from 1,285°F to 2,083°F, over the course of the month.
Growing Degree Days in July in New York City
Growing Degree Days in July in New York CityJul11223344556677889910101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425252626272728282929303031311,200°F1,200°F1,400°F1,400°F1,600°F1,600°F1,800°F1,800°F2,000°F2,000°F2,200°F2,200°FJunAugJul 11,285°FJul 11,285°FJul 312,083°FJul 312,083°FJul 111,544°FJul 111,544°FJul 211,813°FJul 211,813°F
The average growing degree days accumulated over the course of July, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
The average daily incident shortwave solar energy in New York City is gradually decreasing during July, falling by 0.6 kWh, from 6.8 kWh to 6.3 kWh, over the course of the month.
Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in July in New York City
Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in July in New York CityJul11223344556677889910101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425252626272728282929303031310 kWh0 kWh1 kWh1 kWh2 kWh2 kWh3 kWh3 kWh4 kWh4 kWh5 kWh5 kWh6 kWh6 kWh7 kWh7 kWh8 kWh8 kWh9 kWh9 kWhJunAugJul 16.8 kWhJul 16.8 kWhJul 316.3 kWhJul 316.3 kWhJul 166.6 kWhJul 166.6 kWh
For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of New York City are 40.714 deg latitude, -74.006 deg longitude, and 30 ft elevation.
The topography within 2 miles of New York City is essentially flat, with a maximum elevation change of 85 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 11 feet. Within 10 miles is essentially flat (367 feet). Within 50 miles contains only modest variations in elevation (1,657 feet).
The area within 2 miles of New York City is covered by water (58%) and artificial surfaces (40%), within 10 miles by artificial surfaces (78%) and water (20%), and within 50 miles by artificial surfaces (32%) and trees (32%).
This report illustrates the typical weather in New York City, based on a statistical analysis of historical hourly weather reports and model reconstructions from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2016.
There are 3 weather stations near enough to contribute to our estimation of the temperature and dew point in New York City.
For each station, the records are corrected for the elevation difference between that station and New York City according to the International Standard Atmosphere , and by the relative change present in the MERRA-2 satellite-era reanalysis between the two locations.
The estimated value at New York City is computed as the weighted average of the individual contributions from each station, with weights proportional to the inverse of the distance between New York City and a given station.
New York City, Central Park (KNYC, 58%, 5 mi, northeast, 125 ft elevation change)
Newark Liberty International Airport (KEWR, 28%, 9 mi, west, -23 ft elevation change)
John F. Kennedy International Airport (KJFK, 14%, 14 mi, east, -20 ft elevation change)
KNYC, 58%5 mi, 125 ftKEWR, 28%9 mi, -23 ftKJFK, 14%14 mi, -20 ft© OpenStreetMap contributors
To get a sense of how much these sources agree with each other, you can view a comparison of New York City and the stations that contribute to our estimates of its temperature history and climate. Please note that each source's contribution is adjusted for elevation and the relative change present in the MERRA-2 data.


Here is what I expect to be teaching next term (or as many terms out as I know). Please note that this is not the official Registrar's site and things could well change as far as future course offerings go.
In the 2018–19 academic year, I am on research leave to pursue a National Science Foundation Scholar's Award on scientific literacy and the public perception of science (more information from the NSF here). I taught one regular course in the Fall of 2018, a new course integrated with this grant: Science in the Public Eye (see this article in Daily Nous for some background and relevant links). I am also leading the 1/2-credit Discovery College Sophomore Experience course this year.