SAN JOSE, Calif. — In the early 1990s, semiconductor companies that didn't own their own fabs were considered runts. Today at least five of them rank among the world's largest chip vendors. Some of the credit for the shift goes to the sector's trade group, which will celebrate its 20th anniversary on Dec. 11.
"It was generally understood, when you get to $150 to $200 million in revenues, you'd have your own fab, but I said no," said Robert Pepper, who in 1993 was chief executive of Level One, an up-and-coming startup in communications chips.
Pepper was deeply influenced by a 1974 article from the business guru Peter Drucker, who wrote that companies should invest only in activities that really add value, outsourcing everything else. "In retrospect, I see that's what the fabless semiconductor model is," Pepper recently told us.


Users of Logitech's Squeezebox Radio and Squeezebox Touch devices can now tune into Spotify thanks to the arrival of a new app.
Announced earlier in January the Spotify application brings the on-demand service to Squeezebox devices – which means 10 million tracks and counting are now ready to be streamed.
The app is now live for both devices but you will need to upgrade to a Spotify Premium account if you want to access the service in app form.
Logitech isn't the first media streamer to get Spotify – Sonos pipped them to the post back in 2010 – but it is great to see the service coming to more and more devices.
Currently the Logitech Squeezebox has access to around 25 apps – these include Last.fm, Sky.fm and something called ShoutCast.
There's also a number of social-networking apps, including Facebook and access to Flickr.
To download the Spotify app, go to www.mysqueezebox.com/spotify and follow the instructions.


text:
Q: Javascript and angularjs using CORS I'm attempting to GET information from a site using $http, and I've honestly looked all over and tried tons of different things but I'm not sure exactly how to set the headers for 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin'.  I'm not sure if I'm just misunderstanding completely or something, but any help is really appreciated, thanks a ton in advance!
XMLHttpRequest cannot load http://nhlwc.cdnak.neulion.com/fs1/nhl/league/teamroster/NJD/iphone/clubroster.json. No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present on the requested resource. Origin 'http://localhost:3000' is therefore not allowed access. The response had HTTP status code 503.
Here is my code:
relavant code from rosterService:
(function(){
    'use strict';

var URL = 'http://nhlwc.cdnak.neulion.com/fs1/nhl/league/teamroster/NJD/iphone/clubroster.json';

angular
    .module("DevilsFanApp")
    .factory("RosterService", RosterService);

function RosterService($rootScope, $http) {
    function fetchPlayers(callback){
        return $http({
            method: 'GET',
            url: URL,
            dataType: 'jsonp'
        });
    }
    }
})();

server.js:
    var express = require('express');
var app = express();

var ipaddress = process.env.OPENSHIFT_NODEJS_IP || '127.0.0.1';
var port = process.env.OPENSHIFT_NODEJS_PORT || 3000;

app.use(function(req, res, next) {
    res.header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "http://localhost:3000"); // instead of * give a try with
    res.header('Access-Control-Allow-Methods', 'OPTIONS,GET,POST,PUT,DELETE');
    res.header("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept");
    next();
});

app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/public'));

app.listen(port, ipaddress);

config.js:
(function(){
    angular
        .module("DevilsFanApp")
        .config(Configure);

    function Configure($routeProvider,$httpProvider) {
        $routeProvider
            .when("/roster",{
                templateUrl: "./views/roster/roster.view.html",
                controller: "RosterController"
            })
            .otherwise({
                redirectTo: "/home"
            });
    }
})();

A: I dont know if this is answer for your coding question , But Let me clear few things here .
This code you have here
var URL = 'http://nhlwc.cdnak.neulion.com/fs1/nhl/league/teamroster/NJD/iphone/clubroster.json';

angular
.module("DevilsFanApp")
.factory("RosterService", RosterService);

function RosterService($rootScope, $http) {
function fetchPlayers(callback){
    return $http({
        method: 'GET',
        url: URL,
        dataType: 'jsonp'
    });
}
}

It will make a get call to url located at "http://nhlwc.cdnak.neulion.com/fs1/nhl/league/teamroster/NJD/iphone/clubroster.json" which is a hosted domain server and It may have a CORS configured or it may not.
And basically you cannot do anything from UI side to access the data from above URL ,unless until you have right permission or a way to configure CORS at this Server from backend.

Now the second piece of code you have :
var express = require('express');
var app = express();

var ipaddress = process.env.OPENSHIFT_NODEJS_IP || '127.0.0.1';
var port = process.env.OPENSHIFT_NODEJS_PORT || 3000;

app.use(function(req, res, next) {
res.header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
res.header("Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
"Origin, X-Requested-With,       Content-Type, Accept");
next();
 });
app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/public'));
app.listen(port, ipaddress);`

Above  is your local nodejs server which is running locally (port : 3000) on your network . Here you have configured the CORS and any requests made to this URL or any other URL starting from localhost:3000 or 127.0.0.1:3000 will be able to access the data from this server (*within your network).

From above code it can be said that ,the error of CORS which you are getting is not because of the GET API call you have mentioned above...but from some other piece of code which is accessing the server hosted at http://localhost:30000.
Also I would suggest you to change the
app.listen(port, ipaddress);
//to
app.listen(3000);

The above change keeps the functionality intact ,and is simpler to understand as well.

A: You need to enable CORS on the server (localhost:3000). Check out this site: http://enable-cors.org/
server Side CORS block of your app:
app.use(function(req, res, next) {
    res.header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "http://localhost:3000"); // instead of * give a try with
    res.header('Access-Control-Allow-Methods', 'OPTIONS,GET,POST,PUT,DELETE');
    res.header("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept");
    next();
});

Refer and Install  http://npmjs.com/package/cors a Good Package for CORS Scenario  Handling.
you can check the commented posts for some users experience and answers .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
En ija‑stam är en ordstam i germanska språk, särskilt germanska fornspråk. Namnet kommer av de sista ljuden (‑ija‐) i den del av ordet som kallas "stammen".

Ett modernt germanskt språk som svenska har ganska korta ord, och inte så många ändelser. Men svenska har stegvis utvecklats ur ett tidigare språk, som i sin tur utvecklats ur ännu äldre språkstadier. Gemensamt för dessa äldre språk är att de hade längre ord, som ofta bestod av tre komponenter:

rot–stamsuffix–ändelse

Roten och stamsuffixet utgör tillsammans stammen. Om stamsuffixet är ‑ija‑ är ordet en ija‑stam.

Svenska och alla med svenskan besläktade språk kallas den indoeuropeiska språkfamiljen. Den stora indoeuropeiska familjen indelas i  grupper av språk. Grupperna inom indoeuropeiska språk har var sitt moderspråk; dessa moderspråk är rekonstruerade förhistoriska språk. I svenskas fall är moderspråket urgermanskan; De keltiska språken har utvecklats ut urkeltiskan, och så vidare.

Dessa moderspråk har i sin tur utvecklats ur ett enda språk, urindoeuropeiskan. Orden i de äldre språken, som urgermanska och urindoeuropeiska, kan indelas i grupper efter stamsuffixen. Det fanns ett tjugotal stamsuffix i svenskans föregångsspråk; både urgermanskan och urindoeuropeiskan anses ha haft en tydlig uppdelning av ord enligt mönstret rot–stamsuffix–ändelse.

Ett av dessa stamsuffix var ‑ija‑. Detta gäller ett sent förhistoriskt stadium, inte de äldre rekonstruerade föregångsspråken. Ett exempel är det förhistoriska ordet *herðijaz, som utvecklats till det svenska ordet herde.

Ordet "stam" har en dubbel betydelse. *herðija‐ är stammen i ordet *herðijaz, men språkforskare säger också att hela ordet *herðijaz är en ija‑stam. Skriftligt belagda former av detta ord, som fornnordiska hirðir och svenska herde kan också kallas ija‑stammar. Men i fråga om moderna språk som svenska är det oftast inte relevant att ange ordens ursprungliga ordstamstyp, eftersom språken förändrats så mycket. På grund av språkutvecklingen kan man inte längre urskilja stamsuffixet ‑ija‑ i moderna ord som herde. Men orden som ursprungligen hade ett visst stamsuffix har ofta samma struktur i moderna språk. I modern svenska har substantiven bland ija‑stammarna utvecklats till att sluta på ‑e, och de uttalas med grav accent, alltså betoning som i ànden (spöket) till skillnad från ánden (fågeln).

Bland dessa ija‑stamsord med ordslut på ‑e finns egennamn (som Sverre), eller benämningar på personer med en viss verksamhet (som herde). Andra ija‑stammar är kollektivord som böke (flera bokar, bokskogslund). Dessa ord har samma struktur (två stavelser, slutar på ‑e), eftersom de är ija‑stammar.

I vetenskap och undervisning indelar man orden efter ordstam för att systematisera ordförrådet och rekonstruera språkutvecklingen från förhistorisk tid. Orden i en viss ordstamsgrupp böjs på samma sätt, så om man anger att ett substantiv till exempel är en ija‑stam av ett visst genus, behövs oftast inte ytterligare information om ordets böjning. Att ange ordstam mest relevant när man beskriver fornspråk, ålderdomliga språk, och språkhistoria.

Denna artikel beskriver främst ija‑stammar i nordiska språk. I nordisk språkvetenskaplig litteratur betecknas denna ordgrupp ibland med den alternativa, synonyma benämningen ia‑stammar.

Många medeltida nordiska ija‑stammar har återupplivats i nysvenska efter att orden dog ut i svenskan. De återupplivade orden är ofta namn. Orden har givits en nysvensk form på skiftande sätt. Stundom har de fått former som strider mot den förmodade ljudlagsenliga formen på ‑e med grav accent; till exempel har Sleipner blivit vanligare än det förmodat ljudlagsenliga formen Slepne; den ena formen är en minimal anpassning av det fornnordiska Sleipner till nysvenska, den senare formen är ett försök att rekonstruera hur namnet skulle blivit om det inte dött ut i Sverige.

Uppkomst av ija‑stammar
Detta och alla följande avsnitt av denna artikel innehåller språkvetenskapliga termer. Inledningen ovan sammanfattar innehållet utan tekniska ord.

Svenska och andra nordiska språk är en gren av germanska språk, som är en gren av indoeuropeiska språk. De nordiska fornspråken från medeltiden, och deras äldsta form, den mer eller mindre samnordiska fornnordiskan, är ganska väl kända, medan urnordiska är sparsamt bevarad i runinskrifter och till större del rekonstruerad. Äldre stadier – urgermanska, urindoeuropeiska – är hypotetiska rekonstruktioner.

ija‑stammar är en underavdelning av a‑stammar
Ord i historiskt belagda nordiska fornspråk delas in i grupper efter hur stammarna i orden slutade i dessa språks helt eller delvis rekonstruerade föregångare. I dessa föregångsspråk bestod ord vanligen av rot och stamsuffix (som tillsammans bildar ordstammen), och ofta en böjningsändelse.Winfred P. Lehmann, A Grammar of Proto‑Germanic. Avsnitt 3.1.   Denna ordstruktur var tydlig i de nordiska språkens moderspråk urnordiskan, och fanns uppenbarligen i dess föregångare urgermanskan.

En grupp av stammar var a‑stammarna, som slutade på ‑a‐ i urgermanska och urnordiska.

a‑stammarna hade underavdelningar. Det fanns rena a‑stammar, som hade ‑a‐ direkt efter en eller flera konsonanter. Exempel på a‑stammar i urnordiska är *landa ("land") och *armaʀ ("arm"). Ordet *landa hade (och har fortfarande i standardsvenska) genus neutrum, medan *armaʀ var ett maskulint ord; orden har samma stamsuffix, men *armaʀ har dessutom en maskulin nominativändelse.

(En asterisk * framför ett ord betecknar att formen är rekonstruerad, och inte finns belagd i någon bevarad skrift; tecknet ʀ står för ett palatalt r‑ljud, vars uttal är ovisst, och utvecklats ur ett /z/.)

Det fanns också två andra varianter av a‑stammar:
wa‑stammar, som slutade på ‑wa‐, alltså den urgermanska/urnordiska halvvokalen /w/ plus /a/, och
stammar, som slutade på den urgermanska/urnordiska halvvokalen /j/ plus /a/.
Den senare gruppen är svår att beteckna med ett namn. Det skulle vara naturligt att kalla dem ja‑stammar, men det namnet används om en senare undergrupp; se nedan.

Stammarna, som slutade på halvvokalen /j/ plus /a/, splittrades senare i två grupper, enligt vad som kallas Sievers' lag:
ja‑stammar, om roten i ordet var kort, och
ija‑stammar, om roten i ordet var lång.

Vad som hände var alltså att ordelementet som bestod av halvvokalen /j/ plus vokalen /a/
blev ett enstavigt ordelement, bestående av konsonanten /j/ plus /a/, om roten var kort, men
blev ett tvåstavigt ordelement, innehållande vokalen /i/ och vokalen /a/, om roten var lång. (Och man antar att där uppstod ett ‑j‑ mellan /i/ och /a/; därför är det vanligaste beteckningssättet ija‑stam; se nedan.)
Exempel på en urnordisk ja‑stam och en urnordisk ija‑stam:
 *taljan (nysvenska "(för)tälja") var en ja‑stam, ty roten tal‑ var kort.
 *herðijaʀ (nysvenska "herde") var en ija‑stam, ty roten herð‑ var lång.

(Tecknet ð står för tonande dental frikativa.)

Sammanfattande översikt över ija‑stammarnas uppkomst inom a‑stammarna
Nedanstående tabell visar på ett översiktligt sätt de fyra slagen av a‑stammar.

Denna artikel handlar bara om det sistnämnda av de fyra slagen av a‑stammar.

Förutom a‑stammar fanns i‑stammar, u‑stammar, med flera (se Ordstammar i germanska språk).

Urnordiska ords struktur
Följande översikt tydligör stamsuffixets plats i ett ord. Det ovannämnda urnordiska ordet *herð‑ija‑R (herde) bestod av dessa delar:
herð‑ var rot (rotmorfem),
‑ija‑ var stamsuffix (avledningssuffix), och
‑ʀ var böjningsändelse (i detta fall nominativ).
De olika stamgrupperna benämns alltså efter stamsuffixen, till exempel ‑ija‑ i exemplet *herðijaʀ.

Ursprungligt och senare användningsområde för avledningssuffixet ‑ija‑

Avledningssuffixet ‑ija‑ användes ursprungligen i urnordiska för att göra adjektiv av substantiv. Det var alltså ett denominalt suffix – en ändelse som avleder ord från substantiv. (Substantiv kallas nomina på latin.)

Sedan började suffixet användas för att skapa nya substantiv av substantiv, som hilmir (hövding), av ordet för "hjälm". Detta är fortfarande ett denominalt användningssätt. Men slutligen blev ‑ija‑ också ett suffix för att avleda substantiv från verb – ett deverbalt avledningssuffix. Orsaken förefaller ha varit att ord som hirðir (herde, av *herðijaR) associerades med verb istället med det grundläggande substantivet.

I exemplet hirðir kan alltså följande process ha inträffat. Substantivet hirðir är avlett av substantivet hiǫrð (hjord). Med det kunde också uppfattas som avlett av verbet hirða, som betyder "vakta".

(Detta stycke använder i de flesta fall belagda fornnordiska former som hirðir snarare än hypotetiska urnordiska former som *herðijaʀ. Stycket föregriper på så sätt det kommande stycket [[#Utveckling efter urnordiska|Utveckling efter urnordiska]] nedan.)

Substantiv för verksamhetsutövare som på detta sätt bildats av verb medelst ett ‑ija‑suffix (eller ett annat suffix) kallas nomina agentis.  Ett mönster skapades, att man med ‑ija‑ kunde skapa substantiv (nomina agentis) av verb.

När detta mönster etablerats myntades många sådana substantiv till verb. Här följer några exempel. Det ursprungliga ordet för "läkare" i fornsvenska var lækirElof Hellquist, artikeln "läka" i Svensk etymologisk ordbok. Lund 1922.  av verbet "läka". Om detta ord överlevt, skulle det vara *läke i svenskan, men det fornsvenska ordet har ersatts av "läkare" i nysvenska. Man kan jämföra med att danskan har "læge" (läkare). Liknande bildningar var kætlabøtir (kittelböte = kittelbotare = kittellagare) och kungatillnamnet lagabøtir (Magnus Lagaböte, "Magnus lagförbättraren"). Ett i svensk litteraturhistoria betydelsefullt sådant ord är rökstenens stiliʀ (stilliʀ), "hövding", av verbet stilla, som kunde betyda "moderera", "arrangera". Endast i undantagsfall (i poesi) kunde andra varelser än människor få sådana beteckningar. En björn kunde kallas híðbyggvir – "idebyggare". ("Ide" heter ursprungligen "hide", men h‑et har fallit bort i sammansättningar som björn(h)ide).

Ett annat viktigt område för avledning med ija‑suffixet är ord för sammanhängande grupper av likartade föremål. De svenska orden för lundar av träd av samma art är sådana bildningar: björke, eke, hässle, böke, äle, älme med flera. De är vanliga i ortnamn som Hässleholm och Älmhult, och är som synes i‑omljudda av avledningssuffixet. Ett i svensk litteraturhistoria viktigt sådant kollektivord är Rökstenens ukmini, vilket kan vara ungmenni. Ordet ungmenni (ungdomar) finns kvar i isländska,<ref>Richard Cleasby och Gudbrand Vigfússon, An Icelandic-English dictionary, based on the ms. collections of the late Richard Cleasby. Enl. and completed by Gudbrand Vigfússon. Oxford 1874.</ref> På nysvenska skulle ordet hypotetiskt ha blivit *ungmänne, det *ungmännet, men ordet har dött ut i svenska. (I en nyare tolkning har dock det upprepade ukmini''' tytts som "a memory for Yggʀ") Dessa kollektivord hade i urgemanska prefixet ge‐, Detta ge‐ syns fortfarande i det tyska ordet Gebirge (bergskedja), som alltså är en ‑ija‑stam som bevarats i ett västgermanskt språk. (Obetonade urgermanska förstavelser som ge‐ har fallit bort i nordgermanska språk under synkopetiden.)

Vidare är en del sjönamn (Mælir, Mälaren; Vænir, Vänern) ija‑stammar. Mansnamn som Börje/Birger och Sverker är i fornsvenska ija‑stamsböjda. Den urnordiska formen av Börje/Birger kan rekonstrueras som *Birʒiʀ Detta mansnamns ursprung kan förklaras på olika sätt.  *Birʒiʀ kan vara en ombildning av ett tvåledat namn som fornsvenska Biærghulf. Ett sådant tvåledat namn var inte en ija‑stam ursprungligen. Men Börje/Birger skulle också kunna vara avlett av ett verb (eller ett substantiv) medelst ija‑suffixet.Elof Hellquist, artiklarna "Börje" och "Birger" i Svensk etymologisk ordbok. Lund 1922.  Oavsett vilken etymologi som är rätt anslöts namnet till ija‑stamsgruppen i klassisk fornsvenska.

Böjningsmönster för ija‑stammar

I tabellen visas den urgermanska böjningen av *herðijas.

Samtliga urgermanska former är hypotetiska rekonstruktionsförsök. Det finns därför alternativa rekonstruktionsförsök:

För urnordiska har följande former rekonstruerats. Professor Lars Brink har sammanställt rådande forskningskonsensus. Brink anger i singularis en progression av former. De tre formerna är kronologiskt ordnade, och den sista av de tre formerna står nära fornnordiskan.

Tilde ~ över vokal i *herðijõː betecknar nasal vokal.

Formerna av urgermanska *herðijas förändrades som synes relativt lite till urnordiskan som hade *herðijaz/*hirðijaʀ (eller *herðijaʀ enligt tidigare i artikeln använd form). De genomgripande förändringarna skedde mot slutet av urnordiskan, vid synkopen och övergången till fornnordiska.

Utveckling efter urnordiska
Samnordisk utveckling i fornnordiska
Vid övergången från urnordiska till fornnordiska reducerades stamsuffixen, eller försvann helt. Att trycksvaga vokaler reduceras eller försvinner kallas synkope. Synkoperingen hände vid övergången från urnordiska till fornnordiska. Rättare sagt används den omvälvande synkoperingen för att draga (den givetvis något godtyckliga) gränsen mellan urnordiska och fornnordiska.

Eftersom betoningen låg på första stavelsen i urnordiska är det vokaler mot slutet av ordet som försvinner vid synkopering av ord. Ord blir ofta en stavelse kortare.

För ‑ija‑stammarnas del medförde synkoperingen att stamsuffixet ‑ija‑ blev ett kort ‑i‑:

*herðijaʀ (hypotetisk urnordiska) > hirðir (isländska)

Det samnordiska fornnordiska böjningsmönstret (paradigmet) är bevarat i standardisländskan. Former i fornnordiska är alltså identiska med följande standardisländska former, bortsett från att fornnordiska ursprungligen hade det palatala R‑ljudet i hirðiR.

Fornnordiskans ändelser är som synes påtagligt förenklade jämfört med urgermanskan och även jämfört med urnordiskan.

Alla ija‑stammar är maskulina eller neutrala. Neutrala ord som kvæði ("kväde") skiljer sig från maskulina genom att de har utljudande ‑i i singularis och pluralis nominativ, och pluralis ackusativ.

Vad beträffar stamsuffixets användning som markör för nomen agentis‑funktion märke man att nedslipningen genom synkope ledde till att suffixet miste sin morfologiska karaktär. I paradigm som hirðir, genitiv hirðis syns inte längre ett tydligt morfem. Nomen agentis‑funktionen började övertagas av inlånade latinska ‑arius, som fick formen ‑ari i fornnordiska. Suffixet ‑arius lånades in i sen urnordisk tid eller tidig fonnordisk tid. Ett tidigt exempel är skipari (sjöfarare, "skeppare"), som finns på flera runstenar.

Utveckling i svenskan
Eftersom stamsuffixet ‑ija‑ bevarades i reducerad form som en vokal, blev gamla ija‑stammar inte enstaviga i fornsvenska och nysvenska, utan tvåstaviga:

*herðijaʀ > hirðijaʀ  (hypotetiska urnordiska stadier) > hirþe > herþe (fornsvenska) > herde (nysvenska)

Gamla ija‑stammar slutar i nysvenska på ‑e och har accent 2: törne, öre, ärende, Börje.

(Tecknet þ står för tonlös dental frikativa i fornsvensk stavning, men i inljud – som i herþe – står det för tonande dental frikativa, samma ljud som tecknet ð i isländsk rättstavning.)

Tidigt kom, som nämnts ovan, det latinska suffixet ‑arius in i germanska språk. Det fick i nordiska språk formen ‑ari (nysvenska ‑are). Detta suffix ersatte ofta ‑ir i nomina agentis. Ett exempel är fornsvenska lækir, som inte utvecklats till nysvenska *läke, utan ersatts av läkare. Suffixet ‑are har blivit det vanligaste för att bilda nomina agentis, och är helt levande och produktivt.

Paradigmbyte och liknande förändringar
I fornspråken hade substantiven av en viss en stamtyp sitt egen utmärkande böjningsmönster (paradigm) med skilda kasus‐ och numerusformer. Stundom överfördes ett substantiv till ett annat böjningsmönster. I isländska och fornsvenska har funnits tendenser att i några ursprungliga ija‑stammar behandla nominativformens utljudande ‑r som en del av ordstammen. Det betyder att ändelser som genitiv‑s läggs till nominativformen: hirðir, genitiv hirðirs (ej hirðis som i det ursprungliga paradigmet ovan). I isländska har dessa former motarbetats av språkpuristiska skäl.

Språkpuristerna reagerade mot en förändring av böjningen som skedde från 1550‑talet fram till 1800‑talet. Omkring 1800 hade följande paradigm nästan helt fått överhanden:

Från 1800‑talet till nutid har språkpuristerna vänt utvecklingen. I skolan rättas avvikelser från det fornnordiska paradigmet som visas ovan.

I svenska har några egennamn som Sverkir (Sverker) och Birghir (Börje/Birger, se nedan) i olika utsträckning påverkats av detta paradigmbyte i fornsvensk tid.

I de flesta svenska språkliga varieteter efter klassisk fornsvenska har kasussystemet brutit samman, så att skillnaderna mellan olika stamtypers böjning starkt reducerats. I de flesta nysvenska varieteter finns i stort sett bara den resten av kasusböjning, att genitiv‑s läggs till grundformen: Sverker – Sverkers'. Man kan därför inte se lika tydligt, att det finns olika ordstamsgrupper som ursprungligen hade olika böjningsmönster. Men man kan likväl se, ur diakron synvinkel, att ursprungliga ija‑stammar är överförda till en annan grupp av substantiv i nysvenska, nämligen om de utmärkande dragen (utljudande ‑e < ‑ir och accent 2) saknas. Dessa två drag kan kallas de svenska ija‑stammarnas förmodade eller normala utveckling.

Ett fall varest en ursprunglig ija‑stam till synes inte har utvecklats som i normalfallet är sjönamnet Vänern. Utljudande ‑r har bevaras, mot huvudregeln att det faller i svenska ija‑stammar. Namnet hade ursprungligen på medeltiden ija‑stamsformen Vænir, och fick mot medeltidens slut bestämd slutartikel, Vænern. I talad svenska i Vänerlandskapen är det upptecknadeElof Hellquist, Studier öfver de svenska sjönamnen, deras härledning ock historia. Stockholm 1903–1906. Sidan 739.  uttalet [ˈvɛːnəɳ], vilket antyder en reflex av det utljudande ‑r i Vænir: det fonetiska tecknet [‑ɳ] motsvarar ‑rn. Det andra utmärkande draget för ija‑stammar – accent 2 – har ändrats till accent 1 i många landsändar, och är vanligt bland standardsvensktalande. Men det ursprungliga uttalet är bevarat i Vänerlandskapen.

Förändring av ordformer vid upptagande av ija‑stammar från fornspråket

 Olika grupper av ord på ‑er

I nysvenska finns ord på ‑er av olika ursprung. Dels finns vanliga a‑stammar, som slutar på ‑er om nominativändelsen bevarats. Vokalen i de gamla a‑stammarnas andra stavelse är dock en svarabhaktivokal (inskottsvokal som underlättar uttalet); a‑stammarna var alltså på ett stadium enstaviga, och har accent 1 i nysvenska. Ett exempel är a‑stammen dager (dagsljus), som förut var enstavigt (dagr), och därför har accent 1. Ord som slutade på konsonant plus ‑r hade ingen svarabhaktivokal i fornnordiskan (dagr), men hade det i de senare språken, som fornsvenska (dager).

För det andra finns en undergrupp av a‑stammar vars ‑r‐ tillhör ordroten (åker, utter, med flera), och vilka därför slutat på svarabhakti‑e‐ plus ‑r‐ i fornsvenska.

För det tredje finns gamla ija‑stammar, som kommit att anslutas till de ovannämnda typerna. Tabellen visar hur ett ord i svenskan som det från fornnordiskan återupplivade namnet Ymer anslutits till a‑stammarna.

Vissa återupplivade ursprungliga ija‑stammar som Ymer har alltså fått ordslut på ‑er och accent 1 i stället för förmodat "ljudlagsenliga" ordslut på ‑e och accent 2.

Hävdvunna och "ljudlagsenliga" former av ord upptagna från fornspråket

När ord från fornspråken återupplivades i nysvenskan rådde vacklan omkring deras form. Offentlig polemik skedde mellan företrädare för olika principer. En åsiktsriktning menade att ord skulle ha en form som stämde med svenska "språklagar" och "ljudlagar". Andra skribenter var benägna att godta hävdvunna former som råkat bli gängse.

Den förmodade "ljudlagsenliga" utvecklingen av ija‑stamsnamn i svenskan är att ordslutet ‑ir skulle ha utvecklats till ordslutet ‑e. Ett exempel är namnet Sǫkmímir, som finns i genitivformen Sǫkmímis i Ynglingasagan. Språklagsivraren Hans Hildebrand återgav namnet som Sänkmime. Andra översättningar har Sokkmimer.Henrik Schück, Studier i nordisk litteratur‐ och religions historia. Första delen. Stockholm 1904. Sidan 48. Den förra formen är ett försök att rekonstruera en "ljudlagsenlig" form; den senare har en skriftbild som mer liknar fornspråkets.

Hävdvunna former av fornord, som minimerar förändringen av skriftbilden jämfört med fornspråket, har blivit vanligast. Men det har föreslagits parallellformer som ådagalägger en "sträfvan att åt lånord upptagna från isländska och de andra nordiska medeltidsspråken gifva den form dessa förmodades skola hafva fått, om de från gammal tid fortlefvat hos oss".

De första försöken att införa "ljudlagsenliga" former gjordes under andra häften av 1800‐talet av Carl Säve och Hans Hildebrand med flera. Tillvägagångssättet har kritiserats av Johan Erik Rydqvist, Adolf Noreen och andra språkvetare. De menar att man inte kan veta vilka vägar utvecklingen skulle ha tagit, om utdöda ord fortlevt i svenskan; att vi inte vet precis vilken form ett visst (från isländskan känt) ord eller en viss böjningsform, som inte skrevs ned, hade innan den dog ut i Sverige; att ljudlagsenlighetsivrarna stundom misslyckas med att konstruera ordformer som uppfyller deras egna kriterier (eftersom strikt konsekvens är omöjlig då den leder till oantagbara resultat); och att vanliga former som Frithiof, ehuru formellt felaktiga, har vunnit burskap i svenska språket och litteraturen.Adolf Noreen, "Om språkriktighet" i Spridda studier. Populära uppsatser. Stockholm 1895. Sidorna 143–212.  Omdömena om "ljudlagsenlighet" i denna artikel syftar alltså inte på en objektiv sanning utan på en åsikt som inte har omfattats av alla språkvetare.

Diskussionen har fortgått till nutiden. Ett exempel på modern ljudlagsenlig formgivning av ett utdött namn har beskrivits i runologiundervisning vid Uppsala universitet:

I tabellen visas några exempel på, hur ija‑stammar behandlats på ovannämnda två sätt i nysvenska.

Anmärkning till tabellen: Namnet Börje är ingen konstruktion, men medtages för jämförelse med det möjligen fornspråksinspirerade Birger. I fallet Birger finns den ovannämnda komplikationen att namnet i vissa fornsvenska källor har böjningen genitiv Birghirs, dativ Birghiri (i stället för förväntade genitiv Birghis, dativ Birghi). Namnet har närmast anslutits till undergruppen av a‑stammar med ‑r‐ som tillhör stammen (som till exempel åker); dessa ord har fått slutstavelsen ‑er i nysvenska. Om så är fallet att formen Birghir (med genitiv Birghirs) har fortlevt in i nysvensk tid (som Birger–Birgers) vore även Birger, vid sidan av Börje, en från fornsvenskan kontinuerligt levande form. Roland Otterbjörks anmärkning att "Birger tidvis har uppfattats som en mera korrekt form" för "bondenamnet" Börje (Berge, Beriel, Birgel, Böril) stöder antagandet om ett sådant kontinuerligt medvetande om formen Birger, vilket skulle göra den nutida formen Birger till en genom paradigmbyte utvecklad form snarare än en sentida fornspråkslån. I nysvensk tid skriver till exempel Olaus Petri Birgher Jerl eller Birger Jerl. Trots sådana nysvenska belägg hävdar Elof Hellquist och Adolf Noreen att formen Birger är upptagen från fornspråket.

Val av former vid översättning
I moderna översättningar till standardsvenska från fornspråk av akademiker som Lars Lönnroth eller Åke Ohlmarks har översättarna kunskapen att välja mellan den "ljudlagsenliga" metoden och metoden att låta den nya svenska formen på ytan likna den fornspråkliga. Översättarna kan "å ena sidan översätta namnen i enlighet med svenskans språkutveckling och å andra sidan hålla namnen så nära den isländska formen som möjligt". Vissa översättare väljer den senare, även om likheten mellan originalet och översättningen blir skenbar snarare än språkhistoriskt systematisk: en försvenskning som Hlodver är skenbart lik originalets Hlǫðvir, medan alternativet  Lödve grundas på en systematisk analys av hur ljudutvecklingen antagligen eller möjligen skulle ha skett om namnet hade använts i Sverige efter fornnordisk tid.

Terminologi om stammar
I många vetenskapliga verk används ia‑stammar som beteckning på den grupp ord, som i denna artikel (och i standardverket Norrön grammatikk av Ragnvald Iversen) kallas ija‑stammar. Beteckningen ia‑stammar används till exempel i Finnur Jónsson, Grammatik for det islandske oldsprog, och Elias Wessén, Svensk språkhistoria.

Oavsett stavningen skrivs beteckningen alltid med liten första bokstav: ija‑stam, inte Ija''‑stam.

Referenser, anmärkningar och noter

Historisk lingvistik
Nordiska språk
Språkvård

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Whatever you were wishing for, around the time the feather arrived – is where your wish is fulfilled.
If you are single, your soulmate is coming.
If you are in a relationship, problems are repaired, and love deepens.
A child or grandchild is coming.
You are on the path to fulfilling your wish.


text:
package net.aicomp.terraforming.scene

import net.aicomp.terraforming.entity.GameEnvironment
import net.exkazuu.gameaiarena.gui.DefaultScene
import net.exkazuu.gameaiarena.gui.Scene

class EmptyScene(nextScene: Scene[GameEnvironment]) extends AbstractScene {
  final override def run() = {
    nextScene
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Many accidents happen due to the difference of radius between inner wheels when the heavy-duty truck is turning.
"Safety Line" is a system with infrared ray(IR). The sensors are installed on both sides of the truck which can detect the status inside the truck.
it alerts pedestrians or other vehicles in the dangerous area.
remind the truck driver and the people who are too close to the truck. By such design, the occurrence of collision accidents can be effectively prevented.


text:
Our Stories »
Science Briefs »
Science Briefs - 2018 »
Magnetic stresses on cuprate superconductor show unique conductivity
Fields of dreams: Magnetic stresses on cuprate superconductor show unique conductivity
Resistance studies reveal 'strange metal's' electrical peculiarity
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Pulsed Field Facility
Nancy Ambrosiano
"We have discovered that these materials, called 'strange metals,' have a behavior under high magnetic fields that is actually a whole new way to conduct electricity"- Arkady Shekhter
LOS ALAMOS, N.M., Aug 3, 2018—Using incredibly high magnetic fields, researchers from Los Alamos National Laboratory and partners are exploring the electrical resistance of a copper-oxide based superconducting material, seeking to clarify its behavior in the highest superconducting transition temperatures. Superconducting materials are essential to such products as more efficient power transmission lines, medical equipment and power storage devices.
"We have discovered that these materials, called 'strange metals,' have a behavior under high magnetic fields that is actually a whole new way to conduct electricity," said Arkady Shekhter, one of the study's co-authors. "We need to find a new language to think about these materials."
Resistance measurements of the cuprate superconductor La2-xSrxCu04 are helping the research team understand the role of scale (or more importantly, the lack of scale) in grasping the behavior of unconventional metals. By using some of the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Pulsed Field Facility's highest available magnetic fields, they are able to explore the anomalous metallic state associated with the highest superconducting transition temperatures.
For normal metals the Fermi energy scale—the energy of the most energetic electrons in the system—is important because they are the only states to "slosh around" carrying current. To date this Fermi-liquid description of metals enables the charge transport in all but the most strongly interacting materials to be described in terms of the dynamics of long-lived electron-like quasi-particles at the Fermi energy
But the description doesn't work for everything. This new work addresses how this Fermi liquid concept breaks down for the most strongly interacting materials, such as the anomalous "strange-metal" phase of high-temperature superconductors.
The team put the significant capabilities of the Los Alamos Pulsed Field Facility to work to explore how a magnetic field affects the resistance. "Like waves on the surface of a pond, in a metal the way electrons are pushed around the 'Fermi-surface' normally determines the magnetoresistance," said Ross McDonald, NHMFL deputy director.
The material's behavior is a breakdown of conventional Fermi liquid theory calling into question the very existence of electron-like quasi-particles in these materials. Furthermore, the ubiquity of this behavior in multiple families of both the copper and iron based high-temperature superconductors, indicates a commonality in the underlying physics of these (quantum-critical) strange-metals that birth the highest temperature superconductivity.
Although there is as yet no microscopic description of this scale invariance, its observation is a key step in the necessary understanding if we ever stand a chance of engineering that uses strongly interacting quantum materials.
Publication: Scale-invariant magnetoresistance in a cuprate superconductor, Science
Authors: P. Giraldo-Gallo (National MagLab and the Universidad de los Andes); J.A. Galvis (National MagLab and Universidad Central); Zachary Stegen (National MagLab and FSU); K.A. Modic (Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids); F.F. Balakirev and J.B. Betts, (Los Alamos National Lab); X. Lian, and C. Moir (National MagLab and FSU); S.C. Riggs (National MagLab); J. Wu and A.T. Bollinger (Brookhaven National Lab); X. He (Brookhaven and Yale University); B.J. Ramshaw (LANL and Cornell University); R. D. McDonald (LANL); and G.S. Boebinger (National MagLab and FSU).
Funding: The high-field resistivity measurements were performed in the 60 T long-pulse and 100 T magnet systems at the NHMFL Pulsed Field Facility, which is supported by NSF grant DMR-1157490 and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science.
Multipoint satellite observations provide insight into the origins of substorms
All-solid-state cryocooler becomes a reality
A new neural network approach for seismic event detection
Los Alamos National Laboratory's Discreet Oculus team recognized in DTRA's Hyper Critical Campaign
Los Alamos pursues technology for more affordable fuel cell electric cars
November, 30 2018 - New work at Los Alamos will create polymer fuel cells designed to make electric cars less expensive.
New web-based technology assesses health of civil, mechanical and aerospace structures
October, 29 2018 - Researchers have developed a revolutionary new way to measure the response of civil, mechanical and aerospace structures to dynamic loads and analyze their structural health.
Clues to creating an HIV vaccine: HIV sugars are key for effective immune responses
October, 23 2018 - Recent work at Los Alamos sheds light on the mechanisms that lead to broader immune responses in HIV infected individuals and will help inform future vaccine designs.
State-of-the-art photocathodes grown on atomically thin layers of graphene
October, 11 2018 - Researchers developed a unique approach that decouples two competing physical mechanisms that have prevented scientists from improving cold cathode efficiency.
A short history of women at Los Alamos
March, 22 2018 - As part of the Laboratory's 75th Anniversary this year, this is the second in a series of stories celebrating the people and achievements that made us into an extraordinary scientific institution.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


VA Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion.
Response: A growing body of research demonstrates that frailty is a more powerful predictor of postoperative outcomes than risk-prediction models based on age or comorbidity alone. However, it has not been clear if surgeons could intervene on frailty to improve outcomes.
This study reports what we believe to be the first ever demonstration that it is not only feasible to screen an entire health system for frailty, but that it is possible to act on that information to improve outcomes. Every patient evaluated for elective surgery was screened for frailty with a brief tool that takes 1-2 minutes to complete. Those identified as potentially frail and thus at greater risk for poor surgical outcomes received an ad-hoc administrative review aimed at optimizing perioperative care. After implementing the frailty screening initiative, we observed a 3-fold increase in long-term survival at 6 and 12 months—even after controlling for age, frailty, and predicted mortality.
Response: The precise mechanisms of the improvement is not clear and likely multifactorial given the complex behavioral modification induced by the intervention. However, these data provide preliminary proof of concept that frailty can be feasibly assessed preoperatively across entire health systems, and knowledge of the diagnosis can inform care in ways that improve outcomes.
Response: This study involved only a single hospital in Omaha, Nebraska. We need to see if it translates to other settings. In fact, other other VA and private hospitals are currently implementing similar strategies that will hopefully replicate the findings and improve the quality of perioperative care for some of the highest risk patients we serve.
Response: As the US and VA health care user population ages, the prevalence of frailty will increase, and an increasing number of frail patients will require surgical care. This is another example of how VA's integrated research, clinical care and electronic medical records are leading the country to identify and act on unrecognized opportunities for ongoing quality improvement. The strategies identified here will not only help the VA fulfill its mandate to provide high-value medical care to those who have born the burden of battle, but they may also help private sector hospitals and physicians improve the care of the frail patients they serve.
This entry was posted in Author Interviews, Frailty, JAMA, Surgical Research, University of Pittsburgh and tagged frailty, surgery by Marie Benz MD FAAD. Bookmark the permalink.


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text:
Indian-origin guy tweets racist encounter just a day after Donald Trump's victory, and it's not cool
Indian-origin guy tweets racist encounter just a day after Donald Trump's victory, and it's not cool
He wasn't the only one facing such a situation.
By: Trends Desk |
November 10, 2016 6:03:51 pm
This is what's happening with minorities in the country
During the run-up to US elections, President-elect Donald Trump made sure people criticised him for being racist, xenophobic and sexist. He had said he is against immigrants in the United States; he had said he'd ban Muslims from the country, not forgetting his controversial 'grabbing women' comment from the past. Well, he will now lead America to greatness, starting January 20, 2017.
According to a New York Times report, minorities like Hispanics, African-Americans and Muslims are feeling threatened already. Reportedly, people from the community have started getting death threats on social media and even out in the open. "I don't fear Trump as much as I fear the monster he's awakened. It feels like he's normalized discrimination, and I'm afraid it's open season," Aysha Choudhary, a Muslim American told NYT.
An Indian based out of America, Manik Rathee, also took to Twitter to share his horrifying experience on Day 1 after Trump won the US elections. According to his tweets that have gone viral, Rathee was stopped at a gas station and told by a group of guys to get out of the country. "As I'm stopped at a gas station this morning, a group of guys yell over: "Time to get out of this country, Apu!"Day 1.," he tweeted.
His tweet went viral with over 26000 retweets, at the time of writing.
But the man didn't bow down and took it head on. "man, im a light-skinned indian guy. i'm not a small dude. I dress in professional work attire. I speak english. This is our America now. American racism has been emboldened." he wrote.
As I'm stopped at a gas station this morning, a group of guys yell over: "Time to get out of this country, Apu!"
— Manik R (@ManikRathee) November 9, 2016
man, im a light-skinned indian guy.
i'm not a small dude. I dress in professional work attire. I speak english.
This is our America now.
American racism has been emboldened.
He wasn't the only one facing such a situation. After Rathee, a lot of people shared similar experiences. "Last week a neighbor asked me what's my legal status and why I am living here. So, you get the picture," wrote a user.
Donald Trump's America. A close friend sent this to me. pic.twitter.com/PzNV1MOujM
— Saira Khan (@sairakh) November 10, 2016
this is not even real. this is the most devastating thing i have ever seen. i am hurting so much i am so sorry to all muslims. so sorry. pic.twitter.com/txs1GdyqAe
— g (@rosehaIsey) November 9, 2016
Have something to add to the story? Tell us in the comments below.
For all the latest Trending News, download Indian Express App.


text:
Other (10408 ) Jazz (2551 ) Blues (1019 )
Bessie Smith on Wiki, Bessie Smith on LastFM
American blues and jazz singer Bessie Smith was born on April 15, 1894 in Chattanooga, Tennessee, U.S. and died on September 26, 1937 Clarksdale, Mississippi, U.S. She is considered to be one of the most influential blues singer in the music history and often referred as "Empress of Blues". In addition, she is regarded as one of the greatest singers during that time. Some of her recordings were inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame. They are "Downhearted Blues", "St. Louis Blues" and "Empty Bed Blues". Her "Downhearted Blues" was included in Library of Congress' National Recording Registry. This song was also included in the list of "Songs of the Century". The song is also in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the songs that shaped rock and roll. You can download Bessie Smith: The Complete Recordings, Vol. 1 in mp3 from our site.
B.B.King
Dylan, Bob
Albums: 89
Discography Bessie Smith
Backwater Blues 26 2020
Jazz - The Essential Collection, Vol. 3 23 2020
Nobody Knows You When Youre Down And Out 22 2020
Blue Spirit Blues 20 1995
Empress of the Blues 1 1993
Bessie Smith: The Complete Recordings, Vol. 1 - Boxset [CD2] 19 1991
Empress Of The Blues 1923-1933 22 1990
The Blues Collection 09 16 1975
The Collection 16 1933
The Blues Collection 09 - Classic Blues 16
The Complete Recordings Vol 2 (Cd 2) 1
Classic Blues 16
Lady Luck Blues 1 21
Big Blues Collection Vol.6 16


The blower dryer unit is a partially recirculating dryer.
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It has a 16 gauge stainless steel chamber, 5 feet long with a large access door for inspection and cleaning.
It is designed to circulate 1400 CFM of air at a nominal 150ºF.


Welcome to the California State Association of Parliamentarians website!
Serve as a chartered State Association of the National Association of Parliamentarians (NAP).
The NAP and California State Association of Parliamentarians (CSAP) and its divisions are 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations formed for the purpose of studying, teaching, and promoting the rules of deliberative assemblies. The Parliamentary Authority studied and used by NAP and its divisions is the latest edition of Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR).
Our members are Meeting Experts!
All interested people are welcome and encouraged to become members of CSAP. If you are interested and would like to learn more, please browse through our site, or join us by becoming a member of NAP.
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Product #15858 | SKU DDJ-SP1 | 0.0 (no ratings yet) Thanks for your rating!
The Pioneer DDJ-SP1 Serato Sub-Controller is a USB bus-powered performance controller designed for DJs who use Serato DJ software and want additional performance pads, knobs and buttons for triggering samples and applying effects. The unit features 16 velocity sensitive trigger pads, eight per channel, with functions such as In, Out, Loop Active, Reloop/Exit, Save, Slot Up, and Slot Down. The output level of the pads can be controlled by a sampler fader and also by pushing the pads with different amounts of force. Looping can be performed in both automatic and manual modes. The unit features eight knobs for controlling iZotope effects and includes a slip mode function that allows the music to play in the background while looping and triggering samples. The controller comes with a free voucher for Serato Video software that allows you to incorporate videos, effects, and image files into your performance.


Around the wider world of golf: The 2015 season is just getting underway so there's not a lot to report yet, other than Andy Sullivan's victory at the ET's South African Open Championship.
Look, I gave up trying to keep up with all the different stats GC was giving on Patrick Reed. When they start giving stats like "most wins for players under 24years 6months of age," my brain starts to pucker up.
Reed made an 18-foot birdie putt to secure his fourth PGA Tour win his last 35 starts.
The only person with more wins in that span? Rory McIlroy.
Reed, who turns 25 next August, is also just one of four players in the last two decades to notch four PGA Tour wins before their 25th birthday. The others are guys known simply by their first names: Rory, Tiger and Sergio. Great company.
As for Jimmy Walker's "collapse," I don't think it's such a big deal this early in the year. Nobody plays well all the time and just because his "bad 9" was the back 9 of the final round doesn't mean he choked. Even Patrick credited his mental game for his win Monday; Jimmy should be in fine shape for his title defense at Sony this week.
What should we expect from Patrick going forward? Well, he said that he needs to play better in majors and that's going to be a "major" focus this year. If he sets his mind to it the way he's set his mind to everything else, I suspect he's going to make some serious noise.
To get the job done in the clutch.


From Folklore to Reality: How Do We Use Intuition in Everyday Life?
The High Priestess shows her dominion over pure intuition. As we read in fairy tales and folklore, we see old witches guide young princesses with their all knowing and all feminine counsel.
We are told through stories that all women have this power of intuition. That if we just tap into our sixth sense we can see through danger and navigate in a wise and wondrous way. But with all of the noise and a collection of "truths" throughout our lives, what does this look like in a modern day reality?
Now I know not everyone reading this blog is going to light incense and candles and meditate to clear their head (although I highly recommend it) but doing some soul searching and practicing self help is going to get you started on that path. Stripping away all of the collected nonsense to get you back to your authentic self will help in your journey to being intuitive. Listening to your gut is a very important guide; your body knows more than you do.


Available for shows, corporate events, private parties.
is a truly unique musical experience.
With a repertoire of highly original compositions interspersed with jazz classics and selections from the The Great American Songbook, 5th Avenue exudes a level of virtuosity and charm that delights audiences at every performance.
Copyright 2016. [5thavenuejazz.com]. All rights reserved.


text:
Types of trains to Machu Picchu
Train to Machu Picchu Definitive Guide
https://www.ticketmachupicchu.com/trains-to-machu-picchu/
There are 3 ways to get to Machu Picchu: through the Inca Trail, with the long route through Hidroeléctrica and by train. If you are not one of the people who enjoy outdoor hiking, you should choose the train ride. The train to Machu Picchu is a beautiful journey through the Sacred Valley of the Incas to Aguas Calientes (Machu Picchu Pueblo), at the foot of the Wonder of the World.
How to get to Machu Picchu by train?
Train travel map
The reservation of train tickets
Peru Rail or Inca Rail – Which one to choose to travel by train to Machu Picchu?
Where to board the trains to Machu Picchu?
How long does it take to travel by train to Machu Picchu?
This is the train trip to Machu Picchu
What are the train schedules to Machu Picchu?
How much does the train to Machu Picchu cost?
Discounts for the train ticket to Machu Picchu
How is the train trip to Machu Picchu?
Conditions to board the train to Machu Picchu
To get to Machu Picchu by train you must book tickets online in advance. It is recommended to do it immediately after knowing the date of visit to the Wonder of the World.
Once in the city of Cusco (Peru), the visitor should approach the chosen train station (station Poroy, Urubamba or Ollantaytambo). It is advised to be 30 minutes before the scheduled travel time.
All the train services have as final destination, the town of Aguas Calientes (Machu Picchu Pueblo). From there you only have to board one of the buses that take you to the Machu Picchu gate in about 30 minutes.
Train map
To book train tickets you must enter the website of the only 2 companies that provide the service: Peru Rail or Inca Rail.
It is important to make the reservation as soon as you know the date of entry to Machu Picchu. The tickets are as much in demand as the tickets to the Wonder of the World.
There are two companies with authorization to travel the train tracks to Machu Picchu.
Peru Rail has 4 different quality services: Vistadome trains, Expedition, Sacred Valley and the Hiram Bingham luxury train.
Inca Rail has 4 different services: The Voyager, The 360º, The First Class and The Private.
Both train companies have adequate services for tourists. Below we detail what each of them includes.
Peru Rail
Peru Rail is the oldest company, authorized to operate the Machu Picchu route, it has different services. His website is www.perurail.com.
Vistadome: It is a train with wide wagons, with panoramic windows in the roof and the sides that will allow you to take photographs of the entire route through the valley.
Expedition: The Expedition has wagons totally covered by panoramic windows and service on board, snacks and Peruvian food.
Sacred Valley: This train links Urubamba with Machu Picchu on a luxurious journey through the beautiful landscapes of the Sacred Valley of the Incas. Includes lunch (or dinner) in the observatory car or the dining car.
Belmond Hiram Bingham: It is one of the most luxurious trains in the world, exclusive and with service on board. It has 4 choches, dining car, car bar, gourmet dinner, transportation and tickets Machu Picchu.
Peru Rail train heading to Machu Picchu
Inca Rail
Inca Rail is a Peruvian company that offers rail transportation services from Ollantaytambo to Machu Picchu. Its website is www.incarail.com.
The Voyager: The cars have comfortable seats, folding tables and panoramic windows. Set with Latin American music. There is on-board service and a selection of drinks made with Andean fruits and herbs.
The 360º: They have large panoramic windows, set with Latin American music, on-board service, with a selection of hot and cold beverages, as well as selling handcrafted products on board.
The First Class: It has ambient music, natural flowers and covered tables. You will be served a welcome cocktail, lunch and / or gourmet dinner. Serves only in high tourist season (from April to October) and special dates.
The Private: With capacity for 8 people. The car, known as the 'Princess Inca' is of the presidential class. The car has many details in its decoration, food on board, free bar. This train operates only by request.
Train service of Inca Rail
There are 3 boarding stations for the one-way trains. There is only one station to board the return train.
One way trains:
Ollantaytambo station: Av. Ferrocarril s/n, Ollantaytambo, Valle Sagrado (Cusco).
Poroy Station: Roldan Street s / n, District of Poroy, Cusco.
Urubamba station: Av. Ferrocarril s/n, Urubamba, Valle Sagrado (Cusco).
Return train stations:
Aguas Calientes Station: Machu Picchu Pueblo, s / n, Las Orquídeas Neighborhood (next to the Artisan Market of Aguas Calientes).
In most cases, you will board your train to Machu Picchu at the Ollantaytambo station. The Poroy station is restricted for safety during the rainy season (November to March).
The place where all the trains arrive is the station of Aguas Calientes (Machu Picchu pueblo). One block from the train station you can board the buses to Machu Picchu. They leave every 15 minutes and the box office is right in front.
The duration of the train trip (one way) depends on the station where the train is approached:
From Poroy station (Cusco): The trip takes 3 hours and 15 minutes approximately.
From the Urubamba station: The trip lasts 2 hours and 30 minutes, approximately.
From the Ollantaytambo station: The trip lasts a little less than 2 hours.
The train trip is the way in which more tourists arrive at Machu Picchu. There are different types of services whose costs vary according to the best quality of service. The most popular are the Expedition and the Vistadome that offer onboard service and even shows.
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Train schedules are fixed and punctual. Most services depart from the 'Ollantaytambo' station.
Peru Rail train schedules:
Train times 'Vistadome' (Ollantaytambo – Aguas Calientes):
Departure Time Arrival Time
7.05 a.m. 8.27 a.m.
8 a.m. 9.25 a.m.
8.53 a.m. 10.29 a.m.
10.32 a.m. 12.11 p.m.
1.27 p.m. 2.50 p.m.
7.35 a.m. (Poroy – Cusco) 10.52 p.m.
Train timetable 'Expedition' (Ollantaytambo – Aguas Calientes):
12.55 p.m. 2.25 p.m.
7 p.m. 8.45 p.m.
9 p.m. 10.45 p.m.
6.40 a.m. (Poroy – Cusco) 9.54 a.m.
Train schedule 'Sacred Valley' (Urubamba – Aguas Calientes):
10:30 a.m. 1:34 p.m.
Train times 'Hiram Bingham' (Poroy (Cusco) – Aguas Calientes)
9.05 a.m. 12:24 p.m.
Inca Rail train schedules:
Train times 'Voyager' (Ollantaytambo – Aguas Calientes):
11.30 a.m. 1.06 p.m.
Train timetable 'The 360º' (Ollantaytambo – Aguas Calientes):
7.22 a.m. 8.48 a.m
12.36 p.m. 2 p.m.
Train timetable 'The First Class' (Ollantaytambo – Aguas Calientes):
Train times 'The Private' (Ollantaytambo – Aguas Calientes):
The prices of the trains depend on the type of service. The amount tends to increase the closer the date of the trip.
Prices of Peru Rail trains (round trip):
Train service 'Peru Rail' Price in dollars Price in soles
Train 'Expedition' $ 140 S/. 459
Train 'Vistadome' $ 190 S/. 623
Luxury train 'Hiram Bingham'* $ 950 S/. 3115
Local train (only for Peruvians) $ 6 S/. 20
Prices of Inca Rail trains (round trip):
Train service Price in dollars Price in soles
The Voyager $ 140 S/. 459
Tren 'Vistadome' $ 150 S/. 491
The train ticket to Machu Picchu has discounts for children under 3 years.
Peru Rail offers free admission to children under 3 years of age. They must travel charged by their parents.
Inca Rail also allows free entry for children from 0 to 2 years of age traveling in the parent's or guardian's seat.
Peru Rail offers a 50% discount to children under 12 years old.
Inca Rail also has a 50% discount for children from 3 to 12 years old.
The distance from Poroy station (Cusco) to Aguas Calientes is approximately 65.8 kilometers. The route crosses the beautiful landscapes of the Sacred Valley of the Incas. The trip takes 3 hours and 15 minutes approximately.
The distance from Urubamba to Aguas Calientes is 47.6 kilometers. The route is parallel to the Vilcanota River and the mountains. The trip lasts 2 hours and 30 minutes, approximately.
The distance from the Ollantaytambo station to Aguas Calientes is approximately 30.5 kilometers. The train runs through the beautiful and green Sacred Valley of the Incas along the banks of the Urubamba River. The trip lasts a little less than 2 hours.
You must follow the following instructions to board the train to Machu Picchu without complications:
When boarding the train, you must show your travel ticket and your identity document or passport.
The railway company will check your ticket before and during the trip.
If you can not prove that you own the ticket, you will be prevented from boarding the train, with no option to claim.
They will not let you board the train if your health condition is delicate. So also women in a state of gestation greater than or equal to seven months.
They will prevent you from boarding the train if you are in an obvious state of drunkenness or under the influence of other substances.
Young children must be accompanied by their parents or legal guardians.
By Ticket Machu Picchu – Last updated, May 13, 2021
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Restaurant Review: Apollonia Grill brings Greek to Cooper Creek
By Brian Ries , Herald-Tribune
/ Tuesday, October 29, 2013
The Village Salad at Apollonia Grill. (Photo Provided)
After a decade of shifting owners and new restaurants, the dining scene in the Cooper Creek shopping plaza near the intersection of University parkway and I-75 has recently taken a turn to the familiar. Sarasota's Indian stalwart Tandoor moved in earlier this year and popular family Italian spot Valentino's opened a second location in the sprawling development.
Apollonia follows that trend, although it's not immediately apparent from the name. Owned by the family behind the venerable El Greco in downtown Sarasota, the new restaurant focuses on the same Greek cuisine that has made the family's other restaurant such an enduring success. There are a few telling differences between the two, however, that might cause fans venture out east for a Med meal.
First is the location, which has hosted a few restaurants over the past several years. Like at many of the restaurants in the Cooper Creek plaza, the interior is modern and sharp, with high ceilings and elegant touches that allow Apollonia to easily straddle the line between comfortable family dining and date-night respectability. With Lakewood Ranch just over the interstate, that dichotomy makes serious economic sense.
There's also a long bar down one side of the room that serves wine, beer and some clever cocktails that keep to the Greek theme, like one made with pineapple juice, rum and a surprisingly tasty yoghurt-based liqueur. There's also an outdoor patio that's set back from the sidewalk, cozy enough to compensate a bit for the stark views of the plaza's expansive parking lot.
Apollonia's food also manages to appeal to two seemingly different groups, all at once. Much of the Greek cuisine is hearty and comforting, with portions that offer more than the mid-range price point would account for. Other dishes are refined and elegant, Greek fine-dining. Some are both. And all of it is extremely tasty.
Start with the standards, like flaky spanakopita that's miles ahead of the usual. Instead of the usual densel pockets of puff pastry stuffed with bland green paste so common as catering appetizers, these actually taste like bright spinach and salty, creamy feta, the pastry flaky and light instead of leaden.
Apollonia's homemade hummus is rich, but more about the chick pea at its base, tahini and garlic serving as foils for the nutty bean. Spicy feta dip is a crowd pleaser, the salty cheese blended with hot red-pepper oil, a good foil for the restaurant's sturdy grilled pita. The tzatziki, however, is a revelation.
It's always the little things that can take you by surprise and Apollonia's version of the simple cucumber, yogurt and garlic dip – a staple served with so much Greek food – is the kind of offhanded masterpiece that will have you making a double-take after your first bite. Tart, savory, fresh and powerful, after dredging the final dregs of tzatziki from the plate, you might – like me – ask if the restaurant sells it by the gallon for home consumption.
There are also mussels served in a broth accented cream, garlic and lemon, with a hint of herbaceous anise from a final touch of flaming ouzo; grilled octopus striped with char and dressed in simple olive oil and red wine vinegar; and a rich, almost gelatinous, version of the classic Greek avgolemono soup that combines lemon, egg and chicken. At many Greek restaurants, dolmades – grape leaves stuffed with rice, meat and seasonings – are often sodden and oddly tart. Here, they are solid and fresh, the meat and rice laced with just enough citrus to brighten the dense little packages.
Apollonia's kitchen is adept with fish, like a massive salmon filet that is grilled perfectly, with a crisp, salty crust and a perfect medium rare even at the center of the thick cut. The sautéed spinach on the side is a bit disappointing, but the scattering of briny Kalamata olives and salty feta adds some sharp surprise to occasional bites of the fish.
Considering the incredible tzatziki and tasty pita, it's no surprise that the restaurant's gyro is excellent and the kitchen's deft hand on the grill extends beyond seafood to lamb and pork chops.
For serious comfort food, however, try Apollonia's moussaka or pasticcio. Covered in a delicate béchamel sauce that becomes custard-like when baked, the moussaka's many layers combine in perfect harmony, from tender potatoes to ground beef laced with sweet spices, from soft zucchini and squash to that rich béchamel. Apollonia's pasticcio is more rustic, the same seasoned beef mixed with pasta and sharp feta, then topped by the same ethereal béchamel. Both are fantastic.
Even with a half-dozen restaurants in the same plaza that range from capable to excellent, Apollonia Grill has quickly set itself apart from the herd with a formula that will appeal to everyone from families with young kids to couples celebrating special occasions, not to mention El Greco fans looking for a change of scenery.
Apollonia Grill
8235 Cooper Creek Blvd., University Park
359-4816, apolloniagrill.com
Brian Ries
Brian Ries is the editor of ticketsarasota.com.


Home » Now That I Have Good Rankings, Can I Stop Doing SEO?
On the surface it may seem like once you have reached the top of the search engine rankings, the work is done and your website will remain near the top for your main keywords. However, the internet is much too competitive of a marketplace for this to be true. Effective SEO marketing involves several strategies all working at once to achieve not only good rankings but ultimately increasing conversion rate by driving more traffic from your target audience. Once the processes at work are stopped, your website will slowly begin to fall in the rankings as your competitors with active SEO campaigns take your place. It takes continuous SEO maintenance to remain at the top of the competition, SEO is not a one-time shot.
The following are important reasons why you should continue with your SEO marketing or SEO services even after achieving good rankings.
The internet allows anyone with a connection to advertise their business which means that competition for search engine rankings is fierce. It has been continually proven that websites that appear near the top of the first SERP get a much higher click through rate and depending on your business, you could be competing with hundreds or even thousands of other websites trying to rank well for the same keywords. If you reach the top of the rankings and stop using the strategies that got you there, your competitors will quickly take the top rankings and push your website further and further down.
Google is the most used search engine in the world and eventually, some may find ways to exploit its algorithm with black hat SEO tactics to get high rankings. For this reason, Google regularly updates its algorithm to change the way it crawls and ranks websites. It is very important to keep up with Google algorithm changes because a certain SEO strategy that once was effective may become ineffective after an update or even worse, be eligible for penalization by Google. You must adjust your SEO marketing strategies with each Google algorithm update or your rankings could be hurt by the new algorithm. The professionals at an SEO agency are always informed on the latest Google updates and can help you adjust your SEO marketing for better results.
There is a saying in the SEO industry that "Content Is King" as it takes fresh, useful, and engaging content to keep your audience or customer base coming back to your website. People consume content on the web at an incredible rate, especially on mobile devices, and if you stop offering fresh content, you will lose appeal among your audience as your old content becomes stale or irrelevant. Google is also more generous to websites that consistently offer new content. Content creation should be at the center of your SEO marketing strategy and an SEO agency can provide content creation services if your company does not have the time or the resources to do it in-house.
According to an SEO ranking study done by Search Engine Roundtable, ceasing all SEO marketing activity after reaching the top of the rankings can result in a drop in the rankings as high as 30 percent. Many SEO strategies work to build links to your website and when you stop link building, Google may determine that your website is no longer lively or relevant. The same study from Search Engine Roundtable also showed that companies who continued their SEO marketing after getting good rankings enjoyed up to an 18 percent increase in their rankings.
The internet is constantly changing with new technology, trends, and devices and it is important for your website to stay in line with the newest changes in technology. For example, more people do internet searches from a tablet or smartphone than a traditional computer, which was not the case a few years ago, and if your website is not mobile friendly, most mobile users will immediately leave your site. As the technology changes, you must reassess your SEO marketing strategies to work with the changes and you may even need to make adjustments to your website. This is another area where it helps to hire an SEO agency because SEO professionals stay up to date on the newest trends and technologies and can help you adjust your SEO campaign and your website accordingly.
Companies often go through regular changes whether they are changes within their industry or internal changes such as new ways to conduct business, new products or services, or rebranding. Whenever you make a significant change to your business, you must reflect the change in your SEO marketing campaign. Rebranding and new products or services are excellent sources of new content that will keep your current audience engaged while also attracting new potential customers.
The trends in user behavior tend to change over time and if you do not change your SEO strategies to accommodate these changes, you will lose rankings and your internet traffic will go down. The increase in the use of mobile devices mentioned above is one major change in user behavior that directly affects the search rankings and traffic to your website. Another change in user behavior you should watch out for is keyword use. The keywords used to search for a particular product or service may change over time and if you are targeting keywords that are no longer used, you will not rank well for the new keywords. Continuous keyword research is an important aspect of SEO maintenance.
Users can get to your website through many avenues and they each use your website differently once they arrive. Web analytics data allows you to view the activity of your visitors on your website as well as how they got to your website and what set of keywords they used to get there. All of this information can help you improve your overall SEO marketing. Knowing what most visitors do on your website can help you improve what is working on your site as well as notice what is not working to create a better user experience. If you notice that most users reach your website through a social media outlet like Facebook, then improving what is already working on your Facebook profile can help attract even more traffic.
Website analytics can be difficult and time consuming to analyze for many companies but the information it provides is crucial for good SEO marketing. Agencies that offer SEO services can provide web analytics consulting and suggest or make adjustments in your SEO strategy based on the data.
One of the ultimate goals of SEO marketing is to establish your company as an industry authority in your particular niche. This requires consistent content creation that is relevant and timely for your target audience as it takes time to build your authority. If you stop your SEO marketing strategies and do not create fresh content for your particular audience, you will not be able to establish your company as an authority in your niche.
There are some things on the internet that you cannot control such as negative user comments and reviews which can hurt your online reputation if ignored. Your company's online presence and rankings in combination with user reviews and comments about your business make up your online reputation. It is important to maintain a positive online reputation because most consumers look to the internet first if they need a product or service and your online reputation will have a huge effect on the impression that users get of your business. Maintaining a good online reputation requires consistent activity to respond to comments and reviews, both positive and negative, or you may get overloaded with bad reviews which will hurt your online reputation and search engine rankings.
Just because you have reached your desired place in Google's SERPs, this does not mean the job is done. Your SEO marketing strategy should be consistently implemented and adjusted to remain high in the SERPs which will help boost your conversion rate and ROI. Ceasing all SEO activity once you climb the rankings will cause your rankings and traffic to fall because you will have nothing new to offer your audience and no idea of how your targeted audience behaves on your website to improve their experience. An SEO agency has the expertise to not only improve your rankings in Google's SERPs, but also implement a continuous SEO marketing plan to maintain good rankings.
If your company could benefit from the assistance of an SEO agency, contact Proceed Innovative, LLC. We provide a full range of SEO services and we work with each client individually to create a unique SEO marketing plan to help achieve and maintain good SEO rankings. For more information about our services, give us a call at (800) 933-2402.


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K-12 students to have optional in-class instruction on June 1
by Province of British Columbia on Friday May 15 2020
Rob Fleming, Minister of Education said government is taking every precaution to protect their health and safety. - BC Government photo
Parents will have the choice of bringing their children back to class on a part-time basis this school year as part of BC's Restart Plan, with the goal of returning to full-time classes in September 2020, provided it is safe to do so.
"British Columbians have worked hard to flatten our curve. As we move into the next phase of our pandemic plan after the May long weekend, the science shows us that we're ready to bring students back to school safely on a gradual and part-time basis," said Premier John Horgan.
"This will be welcome news for many families who have struggled to adjust to remote and online learning, and for parents who are going back to work. At every step, we will move slowly and make health and safety our top priority. B.C. has done well under the guidance of our provincial health officials, and now is the time to take this next step together."
To make sure schools are safe for students and staff, the number of students in school each day will be reduced, with most receiving in-class instruction part time. School districts will determine scheduling for classes and transportation arrangements. For kindergarten to Grade 5, this means most students will go to school half time (such as alternating days), while grades 6 to 12 will go to school about one day a week.
Children of essential service workers and students needing additional supports will have the option to attend school full time. Families that decide not to send their children to class may continue learning from home.
"School is the place where kids learn how to connect with others and grow together, and it's incredibly important for students who need extra support to get more time with their teachers and support workers," said Rob Fleming, Minister of Education.
"We've looked at what measures other jurisdictions are putting in place and we're taking direction from our provincial health officials, so students, educators and staff know we're taking every precaution to protect their health and safety."
All boards of education and independent school authorities will be required to implement strict provincial health officer and WorkSafeBC health and safety measures to reduce the risk COVID-19 transmission, including:
desks spaced apart and avoiding groups or gatherings of students in hallways or other common areas;
regular cleaning of high-contact surfaces like door knobs, toilet seats, keyboards and desks at least twice a day, and cleaning the school building at least once a day;
students, educators and staff will be required to clean their hands before entering school property, and there will be more hand-sanitizing and cleaning stations available, with well-stocked supplies;
staggered drop-offs, lunch and recess breaks, with increased outside time;
staff and students (or their parents/guardians) must assess themselves daily for symptoms of COVID-19. If any student or staff member has even mild symptoms, arrangements will be made for that person to be returned home;
one student per seat on school buses, unless children are from the same house, with plexiglass separating the bus driver from students; and
students or employees should not share food or personal items like phones, pens or pencils. Clear protocols also need to be in place for the safe and healthy handling of all food items.
Gradual approach
The Ministry of Education has developed a five-stage approach to operate schools, depending on risk of transmission. Schools will also have plans in place for each stage, ensuring they are ready to make changes if there is a risk of transmission, a second wave or a community outbreak.
Each school district and independent school must have its return-to-class and safety plans approved by the ministry before moving to the next stage. The plans will be posted on each district's website for families to access. The ministry will support boards of education and independent school authorities in building these plans, and operations during the pandemic will be regularly monitored.
Since returning to class is voluntary and most students will be attending part time, school leaders will contact families to make arrangements for children to return to in-class instruction.
If parents have not heard from their schools by May 22, 2020, they are asked to contact their principal. Parents and caregivers are advised to follow the schedule provided for their child to ensure a safe and orderly restart.
Many child care centres have continued to operate safely throughout the COVID-19 pandemic to support essential service workers in communities across B.C.
Updated health and safety guidelines for child care settings released by the provincial health officer will support child care centres that were closed to reopen safely as they are able, and will reassure parents as they return to work that their children will be cared for in a safe environment.
Information from the BC Centre for Disease Control states the COVID-19 virus has a very low infection rate in children. As well, children are not the primary drivers of COVID-19 spread in child care facilities, schools or in community settings. Like schools, child care centres will need to take additional precautions to maintain the health and safety of their employees and the children they care for.
"We know that parents will continue to make the right child care decisions for their family, based on their individual circumstances, and providers will do the same for their centres and the child care professionals who work there," said Katrina Chen, Minister of State for Child Care.
"While we are giving the necessary tools to child care centres to operate safely, it is ultimately the choice of parents and providers."
New provincial health officer's guidelines for safely providing child care include:
maintaining the physical space requirements set out in the Child Care Licensing Regulation. Child care centres have sufficient space to support physical distancing between staff without reducing the number of children in care at any one time.
organizing children into smaller groups and/or spreading children out to minimize direct physical contact.
cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces at least twice a day. General cleaning of the centre should occur at least once a day with common cleaning and disinfectant products.
Setting up hand-hygiene stations at the entrance, so children can clean their hands when they enter. If a sink with soap and water is not available, provide hand sanitizer but keep out of children's reach and supervise its use. Additional hand-hygiene opportunities should be built into the daily schedule.
staggering the timings of pickup and drop-off. A daily check at drop-off may be conducted by asking parents and caregivers to confirm their child does not have symptoms of common cold, influenza, COVID-19 or other respiratory disease. There is no role for screening children or staff for specific symptoms, checking temperatures or COVID-19 testing. Such activities are reserved for health-care professionals.
having children outside often, including for learning activities, snack time and play time.
ensuring each child has their own individual meal or snack. Reusable utensils must be cleaned and sanitized after each use.
asking parents and caregivers to only bring personal comfort items (e.g., stuffies) if they are clean and can be laundered at the end of each day.
These guidelines will be complemented by WorkSafeBC guidelines for child care providers, which will be released next week.
As B.C. takes steps towards a recovery by removing some of the restrictions, employers are encouraged to be flexible when it comes to arrangements for parents of school-age students.
The Ministry of Education is working with all 60 school districts, independent school authorities, First Nations schools, teachers, school leaders, support staff, public health officials and all its education partners to co-ordinate the next steps for accommodating more students in class.
"As we look to create our new normal, reopening our schools to in-class learning is an important step," said Dr. Bonnie Henry, B.C.'s provincial health officer.
"It will look different, but will be done in way that is safe for everyone. I want to assure all the staff, students and families that we will face the challenges that come with this transition together - and we will do it in a measured and thoughtful way."
There are about 5,000 students already in classrooms, including children of essential service workers and those who require extra support.
Government has invested over $90 million to support more than 2,600 child care centres to remain open and more than 1,400 centres that have closed so they can reopen in the future.
Science and research show that children under 19 are at low risk of transmitting COVID-19 and suspending schools only has modest impacts in minimizing the spread of the virus.
The Ministry of Children and Family Development is providing temporary emergency funding to assist licensed child care centres to stay open, even with reduced enrolment, and to assist centres that temporarily close with fixed costs so they can reopen and serve families when able.
Temporary emergency funding will continue to be in place and assessed on a go-forward basis, as schools and businesses reopen.


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About Kephalios
KEPHALIOS
Optimised structural-heart technologies
Kephalios has created the first mitral repair device* that can be adjusted percutaneously at any time after the implant.
It restores leaflets coaptation so to treat both residual and recurrent Mitral Regurgitation without re-operating the patient.
* This device is not available in any market (it is not CE marked nor FDA approved)
Our latest news and events
Mitral Regurgitation ?
Mitral Regurgitation affects about 1% of the whole population, but
8-9% of the over-65's
Out of 4,000,000 patients (in North America, the widest Europe and the Far East) suffering from severe Mitral Regurgitation who could benefit from cardiac surgery only
150,000 (3.7 %) undergo a mitral intervention every year
Mitral regurgitation patients suffer from serious deterioration of their Quality of Life and have a poor prognosis, including heart failure and early death. Mitral regurgitation can be surgically repaired by ring annuloplasty, but results are often poor and not durable:
up to 30% of patients
leave the Operating Room with some residual mitral regurgitation and up to 20% recidivate in two years. Besides mitral valve repair surgery carries high mortality and morbidity risks.
MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION
A life-threatening condition
Mitral Regurgitation, which is also known as mitral insufficiency, is a common heart valve disorder, but also a life-threatening condition.
The mitral valve regulates the flow of blood between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart.
When the valve's two leaflets fail to close completely, the blood regurgitates back into the left atrium (hence the Mitral Regurgitation condition's name), causing the Mitral Regurgitation.
As a result, the blood flow to the body tissues and organs decreases. To compensate, the heart pumps harder, an action that may eventually lead to heart failure.
Thinking the personalised medicine of the future
Newer medical therapies tend to be more and more personalised. Kephalios participates to this movement with its mitral repair technology, that can be easily regulated both at implant and long after. This technology allows to optimise the surgical repair results, with respect to either the patient individual needs or the evolution of the disease.
We believe in new organizational models in hospitals, where interventions are done in hybrid rooms and a multidisciplinary Heart-Team identifies the best "patient journey", well beyond the single treatment. Kephalios' technology favours this collaborative approach, as it is conceived for a conventional surgical implant but also for a percutaneous adjustment over time.
Kephalios' technology promotes continuity of patient care with a device that has the ability of providing both an immediate and long-term treatment.
The Quality-of-Life of patients is the focal point of our vision. The Kephalios mitral repair technology may improve both short and long-term patient outcome and, most of all, prevent the need for a second operation, a situation often met by patients with a very low compliance.
Our innovation is meant to be simple, easy to use, safe, smart and effective. It does not upset the practice of surgeons, it adds a precious tool to the toolbox of surgeons and cardiologists alike, can saves lifes and significantly improve their quality.
Piergiorgio Tozzi Interview
Martin Andreas Interview
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and science
The technology of Kephalios consists of a mitral annuloplasty ring, that can be adjusted repeatedly and progressively after implantation for treating both residual and recurrent Mitral Regurgitation.
The Kephalios device configuration before adjustment of the P1, P2 and P3 areas. Textile cover, posterior eyelets and anterior green-line for suturing along the inner edge of the ring.
The Kephalios device configuration after adjustment with full deployment of the P1, P2 and P3 areas, with local reduction of the antero-posteriors distances of the mitral annulus.
The Kephalios device* is to be implanted by open surgery with a technique very similar to that of a classical « Carpentier » ring. However, unlike a conventional ring it remains always accessible, after implantation (in peri-op or post-op), by means of a balloon-catheter actuator, that allows to perform an adjustment of the ring shape so to reduce the antero-posterior distance of the annulus in either P1 and / or P2 and / or P3.
The local reduction of the annulus antero-posterior distance entails an increase of the leaflets coaptation length that is also localised only where needed.
With a proper adjustment, then, the coaptation can be improved in an optimal way at the minimum expense of the total valve orifice area.
*This device is not available in any market (it is not CE marked nor FDA approved)
Expertise, passion, reputation
MANAGEMENT AND ADVISORY TEAM
Philippe POULETTY
Founder CEO of Truffle Capital, MD
Michel KACZOREK
President, Biotech entrepreneur, manager & scientist
Daniel HAYOZ
Inventor, Internal medicine professor
George BAU
Medical Device entrepreneur and expert
Piergiorgio TOZZI
SAB President and Inventor, Cardiac surgery professor
Christian LATREMOUILLE
Cardiac surgery professor
Marcio SCORSIN
Clinical Officer, Cardiac surgeon
Daniele ZANOTTI
Chief Executive Officer, Chief Technical Officer
Operational team
Marceline Clémentine	Chief Financial Officer
Perrine Dellong	Quality, Regulatory & Clinical Validation Manager
Mireille Barbe	Executive Assistant
Inès Ouali	Development Project Manager
Chloé Papolla	Research and Simulation Engineer
Guillaume Le Bivic	Industrialisation & Process Quality Manager
Kephalios is a medical device company, founded in 2011 for developing and taking to the market an innovative mitral repair technology.
Kephalios is incorporated in the form of a SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) under the French law.
Kephalios operating facility is located in Aix-en-Provence, in the South of France, while its headquarter in located in Paris.
contact@kephalios.eu
320 av. Archimède – Les Pléiades III – Bât. B
Copyrights 2017 Kephalios – Terms of use – Credits


text:
How brands can reach moms during COVID-19
Connecting with stressed-out parents matters now more than ever
By Adrianne Pasquarelli. Published on May 06, 2020.
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Mattel's Fisher-Price
Hear more about marketing to parents on this week's edition of the Marketer's Brief podcast.
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Brands are well-practiced at marketing to moms on Mother's Day. But the holiday—which arrives on May 10—brings new challenges this year, with COVID-19 waging war against both companies and consumers. The way brands speak to mothers matters now more than ever as parents suffer new stresses like homeschooling and working remotely. In addition, due to the uncertain economy, many parents have been forced to clamp down on their household budgets and are being much choosier with where they spend their dollars. Marketers have a lot at stake in getting it right. Here's what they should consider:
Tone matters—now especially
Experts say the coronavirus has accelerated several trends that were in play well before the pandemic. Moms were already paying attention to brand meaning and purpose more than the average consumer, but now they're watching even more carefully. More than 80 percent of moms report that the way brands behave during the crisis will affect their desire to use those brands in the future, according to a recent study by market research firm GfK. Brands are under a lot of scrutiny right now, and should avoid being tone-deaf in messaging, says Debbie Welch, director of data science at agency Swift.
Moms are also seeking more truthful authenticity from brands. The notion of picture-perfect parenthood is now an unrealistic fantasy of prior generations. Brands also need to be careful not to mom-shame, which can lead to backlash. "It's gone away from a super polished, Instagram-
perfect place," says Welch, noting that influencers and celebrities who communicate this message will benefit. "More and more people are showing the realities of what it means to be a mom—it's messy, it's imperfect, and it's OK to mess up."
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Find moms where they are spending their time
Before the pandemic, moms were spending a good deal of time on digital channels. But now, their social media usage has skyrocketed. GfK found that moms' use of social media is "significantly higher" than the U.S. average, with 39 percent of moms with children under 18 noting they spent more time on Instagram than other channels. Moms, especially those with young kids, are "more engaged in a lot of the social networks," says Jola Burnett, a GfK VP overseeing consumer trends. Those brands that offer a sense of community—like a "mom tribe" where mothers can connect with other parents, trade advice and offer tips either on social channels or on their own websites—will win more dollars, experts say. "Brands that are keeping up with her in terms of media—not just traditional media consumption, but she's on her mobile more than ever—have a better chance of reaching her," says Brooke-Lynn Howard, head of strategy at Swift.
Be a resource
With the stress and anxiety brought on by COVID-19, moms are increasingly looking for help, and experts say brands can step up. Sesame Street recently partnered with Headspace, a meditation app, on offerings with characters including Cookie Monster and Elmo, designed to help children navigate their emotions. Similarly, in March, Mattel unveiled Mattel Playroom, a site with activities, tips and content from its popular Barbie, Fisher-Price and American Girl brands for parents looking for DIY and activity advice to reduce their children's dependence on screens. Chuck Scothon, senior VP of Fisher-Price and global head of infant and preschool at Mattel, says the toy company's relationship with moms used to be more seasonal, but has evolved to be more of an ongoing dialogue that positions Mattel as a resource. During the pandemic, Fisher-Price and agency Wieden+Kennedy unveiled a "Home Collection" with tips for parents around creating playthings at home—making a dragon out of an egg carton, or a puppet out of a brown bag, for example.
"You need to remain true to who you are as a brand. Be authentic, be helpful, but you also want to make sure you're bringing a unique voice to the table," says Scothon, noting that the collection takes a less serious note by providing a way for parents to think about things differently. "You need to be a resource for parents and not be marketing to parents."
Personalize offerings, but keep it simple
It's also important that brands realize that not all moms are alike—and they should not be addressed in the same way. "This generation of parents are used to be spoken to in a very customized way," says Amy Henry, president of FlashLight Insights, a brand consultancy. "They expect a brand knows exactly who they are and caters messages to be relevant to them." Henry says brands should engage with moms to get a sense of what their individual needs might be so that the brand can offer a specific solution. In addition, she advises brands to move away from the overly sentimental montages during the coronavirus crisis and try to stick to more simple messages. "I'm not discounting those [emotional] messages, but sometimes moms' sense of normalcy comes from a brand just acting like themselves right now," Henry says.
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