text:
MOSCED of Modified Separation of Cohesive Energy Density is een thermodynamisch model voor het afschatten van de grensactiviteitscoëfficiënten, die de afwijking van ideaal oplosgedrag bij oneindige  verdunning kwantificeren. Hoe groter de waarde des te vluchtiger is de opgeloste stof meer dan dat deze puur is. Waarden kleiner dan ėėn geven aan dat de opgeloste stof associeert met het oplosmiddel en daardoor minder snel verdampt.

Vanuit een historisch oogpunt kan MOSCED gezien worden als een verbetering op de eerder ontwikkelde activiteitsmodellen:  Hansen model en het Hildebrand model. De eerste publicatie van het MOSCED model dateert van 1984, maar een grote verbetering werd in 2005 gemaakt. Deze laatste versie wordt hier besproken.

Basisprincipe

Het MOSCED model maakt gebruik van component specifieke parameters, die de wisselwerking tussen moleculen kenmerken. In MOSCED zijn vijf parameters gedefinieerd, die de enthalpische wisselwerking kenmerken, en één, het molaire volume, welke de entropische wisselwerking karaketeriseert. Deze parameters zijn deels af te leiden uit de eigenschappen van de pure stof, en anderzijds door het fitten van de grensactiviteitscoëfficiënten van binaire mengsels die experimenteel bepaald zijn.

De auteurs vinden een gemiddelde absolute afwijking van 10,6% voor hun database met experimentele gegevens. De database bevat de  grensactiviteitscoëfficiënten van binaire mengsels van niet-polaire, polaire en waterstofbrug vormende stoffen, met uitzondering van water. De correlatiegrafiek toont aan dat grensactivitetscoëfficiënten voor de binairen met water significant afwijken van de experimentele waarden. De overige waarden zijn beter dan die berekend worden met de groepsbijdragemethode UNIFAC.

Formules

,
,

waarin

Hoewel het model ontwikkeld is voor het afschatten van grensactiviteitscoëfficiënten kan het worden uitgebreid naar andere concentraties door
de limietwaarden in te vullen in het Margules model. Dit levert:

waarin de volume fractie is gedefinieerd is als:

en  de molfractie van component i.
De activiteitscoëfficiënt voor de andere component wordt verkregen door de indices 1 and 2 om te wisselen.

Modelparameters
De parameters in het model zijn:

Molair vloeistofvolume
Het molaire vloeistofvolume ν uitgedrukt in cm³/mol heeft de waarde voor kamertemperatuur en wordt temperatuur-onafhankelijk beschouwd.

Dispersieparameter
De dispersie parameter λ kwantificeert de polariseerbaarheid van molecuul.

Polariteitsparameter
De polariteitsparameter τ beschrijft de wisselwerkingsenergie ten gevolge van het permanente dipool van een molecuul.

Inductieparameter
Met de inductie parameter q wordt de energetische wisselwerking van geïnduceerde dipolen gekarakteriseerd. Deze
is voor aromatische ringstructuren gezet op 0.9, en voor alifatische systemene op 1. Sommige halogeenhoudende
stoffen en alkenen (e.g. hexene, octene) hebben een tussenwaarde.

Zuur- en baseparameters voor waterstofbrugvorming
Deze parameters geven het type en de grootte van een waterstofbrug aan.

Parametertabel
Onderstaande tabel geeft een overzicht van verschillende chemische stoffen met de bijbehorende modelparameters.

Externe links
   Online berekening van de grensactiviteitscoefficients volgens MOSCED

Thermodynamica


text:
Bush is top Dog in UNCA lineup
Former Roberson baseball player Tanner Bush has not needed a whole lot of time to adjust to college pitching.
Bush is top Dog in UNCA lineup Former Roberson baseball player Tanner Bush has not needed a whole lot of time to adjust to college pitching. Check out this story on citizen-times.com: http://avlne.ws/QcINCX
High School Sports Huddle
Andrew Pearson, apearson@citizen-times.com Published 7:29 a.m. ET April 16, 2014 | Updated 7:37 a.m. ET April 16, 2014
Roberson graduate Tanner Bush is a freshman for the UNC Asheville baseball team. (Photo: UNCA ATHLETICS)
Roberson graduate Tanner Bush has not needed a whole lot of time to adjust to college pitching.
Bush's batting average (.371) is 86 points higher than any other baseball player for UNC Asheville.
And Bush is just a freshman for the Bulldogs (11-26, 4-15).
Bush has started 18 of his 26 games this spring and has seven RBIs, two doubles, two triples and a home run. He has only been walked five times. Bush is an outfielder and a left-handed pitcher.
Reynolds alum Phillip Treadway has the second-highest batting average (.285) for UNCA.
The Bulldogs are scheduled to open a three-game home series with Charleston Southern on Thursday night at 6 p.m.
- Follow the HS Huddle on Facebook: www.facebook.com/hshuddle or Twitter: www.twitter.com/acthshuddle
Read or Share this story: http://avlne.ws/QcINCX

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It's hard not to appreciate the convenience of working from home, but you need to separate your personal space from your work space to boost your focus, productivity and professional reputation. How can you create an organized, comfortable work space without turning your whole home into a corporate office?
Start by selecting a dedicated work space that fits both your home and your business. A separate room with an executive corner desk and vertical shelving units creates a powerful first impression if you're dealing with clients in person. Otherwise, a compact desk with built-in storage and an ergonomic office chair in the bedroom corner or under the stairs, may be all you need.
To save space and prevent clutter, utilize desktop file holders and drawer organizers. Purchase a reliable laptop that suites your business needs, and don't forget a laser jet printer along with special paper designed to let you print business cards for pennies. From multiple-line phone systems to compact desk lights, the hand-picked product selection from Office Depot has everything you need to build a successful business at home.
Laptops and notebook computers put you in charge even if you're relaxing on a sofa. Choose storage capabilities and features that help you take your home-based business to the next level.
A multi-function printer empowers your home business and lets you handle complex tasks without the need to run to the local print shop for quality prints. Print, scan, copy and even fax right from the comfort of home.
Simplify and streamline your home business phone system by moving to a VoIP system. By choosing Voice over Internet Protocol, you cut the cord with the phone company and add a host of exciting features to your phone service.
Create a distinct separation of your personal and business calls. Having kids or family members answer the phone when an important client is calling may come off as unprofessional. A multi-line cordless phone gives you all the features you've come to expect and separates billing so you can keep accounts straight.
Stay focused and functional with top-notch work lighting. Choose a desk lamp that matches your personal style, whether you prefer a vintage vibe or a sleeker contemporary look.
Who needs a mail room when you've got all the shipping materials you need right at hand? Choose from a wide variety of envelope styles and sizes to get your documents and products safely to your customers.
Use an ergonomically correct office chair, which provides the support you want so that you can work in comfort. Choose from executive leather and bonded leather or breathable mesh to meet your needs.
Increase the functionality of your desk space when you add a hutch that keeps project materials and office supplies close at hand. A desk hutch is also a great way to take advantage of vertical space in a small home office.
Choose a desk that can serve as the home base for your business. Practical L-shaped desks give you plenty of work space and drawers, while simple pedestal desks only need a small footprint.


PRO Flow is a brand new Easy LED luminaire that suits all kinds of environments from roads to parking areas and courtyards. The clean Scandinavian design, die-cast aluminum body, self-cleaning cooling system and durable materials assure long lifetime reliability. The familiar and efficient Easy LED road and area optics ensure that PRO Flow is suitable for all kinds of environments.
Easy LED PRO Flow -luminaires are designed and made in Finland.


text:
package com.canoo.platform.core.http;

import java.io.IOException;

public class HttpException extends IOException {

    public HttpException(String message) {
        super(message);
    }

    public HttpException(final String message, final Throwable cause) {
        super(message, cause);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Імператор Суйдзей (, суйдзей тенно ; 632 до Р.Х. — 28 червня 549 до Р.Х.) — 2-й Імператор Японії, синтоїстське божество, легендарний монарх. Роки правління — 23 лютого 581 до Р.Х. — 28 червня 549 до Р.Х..

Короткі відомості
Майбутній Імператор Суйдзей був третім сином Імператора Дзімму, другим від другої дружини, Імператриці Хіме Татара Ісудзу Хіме. Він народився, коли батькові було 79 років.

Після смерті Імператора Дзімму 9 квітня 585 до Р.Х., його старший син Таґісімімі но мікото, від першої дружини Ахірацу Хіме, спробував захопити престол. Для цього він побрався із другою дружиною свого батька, матір'ю Суйдзея, і вирішив убити останнього. Проте Судзей змовився зі своїми старшим братом Каму Яі Мімі но мікото і напав на ворога першим. Під час атаки старший брат перелякався і не зміг випустити стрілу у Таґісімімі но мікото, тому Суйдзею довелося підстрелити противника з власного лука. Каму Яі Мімі но мікото було дуже соромно за свою малодухість, тому він передав право на трон своєму відважному братові. За переказами «Записів про справи давнини» та «Аналів Японії», 581 до Р.Х. Судзей зайняв престол батька, ставши 2-м Імператором Японії. Він правив з палацу Такаокамія (高丘宮) в районі Кацураґі краю Ямато.

Відомостей про правління Імператора Суйдзея немає. Через це його відносять до так званих «восьми монархів, невідомих історії». Вигадані перекази про цього правителя містяться лише у «Збірці синто» 14 століття, де його предствалено людежером, якого жителі Ямато з остраху замкнули у печері.

Помер Імператор Суйдзей 28 червня 549 до Р.Х. у віці 84 років. Його було поховано в мавзолеї Цукітанооканоуе, яку сьогодні пов'язують з курганом Цукаяма, діаметром 16 м, у районі сучасного міста Касіхара префектури Нара.

Наступником монарха став його син Сікіцу Хіко Таматемі но мікото, майбутній Імператор Анней, народжений від дружини Ісудзуйорі Хіме но мікото.

Генеалогічне дерево

Примітки

Джерела та література
 大林太良 『神話の系譜 ― 日本神話の源流をさぐる』 (Обаясі Тарьо. Генеалогія міфів: У пошуках витоків японських легенд) 講談社、1991.
 笠原英彦『歴代天皇総覧 : 皇位はどう継承されたか』 (Касахара Хідехіко. Збірник Імператорів Японії: як успадковувався монарший титул) 東京、中央公論新社、2001.
 『歴代天皇全史―万世一系を彩る君臨の血脈』 (歴史群像シリーズ (69)) (Вся історія Імператорів Японії — монархічне генеалогічне дерево безперервної лінії. Серія «Історичні портрети»)  東京、学研 、2003.

Імператори Японії

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Data driven analysis of chronograph test from a book by Bryan Litz
Chronograph test in «Modern Advancements in Long Range Shooting Vol I» by Bryan Litz
In his book «Modern Advancements in Long Range Shooting Vol I», Bryan Litz dedicates chapter 15 to the testing of chronographs. On page 221 he sets out the following criteria for evaluating chronographs:
"Accuracy is the ability of the chronograph to measure the true average velocity for a string of shots."
"Precision is the ability to resolve the true extreme spread and standard deviation of a string of shots."
A total of ten chronographs from eight producers were tested against these criteria. The chronographs were placed one after the other, see table at bottom of post for sequence. 30 shots .308 Win and 10 of .223 Rem were fired during the test.
Accuracy: True average velocity
On page 246 a table shows the deviations of mean velocity between an Oehler with 12 ft sensor spacing and placed indoors in controlled light, and the SuperChrono. The deviations and bullet velocities are as follows:
Before we can say anything about these deviations we need to check whether they are consistent over the two shot series. We know that you have to set the SuperChrono up meticously and open the Precision calculator to check for aiming errors. This is a spreadsheet with formulas taking into account the effects bullet velocity, speed of sound, angles and the distance between sensors. The input to the formulas are the orange fields shown in the screenshots below.
Page 240 tells us that shooting distance was 300 yards, 274m, and enter this value along with the velocity of 870 m/s for the first string. We estimate the temperature to be 20C. We enter values in the field "Aiming error at target, over or under parallel line" until the deviation in ft/s is 41. We arrive at 170cm of aiming error.
Skipping to the 22 cal string we enter the bullet speed of 990 m/s:
With the same aiming error as before we get a deviation of -54 ft/s. Close enough to say that the author didn't properly align the chronograph. His aim is 1.7m or 67" off at 300 yards. That's akin to placing the sights on a car tire at 100yds. Anybody can do that. All you have to do is align the sights with target as shown below:
With this new information we can update the table on page 246:
The corrected table shows the SuperChrono as the most accurate chronograph and with the same average velocity as the 12 foot Oehler.
Precision: True extreme spread and standard deviation
The table referred to on page 246 addresses deviations from the 12 foot Oehler. To check for overall precision we turn to the data tables and the standard deviations derived from the shot strings. The following table has been constructed from the data on pages 253-254. The SD for String 1 for MagnetoSpeed is higher than in the book. The number shown here is the one calculated by Excel.
To get a clearer picture we rank the SD low-high within each string and sum for total rank:
Conclusion: The most precise chronograph is the CED M2 with the SuperChrono in third place.
What's surprising from the SD tables is the poor performance of the two PVM-21. This is the established European and arguably the World's reference chronograph. Its velocity readings have been verified by high-speed camera. Leading German shooting magazines such as Visier and Caliber use it to test ammo and guns in every issue. We at Steinert Sensing Systems have used it ourselves and find it inconceivable that it doesn't perform at the very top in this test.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows;

namespace WindowsPhoneUtils.Utils
{
    public class ScreenUtils
    {
        private ScreenUtils()
        {

        }

        public static Size ScaledScreenSize()
        {
            double s = (double)Application.Current.Host.Content.ScaleFactor / 100;
            return new Size((int)(Application.Current.Host.Content.ActualWidth * s + .5f), (int)(Application.Current.Host.Content.ActualHeight * s + .5f));
        }

        public static Size ScreenSize()
        {
            return new Size((int)Application.Current.Host.Content.ActualWidth, (int)Application.Current.Host.Content.ActualHeight);
        }

    }
}


text:
Beijing's 798 District an unexpected artistic enclave
By Ben Roussel
Picture a small, standing-room-only theater, pitch-black except for a large screen featuring an ultramodern interpretation of the human brain's physiology, recounted in painstaking detail through animation of wrathful Buddhist deity Vajrakilaya. Over a mix of jarring industrial sound effects, the voice of a seemingly despondent woman talks you through each of the brain's functions.
This is Chinese-born animator Lu Yang's groundbreaking "The Anatomy of Rage," and I'm bearing witness to it amid some of the world's most avant-garde modern art.
And no, I'm not in New York, Paris or Berlin; I'm in Beijing's 798 Art District.
From Bauhaus to art house
Formally known as the Dashanzi Arts District, the area evolved in the 1950s when East German architects and engineers designed and built a series of Bauhaus-styled factories as part of the Socialist Unification Plan of military industrial cooperation between China and the Soviet Union.
The project provided Beijing with state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities, each named by a designated number, and the largest of them was Factory 798.
The area began to gradually decline as a manufacturing center in the 1980s, and nearly a decade later, Beijing-based modern artists, having always operated on the fringes of Chinese society, began to set up shop in the area, beginning most notably when Beijing's Central Academy of Fine Arts, in search of cheap space, opened in the now-defunct Factory 706.
Soon, other artists moved into the area, and that's when travelers began to take notice.
A lasting presence
"I remember hearing about and visiting 798 about a decade ago," said Wendy Wu, owner and founder of Wendy Wu Tours, a longtime China tour operator out of the U.K. and Australia that opened offices in the U.S. last year.
"And so we went to visit the district, and we really couldn't be sure at the time what was going to happen with it, if it would grow," she said.
But grow it did.
"The second time I visited, things were already put in place, and now it's all done," she said. "There are lots of artists all over and a lot of new travelers wanting to visit 798."
Today, the 798 Art District is home not only to some of China's most prolific and high-profile artists; it also plays host to a slew of art galleries managed by some of the most famous names in the art world today.
"The art district is here to stay, which was not always a guarantee," said Megan Connolly, founder of ChART Contemporary, a Beijing-based tour company that specializes in District 798. "The Chinese government has invested time and lots of money into the area, making it a tourist destination teeming with local and international visitors."
Right guide is key
But not everyone is crazy about it. "The area gets mixed reviews," Wu said. "We usually only recommend the area to our higher-end customers, and we never send them there without a guide."
I can see why.
Admittedly, being jet-lagged and not being a modern-art enthusiast myself, I was initially a bit apprehensive about my foray into 798. Fortunately, I had Connolly as my guide.
The neighborhood has a rich array of offerings in the way of galleries, exhibits, restaurants, cafes and event spaces, but it is fairly spread out, so having the right insider is crucial for making the best use of one's time.
As Connolly put it, "798 is developing into a creative city within a city."
Born and raised in the U.S., Connolly moved to China 14 years ago. Watching Connolly -- outfitted in red, patent-leather Prada boots that matched her naturally red hair -- fire off questions at curators or order snacks or complicated coffee drinks in fluent Mandarin was a somewhat surreal treat.
While visitors to 798 can easily read English-language gallery placards to learn the name of a given artist and the materials he or she used on a piece, they'll need a guide if they want to hear, for instance, the murky details surrounding that artist having recently been detained by Chinese authorities.
I would without a doubt say the 798 Art District was a highlight of my visit to China, a large and complex country of many textures. Visitors should take time to see the very new world it offers adjacent to the very old one.
For more, see www.798space.com, www.chartcontemporary.com and www.wendywutours.com.
https://www.travelweekly.com/Asia-Travel/Beijing-s-798-District-an-unexpected-artistic-enclave


text:
Movies|Review: On the Run From the Nazis in the Arctic in 'The 12th Man'
Review: On the Run From the Nazis in the Arctic in 'The 12th Man'
Thomas Gullestad as Jan Baalsrud in "The 12th Man."CreditCreditIFC Midnight
12th Man
Directed by Harald Zwart
By Teo Bugbee
"The 12th Man" depicts a Norwegian hero's resistance to Nazism during World War II, centering on the true story of Jan Baalsrud (Thomas Gullestad), a rebel fighter who evaded capture for over two months during the German occupation of Norway.
The film begins when 11 of Jan's comrades are taken prisoner by Nazi soldiers. One is killed immediately, while the other 10 endure torture first on their way to death, a fate that surely awaits Jan if he fails to reach neutral Sweden. He starts his flight on foot, limping from the initial skirmish after losing a toe to a stray bullet. As Jan slowly makes his way to the border, he is pursued relentlessly by a high-ranking Nazi officer, Kurt Stage (Jonathan Rhys Meyers), even as frostbite and gangrene force Jan to rely ever more on the protection of friendly Norwegians. In "The 12th Man," escape is a matter of endurance.
A preview of the film.
In his direction of Jan's exodus, Harald Zwart lingers on the Arctic Circle location of this hero's ordeal. The mountainous borderlands bring the threat of extremities lost to cold, the challenge of crossing streams when the touch of water might chill you for days. Sleds and sleighs become vehicles of guerrilla warfare; reindeer are fashioned into allies; daring escapes are made on skis. The reward of Mr. Zwart's attention to the unique details of this historical account is that Jan's path to safety frequently shocks, offering scenes of defiance that are unfamiliar or unexpected. In a familiar genre, "The 12th Man" preserves the element of surprise by understanding its terrain.
Petter Skavlan
Thomas Gullestad, Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Marie Blokhus, Mads Sjøgård Pettersen, Vegar Hoel
Not rated. In English, Norwegian, German and Saami, with English subtitles. Running time: 2 hours 15 minutes.
A version of this article appears in print on , Section C, Page 10 of the New York edition with the headline: The 12th Man. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe


text:
Vintage Rafale Perfume by Molinard 2 oz Parfum de Toilette Spray and Box 1970s Formula
The bottle is full - please see picture for actual fill line. This perfume is about 40-50 years old and will absolutely NOT smell like it originally did all those years ago. Perfume DOES age. Perfumes over 3-10 years start to lose their freshness and may start to smell like alcohol as the perfume degrades. The older the perfume, the less it may smell like what you may remember. If you are looking to buy fresh smelling perfume, you may not want to buy vintage or antique.
Launched in 1975, Rafale is classified as a fresh floral fragrance for women, it smells like a green floral chypre to my nose. The fragrance has been discontinued since the 1980s. The fragrance took three years to develop with the company's best 'noses'. The name means "squall" in French and was suggested to be worn by the young and dynamic modern career woman. It is a sudden gale of wind carrying dominant notes of warm amber, light spices and the fresh greenery of daffodil.
Its name was chosen as a result of a trade between Molinard and an unnamed cosmetic producer. The managing director at the time, Christian Honnorat mentioned that "All the big companies have names registered for future use, and we had one they wanted and they had one we wanted." Originally Molinard enlisted the help of a computer to come up with the perfume's name, however, all of the names that turned up by the computer were too cold and unfeeling, "like a pharmaceutical product," explained Mr. Honnorat.
Top notes: green note, Grasse daffodil, jonquil absolute
Middle notes: Grasse jasmine, Bulgarian rose essence, Comoro Islands ylang ylang
Base notes: Azores amber, East Indian sandalwood, Central European oakmoss
Not to be confused with the 1977 fragrance Rafale pour Homme. Rafale Pour Homme's notes:
Top notes: patchouli, sandalwood, basil, juniper, wormwood
Middle notes: jasmine, bergamot, mandarin, lavender, citrus notes
Base notes: vetiver, lily, white cedar
These fragrances are old and vintage, they are most likely not fresh as they once were and their scent most likely has changed over time, please understand that I cannot guarantee that the fragrance still smells good to you. Please see my policies on vintage fragrances before purchasing as I do not offer returns or refunds. These are being sold as collectibles only.


text:
Q: Are there more elegant ways to prevent negative numbers in Ruby? Given that I'd like to do the following calculation:
total = subtotal - discount

Because discount might be greater than subtotal, there is code like the following:
class Calculator
  def initialize(subtotal: subtotal, discount: discount)
    @subtotal = subtotal
    @discount = discount
  end

  def total
    [subtotal - discount, 0].max
  end

  private

  def subtotal
    @subtotal
  end

  def discount
    @discount
  end
end

When seeing the [subtotal - discount, 0].max part or any similar code, I often have to pause and think.
Are there more elegant ways to handle this kind of calculation?

A: I think your solution is essentially correct, and probably the most readable besides a small refactor.  I might change it slightly like so:
  def total
    final_total = subtotal - discount
    [final_total, 0].max
  end

The ruby expression [final_total, 0].max is essentially the traditional solution in mathematics for the same function: max {final_total, 0}.  The difference is just notation and context.  Once you see this max expression once or twice you can read it as follows: "final_total, but at least zero".
Perhaps if you use this expression more than once you can add another at_least_zero method or something like in Shiko's solution.

A: Thinking we can extend the Numeric class?
class Numeric
  def non_negative
    self > 0 ? self : 0
  end
end

class Calculator
  def initialize(subtotal: subtotal, discount: discount)
    @subtotal = subtotal
    @discount = discount
  end

  def total
    (@subtotal - @discount).non_negative
  end
end

A: A plain if statement might be easier to understand:
def total
  if discount > subtotal
    0
  else
    subtotal - discount
  end
end

A: Some performance numbers:
                        user     system      total        real
[i, 0.0].max        0.806408   0.001779   0.808187 (  0.810676)
0.0 if i < 0.0      0.643962   0.001077   0.645039 (  0.646368)
0.0 if i.negative?  0.625610   0.001680   0.627290 (  0.629439)

Code:
require 'benchmark'

n = 10_000_000
Benchmark.bm do |benchmark|
  benchmark.report('[value, 0.0].max'.ljust(18)) do
    n.times do |i|
      a = [-1*i, 0.0].max
    end
  end

  benchmark.report('0.0 if value < 0.0'.ljust(18)) do
    n.times do |i|
       a = 0.0 if -1*i < 0.0
    end
  end

  benchmark.report('0.0 if value.negative?'.ljust(18)) do
    n.times do |i|
      a = 0.0 if (-1*i).negative?
    end
  end
end

A: Just to clarify more, we need to add classes to be extended in core_ext.rb . file :
1) Create core_ext.rb file under config\initializers folder in your project.
2) Paste below as mentioned by @songyy in his answer:
class Numeric
  def non_negative
    self > 0 ? self : 0
  end
end

Reference:
https://guides.rubyonrails.org/plugins.html#extending-core-classes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Government Free Bathhouse
The Government Free Bathhouse in Hot Springs (Garland County) provided free baths to the indigent, sick, and injured who sought access to the local thermal springs, which were thought to have medicinal properties. Spurred into existence by an act of Congress in 1878, the free bathhouse operated until 1957.
In 1832, the federal government made the hot springs of Arkansas a federal reservation Businesses arose to offer food, lodging, and entertainment, but access to the water was free. After the Civil War, businesses tried to take ownership of the hot water. This enraged visitors, who felt that everyone had a right to access the water for no charge. On December 16, 1878, Congress passed compromise legislation that reaffirmed federal ownership of the water while also allowing businesses to charge for hot water treatments, if the businesses paid fees to the federal government. Congress also ordered federal employees at Hot Springs to "provide and maintain a sufficient number of free baths for the use of the indigent."
To comply with this new requirement, the Department of the Interior built a simple, four-room, wooden structure consisting of pools and dressing rooms over the Mud Hole Spring in an area roughly between where the Hot Springs Rehabilitation Center and the Quapaw Bathhouse stand in the twenty-first century. Bathers were separated by sex, but not by race. In 1879, the government provided 2,000–3,000 free baths every month.
In 1891, the government tore down the old wooden free bathhouse and built a larger, two-story, brick bathhouse on the site of the original structure. The new facility was so popular that the owners of for-profit bathhouses complained that people who could pay for baths were lying about their finances to get free baths. In response, the government began requiring anyone wanting a free bath to swear that they were unable to pay for treatment.
In 1901, the government began construction of a separate facility for indigent African Americans and separated bathers by race for the first time. Beginning in 1916, the government operated a free medical clinic on the second floor of the free bathhouse. In 1922, the government capped the Mud Hole Spring, demolished the old free bathhouse, and completed construction of a new, state-of-the-art, free bathhouse on Reserve Street, about a quarter of a mile east of Bathhouse Row.
After World War II, the rise of improved medications such as penicillin decreased the popularity of water as a medical treatment. By 1957, the government provided so few free baths that that it was no longer practical to operate a separate free bathhouse. Instead, the government began subsidizing treatment for the indigent at for-profit bathhouses. The free bathhouse on Reserve Street became a private business. In 1960, it was renamed the Libbey Memorial Physical Medicine Center, for former Hot Springs National Park superintendent Donald Libbey. In 2001, the National Park Service closed the center because the operators failed to eliminate E. coli outbreaks in the pools.
Carpenter, Kathryn Blair. "Access to Nature, Access to Health: The Government Free Bathhouse at Hot Springs National Park, 1877–1922." MA thesis, University of Missouri–Kansas City, 2019.
Cockrell, Ron. The Hot Springs of Arkansas, America's First National Park: The Administrative History of Hot Springs National Park. Washington DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 2014.
Paige, John C., and Laura E. Soullière. Out of the Vapors: A Social and Architectural History of Bathhouse Row: Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas. Washington DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, 1988.
Christopher Thrasher
National Park College
Post-Reconstruction through the Gilded Age (1875 - 1900)
Architecture / Arts / Buildings / Medicine / Public Health / Science and Medicine
Post-Reconstruction through the Gilded Age, 1875 through 1900
Bathhouse Construction
Bathhouse; 1953
First Free Bathhouse
Libbey Memorial Physical Medicine Center


Head out through beautiful pine forests and valleys to the town of Sigulda, often called the 'Latvian Switzerland.' Climb the spiral steps of the fortified tower at 13th-century Turaida Castle for a bird's-eye view of the surrounding landscape. A guided walk then leads to Turaida Church, before you explore the sculpture park celebrating Latvian folklore. Prior to lunch, admire the 13th-century Sigulda Castle ruins and the 19th-century Kropotkin's Manor House. Returning to Riga, drive past Art Nouveau buildings and through the Old Town to Town Hall Square, where you'll have some free time.


The most important trend in the retail property development market is specialisation.
Whether focusing on a specific product category (see BOXPARK's F&B cluster in Croydon), price positioning (the outlet centre sector more broadly) or customer trip (Cheltenham's new leisure hub, The Brewery), the most successful developments are finding a niche to remain competitive in a mature UK market.
The best destinations understand the variety of shopping trips that their key customers make. BOXPARK Croydon, for example, targets south London residents who desire innovative F&B but do not want to journey into the centre of the capital. There has been a conscious decision at this property not to provide fashion and other speciality retail, given that consumers will typically view shopping for this as a distinct, more significant trip – often to central London or a large shopping centre.
The increase in the prominence of mixed-use developments has partly been driven by a desire to develop a captive audience. A great example is outlet centres, which are a key growth area in the UK retail market with their focus on discount fashion in a value-hungry consumer atmosphere. The new breed of UK urban outlet centres cater for the typical catchment customer by providing discount retail brands.
They also appeal to those living or working close by, offering convenience-oriented facilities, F&B and leisure. Gloucester Quays outlet, for example, offers a branch of The Gym, a Vue cinema and the strongest selection of casual dining brands in the city. This makes the centre more productive across day-parts than retail-focused outlets in rural areas, and new customer segments are exposed to the sector.
Successful destinations create a dynamic proposition for visitors by scheduling events and using pop-up concepts. This appeals to the contemporary consumer, who is experience-hungry and always on the lookout for new things, and ultimately increases visit frequency. Hatch, Bruntwood's Manchester development that is due to open in December, for example, will focus on attracting aspiring entrepreneurs and independent operators. It will be a constantly evolving space, to keep it fresh and exciting, with flexible leases and pop-up sites, along with community-focused events and programming to drive footfall.


Can you share your workbook (or a workbook with dummy data) so I can take a look? It's possible the LOD needs to be modified, but there may be other factors at play but I can't tell without seeing it.
Please Extract and Reattach and by the way, did you try the above formula I gave you?


History - Ndërmarrja Hidroekonomike "Ibër Lepenc" Sh. A.
HE "Ibër-Lepenc" J.S.C. with HQ in Prishtina is multifunctional enterprise that supplies industry, water companies and agriculture with bulk water as well as produces power from Power Plant.
· HE "Ibër-Lepenc" J.S.C. was established with the decision of Kosovo Assembly on 28 Ferbuary 1967, with HQ in Prishtina.
· Enterprise was established on 1986 as social enterprise in order to operate and maintenances of this multifunctional system.
· After war this enterprise was transformed in to Public enterprise by UNMIK.
· After corporatization on 01/01/2008, enterprise was transformed in to Hydro-Economic Enterprise "Ibër-Lepenc" J.S.C.
· Enterprise is Joint Stock Company with 100% of shares belonging to Kosovo Government.


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ART H 202 A: Survey Of Western Art-Medieval And Renaissance
MTW 2:30pm - 3:20pm
SAV 260
ART H 202: Human Beauty and the Mysteries of Heaven
A Survey of Western Art from Late Antiquity to the High Renaissance
TA: Katherine Coty
This course presents a selection of key monuments of Western European and Byzantine art from late Antiquity to the Renaissance. We will discuss their principal stylistic features, their cultural functions and meanings, and the ways in which these works inflected the history of Western art. Critically, we will trace some fundamental thematic issues - such as the shifting relation between Christian monotheism and visual representation, the ongoing presence of ancient Roman culture in the European imagination, and the question of the place of the body in life and art - as we seek to make sense of over 1000 years of artistic production across Europe and much of the Mediterranean basin. Finally, beyond the historical focus of the course, basic methods and techniques of art historical and visual analysis will be explored. As this is a writing course, we will work throughout the term on how to bring words to the analysis of the visual, and how to articulate art historical arguments through writing.
Required Course Readings:
The textbook for Art History 202 is Gardner's Art Through the Ages: the Western Perspective, fifteenth edition, 2015. We will use the online version of the textbook, which will allow us to craft a textbook particularly adapted to Art History 202. To purchase online access, you can either pick up an access code at the University Bookstore or use the following link: http://www.cengagebrain.com/course/site.html?id=1186041.
During the course of the term we will have you read some additional articles and source texts that supplement the materials discussed in the textbook; these will often be the focus of section assignments. They will be made available to you on Canvas as electronic documents.
Goals for Learning in the Course
Goals specifically tied to course content:
-Attain a greater understanding of the art of the centuries between late Antiquity and the end of the High Renaissance.
-Gain familiarity not only with particular artists and works, but also with the salient cultural, religious, economic, political, and perceptual environments that conditioned attitudes toward and uses of the visual arts in the periods we are considering.
More generally:
-Enhance critical skills of visual literacy and reading. While all students receive training in verbal language, few receive significant education in the interpretation of visual language. This skill will prove crucial, however, in our media age, which relies increasingly on visual messages and on the interplay of text and image.
-Achieve heightened understanding of the interrelation and reciprocal influences between visual culture and other areas of culture and society.
-Develop skill and confidence in expressing arguments and positions in written form.
These goals will be both practiced and tested through the examinations, paper, and section assignments. As you study, remember to consider these issues. We will work together to build skills of visual interpretation and close analysis of images in class and in section.
Grading for this course will be focused on writing assignments and two short papers (the first 3-4 pages, the second 5 pages), with additional focus on very short writing assignments that will be analyzed in sections. You will have midterm and final quizzes, but these are designed to be less demanding than full exams and will not take the entire class period.
midterm and final quizzes: 30%
midterm and final papers: 40%
section participation and written exercises: 30%
School of Art Class Participation, Engagement and Learning Policies (Links to an external site.):
Even though this is a large introductory class, I will make frequent efforts to engage you during lecture, and your participation in section discussions will be critical to your success. If you have to miss a class, please let me know and make arrangements with me or a fellow student for a review; our class discussions are critical to understanding the material of the course.
Emphasizes the arts of the Byzantine Empire and Western Christendom from Late Antiquity to the High Renaissance.
Writing (W)


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Legion (Season 1), 2017
Thami
Super Critic
"You were right-- about David-- he's a world-breaker. And if you'd killed him, before he figured that out, then maybe your tactical forces and... What is it..? World coalition? Maybe that would have impressed me. But not now."
Legion is a psychological thriller series based on the titular X-Men comic book character created by Chris Claremont & Bill Sienkiewicz. The series stars Dan Stevens, Aubrey Plaza, Bill Irwin, Jeramie Harris, Amber Midthunder, Jean Smart & Katie Aselton.
David Haller is a lost soul who struggled throughout his life with severe schizophrenia which has made living in assylums, doing the occasional drugs and seeing therapists every other day of the week a normal occurrence in his chaotic life. One day David meets a new patient who's unlike anyone he's ever met before and he eventually falls in love with her. However their chance encounter results in in David unleashing an unmatched power that he never even knew existed resulting in him being sought out by people with similar astonishing abilities, mutants, and those with the government who consider his existence a threat to all of humanity. David has to embark on a perilous journey of self discovery that will reveal his exceptional mutant heritage but also expose himself to a monstrous evil that will stop at nothing to acquire Davids limitless strength for himself.
The best way I can describe Legion is that it is a glorious & visually stunning mind f#ck. David Haller is a mutant with exceptional telepathic abilities so this show sought to emphasize the mind bending aspects of Davids nature with visuals that will make your brain hurt & of the wall sequences which match the shows primary theme of cinematic insanity. Honestly it was refreshing to see a television series that sought to distinguish itself with such epic cinematography & well executed non linear approach to the storyline. The show makes use of a unique style that combines retro & modern aesthetics which are quite similar to the visuals that we have come to expect from a trademark Wes Anderson film. No episode is the same (due to the fact that each episode would be directed by a different director) and it felt like the show was never afraid to switch things up by employing a different set of visual techniques & storytelling method which is one of the main reasons I love this show because it felt like everything was being made up as we progress further in the show but in a good way.
Each of the characters are unique and out of the box which I really enjoyed as well because a series can only be as good as its cast. Aubrey Plaza was especially delightful in her portrayal as the lovable psychopath Lenny who never failed to impress with her off the cuff performance. In conclusion Legion is a brilliant show that has helped with the recent resurgence of the X-Men franchise which has benefited from making series & movies that have been relative game changers for the live action comic book landscape (Logan & Deadpool). Season 2 of Legion is around the corner so stop playing around and watch this top tier series that will melt your mind and possibly have you questioning your own sanity.


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Energy Worldnet Test Answers
5 Questions You Should Be Asking of Your OQ Plan
Industry Evolution: Incident/Accident Reporting, Farm Taps & More
OQ NPRM
In this final installment in the EWN Educational Series on the Industry Evolution, EWN will recap miscellaneous provisions of the NPRM for Operator Qualification, Cost Recovery, Accident and Incident Notification, and Other Pipeline Safety Proposed Changes (also known as the OQ NPRM) that are not directly related to Operator Qualifications. We will also provide a brief recap of the status of the NPRMs for the Plastic Pipes Rule and the Safety of Gas Transmission Pipelines or "Mega" Rule.
INCIDENT AND ACCIDENT REPORTING
The NPRM proposes to expand and clarify requires for the initial and subsequent reporting of incidents and accidents. Key highlights of these proposed changes include:
Accident & Incident reporting not later than one hour after confirmed discovery
Report incident and product loss
Review or confirm initial report within 48 hours
Defines 'discovery'
Recommendation from Joint Session of GPAC and LPAC:
PHMSA's Pipeline Advisory Committees approved a revision to Section I. Accident and Incident Notification in the proposed OQ NPRM (PHMSA Docket No. PHMSA-2013-0163). As originally proposed by PHMSA, the rule would require operators to provide an estimate of product loss within one hour of a confirmed discovery to the National Response Center. The vote recommended moving the product loss estimate out of the one-hour notification requirement in 191.5 (b)(5) and into (c) along with the 48-hour update notification. As revised by the GPAC and LPAC, the definition of Confirmed Discovery would eliminate the verbiage "sufficient information to determine a reportable event MAY have occurred" with the following:
"Confirmed Discovery means when it can be reasonably determined, based on information available to the operator at the time, that a reportable event has occurred even if only based on a preliminary evaluation."
FARM TAPS
The NPRM proposes to change requirements for "farm taps" in (distribution service lines) as follows:
Exempt 'farm taps' from 49 CFR 192, Subpart P Distribution Integrity Management
Amend 192 to include periodic inspection and requirement for 'pressure regulating and over-pressure relief equipment'
The PACs approved acceptance of the PHMSA proposed updates for farm taps with the following revisions:
192.740 Pressure regulating, limiting, and overpressure protection Individual service lines directly connected to production, gathering, or transmission pipeline that is not operated as part of a distribution system.
This section applies, except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, to any service line directly connected to a production, gathering, or transmission pipeline that is not operated as part of a distribution system.
Each pressure regulating/limiting device, relief device (except rupture discs), automatic shutoff device, and associated equipment must be inspected and tested at least once
192.1003(b) Exceptions. This subpart does not apply to an individual service line directly connected to a transmission, gathering, or production pipeline.
COST RECOVERY OF DESIGN REVIEWS
Section 13 of the 2011 Pipeline Safety Act allows PHMSA to prescribe a fee structure and assessment methodology to recover costs associated with design reviews for design and construction costs totaling at least $2,500,000,000, and new or novel technologies or design, as determined by the Secretary.
Accordingly, PHMSA proposed to create new Subpart D in Part 190. The Subpart would include Scope, Applicability, Notification, Master Agreement, Fee Structure, and Procedures for Billing and Payment of Fee. PHMSA also provided a sample Master Cost Recovery Agreement.
The PACs voted to accept PHMSA proposed new regulatory section for Cost Recovery for Design Reviews with the following revisions:
The definition of new and novel technologies is revised as follows:
New and novel technologies mean any products, designs, materials, testing, construction, inspection or operational procedures that are not addressed in 49 CFR Parts 192, 193 or 195 due to technology or design advances and innovation for new construction. Technologies that are addressed in consensus standards that are incorporated by reference into Parts 192, 193 and 195 are not new or novel technologies.
In Section 190.405 the phrases permitting activities, purchasing and right of way acquisition are deleted.
As defined in 190.341(a), a special permit is an order by which PHMSA waives compliance with one or more of the pipeline safety regulations if it determines that granting the permit would not be inconsistent with pipeline safety. In the NPRM, under the category of other proposed changes, PHMSA proposed to amend various elements in 190.341 of the Federal pipeline safety regulations to add procedures for renewing expiring special permits.
In response to comments on 190.341(d), and feedback from the PACs, PHMSA agreed renewal applications should be treated the same as initial applications and, therefore, recommended revising the amendatory language in 190.341(d)(1) by replacing the word 'application' with application or renewal. Further, in 190.341(e) PHMSA amended the proposed language to state that the grantee of the special permit must apply for a renewal of the permit 180 days prior to the permit expiration. In 190.314(f) the verbiage was revised to limit aerial photography of pipeline segments where special permits affect public safety, such as a class location special permit that allows a less stringent design factor in a populated area, and allow operators to submit a summary of inline inspection survey results with permit renewals.
The PACs voted to accept PHMSA proposed updates for Special Permits with amendments to the proposed verbiage in 190.341(d)(1), 190.341(e), and 190.341(f).
PIPELINE ASSESSMENT TOOLS (LIQUID PIPELINES ONLY)
When the integrity management regulations were established, consensus standards did not exist in addressing how pipeline assessment techniques should be applied. Since then, the American Petroleum Institute, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, and the American Society for Non-Destructive Testing published standards for using ILI and SCCDA as assessment techniques. In addition, PHMSA received a petition from NACE for incorporation some of its ANSI/NACE Standards into 49 CFR Parts 192 and 195.
In the NPRM, PHMSA proposed to incorporate the following by reference into 49 CFR part 195:
API STD 1163, In-Line Inspection Systems Qualification Standard (August 2005);
NACE Standard Practice SP0102-2010 ΓÇ£Inline Inspection of Pipelines
NACE SP0204-2008 Stress Corrosion Cracking Direct Assessment; and
ANSI/ASNT ILI-PQ-2010, In-line Inspection Personnel Qualification and Certification (2010).
Recommendation of the LPAC (only) from Joint Session of GPAC and LPAC:
The PHMSA proposed rule changes were unanimously accepted by the LPAC, without amendment, for liquid pipelines only.
PHMSA does not currently have a procedure in the pipeline safety regulations setting out how a request can be made for confidential treatment of information. In the NPRM, PHMSA proposed a procedure where a submitter of information to PHMSA may request confidential treatment of that information. The proposal also included a provision regarding PHMSA's decision on the request. In response to industry and PAC feedback, PHMSA modified their proposed verbiage and included the term 'confidential commercial information' in section 190.343(a) and included FOIA procedures by reference in section 190.343(b). Accordingly, PHMSA's new regulatory section on confidential information is proposed to be added as follows:
49 CFR 190.343 – Information Made Available to the Public and Request for Protection of Confidential Commercial Information.
When you submit information to PHMSA during a rulemaking proceeding, as part of your application for special permit or renewal, or for any other reason, we may make that information publicly available unless you ask that we keep the information confidential.
190.343(a) Asking for protection of confidential information. You may ask us to give confidential treatment to information you give the agency by taking the following steps:
Mark 'confidential' on each page of the original document you would like us to keep confidential.
Send us, along with the original document, a second copy of the original document with the confidential commercial information deleted.
Explain why the information you are submitting is confidential commercial information.
190.343(b) PHMSA Decision. PHMSA will treat as confidential the information that you submitted in accordance with this section, unless we notify you otherwise.
If PHMSA decides to disclose the information, PHMSA will review your request to protect confidential commercial information under the criteria set forth in the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. 552, including following the consultation procedures set out in the Departmental FOIA regulations, 49 CFR Section 7.29.
If PHMSA decides to disclose the information over your objections, we will notify you in writing at least five business days before the intended disclosure date.
The PACs approved acceptance of the PHMSA proposed updates for commercially confidential information if the PHMSA recommended revisions to Section 190.343 are implemented.
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
49 CFR 192
Docket No. PHMSA-2014-0098 (RIN 2137-AE93)
PIPELINE SAFETY: PLASTIC PIPES RULE
On June 1, at the joint session of the GPAC and LPAC, the advisory committees voted to approve multiple changes to pipeline safety regulations related to plastic pipe. Among the significant changes from the proposed rule are:
1. Socket fusion will continue to be allowed for all sizes of plastic pipe;
2. PHMSA will clarify that changes such as prohibiting the use of leak clamps for permanent repair will not be applied retroactively;
3. Proposed requirements for compaction will be deleted; and,
4. Requirements for tracking and traceability will be limited to the items that are included in the bar code required by ASTM F2897 and will not take effect for five years after the effective date of the rule.
49 CFR 191 and 192
Docket No. PHMSA-2011-0023 (RIN 2137ΓÇôAE72)
PIPELINE SAFETY: SAFETY OF GAS TRANSMISSION PIPELINES
In this rulemaking, PHMSA is proposing regulatory changes regarding integrity management principles for gas transmission pipelines. Specifically, PHMSA will be reviewing the definition of a High Consequence Area (HCA), repair criteria for both HCA and non-HCA areas, the use of automatic and remote-controlled shut-off valves, valve spacing, and whether applying integrity management program requirements to additional areas would mitigate the need for class location requirements.
On June 2nd, PHMSA provided an overview presentation to the Gas and Liquid Advisory Committees (PACs), on the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) regarding gas transmission and certain gathering pipelines. PHMSA's summary of the rule included revisions and new requirements, with some details and the basis of the proposed rule changes which were based on Congressional mandates, NTSB recommendations, and feedback from over 100 comments received by PHMSA during the comment period of the 2011 Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking.
PHMSA's presentation covered proposed rule changes to:
Require assessments for non-high consequence areas (HCAs) and creation of new Moderate Consequence Areas (MCAs)
Strengthen repair criteria for 'High Consequence Areas (HCAs)' and non-HCAs – References to several industry standards (NACE, API, and ANSI)
Strengthen requirements for assessment methods
Clarify requirements for validating & integrating pipeline data
Clarify functional requirements for risk assessments
Clarify requirements to apply knowledge gained through integrity management
Strengthen corrosion control requirements
Add requirements for selected P&M measures in HCAs to address internal and external corrosion – Need prescriptive preventative/mitigating measures (incidents from corrosion issues)
Management of change requirements – Need more transparent Management of Change process
Require pipeline inspection following extreme external events – Rules need to address 'extreme' events (weather, man-made, natural disasters, etc.)
Include 6-month grace period (with notice) to 7-year reassessment interval
Require reporting of Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP) exceedance
Incorporate provision to address seismicity
New requirement for safety features on launchers and receivers
Require reporting for all gathering lines and new regulations for some
Grandfather clause/Inadequate records Integrity Verification Process (IVP)
Since PHMSA's presentation to the joint GPAC and LPAC session, the extended comment period for the NPRM closed on July 7, 2016. PHMSA received approximately 400 comments from various stakeholders.
Although timing for the issuance of Final Rules on these regulatory updates is unknown, it is anticipated that PHMSA will issue a Final Rules on some of these topics later this year. One factor that may influence the timing is the recent enactment of the PIPES Act of 2016, which includes an emphasis for PHMSA to accelerate the numerous rulemakings outstanding from the 2011 pipeline safety bill. Under the new PIPES Act, PHMSA is required to provide a report to Congress before the end of October 2016 on the status of statutory directives, including the status of each mandate, reasons for its incompletion, and estimated completion date. The Congressional reporting requirement is anticipated to create some urgency for PHMSA to complete several pending NPRMs, which could include the OQ Rule and Plastic Pipes Rule updates. A Final Rule from the NPRM for the Safety of Gas Transmission Pipelines is not anticipated in 2016 or the foreseeable future.
It's important to remember that PHMSA is required by law to hold advisory committee meetings with the GPAC and LPAC groups. PHMSA is not bound by the recommendations that are agreed to by the PACs, but will consider those recommendations as they develop a Final Rule.
What Is OQ Training?
PHMSA to Release Anticipated Final Rule on Monday – Sort of
Industry Evolution: Ensuring Program Effectiveness


In October 1954, Twardzik recorded four jazz standards and three original compositions for Pacific Jazz Records, most of which were released in 1956 on the LP Trio, which garnered a four-star Down Beat review. The standards were wonderful, but it was his own three tunes, "A Crutch for the Crab," "Yellow Tango," and "Albuquerque Social Swim," that are Twardzik's crown jewels.
You know the rest. Chaloff entered a drug rehabilitation program and was successful, and at his urging, Twardzik entered the program, too. Twardzik was healthy and confident when he joined Chet Baker's group for a European tour in September 1955. But the demons caught up to him again, and on October 21 he died of a drug overdose in a Paris hotel room.
Twardzik was only 24, and it's hard not to ask "what if." Chet Baker, then at the height of his own popularity, would have showcased Twardzik as both composer and performer. And after that? He had been studying harp at the New England Conservatory, and perhaps he would have been the first bebop harpist. Perhaps he would have followed an adventurous path, as did his mentor Jaki Byard. Or given his deep knowledge of classical music, perhaps Twardzik would have been a leader in the Third Stream movement just then developing. One thing is for certain, he would have traveled far beyond his bop beginnings, and he might have become as distinctive as Bill Evans. We can only wonder.
Here is "Yellow Tango," but "Crab" and "Albuquerque" are also on YouTube and I recommend you seek them out.


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Ask Robin Series
Ask Robin: I'm in grief.
"I've lost so many people in my life to drug addiction. I am still in recovery, but I am losing hope. Do you relate to this? What did you do to get through it?" Dear In Grief, I am sorry. I am so sorry for your loss. If those
Ask Robin Series, Workit Health
Ask Robin: My family treats me like a disappointment.
"My family continues to treat me like a disappointment to the family even though I have been in recovery for 1 year now. How do I make them understand that I am better now?" Dear Frustrated in Recovery, I am frustrated for you. You've worked hard to get here;
Workit Health, Ask Robin Series
Ask Robin: I'm stuck in a job.
"I'm almost a year sober and feel stuck in my job. It was fine when I was actively using and drinking, but now I'm wanting to explore other options. Do you relate?" Dear Stuck in a Job, First off, you are NOT alone in this feeling. At one point in
© 2023 Robin McIntosh


As the summer draws to a close, the political season will really begin to ramp up…more than it already is. Politics has become a wedge of division in friendships and families and seems to function as a fortified impasse in all other areas of life. I fear folks are losing the ability to converse (speak AND listen) on topics of importance because they view their conversational partner as some sort of "other". Let me share with you the writings of an acquaintance, with the hope of spreading grace and light at all times and for all.
God, you know what a temptation it is to whine and complain. To criticize and judge.
Free me for something better.
I can speak your grace, I can utter your endless possibilities.
a sun that shines, even in deepest darkness.
be the living alternative to the evil I decry.
Speak your grace through me.
May I be a person of my word, and my word be goodness.


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Book: Beyond Smart Cities
Book, Cities & Infrastructure, Internet of Things
(Wow, it covers Turin!)
Beyond Smart Cities: How Cities Network, Learn and Innovate
The promise of competitiveness and economic growth in so-called smart cities emphasizes highly educated talent, high tech industries and pervasive electronic connections. But to really achieve smart cities — that is to create the conditions of continuous learning and innovation — this book argues that there is a need to understand what is below the surface and to examine the mechanisms which affect the way cities learn and then connect together.
This book draws on quantitative and qualitative data with concrete case studies to show how networks already operating in cities are used to foster and strengthen connections in order to achieve breakthroughs in learning and innovation. Going beyond smart cities means understanding how cities construct, convert and manipulate relationships that grow in urban environments. The eight cities discussed in this book — Amman, Barcelona, Bilbao, Charlotte, Curitiba, Portland, Seattle, and Turin — illuminate a blind spot in the literature. Each of these cities has achieved important transformations, and learning has played a key role, one that has been largely ignored in academic circles and practice concerning competitiveness and innovation.
With Forewords by Dr Joan Clos, Executive Director, UN-Habitat, and Wim Elfrink, Executive Vice President and Chief Globalization Officer, Cisco
1- Overview
2- The Slow Emergence of Learning Cities in an Urbanizing World
3- Cities as Collective Learners: What Do We Know?
4- A Gamut of Learning Types
5- Light on a Shadow Economy: City Learning in 53 Cities
6- Informal Learners—Turin, Portland and Charlotte
7- Technical Learning: Curitiba and City Think Tanks
8- Corporate Styles: Bilbao, Seattle and Others
9- Clouds of Trust in Style
10- Taking Stock: Why Some Cities Learn and Others Do Not
11- Turning the Learning World Upside Down— Pathways Forward in Policy and Research
Tim Campbell has worked for more than 35 years in urban development with experience in scores of countries and hundreds of cities in Latin America, South and East Asia, Eastern Europe, and Africa. His areas of expertise include strategic urban planning, city development strategies, decentralization, urban policy, and social and poverty impact of urban development. He is chairman of the Urban Age Institute, which fosters leadership and innovation between and among cities in areas of strategic urban planning, urban policy and management, sustainable environmental planning, and poverty reduction. Campbell retired from the World Bank in December 2005 after more than 17 years working in various capacities in the urban sector. Before joining the Bank, he worked for over 13 years as a private consultant and university professor. His consulting clients included private sector firms, governments, and international organizations. He taught at Stanford University and the University of California at Berkeley. He lived in rural and small town Costa Rica for two years as a Peace Corps Volunteer.
[Book] A City Is Not a Computer
Top 10 books of everyday social anthropology


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text:
delrionewsherald
Latest Government policy News
Sanders defines a Jewish identity his way on the 2020 trail
NEW YORK (AP) — Bernie Sanders is approaching next week's Iowa caucuses in a position to become the first major-party Jewish presidential nominee in the nation's history. And at a time of resurgent anti-Semitism, he's talking in more depth about how his faith shapes his broader...
WASHINGTON (AP) — The Federal Reserve kept its key interest rate unchanged at a low level Wednesday amid an economy that looks solid but faces potential global threats, including from China's viral outbreak. The Fed sketched a mostly bright picture of the U.S. economy in a statement it released...
Trump celebrates major rewrite of North American trade rules
WASHINGTON (AP) — President Donald Trump on Wednesday signed into law a major rewrite of the rules of trade with Canada and Mexico, celebrating the fulfillment of one of his top campaign promises while declining to share the moment with Democratic lawmakers whose support was essential to getting it over...
BRUSSELS (AP) — The European Union grudgingly let go of the United Kingdom with a final vote Wednesday at the EU's parliament that ended the Brexit divorce battle and set the scene for tough trade negotiations in the year ahead. In an emotion-charged session at the session in Brussels, lawmakers from all...
WASHINGTON (AP) — The Federal Reserve kept its key interest rate unchanged at a low level Wednesday amid an economy that looks solid but faces potential global threats, including from China's viral outbreak. The Fed sketched a mostly bright picture of the U.S. economy in the statement it released...
WASHINGTON (AP) — When President Donald Trump signed a revamped trade agreement with Mexico and Canada into law Wednesday, he kept a campaign pledge to improve upon a deal that he had long condemned. His U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement replaces a 26-year-old version that he and other critics said was a...
Text of the Fed's statement after its meeting Wednesday
WASHINGTON (AP) — Below is the statement the Fed released Wednesday after its policy meeting ended: Information received since the Federal Open Market Committee met in December indicates that the labor market remains strong and that economic activity has been rising at a moderate rate. Job gains have been...
WASHINGTON (AP) — Fed leaves key interest rate unchanged at low level amid global risks.
WASHINGTON (AP) — For much of the last 20 years, John Bolton was a conservative poster child, a Republican hawk whose worldview helped shape the GOP establishment's approach to dicey foreign policy questions. Now, as President Donald Trump's former national security adviser prepares to dish on his...
PRINCE SULTAN AIR BASE, Saudi Arabia (AP) — Across the vast expanse of this desert air base, hundreds of tents have popped up and a newly arrived squadron of U.S. Air Force F-15E fighters is lined up on the tarmac, flying daily missions over Iraq and Syria. Off in the distance, two American Patriot missile...


text:
<?php

class PaginationsController extends BaseController {

    protected $totalItems = 29;
    protected $totalPages;
    protected $perPage = 10;
    protected $currentPage;

    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->totalPages = $this->getTotalPages();
    }

    public function prevNext($page = 1)
    {
        $this->currentPage = $page;

        $data['title'] = 'Prev Next';
        $data['pages'] = $this->handlePages();

        return View::make('prev-next', $data);
    }

    protected function handlePages()
    {
        $data['current'] = $this->currentPage;
        $data['totalItems'] = $this->totalItems;
        $data['total'] = $this->totalPages;

        if ($this->totalPages == 1) {

        } elseif($this->currentPage < 2) {
            $data['next'] = 2;
        } elseif($this->currentPage >= $this->totalPages) {
            $data['prev'] = $this->totalPages - 1;
        } else {
            $data['prev'] = $this->currentPage - 1;
            $data['next'] = $this->currentPage + 1;
        }

        return $data;
    }

    protected function getTotalPages()
    {
        return ceil($this->totalItems / $this->perPage);
    }

}


text:
Q: Re-escribir archivo csv a txt, alineando columnas Reescribir archivo csv a txt, alineando columnas.
Este código contiene, al final, en azul:

A: El contenido del archivo.csv que me gustaría formatear.

B: El resultado que obtengo del script actual.

C: El resultado que desearía obtener.

He intentado bastantes cosas, demasiadas vueltas para algo que parece sencillo y se complica debido a la entrada y salida en unicode.

# encoding: utf-8
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from base64 import decodestring, encodestring
import re, json, csv

# Normalizo el contenido de archivo.csv
with open('archivo.csv', 'rb') as fn:
    fd = encodestring(fn.read())
    s0 = decodestring(fd)
    del fd

# Creo una lista de las lineas
rex = lambda x: re.compile(x, re.U | re.M | re.DOTALL)
line = rex(r'(.+?)(?:\r\n)')
lines = line.findall(s0)    # list of lines

# Extraigo las columnas de la lista de lineas
csv_reader = csv.reader(lines, dialect='excel')

for row in csv_reader:
    print row[0], '        ', row[1]

"""

################################# A: Contenido de archivo.csv
Joy,alegría
So + adj.,tan + happy
Reason,"razón, motivo"
,

################################# B: Obtengo este resultado:
Joy          alegría
So + adj.          tan + happy
Reason          razón, motivo

################################# C: Deseo este resultado:
Joy                 alegría
So + adj.           tan + happy
Reason              razón, motivo

"""

A: puedes hacerlo usando la funcion format y su opcion Padding:
ejemplo:
nombre="Stack"
apellido="Overflow"

#alinear centro:
print('< {:^20} >'.format(nombre))
print(f'< {apellido:^20} >')

#alinear izquierda
print('< {:<20} >'.format(nombre))
print(f'< {apellido:<20} >')

#alinear derecha
print('< {:>20} >'.format(nombre))
print(f'< {apellido:>20} >')

#opcion 1
print(f'< {nombre:<10} {apellido:>10} >')
#opcion 2
print('< {:<10} {:>10} >'.format(nombre,apellido))

referencia:
python format


text:
MEDLIB-L March 2005, Week 2
Position Available: UC Davis Carlson Health Sciences Library
Jo Anne Boorkman <[log in to unmask]>
General Library
Announcement of Vacancy
Position: Health Sciences Reference, Instruction and Outreach Librarian
Salary: $37,920 - $52,620 (Assistant Librarian I - Associate Librarian IV)
(Appointment level and salary based on qualifications and experience)
Open: July 1, 2005
Scope: The health sciences libraries at the University of California, Davis (Carlson Health Sciences and Medical Center) serve the Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine and UC Davis Health System. Staffing for these units consists of 7.5 FTE librarians, 22 FTE library assistants, and 10 FTE student assistants.
Responsibilities: The Health Sciences Librarian delivers responsive, innovative information services that support the needs of a highly interdisciplinary health sciences and university community. The position reports to the Head of the Carlson Health Sciences Library and participates as a team member to: provide reference desk services at both libraries; perform liaison and outreach services to the School of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and/or Health Informatics Program (HIP); develop and deliver instructional programs supporting the schools' curricula; utilize educational and instructional technologies to create and maintain web-deliverable interactive instructional programs; provide individualized consultation with clientele in information management tools and skills; provide information services and products, including design of web pages and instructional guides; participate in the health sciences component of the California Digital Library.
Required Qualifications: Graduate degree in librarianship from an ALA-accredited institution or its equivalent. Academic course work in health sciences and/or experience as a medical librarian in a clinical setting. Familiarity with print and electronic standard subject indexes and major reference works in the health and/or life sciences. Demonstrated understanding of health scientists' information needs and the application of information technologies in serving this population. Excellent computer and internet skills, especially in a networked environment. Strong bibliographic verification skills. Superior oral and written communications skills and interpersonal skills. Excellent analytical and organizational skills. Experience in designing web-based resources for reference and instruction. Demonstrated ability to work independently and collaboratively. Ability to work with colleagues, students, faculty and staff in a rapidly changing, complex, multicultural environment. Demonstrated initiative and flexibility in adapting to change. Strong commitment to public service. Ability to develop and to deliver discipline-related instructional sessions for faculty and students.
Desired Qualifications: Degree in life and/or health sciences and successful experience in providing reference service in a health sciences and/or life sciences academic research environment. Database search skills, particularly with Medline and other National Library of Medicine (NLM) resources. Familiarity with the activities and services of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM) and the Regional Medical Library (RML) programs. Familiarity with bibliographic management software programs.
About the Health Sciences Libraries: The UC Davis Health Sciences Libraries support information needs of the research, teaching and clinical programs of the UC Davis Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine. The School of Veterinary Medicine (http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/) is considered one of the premiere veterinary schools in the country, with the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (www.vmth.ucdavis.edu/) offering a number of veterinary residency specialties on the Davis campus. The School of Medicine faculty (som.ucdavis.edu) are located on both the Davis campus at the UC Davis Medical Center in Sacramento (www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/index.html). The UC Davis Medical center is the primary clinical education site for the UC Davis School of Medicine and is one of five UC teaching hospitals. The Medical Center is the region's only Level I comprehensive adult and pediatric trauma center. Among the many interdisciplinary institutes and programs are the California Primate Research Center, the Center for Comparative Medicine, and the Western Regional Human Nutrition Center on the Davis campus.
The Environment: The UC Davis General Library (www.lib.ucdavis.edu) ranks among the top 45 research libraries in North America, with current holdings of over 3 million volumes, including over 32,000 currently received serials. The General Library is an active partner with the California Digital Library (www.cdlib.org), and is currently embarking on several digital library collections initiatives.
The University of California, Davis campus (www.ucdavis.edu) is a multicultural environment that supports equality and respect for differences based on gender, cultural ethnicity, level of disability and sexual preference and has a strong commitment to create a diverse community of faculty, staff and students. It has an enrollment of over 30,000 students, offering a range of academic programs including Colleges of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, Engineering, and Letters & Science; Schools of Education, Management, Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, and several research institutes such as the Bodega Marine Laboratory.
Davis is a pleasant, environment-oriented community of 65,000 in a college-town setting. Davis is ideally located for many recreational, cultural, and professional activities. It is within easy driving distance of Sacramento, California's capital city, and the Sierra Nevada Mountains/Lake Tahoe area, Berkeley, San Francisco, the Napa Valley wine country, and the Pacific Coastal areas. The University and surrounding communities sponsor a wide range of cultural events.
Benefits: Librarians are academic appointees. They earn 24 days of vacation and 12 days of sick leave per annum. The University has an excellent retirement system that is coordinated with Social Security. Several health, dental, and vision plans are currently provided by the University. Group term life insurance and reduced enrollment fees are available.
To Apply: Cover letters should include a statement indicating how applicant's credentials and experience meet the posted requirements for this position. Applicants should send cover letter, resume, and the names, addresses, telephone numbers and e-mail addresses of three references (including current supervisor) to:
Debbie Ojakangas
100 North West Quad
Screening of applications will begin April 8, 2005 and the position is open until filled. This position is covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
The University of California does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, sexual orientation, disability, age, veteran's status, medical condition, ancestry, or marital status. The University of California is an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer. Call (530) 752-2071 for more information. Speech or hearing impaired persons may dial (530) 752-7320 (TDD).
-- Jo Anne Boorkman, Head
Carlson Health Sciences Library
( 530) 752-6383 voice
http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/


Up to two real ales are available in this club, which is situated close to the historic Plymouth Hoe. The ales could come from Hunter's, Skinners and Summerskills. Regular musical entertainment takes place on weekend evenings, and Sunday lunch is also very popular. Local CAMRA branch Club Of The Year Runner Up 2016. CAMRA members are admitted with valid membership cards - regular visitors will be required to join.


text:
'Just briefly some brainstorming about peace, movement, and democracy ...'
by Karola Luettringhaus, who will teach June 2-4, 2017 from 9-12.
'Movement is intelligence. Watch a person move, walk, tackle the challenges that day to day activities pose. The tremendous complexity of seeming simplicity is overwhelming and awe inspiring!
I dare to hypothesize that hierarchy does not exist! There is no prime mover, no leader, no follower.
There is not better or worse, no more or less important. What is really at work here is a democracy, an interplay and inter-connected-ness.
As a movement researcher, I am fascinated by this complexity, the beauty, and by the intelligence of the human body. Our body thinks, it acts independently, has autonomy. It is worth a look, study and the desire to understand its workings. Our bodies reflect back on us what our universe looks like. Our body reflects back on us a community and a sense of interdependence that is omnipresent in all, and among all, structures.
Our bodies reinforce the wisdom that we are alike, all of us, and that we are all kin under the skin. Compare the skeletons of humans, cats, turtles, birds, snakes, fish. The similarities are striking! Our nerve cells look the same, our building blocks are the same. We are made of the same material which begs to conclude that we all experience the world very similarly on many very fundamental levels.
Contemplating this gives me great insight into my own body, and the meaning of life.
Study our joints, our tissues and discover that movement is essential for life, that happiness is derived from movement, that all bodies are built to move, to constantly change and evolve, respond and play with one another. We can deduct that happiness can come from focusing on these issues, by listening, by allowing us to go back to the basics, by listening rather than imposing goals that we, or society, has imposed on us. What is truly important, what does that even mean, what is arbitrary, useful or unnecessary? What is to achieve, what is to gain?
Answer, at least for me: Peace. A body at peace, at joyful interplay, at ease, at collaboration. A world at ease, at play, at collaboration. Studying the body gives me open mindedness, and willingness to listen, to receive, to contemplate, to allow the body to respond instead of 'defend'.
In my class, 'BII - The Body's intrinsic intelligence' we study being in the moment, listening foremost, and then responding to real demands, to actual challenges and developing a sensitivity to our selves and our environment. We engage both the body and the mind... come to find the two are not as separate as we typically conceptualize. The body is intelligent, the body feels, talks, responds, gives, analyses, suggests, supports. Let's listen and go with the flow!
I look forward to discovering and playing with you in my BII classes.
Karola Luttringhaus
Thinking about life, society, and politics through performance and embodied practice.


text:
Home - Media - Music & Opera
Grammys 2020 Red Carpet: All The Photos You Need To See From This Year's Awards Show
The biggest names in music were all present and correct at the Grammys on Sunday, meaning this year's red carpet was a particularly star-studded one.
For this year's show, new talent dominated the contenders for the top awards, with Lizzo, Billie Eilish and Lil Nas X receiving the most nominations.
Unsurprisingly, all three were in attendance on the night, and each made bold statements with their red carpet fashion.
While Lizzo brought old Hollywood glamour as she made her way into the event, Lil Nas X played up to the imagery surrounding his chart-topping hit Old Town Road as he posed for photographers in a bright pink cowboy suit.Meanwhile, five-time nominee Ariana Grande probably stole the show on the red carpet, sporting an absolutely enormous dress.
Ariana was up for some of the biggest awards of the night, including in the Album Of The Year category, a year after snubbing the Grammys following a much-publicised fall-out with a producer. In 2020, no awards show is complete without an appearance from Billy Porter, who sported one of his elaborate numbers, this time including a bright blue suit, silver platform shoes and a suitably over-the-top hat (complete with metallic fringe, which had to mechanically opened by his stylist on the night).
And as if that wasn't enough, the Jonas Brothers were also in attendance – posing alongside Priyanka Chopra, Sophie Turner and Danielle Jonas – while Shawn Mendes kept it cool in a purple suit.
Check out all the red carpet snaps from this year's Grammys in the gallery below...MORE GRAMMYS: 18 Infamous And Shocking Moments That Defined The Grammys 14 Surprising Grammy-Winning Stars From Years Gone By 30 Most Memorable Grammys Performances Of All Time


The Sony Xperia XA2 Plus mobile was launched on July 12th, 2018 with a 6-inch Full HD+ touchscreen with 1080x1920 pixels display resolution. And its release date or month for sale, expected to be December 2018.
Sony Xperia XA2 Plus has Android v8.0 Oreo operating System (OS) and powered by 4 GB of RAM and 32 GB of internal memory (ROM). The storage capacity can be expanded up to 400 gb through a MicroSD Card. It has a non removal battery with 3580 mAh capacity and clocked by 2.2 GHz Octa-core Snapdragon 630 Processor.
Sony Xperia XA2 Plus smartphone has 23 MP rear or primary Camera and 8-megapixel front facing Selfie Camera with Auto focus, Flash, and HD Recording (Yes). Its dimensions are 157 mm X 75 mm X 9.6 mm.
The Sony Xperia XA2 Plus price in India INR 24990 (expected) as per the latest update on 24 April 2019 and it may vary according to storage and colors.
When to buy Online Sony Xperia XA2 Plus in Flipkart, Amazon, Ebay, Paytm, Snapdeal, Shopclues, BigC, Poorvika, Lotmobiles, Sangeetha, etc., shopping website at lowest price Rs. 24990 will be updated soon.
Get details on the availability of Sony Xperia XA2 Plus cash on delivery (COD) in Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi-NCR, Patna, Bhubaneshwar, Pune, and other cities across India.
Get information on Sony Xperia XA2 Plus exchange offer, bank debit/ credit card cashback & emi from Bajaj finance (Finserv EMI Card), HDFC, Axis, Citibank, HSBC, ICICI, IndusInd, Kotak, Standard Chartered, SBI, RBL, and so on.


What's the Difference Between Aptitude and Achievement Tests?
Well, on one hand, achievement tests demand previous study to get a better score, while aptitude test requires no previous study, since it only assesses your current abilities. Also, an aptitude test is designed to measure which fields you have ability to grow, while achievement tests assess the knowledge already obtained in a field. As a result, aptitude tests help you make decisions on the future by diagnosing your potential, and an achievement test helps you assess the progress you've made so far. Also, achievement tests habitually are limited to assess knowledge in a certain field, while aptitude tests are design to make a general evaluation.
Aptitude is the natural capability of an individual to perform a certain task successfully without previous knowledge or formation. Therefore aptitude tests are standardized exams designed to measure and assess your aptitude and define your strengths. Some of these tests are designed to measure wide ranges of knowledge, others are more specific.
This test is a great way to diagnose the special abilities that you may have. Examples are assessing your aptitude to become a commercial pilot, or to determinate if you can deal with public. In education they are used to evaluate your overall aptitudes and determine if you have the skills to handle the academic course load.
Colleges or universities obviously don't want to admit students they feel cannot complete the courses. Which isn't good for the student or for the college.
The scoring of aptitude test is based on the average of a group. So, your aptitude, ability or skill is evaluated based on the result of a group just like you, in gender, age and level of education. An "average" is enough to pass an aptitude test, but a higher score indicates that you are "above average", enhancing your chances of getting a place in college or improving your possibilities of getting a job.
An aptitude test results are guidance for some students, who aren't sure about their abilities, and wondering "what am I good at?" The most widely used is the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) or SAT Reasoning Test. These tests assesses abilities such as math, language and reasoning and determine career options.
See our post on Studying for an Aptitude Test.
Aptitude tests assess two aspects of intelligence that every individual has in different levels; the fluid intelligence and the crystallized intelligence. These two work together but have separate functions.
Fluid intelligence is the aspect of intelligence that takes care of the immediate abstract reasoning – the ability to create strategies and solve immediate problems effectively. Fluid intelligence is a great indicator of aptitudes, because it uses only the current information – it does not require previous information or learning to solve a present problem. Investigations have determined that this aspect of intelligence is the most affected by physical accidents.
Aptitude tests that focus on fluid intelligence have questions that test problem-solving skills, the pattern recognition, the ability to quickly learn, acquire new skills fast and strategic thinking.
These tests are multiple choice and must be completed in a set time, usually around 30 seconds for each question. They are designed so that only 1-5% of the population can correctly answer the entire test within the time frame provided.
They are also called content test and are designed to review knowledge you have already learned. The main difference between aptitude tests and achievement tests is that aptitude tests discard previous formation, while achievement tests assess previous knowledge. That's why achievement tests are confined to a specific subject or area of knowledge and are usually applied when a grade or level of study has finished.
Another difference between achievement tests and aptitude tests is that you can prepare and study to the achievement test, while for aptitude tests there isn't any material to study. You can however, practice for an aptitude test so that you are familiar with the type of questions.
Achievement tests are frequently used to verify a student's appropriate grade level when entering college. But they are also useful for teachers who want to diagnose the level of student's knowledge after a course, and determine the efficiency of teaching methods. In addition, it can be used by an individual that wants to measure abilities in his field, verify his own progress and establish new goals.
In the US the most recognized achievement test is the American College Testing ACT, used for college admissions. The ACT has been used for college admission since 1962, when the Scholastic Aptitude Test was used to substitute the essay test in the College Entrance Examination Board. The role of achievement tests has increased since the passage of the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act established that standard-based education must be used to measure educational goals and outcomes.
The designers of these tests are experts in the subject, that define the skills that a student must have acquired in certain grade, and establish what content standards should an individual have to be promoted or considered for a superior level.
Overall, achievement test helps to assess the level of competence of an individual in a field, diagnose their strengths and weaknesses, assign them to the adequate grades, to be considered for a promotion, and curriculum evaluation.
They are very dissimilar tests, but still there are tips that can help you prepare for either of them.
If you're taking an aptitude test, you should first know what kind of test you need to take. Familiarize with the characteristics of the test, like how long it is, how many questions it has, where you have to take it, which type of questions you are going to be asked, the format of the tests (paper-based or computer-based), etc. Also find out if it is a test about verbal ability, numeric ability, abstract reasoning, spatial ability or mechanical reasoning.
For the achievement tests, familiarize yourself by asking the format of the exams (multiple choice, verbal questionnaire, etc) and adapting your studying routine to be prepared for the test.
Basic advice for any test – don't waste time! Plan yourself to be efficient and answer as fast as possible. Don't hurry but don't hang around either. These tests are timed, so you have to do the best of the time you got. Don't waste time on a question if you don't know the answer, go to the next one. And if you think you know the answer but don't remember it, mark the questions and go to the next one, then come back to it later.
Move on if you think a question is going to take too much time to answer. Maybe the time it takes you to answer that one question is the same it will take you to answer two or more others. If the question is too time-consuming it might be best just to skip it. Mark it and come back later if you have time.
Is really frustrating to get a bad score because didn't know how to answer, or misunderstood the question and gave another answer. If you have any doubt, or are unsure about what a question means or how you should answer, then ask. There are no dumb questions when your grade is on the line. The worst that can happen is that your doubt is resolved. And that's not bad at all.
Assumptions lead to disappointment. Don't think that if you are good at language then you won't have problems with it in the test. Of course be well prepared, but part of that preparation should be preparation to face any challenges, even in the fields where you feel comfortable. Pay attention to every answer and review them before you deliver.
Use practice tests online to get familiarized with the format of the test, but avoid underestimating just because you have practiced.
Get all the right tools.
If calculators are allow, bring one! Make sure it works! You don't want to deal with dead batteries on test day. Take paper for notes, spare pens, pencils and erasers.
Often calculators are provided, especially on computerized tests – listen to the tutorial at the beginning.
Study-practice, study-practice, study-practice! It will not only allow you to get to know the test's format, the timing and the structure, but it will also help you feel more confident about yourself. To practice is the only way to prepare for an aptitude test, and for an achievement test you can practice by studying and questioning with classmates.
To make the best of your study/practice practice time the most productive, be sure to do it in a comfortable study environment. Silent, quiet, calm and distractions-free. And if possible look for an assessor that helps you go through the necessary material.
I just want to ask your source for this article and your full name so that I can acknowledge you for my cited literature if I can include this one. Thank You!
The article is original and written by myself, Brian Stocker.
I really appreciate these,it has helped me alot on my assignment in measurement and evaluation. Thanks for your idea.
Thanks a lot for putting your clear understanding of these confusing terms for the public use here.
Thank you very much.Your answer help me a lots while studying psychological tests.


Saturday, April 21 at 3:00 pm. Find out how renewable energy works and how to support it, and learn about solar basics. Refreshments will be served. This event is free and open to the public, and is co-sponsored by the West Tisbury Library and the Green Team of the First Congregational Church of West Tisbury. For more information about Cape Light Compact, please visit capelightcompact.org.