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Assessment of Strata Title Units, All Rented, in One Building #103
CATEGORY: Legally Speaking
TAGS: Appraisal Assessment Data Rental Strata Properties
By Gerry Neely
B.A. LL.B.
How should the assessed value of residential strata title apartment units, all in one building and all rented, be determined? Is it to be done by valuing the strata lots on the basis of their market value as individual units, if sold? Or is it to be based upon valuing all of the strata lots as components of an entire rental building? This question came before a Judge of the Supreme Court as a result of an appeal by way of a stated case, from a decision of the Assessment Appeal Board.
The facts were that the taxpayers were two companies registered as the owners of two strata title complexes in the West End in Vancouver, contained in two buildings made up of 75 and 66 rental strata lots, respectively. The assessor used the comparable sales approach to compare the units with similar strata title units, some owner-occupied and some rented, that were sold near the valuation date.
The appraiser acting for the owners used an income approach by capitalizing the net rental income of all of the strata lots in a building. The capitalization rate was a rate derived from the sale of entire strata complexes sold en bloc where all of the strata lots were owned by one owner. The appraiser then allocated the total value among the strata lots within the building.
The Assessment Appeal Board acknowledged that there was no difference in physical characteristics between the strata units in the complex and the properties used as comparables by the assessor. The principal difference was between the strata title units in buildings predominantly occupied by owners of the units,and strata title units in buildings occupied solely by tenants. The Board concluded, on the evidence before it, that a lower price per strata lot resulted from the sale en bloc of rental strata title units within one building, owned by one owner,than if the strata title units were sold individually and were in a block owned by a number of owners who were the predominant occupiers.
The judge agreed that there was evidence before the Board to support a difference in price between two strata title units of comparable size and other physical characteristics, if one were in a rental building and the other in a building mainly occupied by homeowners. He therefore approved the assessment based upon a capitalization rate, which determined the total value of each building, and then the subsequent allocation of that value among each of the strata lots in the complex.
Counsel acting for the assessor has advised that this decision is to be appealed. The assessor's argument is that the Assessment Act requires that each separate legal parcel must be valued for taxation purposes separately by comparisons with selling prices of similar individual units traded in the market. The assessor's opinion is that if this decision is correct, it will have unintended results. Those results might include a circumstance where there is single ownership of several adjoining properties that but for this decision would be assessed separately at a residential rate. The properties, however, if consolidated and if apartment zoning were permitted, would be assessed more as an apartment site. The assessor says that, in that circumstance, with this decision, would he have an obligation to assess the separate individual properties at a higher value based upon their potential apartment use.
This decision, if upheld on appeal, will still depend upon there being evidence that strata title units in buildings occupied solely by tenants are worth less than those in buildings occupied predominantly by owners of the units. That evidence may not be available in smaller communities where there may not be the same mix of strata title apartment unit buildings.
1. Queens Plate Development Ltd. and Hearthside Manor Ltd. v. Assessor of Area #09-Vancouver S.C.B.C., Vancouver Registry, No. A863176.
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Popular tags within Legally Speaking
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New Statutory Holiday on September 30, National Day for Truth and Reconciliation


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HomeGrand Rapids
Hops and Hoops: Donations Strengthen Neighborhood Schools
By Charles Honey
A three-on-three basketball tourney raised $12,000 for Innovation Central's Academy for Design and Construction
Local businesses are stepping up to help the district's students get a step ahead with two sizable donations to its schools.
At Congress Elementary, school community partner Brewery Vivant led a fundraising effort from over 20 businesses that yielded more than $20,000 to upgrade classroom technology. The sum paid for 60 Dell Chromebooks, which teachers are using for online discussions using Google Docs and to conduct lessons using Google Classrooms.
Brewery Vivant co-owner Kris Spaulding spearheaded the effort to celebrate the brewery's five-year anniversary.
"This is providing students with college and career readiness skills as it relates to technology, while enhancing the level of engagement in core content areas," said Congress Principal Erek Kooyman. "In addition, students are able to produce evidence of their learning in new ways."
At Innovation Central High School, Craig Datema, head of Triangle Associates Inc. construction firm, presented a check for $12,000 to the school's Academy for Design and Construction, to be used for college scholarships and post-graduation training for ADC students. The funds were raised in an annual three-on-three basketball tournament hosted by the ADC advisory board, which pits teams from design and construction companies against one another. Newly appointed school board member Jen Schottke serves on the advisory board and helps organize the fundraiser, which has been held for the past three years.
Academy for Design and Construction 3-on-3 tournament
Congress Elementary School
Charles Honey
Charles Honey is editor-in-chief of SNN, and covers series and issues stories for all districts. As a reporter for The Grand Rapids Press/mLive from 1985 to 2009, his beats included Grand Rapids Public Schools, local colleges and education issues. Honey served as editor of The Press' award-winning Religion section for 15 years and its columnist for 20. His freelance articles have appeared in Christianity Today, Religion News Service and Faith & Leadership magazine. Read Charles' full bio
What's behind the term 'scholar'? Educators discuss why they're using it
Multi Districts
Cultivating future scientists, techies, mathematicians & engineers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Rock and ride! This French Festival flips the traditional electronic roster of ski area festivals to focus on pop and rock. The Mont-Blanc Mountain and the town of Chamonix host this late spring gathering, a spin-off of the 15+ year old summer Musilac Festival from aix-les-bains.


The primary goal of any business is to make money and if you are an independent sports bookmaker you may be missing out on some added bottom-line profits if you are not making the most of everything your Pay Per Head service has to offer.
Many private bookies see their price per head provider as simply a gambling software company like Realbookies.com, tasked with processing all the day-to-day online transactions that go into booking sports bets. The top PPH services in the Internet sports betting industry today can bring so much more to the table when it comes to helping you run and manage your own sportsbook.
Anytime a business is run in an orderly and concise manner these types of efficiencies will have a direct impact on boosting your overall bottom line. Unless you are fully utilizing the backend access to your price per head's software in the form of timely business reports, you are probably leaving money on the table somewhere along the line. It is very important to track and monitor all the daily action coming in to avoid any unwanted negative exposure that can hurt cash flow as well as profits.
From a marketing standpoint, your Pay Per Head provider has a number of ways it can help you grow your overall customer base starting with a customized website that can be used to promote your bookmaking business. Creating a professional online presence is vital to your overall marketing efforts and many of the top PPH sites have advanced sportsbook software solutions that can work to level the playing field with the big offshore sportsbook operating online.
Betting lines are the life blood of any independent sports bookmaking business. Your Pay Per Head service has the capabilities to deliver all the betting lines that you need in both a fast and sharp manner. You need to give your betting customers what they want and you also need the capability to move your own lines and change your offerings to best meet your business needs. With most sportsbook solutions services, you will always have the ability to adjust your betting board accordingly as part of the weekly price per head fee you already pay for your active betting customers.
One big way that your PPH service can help you make more money is through quality customer service. If your betting customers are happy with the online process to place their bets or the call center they use if they are still placing bets by phone, then they are much more likely to increase their overall betting volume. If the process to place bets always runs smooth every single day of the year through your Pay Per Head's customer service department, it is highly likely that many of your existing customers would be more than happy to recommend your bookmaking business to any of their family and friends that may be looking to place a few wagers on the games.
The final way to make more money with your Pay Per Head provider is through multiple streams of revenue. Expanded betting lines translates into expanded betting opportunities so always make sure you are building out your betting board with as many options as possible. You will also have access to online gambling software to run your own racebook for horse racing as well as an online casino complete with live dealer table games. You cannot afford to leave anything on the table in what can sometimes be a very tough business environment, so always make sure that you are taking full advantage of everything your price per head service can bring to that very same table.


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BIG ARTS to support 'Red Alert' initiative for arts
By BIG ARTS - | Aug 25, 2020
BIG ARTS, a member of the Florida Professional Presenters Consortium, is joining "Red Alert" — a nationwide effort to encourage Congress to provide relief for the live entertainment industry, which has been affected by the pandemic. The consortium is a statewide organization of over 60 performing arts venues.
On Sept. 1 from 9 p.m. to midnight, BIG ARTS' windows will shine through with red as part of the nationwide call to action, imploring the U.S. Congress to pass the RESTART Act (S. 3814/H.R. 7481) and the Save Our Stages Act (S. 4258/H.R. 7806) as quickly as possible.
The RESTART Act and Save Our Stages Act offer economic relief to the live events industry, which has been shuttered since March. Red Alert also advocates for extending Pandemic Unemployment Assistance to provide relief to those without work since March due to COVID-19. Nationwide, 12 million show workers are estimated to be unemployed because of the pandemic, including designers, technicians, programmers, stagehands and others.
"Performing arts venues are closed because we know that COVID-19 spreads within intimate closed spaces, which of course perfectly describes a theatre or club," BIG ARTS Executive Director Lee Ellen Harder said. "BIG ARTS is happy to join our colleagues in urging help for the arts, artists and venues that contribute so much to our qualify of life across the country."
Kevin Stone, president of the Florida Professional Presenters Consortium, stated:
"Our culture, the music, dance and theatre created and performed in each of our cities, is what makes them unique and special places. We must make sure that survives. It's also about jobs and the economy. The member venues of Florida Presenters alone create a total economic impact every year of $495 million, which supports the Full Time Equivalent of 15,425 jobs, $377.7 million of household income, $21.8 million of local government fees and taxes, and $26.1 million of state government fees and taxes."
Fans and the public can help raise awareness and create pressure on Congress to act in several ways. Visit www.saveourstages.com to send a letter to your U.S. senators and representatives. Use the hashtags #SAVEOURSTAGES and #RedAlertRESTART on social media. Light your residence or business red in a show of solidarity or use a red filter on a social media image.
The Florida Professional Presenters Consortium represents performing arts venues throughout Florida, from Panama City to Key West, from the largest cultural institutions in the state to the smallest most vital organizations in rural and underserved counties. The business of culture is a major component of Florida's diverse economy, contributing a $1.4 billion impact. The activities of the members of Florida Presenters contribute almost a half billion dollars to that impact.
BIG ARTS joins the following fellow Florida Presenters taking part in Red Alert: Arts Garage, Delray Beach; Barbara B. Mann Performing Arts Hall, Fort Myers; Broward Center for the Performing Arts, Fort Lauderdale; Center for the Arts at River Ridge, New Port Richey; Dolly Hand Cultural Arts Center/Palm Beach State College, Belle Glade; Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, Orlando; Florida Theatre, Jacksonville; King Center for the Performing Arts, Melbourne; Mattie Kelly Arts Center at Northwest Florida State College, Niceville; Old School Square Center For The Arts Inc., Delray Beach; Opening Nights at Florida State University, Tallahassee; South Miami-Dade Cultural Arts Center, Miami/Cutler Bay; Straz Center for the Performing Arts, Tampa; The Flagler Auditorium Performing Arts Center, Palm Coast; The Lyric Theatre, Stuart; The RP Funding Center, Lakeland; University of Florida Performing Arts, Gainesville; and Van Wezel Performing Arts Hall, Sarasota.
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Before I knew it, my hips were swaying to the beat of the Tahitian drums and Polynesian fanfare at one of the #1 Heiva Performances at Le Meridien.
Heiva i Tahiti is the largest annual cultural festival in Tahiti that takes place on several islands in the South Pacific and lasts from May through July, and this year, 2012, was the 130th Heiva Festival.
There are dance performances, competitions, dance schools, songs contests, Heiva tu'aro maohi or traditional sports, awards ceremonies throughout this celebratory two months.
Some of the Heiva events take place at beautiful To'ata Square in Papeete, Tahiti.
These performances are the best way to experience Tahiti and all it's culture!
Or contact "Heiva Nui" email: contact@heivanui.pf / www.heivanui.com.


The aim of the research is to clarify the preconditions for a rapid, efficient and high-quality urban design process. The research concentrates on the management of urban design processes in a project-based orientation (Urban Design Management). This involves all the stakeholders of an urban design project in an atmosphere of reciprocal trust benefiting from their common interests.
The central theme of the research project is the concept of Urban Design Management and its underlying theory which can result real life solutions in better use of resources and enhanced quality of urban environment. It seems that there is a call for new kind of consulting services and culturally depended process definitions with contractual procedures.


Scunthorpe, UK. 21st September 2009 - A new series of aluminium enclosures from DEM Manufacturing provide the highest standard of protection against dust and water, and will withstand prolonged immersion in water.
They are ideal for systems exposed to the most demanding environmental conditions in marine, industrial, food preparation, transportation, leisure and other applications.
The new Deltron 480 and 483 series of enclosures are rated at IP67 and IP68 as defined in the IEC standard 60529. IP68 is the highest grade of protection defined in this standard. Deltron IP67 enclosures will withstand immersion in water to depths of up to 1 metre for 30 minutes. The IP68 enclosures can handle depths of up to 5 metres for 1 hour. All are certified to BS EN60529 1992.
Coupled with the established in-house machining and finishing service, DEM Manufacturing provides customers with a cost-effective and complete one stop solution, for both low and high volume requirements.
Manufactured in aluminium 380 alloy, the Deltron 480 series offers 15 sizes of standard boxes, whilst the Deltron 483 series consists of 9 sizes of flanged boxes. Sizes range from 60mm x 55mm x 31mm to 275 x 175 x 66mm – the largest range available from a UK or European supplier.
DEM Manufacturing offers a range of die cast aluminium enclosures, plain and coated, flanged, sealed, IP65 and IP66, with a full 'one stop' solution for design, engineering finishing and box build. Also offered is a selection of ABS, polycarbonate IP65 enclosures.


Please carefully read this Website Privacy Statement as well as our Terms and Conditions, before using this website which is known as "bandits.com" and which is referred to in this Website Privacy Statement as "our site" or "this site".
We are Western New York Lacrosse LLC and are more commonly known as the Buffalo Bandits. (Western New York Lacrosse LLC is referred to in this Website Privacy Statement as "we", "us", and "our".) We are the operator of this site.
As part of our site, we may gather certain types of information about visitors to our site. This is our Website Privacy Statement. It explains our privacy practices relating to our site, including the types of information we gather over our site, what we do with it and how you may correct, update, or limit our use of, personally identifiable information that we may collect over our site. By accessing or using our site, you shall be bound by, and you agree to the collection and use of your personally identifiable information as set forth in, this Statement. If you do not agree with any part of our Website Privacy Statement--including the collection and use of your personally identifiable information as set forth in this Statement, do not access or use our site.
We may collect information about visitors to our site, including: (1) personally identifiable information (for example, a visitor's first and last name, address, e-mail address, birthdate, credit card information, etc.); and (2) aggregate information (for example, how many total users: visit our site, access particular pages on our site, etc.).
Personally, identifiable information may be collected when visitors voluntarily submit it to register for or participate in website services. Website services may include one or more of the following elements or services which we may choose to offer on our site: (1) enrolling in an "e-mail list" in order to receive from us periodic informational e-mails, (2) participating in any public areas on our site (for example, chat room(s), bulletin board(s), etc.), (3) user feedback, (4) answering surveys, and (5) entering promotional events, contests and sweepstakes. We also may collect personally identifiable information from other areas of our site and we also may collect e-mail addresses from visitors who voluntarily contact us to seek technical assistance or other information. In addition to the uses described below (see "How We Use Personally Identifiable Information"), this information enables us to improve our site and make your online visits more productive and enjoyable.
Aggregate information tracks activity on an anonymous group basis, instead of on an individual basis (for example, the total number of visitors who have expressed common interests when registering for website services). Thus, unlike personally identifiable information, when we use or pass on to others aggregate information, the identities of individual visitors are not disclosed.
We may develop aggregate information by taking personally identifiable information which we have gathered from visitors and then organizing and compiling that information on an aggregate basis. For example, if 400 out of 1,000 visitors were to list Buffalo as an address when registering for a particular website service on our site, then we may choose to aggregate, or add together, that data so as to tell others that 40% of those registrants are Buffalo residents. Please note that unless a visitor has "opted-out" (see the section below entitled "Opting-Out: Choices Available to Visitors"), we may also use the same data in this example on a personally identifiable basis in the manner discussed in this Website Privacy Statement.
IP Addresses: Whenever you log-on to our site or other websites, your internet service provider assigns you a number which is referred to as an "IP address". Your IP address identifies your computer. Among other uses, this allows the internet signals associated with the website to which you have logged-on to be routed back to your computer.
The computer which hosts our site may be programmed so as to collect and log the IP addresses of our visitors. We may use this information to assist us in the administration of our site, to collect and report aggregate information, to monitor the use of our site, or to identify and gather personally identifiable information about users in response to certain of the special circumstances described below under the Section "How We Use Personally Identifiable Information".
Tracking through Internet Service Provider's Software: Through the software of our internet service provider we are able to obtain certain non-personal and aggregate information. This information may include: the visitor's browser (for example, Netscape, Internet Explorer, etc.), his or her type of operating system (for example, Macintosh, Windows, etc.) and the domain name of the visitor's internet service provider (for example, America Online). We may use this information to enhance the visitor's online experience. Additionally, we may use this information to gather aggregate information about our site.
By clicking on advertising material or on links which appear on our site, you can arrive at an "advertiser site" or a "linked site" and receive cookies from that site. (Please see our Terms and Conditions for a discussion of linked sites and advertiser sites; that discussion appears under the section "Links to Other Sites and Advertiser Sites".) We do not control any cookies of any advertiser sites or linked sites, and our Website Privacy Statement does not apply to them. If you have questions concerning the use by any advertiser site or linked site of cookies or about any other element relating to that site's collection, use and distribution of personally identifiable information, then you should review any privacy Statement and any other terms and conditions maintained by that site. Also, you may be able to direct any questions or concerns to the advertiser site's or linked site's website administrator or as otherwise directed by such site.
A. Enrollment in our "Bandits e-mail list".
materials that advertise, market or promote (i) our goods and services (for example, ticket offers to Bandits' games or other events which we sponsor or for which tickets are sold by us at the KeyBank Center box office) or (ii) the goods and services of third parties (for example, information relating to products or services made available by: sponsors of the Buffalo Bandits, performers who appear at KeyBank Center and other third parties).
Because these materials come from us, when we enroll you in our "Bandits e-mail list", we do not share any of your personally identifiable information with third parties.
B. To Send Visitors Materials From Our Affiliated Website(s).
Unless a visitor opts-out in the way(s) discussed in the next Section, we may share his or her personally identifiable information with one or more of the third parties who operate our Affiliated Website(s).
www.KeyBankCenter.com whose operator is Western New York Arena, LLC as well as www.bandits.com whose operator is Western New York Lacrosse, LLC.
Our purpose in sharing such visitor-related information, is to enable our visitors to receive materials from one or more of our Affiliated Website(s). Typically, these "Materials From Our Affiliated Website(s)" would be similar in scope or nature to the materials which we send to our "Bandits e-mail list" participants. The website Privacy Policies of our Affiliated Websites are available on our Affiliated Websites.
in association with any transfer of our business or assets.
In certain instances, we may use personally identifiable information to limit the distribution of certain of the materials which we send to participants in our "Bandits e-mail list". For example, if we ask visitors to list their hobbies when they register for our website service(s) and 40% of those visitors list skiing as a hobby and participate in the "Bandits e-mail list", then we may identify and use the e-mail addresses of those visitors in order to send only to them materials which we believe may be of special interest to skiers.
You may opt-out from participating in our "Bandits e-mail list" or from receiving Materials From Our Affiliated Website(s) (or both). You may have several opportunities to do this.
First, you may opt-out at any time by e-mailing our Webmaster at the address set forth below.
Second, when you provide us with personally identifiable information at the time you register for any of our website services, you may be able to opt-out by clicking on the appropriate on-screen link(s) which appear on the registration form. However, in some cases, the registration format for certain website service(s) may not provide you with a mechanism to opt-out at the time you register. In those instances, unless you are already enrolled in the "Bandits e-mail list" and are already receiving Materials From Our Affiliated Website(s), we will send you a separate e-mail which will allow you to exercise your "opt-out" options by clicking on the appropriate link(s) which appear on that separate e-mail.
Third, occasionally you may also have the opportunity to opt-out when you receive "Bandits e-mail list" materials or Materials From Our Affiliated Website(s) by clicking on the appropriate link(s) which appear on those certain materials.
A decision by you to "opt-out" will become effective when you register if you "opt-out" at the time you register for a given service or as soon as we have adjusted our records if you "opt-out" at any other time. Please note that if a visitor chooses to "opt-out" in any of the ways discussed above, we may continue to (1) use or convey the visitor's personally identifiable information for the other purpose(s) contemplated by this Website Privacy Statement and (2) send to the visitor materials based on information which has been collected through means other than our site.
Additionally, for any website service, we may label as "optional" certain personally identifiable information which is being requested of visitors when they register for that service. You may choose not to provide any such "optional" information and still participate in the subject website service.
If you have registered for any of our website service(s), then you may review any of your personally identifiable information, which we have collected over our site and have retained, in order to update, confirm or delete such information. You may do so by e-mailing our Webmaster at the address set forth above. As soon as practicable following our receipt of your e-mail, we will e-mail to you any of your personally identifiable information that you have provided in registering for our website service(s) and which we have retained. For security purposes, we will provide such information only to the original email address which was provided to us. If you wish to update, correct or delete the information that we have e-mailed to you, then please advise us of the changes by return e-mail to our Webmaster. As soon as practicable following our receipt of your return email, we will adjust our records accordingly.
Occasionally, contests or sweepstakes may be posted on our site. We may collect personally identifiable information when you register for contests or sweepstakes. Any such promotions would be conducted in accordance with any applicable law. (See "Miscellaneous" under our Terms and Conditions for the law governing our site.) Sometimes, the name of a promotion winner may be posted on our site, as indicated in the Official Rules of such a promotion. We may also notify a winner by e-mail.
It is possible for children under the age of 13 to surf the "web", including our site. We believe that parents should supervise the activities of such youngsters when they are on the internet.
At present, our site does not knowingly permit children under the age of 13 to register for any website service made available over our site or otherwise submit personally-identifiable information to us. While this Statement remains in effect, registration formats for any website service which we elect to include as a part of our site will require each registrant to set forth his or her birthdate. If the registration submitted by the visitor indicates that he or she is under the required age for that service, then our system is designed to automatically reject the submission.
We have implemented the following procedures which are designed with the objective of maintaining the security of personally identifiable information which we collect from our visitors: (i) all personally identifiable information which you provide us in registering for any website services, is stored in an account which is maintained on the computer which hosts our site, and (ii) access to that account requires a password except by the entity which operates the computer that hosts our website. Also we have instructed our website administrator, who shall have use of the password, (iii) to make the password available only to the person(s) whom he or she designates, and (iv) to provide your personally identifiable information only to: (a) those people within our organization or any third-party internet-service providers who require personally identifiable information to perform their job functions and (b) unless you opt-out, to the operators of our Affiliated Website(s) (see "How We use Personally Identifiable Information"). Unfortunately, no transmission of data over the internet can be guaranteed to be completely secure, and such transmissions are done at your own risk.
Please see our Terms and Conditions for our disclaimer of any warranties concerning our site and a limitation of our and others' liability; that discussion takes place under the section "Disclaimer and Limitation of Liability".
We reserve the right to amend this Website Privacy Statement at any time. Any changes shall be effective immediately upon our posting the revised Website Privacy Statement. If on one or more occasions we make any change(s) to this Website Privacy Statement, then we will post the latest date on which this Website Privacy Statement shall have been modified. That posting will appear on the home page of our site next to the icon "Website Privacy Statement". Your continued access and use of our site after we post the modified Website Privacy Statement indicates that you agree to be bound by our Website Privacy Statement as modified.


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3 Bills Gov. Jerry Brown Should Sign Right Now
Drudge Bot last edited by
Each day, California Gov. Jerry Brown releases a list of 30-40 bills that he's signed—and those that he's vetoed. When all is said and done, California likely will add more than 800 new laws to the books this year.
And each day, EFF refreshes and refreshes the governor's press release page, watching for Brown to take action on the bills we fought to put on his desk. He has until Oct. 15 to sign, veto, or let bills pass without his signature.
Will he sign S.B. 345, a police transparency bill that even law enforcement supports? Will he agree that at-risk youth in juvenile halls and foster homes deserve access to digital tools, as proposed by A.B. 811? Will he finish the job of reforming California's gang databases and approve A.B. 90?
He could act on these bills any time over the next 10 days. If you live in California, tell the governor that today is a great day to strengthen our digital rights.
Put Police Policies Online
This week, the New York Civil Liberties Union issued a report [PDF] that police departments across New York were missing deadlines, over-redacting documents, and generally stymying legitimate requests for copies of law enforcement policies under the state's sunshine law. Gov. Brown has an opportunity to lead California in another direction by signing S.B. 345. This bill would require law enforcement agencies across the state publish their policies and training materials online.
S.B. 345, sponsored by Sen. Bradford, would be a milestone for police transparency, allowing the public, researchers, journalists, and law enforcement policymakers to inspect standards across the state, including material on use of force, body-worn cameras, drones, and other controversial police activities.
The bill is supported by EFF, ACLU, the California Public Defenders Association, as well as numerous organizations representing law enforcement officers.
Tell Gov. Brown to sign S.B 345
Turn on the Internet in Juvenile Halls and Foster Homes
While youth in public, private, and charter schools are experiencing a boom in educational technology, tens of thousands of children in juvenile detention and foster care are not receiving access to the digitals tools they need to thrive in modern society.
A.B. 811, sponsored by Assemblymember Mike Gipson, would require that youth in state care have reasonable (i.e. supervised and secure) access to computers and the Internet. On the county level, this means access to technology for educational purposes in juvenile halls. On the state level, A.B. 811 would require the Division of Juvenile Justice to provide youth in detention with access to computers for both educational purposes and to stay in touch with their families. Youth in foster care would additionally be provided with opportunities to engage in social activities online.
The bill is supported by the Youth Law Center, the Prison Policy Initiative, and Facebook. No organizations were on record in opposition of the final bill passed by the legislature.
Tell Gov. Brown to sign A.B. 811
Reform California's Gang Databases
In 2016, a coalition of community justice and civil liberties organizations mounted a successful campaign to pass a bill (A.B. 2298) reforming how law enforcement agencies operate shared databases of suspected gang members and their affiliates. However, mid-way through the legislative cycle, the California State Auditor issued a report that identified far more problems than could be addressed in a single piece of legislation. The auditor found that the CalGang database in particular is tainted with widespread errors and unsubstantiated information. Many individuals were inappropriately entered into the database, while others should have had their records purged years ago. The auditor also noted that the CalGang system lacks even basic oversight.
A.B. 90, sponsored by Assemblymember Shirley Weber, sets out to address these problems through stringent accountability and transparency measures, such as regular audits and a clear process for individuals to request deletion from shared gang databases. The bill also requires that decisions about the CalGang database are informed by empirical research and advice from a multi-stakeholder advisory body.
Tell Gov. Brown to sign A.B. 90
https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/10/3-bills-gov-jerry-brown-should-sign-right-now
eff 264
Tmux Commands
screen and tmux
A comparison of the features (or more-so just a table of notes for accessing some of those features) for GNU screen and BSD-licensed tmux.
The formatting here is simple enough to understand (I would hope). ^ means ctrl+, so ^x is ctrl+x. M- means meta (generally left-alt or escape)+, so M-x is left-alt+x
It should be noted that this is no where near a full feature-set of either group. This - being a cheat-sheet - is just to point out the most very basic features to get you on the road.
Trust the developers and manpage writers more than me. This document is originally from 2009 when tmux was still new - since then both of these programs have had many updates and features added (not all of which have been dutifully noted here).
Action tmux screen
start a new session tmux OR
tmux new OR
tmux new-session screen
re-attach a detached session tmux attach OR
tmux attach-session screen-r
re-attach an attached session (detaching it from elsewhere) tmux attach -d OR
tmux attach-session -d screen -dr
re-attach an attached session (keeping it attached elsewhere) tmux attach OR
tmux attach-session screen -x
detach from currently attached session ^b d OR
^b :detach ^a ^d OR
^a :detach
rename-window to newname ^b , <newname> OR
^b :rename-window <newn> ^a A <newname>
list windows ^b w ^a w
list windows in chooseable menu ^a "
go to window # ^b # ^a #
go to last-active window ^b l ^a ^a
go to next window ^b n ^a n
go to previous window ^b p ^a p
see keybindings ^b ? ^a ?
list sessions ^b s OR
tmux ls OR
tmux list-sessions screen -ls
toggle visual bell ^a ^g
create another window ^b c ^a c
exit current shell/window ^d ^d
split window/pane horizontally ^b " ^a S
split window/pane vertically ^b % ^a |
switch to other pane ^b o ^a <tab>
kill the current pane ^b x OR (logout/^D)
collapse the current pane/split (but leave processes running) ^a X
cycle location of panes ^b ^o
swap current pane with previous ^b {
swap current pane with next ^b }
show time ^b t
show numeric values of panes ^b q
toggle zoom-state of current pane (maximize/return current pane) ^b z
break the current pane out of its window (to form new window) ^b !
re-arrange current panels within same window (different layouts) ^b [space]
Kill the current window (and all panes within) ^b killw [target-window]
Criteo is an ad company. You may not have heard of them, but they do retargeting, the type of ads that pursue users across the web, beseeching them to purchase a product they once viewed or have already bought. To identify users across websites, Criteo relies on cross-site tracking using cookies and other methods to follow users as they browse. This has led them to try and circumvent the privacy features in Apple's Safari browser which protects its users from such tracking. Despite this apparently antagonistic attitude towards user privacy, Criteo has also been whitelisted by the Acceptable Ads initiative. This means that their ads are unblocked by popular adblockers such as Adblock and Adblock Plus. Criteo pays Eyeo, the operator of Acceptable Ads, for this whitelisting and must comply with their format requirements. But this also means they can track any user of these adblockers who has not disabled Acceptable Ads, even if they have installed privacy tools such as EasyPrivacy with the intention of protecting themselves. EFF is concerned about Criteo's continued anti-privacy actions and their continued inclusion in Acceptable Ads.
Safari Shuts out Third Party Cookies…
All popular browsers give users control over who gets to set cookies, but Safari is the only one that blocks third-party cookies (those set by a domain other than the site you are visiting) by default. (Safari's choice is important because only 5-10% of users ever change default settings in software.) Criteo relies on third-party cookies. Since users have little reason to visit Criteo's own website, the company gets its cookies onto users' machines through its integration on many online retail websites. Safari's cookie blocking is a major problem for Criteo, especially given the large and lucrative nature of iPhone's user base. Rather than accept this, Criteo has repeatedly implemented ways to defeat Safari's privacy protections.
One workaround researchers detected Criteo using was to redirect users from sites where their service was present to their own. For example, if you visited wintercoats.com and clicked on a product category, you would be first diverted to criteo.com and then redirected to wintercoats.com/down-filled. Although imperceptible to the user, this detour was enough to persuade the browser that criteo.com is a site you chose to visit, and therefore a first party entitled to set a cookie rather than a third party. Criteo applied for a patent on this method in August 2013.
…And Closes the Backdoor
Last summer, however, Apple unveiled a new version of Safari with more sophisticated cookie handling—called Intelligent Tracking Prevention (ITP)—which killed off the redirect technique as a means to circumvent the cookie controls. The browser now analyzes if the user has engaged with a website in a meaningful way before allowing it to set a cookie. The announcement triggered panic among advertising companies, whose trade association, the Interactive Advertising Bureau, denounced the feature and rushed out technical recommendations to work around it. Obviously the level of user "interaction" with Criteo during the redirect described above fails ITP's test, which meant Criteo was locked out again.
It appears that Criteo's response was to abandon cookies for Safari users and to generate a persistent identifier by piggybacking on a key user safety technology called HSTS. When a browser connects to a site via HTTPS (i.e. a site that supports encryption), the site can respond with an HTTP Strict Transport Security policy (HSTS), instructing the browser to only contact it using HTTPS. Without a HSTS policy, your browser might try to connect to the site over regular old unencrypted HTTP in the future—and thus be vulnerable to a downgrade attack. Criteo used HSTS to sneak data into the browser cache to produce an identifier it could use to recognize the individual's browser and profile them. This approach relied on the fact that it is difficult to clear HSTS data in Safari, requiring the user to purge the cache entirely to delete the identifier. For EFF, it is especially worrisome that Criteo used a technique that pits privacy protection against user security interests by targeting HSTS. Use of this mechanism was documented by Gotham City Research, an investment firm who have bet against Criteo's stock.
In early December, Apple released an update to iOS and Safari which disabled Criteo's ability to exploit HSTS. This led to Criteo revising down their revenue forecasts and a sharp fall in their share price.
How is Criteo "Acceptable Advertising"****?
"… w__e sort of seek the consent of users, just like we had done before_."__1_ - Erich Eichmann, CEO Criteo
_"Only users who don't already have a Criteo identifier will see the header or footer, and it is displayed only once per device. Thanks to [the?] Criteo advertisers network, most of your users would have already accepted our services on the website of another of our partner. On average, only 5% of your users will see the headers or footers, and for those who do, the typical opt-out rate is less than .2%._" - Criteo Support Center
Criteo styles itself as a leader in privacy practices, yet they have dedicated significant engineering resources to circumventing privacy tools. They claim to have obtained user consent to tracking based on a minimal warning delivered in what we believe to be a highly confusing context. When a user first visits a site containing Criteo's script, they received a small notice stating, _"_Click any link to use Criteo's cross-site tracking technology." If the user continues to use the site, they are deemed to have consented. Little wonder that Criteo can boast of a low opt-out rate to their clients.
Due to their observed behaviour prior to the ITP episode, Criteo's incorporation into the Acceptable Ads in December 2015 aroused criticism among users of ad blockers. We have written elsewhere about how Acceptable Ads creates a clash of interests between adblocking companies and their users, especially those concerned with their privacy. But Criteo's participation in Acceptable Ads brings into focus the substantive problem with the program itself. The criteria for Acceptable Ads are concerned chiefly with format and aesthetic aspects (e.g. How big is the ad? How visually intrusive? Does it blink?) and excludes privacy concerns. Retargeting is unpopular and mocked by users, in part because it wears its creepy tracking practices on its sleeve. Our view is that Criteo's bad behavior should exclude its products from being deemed "acceptable" in any way.
The fact that the Acceptable Ads Initiative has approved Criteo's user-tracking-by-misusing-security-features ads is indicative of the privacy problems we believe to be at the heart of the Acceptable Ads program. In March this year, Eyeo announced an Acceptable Ads Committee that will control the criteria for Acceptable Ads in the future. The Committee should start by instituting a rule which excludes companies that circumvent explicit privacy tools or exploit user security technologies for the purpose of tracking.
1. http://criteo.investorroom.com/download/Transcript_Q3+2017+Earnings_EDITED.pdf
https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/12/arms-race-against-trackers-safari-leads-criteo-30
• read more
Have you ever sent a motivational text to a friend? If you have, perhaps you tailored your message to an activity or location by saying "Good luck in the race!" or "Have fun in New York!" Now, imagine doing this automatically with a compuuuter. What a great invention. Actually, no. That's not a good invention, it's our latest Stupid Patent of the Month.
U.S. Patent No. 9,069,648 is titled "Systems and methods for delivering activity based suggestive (ABS) messages." The patent describes sending "motivational messages," based "on the current or anticipated activity of the user," to a "personal electronic device." The patent provides examples such as sending the message "don't give up" when the user is running up a hill. The examples aren't limited to health or exercise. For example, the patent suggests sending messages like "do not fear" and "God is with you" when a "user enters a dangerous neighborhood."
The patent's description of its invention is filled with silly, non-standard acronyms like ABS for "activity based suggestive" messages or EBIF for "electronic based intelligence function." These silly acronyms create an illusion of complexity where plain, descriptive language would reveal the mundane nature of the supposed invention. For example, what the patent grandly calls EBIF appears to be nothing more than standard computer processing.
The '648 patent is owned by Motivational Health Messaging LLC. While this may be a new company, at least one of the people behind it has been involved in massive patent trolling campaigns before. And the two named inventors have both been inventors on patents that trolls have asserted hundreds of times. One is also an inventor listed on patents asserted by infamous patent troll Shipping and Transit LLC. The other named inventor is the inventor on the patents asserted by Electronic Communication Technologies LLC. Those two entities (with their predecessors) brought over 700 lawsuits, many against very small businesses. In other words, the '648 patent has been issued to Troll Co. at 1 Troll Street, Troll Town, Trollida USA.
We believe that the claims of the '648 patent are clearly invalid under the Supreme Court's decision in Alice v. CLS Bank, which held abstract ideas do not become eligible for a patent merely because they are implemented in conventional computer technology. Indeed, the patent repeatedly emphasizes that the claimed methods are not tied to any particular hardware or software. For example, it states:
The software and software logic described in this document … which comprises an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions, can be embodied in any non-transitory computer-readable medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions.
The '648 patent issued on June 30, 2015, a full year after the Supreme Court's Alice ruling. Despite this, the patent examiner never even discussed the decision. If Alice is to mean anything at all, it has to be applied to an application like this one.
In our view, if Motivational Health Messaging asserts its patent in court, any defendant that fought back should prevail under Alice. Indeed, we would hope that the court would strongly consider awarding attorney's fees to the defendant in such a case. Shipping & Transit has now had two fee awards made against it for asserting patents that are clearly invalid under Alice. And the Federal Circuit recently held that fee awards can be appropriate when patent owners make objectively unreasonable argument concerning Alice.
In addition to the problems under Alice, we believe the claims of the '648 patent should have been rejected as obvious. When the application was filed in 2012, there was nothing new about sending motivational messages or automatically tailoring messages to things like location. In one proposed embodiment, the patent suggests that a "user walking to a hole may be delivered ABS messages, including reminders or instructions on how to play a particular hole." But golf apps were already doing this. The Patent Office didn't consider any real-world mobile phone applications when reviewing the application.
If you want to look for prior art yourself, Unified Patents is running a crowdsourcing contest to find the best prior art to invalidate the '648 patent. Aside from the warm feelings that come from fighting patent trolls, there is a $2000 prize pool.
Despite the weakness of its patent, Motivational Health Messaging LLC might still send out demand letters. If you receive such a letter, you can contact EFF and we can help you find counsel.
We have long complained that the Patent Office promotes patent trolling by granting obvious and/or abstract software patents. The history of the '648 patent shows how the Patent Office's failure to properly review applications leads to bad patents falling into the hands of trolls.


text:
What to watch—and watch for—in 2018
by Molly Callahan January 3, 2018
Could this hockey trivia expert be the next Jeopardy! host?
When hosting an HGTV show is 'a dream I didn't even know…
Seinfeld may be gone, but your TV comedy wouldn't be the same…
Like the Gilmore girls, this mother and daughter are best friends. Now…
#MeToo, #BlackLivesMatter, #NoBanNoWall: Social movements likely to dominate 2018
Where healthcare innovation may lead in 2018
Reading genes and growing body parts: Science trends in 2018
Bitcoin, wage stagnation, and geopolitics: the global economy in 2018
In the sky, on the roads, and in the home: Robotics and…
The rollback of net neutrality stands to change the way we watch in 2018. Photo by Adam Glanzman/Northeastern University
This story is part of our multi-part series looking at some of the big stories and bright ideas primed to make headlines in 2018.
In 2017, science fiction (think: Stranger Things and The OA) loomed large in entertainment. So, too, did film and series revivals such as Beauty and the Beast and Will and Grace. What should we watch (and watch for) in 2018? We asked Alan Schroeder—a journalism professor and former television producer whose research includes television and specifically television news—about the trends we might see this year.
He said there's a lot at play that could change what we're watching and how we're watching it. The Federal Communications Commission voted in December to kill net neutrality—a move that could have broad implications for streaming services like Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon. And the increasing number of "cord-cutters," or people who don't subscribe to cable, is making "communal viewing" events, like those brought on by election coverage or awards shows, ever rarer.
Here, we asked him more about what this year might bring.
What TV or film trends will you be watching for in 2018?
Consumers will continue cable-cutting and opting instead for an on-demand, a la carte experience. Viewers are finding less and less reason to watch programming on any kind of regular schedule, with the exception of big-ticket live events like sports, awards shows, and election coverage. Those programs—the Super Bowl, say, or the Oscars—still attract enormous ratings, but that kind of communal viewing experience is becoming increasingly rare.
What trends emerged in 2017 in TV that you think might expand this year?
Short-term serials with a limited number of episodes are drawing huge audiences across genres, so we can expect more of that. The explosion in documentary filmmaking is another promising trend that bodes well for the future. Consumers should be nervous about the potential end of net neutrality, but it remains to be seen what the recent FCC decision will actually mean for television consumption—and for our pocketbooks.
We saw a lot of TV revivals and remakes in 2017. Do you think that will continue in 2018?
As long as they draw an audience, TV revivals are likely to continue. Revivals are the entertainment equivalent of comfort food, with viewers happily returning to old favorites from the past. If there's money to be made off an established franchise, somebody will find a way to do it.
Faculty Experts & Current Events streaming servies television TV What to Watch For What to Watch For in 2018
Alex Trebek might soon retire as host of the game show Jeopardy! and he wants NHL telecaster and Northeastern alumnus Alex Faust to be his successor. Faust was surprised by the suggestion, tweeting, "I guess there are worse ways to randomly see your name show up on TMZ!"
by Emily Arntsen July 31, 2018
When hosting an HGTV show is 'a dream I didn't even know I had, coming true'
On her show Hidden Potential, Jasmine Roth transforms ordinary houses into custom homes that reflect the personalities of the people who live in them. A decade ago, she never would've imagined that was what she'd be doing today.
by Molly Callahan July 5, 2018


text:
Icebreakers es un videojuego de batallas automovilísticas. Fue el primer desarrollo lanzado por la compañía de videojuegos mexicana Xibalba Studios.

Historia
Icebreakers es un juego de combate vehículos en donde un grupo de chicos compiten en trineos que emiten una estela de hielo para alcanzar el máximo premio: "El derecho de alardear en el vecindario"

Icebreakers pone a los jugadores directo en la acción junto a un grupo de chicos de un pequeño pueblo nevado en donde se compite en el más nuevo deporte extremo de invierno. En el juego, cada trineo está equipado con un tanque de agua el cual la expulsa y deja atrás una estela de hielo. Maneja tu estela para dejar congelada a la competencia, usa las habilidades únicas de cada vehículo, lanza bolas de nieve para aturdir a tus rivales y utiliza los diferentes aditamentos especiales, haz todo lo necesario para convertirte en el campeón. ()

Características
 Hecho originalmente para PC
 5 modos de juego
 4 jugadores de manera local y 6 en línea
 6 personajes diferentes + 2 jugadores ocultos con trineos especiales que se desbloquean.

Enlaces externos
 Icebreakers: ópera prima de Xibalba Estudios en Gamepro
 Icebreakers sitio web
 Xibalba Studios sitio web

Videojuegos de carreras
Videojuegos de Xibalba Studios

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Littleworth – wieś w Anglii, w hrabstwie Oxfordshire, w dystrykcie Vale of White Horse. Leży 22 km na południowy zachód od Oksfordu i 101 km na zachód od Londynu. W 2001 miejscowość liczyła 203 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Wsie w hrabstwie Oxfordshire


text:
Ken Stange is a writer, visual artist, occasional scientific researcher, and Professor Emeritus at Nipissing University, where he taught psychology for forty years, including a course on the Psychology of Art, which he is currently teaching online. He works in many forms and likes to mix his media. His works include poetry, fiction, non-fiction, journalism, scientific research reports, computer programs, philosophical essays, visual art, a weekly blog about interesting ideas. (His book, A Smoother Pebble, A Prettier Shell, published by Penumbra Press, was a collection of his art works integrated with poems and an extended essay on the relationship of science to visual art.)
His writing remains his primary passion. His works include 19 books of poetry, fiction and non-fiction, hundreds of publications in literary magazines, and he won the 2011 Exile/Vanderbilt prize for short fiction. He calls all his books "hypotheses" because of his interest in the integration of the sciences and the arts. For over a decade he has been devoting much of his energy to his recently published non-fiction trilogy about the similarities and differences of creativity in the arts and the sciences: Secret Agents Past; Secret Agents Present; and Secret Agents Future.
His other recent books include a collection of short fiction, (God When He's Drunk, 2012); a work combining his art with his tanka poems (Embracing The Moon: 25 Little Worlds, 2013); a memoir of a bike trip with his son from New Orleans back to Canada (Going Home: Cycling Through The Heart Of America, 2014); and a tongue-in-cheek guide to Canada (Explaining Canada: A Primer For Yanks, 2014).
Current works-in-progress include a new collection of poetry (DiVerse Dedications), a collection of aphorisms (Hippokritic Oaths), and a memoir (Chicago Days: Growing Up Absurd On The South Side).
He also has had articles in computer magazines, written commercial software for test evaluation, been an arts columnist, as well as published in refereed scientific journals on empirical aesthetics, statistics, and computer research applications. He has presented papers at numerous international conferences, most of which relate to creativity, and in 2011 gave a TEDx talk on "Redefining Creativity". He was the founder and editor of Nebula Magazine from 1975 to 1984 and currently edits the reincarnated Nebula as a very unperiodical Internet publication committed to interesting work that often bridges the 'Two Cultures' of science and art.
As a visual artist interested in the interface between the visual and literary arts, as well as the boundary between science and art, the computer seemed the perfect medium with which to explore these colourful 'gray' areas. So his visual art always contains textual elements. These digital works are collaged together from digital photographs, mathematical experiments with such things as fractals, free-hand (or rather 'free-mouse') drawing, and image manipulation tools—with the textual element as a sort of glue. The final digital image is called a "contruction".
The digital images are then individualized when creating hardcopy works by running monoprints, each of which is made unique by carefully varying some feature of the original digital image for the printing process. He has had numerous juried and curated exhibitions of his prints, and his work in represented in numerous public and private collections. His latest book, Art's In The Head, Not The Hand, is a full-colour retropsective of his digital art.
His extensive CV is available at: http://www.kenstange.com/cv/KenStangeCV.pdf


text:
6 Sports Team of the Week: Perry Ramblers girls basketball
6 Sports On Demand
Posted: Feb 22, 2018 / 09:14 AM EST / Updated: Feb 22, 2018 / 09:14 AM EST
This week 6 Sports recognizes the Perry Ramblers girls basketball squad as our Team of the Week. 6 Sports anchor Jay Sarkar has more on a team on the rise. Watch the video above.
More 6 Sports On Demand Stories
Michigan women break records at swimming competition
by The Associated Press / Jan 3, 2020
KEY LARGO, Fla. (AP) — University of Michigan women won their division Friday at the Orange Bowl Swim Classic in the Florida Keys.
The Wolverines also broke three meet records, including two for sophomore Maggie MacNeil, who swam 26.21 seconds in the 50-meter butterfly and 27.06 in the 50-meter backstroke. Sophomore Olivia Carter swam the 100-meter butterfly in 1 minute and .62 seconds.
by Ronnie Das / Jan 1, 2020
NEW YORK (WLNS) - NBA Commissioner Emeritus David Stern passed away this afternoon as a result of the brain hemorrhage he suffered approximately three weeks ago, according to a statement from current NBA Commissioner Adam Silver. He was 77.
Stern suffered a sudden brain hemorrhage on Dec. 12 and underwent emergency surgery.
Stern is the longest-tenured commissioner in NBA history, serving in that role for 30 years from 1984-2014. He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2014.


text:
Julian Rotter
January 6, 2014(2014-01-06) (aged 97)
Mansfield, Connecticut
social learning theory, Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank and Locus of Control
Kurt Lewin, Alfred Adler, Kenneth Spence, Clark Hull, B.F. Skinner, Edward Tolman and George Kelly
Influenced
Walter Mischel
Julian B. Rotter (October 22, 1916 – January 6, 2014) was an American psychologist known for developing influential theories, including social learning theory and locus of control. He was a faculty member at The Ohio State University and then the University of Connecticut. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Rotter as the 64th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.[1]
2 Social learning theory
3 Locus of control
Rotter was born in 1916 in Brooklyn, New York, United States,[2] as the third son of Jewish immigrant parents.[3] In the years of elementary and secondary schools, he became interested with psychology and philosophy through readings.[4] Rotter attended Brooklyn College in 1933, where he earned his undergraduate degree. He majored in Chemistry even though he found psychology to be more fascinating due to the fact that there were more opportunities to make money, while the economy was failing.[4] While studying in Brooklyn College, Wood and Solomon Asch, teachers at the college, influenced his development as a psychologist. Wood inspired him by his lectures on the scientific method. Asch was intensely involved in the controversy between Gestalt and Thorndykian views of learning and thus he influenced Rotter's interest in psychology.[4] He then earned a master's degree at the University of Iowa, studying there under Kurt Lewin.[3]
After he earned his master's degree at the University of Iowa, he was able to obtain an internship at the Worcester State Hospital. At the time it may have been the only formal internship in psychology. While at Worcester State Hospital, David Shakow, Saul Rosenzweig, and Elliot Rodnick provided stimulation and training in research and practice in clinical psychology. Worcester was also where he met Clara Barnes, another intern whom he later married. Through his work with Kurt Lewin, he became interested with a level of aspiration. Worcester was also where he had designed and built the Level of Aspiration Board as an individual personality measure. He continued his work at the Indiana University where he encountered success and failure using the level of aspiration paradigms at Indiana University; he earned a doctorate at Indiana in 1941. Through his education, Rotter was influenced by Alfred Adler, Clark Hull, B.F. Skinner, and Edward Tolman.[4][5] He was influenced by Wendell Johnson, a general semanticist, who impressed on him the need for careful definitions in psychology and the myriad of pitfalls involved in poorly defined and poorly operationalized constructs [6] In 1963, Rotter moved to the University of Connecticut, and became the director of clinical training. The Interpersonal Trust Scale, a research measure of the stable individual difference in personality, was developed by Rotter around that time.[7]
After earning his doctorate, Rotter became an adviser to the United States Army during World War II. In the Army, Rotter worked as a psychologist, except for 17 weeks in officer candidate training as a tank officer.[8] He then went to Ohio State University, where he taught and served as the chairman of the clinical psychology program. At Ohio State, Rotter was influenced by George Kelly. Rotter then went to the University of Connecticut, where he remained for his career.[5] Rotter was also appointed as president of the American Psychological Association Division of Clinical Psychology, the Eastern Psychological Association, as well as the American Psychology Association Division of Social and Personality Psychology.[9]
Rotter's seminal work, Social Learning and Clinical Psychology was published in 1954. In 1963, he became the Program Director of Clinical Psychology at the University of Connecticut.
He died at the age of 97 on January 6, 2014 at his home in Mansfield, Connecticut.[10][11]
Social learning theory[edit]
Main article: Social learning theory
Rotter moved away from theories based on psychoanalysis and behaviourism, and developed a social learning theory. In Social Learning and Clinical Psychology (1954), Rotter suggested that the expected effect or outcome of the behavior influences the motivation of people to engage in that behavior. People wish to avoid negative consequences, while desiring positive results or effects. If one expects a positive outcome from a behavior, or thinks there is a high probability of a positive outcome, then they will be more likely to engage in the behavior. The behavior is reinforced, with positive outcomes, leading a person to repeat the behavior. This social learning theory suggests that behavior is influenced by social context or environmental factors, and not psychological factors alone.[12]
Locus of control[edit]
Main article: Locus of control
In 1966, Rotter published his famous I-E scale in the journal "Psychological Monographs", to assess internal and external locus of control. This scale has been widely used in the psychology of personality, although its use of a two-alternative forced choice technique has made it subject to criticism. Rotter himself was astounded by how much attention this scale generated, claiming that it was like lighting a cigarette and seeing a forest fire.[5] He himself believed that the scale was an adequate measure of just two concepts, achievement motivation (which he took to be linked with internal locus of control) and outer-directedeness, or tendency to conform to others (which he took to be associated with external locus of control). Critics of the scale have frequently voiced concern that locus of control is not as homogenous a concept as Rotter believed.[13] According to him the locus of control of an individual's behavior in the case of 'propagation' lies within the individual whereas it lies outside the individual in the case of 'conversion'. (Clearly depicting how religious propagation is different from religious conversion)
Rotter has been reported as one of the most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. He was 18th in frequency of citations in journal articles and 64th in overall eminence.[14] His seminal studies of the variable of internal versus external locus of control provided the foundation of prolific research into choice and perceived control in several disciplines. His pioneer social learning framework transformed behavioural approaches to personality and clinical psychology.[8]
He had two children after marrying Clara Barnes, whom he had met at Worcester State. Rotter was married from 1941 until his wife died in 1985.[2]
^ Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell, John L., III; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002). "The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century". Review of General Psychology. 6 (2): 139–52. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.1913. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139.
^ a b Julian Rotter at Fullerton.edu accessed 13 December 2007
^ a b Millon (2004), p. 353
^ a b c d "Julian B. Rotter". American Psychologist. 44: 625–626. 1989. doi:10.1037/h0092100.
^ a b c Weiner (1980), p. 237
^ McGuire, W.J.; Padawer-Singer, A. (1976). "Trait salience in the spontaneous self-concept". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 33: 743–754. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.33.6.743.
^ AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST V. 44 (4), 04/1989, p. 625
^ a b American Psychologist (April 1989), 44 (4), pg. 625-626
^ George Sperling "Julian B. Rotter", American Psychologist, April 19, 1989
^ http://today.uconn.edu/blog/2012/08/theories-of-emeritus-professor-julian-rotter-still-relevant-to-field-of-clinical-psychology/
^ "Professor Emeritus of Psychology Julian Rotter dies". University of Connecticut. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
^ Rotter (1954)
^ Haggbloom, S. J. et al. (2002). The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. Review of General Psychology, 6,139-152. cited at Fullerton
"American Psychologist Julian B. Rotter". Missing or empty |url= (help)
"Julian B. Rotter". American Psychologist. 44: 625–626 (whole no. 609). 1989. doi:10.1037/h0092100.
Mearns, Jack. "The Social Learning Theory of Julian B. Rotter". California State University, Fullerton. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
Millon, Theodore (2004). Masters of the Mind. John Wiley and Sons.
Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social Learning and Clinical Psychology. Prentice-Hall.
Rotter, J.B. (1966). "Generalized expectancies of internal versus external control of reinforcements". Psychological Monographs. 80 (whole no. 609).
Rotter, J. B. (1993). "Expectancies". In C. E. Walker (ed.). The history of clinical psychology in autobiography (vol. II). Brooks/Cole. pp. 273–284.
Weiner, Bernard (1980). Human Motivation: Metaphors, Theories, and Research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Department of Psychology - University of Connecticut
Center for Oral History Interviews Collection - University of Connecticut
The Social Learning Theory of Julian B. Rotter - psych.fullerton.edu
‹See Tfd›(in Portuguese) Biography of Julian Rotter
Recent (8/7/12) profile of Rotter-UConn Today
WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 3609082
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Rotter&oldid=902140764"
American psychologists
Pages using web citations with no URL
Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers


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Next, schedule the delivery in addition to pickup a minimum of 36 hours in advance. Once the dumpster arrives, be sure you choose a place in your property for the dumpster that is certainly easily accessible for the hauler to drop rid of it and get it.
Check the dumpster organizations policy on what cannot be put into their dumpster(utes). For instance, almost all dumpster companies will not permit real in their dumpster. Cement can stay and make the dumpster to take into consideration more, take up room in addition to basically result in the dumpster not as practical as it needs to be.
Next day dumpster renting are handy and useful. Dumpsters are needed for various household assignments including sorting through the downstairs room, shed as well as garage. Dumpster rental in Maryland is obtainable the very next day for your leisure and swift cleanup work. Keeping Md beautiful in addition to clean is undoubtedly an effort that all homeowner have to take part in. Regular rubbish pickup are not able to handle the heavy insert of rubbish accumulated after a construction project, cleanup project or after a move.
Dumpsters are only big spend bins familiar with contain, and then dispose of copious amounts of structure or remodelling garbage. If you replace your home's roof then there's usually tons of roof shingles and rotting wood in addition to tarpaper to get rid of. A dumpster is categorized as a throw off or possibly a trash package, but there are many differences. Waste bins as well as containers are just about a couple of to nine yards very long. Department stores, properties, factories, dining places, and medical centers often take advantage of this more compact size.
Fact: Yet again, oftentimes using larger organizations this can be genuine. There are precious metal wheels around the rear in the containers which may easily scratch driveways, specifically older driveways. However, should you go nearby this should not necessarily be an issue. Find a smaller business that will spend some time to lay down protective wooden page onto the areas in which the added wheels might have made contact with the pavement. That is a simple enough course of action, but it can even be fairly frustrating. Though much larger companies may consider this a needless extra hard work, small businesses that care about their clientele as well as their status consider this worthy of going further. If you're not confident that a Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams, SC business will do that, just question them.
When you have the list of organizations, sit down each and every of them and really discuss precisely what your targets are. Consider it an interview. You must express all your concerns and requirements in the beginning so your company under consideration is completely mindful of what is expected of them previous to they start the first job, and also the dumpster companies can certainly communicate the exact requirements in their debris pick-up to you personally. This will build strong, start communication right away, so simply no mix-ups happen in center of a project.
Getting a Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams does not require almost any big strategic plans such as case of the big small business issues. You only need to book some sort of dumpster specifying the time period of Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams. To reserve a dumpster, you need to place an order along with Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams service provider. A prior intimation of 1 day will help the Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams service provider to locate a right sizing dumpster at your door step.
Besides trying to gauge the company's volume of service, another great signal is what kind of feel the company features.
One of the best areas of renting a dumpster is the fact some Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams businesses will do anything they can in order to recycle or even donate recyclable goods out of your dumpster so that you don't need to sort those activities out oneself. You can put all things in your dumpster that you'd like gone, and they're going to take care of the relaxation! Certain factors like size of the dumpster, time period of the rental, payment phrases kind of spend disposed and so on should be considered to employ a dumpster for the home renovation assignments.
To get rid the spend from remodelling, it is always far better to choose Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams services. A Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams is employed to get rid excessive quantities of garbage which has been generated from different sources such as home renovation, development, yard cleanup and professional cleanup. The particular Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams service will certainly reduce the waste material disposed in the landfills by simply recycling as well as help us in reducing the environmental pollution.
As a house owner in the middle of some sort of renovation, the last thing you want can be a yard filled with trash. Some sort of Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams is often the perfect solution in this case, as the service agency will not only offer the container to keep the waste, but they will certainly remove it when you find yourself done. For a very affordable charge, the only thing you'll have to do should be to make sure that sets from your home remodelling makes its way into the idea.
Teamwork is required for a successful dive. There are always the solitary dumpster divers, though the reward is larger and threat reduced any time there are no less than two people. Your own buddy can encourage the throw themselves itself, as well as if you come across trouble. Added hands help for holding an Guided flashlight whilst you forage, lifting heavy items, and for assisting you to get in or even out of the dumpster. Even so, limit your current teammates; it starts getting clear if there are in excess of two or three folks hanging around.
Some sort of Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams can be a thing during a home remodeling. When you are changing things about in your home there may be bound to be a lot of rubbish. You won't want to be taking the rubbish off each day as you your house your house so you'll need a dumpster. Having a Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams you can chuck all your rubbish in the dumpster therefore you wont even have to take it off. If the dumpster gets complete or you have completed it then the business will come get the dumpster and also take it and all sorts of your rubbish away.
Since rolloff dumpsters come in 4 styles, the company will help you to estimate simply how much trash in addition to recyclables you'll be creating. These rentable rotate off dumpsters can be found in ten thirty, twenty, and also the biggest kinds -- forty meters. It's a art work -- get too large of a dumpster therefore you waste money, not enough and that signifies several visits and more dollars. Just right just as Goldilocks and The 3 Bears, signifies more money added in back on to your budget.
When you know that you're going to accumulate either a large amount of dust or big junk things during the course of the cleanout or do-it-yourself project, setting up a Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams, SC ahead of time can make your lifetime much easier. With a dumpster, all you have to accomplish is fill it up then let your Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams, SC company take care of the remainder.
Unfortunately it isn't really always easy to determine a company's level of service before hiring these people. They might don a good front side with an eye catching ad or perhaps well designed site. That doesn't mean they are necessarily a reputable company though. Instead you need to glimpse deeper.
Lastly what you currently have to do is to get in touch with Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams, SC companies, know their final estimate on the Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams, SC and look if the price tag fits into your wallet.
With just about any major or perhaps seemingly frustrating project or perhaps goal, it's a good idea to take baby steps. Break things down where they can be. Together with uncluttering your home, you'll be able to break your property into rooms, then in areas of the bedroom. Maybe only commit yourself originally to ten minutes regarding picking up junk and tossing it aside. Set the timer. If you wish to work over that, move you! Discover how much you can use with each tiny baby phase. Over time, the small things add together in a large way.
Garden cleanups: Through overgrown properties to dust caused by tornado damage, at times you just have more yard waste than you'll be able to deal with yourself. Don't help to make an unsightly pile in the backyard. Dumpster services present you with a simple option for carrying off actually leaves, trees, shrubbery, even excess dirt.
Avoid being a "hoarder". Sad to say, some think it is an actual disease. Numerous problems are linked to being a hoarder. A number of have lost not simply their family, however friends, also their work at times. it may literally take control your whole daily life. Remember "less is more". Each of us should strive to use a harmonious uncluttered home.
If you are searching to throw away devices that contains gasoline or acrylic you may not put them in a rented dumpster. Once more, check the policies for your point out on how to get rid of gas or perhaps oil.
Well suited for DIYers or perhaps long-term projects, Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams, SC causes it to be easy to accumulate all of your rubbish in one place for simple junk carrying. For do-it-yourselfers that do not mind a little hard work, dumpster rental fees eliminate the problem and added in time and economical cost of carrying load immediately after load regarding rubbish to your dump within your sedan. As opposed to making getaway after getaway, you can just drop all of your undesirable items--including bulky pieces of furniture or home appliances that couldn't fit in your car--right into the dumpster. When you find yourself done, your dumpster company will probably remove the container--and your junk--in one easy phase. And because several offer containers in various sizes, your rental can be custom-made for your particular project, aiding keep your cleaning as cost-effective as is possible. Roll-off Large Dumpster For Rent in Williams, SC also helps corral waste in one place, turning it into great for obtaining on-site during the amount of a reconstruction or long-term property or home cleanout.