text:
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Daily Record: April 17th, 2021
Posted on April 17, 2021 by theroyalrecord
The Funeral of The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh took place in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, this afternoon.
The Queen, accompanied by The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall, The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, The Duke of Sussex, The Duke of York, Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi and Mr Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi, Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank and Mr Jack Brooksbank, The Earl and Countess of Wessex, accompanied by the Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor and Viscount Severn, The Princess Royal and Vice Admiral Sir Tim Laurence, Mr Peter Phillips, Mr and Mrs Michael Tindall, the Earl of Snowdon, Mr Daniel and the Lady Sarah Chatto, The Duke of Gloucester, The Duke of Kent and Princess Alexandra, the Hon Lady Ogilvy were present.
The Hereditary Prince of Baden, The Landgrave of Hesse, The Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and the Countess Mountbatten of Burma attended.
The Dean of Windsor conducted the Service and offered the Commendatory Prayer.
The Archbishop of Canterbury pronounced the Blessing.
Garter Principal King of Arms proclaimed The Duke of Edinburgh's Styles and Titles.
Detachments of Her Majesty's Body Guard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms, The Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard, the Military Knights of Windsor, a Dismounted Detachment of the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, the Royal Navy Piping Party, a Guard of Honour, found by The Rifles, and Defence Advisers from Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Trinidad and Tobago were on duty outside the Chapel.
Representatives from the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, Royal Fleet Auxiliary, Army and Royal Air Force lined the processional route.
Minute Guns were fired for the duration of the Procession from the East Lawn of the Castle by The King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery, under the command of Major Victoria Flood.


text:
Q: remove div content and add iframe In my application I want to remove div content and add iframe, here is my code
index.html

default.js
function cif(){
$("#contents").remove();
$("#contents").html('');

}
when i remove div contents and after that create iframe it doesn't show, I need that after clicking button remove the contents and after that in that contents create iframe

A: Well if you remove "contents", it's gone... You can't thereafter change its html(), since it's gone. You might want to skip the first line altogether.

A: $('#contents").remove() removes the whole

You're looking for $('#contents").empty(), which will remove everything inside the

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Get the Party Started!
It's Good Friday, which means that in Germany you are officially forbidden to have fun. I'm not joking (that would be illegal), there is a "ban on dancing": No public dancing (clubs must be closed), no frivolous movies.
Coincidentally, it's also my grandpa's birthday today, he would be 98! So instead of mourning a fictional character, let's celebrate a wonderful man who was a humanist and socialist, always fighting for justice. And the best grandpa of all as he gave us the most precious gift a grandpa can give: time.
Taken in 1993. By the look of the garden and the fact that he's wearing a dress shirt it could even have been his birthday.
©Giliell, all rights reserved.
The smile you see usually spelled mischief. He never lost that boyish joy. I swear he even cheated at chess and that's a whole other level.
So, here's to you, grandpa!
It's also my uncle's 60th birthday tomorrow and to celebrate with the solemn seriousness the occasion deserves, we made him a piñata:
He wants money for a new motorcycle helmet and we'll make him work for it.
So, get the party started!
Asshole Christians
Thank goodness he found the culprit!
Source: Wikimedia
Remember when "liberals" praised Pope Francis for being so progressive? Our lovely progressive Pope had to deal with some nasty issues like priests massively raping kids for decades and of course he promised to do whatever he can. So you'll be glad to hear that he's found the culprit.
The Devil.
Yes, you heard right. The Devil. The literal horns and hooves devil, who did it to undermine the Roman Catholic Church. Oh, wait, did you think that the abused children were the victims here? You could not be more wrong! The real victim here is the church.
What an elegant way to absolve your horrible abusive institution from all the moral blame, especially those poor priest who were obviously under satanic influence.
Abuse, Asshole Christians, Bullshit, Religion
Demonic Virtual Reality.
Teepublic.
Janet Mefferd and Tim Dailey got together to have a chat about the Bigfoot Question. Yep. I had no idea there was a question at all, and certainly not one about bigfoot. Apparently, it's important for christians to know how to interpret reported bigfoot sightings, and how this all ties into the paranormal conspiracy, which is orchestrated by Satan, of course.
Dailey said it was telling that "many, many reliable observers" have reported spotting Bigfoot but yet there is a "virtual absence" of tangible proof that would convince the skeptical public that such claims were credible.
"It's real. It's a projection. It's a demonic virtual reality, but it's not nuts-and-bolts, in this case, flesh-and-blood creatures," Dailey said.
Well, that's one way to have your cake and eat it too. "It's real, but it's not real real." Generally speaking, Mr. Dailey, a reliable observer would have something or other to give their claim credibility. As that virtual absence of evidence continues, that would mean there have been no reliable observers. There is projection going on, I'll grant you that much, but it's not coming from a devil or any other imaginary being.
Mefferd went on to ask Dailey why nobody ever takes a picture of Bigfoot "at noon," when someone could take a well-lit photograph. Dailey said that the devil designs Bigfoot sightings to happen when it is too dark to take clear photographs.
"The vast majority happen in the dead of night and you wonder, 'Why is this?' And then if you remember the biblical verse about the powers of darkness that love darkness rather than light," Dailey told Mefferd.
Y'know, camera equipment has advanced a great deal, and there is no excuse for such incredibly bad shots outside of doing it that way deliberately. Why would anyone do that on purpose? Ah, what else, money. Many a hoax has been perpetrated, and many hoaxes put a fair amount of money in pockets before exposure of the racket. It has absolutely nothing at all to do with 'powers of darkness'.
"That's right. That's important," Mefferd replied. She went on to ask Dailey, "What could possibly be the reason the devil might be motivated to make an appearance, even if it's a UFO or an alien that somebody sees, why would the devil do this?"
"It's part of the devil's modus operandi. He has always used this kind of phenomena to, once again destabilize, to engender fear, to open us up to the possibilities of other realities and other beings and then we begin getting involved with demonic spirits. So yeah, all through history there have been many, many different varieties of beings that are primarily spiritual beings that have terrorized civilizations and peoples and non-Christian cultures are very aware of this," Dailey said.
Sigh. Engender fear? Really? Bigfoot doesn't scare me, because bigfoot doesn't fucking exist. UFO sightings don't scare me either, because again, non-existent. The amount of people who buy into nonsense like bigfoot and UFOs are not a large percentage, so if this is Satan's way of engendering fear, it's a damn stupid one, and I certainly don't see any of this nonsense "terrorizing civilizations". I think the last time I heard someone bringing up bigfoot was waaaaaay back in the 1970s. Even then, there wasn't any terror attached to it all.
As for "non-Christian cultures are very aware of this", ummm, would you be implying that christian cultures are on the stupid side? I suppose what's meant there is that all those non-christian types* are in league with the devil, but it can certainly be read in a few different ways.
*Which of course includes many a flavour of other christians, such as catholics and mormons, etc.
RWW has the story.
Asshole Christians, Atheism, Fucking Idiots
League Of The South Goes Russian.
Michael Hill speaks with a WWLTV reporter at Confederate monuments rally (Image from WWLTV May 17, 2017 broadcast). Source.
Unsurprisingly, League of the South is attempting to mate with Russia, home of, and saviour of white people. There's a whole lot to the article, just a bit here.
Amid the controversy over President Trump's recent summit with Russian strongman Vladimir Putin, the neo-Confederate League of the South announced this week that it will soon be introducing a Russian language section to its website."To our Russian friends," a missive on the League's website, is signed by Michael Hill, the group's president. An excerpt:
We understand that the Russian people and Southerners are natural allies in blood, culture, and religion. As fellow Whites of northern European extraction, we come from the same general gene pool. As inheritors of the European cultural tradition, we share similar values, customs, and ways of life. And as Christians, we worship the same Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, and our common faith binds us as brothers and sisters.
We Southerners believe in societies based on real, organic factors such as shared blood, culture, and religion, and all that stems naturally from these salient factors in the human experience. As fellow White Christians who are grounded in the sublime traditions of our common European cultural heritage, we believe that the Russian people and the Southern people are natural allies against the destructive and impersonal impulses of globalism.
Religion is organic? Huh. As for these "sublime traditions", c'mon, let's hear about some of them. Any of them. Provide some details on all this sublimeness. Interestingly enough, the first definition of ¹Sublime is: to cause to pass directly from the solid to the vapor state and condense back to solid form. If one uses that particular definition, yeah, I can buy the sublime tradition nonsense.
Mr. Hill teaches that the defeat of Nazi Germany was "an unmitigated disaster for Western Christian civilization." I don't know who taught Mr. Hill about World War II, but they should be smacked.
Alt-Right leaders and white nationalists adore Russia's Vladimir Putin, much as American Religious Right leaders do. As Casey Michel noted in a RWW report last year, Richard Spencer has called Russia the "most powerful white power in the world." Matthew Heimbach, leader of the now-disbanded white nationalist Traditionalist Worker Party, called Putin "the leader of the free world." Former KKK leader David Duke, who was a speaker at this year's League of the South conference, has said he believes Russia holds the "key to white survival."
Putin has supported right-wing nationalist movements across Europe. In 2015, Jared Taylor, the American proponent of "race realism," took part in a conference in St. Petersburg that gathered activists from Europe's far right. There Taylor declared the United States "the greatest enemy of tradition everywhere." Also in attendance was former KKK lawyer Sam Dickson, who praised Putin's efforts to preserve "[the white] race and civilization."
I can't figure out why all these wannabe nazis don't just run off to Russia. They'd be happy, and we'd all be better off without them.
RWW has the full story.
Asshole Christians, Atheism, Bigotry, Colonial Mindset, Corruption, Fucking Idiots, Politics
Sunday Facepalm: Demon-strations.
A print from Bernard de Montfaucon's L'antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures (Band 2,2 page 358 ff plaque 144) with different images of Abraxas. Source.
Abraxas (Abrasax) is an interesting character, across cultures, a god, an archon, an aeon, then deemed a pagan god by the catholic church and promptly downgraded to a demon. Tsk. The image above is different kinds of Abraxas Stones, which were quite common. Unfortunately, the idiots under discussion today are not nearly as interesting. It's Dr. Bill again, and wannabe prophet Mark Taylor. They are both exceptionally nasty people, but Mr. Taylor does have a ways to go before reaching the open malice and hatred of Dr. Bill. Mr. Taylor seems very open to being swayed by whoever is in front of him at the moment, and if he keeps hangin' with Dr. Bill, I expect it won't be long before the viciousness level is up.
"Individuals like Peter Strzok and Hillary Clinton, these are people of clay and iron," Deagle said. "Clay being human flesh and iron being the trans-dimensional energy that is inside of them. They're being avatared like a video game … These are not just normal human beings—your brothers and sisters—these are your brothers and sisters who are totally taken over by evil."
"These people are not human," Taylor agreed.
"These people like Peter Strzok," Deagle responded, "when I saw him screwing up his face and leaning forward and making his eyes look really dark, I'm thinking, 'Ooh, we're not hearing a person talk, we're hearing a demonic entity talk through his mouth.' It's disgusting."
Odd, I feel disgust just reading your words, Mr. Deagle. So, Dr. Bill declares "he has an amazing "spiritual gift" that allows him identify "the names of the succubi and incubi inside Peter Strzok" just by looking at him." Right. I'll invite people to stare at your face and make up shit about what's inside you, Dr. Bill.
It's not easy finding a current, good shot of Dr. Bill. He seems to dislike facing straight on, and uses old photos on his website. It seems Dr. Bill is in love with his younger profile. I can't say I see demons, because they don't exist. There's definitely a high shit content, but you can't get that from a face. It's an old belief, thinking you can tell everything by looking at someone's face and head, but it was idiocy then, and it's idiocy now. Unfortunately, it's in vogue once again. Can't say I think much of that "amazing spiritual gift", you just see what you want to see, and whatever fits your lunatic narrative.
"Individuals like Peter Strzok and Hillary Clinton, these are people of clay and iron," Deagel said. "Clay being human flesh and iron being the trans-dimensional energy that is inside of them. They're being avatared like a video game … These are not just normal human beings—your brothers and sisters—these are your bothers and sisters who are totally taken over by evil."
Gotta say, I love the sideways shift from devil to aliens (or trans-dimensional energy) so many lunatic asshole christians are now embracing. They are just so damn desperate to come across and up to date and relevant.
As for not being human, Esme Weatherwax once stated that thinking of people as things was start of all evil, and I agree:
"…And that's what your holy men discuss, is it?" [asked Granny Weatherwax.]
"Not usually. There is a very interesting debate raging at the moment on the nature of sin. for example." [answered Mightily Oats.]
"And what do they think? Against it, are they?"
"It's not as simple as that. It's not a black and white issue. There are so many shades of gray."
"There's no grays, only white that's got grubby. I'm surprised you don't know that. And sin, young man, is when you treat people like things. Including yourself. That's what sin is."
"It's a lot more complicated than that–"
"No. It ain't. When people say things are a lot more complicated than that, they means they're getting worried that they won't like the truth. People as things, that's where it starts."
"Oh, I'm sure there are worse crimes–"
"But they starts with thinking about people as things…"
–from Carpe Jugulum, by Terry Pratchett.
Ah well, back to the idiots:
"It's almost like the protests your are seeing now," Taylor then added. "Those are not protests, those demonstrations; they're demon-strations. … They're flailing around, these are demon-strations, these are demons that are manifesting because they know that their time is short."
Oh ffs. I'm sure weak word play makes Mr. Taylor feel oh-so-clever, but it's the cleverness of someone in 3rd grade, who simply wants to taunt without thought. Seems to me all the people who are busy organising protests are not the ones flailing about, Mr. Taylor. I put that sort of action more on your side of things.
Asshole Christians, Atheism, Politics
10 Plants: Bulldozed To Death.
In this June 17, 2015, file photo, marijuana plants grow at LifeLine Labs in Cottage Grove, Minn. | Photo: AP Photo / Jim Mone.
That's right: Confronted with a small-scale illicit marijuana grow on public land, the [Pennsylvania] State Police deployed a helicopter and the on-scene bulldozer and managed to kill their target. But that's not how the cops tried to spin it.
Brought to you with utter disgust and contempt, contempt for fucking cops, who seem to be good for only one thing: murder. Contempt for the puritanical, colonial bullshit which is a complete blight on Amerikkan society.
You can read all the sordid details here.
Abuse, Asshole Christians, Assholes, Bullshit, Colonial Mindset, Cops, Corruption, Fucking Idiots, Law, Violence
"An illogical yet divinely guided step…"
Milanese tarocchi, c. 1500.
Sales of Tarot Cards are up! Oh no, witchcraft, satanism, and atheism, oh my! And worst of all, anti-Trump!
Breaking Israel News that warned that "sales of tarot cards have risen sharply in the last year as self-proclaimed witches claim that divination and dark-magic are effective in opposing President Trump."
In that, um, article, Tarot cards are referred to as an ancient evil. That couldn't really be further from the truth. Tarot cards are quite old, yes, but they started out as playing cards for specific card games, which are still played in parts of the world. The whole using them as divination tools and such didn't come into fashion until the late 18th century and 19th century, which is not all that long ago. What I find to be funny is that tarot playing cards all have trump cards. I have no doubt that if lunatic christians and Jews found out about this, they would make a most hysterical hay out of it.
Right Wing Watch has a full article up about all this, I'm just going to quote this particular part of it:
The Breaking Israel News article also quotes Rabbi Pinchas Winston "an end-of-days expert and prolific author."
"Anytime people act illogically and don't notice it, it is a sign that Divine hands are setting the stage," Rabbi Winston said, explaining that this was all part of a "Messianic endgame."
"According to Jewish sources, the end-of-days will see an enormous polarization of good and evil," Rabbi Winston said. "This is so that when we stand before God and he asks us 'why didn't you choose good?', no one can say they couldn't see the difference, that good and evil were not obvious. No one can say that they were kind of good. The end-of days is all or nothing, with the ramifications clearly spelled out."
Winston explained that this process of clear good versus clear evil was clearly true in how American politics has played out in recent years.
"Obama was the first step of this polarization but he was able to hide most of the polarization and dress it up as social justice," Winton said. "He could hide the evil he promoted, make it sound like good. So people who supported him could support evil but give the excuse that it was reasonably presented as good. To accomplish that, they need to be masters of disguise, to hide the truth even from themselves. They need to embrace Hollywood. They need for it to be all about appearances and subjective reality because the truth is too painful."
"Trump is one step further," Rabbi Winston said. "There is no hiding. You either love him or hate him, and he doesn't know how to hide the truth in pretty words. Good and evil are laid out for everyone to see."
Personally, I think good and evil are pretty easy to tell apart, especially these days. I agree with Rabbi Winston that it is most important for people to stand up against evil, which means standing against the Tiny Tyrant and all the destruction he is wreaking all over the damn place. It's a pity so many believers of Abrahamaic religions are noisily standing on the side of evil, and protecting evil people.
Good people don't go out of their way to destroy the environment even further when the damage already done is displacing so many people and dire weather events are happening all over the place. Good people don't encourage Nazis, let alone refer to them as "fine people". Good people believe in social justice, wanting basic human rights and equality applied to all people; good people don't characterise social justice as evil. Good people don't build concentration camps, rip people apart, and place children in fucking cages. And on and on and on the list goes.
If your fucking god hates people because of skin colour or country of origin, and hates social justice, then your god is one evil fucker, and you should be walking away, into the light and the right. Time to question that god of yours, and decide whether or not you can manage to be a truly good and moral person. No gods are needed for that.
Asshole Christians, Assholes, Atheism, Politics
Survival Coffee, Better Than Gold!
With this offer you will receive eight (8) Freeze Dried Columbian Coffee Pouches-60 servings per pouch, one (1) Vanilla Pudding Pouch-10 servings per pouch, one (1) Morning Moo's Low Fat Milk Pouch-20 servings per pouch.
End Times prepper pastor Jim Bakker dedicated his entire television program today to pitching his new line of survival coffee, telling his audience that things will get so desperate when the Last Days arrive that those who are prepared will be able to get a new car in exchange for one packet of this coffee.
Citing the passage in the Bible in which Joseph was put in charge of Pharaoh's palace in order to prepare for a coming famine, Bakker reiterated his claim that God made Donald Trump president in order to give Christians an opportunity to prepare for the End Times … by buying Bakker's survival products.
Oh yes, if you just have a bunch of buckets o' yuck, everything will be just fine for all those "left behind", you bet. I can't imagine why Jim would care in the slightest what happens to anyone after he's safely raptured and tucked into Jesus's lap or whatever, so it has to come down to plain old greediness, as always.
When the End Times arrive, Bakker said, a bucket of coffee is going to be worth its weight in gold.
"What do you think that is worth if the sun don't shine?" he asked. "What will it be worth if the power goes out and there's no trucks running [due to an] EMP bomb or whatever they're talking about for these Last Day events? This two gallon bucket of packs of coffee, you could trade them for whatsoever you want. You could probably get a new car for one packet of coffee."
Uh, right. A new car which won't run because EMP bomb and a lack of fuel, yeah? I'd rather hang onto the coffee, but not your bucket coffee, Jim. Besides, in all the hysterical depictions of "end times", most people would be gone, disappeared into whatever, so it seems people could just help themselves to whatever they liked. I just can't find any motivation to spend $80.00 on your crappy coffee and morning moo. Ugh.
Asshole Christians, Atheism

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/*************************************************************************/
/*  array.cpp                                                            */
/*************************************************************************/
/*                       This file is part of:                           */
/*                           GODOT ENGINE                                */
/*                      https://godotengine.org                          */
/*************************************************************************/
/* Copyright (c) 2007-2021 Juan Linietsky, Ariel Manzur.                 */
/* Copyright (c) 2014-2021 Godot Engine contributors (cf. AUTHORS.md).   */
/*                                                                       */
/* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining */
/* a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the       */
/* "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including   */
/* without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,   */
/* distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to    */
/* permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to */
/* the following conditions:                                             */
/*                                                                       */
/* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be        */
/* included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.       */
/*                                                                       */
/* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,       */
/* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF    */
/* MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.*/
/* IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY  */
/* CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,  */
/* TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE     */
/* SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                */
/*************************************************************************/

#include "array.h"

#include "container_type_validate.h"
#include "core/object/class_db.h"
#include "core/object/script_language.h"
#include "core/templates/hashfuncs.h"
#include "core/templates/search_array.h"
#include "core/templates/vector.h"
#include "core/variant/callable.h"
#include "core/variant/variant.h"

class ArrayPrivate {
public:
	SafeRefCount refcount;
	Vector<Variant> array;

	ContainerTypeValidate typed;
};

void Array::_ref(const Array &p_from) const {
	ArrayPrivate *_fp = p_from._p;

	ERR_FAIL_COND(!_fp); // should NOT happen.

	if (_fp == _p) {
		return; // whatever it is, nothing to do here move along
	}

	bool success = _fp->refcount.ref();

	ERR_FAIL_COND(!success); // should really not happen either

	_unref();

	_p = p_from._p;
}

void Array::_unref() const {
	if (!_p) {
		return;
	}

	if (_p->refcount.unref()) {
		memdelete(_p);
	}
	_p = nullptr;
}

Variant &Array::operator[](int p_idx) {
	return _p->array.write[p_idx];
}

const Variant &Array::operator[](int p_idx) const {
	return _p->array[p_idx];
}

int Array::size() const {
	return _p->array.size();
}

bool Array::is_empty() const {
	return _p->array.is_empty();
}

void Array::clear() {
	_p->array.clear();
}

bool Array::operator==(const Array &p_array) const {
	return _p == p_array._p;
}

bool Array::operator!=(const Array &p_array) const {
	return !operator==(p_array);
}

bool Array::operator<(const Array &p_array) const {
	int a_len = size();
	int b_len = p_array.size();

	int min_cmp = MIN(a_len, b_len);

	for (int i = 0; i < min_cmp; i++) {
		if (operator[](i) < p_array[i]) {
			return true;
		} else if (p_array[i] < operator[](i)) {
			return false;
		}
	}

	return a_len < b_len;
}

bool Array::operator<=(const Array &p_array) const {
	return !operator>(p_array);
}
bool Array::operator>(const Array &p_array) const {
	return p_array < *this;
}
bool Array::operator>=(const Array &p_array) const {
	return !operator<(p_array);
}

uint32_t Array::hash() const {
	uint32_t h = hash_djb2_one_32(0);

	for (int i = 0; i < _p->array.size(); i++) {
		h = hash_djb2_one_32(_p->array[i].hash(), h);
	}
	return h;
}

bool Array::_assign(const Array &p_array) {
	if (_p->typed.type != Variant::OBJECT && _p->typed.type == p_array._p->typed.type) {
		//same type or untyped, just reference, should be fine
		_ref(p_array);
	} else if (_p->typed.type == Variant::NIL) { //from typed to untyped, must copy, but this is cheap anyway
		_p->array = p_array._p->array;
	} else if (p_array._p->typed.type == Variant::NIL) { //from untyped to typed, must try to check if they are all valid
		if (_p->typed.type == Variant::OBJECT) {
			//for objects, it needs full validation, either can be converted or fail
			for (int i = 0; i < p_array._p->array.size(); i++) {
				if (!_p->typed.validate(p_array._p->array[i], "assign")) {
					return false;
				}
			}
			_p->array = p_array._p->array; //then just copy, which is cheap anyway

		} else {
			//for non objects, we need to check if there is a valid conversion, which needs to happen one by one, so this is the worst case.
			Vector<Variant> new_array;
			new_array.resize(p_array._p->array.size());
			for (int i = 0; i < p_array._p->array.size(); i++) {
				Variant src_val = p_array._p->array[i];
				if (src_val.get_type() == _p->typed.type) {
					new_array.write[i] = src_val;
				} else if (Variant::can_convert_strict(src_val.get_type(), _p->typed.type)) {
					Variant *ptr = &src_val;
					Callable::CallError ce;
					Variant::construct(_p->typed.type, new_array.write[i], (const Variant **)&ptr, 1, ce);
					if (ce.error != Callable::CallError::CALL_OK) {
						ERR_FAIL_V_MSG(false, "Unable to convert array index " + itos(i) + " from '" + Variant::get_type_name(src_val.get_type()) + "' to '" + Variant::get_type_name(_p->typed.type) + "'.");
					}
				} else {
					ERR_FAIL_V_MSG(false, "Unable to convert array index " + itos(i) + " from '" + Variant::get_type_name(src_val.get_type()) + "' to '" + Variant::get_type_name(_p->typed.type) + "'.");
				}
			}

			_p->array = new_array;
		}
	} else if (_p->typed.can_reference(p_array._p->typed)) { //same type or compatible
		_ref(p_array);
	} else {
		ERR_FAIL_V_MSG(false, "Assignment of arrays of incompatible types.");
	}
	return true;
}

void Array::operator=(const Array &p_array) {
	_ref(p_array);
}

void Array::push_back(const Variant &p_value) {
	ERR_FAIL_COND(!_p->typed.validate(p_value, "push_back"));
	_p->array.push_back(p_value);
}

void Array::append_array(const Array &p_array) {
	ERR_FAIL_COND(!_p->typed.validate(p_array, "append_array"));
	_p->array.append_array(p_array._p->array);
}

Error Array::resize(int p_new_size) {
	return _p->array.resize(p_new_size);
}

Error Array::insert(int p_pos, const Variant &p_value) {
	ERR_FAIL_COND_V(!_p->typed.validate(p_value, "insert"), ERR_INVALID_PARAMETER);
	return _p->array.insert(p_pos, p_value);
}

void Array::fill(const Variant &p_value) {
	ERR_FAIL_COND(!_p->typed.validate(p_value, "fill"));
	_p->array.fill(p_value);
}

void Array::erase(const Variant &p_value) {
	ERR_FAIL_COND(!_p->typed.validate(p_value, "erase"));
	_p->array.erase(p_value);
}

Variant Array::front() const {
	ERR_FAIL_COND_V_MSG(_p->array.size() == 0, Variant(), "Can't take value from empty array.");
	return operator[](0);
}

Variant Array::back() const {
	ERR_FAIL_COND_V_MSG(_p->array.size() == 0, Variant(), "Can't take value from empty array.");
	return operator[](_p->array.size() - 1);
}

int Array::find(const Variant &p_value, int p_from) const {
	ERR_FAIL_COND_V(!_p->typed.validate(p_value, "find"), -1);
	return _p->array.find(p_value, p_from);
}

int Array::rfind(const Variant &p_value, int p_from) const {
	if (_p->array.size() == 0) {
		return -1;
	}
	ERR_FAIL_COND_V(!_p->typed.validate(p_value, "rfind"), -1);

	if (p_from < 0) {
		// Relative offset from the end
		p_from = _p->array.size() + p_from;
	}
	if (p_from < 0 || p_from >= _p->array.size()) {
		// Limit to array boundaries
		p_from = _p->array.size() - 1;
	}

	for (int i = p_from; i >= 0; i--) {
		if (_p->array[i] == p_value) {
			return i;
		}
	}

	return -1;
}

int Array::find_last(const Variant &p_value) const {
	ERR_FAIL_COND_V(!_p->typed.validate(p_value, "find_last"), -1);
	return rfind(p_value);
}

int Array::count(const Variant &p_value) const {
	ERR_FAIL_COND_V(!_p->typed.validate(p_value, "count"), 0);
	if (_p->array.size() == 0) {
		return 0;
	}

	int amount = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < _p->array.size(); i++) {
		if (_p->array[i] == p_value) {
			amount++;
		}
	}

	return amount;
}

bool Array::has(const Variant &p_value) const {
	ERR_FAIL_COND_V(!_p->typed.validate(p_value, "use 'has'"), false);

	return _p->array.find(p_value, 0) != -1;
}

void Array::remove(int p_pos) {
	_p->array.remove(p_pos);
}

void Array::set(int p_idx, const Variant &p_value) {
	ERR_FAIL_COND(!_p->typed.validate(p_value, "set"));

	operator[](p_idx) = p_value;
}

const Variant &Array::get(int p_idx) const {
	return operator[](p_idx);
}

Array Array::duplicate(bool p_deep) const {
	Array new_arr;
	int element_count = size();
	new_arr.resize(element_count);
	new_arr._p->typed = _p->typed;
	for (int i = 0; i < element_count; i++) {
		new_arr[i] = p_deep ? get(i).duplicate(p_deep) : get(i);
	}

	return new_arr;
}

int Array::_clamp_slice_index(int p_index) const {
	int arr_size = size();
	int fixed_index = CLAMP(p_index, -arr_size, arr_size - 1);
	if (fixed_index < 0) {
		fixed_index = arr_size + fixed_index;
	}
	return fixed_index;
}

Array Array::slice(int p_begin, int p_end, int p_step, bool p_deep) const { // like python, but inclusive on upper bound

	Array new_arr;

	ERR_FAIL_COND_V_MSG(p_step == 0, new_arr, "Array slice step size cannot be zero.");

	if (is_empty()) { // Don't try to slice empty arrays.
		return new_arr;
	}
	if (p_step > 0) {
		if (p_begin >= size() || p_end < -size()) {
			return new_arr;
		}
	} else { // p_step < 0
		if (p_begin < -size() || p_end >= size()) {
			return new_arr;
		}
	}

	int begin = _clamp_slice_index(p_begin);
	int end = _clamp_slice_index(p_end);

	int new_arr_size = MAX(((end - begin + p_step) / p_step), 0);
	new_arr.resize(new_arr_size);

	if (p_step > 0) {
		int dest_idx = 0;
		for (int idx = begin; idx <= end; idx += p_step) {
			ERR_FAIL_COND_V_MSG(dest_idx < 0 || dest_idx >= new_arr_size, Array(), "Bug in Array slice()");
			new_arr[dest_idx++] = p_deep ? get(idx).duplicate(p_deep) : get(idx);
		}
	} else { // p_step < 0
		int dest_idx = 0;
		for (int idx = begin; idx >= end; idx += p_step) {
			ERR_FAIL_COND_V_MSG(dest_idx < 0 || dest_idx >= new_arr_size, Array(), "Bug in Array slice()");
			new_arr[dest_idx++] = p_deep ? get(idx).duplicate(p_deep) : get(idx);
		}
	}

	return new_arr;
}

Array Array::filter(const Callable &p_callable) const {
	Array new_arr;
	new_arr.resize(size());
	int accepted_count = 0;

	const Variant *argptrs[1];
	for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
		argptrs[0] = &get(i);

		Variant result;
		Callable::CallError ce;
		p_callable.call(argptrs, 1, result, ce);
		if (ce.error != Callable::CallError::CALL_OK) {
			ERR_FAIL_V_MSG(Array(), "Error calling method from 'filter': " + Variant::get_callable_error_text(p_callable, argptrs, 1, ce));
		}

		if (result.operator bool()) {
			new_arr[accepted_count] = get(i);
			accepted_count++;
		}
	}

	new_arr.resize(accepted_count);

	return new_arr;
}

Array Array::map(const Callable &p_callable) const {
	Array new_arr;
	new_arr.resize(size());

	const Variant *argptrs[1];
	for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
		argptrs[0] = &get(i);

		Variant result;
		Callable::CallError ce;
		p_callable.call(argptrs, 1, result, ce);
		if (ce.error != Callable::CallError::CALL_OK) {
			ERR_FAIL_V_MSG(Array(), "Error calling method from 'map': " + Variant::get_callable_error_text(p_callable, argptrs, 1, ce));
		}

		new_arr[i] = result;
	}

	return new_arr;
}

Variant Array::reduce(const Callable &p_callable, const Variant &p_accum) const {
	int start = 0;
	Variant ret = p_accum;
	if (ret == Variant() && size() > 0) {
		ret = front();
		start = 1;
	}

	const Variant *argptrs[2];
	for (int i = start; i < size(); i++) {
		argptrs[0] = &ret;
		argptrs[1] = &get(i);

		Variant result;
		Callable::CallError ce;
		p_callable.call(argptrs, 2, result, ce);
		if (ce.error != Callable::CallError::CALL_OK) {
			ERR_FAIL_V_MSG(Variant(), "Error calling method from 'reduce': " + Variant::get_callable_error_text(p_callable, argptrs, 2, ce));
		}
		ret = result;
	}

	return ret;
}

struct _ArrayVariantSort {
	_FORCE_INLINE_ bool operator()(const Variant &p_l, const Variant &p_r) const {
		bool valid = false;
		Variant res;
		Variant::evaluate(Variant::OP_LESS, p_l, p_r, res, valid);
		if (!valid) {
			res = false;
		}
		return res;
	}
};

void Array::sort() {
	_p->array.sort_custom<_ArrayVariantSort>();
}

struct _ArrayVariantSortCustom {
	Callable func;

	_FORCE_INLINE_ bool operator()(const Variant &p_l, const Variant &p_r) const {
		const Variant *args[2] = { &p_l, &p_r };
		Callable::CallError err;
		Variant res;
		func.call(args, 2, res, err);
		ERR_FAIL_COND_V_MSG(err.error != Callable::CallError::CALL_OK, false,
				"Error calling sorting method: " + Variant::get_callable_error_text(func, args, 1, err));
		return res;
	}
};

void Array::sort_custom(Callable p_callable) {
	SortArray<Variant, _ArrayVariantSortCustom, true> avs;
	avs.compare.func = p_callable;
	avs.sort(_p->array.ptrw(), _p->array.size());
}

void Array::shuffle() {
	const int n = _p->array.size();
	if (n < 2) {
		return;
	}
	Variant *data = _p->array.ptrw();
	for (int i = n - 1; i >= 1; i--) {
		const int j = Math::rand() % (i + 1);
		const Variant tmp = data[j];
		data[j] = data[i];
		data[i] = tmp;
	}
}

int Array::bsearch(const Variant &p_value, bool p_before) {
	ERR_FAIL_COND_V(!_p->typed.validate(p_value, "binary search"), -1);
	SearchArray<Variant, _ArrayVariantSort> avs;
	return avs.bisect(_p->array.ptrw(), _p->array.size(), p_value, p_before);
}

int Array::bsearch_custom(const Variant &p_value, Callable p_callable, bool p_before) {
	ERR_FAIL_COND_V(!_p->typed.validate(p_value, "custom binary search"), -1);

	SearchArray<Variant, _ArrayVariantSortCustom> avs;
	avs.compare.func = p_callable;

	return avs.bisect(_p->array.ptrw(), _p->array.size(), p_value, p_before);
}

void Array::reverse() {
	_p->array.reverse();
}

void Array::push_front(const Variant &p_value) {
	ERR_FAIL_COND(!_p->typed.validate(p_value, "push_front"));
	_p->array.insert(0, p_value);
}

Variant Array::pop_back() {
	if (!_p->array.is_empty()) {
		const int n = _p->array.size() - 1;
		const Variant ret = _p->array.get(n);
		_p->array.resize(n);
		return ret;
	}
	return Variant();
}

Variant Array::pop_front() {
	if (!_p->array.is_empty()) {
		const Variant ret = _p->array.get(0);
		_p->array.remove(0);
		return ret;
	}
	return Variant();
}

Variant Array::pop_at(int p_pos) {
	if (_p->array.is_empty()) {
		// Return `null` without printing an error to mimic `pop_back()` and `pop_front()` behavior.
		return Variant();
	}

	if (p_pos < 0) {
		// Relative offset from the end
		p_pos = _p->array.size() + p_pos;
	}

	ERR_FAIL_INDEX_V_MSG(
			p_pos,
			_p->array.size(),
			Variant(),
			vformat(
					"The calculated index %s is out of bounds (the array has %s elements). Leaving the array untouched and returning `null`.",
					p_pos,
					_p->array.size()));

	const Variant ret = _p->array.get(p_pos);
	_p->array.remove(p_pos);
	return ret;
}

Variant Array::min() const {
	Variant minval;
	for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
		if (i == 0) {
			minval = get(i);
		} else {
			bool valid;
			Variant ret;
			Variant test = get(i);
			Variant::evaluate(Variant::OP_LESS, test, minval, ret, valid);
			if (!valid) {
				return Variant(); //not a valid comparison
			}
			if (bool(ret)) {
				//is less
				minval = test;
			}
		}
	}
	return minval;
}

Variant Array::max() const {
	Variant maxval;
	for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
		if (i == 0) {
			maxval = get(i);
		} else {
			bool valid;
			Variant ret;
			Variant test = get(i);
			Variant::evaluate(Variant::OP_GREATER, test, maxval, ret, valid);
			if (!valid) {
				return Variant(); //not a valid comparison
			}
			if (bool(ret)) {
				//is less
				maxval = test;
			}
		}
	}
	return maxval;
}

const void *Array::id() const {
	return _p->array.ptr();
}

Array::Array(const Array &p_from, uint32_t p_type, const StringName &p_class_name, const Variant &p_script) {
	_p = memnew(ArrayPrivate);
	_p->refcount.init();
	set_typed(p_type, p_class_name, p_script);
	_assign(p_from);
}

bool Array::typed_assign(const Array &p_other) {
	return _assign(p_other);
}

void Array::set_typed(uint32_t p_type, const StringName &p_class_name, const Variant &p_script) {
	ERR_FAIL_COND_MSG(_p->array.size() > 0, "Type can only be set when array is empty.");
	ERR_FAIL_COND_MSG(_p->refcount.get() > 1, "Type can only be set when array has no more than one user.");
	ERR_FAIL_COND_MSG(_p->typed.type != Variant::NIL, "Type can only be set once.");
	ERR_FAIL_COND_MSG(p_class_name != StringName() && p_type != Variant::OBJECT, "Class names can only be set for type OBJECT");
	Ref<Script> script = p_script;
	ERR_FAIL_COND_MSG(script.is_valid() && p_class_name == StringName(), "Script class can only be set together with base class name");

	_p->typed.type = Variant::Type(p_type);
	_p->typed.class_name = p_class_name;
	_p->typed.script = script;
	_p->typed.where = "TypedArray";
}

bool Array::is_typed() const {
	return _p->typed.type != Variant::NIL;
}

uint32_t Array::get_typed_builtin() const {
	return _p->typed.type;
}

StringName Array::get_typed_class_name() const {
	return _p->typed.class_name;
}

Variant Array::get_typed_script() const {
	return _p->typed.script;
}

Array::Array(const Array &p_from) {
	_p = nullptr;
	_ref(p_from);
}

Array::Array() {
	_p = memnew(ArrayPrivate);
	_p->refcount.init();
}

Array::~Array() {
	_unref();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The 3D effect with made-for-3D movies, like a trailer for DreamWorks�s �How to Train Your Dragon,� were impressive. The glasses synched after a few seconds and the viewing experience was... Essential equipment for your 3D gaming experience, the universal* PlayStation � 3D Glasses fully immerse you in the heat of gameplay. With best-in-class ACTIVE 3D quality and built-in USB rechargeable batteries, the intensity never stops.
The 3D Glasses and 3D Sync Transmitter are supplied or available as optional accessories, depending on your TV model. In some regions/countries, the 3D Glasses and 3D �... RealD 3D glasses are a type of passive 3D glasses. Each polarized lens filters the lines from the television screen in a different way, making some only visible to the left eye and others only visible to the right eye. These glasses are simply filters and rely on the television to send out the proper signals or images in order to work.
The science behind 3D glasses is actually quite simple and relies on the way our eyes work to create 3D images. Our eyes work together to create a singular 3 dimensional image. Each eye sees a slightly different image which it transmits to the brain.


text:
Catholic Answers Live
Bible Navigator
School of Apologetics
Columbus: the Real Story
Steve Weidenkopf • 10/9/2017
In popular myth, Christopher Columbus is the very symbol of European greed and genocidal imperialism. In reality, he was a dedicated Christian concerned first and foremost with serving God and his fellow man.
Peering into the future, Columbus (1451-1506) could not have anticipated the ingratitude and outright contempt shown by modern man toward his discovery and exploration of the New World. Few see him as he really was: a devout Catholic concerned for the eternal salvation of the indigenous peoples he encountered. Rather, it has become fashionable to slander him as deliberately genocidal, a symbol of European imperialism,[1] a bringer of destruction, enslavement, and death to the happy and prosperous people of the Americas.[2]
In the United States, the vitriol directed against Columbus produces annual protests every Columbus Day. Some want to abolish it as a federal holiday, and several cities already refuse to acknowledge it and celebrate instead "Indigenous Peoples Day."[3]
This movement to brand Columbus a genocidal maniac and erase all memory of his extraordinary accomplishments stems from a false myth about the man and his times.
The so-called Age of Discovery was ushered in by Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) of Portugal. Prince Henry and his sailors inaugurated the great age of explorers finding new lands and creating shipping lanes for the import and export of goods, including consumables never before seen in Europe. Their efforts also created an intense competition among the sailing nations of Europe, each striving to outdo the other in finding new and more efficient trade routes. It was into this world of innovation, exploration, and economic competition that Christopher Columbus was born.
A native of the Italian city-state of Genoa, Columbus became a sailor at the age of fourteen. He learned the nautical trade sailing on Genoese merchant vessels and became an accomplished navigator. On a long-distance voyage past Iceland in February 1477, Columbus learned about the strong east-flowing Atlantic currents and believed a journey across the ocean could be made because the currents would be able to bring a ship home.[4] So Columbus formulated a plan to seek the east by going west. He knew such an ambitious undertaking required royal backing, and in May of 1486 he secured a royal audience with King Fernando and Queen Isabel of Spain, who in time granted everything Columbus needed for the voyage.
On August 3, 1492, Columbus embarked from Spain with ninety men on three ships: the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.[5] After thirty-three days at sea, Columbus's flotilla spotted land (the Bahamas), which he claimed in the name of the Spanish monarchs. Columbus's modern-day detractors view that as a sign of imperial conquest. It was not: it was simply a sign to other European nations that they could not establish trading posts on the Spanish possession.[6]
On this first voyage, Columbus also reached the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. He stayed four months in the New World and arrived home to fanfare on March 15, 1493. Unfortunately, the Santa Maria ran aground on Hispaniola so was forced to leave forty-two men behind, ordered to treat the indigenous people well and especially to respect the women.[7] Unfortunately, as Columbus discovered on his second voyage, that order was not heeded.
Columbus made four voyages to the New World, and each brought its own discoveries and adventures. His second voyage included many crewmen from his first, but also some new faces such as Ponce de León, who later won fame as an explorer himself. On this second voyage, Columbus and his men encountered the fierce tribe of the Caribs, who were cannibals, practiced sodomy, and castrated captured boys from neighboring tribes. Columbus recognized the Caribs' captives as members of the peaceful tribe he met on his first voyage, so he rescued and returned them to their homes.[8] This voyage included stops in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
The third voyage was the most difficult for Columbus, as he was arrested on charges of mismanagement of the Spanish trading enterprise in the New World and sent back to Spain in chains (though later fully exonerated). Columbus's fourth and final voyage took place in 1502-1504, with his son Fernando among the crew. The crossing of the Atlantic was the fastest ever: sixteen days. The expedition visited Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, and was marooned for a time on Jamaica.
Most accounts of Columbus's voyages mistake his motives by focusing narrowly on economic or political reasons. But in fact, his primary motive was to find enough gold to finance a crusade to retake Jerusalem from the Muslims, as evidenced by a letter he wrote in December 1492 to King Fernando and Queen Isabel, encouraging them to "spend all the profits of this my enterprise on the conquest of Jerusalem."[9] In this, he believed he was fulfilling conditions for the Second Coming of Christ. Near the end of his life, he even compiled a book about the connection between the liberation of Jerusalem and the Second Coming.[10]
Columbus considered himself a "Christ-bearer" like his namesake, St. Christopher.[11] When he first arrived in Hispaniola, his first words to the natives were, "The monarchs of Castile have sent us not to subjugate you but to teach you the true religion."[12] In a 1502 letter to Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503), Columbus asked the pontiff to send missionaries to the indigenous peoples of the New World so they could accept Christ. And in his will, Columbus proved his belief in the importance of evangelization by establishing a fund to finance missionary efforts to the lands he discovered.[13]
Contrary to the popular myth, Columbus treated the native peoples with great respect and friendship. He was impressed by their "generosity, intelligence, and ingenuity."[14] He recorded in his diary that "in the world there are no better people or a better land. They love their neighbors as themselves, and they have the sweetest speech in the world and [they are] gentle and always laughing."[15] Columbus demanded that his men exchange gifts with the natives they encountered and not just take what they wanted by force. He enforced this policy rigorously: on his third voyage in August 1500, he hanged men who disobeyed him by harming the native people.[16]
Columbus never intended the enslavement of the peoples of the New World. In fact, he considered the Indians who worked in the Spanish settlement in Hispaniola as employees of the crown.[17] In further proof that Columbus did not plan to rely on slave labor, he asked the crown to send him Spanish miners to mine for gold.[18] Indeed, no doubt influenced by Columbus, the Spanish monarchs in their instructions to Spanish settlers mandated that the Indians be treated "very well and lovingly" and demanded that no harm should come to them.[19]
Columbus passed to his eternal reward on May 20, 1506.
For more on European exploration and missionary activity in the New World, or to learn the facts about many other anti-Catholic historical myths, check out Steve Weidenkopf's new book, The Real Story of Catholic History, available now from Catholic Answers Press.
[1] Carol Delaney, Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem (New York: Free Press, 2011), xii.
[2] See http://www.transformcolumbusday.org/.
[3] Marilia Brocchetto and Emanuella Grinberg, "Quest to Change Columbus Day to Indigenous Peoples Day Sails Ahead," CNN.com, October 10, 2016, accessed April 7, 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/09/us/columbus-day-indigenous-peoples-day/.
[4] The sailors of Columbus's day did not believe the earth was flat, as is commonly believed, but were afraid about the ability to get home after sailing across the ocean.
[5] Columbus demanded a patent of nobility, a coat of arms, the titles of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and Viceroy and Governor of all discovered lands, plus 10 percent of the revenue from all trade from any claimed territory. Isabel agreed to these terms and both parties signed the Capitulations of Santa Fe on April 17, 1492. See Delaney, Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem, 68.
[6] See Delaney, Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem, 92.
[7] Ibid., 109.
[9] Ibid., vii.
[10] The book was titled Libro de las Profecías or the Book of Prophecies.
[11] Delaney, Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem, 83.
[12] Daniel-Rops, The Catholic Reformation, vol. 2, 27.
[13] Ibid., 159.
[15] Columbus, Diario, 281. Quoted in Delaney, Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem, 107. Columbus was a literate man, which was rare for the day. He recorded his observations of the New World in his diary and ship's log, at a time when keeping logs was not standard practice.
[16] See Delaney, Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem, 181.
[19] See Samuel Eliot Morison, trans. and ed., Journals and Other Documents on the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, vol. 1 (New York: Heritage Press, 1963), 204. Quoted in Delaney, Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem, 125-126.
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text:
| Sewing the Doublet »
This pictorial guide is intended to show you the easiest way to look good in basic 1640s kit. It's not a comprehensive description of the clothes worn in the civil wars. It can't be. There is no such thing. There are so few remaining examples of clothes from this period and so little pictorial or written evidence to show what was worn by the soldiers from, (and those women who chose to follow), the armies in the three kingdoms of the wars of the 1640s that most conclusions can only be best guesses. You won't find any dos and don'ts here. The guide assumes that anyone reading this will know for example not to wear modern shoes or show their facial piercings.
If you follow these guidelines you will end up with a basic set of kit that is, as far as we can tell at present, accurate in the fashion of the times, method of construction and use of fabric. It will help you to look and feel more like someone who has just stepped out of the past than a person in fancy dress.
In the 1640s, the two fabrics mostly used for common clothes were woven wool, which was often felted with a fuzzy nap on the surface and natural coloured linen. Both fabrics are, at the time of writing, available from suppliers so there should be no excuse for making or buying garments made from anything else. These natural fabrics are practical and hardwearing and will give you clothes that will last for years if you look after them. There were no detergents to wash clothes, and outer garments were generally not washed at all but brushed occasionally to remove surface dirt. Most clothes would end up with a patina of ingrained dirt from campaigning, though it's reasonable to assume that linens would be washed on a regular basis. Although there was white linen in these times, the serving soldier would not often have access to this kind of cloth, so make sure you don't end up with the modern 'whiter than white, neatly pressed' look.
The range of colours available was quite broad, but the less well off (the best part of any seventeenth century army) made use of very few of them. Their clothes were also often so old and reused that they had faded to dull grey or brown or had been re-dyed several times. For the armies, the regimental colonels chose their soldiers' coat colours, based on personal preference and whatever was available locally. You can find out from your regiment which colour is correct for your coat and breeches, though an important thing to remember is that apart from a very few documented instances at specific times of the civil wars, soldiers were never identically dressed. The following colours are suitable for general purpose: grey, brown, terracotta or brick, russet reds, grey-blue or dark blues, dull shades of green, mustard yellow-ochre, heathery shades of purple, and cream (undyed).
Details and accessories are also important to create the overall look. Make sure any BUTTONS conform to the 1640s style, small, round ball shaped buttons with a single shank or stalk to attach to the garment, either metal, cloth or wooden beads wrapped with thread. Don't choose wide belts with massive buckles. Seventeenth century belts were no wider than two fingers and the buckles were of a matching size. Belts were worn over the coat/doublet to hold a bag, not to keep your breeches up.
Try and feel comfortable in your chosen clothes and act like a seventeenth century person would in them; always wear your hat, keep the top buttons fastened and don't go out in just a smock. Wearing just a shirt and breeches was acceptable for a labourer working in the sun, but probably no one else! Be proud of your clothes, as they will provide you with protection and warmth. Don't leave them to go ragged – patch them up when they tear, keep the linen clean and the wool brushed when it gets muddy.
Do some of your own research, read books and look at images from the time. Ask for help if you are unsure. If you see something on trader's row that doesn't match what is shown here find out why. It's better to ask than to buy the wrong kit and waste your money on something you don't need.
Part One: Women
The universal women's undergarment was the SHIFT or SMOCK, a long-sleeved T-shaped garment of varying quality linen reaching to mid-calf. It was generally cut loosely and had long triangles, known as gores, set in to the sides. For obvious reasons, there are few contemporary images of women in their under-things, though what woodcuts there are show women in smocks with high necklines and single slit openings. Surviving high status examples in museum collections conform to this pattern. Tapes, attached to the neckband, were used to fasten the neckline whilst tapes or small buttons can be used to fasten cuffs. There is no evidence for drawstrings around the neck in this period. Any gathering would have been permanent and sewn to a neckband. There is also pictorial evidence to suggest that smocks were also used as night clothes.
Over the smock you would wear A PAIR OF BODIES, a boned BODICE or a PETTICOAT WITH ATTACHED BODIES. These were in decreasing order of status and will be dealt with in separate sections.
Firstly, A PAIR OF BODIES was an undergarment stiffened with canvas, reed or whalebone, which would make anyone wearing them conform to the fashionable mid-seventeenth century shape, something that is obvious from original pictures of the period. They would not have been uncomfortable but would hold the torso and give a straight lined, conical shape to your body. Bodies were usually made of layers of linen, with the stiffening inserted into sewn channels in the fabric.
Many people find back-laced bodies tricky to lace up and it is thought that front-laced styles, being easier to manage, were more often worn by women who would have had no help in dressing themselves. Shoulder straps could be either integral or made as separate pieces laced in when worn. The boning would reach into the tabs at the bottom of the bodies, which could be tucked under the skirts to support the petticoat.
Over bodies, a BODICE or WAISTCOAT was worn, although as stated above, you can wear a boned bodice on its own. Both are made of wool, or linen and lined. A BODICE may have had a high or medium neckline, with full or close-fitting sleeves and tabs below the waistline. It can be fastened with buttons, tapes or hooks and eyes, though buttons are less common for women's clothes than men's. If you wear a bodice over stays, you still need to bone the front edges to prevent puckering when you fasten it. Otherwise more boning needs to be sewn into the lining of the bodice to help you form the correct shape.
WAISTCOATS started as a lower status items, and are common in contemporary images from the 1640s, as they were becoming fashionable informal wear for most women. Generally worn over the petticoat and body combination, they were fastened up the front in the same way as bodices. The sleeves could be full or close fitting. They were collarless and they accommodated the fullness of the hips by added triangular gores, rather than the separate tabs used in bodices. A waistcoat would not be boned, but the front edges could be stiffened with boning or heavy canvas strips sewn into the lining.
You would not go out in public with only a smock covering your upper body (even lowly women wouldn't dare to attract THAT kind of attention in this period!), so you must wear at least a bodice or waistcoat.
Over the bodice and smock women wore a PETTICOAT, basically what we now think of as a skirt, but there is good evidence to suggest that in this period that the skirts were often attached to a sleeveless, front opening, upper body section. This was the bottom of the range as it were, and if you had a body attached to your petticoat, you would cover it with a waistcoat. Petticoat bodies were probably stiffened or interlined and either sewn to the skirts or joined with laces. In this configuration, the skirts would be front opening and the join covered with the waistcoat skirts and an apron. If you were of higher status your petticoat would just have a waistband and skirts and probably a rear fastening. Pictures show petticoats worn with bodice tabs either tucked under or covering the band. The choice is yours. The petticoat would be made of wool or linen and if your cloth is thick, full and heavy enough, you can wear a single skirt, though often more than one layer was worn, especially in winter. The hem should be above your ankle as most women wore their skirts relatively short to keep them well out of the muck.
The fabric of the skirts would be gathered and fixed to a waistband. At the front a hands-breadth width was often left unpleated for comfort. Gathers will provide enough fullness for a seventeenth century shape as long as enough fabric is used, 3-4m being a decent length. Cartridge pleats are best for full skirts but not essential. Petticoats were fastened, either with plain round (metal or cloth) shanked buttons, hooks-and-eyes or laces. The bottom edge would be hemmed and contemporary pictures show lines of ribbon or braid decoration around the edges as a protection against wear though plain skirts are fine.
A top petticoat would be made identically to the first one, but gathering the second set of skirts into a tape tied at the waist rather than another waistband would ensure there wasn't too much fabric all in one place. If you want to lift or tuck a skirt up, you must wear two to avoid displaying your smock (that would be like going out with your skirt tucked into your knickers). If one of your petticoats has a body attached, it should be worn as the underskirt of the two.
In this period most people kept their head covered indoors and out, so the most important accessory was a linen COIF or CAP. This was made of linen and was worn on its own or under a wide brimmed HAT. There are several styles shown in contemporary pictures, but the most common, and certainly the best represented in museum collections, come in two parts. The CROSSCLOTH was tied on first, to a bun of hair gathered behind and the COIF was then pinned onto the cloth. The hair would, in theory, be hidden from view for common women, although with coifs, part of the hair could sometimes be seen, combed back off the forehead. Serving women are shown, in contemporary pictures, wearing what looks like a length of cloth wrapped turban-style around their heads, instead of a sewn coif. HATS were often of blocked felt or, in the summer, straw, sometimes fashionably high-crowned or else fairly shapeless.
A KERCHIEF was worn around neck and shoulders. In its simplest form, it was a square of unbleached linen or hemp folded diagonally, with the underside slightly longer and fastened with brass pins at the front. The ends are shown sometimes tucked into bodice fronts in paintings. It preserved modesty, protected the back of your neck from sunburn and, on cold days, kept your chest warm.
A plain APRON would be worn for general work. This consists of a simple rectangle tied with tapes around the waist. Decorated aprons were worn for 'best' and sometimes the more wealthy would also wear aprons over their petticoat skirts, perhaps embellished with braid or drawn thread work, but for the majority, plain linen or wool is fine.
Woollen CLOAKS were worn in cold or wet weather. Cloaks were probably less common amongst the poor, who would probably make do with a rough blanket (or plaid north of the border). Some travellers may have worn leather ones. A cloak could be as simple as a semicircle of woollen cloth, worn around the shoulders with no fixing.
17th century SHOES are now known as latchet shoes from the name of the straps that come together over the instep to secure the shoe. Shoes seemingly reflected social status in the 1640s; those with heels were just coming into fashion, whilst low-heeled styles (see picturein the men's section) were worn more frequently by commoners. A good shoe typically has three pieces on the upper, a round or square-ish toe and a short, straight side seam at right-angles to the sole, roughly level with the front edge of the heel. If cut-outs are present, they are symmetrical about the side-seam and the shoe should not have reinforcing pieces with visible stitching. Buy the best you can afford. They will fit your foot better and last for many years with care.
HOSE were genera
lly knitted in this period, though fabric ones were sewn from wool or linen. Patterns are available for both kinds. Hose were held up
by knitted or woven GARTERS or just simple strips of cloth.
To summarise, you need a SMOCK, one or two PETTICOATS (with or without bodies), a BODICE or WAISTCOAT, a COIF, a KERCHIEF, HOSE and SHOES for your basic costume. If your status is higher and a fashionable shape is required, you can wear BODIES between the smock and your top layer. If you must carry things with you, a leather bag can be hung from a belt around your waist or you may carry a basket. Pockets for women at this time are still 'little bags' and (we think) carried under a petticoat on a linen tape around the waist.
Part Two: Men
The basic undergarment for all men was the SHIRT, a T-shaped, knee length garment made of linen. Shirts, like smocks for women, were seen as a barrier against disease, which was caused by dirt, so the shirt would be regularly washed. White cloth was available, though not as bright as the white that modern detergents can provide and dyed fabric far too expensive to waste on shirts. A soldier's shirt would be of a coarser weave than a higher status one, but all shirts were basically the same shape. A rough shirt would have less fabric in the body and sleeves than a higher status one as it is easier to gather and tuck in larger amounts of fine linen. Shirts are pleated into cuffs for the sleeves and into a standing neckband for the body. Square pieces of fabric are folded into triangles and inserted under the sleeves to form gussets. The front opening should be long enough for the shirt to go over your head and tied at the top only with a single pair of tapes or bandstrings. Shirts in the 1640s sometimes had small collars attached, typically twice as wide as the neckband though often there was no permanent attachment, just the standing band. If the shirt has no small collar, a length of linen or handkerchief can be worn tied around the neck.
If you want to go really native, a pair of linen DRAWERS can be worn under the shirt. This was a common garment for all men and was basically a pair of loose shorts, with a front opening, worn beneath the shirt
Over the shirt a SOLDIER'S COAT was worn. Coats were often made in quantity, so the fit was not exact and as far as we can tell, in no way uniform in cut or colour, even for regimental issues. The simplest style is a square loose-fitting garment with body and tabs cut in one piece, though there are many variations possible-shoulder wings and curved tabs for instance. They could be lined, depending on how much money a Colonel was prepared to spend on clothes. Coats were fastened down the front with several closely spaced buttons, a dozen at least on a soldier's coat. Pewter or cloth buttons were used, and were usually spherical, although it's thought that some issue coats had flat buttons. They shouldn't be pierced through like modern buttons but fixed to a single stalk or shank. Cloth buttons are more comfortable on a soldier's coat if you are going to wear armour.
If a coat wasn't issued, as in the case of trained bands or garrison troops, a DOUBLET would be worn, sometimes with a coat as well. Doublets were always higher quality and could be made of wool or linen. They would be lined and often tailored to fit with interlining and padding. Sleeves are close fitting, sometimes with turned-back cuffs, open seams and wings over the sleeve tops. Collars were high and stiffened with layers of canvas or pasteboard. The front closed with several buttons, twenty at least. Doublet buttons can also be made from wooden beads wrapped with thread. The overall length of a doublet including the tabs is to the hips, not the thighs like modern jackets, and the upper body section may end above the modern waistline. Inside the doublet at waist height a line of steel eyes would be sewn to a linen strip called a girdlestead, which matched up with a set of hooks on the waist of the breeches. In fact it can be argued that one of the main reasons for wearing a doublet was to keep your breeches up.
BREECHES were made from wool or linen, of a limited colour range (brown, grey, dull green for instance), and are not necessarily the same colour as the coat unless you are in a regiment where there is record of breeches being issued together with coats. Style depended on class and geography, unless issued by the regiment. Men from country areas far from the cities wore an old-fashioned shape, full and baggy. A more modern style, possibly copied for issued breeches, has narrower legs, and less fabric in the seat. The legs of both kinds can be either left open below the knee (unconfined) or tapered in to a close fitting band. Both styles may have had pockets in the side seams at the hip. Surviving pockets from the period are simple leather bags, though linen works just as well.
17th Century SHOES often had side cut-outs and were made on straight lasts so that until they had been worn there were no lefts or rights. Although close-sided shoes would appear more practical, it is believed that open sided shoes may have been issued to soldiers, as they would fit a wider range of foot widths. Better status shoes were beginning to have high heels but were impractical in the field. Basic styles may not have had any true heel at all. The uppers were typically made of only three pieces of leather sewn together edge to edge, two pieces at the side and one covering the instep and the toes, which could be round or square. The side pieces would extend into a strap or latchet fastening which has become the modern name for these shoes. The side seams were much further back than is typical on modern footwear, roughly level with the forward edge of the heel. Don't scrimp on your shoes. The more you spend, the longer they will last. This style of shoe is also acceptable for lower class women.
An old fashioned, rural style of calf boot known as a STARTUP may have been worn by some soldiers, although there is no evidence of any issues of this type of footwear. They would have been made using the same construction techniques as shoes, and may have been fastened with laces, buttons or toggles.
Long BOOTS can also be worn in special cases. They were originally designed for use on horseback, and so were worn by those who rode, or wanted to give the impression they did, such as officers, cavalry troopers, dragooners and fashionable gentlemen.
HOSE were worn to just around the knee. A contemporary pattern describes a knee-high stocking, turned down over a tied garter. You can buy woollen hose or get someone to knit you a pair-there are surviving patterns available. Shaped linen or cloth hose were also worn. As for the women, hose were held up by knitted or woven GARTERS or even just simple strips of cloth.
Men of all ages kept their heads covered almost all the time. In church for instance, even though the established authorities frowned on the practice, those of an independent nature kept their heads covered. HATS or CAPS were doffed when you met anyone of higher social status. For the battlefield, headgear is determined by your fighting role. Soldiers would wear morion helmets but soft hats were also worn such as a broad brimmed hat, cap or bonnet. The simplest was the MONMOUTH CAP, a style of knitted woollen cap, heavily felted. It may have been a fairly high conical shape with or without a brim round the edge. Knitted and felted BLUE BONNETS were similarly made, but were mainly a Scottish item and should only be worn by Scots units and some northern regiments.
A MONTERO was a round peaked cap made of segments of woollen cloth with a skirt running around the edge that could either fold down for protection in bad weather or up for a stylish peak. Broad-brimmed HATS were also widely worn, either made from blocked and felted wool/fur or leather.
Soldiers in the field carried their possessions; spare shirts, food etc. in a SNAPSACK, a sausage-shaped canvas or leather bag sewn to a leather strap or cord that passed diagonally across the chest. Other smaller accessories could be carried in a leather pouch or bag that hung from a waist belt.
To summarise, a soldier's basic costume-regardless of the fighting arm chosen or the army that you join consists of a SHIRT, a pair of BREECHES, a COAT (or DOUBLET, or both), HOSE, SHOES and a HAT. The coat will be of a colour and cut chosen by the colonel who raised the original Civil War regiment. Sometimes, this applies also to breeches and, occasionally, to hats. Extra clothes, rations and other possessions can be carried in SNAPSACKS, and smaller pieces of kit in a BELT POUCH. CLOAKS, or a length of ragged wool or oiled cloth for use as a CAPE in the rain, may also be worn.
There is more information and further links on all sorts of 1640s style clothes and kit on the blogs found here:
http://thegoodwyfe.blogspot.com
http://the1642goodwyfe.wordpress.com/
Posted on January 23, 2013 at 4:44 pm in Uncategorized	| RSS feed | Reply	| Trackback URL
13 Responses	to "What To Wear In The English Civil War"
Angie Stewart
I'm a little bit confused. The line drawings above show an image taken from the tudor tailor. In fact it is what I based by early tudor kirtle and gown on with the advice from the tudor tailor ladies and my dress maker. This, as an under garment, is something I have not come across in my knowledge of 17th century costume. Could you please let me know where you obtained the knowledge that this type of garment was worn at this time. I am always willing to be corrected and learn more about costume in general.
the1642goodwyfe
It's a guess Angie. There is some evidence from literary sources that an under petticoat was worn with bodies attached and I think would have looked something like the tudor kirtle. This would be an alternative to wearing a set of bodies under your waistcoat. As there are no extant examples or pictures of women from the period wearing undergarments we can't be sure which if either was correct unfortunately but both seem equally likely.There is a separate page on this site with some of the written sources if you are interested. I didn't have a photo as this is a relatively new theory so Ninya from Tudor Tailor helpfully provided an appropriate drawing.
DW Bradbridge
Could you possibly advise what a town bailiff might have worn in the 1640s? I write novels set during the Civil War and need the info for my latest book. Many thanks
I'll have a look at some pictures and get back to you. What kind of status is your bailiff? I'm guessing he's a bit of a ruffian? Or is he more upstanding, and well respected? Meantime I can recommend my other blog as a pictorial reference for the period: https://the1642goodwyfe.wordpress.com
Hi DW, can you drop me an email please? ianfdicker@gmail.com
Andy Howes
What was the silk type used for officers sahes
Generally taffeta.
John Orange
The musketeers in the first picture are from Prince Maurice's Regiment.
You are quite welcome to use the picture, but we'd appreciate a credit.
Hi John I was aware of that fact and the owner of the photograph has already given permission for its use as have all the originators on this blog. The intent was for all the images to be anonymous, so there was no hint of bias as regards society or whether the people were royalist or parliament. However I will leave your comment here just so you have your name check.
Thanks for the prompt response, and the clear explanation of your policy.
It is nice to see that you've thought this out in advance. So many people seem to think if they have found a picture on the web, they can re-use it without acknowledgement.
As far as Prince Maurice's are concerned, anyone can use our pictures, without asking, provided they acknowledge the source.
Hi John, I've replaced that photo with one of our own now, so no problems with attribution.
Fashion in the 1640's | brightkellyann
Historical Fashion, Make-Up, & Hair Styles


The Orthodox Epiphany is the right occasion for Russians to battle frigid temperatures, and undertake the yearly tradition of dipping in a hole cut into a frozen river.
Some mothers are making their way forward through the trees, pushing their strollers in the snow. Over the curve outlined by the Moscow River, there are the morzhi, walruses, as they are called in Russian, or those who dive into the river's icy waters. This year, in Moscow, on the day Christ was baptized, they totaled 100,000. There were, however, 60 cross-shaped holes dug for the Epiphany (called iordan).
There are also two Italians working in Moscow, who have decided to experience the thrill ofIordan. "I cannot feel my feet," says Federico Fanti after bathing.


Home / Chris Craft / 1993 Chris Craft 282 Project Cruiser Boat With NO RESERVE!!!
This is a 1993 Chris Craft 282 Cruiser with a clean title but does not run. One motor is there but is missing the second. The interior needs some work. I bought this boat for a project but I don't have the time to work on it. The trailer is included but has no title. The boat is located in Prince George, VA 23875.
This is a NO RESERVE AUCTION!!!
Boat is sold AS IS With NO WARRANTY!!!
DISCLAIMERI reserve the right to end the audition at any time since the boat is being sold locally. 50% non-refundable deposit is due 2 days after auction ends. Remainder payment is due in cash within seven days of auction closing.
Chris Craft Sedan, 22 ft. 1954 A Real Classic! Project Boat.


I've just applied for NEXUS card for the first time. I can't seem to figure out to add my kids and wife. Should I wait till I get a conditional approval before I can add the family?
They have to apply on their own. If you are applying via the TTP website, you have to set up new accounts for all of them.


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25 Couples Who Contribute to Our Community (COVER STORY / PHOTO GALLERY)
Feb 7, 2018 | Features
Brian and Kira Richardson. Photo by Jeff Richardson
The virtues of volunteering can't be overstated–the hours volunteers spend in service support worthwhile causes, nonprofit organizations, and the larger community. But as the couples in the following stories attest, those hours offer the volunteers something, too–a sense of fulfillment, purpose, connection, even joy.
The couples here are but a representative sample of the many thousands of volunteers in Bloomington and Monroe County who give of their time and talent every day to any number of organizations. Many are retired and have found their vast experience–in educations, business, medicine, and other fields–to be of service, while allowing them to continue to feel gratification as professionals.
These "Couples Who Contribute to Our Community" serve in many different ways. Some, who have been financially successful in life, are able to contribute the resources so necessary to help the less fortunate and to support our social services, educational institutions, and the arts. Several are volunteers with Monroe County Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA). Others serve on the boards of their religious organizations, City and County committees, or give of themselves to the arts, education, homeless advocacy, health care, environmental awareness, animal welfare, and other concerns. Even so, this is just a sampling o the many volunteering opportunities available in the community. To find out more about how and where to volunteer, visit the City of Bloomington Volunteer Network at bloomingtonvolunteernetwork.org.
TO READ THE FULL STORY, CLICK HERE
CHECK OUT THIS PHOTO GALLERY OF OUR 25 COUPLES. (Click on the photo below to start the slideshow. Use the on-screen arrows or the arrows on your keyboard to navigate forward and backward.) PHOTOS BY JEFF RICHARDSON
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