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The Story of Turning Point's It's Always Darkest...Before the Dawn Album
By Carlos Ramirez | @MusicQuizKing | 5.18.2020
Photo courtesy of Jade Tree
Earlier this month, I organized '90s Hardcore Week on the site, covering a wide cross-section of bands and styles from that era. One of the albums I wanted to highlight that week was Turning Point's It's Always Darkest...Before the Dawn. Due to some scheduling setbacks, we couldn't get it together in time.
But let's get that rectified today.
Turning Point formed in 1988 by members of the New Jersey hardcore scene who had played in such bands as Pointless, Awareness, and Failsafe. While the group's earlier, more Youth Crew-styled material appeared on their demo and eponymous 7 inch, they would begin to shift their sound into a more melodic direction by the time they began constructing the material that would end up on their album.
Released in 1990 by New Age Records, It's Always Darkest...Before the Dawn would go on to become the sole studio Turning Point full-length, with the group breaking up the year after it initially arrived in stores. Despite all this, the album's influence can still be heard decades later in the sound of bands like Fury and Mil-Spec.
In this No Echo exclusive, I chat with Turning Point guitarist Jay Laughlin and drummer Ken Flavell about the making of It's Always Darkest...Before the Dawn.
Throughout the years, I've met many people who when then they bring up Turning Point, they make the distinction between the "heavy" and "melodic" periods of the band. First off, do you think that's a fair call?
Jay Laughlin: Yeah, I totally agree with that. When we started, we were pretty young and I had just switched over to playing guitar after being a drummer for many years prior. The earlier stuff was just straight up classic hardcore of the time. As we went along, I became much more confident in my guitar playing and songwriting. We all kinda wanted to do a little more with the songs, and [vocalist] Skip [Candelori] absolutely started writing much more personal lyrics in the later stages of the band, so it did become much more of its own thing in the LP-era of that band.
Found on HardcoreShowFlyers.net
When you were writing the material for Its Always Darkest...Before the Dawn, did you guys talk about focusing on the melodic side of things, or did that just happen organically?
Jay Laughlin: We never really talked about what we wanted to do. It all just happened organically back then. I'd bring in song/riff ideas and we we'd all work together for the arrangements until had something we were all stoked to play. The progression just happened naturally over time while we all got better at our instruments.
Ken Flavell: We never said, "hey, lets write a song like this..." Writing just came naturally. Jay was never short on riffs and things always seemed to just flow. The LP is a reflection of what we were listening to at the time.
Speaking of which, on the influences side of things, what do you remember being some of the other bands, or musical styles, that the band was listening to during that era?
Jay Laughlin: I can only speak for myself on this one. I only really listened to metal, punk, and hardcore back then: Slayer, Metallica, DRI, Verbal Assualt, JFA, SNFU, 7 Seconds, etc. If it wasn't loud and fast, I didn't really care about it. The other guys were definitely getting into more varied stuff and had a little more of an open mind. I did come around, but it took me a bit longer then the other guys.
Ken Flavell: In the early days it was all about Slayer, Raw Deal, and Breakdown. Turning Point was definitely going in that direction. I was always into melodic hardcore and wanted to move in that direction, so Jay and I started Shadow Season. We were always huge fans of Verbal Assault, Dag Nasty, and 7 Seconds and the first Shadow Season EP from 1991 definitely reflects that sound. Eventually that flowed into what Turning Point started doing.
Skip and I were listening to a lot of Smiths and Morrissey as well. That's when I noticed Skip's lyrics really started to grow. All of our musical tastes were expanding and it is very evident on It's Always Darkest...Before the Dawn.
At what point did New Age Records become involved? How did you guys connect with Mike Hartsfield in the first place?
Jay Laughlin: It's been so long, so I'm really not sure. I assume Mike got a copy of the Hi-Impact 7 inch and contacted us. I remember we got around 500 bucks and a one-page contract sent to my house to make that LP.
Ken Flavell: We recorded a demo of about 4 songs to shop around to record labels and New Age was on our list. We sent it off to Mike and he was really into what we were doing and offered to do our record.
What do you remember about the recording experience? You tracked the album at Why Me? recording studios in New Jersey. Thinking back to studios back then, it always seemed like the engineers came from either a heavy metal or jazz background.
Jay Laughlin: I'm pretty sure we got introduced to Joe and Dave, the owners of Why Me?, studio owners through Steve Crudello, who had played second guitar with us for a little while in the 7 inch era. I think he did a session there and hooked up our first session for a comp. track before we did the LP.
Those guys were great to work with. I don't think they had heard anything like what we were doing, but totally let's do our thing without any judgement and I ended up recording a ton of stuff at Why Me? for many years even after Turning Point ended. They weren't metalheads or jazz guys, they were pretty deep into the '70s prog rock stuff, though.
Ken Flavell: We always loved recording at Why Me? The thing that sticks with me the most was being blown away by Skip. At practice, we couldn't really hear him that well and we certainly couldn't understand what he was saying. Once he started singing over those songs we were like, "holy shit!" The growth he had in that short period of time was unbelievable.
Discography by Turning Point
From your standpoint, what do you remember the response to the record being like? All these years later, there are kids just getting into hardcore and discovering the record.
Jay Laughlin: The response seemed good at the time. It wasn't until we did the later split/compilation tracks that it seemed people started to lose interest in what we were doing, really. Which is funny, because now the later stuff seems to be the songs that people connect with most. It is really cool to have made these songs so many years ago with a couple of my best friends that still seems to connect with new hardcore kids all the time. I feel lucky for that.
Ken Flavell: I remember the response being positive but I feel like it really didn't take off until the band had ended. That's part of why we broke up, we felt people didn't care.
Did you get to do many shows after the album came out?
Jay Laughlin: We never got to tour properly back then. We played around the East Coast a bunch, but never made it out west before we split up.
Listening to the album all these years later, is there anything you would change about it?
Jay Laughlin: Ummm…If I have to be honest? I'd nix the couple of little slap bass parts. Don't tell Nick [laughs]. But really, any record is just small document in time and I'm still proud of what we recorded. To think about changing anything now is kinda ridiculous. Except, I really wish Metallica would remix ...And Justice for All and put the fucking bass guitar back into the mix. I'd be behind that 100%!
Looking back, why do you think the Its Always Darkest...Before the Dawn is still talked about? Outside of the actual music, is there something else you think has contributed to its legacy?
Jay Laughlin: I think the fact that Darren Walters and Tim Owen put the discography out on Jade Tree [available here] was a huge help in cementing our place in hardcore music. It gave a ton of kids a chance to discover us that probably wouldn't have otherwise. If the music wasn't good nothing would have helped us, but that exposure was really big as far as giving the music the longevity its had over the years for sure.
Ken Flavell: I think the emotion of Skip voice and his delivery was a major factor.
What's your favorite song on the album and why?
Jay Lauhlin: "Before the Dawn," the lead off track, is my favorite. If you listen to it, theres not one riff that is repeated in that song. It's just one riff onto the next and so on. It's a lot of ideas jammed all into one song, and I always thought that was a cool. It's almost too many ideas for one song, but it works really well.
Ken Flavell: I have to go with "Before the Dawn." It was always fun to play live. Total ripper to play on the drums.
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Return to Village Hall
Mollington
Backford
Lea-by-Backford
Chorlton by Backford
St Oswald's Church
Hand Made Bricks
Early Forest Law
Trees and Woodlands
Railways in Mollington
Mollington Station
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Geography & Geology
Ponds around Mollington
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The township of Backford is the centre of the parish and appropriately contains our Church and Village Hall as well as Backford Hall, home for so many years of the Gleggs, a leading family in the area. That family, indeed at one time owned much of the township.
The accepted date of Backford's present Hall is around 1863, though a date around 1848 is probably more correct. However, there have been at least two other buildings on the site, the first being 15th century, if not earlier. It was Edward Holt Glegg who built the Hall seen today.
By the early twentieth century, however, the estate had lost its old prosperity and the owners had no male heirs. Birkenhead Glegg died unmarried in 1914, and his brother, Edward Maxwell Glegg, who inherited, had no children. Parish Reminiscences tells of the eccentricity of later members of the Glegg family.
The Hall was rented out in 1936 as a country club. Unfortunately the then tenant, Mr Woodhouse, was found to be making forged Irish Lottery tickets, and left in a hurry.
An attempt was made in 1934 or 1936 to sell the Hall to the Salvatorian religious order. Unfortunately this did not work. It seemed that members of the family objected to the sale to a Roman Catholic order; and the Order subsequently moved to Christleton Hall. In 1946 the Hall was sold to a Liverpool company, Dock Services Ltd., then in 1946, to Cheshire County Council.
A strange story from Backford Hall tells of a young servant girl, who met a violent death there many years ago, and whose ghost remains to haunt the mansion. The ghost was sensed at the time of the Salvatorians, and was the subject of an attempted, but apparently unsuccessful exorcism in 1936.
Backford school was opened in 1844. In 1944 it became known as Backford C.of E. Aided Primary School and in 1996 it closed, all the pupils being transferred to the new St Oswald's School in Mollington
Copyright © Mollington Consultants Ltd 2018. All Rights Reserved.

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The Luwians of Western Anatolia: Their Neighbours and Predecessors
Fred C. Woudhuizen, The Luwians of Western Anatolia: Their Neighbours and Predecessors. Oxford: Archeopress, 2018. iv, 162. ISBN 9781784918279 £26.00 (pb).
Naoíse Mac Sweeney, University of Leicester. n.macsweeney@leicester.ac.uk
This book was written as a follow-up to Eberhard Zangger's The Luwian Civilization (2016, Zero Books). Zangger set out to establish the Luwian-speakers of Anatolia as a 'lost' civilization of the Bronze Age; Woudhuizen uses historical linguistics to locate the Luwians in western Anatolia. Yet as a sequel (the book is explicitly framed as such on p.1), Woudhuizen's book has been somewhat overtaken by events following the publication of the original Zangger volume. The arguments put forward within its slim covers can only be assessed within the wider context of the book's publication — for which, see the latter part of this review.
The book begins by covering some well-established topics (Chapters 1 and 2) before moving to the more controversial claims of Woudhuizen's central argument (Chapters 3-5), including a reprinted publication of an inscription widely considered to be a forgery (Chapter 6), and finally addresses a wide range of different issues more loosely linked to this central argument (Chapters 7-10).
The first chapter charts the distribution of Luwian place names in the Aegean and Anatolia, and presents the standard argument that such toponyms are survivals from an early, pre-Greek language that must have once been spoken in the region. Chapter 2 turns to the historical geography of western Anatolia, making a series of identifications between Hittite and later Greek toponyms (e.g. Milawata sounds like Miletos, and Samurna sounds like Smyrna). The identifications proposed here are mostly well attested, and have been more fully discussed elsewhere.1
In Chapter 3, Woudhuizen moves into more controversial territory, arguing that the hieroglyphic Luwian script was developed in western Anatolia towards the end of the Early Bronze Age. In support of his argument, he offers readings of several short inscriptions found on seals. Seal legends are also the focus of Chapter 4, which additionally includes a new reading of the inscriptions on the famous silver stag rhyton (Metropolitan Museum of Art 1989.281.10), challenging the conventional reading by Hawkins (pp. 67-73). This chapter argues that these legends provide evidence for a 'great kingdom' called Assuwa located in Luwian western Anatolia, whose powers extended into the Aegean and even onto the Greek mainland.
Chapter 5 moves forward in time into the Late Bronze Age and the period when the 'great kingdom' was conquered by the Hittites. The chapter briefly surveys textual evidence for Hittite rule in western Anatolia, making no reference to the wealth of archaeological evidence.2 Chapter 6 presents a particularly long and controversial inscription which Woudhuizen claims belongs to this period — the Beyköy inscription. As mentioned above, this inscription is now widely held to be a forgery.
The final four chapters of the book spin off into a range of different directions, covering the following topics in rapid succession: the Aegean activities of the pharaoh Amenhotep III; the radical reinterpretation of several well-known Hittite texts; a highly controversial claim to have deciphered the Phaistos Disc; an attempt to provide a grammatical reconstruction of the original language represented by the hieroglyphic Luwian script; an argument that the Trojans were ethnically distinct from the Luwians instead of 'Thraco-Phrygian descent' (p. 130); and finally that the pre-Luwian inhabitants of the region were the Pelasgians.
Readers familiar with the controversy surrounding Zangger and Woudhuizen may want to skip the next two paragraphs, but for others this book requires some contextualisation. Zangger's book on the Luwians appeared in 2016 to great fanfare in the media, focusing on the claims that: a) Zangger had discovered a hitherto-unknown ancient civilization, and b) the Luwians were dramatically wiped out at the end of the Bronze Age by 'World War Zero'. These claims were immediately discredited by specialists in the field, who pointed out that the 'Luwians' had been the focus of academic study for decades, and also that the collapses at the end of the Bronze Age were neither caused purely by war nor resulted in the disappearance of the Luwian language.3 It seems likely that the media attention lavished on the book owed more to its sensationalist claims and to Zangger's expertise as a professional publicist, rather than to its rigour or accuracy.
The controversy was to continue. In 2017, Zangger collaborated with Woudhuizen to publish the text of a new hieroglyphic Luwian inscription known as 'Beyköy 2'. The inscription itself was said to have been lost or destroyed, but Zangger and Woudhuizen produced their text using drawings they had discovered amongst the papers of the archaeologist James Mellaart (1925-2012). The inscription was rapidly identified as a forgery by leading scholars of Luwian including David Hawkins and Mark Weeden, and Zangger distanced himself from the inscription early in 2018, citing Mellaart's previous record of falsifying discoveries.4 In contrast, Woudhuizen continues to argue for the authenticity of the Beyköy inscription, the text of which is reprinted in Chapter 6 of this book (with only limited discussion).
Two central pillars on which this book rests had therefore already been knocked askew before its publication in 2018 — the idea of the Luwians as a 'lost great civilization', and the Beyköy inscription. Although Woudhuizen seems keen to stick to his guns on both counts, it is difficult to see how this position can be maintained in the face of mounting evidence and arguments marshalled by leading scholars in the field. The wilder claims made in this book (e.g. that the Phaistos Disc is in Luwian, p. 111; that the Theban Kadmos was granted rule over islands by the king of Assuwa, but that he could only maintain control by having Assuwan henchmen, p. 65) do little to encourage confidence, nor does the refusal to engage with mainstream academic scholarship.
1. See chapters by Matsumura and Weedon; Günel; and Gander, all in Weedon and Ullman (eds) 2017. Hittite Landscape and Geography (Leiden: Brill).
2. For this evidence, e.g. Dedeoğlu, F. and E. Abay 2014, "Beycesultan Höyük Excavation Project: New Archaeological Evidence from Late Bronze Age Layers", Arkeoloji Dergisi 17: 1-39; Glatz, C. 2009, "Empire as Network: Spheres of Material Interaction in Late Bronze Age Anatolia," Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28: 127-141; Luke, C., C. H. Roosevelt, P.J. Cobb, and Ç. Çilingiroğlu 2015, "Composing Communities: Chalcolithic through Iron Age Survey Ceramics in the Marmara Lake Basin, Western Turkey," Journal of Field Archaeology 40.4: 428-449; Mac Sweeney, N. 2010, "Hittites and Arzawans: a view from western Anatolia", Anatolian Studies 60: 7-24.
3. See, for example, this short but damning piece by Eric Cline at Rogueclassicism.
4. Luwian Studies.
One thought on "The Luwians of Western Anatolia: Their Neighbours and Predecessors"
Jan Best says:
My late former cum laude student Dr Fred Woudhuizen based his Luwian translation of the text on the Phaistos Disc upon the occurrence of doublets and triplets (like ta/ti/tu) in the text), the high percentage of common syllabic signs with the same values as in Luwian Hieroglyphic and the Greek personal names of I-du-ma-na (Idomeneus) and Na-as-tu (Nestor) to whom the king of Arzawa gave his permission to rule over yhe still formally to him belonging possessions Misarru (Mesara) and Ritina (Rhytion) on the island of Crete.
For the academic arguments of scholars with different opinions a worthy solution is to publish their books together so that the reader him- or herself may weigh the value of their arguments. This resulted in, when I remember well, the monographies of Jan Best & Fred Woudhuizen Ancient Scripts from Crete and Cyprus (1988) and Lost Languages from the Mediterranean (1989).


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Kevin O'Gorman: Heriot-Watt to investigate hiring of abusive academic
Mike Wade
Wednesday September 11 2019, 12.01am, The Times
Heriot-Watt said it wanted to understand how O'Gorman was offered a post at the university
Heriot-Watt University has announced an independent inquiry into its decision to hire a senior academic who had previously been reported for molesting male students.
The board at Heriot-Watt, in Edinburgh, has appointed Morag Ross, QC, to investigate the process that resulted in Kevin O'Gorman, who was convicted last month of sexual offences against eight men, being offered a professorship in 2012.
O'Gorman, 45, who in 2003 left a seminary after he was accused of assaulting trainee priests, became the university's director of internationalisation, and was considered to be one of the most powerful figures in its school of management and languages.
He was found guilty at Edinburgh sheriff court of 14 offences against eight men in their early twenties, carried out over 11


Long-sleeved button-up shirt in striped, crinkled broadcloth with Jean-Michel Basquiat print at chest. Pointed collar. Single button cuffs. Straight back yoke with small pleats. Machine wash. 100% cotton. Made in France.
Measure: 31" from back of neck to hem, 20" from shoulder to shoulder, 31" from collar to cuff, 22" across chest, based on a size Large.
Model Measurements: Will stands 6'0" and wears a size Large.


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Review: Ink by Jonathan Maberry
Ink is an enchanting story a few human predator who feeds on reminiscences related to tattoos that folks get inked. I've learn a few books about reminiscences and lack of reminiscences, and it was this distinctive ingredient of somebody stealing reminiscences that drew me to this e-book. I'm glad to say that it didn't disappoint although it was a lot darker than I had anticipated.
Content material Notes: Violence, homicide, coarse language, alcohol abuse, suicide, hedonism.
Themes for Thought
"When all you will have are reminiscences, there is no such thing as a larger horror than forgetting." Ink does an exceptional job of driving this level house by way of this e-book. The small city of Pine Deep has been within the information earlier than for bizarre happenings, however it's been a few years since that highlight. Nevertheless, some darkish entity has made the city its house, and one after the other, it's focusing on individuals with tattoos. When this particular person touches the ink, it's like the explanation the tattoo was made and all reminiscences related to it, fade away. We comply with Patty, a tattoo artist herself; Dianna, a psychic; and Monk, an ex-military turned investigator and the native police of Pine Deep. We meet individuals who do not know that that they had a tattoo to commemorate a milestone of their life. A few of them don't even understand how a lot they're lacking.
On the Crime
Ink is a properly written story that saved me guessing at a lot of elements of the storyline. How are all these characters related? How are these reminiscences fading away? What occurs to somebody when they're utterly gone? The e-book explores these questions, in addition to the ethical facet of stealing these reminiscences (it's not against the law per se) and the lack of oneself.
The native police gave me a glimpse into pondering extra about catching such a villain. Theft of bodily objects are investigated by police frequently however when confronted with the lack of one thing intangible, but extra vital than bodily artifacts, it's simple to label this as one-off supernatural happenings. However theft continues to be theft and shedding reminiscences, and in some circumstances, oneself, is a a lot greater and critical crime. I had not considered that earlier than I learn this e-book, so I recognize the brand new perspective!
On the Predator
Ink can also be a psychological thriller, letting the reader into the thoughts of this predator who devours the reminiscences. The story is advised in third particular person with a number of factors of views. Although most of it's centered on the current, for the predator himself – this human vampire if you need to name it – I discovered how he got here to find these powers and what led him to the city of Pine Deep.
The form of twisted thoughts that will discover and exploit these powers and benefit from reliving reminiscences is properly portrayed by the e-book. He was so properly written that I hated him with a ardour. His actions, his mind-set, and his starvation… the whole lot spoke "hazard".
On Recollections
Our experiences in life make us who we're. We would not bear in mind each single one in every of them, however that doesn't imply that they haven't influenced us in turning into ourselves. It's only after I began to examine lack of reminiscence on this e-book and seeing the impact that this had on not simply the individuals to whom the reminiscences belonged but in addition the individuals with whom the reminiscences had been made, that I began to grasp how vital reminiscences are.
Tattoos are tokens that characterize an vital time or perhaps a lengthy time frame. If in case you have a tattoo, you already know precisely why you bought it and what it represents. These everlasting items of artwork on our our bodies are reminders. By the characters and the story strains, Ink displays on these elements of us, whereas being a fast-paced, excessive stress plot with some hair-raising occasions.
General, Ink was an interesting learn. It took some time to get into it due to the sheer variety of views. With an enormous solid of characters which have darkish histories, that is the right e-book to learn round Halloween. It's spooky in its personal distinctive method and portrays the significance of reminiscences and the way the supernatural is built-in into our world in an fascinating manner.
Ink is on the market from Amazon, Book Depository, and different good e-book retailers, like your native bookstore, as of November seventeenth 2020.
Will you be choosing up Ink? Inform us within the feedback beneath!
Synopsis | Goodreads
From New York Occasions bestselling writer Jonathan Maberry comes a standalone supernatural thriller Ink, a few reminiscence thief who feeds on essentially the most treasured of goals.
Tattoo-artist Patty Muffins has her useless daughter's face tattooed on the again of her hand. Day-to-day it begins to fade, taking with all of it of Patty's reminiscences of her daughter. All she's left with is the sure data she has forgotten her misplaced baby. The attention of that loss is tearing her aside.
Monk Addison is a personal investigator whose pores and skin is roofed with the tattooed faces of homicide victims. He's a predator who hunts for killers, and the ghosts of all of these useless individuals hang-out his life. A few of these faces have begun to fade, too, destroying the very souls of the useless.
All by way of the city of Pine Deep persons are having their most treasured reminiscences stolen. The monster appears to focus on the lonely, the disenfranchised, the individuals who want reminiscences to anchor them to this world.
One thing is on the market. One thing merciless and evil is feeding on the reminiscences, erasing them from the hearts and minds of individuals like Patty and Monk and others.
Ink is the story of some lonely, broken individuals trying to find a reminiscence thief. When all you will have are reminiscences, there is no such thing as a larger horror than forgetting.
Gullible TikTok users get 'Gen Z' tattoo unaware it's a Nazi symbol
Teen's 'dream' tattoo goes viral for all the wrong reasons
Teen's 'dream' tattoo goes viral for all the wrong reasons


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7280 W Palmetto Park Rd., Suite 110 Boca Raton, FL 33433
MLS® ID: RX-10506251
Delray Beach, Florida, 33444
$679,000 Backup
Great location. Desirable .34 acre corner lot 141' x 104' in the heart of sought after Lake Ida neighborhood. The sellers have an available complete set of architectural plans, landscape plans, soil testing and engineering complete. This lot is ready to apply for a permit to build.Come build or renovate existing home. Close proximity to downtown Delray's Atlantic Avenue and beaches.
Carver Community Middle School
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7280 W Palmetto Park Rd., Suite 110, Boca Raton, FL 33433
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For more than 55 years, Manpower has been dedicated to enriching people's lives with meaningful employment and development opportunities, and providing companies with innovative workforce solutions that help them increase agility, improve productivity and boost the bottom line.
We started with a single office as a temporary staffing service – perhaps the first business of its kind.
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We are a Winnipeg based business that was established in 1994.
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Our community is enriched when all members of the community are encouraged to participate to their fullest potential, and have opportunity and supports that enable them to do so.
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Suffering From Sudden Spinal Pain? Here Are 3 Ways to Manage It at Home!
If you're suddenly suffering from spinal pain, the first thing on your mind is relief. Whilst the best way to ensure proper care is to get to the health care clinic straight away, there are times when you need to delay that until morning or until the next weekday. If you're looking for temporary spinal pain relief at home, this was written just for you. Here are three ways to manage your pain at home until you can get to the health care clinic.
Ice is one of the most effective spinal pain solutions you can use, as it can greatly decrease the painful inflammation that occurs after a spinal injury. Fashion an ice packet by adding crushed ice to a plastic zipper bag. Wrap this bag in a towel and then place lightly on the part of the spine that hurts. You might find it most comfortable to lay on your stomach whilst icing your back. Ice numbs the spine quite rapidly and can alleviate much of your pain. It's best to apply ice in intervals: 20 minutes on, and then at least 20 minutes off before repeating.
While ice gives the most effective spinal pain relief in the first day after the pain onset, heat can be just as helpful after that first 24 hours. Once the inflammation is under control, you might find that heat offers great relief. You can use electric heating pads or heating pads you can heat in the microwave (you can find these at your local chemist) or even soak in a hot bath for relief. As with ice application, it's best to use heat application in intervals of 20 minutes. You can also alternate ice and heat if you like.
While ice, heat or a combination of those might be sufficient for spinal pain relief, you also have medication options if they don't fully do the job. Over the counter tablets like Panadol and Panamax can be purchased at your chemist, and they're quite powerful in the management of mild to moderate spinal pain. Be sure to take the tablets exactly as the instructions dictate. These medications can cause stomach upset, especially if you're not accustomed to taking them often -- so don't forget to have something to eat before you have each dose.
If you put the three tips above into practise straight away, you'll be able to manage the spinal pain effectively until you arrive at the health care clinic.


text:
Un concepteur de jeux (traduction de l'expression anglaise ) est un professionnel, indépendant ou affilié à une compagnie, responsable de la conception d'un jeu (game design).

Ce terme est apparu autour des années 1990 pour qualifier un métier de l'industrie du jeu vidéo. Le terme est utilisé dans les métiers du jeu vidéo, mais on le retrouve aussi dans les activités de conception plus traditionnelles, comme les jeux de société (qu'ils usent d'un tablier ou qu'ils soient des jeux de cartes, de rôle, de stratégie) ; dans le domaine des jeux de société, on parle aussi d'auteur de jeux ou de créateur de jeux.

Un  de jeu vidéo développe la forme, le concept et la jouabilité (gameplay en anglais). Cela inclut de concevoir le champ du jeu, les spécifications, les propriétés des objets, les règles, etc. Un concepteur de jeu travaille pour un studio de développement de jeu vidéo (qui peut éventuellement être aussi éditeur de jeu vidéo). Certains concepteurs de jeu, dit éditoriaux sont chez l'éditeur pour vérifier que les productions suivent la ligne éditoriale établie.

Avoir de véritables connaissances en programmation ou en art sont aussi très utiles. Anciennement, de nombreux concepteurs de jeux étaient d'anciens programmeurs ou graphistes. De nos jours, les concepteurs proviennent davantage directement d'écoles spécialisées, qui forment au game design.

Avec des budgets toujours plus forts, en millions d'euros, le jeu vidéo est une entreprise risquée, et un projet échouant peut mettre une compagnie en faillite. Ainsi le design de jeu est un domaine critique, en partie responsable de l'échec ou du succès du jeu.

Historique
Les premiers jeux vidéo des années 1960 à 1980 étaient essentiellement le résultat d'expérimentations de programmeurs, puisqu'il n'y avait ni marché, ni lieu de vente, ni moyen de gagner de l'argent ainsi. (Les jeux requéraient des ordinateurs coûteux). Certains étaient conçus par des ingénieurs électriques, pour des visites de laboratoire en informatique (OXO, Tennis for Two), d'autres par des étudiants, créant pour eux ou leurs amis. (Spacewar!, Dungeon, etc.).

Quelques rares jeux de cette période, comme Zork ou  Air Warrior ont commencé la transition entre ces métiers. Tôt dans l'industrialisation du jeu vidéo, les concepteurs de jeux étaient les lead programmers, ou le seul programmeur du jeu. Cette personne était même souvent directeur artistique, ce qui fut le cas de Sid Meier, Chris Sawyer ou Will Wright. Une exception à cette logique étant Coleco, qui dès le début, sépara design et programmation.

Lorsque les jeux devinrent plus compliqués, et les plates-formes plus puissantes (permettant plus de fonctionnalités), les deux métiers se séparèrent, le lead programmeur n'ayant plus le temps de concevoir les jeux, certains restant dans cette nouvelle branche, le game design. Cela devint de plus en plus évident avec le temps, et beaucoup de vétérans choisirent le design, déléguant les tâches de programmation à d'autres.

Aujourd'hui il est rarissime de trouver un jeu vidéo où le lead programmer est aussi le lead designer, à part dans quelques jeux aux mécaniques et aux graphismes simples comme Tetris ou Bejeweled . Avec des jeux de plus en plus complexes, comme les MMORPG, ou des jeux aux budgets de plus en plus forts (notoirement sur les jeux de sport, les designers peuvent être plusieurs dizaines. Dans les plus grosses sociétés, comme Electronic Arts ou Ubisoft, chaque aspect du jeu (contrôles, level design ou véhicules) peut avoir une équipe séparée, avec chef de projet et designer.

Organisation

Différents métiers
Il s'agit d'un métier à part entière, dont les contours sont encore mal définis, puisque selon les sociétés il est appelé ou utilisé différemment. Il regroupe quelques réalisations essentielles, souvent séparées en plusieurs métiers dans les grandes structures, comme Ubisoft :
 conception des règles du jeu ou game mecanics en anglais. On parle parfois de gameplay designer ;
 parfois, conception des interfaces. On parle alors parfois d'ergonome ou de GUI designer ;
 c'est à rapprocher de celui qui conçoit les niveaux, le level designer.

En général, le métier de concepteur de jeux est rarement le premier emploi dans le domaine du jeu vidéo. Il faut commencer dans un autre corps de métier, comme la programmation, le graphisme, le level design ou le test. Car il s'agit de personnes possédant des qualités assez empiriques.

Hiérarchie
Souvent, lorsqu'un projet dispose d'une équipe nombreuse, au sein des concepteurs de jeux est nommé un lead. Il s'agit souvent de la personne la plus expérimenté et talentueuse. Le chef de projet lui délègue une partie des décisions, en confiance, dans son domaine. C'est également, au sein de l'entreprise, la reconnaissance d'une expérience et d'une maîtrise, dans cette spécialité. Les concepteurs de jeux « junior » eux, s'occupent de parties très petites et localisées du jeu, sous la responsabilité d'un concepteur de jeux.

L'équilibre des pouvoirs est très différent entre le concepteur de jeux et le chef de projet, suivant l'entreprise qui les emploie, et ses usages. Les deux postes sont d'ailleurs parfois fusionnés, rappelant alors le réalisateur du cinéma mais qui porte le titre de Directeur Créatif. C'est le cas actuellement chez Étranges Libellules, un studio de développement français.

Si le chef de projet est le chef d'orchestre du jeu, le concepteur de jeux en est le diapason. Donc de fait, le concepteur de jeux propose mais n'impose pas, la force décisionnaire restant généralement au chef de projet, à cause des impératifs du projet. Sans formalisme, il est dur de communiquer au sein d'une équipe, et de faire un jeu compréhensible, et dans les contraintes d'un projet. Le concepteur de jeux est donc l'allié nécessaire du chef de projet.

Outils
La communication passe par la réalisation d'un document expliquant aux autres membres du projet les éléments du game design. Il s'appelle le game design document (GDD) ou game documentation (GameDoc) et contient la totalité des éléments de règle et d'interface qui permettent de fabriquer le jeu. Ce travail de conception est en général réalisé par des concepteurs de jeux mais aussi des directeurs artistiques, des scénaristes ou encore un chef de projet.

Afin de communiquer sur son travail au sein de son entreprise, les concepteurs de jeux (games designers) sont parfois amenés à réaliser des one page aussi appelées game concept. Dans tous les cas, il lui faut communiquer sur ses documents, et se mettre énormément à la place de ses collaborateurs techniques.

Formation
Avec une industrie du jeu vidéo qui se professionnalise, il existe désormais des écoles qui forment à ce métier. Étant souvent soutenues par une société, des partenariats professionnels, internationaux, ou par un courant du jeu vidéo, ces écoles définissent le poste de concepteur de jeux selon le statut que leur donne leur partenariat, ce qui conditionne donc leur vision du métier.

Au Japon, NCC est une des écoles les plus réputées et titrées (Tokyo Game Show), qui forme au métier de Game Designer, en partenariat avec de nombreuses entreprises japonaises dont Nintendo, Sega, Square Enix et Sony CE.

Paternité
D'un point de vue légal, le concepteur de jeux n'est généralement pas reconnu pour être un auteur. Il est salarié, mais est souvent considéré publiquement comme auteur. Il y a souvent le même débat sur cette question entre le développeur ou l'éditeur, l'un arguant de sa responsabilité artistique, l'autre financière.

Pourtant certaines sociétés ou associations poussent à reconnaître le concepteur de jeux comme tel. Le débat est donc ouvert, d'autant que certains concepteurs de jeux pourraient mériter ce titre.

C'est à ce propos que plusieurs concepteurs de jeu vidéo ont été récompensés par le titre de chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres, en France.

Certains profitent néanmoins d'un statut proche de celui d'un auteur vedette comme les japonais Shigeru Miyamoto et Hideo Kojima ou les américains Sid Meier et Warren Spector.

Pourtant, le concepteur de jeux n'est généralement pas décideur seul sur son projet, d'autres impératifs, financiers notamment (comme l'industrialisation du jeu vidéo), prenant souvent le pas, à l'initiative notamment du chef de projet, qui lui-même ne fait qu'exécuter les choix de l'éditeur et de l'équipe marketing. Ce qui revient pour le chef de projet à être « entre le marteau et l'enclume » : l'éditeur qu'il faut savoir écouter, et l'équipe créative qu'il faut savoir concilier.

Dans les jeux classiques
Dans les jeux « non vidéo » (jeux de carte, de société, etc.), il existe aussi des concepteurs.

Les équipes sont généralement plus réduites, les points cruciaux de la conception ne sont pas forcément les mêmes. L'histoire est généralement moins développée, alors que les cycles de jeux et l'équilibre général sont très surveillés. La qualité et la clarté de rédaction des règles est également cruciale.

Certains concepteurs ont acquis une certaine notoriété :
 Richard Garfield, concepteur de jeux de cartes à collectionner (dont Magic : l'assemblée et Netrunner) et jeux de plateaux divers, comme RoboRally ;
 Gary Gygax et Dave Arneson, créateurs de Donjons et Dragons ;
 Charles Darrow, créateur du Monopoly ;
 Alfred Butts, créateur du Scrabble.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Game design
 Game design document
 Narrative designer

Liens externes
 Agence Française pour le Jeu Vidéo Source importante de renseignements sur le jeu vidéo français et mondial.
 Dossier de Fond: Les 17,5 raisons pour lesquelles vous n'êtes pas le prochain génie du JV

Métier du jeu vidéo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A quick tutorial on changing the cabin pollen filter on a W203 C200 Mercedes Benz. Also suits similar models. This filter is used by your air conditioner system to filter external air before entering the cabin.
The cabin filter is located in the engine bay. Release the three clips as pictured.
Lift up the enclosure and rotate towards you.
Here you can see the cabin filter. It's held in place by two small tabs on the bottom. Simply pry the filter out of the enclosure to remove.
Install the new air filter and clip the enclosure back in place. Finished!


There are diet pills available at legitimate drugstores. Well, they are not actually sold as "diet" pills but these are medications for other illnesses which have an effect of "loss of appetite". What are these pills? As if I would tell! The funny this is that there are also medications that tend to increase one's appetite when taken on a regular basis. What is this? Well, vitamin B 1-6-12 can increase your appetite.


VANCOUVER, British Columbia, Nov. 21, 2016 /Weed Wire/ — Veritas Pharma Inc. (CSE: VRT) (OTC Pink: VRTHF) (FSE: 2VP), ("Veritas" or the "Company"), an emerging-stage pharmaceutical and IP development company, is pleased to announce that it has signed a Letter of Intent ("LOI") with Sechelt Organic Marijuana Inc.
VANCOUVER, British Columbia, Nov. 16, 2016 /Weed Wire/ — Veritas Pharma Inc. has expanded the private placement offering announced on September 16th.
VANCOUVER, Aug. 10, 2016 /Weed Wire/ — Veritas Pharma Inc. announced the Company has initiated its crucial next phase of research and development, commencing functional pharmacological evaluations in rodents related to multiple cannabis strains.
VANCOUVER, British Columbia, July 18, 2016 /Weed Wire/ — Veritas Pharma Inc. (OTC: VRTHF) (CSE:VRT) ("VRT" or the "Company") (Frankfurt: 2VP) is pleased to announce a corporate update.


About two months from now, on September 12th, 2017, the Global Sepsis Alliance and the World Health Organization will host the WSC Spotlight: Maternal and Neonatal Sepsis. The WSC Spotlight is a free online congress in the style of the 1st World Sepsis Congress last year, but focuses on a particular topic, which is maternal and neonatal sepsis.
In 4 distinctive sessions, 25 speakers from all around the world will share their knowledge on maternal and neonatal sepsis and give updates on sepsis in 10-minute presentations and keynotes. After each talk, the speakers will answer live questions from the audience. After the congress, all presentations will be made available to view on demand on the World Sepsis Congress YouTube Channel and as a Podcast on Apple Podcasts.


text:
require 'spec_helper'

begin
  require 'will_paginate/data_mapper'
  require File.expand_path('../data_mapper_test_connector', __FILE__)
rescue LoadError => error
  warn "Error running DataMapper specs: #{error.message}"
  datamapper_loaded = false
else
  datamapper_loaded = true
end

describe WillPaginate::DataMapper do

  it "has per_page" do
    Animal.per_page.should == 30
    begin
      Animal.per_page = 10
      Animal.per_page.should == 10

      subclass = Class.new(Animal)
      subclass.per_page.should == 10
    ensure
      Animal.per_page = 30
    end
  end

  it "doesn't make normal collections appear paginated" do
    Animal.all.should_not be_paginated
  end

  it "paginates to first page by default" do
    animals = Animal.paginate(:page => nil)

    animals.should be_paginated
    animals.current_page.should == 1
    animals.per_page.should == 30
    animals.offset.should == 0
    animals.total_entries.should == 3
    animals.total_pages.should == 1
  end

  it "paginates to first page, explicit limit" do
    animals = Animal.paginate(:page => 1, :per_page => 2)

    animals.current_page.should == 1
    animals.per_page.should == 2
    animals.total_entries.should == 3
    animals.total_pages.should == 2
    animals.map {|a| a.name }.should == %w[ Dog Cat ]
  end

  it "paginates to second page" do
    animals = Animal.paginate(:page => 2, :per_page => 2)

    animals.current_page.should == 2
    animals.offset.should == 2
    animals.map {|a| a.name }.should == %w[ Lion ]
  end

  it "paginates a collection" do
    friends = Animal.all(:notes.like => '%friend%')
    friends.paginate(:page => 1).per_page.should == 30
    friends.paginate(:page => 1, :per_page => 1).total_entries.should == 2
  end

  it "paginates a limited collection" do
    animals = Animal.all(:limit => 2).paginate(:page => 1)
    animals.per_page.should == 2
  end

  it "has page() method" do
    Animal.page(2).per_page.should == 30
    Animal.page(2).offset.should == 30
    Animal.page(2).current_page.should == 2
    Animal.all(:limit => 2).page(2).per_page.should == 2
  end

  it "has total_pages at 1 for empty collections" do
    Animal.all(:conditions => ['1=2']).page(1).total_pages.should == 1
  end

  it "can iterate and then call WP methods" do
    animals = Animal.all(:limit => 2).page(1)
    animals.each { |a| }
    animals.total_entries.should == 3
  end

  it "augments to_a to return a WP::Collection" do
    animals = Animal.all(:limit => 2).page(1)
    array = animals.to_a
    array.size.should == 2
    array.is_a? WillPaginate::Collection
    array.current_page.should == 1
    array.per_page.should == 2
  end

  it "doesn't have a problem assigning has-one-through relationship" do
    human = Human.create :name => "Mislav"
    human.pet = Animal.first
  end

end if datamapper_loaded

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Hello friends, how are things? It's Friday. Do you know what we're going to do? The same thing we do every Friday: Try to take over the world.
Well...maybe the world can wait until next week. Or the weekend. In the meantime, we're going to help you finish off these last grueling hours before we can all go to freedom. The Giz staff will be hanging out in the discussion below until the bitter end. What's on your mind?
As always, this conversation is hosted on Whitenoise, our reader-run blog of awesome. We highly encourage you to check it out and get involved.


text:
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Cryptocurrencies, Stablecoins and CBDCs:
A Primer for Risk Managers
By Mark Carey, Former Co-President, GARP Risk Institute
Risk managers must be attentive to the risks associated with digital currencies. What are the forms of these virtual currencies? What gives them value and how do transactions in the instruments work? What specific risks do they pose to financial institutions, non-financial firms, and investors?
All of these issues are addressed in this primer. The risks of these virtual assets are assessed, and background is provided about, among other things, their usefulness as investments and for conducting transactions.
Distributed ledger technology (e.g., blockchain) is not discussed in detail, because distributed ledgers have many applications beyond digital currencies. Similarly, while many parts of the digital currency ecosystem, such as custodians and exchanges, receive some attention, this primer does not systematically discuss the risks specific to every part of the ecosystem.
What is Included in "Digital Currency?"
In this primer, "digital currency" includes cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs).
A typical cryptocurrency is a form of money for which transactions can be cleared with no trusted third party standing between payor and payee. It's designed to ensure that the payor has the funds, and that each transaction is completed. The most widely known cryptocurrency is Bitcoin.1
For most cryptocurrencies, a transaction record is an entry in a blockchain, which records that a cryptocurrency amount was transferred from payor to payee. Sometimes other things are recorded as well; for example, the blockchain for the Ethereum cryptocurrency can embed "smart contracts" that take actions when specified conditions are met. Although distributed ledgers and trustless transfer are innovations, they alone do not make a cryptocurrency a good form of money or a good investment.
A stablecoin is a cryptocurrency that is backed by assets that have independent value, such as gold or U.S. dollars. Tether is an example. The backers of a stablecoin often promise to convert the stablecoin into the backing assets, just as the U.S. government converted dollars into gold many years ago.
The most commonly discussed stablecoin does not yet exist. Originally called Libra but now known as Diem, this Facebook-led stablecoin project is having difficulty launching.
A central bank digital currency is not a cryptocurrency. Rather, it is central bank money that private parties can use to transact. (In most countries, apart from currency, central bank money can be used for transactions only among financial institutions. Most private transactions involve commercial banks at some point and use commercial bank money.) For example, a CBDC created by the Federal Reserve would be a form of U.S. dollars.
The design details of CBDCs may vary; two parties might have to use a commercial bank to, say, implement their CBDC transaction – or the whole transaction might occur across the central bank's books with no commercial bank involved. Few CBDCs currently exist, but many central banks are developing them.
Functional Purposes
HOW CRYPTOCURRENCIES WORK
Bitcoin is the cryptocurrency with the largest total value outstanding, and is used as the basis of explanations of cryptocurrency in this primer. It is a fiat2 currency, meaning it is not linked to anything with intrinsic value and is not legal tender in just about every country. (El Salvador, which recently adopted Bitcoin as legal tender, is one exception.) Bitcoin therefore has value only where individuals and firms choose to accept it in exchange for other things (such as dollars).
The number of Bitcoins is growing slowly and cannot exceed about 21 million. With nearly fixed supply, Bitcoin's value may increase over time if demand for it grows, but its value may also go to zero at any time if individuals and firms stop accepting it in exchange for goods and services or other forms of money.
In a Bitcoin transaction, the payor submits a transaction to the Bitcoin network using the payor's private ID ("private key"). The transaction record specifies the number of Bitcoins to transfer (which may be a fraction), the payor's public ID, the payee's public ID, and some other information.
The transaction is validated and transmitted throughout the Bitcoin network by many operators of Bitcoin "nodes." A Bitcoin "miner" aggregates several transactions into a "block," and then performs costly computations to gain the right to post the block to the Bitcoin distributed ledger, which is simply a compilation of all previous transactions.
Validation involves using the ledger's history to verify that the payor possesses the specified amount of Bitcoin and that all aspects of the transaction conform to the rules of Bitcoin. Crucial to the integrity of Bitcoin is that a miner will receive no value for blocks that contain an invalid transaction (and, thus, will have wasted their computational resources).
Operators of nodes that transmit invalid transactions are likely to be delinked from the network by other node operators, losing the informational advantages that accompany node operation. Consequently, payors are unable to spend more Bitcoin than they have previously received.
Node operators receive no fees, but miners receive both fees and newly-created Bitcoin for successful creation of a valid block. The cryptographic calculations performed by miners' computers are demanding and use large amounts of energy.3
No entity stands between the payor and payee in a transaction on the Bitcoin network, and the identity of both remains confidential. In other words, there are no Bitcoin "accounts" and participants are difficult to trace. This makes it a popular method of payment for those engaged in illicit activity. However, if a participant loses knowledge of his or her private key, that person's Bitcoin holdings cannot be accessed and are essentially lost.4
Many service providers have emerged to enable participants to operate in a more familiar account-based setup: some provide "wallets" that store the private ID, some verify a participant's identity, and others share that verification with the participant's permission - enabling organizations to comply with KYC/AML/ATF regulations.
Meanwhile, other service providers offer derivative products (such as futures) and/or custodial services. Still others provide interfaces that allow participants to trade Bitcoin without understanding the details of construction of a valid transaction; often, such providers are exchanges that permit Bitcoin to be exchanged for other digital currencies or national money.
Combined, the ecosystem of service providers has grown to the point that some nonfinancial firms and financial institutions are willing to participate in transactions or to offer digital-currency-related products such as cryptocurrency investment funds. Interestingly, more Bitcoin transactions occur on platforms of service providers than on Bitcoin's native network. (Service providers can net transactions that occur within their ecosystem.)
It is worth noting that cryptocurrencies generally do not provide protection against inflation. Nothing links their value to a basket of goods and services, and the value of many cryptocurrencies fluctuates a lot.
HOW STABLECOINS WORK
A stablecoin differs from a cryptocurrency in that a sponsoring entity has implied it will link the value of the stablecoin to some other valuable asset, via matching issuance of the stablecoin to reserves of that asset. For example, Tether Limited has "promised" that if a client gives it dollars, euros, gold, or a few other assets, it will issue an equivalent value of Tether stablecoins, while holding the dollars (etc.) as reserves.
Tether Limited has implied (but not made ironclad legal commitments) that it will redeem stablecoins on demand and return the valuable asset to the redeemer. Tether, which does not operate in the U.S., has no native network or blockchain of its own. Transactions are conducted largely on either "Omni" (a special part of the Bitcoin blockchain in which new assets can be created) or on the Ethereum blockchain.
Most stablecoin sponsors are unregulated. There have been instances of fraud at some, and some have been criticized for their management of reserves. Tether, for its part, has been criticized for holding a large fraction of reserves in commercial paper – an asset that would become illiquid in the event of a run and would therefore not support Tether Limited's ability to redeem its stablecoins.
HOW CBDCS WORK
Central banks that create CBDCs make design decisions, just as they made design decisions in creating their traditional payment networks. For example, a central bank might decide that it will clear all transactions in its CBDC and that it will maintain accounts for all holders of its CBDC, taking commercial banks out of the loop.
Alternatively, a central bank might decide that the transactions of nonbank private parties will be cleared by commercial banks (or some other set of financial institutions), with the commercial banks clearing interbank transactions at the central bank – much as the U.S. payments system works today.
Both clearing and verification of payors' balances might be immediate or done periodically. The anonymity of payors and payees might be protected to some extent, but, because CBDCs are likely to be account-based, the central bank is likely to be able to learn the identity of participants.
Design decisions interact with each other and are likely to influence the willingness of different types of actors to use the CBDC. There is no danger that the value of a CBDC will go to zero, as long as the national money has value. However, because a CBDC's value is locked to the value of its national money, it will be affected by inflation.
As noted previously, many cryptocurrencies and stablecoins have an infrastructure of service providers, including:
Exchanges and other organizations that stand ready to buy, sell or trade cryptocurrencies or stablecoins, to settle trades, and to exchange cryptocurrencies or stablecoins for national money such as dollars;
Payment service providers that help nonfinancial firms accept cryptocurrencies and stablecoins in exchange for goods and services;
Custodians that "store" cryptocurrencies or stablecoins (as a practical matter, this means either keeping track of the user's private key or commingling the user's holdings with those of other users, while maintaining accounts recording who owns what);
Identity verification services that permit institutional clients to comply with KYC/AML/ATF and similar regulations; and
Providers of derivative contracts, such as Bitcoin futures, and associated exchanges and custodians.
Though the list above is not exhaustive, a large fraction of owners of cryptocurrencies and stablecoins use such service providers. Since such use negates the no-trusted-third-party feature of cryptocurrencies, an implication is that many users do not place a high value on that feature.
Moreover, because transactions that involve buyers and sellers both using the same service provider may be netted, it is not clear that such users place high value on blockchain records of their own transactions. (Individual transactions made through exchanges generally do not appear on the native Bitcoin blockchain.) Many users may view cryptocurrencies and stablecoins as an investment, rather than as a means of payment.
Risks Associated with Cryptocurrencies and Stablecoins
Risks associated with digital currencies can be separated into five broad categories: (1) risks borne by financial institutions that provide services related to digital currencies, most of which are risks familiar to financial risk managers – such as legal risk, third-party and counterparty risks (e.g., failures of infrastructure), and loss of liquidity in periods of stress; (2) investment risk, meaning risk of loss of value of the digital currency itself, which is borne by any investor in digital currencies; (3) other risks borne by investors; (4) risks borne by nonfinancial firms; and (5) loss of a financial institution's or nonfinancial firm's investment in its capacity to do business related to digital currencies.
Risks associated with CBDCs, which are mainly borne by central banks, are also briefly discussed in this section.
RISKS TO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Financial services firms that offer crypto-related products, such as investment managers that provide clients with ways to include cryptocurrencies or stablecoins in their portfolios, bear the following risks:
Reputational
If the value of a firm's crypto investments falls to low levels or if publicity is bad (for example, if key service providers are participants in market manipulation), its reputation may be damaged. Though this risk is familiar, given the lack of familiarity of many clients with crypto, it would be wise for financial firms to be particularly clear and comprehensive about such risks in pre-investment disclosures.
Service providers can potentially engage in theft or fraud – or might simply fail to function. Indeed, many service providers are relatively new and unregulated, so the risk of provider failures is material. Moreover, standards for providers are lacking.
Most financial firms are likely to use service providers (such as exchanges and custodians), both to limit their own expenditures on infrastructure and to support insurance coverage of losses associated with provider failures. This requires that the providers be recognized by insurers as reliable enough to support insurance. To manage the risk of provider failures, financial institutions should have a dialog with insurers when selecting service providers – and should buy appropriate insurance.
Some jurisdictions might choose to make cryptocurrencies illegal. Although a financial firm might seek to avoid this risk by investing only in instruments linked to cryptocurrencies (like futures), such instruments may also be subject to changes in legal status – potentially exposing a financial institution not only to legal risk but also to reputation losses.
Similarly, the regulatory status of ETFs and other crypto products might change in a way that would make them unusable by some financial institutions. These risks can be managed to some extent by informing clients that cryptocurrency-related products will be wound up if legal or regulatory status changes.
Regulatory costs and restrictions may change. Most jurisdictions remain uncertain about whether and how they will regulate cryptocurrencies and related activities. When they decide, it is likely that regulatory costs will increase at financial firms that provide cryptocurrency-related products and services.
Relatedly, financial firms must be careful to comply with host-country expectations connected to know-your-customer, anti-money laundering, anti-terrorist financing, and similar matters. Expectations may go beyond regulatory minimums, given the widely-held view that many illicit actors use cryptocurrencies.
Though it might appear that risks of failing to comply would be minimized by using only derivatives, pressure might nonetheless be applied. Dealers and exchanges providing the derivative products might have their business models disrupted by changes in expectations, with knock-on effects on their clients.
Cyber risk is a constant threat to financial institutions, but variants are particularly important for cryptocurrency-related products. If a financial firm offers products that involve direct investments in cryptocurrencies (or invests for its own account), security of the private key is critical. If hackers are able to access private keys, then value will be lost and will be unrecoverable.
Relatedly, if service providers or custodians are used, audits of their cybersecurity – and careful scrutiny of their ability to compensate the firm for cyber-related losses – is important. Such losses might be large enough to cause service providers to fail.
Event Disruptions
The value of some cryptocurrencies can be disrupted by events such as forks or civil wars. For example, in the recent past, Bitcoin split into two types (a "fork"), because of a disagreement about the validity of particular transactions. If a financial firm finds its portfolio is affected by such events, exiting its positions may be difficult and may require rapid action.
Mark-to-Market
Marking portfolios to market might become difficult if cryptocurrencies become illiquid, even temporarily. This is a familiar risk for many asset classes, such as real estate, but it is important that clients be informed at the time they invest and that clients understand the game plan in such an event.
Failure to comply with tax reporting requirements regarding client capital gains and losses may lead to fines and other penalties.
Illiquidity is a major risk, particularly for stablecoins. Should the sponsor of a stablecoin lose credibility, a run on the stablecoin is likely, trading liquidity is likely to disappear, and investors may be unable to convert to the backing asset. In such circumstances, clients with investments in stablecoins are also likely to run.
This risk is extremely difficult to manage because the exchange rates between cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, and national currencies are likely to change rapidly during a run and liquid reserves of national-currency assets may provide only limited ability to meet client requests for redemptions. Moreover, unlike national money, there is little hope of support from central banks or national governments in the case of a run on cryptocurrencies or stablecoins.
Overall, the risks of digital currencies to financial institutions are manageable, but require unusually clear and complete communications between firms and clients. Financial services firms, moreover, must be prepared to react to realizations of digital currency risks quickly and effectively.
Investment Risks
A firm or individual that includes cryptocurrencies or stablecoins in its portfolio obviously loses if the value of such instruments falls a lot. This is normal investment risk, but the novelty of the instruments makes assessment of such risk more challenging than in the case of conventional assets.
Moreover, expected returns are difficult to estimate, so the risk-return tradeoff is difficult to evaluate. Past performance is not necessarily a reliable guide to the future.
Cryptocurrencies have no fundamental value, and therefore could drop to zero at any time. Let's now examine four factors that have sustained their value to date:
Some people and firms attach a positive probability to one or more cryptocurrencies substantially replacing national money in transactions. Cryptocurrencies are currently not widely used in transactions, but - since anything that is a preferred medium of exchange has fundamental value - there is some belief that they will eventually become widely used.
However, a major barrier to replacement of national money is that cryptocurrencies are usually a more expensive means of conducting a transaction than most national currencies (taking together the costs borne by both parties to the transaction). Consequently, there is little incentive for most private parties to use cryptocurrencies.
If costs of cryptocurrency transactions do not fall substantially, eventually claims that cryptocurrencies will replace national money will lose credibility and this source of value will be much weaker – at least in nations with well-functioning monetary and financial systems. In other nations, where many residents feel that the national money does not serve their needs (e.g., Venezuela), cryptocurrencies might play an important role in payment systems.
Few nations have made cryptocurrency illegal as an investment or medium of exchange. However, if a large number of nations do so – and particularly if they enforce legal restrictions – public use and the value of cryptocurrency are likely to fall precipitously. Moreover, most financial institutions and businesses are likely to view use of an illegal cryptocurrency as undesirable.
Some cryptocurrencies support illicit activity by allowing illicit actors to conceal their identify when transactions are conducted on the cryptocurrency's native network – i.e., without the aid of service providers like exchanges. As an example, the perpetrators of the May 2021 ransomware attack on the Colonial petrochemical pipeline in the United States demanded payment in Bitcoin.
This source of value of cryptocurrencies is not likely to disappear. However, illicit actors may find cryptocurrency less valuable in the future if legitimate actors become less willing to exchange goods and services for cryptocurrency. Under that scenario, illicit actors will have more difficulty converting their cryptocurrency into other forms of money or into goods and services.
Some people have an aversion to national money, which is often associated with anti- government views. Such people may prefer to use cryptocurrencies in transactions, even if doing to is more expensive than use of national money. The fraction of the population in this category is unlikely to fall to zero.
The appeal of stablecoins is that their value fluctuates much less than cryptocurrency values. However, a stablecoin's value can easily go to zero, if the entities operating the backing mechanism lose credibility.
For example, if owners of a stablecoin believe that its sponsor does not actually possess the assets that back it, they will run to the sponsor en masse and request conversion of the stablecoin into the backing asset. This almost surely will cause the sponsor to fail and the value of the stablecoin to drop to zero.
Regulation can reduce the likelihood of such situations, but only if the regulator is credible. Complicating matters further, stablecoin sponsors are generally unregulated. Tether Limited, for example, does not operate in the United States and nominally will not do business with U.S. entities. Moreover, Tether's legal documents are worded in a way that makes ambiguous the firmness of its commitment to convert Tether coins into backing assets.
Other Risks to Investors
Aside from valuation risk, investors in cryptocurrencies and stablecoins should also be aware of several other potential hazards.
The tax status of cryptocurrencies, for example, might change. Currently in the United States, they are property, not money, and thus subject to capital gains tax treatment. Service providers often are expected to report transactions to tax authorities.
U.S. investors, meanwhile, bear compliance risks related to reporting of overseas holdings, accounts, and transactions. Reporting requirements are not always clear, because many cryptocurrencies are not tied to any jurisdiction – and stablecoins have such ties only if the home country of the sponsor is used as the nationality of the stablecoin. Moreover, if a service provider operates outside the home country of a stablecoin investor, it may offer little support – partly because it may be unfamiliar with the stablecoin's country-specific requirements.
Ownership of cryptocurrencies is also unenforceable in court, so an investor has no recourse if their cryptocurrency or stablecoins are stolen or lost. Similarly, an investor typically has no legal recourse if transactions are completed on terms that differ from those to which they agreed.
Lastly, poor-quality information about many qualities of cryptocurrencies and stablecoins complicates an investor's task of optimizing its investments. For example, much volume on cryptocurrency exchanges is reportedly not between arm-length parties, and transaction volumes therefore are reportedly overstated.
Overall, these risks imply that investors must be very attentive to operational details and to changes in law and regulation.
Risks to Nonfinancial Firms
Nonfinancial firms that accept cryptocurrency or stablecoins in payment for goods and services mainly bear four risks:
A sudden inability to convert into national currency. This risk can be managed by retaining only small balances of cryptocurrency or stablecoins.
Legal exposure, if participating in transactions is declared illegal. This risk is particularly material for firms operating in jurisdictions where the legal system is such that sanctions can be applied to behavior that occurred before it became illegal. Even where that is not possible, some damage to nonfinancial firm reputation may occur if legal status changes.
Failure to perform by service providers, such as cryptocurrency exchanges. For example, if a payment service provider fails, balances that a firm had at the provider may be lost or inaccessible. This is no different than the situation with many national currency payment service providers, and can be managed similarly.
The potential revision of regulatory requirements related to reporting and registration. For example, currently, a nonfinancial firm operating in the U.S. may accept cryptocurrencies and stablecoins in payment or use them to pay suppliers - with no registration and no reporting apart from tax-related reporting of any incidental capital gains and losses. But if requirements are instituted, nonfinancial firms will have to be aware of the changes and comply promptly.
Similarly, accounting rules may be developed for cryptocurrencies and stablecoins that differ from current practice, which would affect both nonfinancial and financial firms. Today, accounting practices vary, mainly because uncertainty exists about proper accounting treatment of cryptocurrencies and stablecoins. For example, they are considered property, not money, so balances should not be reported as cash.
Overall, the risks for nonfinancial firms are routine for experienced risk managers.
Capacity to Do Business
Financial and non-financial firms that accept cryptocurrencies or stablecoins as a form of payment - or that offer related products or services - typically must make investments to be able to do so. If the willingness of clients to use or invest in cryptocurrencies or stablecoins wanes, such investments will produce a smaller return (or none). When such investments are large, this is a material risk.
At the time of investment decision-making for a digital currency, the rewards must be weighed against the potential risks.5
Risks Associated with CBDCs
Since CBDCs are a form of national money, they are subject to different types of risks than the cryptocurrency and stablecoin hazards discussed previously.
The main risks that affect them differently than other forms of national money are cyber and system-failure risks that are somehow specific to the CBDC. Management of such risks is almost entirely the responsibility of central banks, not private financial institutions.
Central banks and national governments also bear the risk of underinvestment in CBDCs. Should CBDCs prove popular with the public and be easy to use across borders, it is possible that nations that lag in implementation of CBDCs might experience less demand for their national currency. Indeed, if individuals and firms were to migrate to the use of foreign CBDCs, this could influence the value of a nation's exchange rate, as well as its monetary policy.
Many of the aforementioned risks are familiar to risk managers, because they are at least somewhat similar to those associated with other instruments or businesses. Other hazards – like risks to the continued existence of cryptocurrencies and stablecoins – are less familiar. As always, risk managers should be alert to the risks that affect their portfolios and businesses – and should develop new ways to manage such risks, as necessary.
Mark Carey was the co-president of the GARP Risk Institute. In this role, he helped lead research and thought leadership for GARP and the broader risk community.
1 A detailed description of Bitcoin and its ecosystem can be found at https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/mastering-bitcoin-2nd/9781491954379/
2 Many cryptocurrency devotees presume that national money is "fiat money" and that cryptocurrencies are something else. This is not the case. Any money is fiat money if not backed by other assets with intrinsic value, including cryptocurrencies. Stablecoins are not fiat money, except those backed by national fiat money (something backed only by fiat money must itself be fiat money).
3 Bitcoin is a "crypto" currency because two bits of cryptography are essential to integrity of the ledger: one bit links private and public IDs in a way that keeps the private ID confidential but validates it, and the other bit underlies the miners' computations. Miners' computations have no intrinsic value; they are mainly a way to ensure that miners bear significant costs, so that they have an incentive to record only valid transactions in the ledger.
4 Recently, perpetrators of the Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack in the U.S. received payment in Bitcoin, but law enforcement authorities were able to recover some of the payment. Though details of methods have not been publicized, this could only be done if the authorities gained knowledge of one or more private keys. This sometimes might be possible by tracking IP addresses from which transactions originated.
5 Waiting to invest, which is almost always possible, reduces the popularity of cryptocurrencies and stablecoins at the margin. So, management of the risk of overinvestment in capacity tends to reduce the value of digital currencies.
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text:
Sesam öppnar dörrar (tidigare Sesam på lätt svenska) var en nyhetstidning som kom ut en gång i veckan. Tidningen var skriven på lätt svenska. I dagligt tal hette den bara Sesam. Tidningen riktade sig främst till vuxna som lär sig svenska, bland annat på SFI.

Ursprunget till Sesam var Invandrartidningen, som gavs ut av den statliga Stiftelsen Invandrartidningen fram till och med 1998. Invandrartidningen var en veckotidning, som fanns på sju språk samt på lätt svenska. I samband med att Invandrarverket delades upp i två verk, Migrationsverket och Integrationsverket, ansåg sig regeringen inte längre ha råd att ge ut Invandrartidningen. Chefredaktören Jolin Boldt köpte utgivningsrättigheten och bytte namn på tidningen till Nyhetstidningen Sesam. Tidningen månade om ett invandrar- och minoritetsperspektiv och var skriven på lätt svenska. Nyhetstidningen Sesam utkom under fyra år, 2002 begärde Boldt tidningen i konkurs. Utgivningsbeviset köptes av mediekooperativet Stockholms Fria Tidning,  sedermera Fria Tidningar, som ändrade namnet till Sesam på lätt svenska.  2012 ändrade Fria Tidningar namnet på tidningen till Sesam öppnar dörrar.

I juli 2016 förvärvades Sesam och alla Frias tidningar som tidigare ägdes av mediekooperativet Stockholms Fria Tidning istället av ETC.  ETC Fria AB bildades. VD för ETC Fria AB är Caspar Behrendt. Sesam lades ner hösten 2017.

Se även
Nyhetstidningen

Referenser

Noter

Externa länkar
Officiell webbplats

Tidningar startade 1999
Nedlagda svenska tidningar
Tidningar nedlagda 2017


text:
Food Allergy - Eczema Link Explored
Irritated, inflamed skin may set the autoimmune response leading to food allergies in motion.
Food allergies are something every parent fears. We have all read stories of children experiencing a life-threatening allergic reaction to foods such as nuts or eggs. In fact, preschools and day care centers have become nut-free zones.
So a British study's findings, that a baby's itchy eczema inflammation may initially trigger allergies, could be a game-changer, shifting the focus of food allergy research away from food and the gut and instead toward the skin.
The just-reported study shows that breakdown of the skin barrier in eczema leaves immune cells in skin exposed to environmental allergens.
The researchers cautioned that food sensitivity does not always lead to clinical allergy.
"The first evidence came from research published in 2003 in the New England Journal of Medicine, showing that infants whose mothers had used peanut protein-containing creams on the baby had a significantly higher risk of peanut allergy than controls," lead author Carsten Flohr, MD, senior lecturer at King's College London, told TheDoctor in an e-mail.
Flohr and his colleagues found that babies with broken skin, particularly if they also have eczema, are more than six times as likely as healthy infants to be sensitized to different foods such as eggs, cow's milk, and peanuts.
The British researchers analyzed data from over 600 three-month-old babies enrolled in the EAT (Enquiring About Tolerance) Study. All of the babies were exclusively breastfed from birth. The scientists examined the infants for eczema, tested how much water the skin was able to retain, and screened for gene mutations associated with eczema.
They then carried out skin prick tests to see whether the infants were also sensitized to the six most common allergenic foods. Egg white was the most common allergen, followed by cow's milk, and peanuts. The more severe the eczema, the stronger the likelihood of food sensitivity, independent of genetic factors. However, the researchers cautioned that food sensitivity does not always lead to clinical allergy, and further follow up of the EAT Study children is currently underway.
The babies enrolled in the study were exclusively breastfed, so they had not yet ingested any solid foods. This suggests that active immune cells in the skin, rather than the gut, may be important for food sensitization. It is thought that the breakdown of the skin barrier in eczema leaves active immune cells found in skin exposed to environmental allergens, such as food proteins, which then triggers an allergic response.
"This work takes what we thought we knew about eczema and food allergy and flips it on its head: we thought that food allergies are triggered from the inside out, but our work shows that in some children it could be from the outside in, via the skin. The skin barrier plays a crucial role in protecting us from allergens in our environment, and we can see here that when that barrier is compromised, especially in eczema, it seems to leave the skin's immune cells exposed to these allergens," Flohr said in a university press release.
What Can A Parent Do?
When asked what parents can do to prevent food allergies in their children, Flohr replied, "This is a difficult one." The EAT Study is testing whether the early introduction of allergenic foods while babies are still being breastfed might help. They also hope to see if reducing the risk of eczema has a preventative effect on the risk of food allergy.
Dr. Flohr added that The Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology in Nottingham, U.K. is currently conducting the Barrier Enhancement Eczema Prevention (BEEP) Study, using moisturizers from birth on children with a family history of eczema to see whether this reduces the incidence of eczema.
The research is published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology.
Protecting allergic children
Stress and allergies


I have a time share loans with bluegreen vacations. I am sick and tired of being lied to and coerced. I consulted with an attorney and said I had no case for a suit. so my question is what can they do to me and my wife if we refuse to make the payments on these loans.
They may choose to sue you for breach of contract.