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Calls for car dealerships to reopen as closures costs Treasury £61 million a day
Every day dealers remain closed costs the Treasury £20 million in lost tax revenue, and £41 million in furlough payments
New car dealerships must to be allowed to reopen "as a matter of urgency", according to industry bosses, who highlight that the Treasury is losing £61 million every day they remain closed.
VAT, Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) and other taxes on private car sales generate £5.4 billion of tax revenue for the taxman every year. The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) estimates 23 per cent of this (£1.24 billion) will have been lost by the end of May as a result of the UK's coronavirus lockdown.
Buying a new car - your complete guide
Each additional day new car dealerships remain closed sees the Treasury lose £20 million in taxes while payouts to the car industry's 590,000 furloughed retail workers are seeing the Treasury spend £41 million a day.
Classed as non-essential retailers, the earliest date on which the UK's 4,900-strong network of new car dealerships might be allowed to reopen is 1 June. The SMMT argues that car showrooms are one of the easiest types of retailer in which to maintain social distancing, and that the industry is ready to put the proper measures in place.
The UK automotive sector has already lost £8 billion as a result of lockdown, with new-car registrations down 97.3 per cent in April. Production lines are now starting back up again, though, and the SMMT claims there is pent-up customer demand that can be fulfilled.
Mike Hawes, chief executive of the SMMT, said: "Government measures to support the critical automotive industry during the crisis have provided an essential lifeline, and the sector is now ready to return to work to help the UK rebuild. Car showrooms, just like garden centres, are spacious and can accommodate social distancing easily, making them some of the UK's safest retail premises.
"Allowing dealers to get back to business will help stimulate consumer confidence and unlock recovery of the wider industry, boosting tax revenue and reducing the burden on Government spending. Unlike many other retail sectors, car sales act as the engine for manufacturing and reopening showrooms is an easy and relatively safe next step to help get the economy restarted. With every day of closure another day of lost income for the industry and Treasury, we see no reason for delay."
Do you think car dealerships should reopen? Let us know your thoughts in the comments section below...
Covid-19: what it means for motorists and the car industry
Everything you need to know about how Covid-19 affects cars, motorists and the car industry in the UK
Current car usage at similar levels to May 2020 despite lockdown
New data suggests 10 per cent more cars are being used in the UK now than during the first lockdown in March 2020


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Officer from ground zero joins Montgomery 9/11 memorial
Rebecca Burylo, Montgomery Advertiser
For 21 days, Officer Angel Barbosa came home to his wife in Queens, New York, shrouded in layers of dust and debris and people's shouts of terror still ringing in his ears.
For 21 days, he scrubbed the dirt from his pores, wiped away the sweat and tears, but never the memories. He returned again and again to ground zero to dig, moving heaven and earth — searching. Searching for survivors. Searching for victims.
He'll never erase the day he stood at the foot of the World Trade Center after terrorists had just hijacked two airliners and flew them into the towers 15 years ago.
How 9/11 changed a nation
"It was horrible. Horrible. Something I will never forget," Barbosa said.
He was a first responder, working for the New York Department of Corrections at the time and assisted in the rescue and recovery directly following the attacks and collapse of the World Trade Center.
Living in Queens and working in Manhattan, Barbosa was at the bottom of the towers as the planes crashed into the top floors. He rushed in to help anyone he could out of the building to safety.
Nearly a decade later, Barbosa joined his wife and her family in Montgomery to start fresh. Since then he has dutifully joined the Montgomery Fire/Rescue Department each year as they remember the events of Sept. 11, 2001, together.
On Monday at Fire Station 3, he stood at attention with local firefighters, police officers, public safety personnel, city officials and families at the Montgomery 9/11 Memorial Service to pay tribute to the "brother and sister" first responders lost in New York.
Montgomery Fire Chaplain Todd Carmichael opened the ceremony with a prayer. First, he thanked the officers and fire recruits standing before him for taking an oath to protect no matter the cost.
He was given a glimpse of the sacrifices that New York firefighters endured when he joined 200 others on Sunday to climb the RSA Tower as a tribute to the 15th anniversary of 9/11. While wearing 50 pounds of fire turn-out gear, firefighters helped him to the top.
Hundreds climb RSA Tower to honor 9/11 heroes
"I pray that this day will never be able to slide by without remembering their sacrifices," Carmichael said.
For nearly 15 years, Fire Chief Milford Jordan has carried with him a keychain that reads, "We will never forget 9/11."
"Even for us here, 1,000 of miles away from New York City, Pennsylvania and the Washington D.C., area, we watched the images of firefighters, police officers and emergency medics rush in to save lives and sometimes losing their own lives," Jordan said. "They will forever be etched in our memories."
Soon, the department will receive a tangible reminder of the sacrifices and recovery from that day. Montgomery Fire/Rescue's request for one of the seedlings of the "Survivor Tree" was recently approved. The Survivor Tree was named for a Callery pear tree discovered at ground zero after the attacks, damaged but alive, and was returned to the memorial in 2010. The tree will be planted at Fire Station 2 on Holt Street.

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JALALABAD (Pajhwok): Five civilians have been killed and eight others arrested during a raid by National Directorate of Security (NDS ) personnel in eastern Nangarhar province, residents alleged on Sunday.
The governor's office acknowledged the midnight operation but did not provide details. The raid took place on Saturday night, residents said.
Some civil society activists and residents of Behsud district rallied in front of the Govenror's House this morning against the NDS raid.
Raees Khan Gharani, an organiser of the rally and head of the Youth Reform Association, said the NDS personnel from 02 Unit raided the guest room of a house in Gardi Kas area.
Five people, including some guests, were killed, three injured and five others arrested by the security forces during the raid.
Burhan Serat, another protestor, asked the government to investigate the incident. He also demanded proofs against the dead of affailiations with militant outfits.
Khair Rahman Momand, another participat of the rally, said the government, besides killing innocent people, tried to stop them from staging the rally.
The govenror's spokesman Attaullah Khogyani said an investigation into the incident had been launched to confirm identities of the victims and detainees.
Another source, wishing anonymity, told Pajhwok Afghan News civilians had been killed in the overnight raid. Civilian casualties have increased in security operations recently.
In the Hesarak district of Nangarhar and Badpesh district of Laghman, security forces recently inflicted casualties on civilians in similar operations.
Government officials say security forces are often targetted by militants from civilian homes. Therefore, they argue, ordinary residents suffered casualties.


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Chinua Achebe A Man of the People
This is a classical parable about an established politician (Chief Nanga) who angers a young upstart (Odili, Nanga's former best pupil in class) by bedding what Nanga thinks is one of Odili's many girlfriends (but in fact turned out to be his only serious gf).
The aggrieved young man vows revenge, setting out to steal Chief Nanga's proposed second wife, Edna, and establishing a new opposition party.
The point Chinua Achebe wishes to make in this novel is that post-Independence nationalist politics reflects big men rule, whereby upstarts use the political path as another means to settle personal grievances.
The novel is obviously set in Nigeria, and succinctly highlights all sorts of mechanisms that keep the powerful in power. At some stage however, once the elections have been won by the ruling party, Odili's party has been crushed, its leader killed, Odili himself crippled in hospital, the genie is out of the bottle. The organised violent gangs instituted by the ruling party to win the elections, take the law in their own hands, going on a looting spree.
This then destabilizes the country to such an extent that the silent, cynical masses spring to life, and the Army commits a coup d'Etat to restore order by jailing the ruling chiefs.
Chinua's novel was seen as a master piece at the time, since it predated the coupe in Nigeria by 6 months.
As Minister for Culture, former school teacher M. A. Nanga is a man of the people, as cynical as he is charming, and a roguish opportunist.
When Odili, an idealistic young teacher, visits his former instructor at the ministry, the division between them is vast.
But in the eat-and-let-eat atmosphere, Odili's idealism soon collides with his lusts—and the two men's personal and political tauntings threaten to send their country into chaos.
When Odili launches a vicious campaign against his former mentor for the same seat in an election, their mutual animosity drives the country to revolution.
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George Kerr is only the second British person ever to receive a judo 10th Dan. He reach the highest level as a coach, player, referee and administrator. Won four European medals but was more successful as coach of Peter Seisenbacher. President of the BJA.


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Topsham takes step toward regulating medical marijuana
TOPSHAM –As Topsham grapples with governing medical marijuana facilities in town, a group of advisors has finally established an initial regulatory framework.
The group, assembled by the town, working with town officials, presented its initial draft of rules at a workshop
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Another Kentucky Republican Introduces Medical Marijuana Legislation
A new state Senate bill introduced Tuesday would legalize medical marijuana in the state. The bill would create a new system to license medical marijuana growers, dispensaries, health practitioners and create a governmental body to oversee the system.
The Senate bill
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European Parliament Passes Cannabis Resolution, Joins WHO In Supporting Medical Marijuana
Strasbourg / France – May 27, 2012: European Parliament BuildingGetty
Following reports about the World Health Organization (WHO) recommending a rescheduling of cannabis and several of its key components under international drug treaties, the European Parliament
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Kamala Harris' marijuana record: How the California Democrat's views on pot have evolved
Kamala Harris says she listened to Snoop Dogg and Tupac in college, yet
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The Super Bowl Stiff-Arms Medical Marijuana
It's not an exaggeration to say that the Super Bowl is a big deal in some people's lives. Nearly 100 million watched this year's event, making it the most-watched program of the year, with people tuning in at home and
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Minnesota medical marijuana program nearly doubled in 2018
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Refuting Da'esh properly: a critical review of the "Open Letter to Baghdadi"
Fajri Matahati Muhammadin1
Journal of International Humanitarian Action volume 1, Article number: 11 (2016) Cite this article
The emergence of the "Islamic State" or Da'esh in the Syrian war brought a whole new dimension to the war on terror. To counter the "Islamic State" ideology, Islamic scholars from all around the world issued a document titled "Open Letter to Baghdadi" containing refutations towards the "Islamic State". There are a number of issues that this document may have clarified, such as the refutation towards the "Islamic State" claim of "global caliphate". However, there are quite a number of problematic points which may be counterproductive to the purpose of this letter in the first place. It is the objective of this article to identify some of these problems which may include a lack of representation of prominent Islamic schools of thought, incorrect application of Islamic law, or lack of observation on actions conducted by the "Islamic State".
The Syrian and Iraqi war is probably the largest ongoing humanitarian crisis currently ongoing. In Syria alone, it has been estimated that around 211,000 people have been killed and over 7.6 million people have been displaced since March 2011 until March 2015 (Syrian Network for Human Rights or SNHR, cited in World Bulletin, 2015).
The group "Islamic State" (referred to as Da'esh), formerly the "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria" or ISIS, seemed to become the actor which has most attention from the world. Different reports reveal different numbers, but they all show that the civilian deaths caused by the Syrian Government is overwhelmingly larger compared to those caused by Da'esh (the SNHR, for example, reports that Da'esh killed a little over a thousand civilians, while the Syrian Government killed 176,678). However, it seems that the world is more united against Da'esh.
Although initially being a branch of Al Qaeda, Da'esh has defected and replaced Al Qaeda as the number one enemy in the global war on terror, Da'esh had so many things that Al Qaeda did not have. This includes an army capable of fighting an open warFootnote 1 and social media savvy. They also have control over vast amounts of territory spreading from parts of Iraq and Syria and manage it in a way that really closely resembles statehood (At-Tamimi 2015a). Their cruelty seems unparalleled, which includes but not limited to crucifixion and burning captives alive.
A large number of extremists have pledged their support to Da'esh such as the Al-Shabaab of Somalia–although other extremist groups such as Al Qaeda and the Taliban are in war with them—and scores of these extremists are crossing the globe to join and fight for Da'esh. There are also some areas of Da'esh control beyond Iraq and Syria, such as in Libya and Egypt (in Sinai, see CNN 2015). Da'esh operations do not only include military attacks in the Syrian and Iraqi war but also terror operations in other states such as France, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia.
While there are efforts to combat Da'esh through physical warfare, the Muslims of the world are fighting them on a different front as well. This is because the war against Da'esh–and Islamic extremism in general—needs more than just military operations but also an approach to eliminate extremist ideologies.
Although the number of Muslims joining or sympathizing with Da'esh does seem large, the fact remains that there is an overwhelmingly and exponentially larger number of Muslims against Da'esh. The Pew Research Center (2015), for example, released a research indicating that there is an overwhelming number of Muslims are against the Da'esh ideologyFootnote 2. Using the same holy sources of the Islamic belief as Da'esh does, i.e., the Qur'an and Sunnah, waves of Muslims throughout the world from various schools of thoughts and interpretation joined in an "ideology war" to protest and refute Da'esh views of Islam.
Among these efforts, 126 Islamic scholars from all around the world signed a document called "the Open Letter to Baghdadi" (hereinafter, the Open Letter), referring to the Da'esh leader Abu Bakar al-Baghdadi. This document is 17 pages long (excluding the list of signatories) and contains 24 points of refutation towards Da'esh and was signed on 19 September 2014. This article focuses on this Open Letter and sees whether or not it conveys its message well.
The message of the Open Letter
Da'esh came with an ideology which is not just extreme but seemingly having scholarly basis. One of their characteristics would be their takfiri ideology (unjustly and too easily declaring a fellow Muslim as apostate). This ideology may be the root of how Da'esh easily attacks and kills fellow Sunni Muslims including non-combatants. Is it easy to dismiss their actions as "unislamic"? Apparently, it is not that simple. Al Baghdadi called out democracy as deceptive (Al-Baghdadi 2014) and declared that its participants as apostates. In Da'esh's handbook Muqarrar fi al-Tawhid Footnote 3, they declare as apostates (punishable by death) all who participate in the process of democracy and seek judgment through civil laws. This reasoning does seem to be along the lines of the Qur'an in 5:44 explicitly saying that those who take laws beside from what Allah revealed are kaafir or disbelievers.
Apart from an ideology promoting unjust killing, the method in which they commit these killings are also exceptionally brutal. An example to this was their burning of the Jordanian pilot. This act was claimed to find basis in the Qur'an, 16:126 prescribing retaliation—Jordanian jets bombarded Da'esh positions so they burnt him in retaliation—as well as some narrations (The Washington Post 2015).
One cannot easily dismiss Da'esh's claims without a proper academic refutation towards the Da'esh ideology. Therefore, numerous scholars or committees around the world have already issued scholarly refutation against Da'esh. The Open Letter, however, seems to intend to bring it to another level.
The Open Letter presents two elements in refuting the Da'esh ideology. First, it is supposed to represent the world's Muslim community uniting as one for no other purpose than to show the world (the Muslim world, the non-Muslim world, and Da'esh also) that Da'esh's twisted ideology is alone and isolated from the Muslim world. Second, it is a scholarly refutation to show that this is not just an overwhelming number of Muslims outnumbering the minority, but that this majority has proper basis for their claim while Da'esh does not have such proper basis. This is because differences of opinion in Islamic law are not settled by majority vote, but by referring to the primary sources of the Islamic belief, i.e., the Qur'an and Sunnah to find which opinion is stronger (see the Quran in 4:59, and Al-Albani 1993: vi-xviii).
Further, seeing that scholars are invited from the entire world to suggest that the whole Islamic world is against Da'esh, this is not a mere fatwa (or legal opinion, which is not binding per se to the community) but rather seems to be an attempt to achieve a consensus or ijma. The use of this term has its own significance in Islamic law, since ijma is a recognized and very authoritative source of Islamic law after the Qur'an and Sunnah (Hallaq 1997: 75), which makes it binding to the entire Muslim community including the Da'esh. Al-Shafi'i opines that an ijma must include the entire Muslim community, while Al-Ghazali says that such an ijma is practically impossible (at that time), so only the most qualified scholars count (Khadduri, 1987: 38) which is also the view of Al-Uthaymeen for a different reason, i.e., because laymen shall not be involved in matters requiring much scholarly knowledgeFootnote 4 (Al-Uthaymeen 2008: 100). This is why the Open Letter involves a very large number of esteemed Islamic scholars from various countries.
The Open Letter, in their 24 points of refutation, tried to capture the main points of where IS ideology is misguided and has resulted in catastrophe.
The first five points relate to general methodology, such as what are the requirements to issue a fatwa (ruling), the requirement of mastery of the Arabic language, oversimplification, differences of opinion, and taking account of contemporary times in deriving legal rulings. The Open Letter essentially points out that the way Da'esh derives their rulings fail to satisfy these requirements.
From point 6 onwards, the Open Letter refutes IS in selected topics of Islamic law. The points range from "Killing Innocents" (point 6) and "Killing Emissaries" (point 7) to "Emigration" (point 24). The Open Letter then mentions how Da'esh has violated Islamic laws relating to those points.
To end the message, the Open Letter sort of "teases" Da'esh by citing a narration attributed to Ali bin Abi Thalib (one of the major companions of Prophet Muhammad and the fourth Caliph of Islam) essentially mentioning a prophecy about the future where there will be "feeble insignificant folk" which, according to the Open Letter, fits Da'esh.
Finally, there is a list of the 126 scholars (and affiliation) who signed the document. There are scholars from all parts of the world, including but not limited to:
Africa: HE Sultan Muhammad of Nigeria, Dr. Sameer Budinar of Morocco
South Asia: Prof. Din Syamsuddin (Indonesia), Prof. Osman Bakr (Malaysia)
Middle East: Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad (Jordan), Seyyed Abdullah Fadaaq (Saudi Arabia)
Europe: Wahid al-Fasi al-Fahri (Italy), Abdul-Majeed Khayroun (Netherlands)
America: Hamza Yousuf (USA)
Problematic parts
This section will elaborate the problematic parts of the Open Letter. It will start by elaborating the lack of representation in the Open Letter in contrast to what may seem to be its intention (i.e., to have the Muslim world united against Da'esh). Then, it will continue discussing the weaknesses of the arguments set by the Open Letter by explaining point by point.
The most obvious problem in the list of scholars is that it suspiciously lacks scholars from the Salafi creed. The only one that seems to be affiliated to the Salafi creed is Ali Hasan Al-Halabi from Jordan (No. 49 in the list of scholars, mentioned in short as Ali Al-Halabi). Even within the salafis, Al-Halabi is seen negatively as not representing the Salafi view. For example, the Saudi Arabia Committee of Fatwa, which is among the central authorities in the salafi scholarship, declares that Al-Halabi in his books calls to the irja sect (Al-Lajnah, nd [a]: Ftw No. 21517) which is a deviant sect according to the salafis, labeled as bid'ah or "innovation" (Al-Lajnah, nd [b]: Ftw No. 21436). It is also understood that going against bid'ah is essential in the salafi creed (Qadhi 2013: 2).
There is only one scholar from Saudi Arabia—very well known to be the center of mainstream salafism (Qadhi 2013: 6)—which is Seyyed Abdullah Fadaaq (No. 42 in the list of scholars in the Open Letter). The one scholar from Saudi Arabia just had to be a follower of Sufism, which salafis have declared as a deviant sect (Al-Lajnah, nd [c]: Ftw No. 9848).
Not only that the salafi creed is one of the big modern creeds which is managing the holy lands of Mekkah and Madinah, the jihadi groups such as Al Qaeda and Da'esh also claim to be salafis. Yasir Qadhi mentions Takfiri Salafis and Radical Jihadi Salafis—Al Qaeda and Da'esh are typically listed among those labels—to be among the sub-creeds of salafism (Qadhi 2013: 8-9).
It is therefore very essential to involve them in this Open Letter for representation of the entire Muslim community, while also approaching the Islamic creed whose followers may be the closest and most prone to joining extremists like Da'esh. This is why, for example, Al-Halabi is involved in Indonesia's efforts to combat radicalism through its Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme (National Body for Terrorism Anticipation, see CNN Indonesia 2015). With such necessity, it is still a wonder why the salafis are very lacking in the Open Letter (although, separately, the salafi major scholars and even the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia has issued fatwas against Da'esh).
The Question of Slavery
The case of slavery is an intriguing one. The start of the Islamic civilization did not abolish slavery. There are clear instructions from the Sunnah on humane treatment of slaves, which includes feeding and clothing them at the same level as the master, and the prohibition to overburden a slave, and that the master shall help the slave in heavy works (Al-Bukhari 1979a: No. 30 and Muslim 1972c: No. 4092-4096). It is also prohibited to hit them without serious fault (Muslim 1972c: No. 4078-4089) and to force them into prostitution (Quran, 24:33)
Further, it was highly encouraged to set them free in various verses of the Qur'an and Sunnah (such as the Quran, 90:11–13). When the slave wishes to be set free, all that the slave has to do is ask for it and even then he/she is entitled to some wealth from the master upon release (Quran, 24:33). While there are still some elements of slavery in Islam that is against modern human rights, but certainly this cannot be said in the same breath and level with the other common practices of slavery.
The majority opinion in medieval scholarship says that when a Muslim army conquers an army from the "People of the Book"Footnote 5, it is up to the Muslim leader to decide the fate of the war captives: executionFootnote 6, releaseFootnote 7, or enslavement, based on what the leader considers to be in the best interest of the Muslims (Ibn Rushd 2000: 456). This does seem to be the only way that a person can be enslaved; therefore, Islamic law according to the medieval scholars eliminates other but not all means to enslave people.
The problem in point 12 of the Open Letter with regard to slavery is not on the substance, as it have legitimate grounds for its argument. The problem is the phrases saying that "No scholar of Islam disputes that one of Islam's aims is to abolish slavery…" and "…Muslim consensus on the prohibition of slavery…". How can the Open Letter depart from the opinion of the medieval scholars, while the latter does indeed have legitimate basis to their opinion?
To answer this, they seem to use the word "consensus" or ijma. However, is it true that there was an ijma on the prohibition of slavery?
The Open Letter seems to refer to the world movement in abolishing slavery, and the Slavery Conventions may indeed be among the landmark events. It is true that a majority of Muslim nations are parties to the Slavery Conventions in 1926 and 1956. The problem is that the slavery abolition voice from the Muslim world was not necessarily through the consensus of scholars, but rather the leader of nations as parties to the Slavery Conventions instead of scholars. This is not to mention that much of the Islamic world at the time were colonialized (e.g., Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Indonesia, etc.) and the Ottoman Empire has just collapsed.
The scholars, on the other hand, are not really unanimous. The Saudi Arabia Committee of Fatwa issued a fatwa reaffirming the position of the medieval majority (Al-Lajnah, nd: Ftw. 1977). They also issued another fatwa that emphasized that all Imams (great scholars) agree that this law is still applicable today (Al-Lajnah, nd [d]: Ftw. 515). This is apart from Saudi Arabia being party to the Slavery ConventionsFootnote 8. Even Az-Zuhayli, one of the most prominent contemporary Shafi'i scholar—despite the Al-Azhar fatwa (Dar Al-Ifta, [nd])—reaffirms this position (Az-Zuhayli 2011: 84-86) while also emphasizing the need to gradually eliminate slavery (Az-Zuhayli 1998: 5916).
It is very acceptable for the Open Letter to take the position of the scholars who are in favor of eliminating slavery, since the arguments in favor of this position does find legitimate basis. However, to claim that there is a universal consensus is simply far beyond truth. Claiming "majority" is probably the best, rather than claiming a universal consensus while oppositions do exist.
"Killing Innocents" and Takfir
The Open Letter mentions the prohibition to kill innocent people in point 6, mentioning how Da'esh has killed non-combatants simply because they disagree with Da'esh. It is well understood that this point has legitimate basis in Islamic law, and certainly this is a good message to those who are not well informed on what Islam says about killing persons who are either non-combatants or have special status (emissaries). The problem is that the way these points were carried out are not convincing or are even—to some extent—naïve.
Point 6 on the prohibition to kill innocents is probably to some extent related to point 8d on the rules of the conduct of jihad. Since this is a situation of armed conflict, there are different rules that apply where some persons are legitimate targets during war, but it is clear that persons not taking any participation in the hostilities are not legitimate targets (see, for example, in Malik 1992: 21/10, and Az-Zuhayli 2011: 34-35). The problem is that Da'esh thinks that these non-combatants deserve to be killed for another reason.
Some of the persons (combatants and non-combatants alike) were killed due to Da'esh declaring them as apostates. Now this issue becomes very linked to point 6 of the Open Letter regarding the question of takfir (declaring a person as a non-Muslim). The Open Letter did make a sufficient explanation on the Islamic laws regarding takfir in general, but did not seem to refer to Da'esh ideology of takfir in particular or connect it with the issue of "killing innocents".
An example to Da'esh ideology on takfir was mentioned in Part II, i.e., how they declare participants of democracy and civil laws as apostates. While it is true that the Qur'an in 5:44 says that persons not following the laws of Allah are disbelievers, this verse cannot be seen in isolation and absent context. The Open Letter points out that "not using Allah's laws" do not always fall under disbelief (kufr), rather it may also fall under fusuq (evildoers) or wickedness (dhulm) as per the Qur'an in 5: 45 and 47.
However, not only that this was explained in a separate part of the Open Letter (i.e., point 21 on Rebelling against Leader), this argument is insufficiently comprehensive in capturing Da'esh's ideology.
First, The Open Letter has not refuted the Da'esh's blanket judgment that democracy is against Islam is a form of apostasy. There is a rich body of scholarship on this matter, and numerous fatwas around the world supporting this that could be cited (see Samuddin 2013: 387-414 for a long list of fatwas on the permissibility of democracy). Second, the Open Letter did not take into account that Da'esh has made a distinction between "not using the laws of Allah" resulting in takfir and merely a "lesser disbelief" not resulting in takfir (Muqarrar fi al-Tawhid, nd: 35-37)Footnote 9. These points have to be addressed and refuted or else the Open Letter's argument is refuted before delivered.
Another interesting example of Da'esh ideology of takfir is that takfir is not performed on those who differ, criticize, or fight the IS (Dawlah Al-Islamiyah, nd: 4). The Open Letter in point 6 has noted that innocents have been killed for exactly this reason, but did not link it to takfir while Da'esh cases of civilian murders are highly related to it. It is paramount to assess these Da'esh claims of their takfir ideology. It would certainly be more powerful to point out how Da'esh fails to live up to their own claim.
Pointing out these instances of reckless takfir resulting in the "killing of innocents", as mentioned previously, would bring more substance and factual contexts to the arguments of the Open Letter. On the other hand, the point on takfir does seem to explore much of theory but not any particular action of Da'esh making reckless takfir except one. The one case mentioned was that of a Da'esh fighter killing persons claiming to be Muslims but failing to answer basic Islamic questions. While this is also a case of reckless takfir, it may easily be seen rather as a case of weeding out impostors. Pointing out systematic evidences of IS committing takfir defeating their own principles would send a much stronger message.
Points on Jihad
Jihad seems to be a large part of what Da'esh is calling to. They call all Muslims to join the fight against the disbelievers (Al-Baghdadi 2014). The Open Letter attempts to refute Da'esh ideology on jihad on a number of levels, which are mostly in point 8. Included among them would be rules on intentions, reasons, and goals of jihad, persons protected during warfare, treatment of war captives, and also the protection of emissaries (albeit in a separate point, i.e., point 7).
Half of the problem of this section lies, again, on which part of jihad rules Da'esh did not follow. The Open Letter mentions in point 8a with regard to "intention behind jihad" essentially that jihad has to be for Allah only. However, it does not mention what evidences show that Da'esh does jihad for any other intention. What is more is that if the Open Letter even attempts to infer such intentions, they will risk contradicting their own argument in point 9c mentioning that one may not recklessly interpret another's intention.
With regard to rules on the reason of jihad, the Open Letter essentially mentions in 8b that jihad should be done only to fight transgression or oppression and that there is no such thing as offensive jihad. The first problem to this is that Da'esh easily mentions how their acts are responses to oppression by tyrant governments, such as what they have claimed in Iraq in 2013 while still using the name ISIS (At-Tamimi 2013). Al Baghdadi has also elaborated on how the world seems to be attacking Muslims on all fronts to justify his call to fight (Al-Baghdadi 2014). Certainly, the Open Letter should have realized and responded to this fact.
But then, Da'esh cannot deny either that the war they are fighting is also expansive. After all, their slogan "baqiyah wa tatamaddad" does mean "lasting and expanding". The Open Letter does mention that not all scholars (albeit majority) say that there is no offensive jihad. Medieval scholars have agreed that jihad is fardh al-kifayah Footnote 10 (ibn Rushd 2000: 454 and 464), and even modern scholars such as az-Zuhayli mentioned the same, further explaining that jihad is fardh al-kifayah when the non-Muslims are in their own land—which may imply offensive jihad (Az-Zuhayli 2011: 29).
However, despite the difference of opinions, all of those speak of jihad against the kuffar or disbelievers. It is well known that Da'esh has on so many occasions attacked fellow Sunni fighters from either the Free Syrian Army, Kurdish groups, or other jihadi groups. IS easily justifies this by making takfir on these fellow Muslims, so technically they are not attacking Muslims—in their own perspective. This is more evidence not only on how dangerous the Da'esh ideology of takfir is, but also on how few facts on the field that the Open Letter manages to incorporate to strengthen their critic towards Da'esh.
Point 8d mentions about the rules of conduct of jihad, and the author wishes to mention particularly the argument regarding the treatment towards war captives where Da'esh has executed numerous captives. The Open Letter is indeed correct when pointing out that Prophet Muhammad did not kill captives during battle except in special circumstances (i.e., towards persons committing special crimes and not for mere belligerency), also that it is encouraged to treat the war captives well and provide amnesty. However, what to make out of this as precedent? Does it mean that there is a blanket prohibition to execute war captives for mere belligerency? This is indeed the position of the modern scholar Al-Qardhawi (2010: 708-710) and of some medieval scholars (Ibn Rushd 2000: 456).
However, this position even in the medieval scholarship seems to be a minority. The majority said, as mentioned much earlier, that it is within the discretion of the Muslim leader to determine the fate of the war captives which includes execution, if the leader believes that it will serve the best interest of the Muslims (Ibn Rushd 2000: 456). Modern scholars say the same, such as the Saudi Arabia Committee of Fatwa (Al-Lajnah, nd: Ftw. No. 515 and 1977) and Az-Zuhayli (2011: 87-88 and 1998: 5913-5914). Most Islamic nations have become party to international humanitarian law treaties which prohibit summary executions of war captives, and—unlike the ijma which requires scholars—this decision lies on the leaders. Yet this also means that it is in the discretion of the leader of Da'esh to execute these prisoners. Does it make sense to easily take the opinion of the minority scholars and ignore the majority, when many argue that "Da'esh does not represent the majority of Muslims"? This may show that Da'esh follows the majority and anti-Da'esh scholars follow the minority, possibly implying that Da'esh is more authoritative.
It may be best to address the majority opinion honestly and reconcile it with the minority. For example, following the line of the majority, how does one decide that executing war captives is in the best interest of the Muslims? By following the precedent of Prophet Muhammad, who sees that there is interest to execute war captives only when they have committed special crimes apart from mere participation in belligerency—conforming also to the minority opinion.
Further, it would be important to point out that Da'esh has violated even the opinion that they claim to follow. The Human Rights Council (2016: 14-15) reported that there has been numerous summary executions in detainment facilities, clearly without any instruction from the leader of Da'esh but acts of individuals. As mentioned above, the scholars of the past and present rule that captives may be executed by the discretion of the leader and not individual soldiers. Therefore, it may seem that Da'esh's conduct is following no legitimate scholar.
Last in this category would be point 7 on the prohibition of killing emissaries. It is true that Islam prohibits killing an emissary, even one that belongs to the adverse party (Hamidullah 2011: 151, see also Abu Dawud 2008: No. 2755). The problem is that the context of the aforementioned rules refers to diplomatic representatives or envoys. Interpreting the word "emissary" let alone the law relating to it to include journalists may be a very far stretch. If one were to play with loose definitions, Da'esh can easily respond by saying that even honest reports of Da'esh activity helps encouraging the west to attack further therefore participating in the hostilities—practically making the journalists a legitimate target (see Az-Zuhayli 1998: 5855).
The Open Letter also mentioned that aid workers such as David Haines are supposed to fall under the category of emissaries as well. Can aid workers from NGOs can count as "emissaries" which deserve special immunity alike diplomatic representatives? This will require some extra explanation, which certainly deserves to be mentioned. Instead, the Open Letter once again resorted to very loose definitions of aid workers as "… emissaries of mercy and kindness…".
However, rather than insisting on putting unconventional occupations under the category of "emissary", it would be much more simple to generally classify them under the "non-combatant" classification pursuant to point 6 on "innocent people" or point 8d on "rules governing jihad" specifically on persons that should not be targeted during war.
The Question of Emigration
The final point of the Open Letter, i.e., point 24, seeks to refute the Da'esh call for emigration or hijrah of Muslims from wherever they are to the land Da'esh controls. Al Baghdadi himself has made this call and pointed out that it is compulsory to emigrate to Da'esh (Al-Baghdadi 2014). Note that a large number of extremists from all over the world have answered this call and entered Iraq and Syria to join Da'esh, although there is a decrease in numbers of those joining them now (Foreign Affairs 2016).
In its refutation, the Open Letter uses a narration from Prophet Muhammad saying "There is no emigration after the Conquest [of Mecca], but jihad and [its] intention [remain]. And when you are called to war, march forward.". From what it seems, this narration is understood by the Open Letter to mean that Da'esh call to emigration will be against Prophet Muhammad's call to no longer emigrate.
The problem with this is that there is another narration of Prophet Muhammad saying "Migration will not end until repentance ends, and repentance will not end until the sun rises in the west." (Abu Dawud 2008: No. 2473). In the Islamic belief, the reference of "…the sun rises in the west…" is one of the signs of the end of days (Al-Bukhari 1979b: 68). How do we understand these seemingly two contradictory narrations?
Al-Shafi'i mentions that there are no contradictive narrations. Narrations that seem contradictive would have different context of application, such as one narration referring to a general situation while the other being exceptions on specific circumstances (Khadduri 1987: 180-181). Although there are instances where certain narrations would abrogate the other, Al-Shafi'i also explains that would usually be clear evidences in that narration indicating such abrogation. This should be seen together with Al-Uthaymeen's position, where he mentioned that one would resort to seeking possible abrogation only when the narrations cannot be reconciled (Al-Uthaymeen 2008: 85)
Particularly regarding these two narrations, the two narrations apply to different contexts. Al-Uthaymeen mentioned that the first narration "There is no emigration after the Conquest…" speaks only about emigration from Makkah and was not intended to be a general rule (Al-Uthaymeen 2002: 9). The second narration "Emigration will not end…" explains how the general command of emigration has not ceased. The concept of emigration in Islam is to emigrate from "lands of disbelief" to the lands of Islam (Al-Uthaymeen 2002:10). Having said that, two narrations are not contradictive after all. Makkah used to be a hostile "land of disbelief" towards the Muslims which was why Muslims emigrated to Madinah. Therefore, after the Muslims took over Makkah, it is no longer a "land of disbelief", which still satisfies the concept of emigration.
It is therefore baseless to refute Da'esh's call for emigration by saying that "the command to emigrate is no more", and scholars should know better. It may seem so much persuasive to refute Da'esh in this topic by pointing out that the majority of the world's Muslims are already living in Muslim lands. Except, of course, Da'esh declares these Muslim-majority nations as "lands of disbelief". This goes back to the point of Takfir which is a separate area of refutation.
Another point to mention is that there are also a lot of Muslims living in the "lands of disbelief" and sometimes even persecuted such as the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar. However, one can easily argue that even when these Muslims should emigrate, they should do so to a Muslim land and this Open Letter should be full of arguments as to why Da'esh does not fall under that category. Even the caliphate claims have been properly refuted in point 22.
The Athar of 'Ali
The Open Letter ends with a narration attributed to Ali bin Abi Thalib. The full text of this narration is:
When you see the black flags, remain where you are and do not move your hands or your feet. Thereafter there shall appear a feeble insignificant folk. Their hearts will be like fragments of iron. They will have the state. They will fulfill neither covenant nor agreement. They will call to the truth, but they will not be people of the truth. Their names will be parental attributions, and their aliases will be derived from towns. Their hair will be free-flowing like that of women. This situation will remain until they differ among themselves. Thereafter, God will bring forth the Truth through whomever He wills.
In that same page, the Open Letter interprets this narration so that it fits Da'esh's characteristics:
"… black flags …": Da'esh's flag is black
"… feeble and insignificant folk …" : weakness in understanding religion and morality.
"… hearts will be like fragments of iron…": i.e., massacre of captives and torture
"… they will have the state…": Da'esh claims to establish an Islamic State
"… fulfill neither covenant nor agreement…": Da'esh has betrayed some agreements
"… call to the truth but they will not be people of the truth…" : Da'esh calls to Islam but are not merciful as Prophet Muhammad instructed
"… names will be parental attributions and their aliases will be derived from towns. Their hair will be free-flowing like that of women…": this fits the description of many known Da'esh fighters.
"…until they disagree among themselves…": Da'esh fights its own "parent", i.e., the Al Nusra Front (Al Qaeda in Syria).
The "… remain where you are…" part, according to the Open Letter, is to be understood as "do not join them".
Certain parts of the Open Letter interpretation to this narration are incorrect. For example, parental attributions in names such as Abu Muhammad or Umm Rayhanah (Father of Muhammad or Mother of Rayhanah) which, in Arabic, is known as kunyah. Also, aliases derived from towns such Al-Tunis or Al-Baghdadi (The Tunisian or The Baghdadi). It is correct that lots of IS members are known with such attributes to their names. However, using kunyah names is part of Islamic teachings as an act of mustahab or "encouraged but not compulsory" (An-Nawawi 1427 H: 8/254-255). Using towns in names is something that many Muslims do including famous scholars. For example, Imam Al-Bukhari, Imam An-Nasai, Nassirudin Al-Bani Ahmad Khattib Al-Minangkabawi, Mahmoud al-Misri, Ali Al-Halabi (who is in the list of scholars of the Open Letter), and so many others. Why is the Open Letter giving negative association to these matters?
However, the worst part of this is to see this narration from the perspective of hadeeth sciences.
This narration is known as mawquf narration: a companion saying or doing something, different from marfu' narration: a companion narrating from Prophet Muhammad. Therefore, it is prima facie dubious that this narration contains a prophecy which is a matter of the unseen or ghaib, which in Islam is only known from the Qur'an or from Prophet Muhammad (marfu' narrations). Scholars have mentioned that the companions of Prophet Muhammad cannot say such matters unless they must have heard it from Prophet Muhammad himself but just not narrating them in the manner of other marfu' narrations. Therefore, mawquf narrations containing ghaib matters are ruled as marfu' narrations or known as marfu' hukman (Ath-Thahhan 1415 H: 98-100). But can we accept this?
Any person who is learned in Islam should know that there are heavy restrictions on whether or not we can accept narrations like this and take it into account. As a general rule, all statements or actions attributed to Prophet Muhammad contained in these kinds of narrations must undergo a careful study on its chain of narrators to be graded based on its authenticity. If the narration is proven to be authentic, only then it can be taken into consideration (Al-Uthaymeen 2008: 98).
The narration cited in the Open Letter was taken from Kitab Al Fitan by Nu'aym bin Hammad, one of the teachers of the most famous hadeeth compiler Imam Al-Bukhari. However, the scholars of hadeeth have a negative opinion on Nu'aym bin Hammad himself. He is known as a weak transmitter of hadeeth and some even allege him as a fabricator, and his book Kitab al-Fitan in specifically mentioned to contain fabricated and dubious narrations and therefore must not be used as basis for anything (see for example: Adz-Dzahabi 2006: 10/609). Does this mean absolute rejection?
Sometimes, narrations with weak proof of authenticity can be accepted with very strict requirements. Anshari Taslim (2015: 8-9) mentions that these requirements must include:
That the weakness of authenticity must not be fatal,
That the narration only speaks of virtuous acts or fadhilah amal, nothing about law or belief (aqeeda),
That, in using the narration, it shall not be said with certainty that Prophet Muhammad did or said it, for example it should be said "there is a narration that say that Prophet Muhammad said.." as opposed to "Prophet Muhammad said.."
It is clear that only one of the criteria is satisfied, i.e., the third. Certainly, this criteria should be seen differently, since it refers to a rule that specifically prohibits lying in the name of Prophet Muhammad (Muslim 1972a: No.1-4), and this narration is not directly attributed, although of course lying in general is also prohibited (Muslim 1972b: No. 2607c). However, similarly, since this particular narration is ruled as marfu' hukman then it is likely that similar care should be given. The Open Letter only mentions that Nu'aym bin Hammad narrates such a statement from Ali bin Abi Thalib.
However, the other criteria are not satisfied. In terms of quality of authenticity, fabrication is considered as a fatal weakness to authenticity (Taslim 2015: 8). In terms of scope of material, the content of this narration does not fall under the exception of fadhilah amal but rather the ghaib—which is part of aqeeda. Therefore, this narration should not be accepted.
With such fatal weakness, why was this narration brought up in the first place? The Author still wonders. It is so ironic since "using weak narrations" was also used by the Al-Azhar Committee of Fatwa in refuting Da'esh in another case, i.e., the burning of the Jordanian Pilot (Dar al Ifta, nd[b]). Bear in mind also that the list of scholars signing Open Letter includes ten members of the Al-Azhar Committee of Fatwa.
There are better and more authentic narrations to point at Da'esh, such as the following:
Narrated Yusair bin `Amr: I asked Sahl bin Hunaif, "Did you hear the Prophet saying anything about Al-Khawarij?" He said, "I heard him saying while pointing his hand towards Iraq." There will appear in it (i.e., Iraq) some people who will recite the Qur'an but it will not go beyond their throats, and they will go out from (leave) Islam as an arrow darts through the game's body. (Al-Bukhari 1979b: No. 68)
The Al-Khawarij is labeled as a deviant sect originally appearing not long after Prophet Muhammad died and was responsible of the murder of Ali bin Abi Thalib as the fourth Caliph. They easily make takfir on Muslims who commit sins and would encourage rebellion against rulers (As-Shalabi 1429 H: 13-14).
Numerous scholars and even Fatwa Committees have declared Da'esh as Al-Khawarij, such as the Saudi Arabian senior scholar Abdul Muhsin Al-Abbad (1435 H) and the Islamic Supreme Council of Canada (2015). Even Al Qaeda sympethizers such as Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia declares the same (Republika 2014).
This narration is also a prophecy, where Prophet Muhammad hints that the Al-Khawarij will come from Iraq. Although the original Al-Khawarij movement in the seventh century AD actually did start in Iraq, yet this prophecy may have predicted a similar movement coming from Iraq. Before Da'esh and before ISIS, they were the Islamic State of Iraq under Abu Umar Al-Baghdadi established in 2007, before that they were Al Qaeda in Iraq, and before that they were Jamaat Al Tawhid wa al Jihad also in Iraq (At-Tamimi 2015a: 117). Would this not be a better insult towards Da'esh?
This article is not in any way suggesting that the Muslim world shall not rally against extremism, and certainly not suggesting either that Da'esh cannot be refuted. There is indeed a large case against Da'esh, and the "ideology war" continues. Numerous scholars or fatwa committees have individually analyzed and refuted Da'esh. Scholars are working together with governments and communities to combat Islamic extremism so that Da'esh will find themselves with lesser supporters and eventually die out. For example, as mentioned previously, Indonesian Da'esh supporters have repented after approached by Islamic scholars.
The numbers of people joining Da'esh are on the decline (Foreign Affairs 2016) while defection from it is on the rise (Inquisitr 2015). There are yet to be any studies directly linking the Open Letter to these phenomena, although clearly it is not among the top motivations of the latter. It is hoped, however, that the Open Letter can contribute into the already existing general movement against Da'esh and extremism. Further, it may serve as a declaration to the world that Muslims all over the world is against Da'esh and their ideology and therefore one shall not easily attribute the acts of Da'esh to the Islamic faith.
The author merely regrets the irony of the Open Letter. It could have been a monumental masterpiece of the most brilliant minds of the Muslims of the world brought together in one letter, paving a smoother path to destroying Da'esh and their extreme ideology. If that was indeed the intention, certainly it should (a) not leave out important actors relevant to the subject matter, and (b) present accurate and honest analysis regarding the issue dealt with. With such grand range or participation and high profile signatories, is it not an embarrassment if the Open Letter fails to fulfill those two points?
While Al Ghazali mentioned that an ijma was difficult due to practical difficulties of the past world (Khadduri 1987: 38), globalization and the luxuries of modern day technology makes a proper ijma so much more feasible. Why harm this by deliberately ignoring important actors—in this case the Salafi scholars? It is understood that the reason Al-Ghazali and Al-Uthaymeen argued that an ijma should involve only the qualified scholars and exclude the laymen is due to the need of quality analysis of Islamic law. Why harm this with mistakes that the most qualified scholars should have been able to avoid?
It is the author's hope that a new letter could be authored. This new letter shall learn from its predecessor and not make the same mistakes.
At the height of Al Qaeda's fame as the no. 1 enemy, they did not have an army. However, in recent developments, Al Qaeda branches Jabhat al-Nusra (Syria) and Al Qaeda of the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) ended up forming armies to defeat the Syrian government (or the Houthi rebels, in case of the AQAP). Yet during this period, they are not known to commit acts of terror like Da'esh.
This report makes no summary of worldwide Muslims against Da'esh but mentions individual States. For example, almost 100 % of Lebanon is against Da'esh (compared to less than 1 % saying "don't know"), 84 % of the Palestinian territories (6 % in favor), 79 % of Indonesia (6 % in favor), and 94 % of Jordan (3 % in favor).
This is a Da'esh issued document authored by Turki Binali at p. 37 and has been documented and translated by At-Tamimi (2015b)
To deduce laws and present fatwas, it is required that the scholar should have knowledge on the legal basis of the Qur'an and Hadeeth (and knowledge of its authenticity or lack thereof) and able to derive rulings from them, has knowledge of nasikh-mansukh (abrogation), principles of ushul al fiqh such as taksheesh (specific rules overriding general ones), and mastery of the Arabic language (Al-Uthaymeen 2008: 128-129)
i.e., Christians or Jews
Only for military-aged men
Can be in exchange for ransom or unconditional
And probably this is why Saudi scholars were not involved in the Open Letter
See also Fatwa Committee of Da'esh in Raqqa, Jihad and its Rulings, Fatwa No. 20 regarding those fighting alongside the Free Syrian Army, documented and translated by At-Tamimi (2015c)
Communal obligation, meaning that some Muslims—but not all—must do it. Or else, the entire Muslim community will bear the sin.
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Inquisitr (2015) ISIS defections mount—expert fear desperate ISIS losers may launch new terror attack., Inquisitr Official Website, http://www.inquisitr.com/2601573/isis-defections-mount-experts-fear-desperate-isis-losers-may-launch-new-terror-attack/. Accessed 17 Feb 2016
Islamic Supreme Council of Canada (2015) Historic Islamic edict (fatwa) on joining ISIS/ISIL. Le Devoir http://www.ledevoir.com/documents/pdf/fatwa.pdf. Accessed 22 Dec 2015
Khadduri M (ed) (1987) Al-Shafiis Risala: treatise on the foundations of Islamic jurisprudence. The Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge
Malik I (1992) Al Muwatta Malik. Madinah Press, Granada
Muslim I (1972a) Sahih Muslim, vol 1. Ashraf Press, Lahore
Muslim I (1972b) Sahih Muslim, vol 2. Ashraf Press, Lahore
Muslim I (1972c) Sahih Muslim, vol 3. Ashraf Press, Lahore
Pew Research Center (2015), In nations with significant Muslim populations, much disdain for ISIS. Pew Research Center Official Website www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/11/17/in-nations-with-significant-muslim-populations-much-disdain-for-isis/. Accessed 24 Dec 2015
Qadhi Y (2013) On Salafi Islam. http://cdn.muslimmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/On-Salafi-Islam_Dr.-Yasir-Qadhi.pdf. Accessed 20 Dec 2015
Republika (2014) Majelis Mujahidin Tegaskan ISIS Sesat dan Menyesatkan, Republika http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/politik/14/08/14/naa9gv-majelis-mujahidin-tegaskan-isis-sesat-dan-menyesatkan. Accessed 22 Dec 2015
Samuddin R (2013) Fiqih Demokrasi. Gozian Press, Jakarta
Taslim A (2015) Thariqus Shalihin. Toga Pustaka, Bekasi
The Washington Post (2015) Islamic State says immolation was justified: experts on Islam say no., https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/02/04/the-chilling-reason-the-islamic-state-burned-a-jordanian-pilot-alive/. Accessed 17 Feb 2016
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The author wishes to thank all those who have lent their support in the writing of this paper, most especially Ustadz Muhammad Al-Ghozali and Ustadz Muhammad Jasir Nashrullah for the enlightening discussions and resources on certain matters essential to this paper.
Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Sosio-Yustisia No.1, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
Fajri Matahati Muhammadin
Correspondence to Fajri Matahati Muhammadin.
Muhammadin, F.M. Refuting Da'esh properly: a critical review of the "Open Letter to Baghdadi". Int J Humanitarian Action 1, 11 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-016-0012-x
The "Islamic State"


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text:
Ethics Paper
Should we Expect Politicians to be Completely Truthful?
Tuesday, 19 May 2020 / Published in Ethics Paper
It is not strange to affirm that nearly all politicians succeed through deception. What is astonishing is that they continue to tell a given lie time after time and keep thriving (Lee, 2010). What is the reason behind the public not evaluating the words and actions of politicians to reveal their dishonesty? It is hard to find a campaign time that politicians are not making promises of developing the economy through reduction of such things as wastage and fraud or helping the less privileged through budgetary increment and creation of favorable programs. Moreover, in most instances politicians promise to ensure energy sufficiency, block the course of unlawful immigration through managing the boundaries, and decrease gun violence through the adoption of strong control actions and other comparable notions. Politicians are definitely not stupid individuals. One thing that they understand clearly is hunting for votes through lying to the public (Lupia, 2015). Therefore, if politicians continually repeat assertions that are deceptive, it has to be because they benefit from such actions. People should not anticipate politicians to be wholly truthful.
Politics is All about Lies
The basis as to why politicians deceive is that the public does not want to hear the reality (Grillo, 2016). The public wants to listen to what they desire to hear. In a case where two candidates are contesting for one public seat, and one of them shares the truth and the other deceives the public, the one who narrates to the public what they want to listen obtains their votes. Therefore, for one to win a public seat, he/she must adhere to what the public wants to hear. This can be dated back to 1988 during presidential elections in the US where Bush told the public, "Read my lips, no new taxes." It is likely that Bush could defend himself with the affirmation that the public misunderstood him as he was stating, "know new taxes."
Bush had to deceive because his counterpart aspirant, Dukakas, had said that for an inverse in the Reagan deficit, an increment in tax had to be put in place. This is not what the public desired to hear, the citizens wanted to be cheated, and thus Bush ended up winning the election. Had it that Bush narrated the fact; he would have lost the election to somebody who would have defrauded the public. In that electoral year, the public did not want to hear the Reagan debt was genuine and had to be compensated. In 1992, which was the next electoral year, the condition had changed (Roemer, 2011). The deficit was rising exponentially while Bush had no plan. "Read my lips" was not able to work again. In that year the electorates were prepared for the truth concerning the deficit and needed someone with a platform on how to fix it.
Clinton narrated the truth, and his plan had an advantage. Clinton contested on the subject of fixing the thriftiness and taking monetary liability. Were it that Clinton contested in 1988 and narrated the fact, he would have lost and thus by 1992 the truth worked. As from 1992 the American citizens always desired to hear the facts. Clinton had rotated the arrears around while the public was compensated for having faced the rigid facts of dealing with thriftiness. If Clinton did not keep his pledge, he would not have had an opportunity in 1996 as the Public trusted him after meeting his promises. In 1996 elections, people did not want to listen to deceptions concerning the economy. Nevertheless, citizens look forward to listening to the affairs that please them, and thus politicians who come along cheating people by telling them what they want to hear end up winning their votes, while the economy remains stagnant and reforms are not witnessed (Dermody, Hanmer-Lloyd, & Scullion, 2010).
The deceptions that public acknowledge from politicians right now are frauds that are seen as suitable since that is what citizens want to hear. Possibly, nationals consider cheating as necessary. The ultimate reason as to why people allow politicians to cheat them is that voters mind about their well being. In a situation where people lie above white lies, a lot of time is spent in making efforts to defend what they are expressing (Fielding, Head, Laffan, Western, & Hoegh-Guldberg, 2012). It looks like politicians were trained to lie to the public since they do not want people who do tell them the fact. Citizens tend to be dishonest to themselves; this comes because of a corrupt vote; this is whereby politicians bribe voters for them to be elected. Thus citizens' greed for material and wealth will end up tolerating dishonesty in politics. This ends up leaving out politicians with facts and who can bring positive impacts to the nation. This occurs when people desire to earn something and thus people will deceive just a little as long as it appears to be legit (Dobson, 2012). Politicians cheat with no guilt; however, in small and developing democratic states, there is a high concentration of impunity, a high need to win at all cost is required while taking advantage of the docility of the voters.
Most politicians are proud; they see themselves as greatly important and special (Jottier, Ashworth, & Heyndels, 2012). They require high regard and are unfair thus at any cost they cannot be truthful. Most politicians tend to think that they are at all times right, and if not so they are too influential to endure the consequences. There are circumstances that seem necessary for a politician to deceive the voters if the citizens' interest is not to be solemnly jeopardized. The fact of this case occurred when Nixon, a former US President, was almost to inflict salaries and prices controls in line with reducing spiraling inflation by 1973. On the evening towards the day of giving his emergency directive that would immobilize prices and salaries, he was inquired by a journalist if he was planning to enforce such restraints. In this case, a 'yes' answer could have roused the rage of price increase causing a major increase in inflation, which could have been contrary to his policies. If he had failed to comment, everyone could have concluded that he was hiding something, and thus he answered, 'no.'
President Nixon may be condemned for falsely assuring the people regarding sincerity in government the moment he embarked on swiftly seeking to enforce the restraints he had promised not to. It might appear as if democracy may fail to carry on with continued public trickery. Nonetheless, one has to take into consideration that deception by politicians such as President Nixon, are valid instances of the necessity to lie with the purpose of winning the electorate and emerging victorious in elections. On this note, it is apparent that Nixon was somewhat practiced in deception when necessary (Corbett & Wood, 2013). The majority of analysts have endorsed Nixon's deceptive tactics regarding pricing restriction concerns since it was obviously vital and most people can comprehend the motives behind its necessity (Van den Brink, 2012).
People should not expect politicians to tell the truth (Hatier, 2012). This is because it is evident that for politicians to uphold their supremacy, they have to do everything possible to convince people that they have the best solution to the existing problems. They may tell the voters the disappointing reality that harmonizing the budget necessitates a lengthy period and demands considerable reductions in some services or tax increment, which would make them lose votes (Weigend, 2010). On the other hand, politicians may decide to deceive the public that balancing the budget will occur swiftly when they win the elections since they will address the concerns of fraud, wastage, and abuse with no delay, which would entice many voters. Why is it that the politicians who keep telling lies to win? Before the older electorates come questioning the period it will take the politicians to meet their promises, a huge number of new voters will be receiving the lie for the first time. Therefore, politicians tell the same lie severally because they have to entice the voters for them to retain their political strength.
People Should Expect Lies from Politicians
For a long time across the globe, the impunity and lies of politicians were left inadequately challenged (O'Neill, 2013). Although journalists and some civil societies issued strong criticism against such deception and impunity, there was no considerable step taken, even by the voters. In a number of instances, the concerns of lying and sometimes fraud have received major backing, with parts of the nation standing with their kinsman. Due to escalating cases of deception from politicians, the poor people in the society has chosen to cling to fortune, minding much regarding what they will eat than the work or failure of those who hold political offices (Forsythe, 2011). The situation in some nations is so bad that some voters find the crumbs dropped by politicians as manna from heaven. The combination of such aspects offers politicians the authority to perfect their lies. If politicians were to be held liable to every promise they make or every word they utter, they would become more cautious with their actions and utterances.
Studies have found that the lies that politicians make are mainly caused by the desperation to win or remain in office (Bawn et al., 2012). On this note, it has been established that politicians explain their deception and distortions through the application of a form of gaming practice. Similar to a situation where a soccer player will fall and yell to feign a foul play, politicians embark on lies to appear the most suitable for the task; they are convinced that the end validates the approach (Galston, 2010). A wide pool of studies has shown that politicians are aware that their supporters have confidence in them, irrespective of the occurrence of indisputable proof in contrast. Politicians and their ardent supporters reside in a compartment where every person appears blindfolded. In this regard, there seems to be a resistant membrane which bars acceptance of any contrary information. On this note, the details in the deceptive messages of the politicians are often red meat for part of their supporters who are just happy to have it as long as the politician holds power or retains political dominance.
In accordance with many researchers, the majority of people expect politicians to be completely truthful, which should not be the case (Hobolt, Tilley, & Wittrock, 2013). In this regard, such individuals take it that any other contestant presenting facts is the one who is lying and should not be voted for. This is an issue usually taken advantage of by politicians to build a huge number of sycophants. It is widely known that truth hurts and everyone desires hearing sweet words and not ones that threaten their welfare, convictions, or result to their discomfort. It is absolutely better for any politician to say the things that will make the voters develop a sense of comfort. No key politician will choose to convey bad news if there is the alternative of getting away with fairy stories that will earn them more votes (Innerarity, 2013).
One of the concerns of human faults that have a tendency of promoting deception by politicians is the trusting prejudice (Forrester, 2012). The voters tend to expect politicians to be wholly truthful. The default psychological aspect of people is to believe instead of question (except for the law enforcement officers or other experts that can tell a professional liar). This makes a huge percentage of individuals in any nation an easy target for politicians. Cognitive laziness also encourages politicians' lies. When people hear affirmation by politicians, they mostly do not (and cannot choose to, especially when supporting such a politician) take part in physical or psychological endeavors to assess facts. Coupled with the trusting prejudice, people have the cognitive laziness, which makes them convinced that if the politician uttered it, then it has to be the truth. Overconfident lying also blinds the voters from distinguishing lies. In politics, the more outlandish or bold to present lies a politician is, the more probable it is for people to get convinced that he/she is trustworthy. Although politicians take a poor position on the order of trustworthiness, when political aspects and information are taken into consideration, people have a tendency of believing them. It appears crazy for people to keep believing the lies from politicians and voters should not expect them to be completely truthful (Jensen, Li, & Rahman, 2010).
It is not weird to affirm that nearly all politicians thrive through dishonesty. What is surprising is that they persist to tell a given lie time after time and keep flourishing. If politicians constantly repeat assertions that are deceiving, it has to be because they profit from such actions. People should not expect politicians to be entirely honest. They may tell the electorates the disappointing certainty that harmonizing the budget necessitates a prolonged period and demands extensive reductions in some services or tax increment, which would destroy their reputation and cause them to lose votes. Conversely, politicians may choose to mislead the public that balancing the budget will happen quickly when they win the elections since they will tackle the issues of scam, wastage, and abuse with no setback, which would lure many voters. It is certainly crazy for people to keep believing the lies from politicians while they should not anticipate them to be entirely truthful.
Bawn, K., Cohen, M., Karol, D., Masket, S., Noel, H., & Zaller, J. (2012). A theory of political parties: Groups, policy demands and nominations in American politics. Perspectives on Politics, 10(03), 571-597.
Corbett, J., & Wood, T. (2013). Profiling politicians in Solomon Islands: Professionalisation of a political elite? Australian Journal of Political Science, 48(3), 320-334.
Dermody, J., Hanmer-Lloyd, S., & Scullion, R. (2010). Young people and voting behavior: Alienated youth and (or) an interested and critical citizenry? European Journal of Marketing, 44(3/4), 421-435.
Dobson, A. (2012). Listening: The new democratic deficit. Political Studies, 60(4), 843-859.
Fielding, K. S., Head, B. W., Laffan, W., Western, M., & Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2012). Australian politicians' beliefs about climate change: Political partisanship and political ideology. Environmental Politics, 21(5), 712-733.
Forrester, K. (2012). Judith Shklar, Bernard Williams and political realism. European Journal of Political Theory, 11(3), 247-272.
Forsythe, D. P. (2011). Human rights and mass atrocities: Revisiting transitional justice. International Studies Review, 13(1), 85-95.
Galston, W. A. (2010). Realism in political theory. European journal of political theory, 9(4), 385-411.
Grillo, E. (2016). The hidden cost of raising voters' expectations: Reference dependence and politicians' credibility. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 130, 126-143.
Hatier, C. (2012). 'Them' and 'us': Demonizing politicians by moral double standards. Contemporary Politics, 18(4), 467-480.
Hobolt, S. B., Tilley, J., & Wittrock, J. (2013). Listening to the government: How information shapes responsibility attributions. Political Behavior, 35(1), 153-174.
Innerarity, D. (2013). Power and knowledge: The politics of the knowledge society. European Journal of social theory, 16(1), 3-16.
Jensen, N. M., Li, Q., & Rahman, A. (2010). Understanding corruption and firm responses in cross-national firm-level surveys. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(9), 1481-1504.
Jottier, D., Ashworth, J., & Heyndels, B. (2012). Understanding voters' preferences: How the electorate's complexity affects prediction accuracy and wishful thinking among politicians with respect to election outcomes. Kyklos, 65(3), 340-370.
Lee, D. R. (2010). Why businessmen are more honest than preachers, politicians, and professors. The Independent Review, 14(3), 435-444.
Lupia, A. (2015). Uninformed: Why people seem to know so little about politics and what we can do about it. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
O'Neill, A. (2013). Back to the Future?: Judges, politicians and the constitution in the New Scotland. Judicial Review, 18(1), 45-71.
Roemer, J. E. (2011). A theory of income taxation where politicians focus upon core and swing voters. Social Choice and Welfare, 36(3-4), 383-421.
Van den Brink, B. (2012). Pictures of politics: deliberative and other aspects of democracy. Archiv fuer Rechts-und Sozialphilosphie, 98(3), 396-410.
Weigend, T. (2010). Should we search for the truth, and who should do it. NCJ Int'l L. & Com. Reg., 36, 389.
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Hello DC World readers and, well DC Comics fans in general. As we know, most of the CW shows have now returned to television, with one still awaiting its new season premiere.
Yes, those Legends Of Tomorrow return to television screens on the 22nd October, and they promise to bring the crazy with them. Yes, even more so than in Season 3.
So, what do we know? Well, at the end of season 3 the Legends managed to defeat the demon Mallus in true Power Rangers style, enabling Beebo to cuddle him to death. Basking in their glory (or in this case the sun as it happened), they are quite happily take some chill out time before going on to clean up the remaining few anachronisms.
Or that's what they hoped for. Sometime guest star John Constantine arrives to spoil their fun, dropping a demons head on the sandy beach they are enjoying. Constantine informs them that, while they may have stopped the Mallus problem, they have in fact created a bigger problem in that defeating Mallus they have loosened the barrier between worlds. This in turn means that we now have a world where "fugitives" (mythical, magical creatures from all manner of legends and fairytales) have entered their world. Now, as you'll see from the trailer below, the crazy looks like it has, in true Spinal Tap fashion, been turned up to 11 with the likes of Homicidal Unicorns to Badass Fairy Godmothers.
Obviously, John Constantine is well equipped to help deal with this and so the Legends team up with him this season as it looks like they are going to need all the help they need.
Phil Klemmer, showrunner, speaking to The Hollywood Reporter a month or so back, has said that the addition of Constantine makes the show little darker, the lovely Maisie Richardson-Sellers still being a regular but taking on a different character (one of the magical beings we will see throughout the season), missing out on the Arrowverse crossover and how Mick Rory is still writing his book. Read more at THR Here.
This season promises to be one helluva spectacle and the trailer only shows a part of it. Make sure to tune in from the 22nd October to see where this wacky show goes. I, for one, cannot wait!!


text:
Interview with the Filmmaker :: Sally Ingleton
International Film Festivals
Background Politics
Cultural Background
Sally Ingleton Writes About Making the Film
THE TENTH DANCER has screened at the following international film festivals:
Cinema Du Reel, Paris
Creteil International Women's Festival Paris
Los Angeles Asia Pacific Festival
Melbourne Film Festival
Helsinki Film Festival
Margaret Mead Film Festival New York
Chicago Film Festival
Hawaii International Film Festival
Asian TV Festival, Japan
Berkeley Women's Film Festival
San Francisco International Film Festival
Singapore Film Festival
Film Forum Freiburg, Germany
Winner Golden Gate Award, 1994 San Francisco Film Festival
Winner 1994 Best Documentary ATOM AWARDS
Winner Silver Plaque, Chicago Film Festival
Honourable Mention, Asian Television Festival Japan 1994
Nominated Best Documentary, Hawaii Film Festival 1993
Invited to 15 international film festivals including Cinema Du Reel Paris, Creteuil Women's Festival; Freiburg; Hawaii; Chicago; Los Angeles Asia Pacific, Margaret Mead in NY, Melbourne, Singapore etc.
Today the National Dance Company of Cambodia has about 60 members who perform classical and folk dance.
The classical dance is mainly performed by women who play both the male and female roles as well as the masked role of the 'giant'. Men play the masked role of the monkey, seen in the Ramayana story. Both men and women perform equally in the less spectacular folk dance.
The dancers rehearse twice a day, six days a week and are paid a monthly salary by the State of about US$15. They do occasional performances for tourists and foreign dignitaries for which they are paid extra. Several are forced to take outside jobs to earn enough money to survive.
Many of today's members were students or relatives of the Royal Ballet before the Pol Pot Regime.
Em Theay
Em Theay is the Head teacher of the Company in Phnom Penh. At 62 years of age she has twinkling eyes, a wicked laugh and a toothless grin. As one of the few survivors of the Royal Ballet, she has a remarkable memory for all the steps, songs and costume designs of the classical dance.
As a child she grew up in the Palace grounds because her parents were servants for the King and Queen.
Every New Year we would dance for her (the Queen). She would have a party and give us all noodle soup so everyone wanted to dance well. It was as if the spirits lived inside us and guided us to remember.
They selected me to take the Giant's role because I was dark skinned. Dark round and fat. For the female roles they wanted someone who was tall, slim, lightskinned and pretty. I was dark, but the Giant wore a mask, so it was okay.
She had 18 children, though not all survived. 10 died before the Pol Pot period - many as babies, 3 died during Pol Pot and the 5 left are now all artists. Each morning she rises and helps her grandchildren do their dance exercises. She then walks to the theatre to begin rehearsal. On the way she stops and jokes with stallholders who sell her a breakfast of noodle soup.
Once at rehearsal the jokes stop and the task of remembering dance steps begins. She offers prayers to the spirits of the old dance teachers, then with a hand clap, her troupe of dancers begin. Following them from behind she pinches flesh and prods muscles to help form the correct postures. All the time she sings out the narratives in old language long forgotten by those who dance before her now. The words to these songs were recorded in precious notebooks which Em Theay carried with her for the entire Pol Pot period. She hid and protected them at great risk to her own life because she knew their culture must survive. Even so, much was lost.
Now, I regret that I know so much. For example, I can sing and dance but my students have yet to learn all these things. I'm afraid that when I die everything will just go.....they don't understand the real meaning of the dances, they don't yet have the spirit in their bodies. They have no fire inside them to light their spirit... Even Sok Chea knows a lot but still not enough.
Sok Chea
Sok Chea plays the principal male role in Em Theay's troupe. She is in her late thirties and is tall and statuesque. Her face is elegant and composed and at times resembles the mask-like expressions of the dance.
I used to have 2 or 3 teachers but they died in the Pol Pot time. Now there's only Em Theay. Although I survived and am still alive today, I have lost some of my talent. I lost this in the Pol Pot time.Since I met up with Em Theay she has been like a mother to me and has helped me recall and has guided and trained me so that some of my spirit has returned.
Today Sok Chea juggles her role of principal dancer with that of wife and mother to three children. She tries very hard to learn the dances, often performing special ceremonies for Em Theay and the spirits of the old dance teachers who will help her remember.
On the surface Sok Chea's life is normal. But underneath she is followed by shadows of the past. Her memory is plagued by what happened to her during the Pol Pot time when six of her brothers and sisters, her father and all her sister's children died.
We cannot forget it, even when we go to sleep it's still in our minds. The Pol Pot regime lasted over 3 years but it felt like 20 or 30 years.
Many Cambodians fled their country at the end of the Pol Pot time. Sok Chea planned to leave but at the last minute couldn't go. She knew she would never belong elsewhere.
Preparing for the New Year performance - she wishes her children could know what peace was like.
Since I was born, war has started more than 4 times. My mother also knew war. It seems like the war doesn't know how to end. Whenever I talk to my children I never talk about what's going on in other countries or in other times. I only talk about Pol Pot because Pol Pot's men were killers, and very cruel, especially killing their own people.
It wasn't the Chinese killing Cambodians, nor the Vietnamese killing Cambodians and no other nationality was killing Cambodians. It was Cambodians killing Cambodians.