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Indo-Europeans from the Steppe.
February 18, 2015 by languagehat 117 Comments
Alexander Kim sent me a link to "Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" by Wolfgang Haak, Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, et many al.; here's the abstract:
We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost four hundred thousand polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of western and far eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, ~8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary, and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ~24,000 year old Siberian6. By ~6,000-5,000 years ago, a resurgence of hunter-gatherer ancestry had occurred throughout much of Europe, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ~4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ~3/4 of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ~3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.
Longtime readers will know that I am deeply skeptical of attempts to mix linguistics with genetics, perhaps more than I should be. I don't have the brains to actually read the paper right now, so I'll just sit back and see what my readers have to say.
Addendum. Brice Russ, Director of Communications for the Linguistic Society of America, wrote to let me know that "the LSA very recently released a paper from our upcoming issue of Language, where four UC-Berkeley linguists use some new methodologies to examine the same issue." He sent me this link:
"Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis supports the Indo-European steppe hypothesis", by Will Chang, Chundra Cathcart, David Hall and Andrew Garrett, will appear in the March issue of the academic journal Language. A pre-print version of the article is available on the LSA website.
I can't wait till I'm well enough to look at it!
Alexander Kim's own post on this http://sarkoboros.com/2015/02/10/today-on-biorxiv has if you scroll down some multi-colored charts showing different modern European populations and the proportions of 3 different hypothesized origin populations in their genes. So you can see that even if IE comes from Yamnaya, the currently non-IE-speaking populations on the list (Estonian, Hungarian, Basque) occur at different points along the continuum and are not clustered tightly together, much less clustered together toward the least-Yamnaya-percentage end of the continuum. The champion there are the Sardinians, who are plausibly largely descended from whoever was living in Europe before IE speakers arrived but nonetheless speak an IE language and have done so since, well, I don't even know if there's a theory about what was spoken on Sardinia before some version of Vulgar Latin was. But those "counterexamples" don't necessarily undermine the point – language is not transmitted genetically as such, but in order to figure out why particular languages ended up being spoken where they did you have to know how different population groups moved around in time and space, because the current L1 speakers of IE languages who do not descend genetically in large part from PIE speakers do descend from ancestors who came into some relevant sort of contact with IE speakers (maybe one generation ago, maybe centuries or millenia ago) that resulted in language shift.
A detailed exposé and many comments on Dienekes' Anthro blog. To me, it's like an anthropologist listening to linguists talking.
I don't even know if there's a theory about what was spoken on Sardinia before some version of Vulgar Latin was.
Price's Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe says "it seems likely that we are dealing with more than one language, one of which had links with Iberian while another was in some way connected with North African languages"; you can get more at Wikipedia. Thanks for your very helpful comment!
And of course thanks to Y for the link to Dienekes' Anthro blog; I don't have the capacity at the moment to do more than gaze at the pretty colors on the maps, but I'm glad to know it's there.
A new paper by Chang et al., Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis supports the Indo-European steppe hypothesis has just been posted. It has a new, improved phylogenetic analysis of the IE languages, whic concludes that PIE is not as old as Gray and Atkinson had infamously concluded.
What this reader says is: that prose is impenetrable.
Sardinian split from the rest of VL about the year -100.
e-k says:
Totally off topic, but I figured a lot of the readers here would enjoy the twitterstorm following the announcement of the motto for the Russian Defense Forces – «Никто лучше нас».
http://tjournal.ru/paper/nobody-is-perfect
There are certain advantages in paleogenetic studies which emerged just recently, so perhaps you can slowly move to give more consideration to it, LH. Ancient DNA is increasingly in play, so we start seeing snapshots of the migrations of peoples of the past millennia, rooted deeper in time than recorded languages. Inheritance of all of the ancestors is evaluated, and timing of admixture events is good. Genes migrate with people and so do languages and cultures, and of course their paths are never identical. But there ought to be a good deal of overlap between the genetic and the cultural migrations, so the more data is out there, the more it comes together to help us understand the past?
The paper by Chang, etc is the one referred to, that will be published in the journal Language.
Shelley: that prose is impenetrable : The article is written for a specialist audience and as such it is very technical, in both linguistic and genetic terms. I skipped most of the parts referring to DNA and such, but even in the linguistic portions I encountered unfamiliar terms (which were not exactly defined but made intelligible through examples). If you can get past those things, the authors seem to take pains to be fair and to give neutral explanations of the two major theories of PIE origins (Steppe and Anatolian) and of the pros and cons of their methods and results, pointing out that they do not have to be complete opposites and each side has some points, although the Steppe is definitely the more likely winner. Not really bedside reading (perhaps as a sleeping aid for some), but worth tackling if you are into that kind of thing (I am, apart from the genetic details).
The U.S. Army's 2nd Infantry Division uses the punning slogan "Second to None". Note that neither slogan claims absolute superiority, only equality with the best.
GeorgeW says:
"Genes migrate with people and so do languages and cultures, and of course their paths are never identical. But there ought to be a good deal of overlap between the genetic and the cultural migrations, so the more data is out there, the more it comes together to help us understand the past?"
Bill W says:
Sorry I haven't done this earlier, but I hope your recovery proceeds smoothly and rapidly.
Thanks, Bill!
Ooh, I'll need to read these papers!
I don't even know if there's a theory about what was spoken on Sardinia before some version of Vulgar Latin was
There are a few words that Sardinian has in common with Basque. And then there are features like the prefix ti- on Latin-derived animal names that come out of nowhere as far as anyone can tell.
This book supposedly finds numerous proto-Basque parallels in Sardinian toponims, left over from before Latin.
What a great motto for an army. Of course it's laughable at the moment, but "fake it till you can make it" has worked for a lot of people. I can't follow the twitter storm but anyway, what could anyone have against this motto.
"The champion there are the Sardinians, who are plausibly largely descended from whoever was living in Europe before IE speakers arrived but nonetheless speak an IE language and have done so since, "
The other champions who are undeniably pre-Indo-European are the other people with Y-DNA haplotype I (all men of course but it reflects the ancestry of the population as a whole.) – Swedes and Balkan peoples.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy#mediaviewer/File:Haplogroups_europe.png
what could anyone have against this motto.
Like its English equivalent, it can be interpreted as meaning "(even) nobody is better than us"; there have been many amusing variants.
I've read the article twice now (barring the appendixes) and I think I follow most of it now. My comments:
1) The "steppe" and "Anatolian" theories are pretty much reduced to "late breakup of IE" and "early breakup of PIE" respectively. There's no archaeological evidence discussed here, and the only geographic point is that if PIE broke up in Anatolia, it's weird that the Anatolian branch is the most out of touch from the others: if the non-Anatolian languages dispersed to the four winds, how did they stay in touch and share sound-changes that didn't affect Anatolia?
2) The input to the phylogenetic software is something unusual, but in this case justified. The goal here is to find out how long ago PIE broke up, not to classify it. Indeed, a small amount of pre-existing classification is presumed, of the form Latin > French, Latin > Italian > Spanish, Old Irish > Irish, Old Irish > Scottish Gaelic, etc., and this is used to constrain solutions. Elapsed time is estimated using lexical replacement (see below), and it does not matter whether the replacement is a new word for a meaning, or a new meaning for a word. Consequently, the unit of interest is the pair (root, meaning), where "root" is a PIE root. For classification you want to eliminate loanwords, as they are noise, but here, loanwords are just as interesting as internal semantic change.
3) The authors face head-on the well-established fact that lexical replacement does not happen at a constant rate. Instead, they assume it is log-normal, and allow the values of the parameters to arise out of the data rather than a priori. The choice of a log-normal distribution may be incorrect, but it's not obviously wrong nor perverse.
Thanks very much — that's extraordinarily helpful.
The lognormal seems a pretty obvious choice to me. The replacement rates for different types of lexical features are very likely products of many factors that are also random variables. If there really is enough data to calibrate the parameters with any certainty is a different issue.
Asya Pereltsvaig also reviewed these papers recently, and she raises a few interesting points.
One is the reasoning that if so significant masses of migrating people moved to a new territory that they reshaped the genetic makeup and the culture there, then we must assume that the language of the migrants also took over. (Although subjugated / culturally disadvantaged majorities occasionally lose their original language & switch to the language of the minority rulers, the migrants which possess superior military technologies and transform their new lands both culturally and genetically must be assumed to be the rulers, immune to such a loss).
(Needless to say, it's harder to prove that the early IE migrating people were *from* Yamnaya as opposed to their being "a close genetic kin of Yamnaya from somewhere else". It just takes considerably more data to resolve such questions – it's easy to tease apart very dissimilar ancestors, but harder to figure out which of the more closely related groups ended up where.)
Another is the whole Afanasievo / Tokharian argument rehashed (which remains without any genetic support AFAIK)
JC: thank you for your contribution to understanding the article. I forgot to mention the math, which was beyond me as well as most of the genetics.
Dmitry: if so significant masses of migrating people moved to a new territory that they reshaped the genetic makeup and the culture there, then we must assume that the language of the migrants also took over
The new territory may be inhabited by a linguistically fragmented population (even if largely uniform in genetics and culture), for whom the language of a large incoming migrant group becomes at first a lingua franca before being adopted as the single language of the territory.
The input to the phylogenetic software is something unusual, but in this case justified.
I still haven't read the paper, but it looks to me from your explanation like they're simply doing molecular dating – they just understand better what they're doing than Gray & Atkinson did.
From the genome paper: Geographically, these came from Germany (n=41), Spain (n=10), Russia (n=14), Sweden (n=12), Hungary (n=15), Italy (n=1) and Luxembourg (n=1) (Extended Data Table 2).
Even if this is an impressive achievement, both geographically and temporally these are just a few scattered glimpses into ancient European genetics, and the resolution will probably be vastly improved in the next few years. It strikes me that the apparent initial dominance of "Yamnaya" genes before WHG genes bounced back in later genomes could be due to sampling bias if the incoming population, because of e.g. burial practices or preferences in living environment, was better preserved, until cultural and genetic exchange let WHG genes appear in the samples with a frequency comparable to "Yamnaya".
Caveat: I have just started reading the genome paper in full preview.
Here's another thought: While I've seen strong evidence for the steppe origin, even Anthony couldn't completely convince me that PIE itself wasn't actually spoken in one of the neighbouring more culturally advanced regions, Tripolye in the west or Maykop in the south. The apparently mixed "Eastern Hunter-Gatherer" / "Non-Old Europe Middle East" origin of "Yamnaya" should move the interaction with Maykop and other Caucasus cultures to prominence in the genesis of PIE society while Tripolye and Old Europe should be toned down.
"One is the reasoning that if so significant masses of migrating people moved to a new territory that they reshaped the genetic makeup and the culture there, then we must assume that the language of the migrants also took over."
Turkish? English in America and Australia? Spanish in South America? Arabic in North Africa?
if so significant masses of migrating people moved to a new territory that they reshaped the genetic makeup and the culture there, then we must assume that the language of the migrants also took over.
This seems trivially true. If the aborigines have been replaced genetically, they are unavoidably going to be replaced linguistically and culturally too. However, m-l and George W. seem to be talking about linguistic/cultural replacement without genetic replacement, which is definitely possible. Another example of that is Bengali, where almost all the speakers have fairly recent ancestors who spoke other languages.
Put another way, I think the claim would be that when the incoming group is a demographic minority but politically dominant, both scenarios in which the conquered adopt the conqueror's language and scenarios where it's the other way around (Manchus in China, Lombards in Italy etc) are possible, but when the incoming group is both a demographic majority and politically dominant, language shift is only going to happen in one direction.
I think that the Manchus in China, like the Franks in Romanized Gaul, were politically dominant but not culturally dominant, so that they were the ones who adopted the local language.
Assimilation of Manchus is very complex.
First of all, Manchus were not only an ethnic group, but also a caste of military servicemen, like, say, Cossacks in Russia.
This meant that absolute majority of Manchu adult men served in military garrisons stationed in China, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet and Manchuria proper. Obviously, in many of these places, especially in Chinese cities, these banner troops eventually intermarried with natives and lost their native speech and adopted Chinese language.
The birthplace of Manchu nation, the Manchuria region was closed for Chinese agricultural colonization until 19th century, but once these laws were relaxed, waves after waves of Chinese peasants flooded Manchuria, until Manchus became a tiny minority in their own land. Since universal military service for Manchu men meant that they all already spoke Chinese, linguistic assimilation was quite rapid and by the end of 19th century was essentially complete.
To use analogy with Franks, there was complete assimilation in conquered region (France/China), but unlike with Frankish example, there was also a colonization of the original homeland by the conquered peoples.
The original homeland of Franks as we know did not experience anything like that and remained Germanic-speaking region until present.
The language of the Franks is still spoken there. It's called Dutch now.
"However, m-l and George W. seem to be talking about linguistic/cultural replacement without genetic replacement, which is definitely possible."
Not me. I was referring to both genetic replacement (or major infusion) and linguistic/cultural replacement. However, I am not suggesting that both are absolutely predictable, just a common phenomenon.
George W: Your examples seem to sort out like this:
Turkish: Language replacement with genetic mixture.
English in America and Australia: Both language replacement and genetic replacement.
Spanish in South America: Language replacement without genetic replacement.
Arabic in North Africa: Language replacement with genetic mixture.
None of those are examples of the type that supposedly can't happen (and I agree that it can't): genetic replacement without language replacement.
A large generalization. There was major genetic replacement in the Southern Cone (old hunter-gatherer zone).
And language replacement too.
"Genetic replacement without language replacement"—why not? If the displacers are speaking the same language as the displaced, say in modern-day gentrification.
Y: Sidney Morgenbesser, Sidney Morgenbesser.
Y: "Genetic replacement without language replacement"—why not? If the displacers are speaking the same language as the displaced, say in modern-day gentrification.
I'd be very surprised if the incoming gentry took on the -lect of the pre-gentrified neighbourhood.
JC—?
Trond, what I meant is, you have situations where the displacers and the displaced speak the very same lect.
Y: Sorry, I forgot to link it.
Y: Well, probably, but that's the limit state where the set of linguistic features of the incoming population is approaching identity to the one held by the original inhabitants and there's replacement by identical set.
-Genetic replacement without language replacement
Typical example would be Argentina.
A country with population of primarily Spanish speaking mestizos became a country of white immigrants from Europe (most of them non-Spanish speaking) within a few decades in late 19th-early 20th centuries.
Perfect example of genetic replacement without language replacement (immigrants dropped their native Italian, Portuguese, German and Welsh in favour of Spanish)
I don't find it perfect – it didn't include social domination of the new arrivals, nor cultural shifts to the newcomers' culture. The 'tanos were largely an urban downtrodden mass even if they contribute greatly to the genetic mix
Il vergognoso says:
And in Paraguay, very incomplete language replacement with great genetic replacement.
The Argentinean case is the same as the North American 19C case: no one immigrant group dominates, so no chance that any of their languages can replace English. Immigrants aren't invaders. The Paraguayan case is more interesting; I wish I had access to that paper to see how the "historical events" mentioned in the abstract are connected up.
S.M. Stirling says:
Language shift is not the same phenomenon when it takes place in a preliterate culture, or even in one which has a literate class but is largely oral at the popular level.
In those circumstances, minorities of immigrant conquerors are almost always assimilated by their more numerous subjects, not vice versa.
Eg., England does not speak Norman French. In fact, despite the total replacement of the English elite by French-speakers after 1066, within about a century French was a second, learned language among their grandchildren and great-grandchildren, maintained at court only by continuous close contact with the European mainland.
The crucial factor is what language -children- learn, and absent formal mass education, that tends to be set by a combination of their parents (particularly their mothers, in most cultures), their caregivers (servants, nannies) and their playmates.
In other words, to preserve a language it must be a majority tongue, at least at the level of the (extended) household and immediate local community.
Add in that in every single case of language shift during the medieval period, the records attest some migration of ordinary peasant-artisan households settling in groups.
Proto-Indo-European has a relatively narrow temporal "window"; given the vocabulary items which can be securely dated to the late Neolithic, the period of PIE linguistic unity must have been between 4000 and 3000 BCE.
The degree of linguistic divergence between the earliest recorded IE languages indicate between one and two millennia of separation — a bit more for the Anatolian group. Eg., Homeric Greek and Vedic Sanskrit, which are so close that they actually share poetic tropes.
The "Anatolian Hypothesis" never did make any sense from a linguistic p.o.v., but the ancient DNA (and isotope analysis) is increasingly driving nails into its coffin-lid. The DNA evidence here, which basically proves that the whole Corded Ware horizon is of Yamnaya origin, fits the time-window precisely. Further resistance is pretty much a matter of identity-protective cognition.
In essence, Gimbutas (and for that matter Coon) were broadly right.
This at least saves us from what I once thought was the inevitable humorless graduate student OD'ing on Renfrew "proving" that the first humans in Britain were not something so uncouth as immigrants, but were instead purely indigenous reindeer, symbolically transformed by the "reception of a cult package".
Incidentally, there was substantial genetic replacement in Latin America as well as language shift. For example, Mexicans are roughly 65% European (almost all Iberian) genetically; more so, if you leave out communities which still speak indigenous languages. This is broadly typical of Spanish-speaking communities in most of mainland Latin America, outside the 'southern Cone'. The usual pattern is for the male lineages to be much more European than the female; a case of differential reproductive success.
@s. M. Stirling: That's interesting. Coon, working long before DNA was even a word, thought Mexicans were only about 15% European.
Welcome back to Language Hat, Mr. Stirling; you haven't posted here since 2003. Allow me to say how much I admire your work, especially the Nantucket trilogy (which has excellent linguistic aspects!)
Mr Stirling:
While I quite agree with your broader point, I must quibble with one detail: the shared poetic tropes between Homeric Greek and Vedic Sanskrit may or may not be a shared Indo-European inheritance: I brought up the issue here at Casa Hat a number of years ago:
http://languagehat.com/who-were-the-indo-europeans/
I've been reading some interesting papers by Margalit Finkelberg. I have no idea what her credibility is, but she has several papers presenting different aspects of a single thesis, namely that the predecessor culture to the "Indo-European" invasion (the "Old European" of Gimbutas) was itself Indo-European-speaking, specifically Anatolian-speaking, representing an early radiation of IE from Asia Minor into Europe. This has three aspects:
1) The "pre-Greek" stratum of names in Greece is in fact Anatolian: she suggests in particular that Parnassos < Luwian parna or some cognate + a possessive adjectival suffix.
2) Linear A can be seen as an unknown but definitely Anatolian language. It had four vowels (the -o glyphs of Linear B have no counterpart in A), and therefore cannot be non-Anatolian IE (not enough vowels), Luwian (too many vowels) or Semitic (again, too many vowels). She looks at a dozen morphological comparanda, and identifies Lycian as the closest Anatolian language to Linear A, though not exactly the same.
3) With two radiations into Europe, Renfrew's archaeological dates represent the first, the linguistic evidence the second, and so they can be reconciled.
Point (1) has been around for decades, including the Parnassos – parna idea. Finkelberg is a reputable scholar; I've only read some of her Greek dialectology work, and remember thinking it had some serious problems, but it's been a few years and I can no longer reconstruct my objections.
I should have mentioned that these papers are from the 1995-2000 timeframe. What's new at academia.edu isn't well-correlated with what's new in actual academia.
David Eddyshaw says:
@SFReader:
Aggrieved Celtic pride prompts me to say that my grandfather, who was born in Argentina, was an L1 Welsh speaker. I've never been quite clear how much Spanish the family actually spoke; they certainly used Welsh as their everyday language. This was in the first couple of decades of the twentieth century.
And then there is that other guy (on academia.edu as well, but I'm not looking up the reference without coffee) who thinks there is an IE-related substratum of culture words in Sumerian. Would/could that be the same 'Old Europeans'?
(EDIT: The paper was mentioned here, within the last year or so, but searching is hard).
According to L.A.Gindin, analysis of toponyms in Greece shows four layers – non-Indo-European (Aegean), Anatolian Indo-European, Pelasgic Indo-European (which he identifies with form of Thracian language) and Greek.
Tentative dates of arrival in Greece:
6500-6000 BC – Aegean languages
3000 BC – Anatolian languages
2000 BC – Pelasgic language
1600 BC – Greek
Schrijver or Kroonen or both think "Old European" might be Hattic, or in any case a non-IE language of Anatolia.
I approve of the Hattic theory.
I thought you might.
You would.
It seems to be well corroborated that the Hittites found the Hattians in Northern Anatolia when they invaded from the south around 3800 BP, and that Hattic is very far from being an Indoeuropean language.
Let us assume that the Hittites left the homeland of the earliest PIE speakers a bit before that, like 5000 BP, and that that was in the steppes.
But, for the sake of wild speculation, is there any reason why an ancestor of PIE could not have been present in Mesopotamia and Anatolia even earlier than that, with sister languages to PIE evolving in place or taking part in the Out-of-Anatolia movements after 8500 BP? Providing an adstrate to Sumerian, pre-Anatolian place names for Greece and Old European toponymy for the rest of Europe. Spawning off Tyrrhenian too, and Basque if you like your speculation really wild…
I suspect the answer is that there is absolutely no way to get evidence either way.
Dear Lars,
You are acting crazy lately. Of course all human languages likely merge at some point in pre-history. But even that can not be proven.
It would be interesting if Basque is very distantly related to another language spoken by Neolithic farmers. Maybe Afro-Asiatic? But probably not.
The most recent paper shows that population turnover was very common in Europe. Iberia has always been a refuge for survivors from the previous times.
that other guy […] who thinks there is an IE-related substratum of culture words in Sumerian
Gordon Whittaker, "The Case for Euphratic". We discussed it two years ago.
that other guy […] who thinks…
I rarely meet that guy…
Dear Rick,
I have no horse in this race, and I am not arguing for such a theory — and as far as I can recall this is my first comment about who might have spoken what and where in that time frame, in this or any other thread — but I've seen enough academics who are not clearly lunatic fringe arguing for different potential X-stratal traces of an ancestor of PIE in various languages from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus to make me curious.
Do you have any arguments except those from contempt that such could not be the case? I may have missed something obvious. (I know it can't be proved, but it might be possible to disprove).
(I think I even read a paper by Carrasquer Vidal once outlining how Basque consonants could have evolved from a system like the PIE three way contrast. But maybe it was so long ago that the PIE system he compared it to was a strain of glottalic — and I don't remember if he actually got any potential cognates from the exercise).
P.S. Thanks John, I know we discussed it, but I was sure it was more recently than that so I didn't look at old enough Google results. (And I don't think the site search here looks at comments).
@Lars
"I have no horse in this race,"
I imagine you have a personal stake in the matter on account of being Etruscan, though.
And I don't think the site search here looks at comments
No, it doesn't, which is why I use Google: site:languagehat.com followed by the search term.
a personal stake: Give me a credible PIE etymology for the Etruscan name Lars, and I'll owe you. I'm stuck with a guy from a village with some bay trees.
(My impression is that Tyrrhenian is another of those cases where most people with knowledge of both that and IE are unwilling to bet against a deep connection. David, is it in your version of Nostratic?)
@Hat, I did just that. But I think I was misled because the thread in question actually started out being about Sumerian, and I thought I remembered it was a case of topic drift… or maybe I just assumed it since so many threads here drift almost instantly.
(The alternative is that someone takes a good grip and hits the topic out of the grounds for a home run. Baseball season started yet?)
I suspect that either the derivation of Laurentum from laurus is folk etymology, or that laurus itself is Tyrrhenian; the connection with Greek daphne looks shaky to me, even apart from dubious l/d alternation.
Dubious… or lubious??
If you mean me (which you may well not, as I have zero expertise in this matter) my personal Nostratic is Indoeuropean plus zilch. Minimalist Nostratic. But then I'm a dyed-in-the-wool splitter anyhow. Not convinced by Niger-Congo, even. What do I know?
If somebody ever comes up with a robust way of really, truly demonstrating links inaccessible to the comparative method, I wouldn't be at all surprised if Tyrrhenian turned out to be a cousin of IE, just as I wouldn't be at all surprised if Japanese turned out to be related to Turkish. But I'd be more interested in the wonderful new method of securely demonstrating affinity than the actual links it demonstrated.
"dubious l/d alternation"
Neighbouring Latin does it (lacrima, dakru; lingua, tongue); and Etruscan didn't have contrastive voiced stops, so representing foreign d+ by l+ mightn't be such a stretch.
Latin "littera" from "diphthera" came via Etruscan if Giuliano Bonfante's book is right.
I think the Fulfulde word for "book", "deftere", is also ultimately from "diphthera." Not that that has anything to do with it …
Lazar says:
That's cool! How did it get down there?
@JC:
On actually reading your comment with due care and attention, I see that I am in fact agreeing with you …
Dingua > lingua is probably influenced by lingere 'lick'. And Etruscan does distort the words it borrows from Greek and passes to Latin in weird ways: Ganymede > Etruscan > catamitus, or prosopon > Etruscan > persona. But /pʰn/ > /r/? What kind of sound-change is that? Diphthera > littera is entirely plausible by comparison.
In Lubious Battle would have been a great title. But dubiosus < duo ultimately, and only crazy Armenians and Germans would change that.
@Lazar:
I would think via Arabic. Islam has been a great vector of culture in the Savanna zone of West Africa for a long time, including to groups that aren't themselves Muslim. Not too surprising when you consider that in that part of the world before the European invasions literacy was basically literacy in Arabic for much the most part. (Not many Kusaasi are Muslim and very few indeed know any Arabic, but one of the folktales in a collection I've got is recognisably the same as the Pardoner's Tale, and presumably got there via the Arabic version of Kalila and Dimnag.)
Dingua > lingua is probably influenced by lingere 'lick'
Something similar happened in Lithuanian (liežuvis) and Armenian (lezu). The IE 'tongue' word undergoes weird irregular changes in several languages. The Oscan cognate of lingua is fangva; needless to say, there is no such correspondence as Lat. l- : Osc. f-. What seems to have happened is aspiration metathesis: *dn̥ǵʰwā > *dʰn̥ǵwā, with a subsequent regular change of *dʰ > f.
In Tocharian, the opposite may have happened, namely metathesis of place features leaving aspiration in place: *dn̥ǵʰwā > *ǵn̥dʰwā > TochB kantwo. (At least, this is one possible explanation; simple metathesis to *ǵʰn̥dwā runs into the problem that PIE *d was lost before consonants in Tocharian, so should not have survived, but you can get around this by having the metathesis postdate d-loss).
Sure; "I" and "me" are mi and mini, which is really close to perfect. What little else is understood about the grammar is at least not crazy in Nostratic comparison. Now if only someone would find the dictionary & grammar by Emperor Claudius…
The relations of Basque are less restricted to guesswork. Basque even shares non-IE, non-AA agricultural vocabulary with Caucasian and Burushaski. Not unlikely, the Basque language arrived with the Neolithic farmers, so that pre-IE Europe may have spoken lots of languages between Basque and… Hattic. Hattic, too, appears to be related to Basque, Caucasian and Burushaski, though attempts to interpret it as specifically West Caucasian appear to have failed. Of course, the trouble here is that Hattic is… apparently, what we have is better understood than Etruscan, but the known vocabulary is smaller, the grammar remains unclear in large parts, and we don't even know how inadequate the cuneiform writing system is – the only hint is a unique sign combined from wa and a, apparently /va/.
If somebody ever comes up with a robust way of really, truly demonstrating links inaccessible to the comparative method
The claim is that they're not inaccessible to the comparative method, just that most people haven't tried hard enough. 🙂 And what exactly do you mean by "really, truly demonstrating"?
@David, no it was that David.
@that David, yes, it's a minor tragedy that that grammar is lost. But maybe it never existed in more than one copy, would have been a miracle for it to survive.
@John, I think the suggestion is that Greek and Etruscan got the bay word from the same non-IE source, not that it came to Etruscan from Greek. I could see something like [daw̥l̥V] go to either [dapʰn-] or [lawr-] when borrowed.
The IE 'tongue' word turns out to be even messier than I thought. It's really only Latin and Germanic that agree at all; besides the metatheses and reformations mentioned above, Celtic has an unexplained initial t-, Balto-Slavic has an unexplained initial zero, and in Sanskrit jihvá only the -hv can be related to *dn̥ǵʰweh₂. Greek γλῶσσα seems to be doing its own thing, but maybe not: apparently there is a German dialectal form Zungen-zolch which, if related, could point to something like *dl(ō)ǵʰ-, which doesn't look that different from *dn̥ǵʰ-. (Hittite has, lālas, obviously onomatopoeic.) De Vaan handwaves it all away as "taboo deformation", but why should a word for tongue be taboo?
But maybe it never existed in more than one copy, would have been a miracle for it to survive.
I have always thought it odd (and sad) that Claudius's works do not survive–and I have a hard time believing that the reason was that very few copies were made. Obviously, it's possible; if they really weren't any good that there would have been no demand for his writings. But you would think there would be some interest in books written by the emperor himself.
The absence of Claudius's writings in the historical record was what prompted Robert Graves to write I, Clavdivs. Graves figured that Claudius, who certainly seems to have been the most intellectual of the early emperors, would have had some real insights about the early Roman empire. Moreover, it's actually a recurring theme in Graves's account that Claudius is always trying to get people interested in his books, and hardly anyone cares. (There's a wonderful scene in the television version where Claudius gets quite indignant that the copies he has ordered of his history of the Second Punic War are being illustrated with silly pictures of elephants.) Graves ended the first volume of the story with Claudius's ascension to the throne (perhaps he stopped there because he couldn't figure out what to do with Claudius's reign, since almost all we know about it comes from Suetonius's gossip-mongering; eventually he just ran with Suetonius's account, making the problems with Messalina the central story of Claudius the God), and Claudius's first thought after being pulled from behind the wall hanging is that he can finally get people to read his books.
Personally, Claudius's book on Etruscan is the lost book I would second most like to see recovered. The first is Q, the inferred original book of quotations from Yeshua.
What we have is mostly scandalous histories, comedies and sacred writings, and then Cicero and Caesar because their works were held as the epitome of style — the sort of stuff you'd find in the possession of any up and coming merchant.
Compare Dan Brown's sales figures with Don Ringe's and you'll see what I mean. If Caligula 'happened' to burn down the TIB CL CAES AUG GERM memorial library one night because his feet were cold or something, most copies could have been lost there and then. Libraries burn too well. If they aren't flooded.
Well, we do have quite a lot of straight history (e.g. Livy, Tacitus) and some grammatical works (e.g. Quintilian). You'd think being authored by an emperor would aid a book's chances of survival — cf. Marcus Aurelius — but maybe not when that emperor was Claudius. Do we know how late his works survived? Claudius was, to say the least, not popular during the reign of Nero, so I wonder if they were partly or wholly suppressed as early as that.
I wish we had more ancient Dan Browns, actually.
Tacitus' works only survived by a whisker.
http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=4199
Livy is a bit different. He was Uplifting …
The first is Q, the inferred original book of quotations from Yeshua.
Several people in that field have stopped inferring it. They now think that Luke is an attempt to improve on Matthew the same way that Matthew is an attempt to improve on Mark.
http://www.markgoodacre.org/Q/farrer.htm
is a (the?) famous essay on this very subject.
It's a pleasure to read, whatever views you actually hold on the subject
Stephen C. Carlson says:
Regarding Austin Farrer's essay, "On Dispensing with Q," I would like to point that the editor of its book of collected essays, the Rev. Prof. Dennis Nineham, recently passed away. An obituary is here.
Well, that's pretty convincing, although it omits any arguments against the converse hypothesis, that Matthew had Mark and Luke to hand, and kept the bits from Luke that he wanted, while using Mark plus his own ideas for structuring. This appears in Farrar's article only in the parenthesized words "(or vice versa)", and in the rest of Goodacre's website not at all.
Although Farrer was known for having, as his intellectual biographer once put it, "contemned the footnote," the converse hypothesis (Mark – Luke – Matthew) wasn't really a live option then, while the Mark – Matthew – Luke order which Farrer favored had already been mooted by a couple of Americans. Goodacre does not directly address the converse Matthean posteriority hypothesis, but the logic of his editorial fatigue article should militate against it.
(Disclaimer: Goodacre's my Doktorvater.)
wasn't really a live option then
Is it now?
It's probably been two decades since I delved deeply into these matters, so I have doubtless forgotten a lot, and I have not kept current with new theories. However, I did remember quite clearly that Farrer's essay was brimming with strawman arguments. I did not feel like reading the whole thing again, but I skimmed enough of it to find a glaring one: Farrer apparently believed that if Q existed, it must have contained everything present in Luke that was not In Mark. He makes particular mention of the story of John the Baptist. Maybe in the 1950s, some people took seriously the notion that the story of John the Baptist was from Q, but I think that was thrown out pretty quickly after people who weren't Christian theologians began studying the gospels quasi-scientifically. As far as I know, it is generally assumed that John's story must have taken from other contemporary writings about John (who many believe was a significantly better known figure during their lifetimes than Yeshua; indeed, it has been remarked many times that it's curious that John ended up as a saint in Yeshua's religion, rather than vice versa).
Undercover continuation of the cult of John under a new name during Herodian persecution?
@John Cowan is it now?
There's actually a recent article by Alan Garrow arguing for it this year. But there maybe have been 2 or 3 proponents of it since Farrer wrote, one without any argumentation for it. It's one of those ideas that seem fine in the abstract but bog down in the details.
@Brett
There have been some changes over the past two decades. The biggest one is that the main competitor to the Two-Source hypothesis used to be the Griesbach hypothesis (Matthew – Luke – Mark) and now it is the Farrer hypothesis.
The John the Baptist material was and is still considered to be part of Q. It is in the _Critical Edition of Q_ (James M. Robinson et al. eds., 2000). And it pretty much has to be part of Q, as usually defined, on philological (rather than theological) grounds, because the verbatim agreements between Matthew and Luke in that material are so strong that there has be some non-Markan literary connection between them. If Luke got that material from Matthew (or vice versa), then much of the rationale for Q disappears. If Luke got that material from another independent source, then we're not looking at a Q document per se but rather an unknown number of multiple documents — and this runs against the fact that much of the Q-material in Matthew and Luke follows the same order. Before Streeter (1924), quite a few scholars did put the John the Baptist material, not in Q, but in a hypothetical Ur-Markus, supposed to be the source for all three canonical synoptics, of which Mark is an abridgment. But now the synoptic source critics that hold to Q think it is simpler to assign that material to Q and just have one hypothetical source.
Certainly William would have us believe that Luke got his non-Mark material from Matthew, if the converse is excluded.
William?
Of Ockham.
Well, we do have quite a lot of straight history (e.g. Livy, Tacitus) and some grammatical works (e.g. Quintilian). You'd think being authored by an emperor would aid a book's chances of survival — cf. Marcus Aurelius — but maybe not when that emperor was Claudius.
On the whole, what texts survive from antiquity reflects the interests of the medieval copyists – authors that were part of the canon that marked an educated Roman, grammars that teach how to write good Latin, and philosophers that could be used to support the Christian faith. A grammar of a language that was probably dead or dying when Claudius wrote it and was mostly associated with pagan rituals and divination simply didn't tick any of the right boxes.
was mostly associated with pagan rituals and divination
Come to think of it, Claudius wrote another lost book about the history of Roman religion. There's another funny scene in I, Clavdivs where it gets mentioned. Claudius is receiving some medication from a Greek physician, and he asks what prayers he's supposed to say when he takes it. The (apparently atheist) doctor points out that Claudius is both the Pontifex Maximus and the author of a treatise on religion, so he probably can do a better job figuring that out himself.
You'd think being authored by an emperor would aid a book's chances of survival — cf. Marcus Aurelius — but maybe not when that emperor was Claudius.
One more thought on this – if you read Suetonius's Life of the Twelve Caesars, you'll find that he lists works composed by several of them near the end of their biographies (e.g. here are the works of Augustus). AFAIK, very few of these works have survived. Most of them probably were the equivalent in literary value to the ghostwritten "masterpieces" of our contemporary politicians, but it would still be nice to have them…
The (apparently atheist) doctor
That's been a trope for a long time: Thomas Browne's Religio Medici was, I believe, a deliberately paradoxical title.
Autotheist doctors are a trope, but atheist ones?
From The Medical Fortnightly 5:6-7 (1894), p. 170: "How is it that you doctors are all atheists?"
Interesting. I can't get that page to show with any amount of TLD trickery.
"Among three physicians, two atheists," whispered Doctor Rowley, slipping down beside Doctor Benson. "How many atheists here, do you think?" He was trembling with excitement — whistling, figuratively, to still his fear.
"All atheists," Benson answered in a shaking voice.
Try putting [doctors are all atheists] in the Google Books search. But take my word for it, atheist doctors have been a meme for a long, long time.
atheist doctors have been a meme for a long, long time.
Which is slightly odd, given that doctors (at least in the US) are nearly as religious as the general population (in contrast to scientists).
The US is pretty irrelevant here; the meme was established before the country existed. Doctors cut into bodies and didn't see any souls, and their profession encouraged them to deal with the facts on hand rather than traditions and superstitions (though of course many of them were subject to those latter; it was a tendency, not a universal truth).
We're monkeys wrapped in cotton, our mind and soul is the brain, an organ subject to failure, were it not for the skull as vulnerable to insult and catastrophic destruction as any other. We die and the only real posterity we leave is our descendants. (With a medium-term view, the single exception is the author of Gilgamesh; with a long-term view, no exceptions).
From which I take; have some kids. You might even get grandchildren, all the enjoyment, practically none of the hassle.
Nope. In that edition I'm not allowed to see anything. The other four let me see a few lines on p. 144, one of which (two in the one placed at the right) contains the word "doctors"; that's it.
I'm taking your word, though…
[BLOG] Some Thursday links | A Bit More Detail says:
[…] Language Hat and Languages of the World react to a recent study claiming DNA evidence suggests the spread of Indo-European languages is connected to mass migrations. […]


text:
package org.bachelor.ps.service;

import java.util.List;

import org.bachelor.ps.domain.Function;

/**
 * @author user
 *
 */
public interface IFunctionService{

	public void saveOrUpdate(Function func);

	public Function findById(String id);

	public void delete(Function fnc);

	/**
	 * 根据ID删除功能信息
	 * @param id
	 */
	public void deleteById(String id);

	public Function findByUrl(String url);

	/**
	 * 模糊查询URL
	 * @param url
	 * @return
	 */
	public List<Function> findByLikeUrl(String url);

	public Function findByCode(String code);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: I can't use yarn anymore for some reason, tried to use a CRA and get this error I tried to reinstall node.js as some recommended but it didn't solve this problem
Error: Cannot find module 'C:\Users\João\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\yarn\bin\yarn.js'
    at Function.Module._resolveFilename (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:933:15)
    at Function.Module._load (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:778:27)
    at Function.executeUserEntryPoint [as runMain] (node:internal/modules/run_main:77:12)
    at node:internal/main/run_main_module:17:47 {
  code: 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND',
  requireStack: []
}

A: Ideas:

*

*Check if yarn is actually installed on that path

*Check node binaries folder is registered to your system path node_modules/.bin

*Check if that is your actual global node modules folder. https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v7/commands/npm-root

*Might be easier to maintain if you install yarn as a standalone app instead of a npm package: https://classic.yarnpkg.com/en/docs/install#windows-stable

A: I installed Yarn through Powershell executed as an administrator, then it started working again and I could create a project through CRA :D

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
TODAY.AZ / World news
Italian SME's may transfer know-how to Uzbek ones
Uzbekistan is developing and is rightfully looking to Italy for its innovative and competitive technologies, President of Italy-Uzbekistan Chamber of Commerce Luigi Iperti told Trend in an interview.
"The Italian small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) can transfer know-how and knowledge to small and medium-sized Uzbek enterprises," Iperti noted.
Italy intends to improve institutional relations with Uzbekistan, he added.
"The recent visit by the president of the Lombardy Region, the most important of Italy, Attilio Fontana who was received by Uzbekistan's President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, with whom he established a very promising work program is a proof of this," Iperti stressed.
Iperti added that senior officials of the Uzbek government visited Italy in the last year. Other important visits are scheduled for next year.
"Italy is able to help Italian investors through agencies such as SACE-Simest able to provide assurance to financing and capital contributions. Simest in some case can provide additional capital. In turn, Uzbekistan offers free zones and attractive tax incentives as well," Iperti stated.
According to him, cooperation between Italy and Uzbekistan is also very strong in the tourism sector which is growing strongly.
"I would like to mention the most important example. There is a University in Tashkent, the Turin Polytechnic University with 1500 students and 50 professors coming from the Polytechnic of Turin. Recently, other Italian universities have entered into collaboration agreements with Uzbek entities. The school of Management MIP – Politecnico of Milano signed an agreement with the Uzbek school of Management, with the scope to supply jointly project management master courses," President of Italy-Uzbekistan Chamber of Commerce said.
"The duty of our Chamber is to enlarge as much as possible the collaboration between our two countries," Iperti added.
The Italy-Uzbekistan Chamber of Commerce (CIUZ) operates with its own offices in Italy and Uzbekistan. Its purpose is to help Italian entrepreneurs to do business in Uzbekistan and Uzbek operators to export to Italy and/or find Italian partners supply know-how, machinery and investments in Uzbekistan
URL: http://www.today.az/news/regions/188940.html
Iran to hand black boxes of downed plane to Ukraine - Iranian official
ADB talks priority co-op sectors in Kazakhstan for 2020
Iranian currency rates for Jan. 18
Kazakhstan's Aviation Administration makes statement on Bek Air's appeal
Body of former head of Armenian National Security Service found in Yerevan
Kazakh Senate calls to reconsider country's agro-industrial complex dev't programs
Turkey announces early start of construction of new shipping canal in Istanbul
Kazakhstan overseeing implementation of various joint projects with Iran
166 victims of Ukraine plane crash in Iran identified

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


PHILADELPHIA (CBS) – There is major concern about the morning commute and what drivers will find on the roads when they head to work and school on Tuesday. There is an entire crew of snow plow operators on Delaware roads right now to make sure the roads stay as safe as possible.
"I've been going at it since Sunday at 8," said Dan.
Dan, who works for DelDOT, is caffeinated and ready for a long night.
He was called up from Southern Delaware.
His truck is filled with salt and after a quick break, he's prepared to get back on the roadways.
"The more salt you put down, the less likely it is for accumulation to build up," said Dan.
"It started getting heavy, so I started rushing home a little bit," said Alicia Mackey.
Mackey is talking about her Monday evening commute, when the second punch thrown by Mother Nature landed.
This wave of snow and icy conditions is already causing late openings for many schools in New Castle County.
"I just hope to stay home and hope everybody gets a chance to stay home. It's looking pretty bad," said Mackey.
Like her students, Mackey, who teachers 6th grade, is wondering whether that two hour delay will lead to a full cancellation.
"They're probably looking at me right now, like Miss Alicia said there is no school, so there is no school," said Mackey.
Regardless if school is cancelled or not, there will be plenty of slick roadways.
So be sure to take it easy – like Dan.
"Just slow down. I slow down and it makes all the difference in the world. It really does. You'd be surprised what 5 mph slower, how much safer it is," said Dan.
The city of Newark, Delaware is joining schools by opening offices two hours late on Tuesday.


It is no secret I am a bit of a technophobe and every time something technical to review lands on my door mat my heart gives a little judder and I think 'oh blimey' I need to make this work and 'oh no' I'm going to have to write technical stuff about it. I do adore new gadgets though once I understand them.
This one astounded me. I got it working and loaded the software, edited and shared the pictures ALL BY MYSELF uheard of in this house and nothing short of miraculous!
Apparently it is the world's first 3 step sharing camaera. these are the 3 steps….
Simply press the KODAK Share button in review mode.
Digital Frame that's capable of receiving pictures via email.
simultaneously uploaded to all tagged destinations.
Button app (a small software program) launches and prompts you to add login information for your online sharing sites and email address. After pictures will automatically be uploaded to the sharing destinations you've chosen just as soon as you connect your camera to your computer.
You can also edit and review and add film effects to your pictures via the touch screen camera before you put them on your computer.
And it is easy……and good quality.
I like this very much. I often don't share photos because of all the effort involved. This takes very little effort.


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In the olden days there were no Poultry farms, like there are now a days, where Broiler Chickens are fed with hormones and specially bred to grow very big in a short span of time. In just 6 to 8 weeks they grow from cute fluffy chicks to hens that are ready for the table. In those days most families reared and bred their own Country and Fancy Fowls in their own homes, lovingly cared for and nurtured and fed with natural grains. The hens and chickens were allowed to roam and graze freely clucking and clacking away while pecking at the food on the ground.
Our Mining Bunmgalow in KGF had a large garden around it and we had sufficient space for Fowl Runs and Hen Houses in our back garden. My mum was very fond of rearing hens, chickens, ducks and even turkeys. We had quite a number of White Leghorns, Rhode Island Reds, Black leghorns as well as many Country Fowls. We also had a few Roosters to keep the hens company!! The eggs laid by these hens were used for our breakfast every morning. My mum was very particular about the health of her poultry. She would always check and ensure that their eyes were bright, their nostrils dry, their feathers shiny and they were active and alert. Any deviation from this would mean that they were sick or under the weather. She would immediately separate the affected bird from the others and give it some 'Omum water' or some other medicine. The hens were fed with grains such as wheat, millets, and also some left over household food and vegetable scraps. With all this special attention our poultry were real tasty and well nourished birds when they finally landed up on our dining table.
When my mum noticed that a particular hen was nearing the 'Broody' season she would save all the eggs and mark them date wise. She would then arrange the eggs on a bed of soft sand, in a deep basket or 'Makri' and the hen would sit over the eggs for 21 days. We would eagerly wait for the eggs to hatch. My mum would leave grains and water near the hen so she wouldn't get hungry. I still remember the delight and happiness we felt when the eggs hatched and the tiny chickens came out. The hen would then get very protective of her chicks and keep them under her for at least 10 more days. If any of us went close she'd try to peck us as she presumed that we wanted to take away her chicks!!
After about 10 days my mum would shift the mother hen and the chicks to a separate Fowl Run. These little chicks would slowly grow and they would either be used for the table or again to hatch more chicks. The circle thus went on.
My mum also reared Turkeys and ducks for Christmas and for our First Holy Communions. The turkeys and ducks reared in our house were always big and well fed. They were fattened up with a special diet of oil cakes, ragi and grain. The oil cakes were known as 'PUNAK' in Tamil and we loved saying this word 'PUNAK'.


End Product of what I came up with.
What type of wood and do you have any more pictures? I think it has an Art Deco feel to it but it's hard to tell from this picture.
-- Measure twice and try not to cut your thumbs off!


text:
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Search All Colorado Homes for Sale
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Special events, concert and festival schedules, seasonal activities and more for the Denver Metro area and across the State of Colorado!
Found 49 blog entries about Happening in Colorado this week.
West + Main Homes has a brand new blog...check it out!
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You're Invited! First Friday Louisville Artwalk Event Featuring Local Artist Andy Schwartz
Tuesday, July 2nd, 2019 at 2:47pm.
Louisville July First Friday : Andy Schwartz 6-9pm
Show Name: "GREAT LIGHT LANDSCAPES"
email: andrewschwartz1@comcast.net
website: www.soaringlightimages.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Soaring-Light-Images-197363086972756/ (Soaring light images)
LINKEDIN link: https://www.linkedin.com/company/soaring-light-images/
Sponsors: TBD
Artist Statement: " I enjoy 'capturing beauty' around sunrise and sunset and my process to create an image, is to develop a 'story' that engages the viewer and moves the eye into and around the photo. My photos are meant to convey an emotion of that captured moment that I want to share with the viewer. My hope is that my viewers will make the same emotional connection to my work that I experienced
Where to Watch Fireworks this 4th of July
Thursday, June 27th, 2019 at 1:03pm.
Denver and the surrounding towns have plenty of options for full on fireworks extravaganzas.
From the explosions in the sky themselves to all of the pre-dark festival fun, we've laid out everything you need to make this year's patriotic partying the best yet.
Creekside Park & Four Mile Park
Festival: July 2 at 5pm
Fireworks: 9:15pm
Kick off the holiday two days early with the first fireworks show of the summer. People pretty much line the streets for this one so get there early to claim your spot. The Whole Foods parking lot on Colorado is also a popular place to post up. Option B: Grab a $5 ticket ahead of time for the festivities at Four Mile Park, which include live music from That Damn Sasquatch, food trucks, and more.
The Summer Solstice: What You Need to Know(And How to Celebrate)
Thursday, June 20th, 2019 at 10:45am.
From sacred ceremonies and harvest celebrations to mass yoga gatherings and and all-night ragers at Stonehenge, the significance of the Summer Solstice throughout history is undeniable.
To this day, it remains one of the most recognized cross-cultural observances in the world. Here are six things you may not know about the Summer Solstice — and six ways to celebrate it in Colorado.
1. The Summer Solstice is the longest day of the year. In Colorado, the solstice will start at 9:54 a.m. MST on Friday, June 21, when the sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer at 23.5 degrees north latitude.
2. The word "solstice" translates as "sun standing still." It's derived from the Latin "sol" (sun) and "sistere" (to stand still), and refers to the point
How to Celebrate Pride Month in Colorado
Monday, June 3rd, 2019 at 12:58pm.
Looking for ways to get your pride on in Colorado this month? Here are a few ideas...
Queer in the Age of Queen
June 6, 7:00-9:00pm
Molly Brown House
"In an age ruled by repressed sexuality, take a look back at queer culture both here and in the U.S. and abroad during the reign of Queen Victoria. Learn how the Queen spoke about sexuality and how homosexual, transgender, and queer culture grew from this time."
Cultural First Friday
Evolution Block Party and Beer Bust
June 9, 2:00-11:30pm
Clarkson between Colfax & 16th
"Alyssa Edwards – the Netflix Dancing Queen and RuPaul All Star headlines with Aron Abitzker – international gay DJ to bring a block party that Denver has never seen before. Andrew Christian and his trophy boys
What is Memorial Day, and What is a Thoughtful Way to Celebrate?
Sunday, May 26th, 2019 at 3:35pm.
Memorial Day is unique in that it is not about any one person, but a group of people.
Specifically, it is about remembering those who have given their lives in military service to our nation during war.
It is understandable why we may have lost sight of that over time. During the First and Second World Wars, millions of Americans served in uniform. Our connection to the military was personal on many levels. It was our spouse, our sibling, our child, and almost no family was left untouched by loss. As time went on, so did war, but something started to happen. Wars got smaller. They were fought differently, with fewer people. Medical advances meant battlefield wounds of old were now survivable. Thus, fewer Americans were needed to join the
Colorado Releases Free Trail Navigating App
Monday, May 20th, 2019 at 1:35pm.
Colorado has a new free web and mobile application for hikers, mountain bikers and others who use the state's public trails.
Wanting to get outside and enjoy Colorado but don't know where to start? The Denver Channel reported that the Colorado Department of Natural Resources and Colorado Parks and Wildlife released the comprehensive statewide trail map application earlier this month.
The agencies say the Colorado Trail Explorer covers more than 39,000 miles of trails on federal, state, local and private lands with public access.
The app has information for hiking, mountain biking, equestrian riding and motorized recreation.
The app also provides offline maps for use in areas with no mobile coverage and users can record trips and field
The Light Rail G-Line to Wheat Ridge and Arvada is Finally Open
Friday, April 26th, 2019 at 6:52am.
Celebrate the opening of the G Line with a party and lots of deals
Olde Town Arvada is hosting a grand opening party Saturday. Many restaurants and retailers are also offering freebies and discounts.
Following years of delays, the G Line will finally open later this week with a lot of fun and fanfare planned.
The G Line, which runs between Denver and Wheat Ridge, is scheduled to open Friday morning after more than two years of delays. To celebrate the milestone, Olde Town Arvada is hosting a party and businesses are offering deals and discounts.
The G Line Grand Opening Party kicks off at 10 a.m. and runs through 6 p.m. It will feature live music performances throughout Olde Town, kids' activities in Olde
Get out the Vote, Denver: Elect Your New Mayor, City Council Members, Clerk + Recorder, City Auditor...and Whether to Decriminalize Magic Mushrooms
Wednesday, April 24th, 2019 at 8:17am.
It was only about 6 months ago that you filled out the longest ballot in Denver history, but it really is time to vote again.
This election, held on May 7 (you can vote as soon as you receive your mail ballot in mid-April), is a municipal election.
That means Denver residents will be voting on Denver things. We'll be picking a mayor, a clerk and recorder, a city auditor and a whole bunch of City Council members. We also have two initiatives to vote on — one that would decriminalize psilocybin mushrooms and one that would repeal the city's urban camping ban.
If you've been following along, you've seen a lot of Denverite stories explaining the issues and profiling the candidates. In the interest of saving everyone some site-searching, we've condensed
You're Invited! Pop-Up Shop and Art Walk at West + Main - May 3rd
Tuesday, April 16th, 2019 at 9:41am.
Join us for a fun Pop-Up Shop featuring Local Artists + Crafters + Free Chair Massages + Tarot Card Readings + Food + Libations + more... just in time to pick up something special for Mom!
May 3, 4-9PM
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We are expanding our RiNo gallery event hours for this special First Friday event. Featured Artists with vibrant abstracts and landscapes: Becky Hershey + Becky Chappell.
Special thanks to our sponsors: Karen Hope, Loan Consultant with Loan Depot + Petra Hellvig, Business Development Manager with Fidelity National Title + Chad Miller, Home Inspector/Property Consultant with Horizon Home Inspections
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Exhibition in Amsterdam: 'The Sixties - A Worldwide Happening'
© Marta Companys i Sandro Sierhuis
As the Tropen Museum in Amsterdam states:
'The Sixties - A Worldwide Happening' is an exhibition which makes the 1960s feel amazingly close and recognizable because today's world builds on the icons of yesterday. The exhibition offers a global view of the 1960s, an era when globalization as we know it first appeared.
Today's world builds on the icons of yesterday
Arranged around several themes characteristic of the era, the exhibition shows how changes worldwide were expressed in graphic design, fashion, music, architecture and photography. Admire the legendary clothes of Jimi Hendrix, Yves Saint Laurent and Paco Rabanne. Have a look at work by the world-famous photographers Richard Avedon, James Barnor and Malick Sidibé. See models and plans for international projects by famous architects like Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright, Walter Gropius, Oscar Niemeyer and Willem Dudok.
The COAC Historical Archive has lent for this exhibition 4 historical models of projects by Le Corbusier, Wright and Gropius in Baghdad. They are displayed in a futuristic-looking space, under a translucent balloon-shaped dome, which reflects the shades of flying objects. This attracts the attention of visitors, as we noticed.
In fashion, music, design and upbringing, signs of the extensive changes that were instigated in the sixties are still evident. Owing to the growing role of the media more and more people have an impression of the wider world and influence each other. For instance, the originally British miniskirt was also a fashion ideal in Thailand and Nigeria.
Step into The Sixties, it is a worldwide happening!
We visited de exhibition and were impressed by the setting. It provides a perfect view on the influences and interaction of the different disciplines and cultural movements in the sixties. At the beginning of the globalization proces, it was totally new for architects to travel over the world and develop projects in other continents. A very powerful tool to communicate with clients and politicians was the scale model. Easy to transport and universal to understand for audiences with different cultural backgrounds.
The exhibition can be visited until 13th March in Amsterdam
Tropen Museum www.tropenmuseum.nl
Address: Linnaeusstraat 2, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Opening hours: Tuesday to Sunday 10 AM - 5 PM.
Contact: info@tropenmuseum.nl +31 (0)88 0042800
Marta Companys Taxés, Sandro Asger Sierhuis. COAC's Correspondents in Holland.
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An in-depth study of organizational dynamics, as applied to organization-wide interventions, designed to improve organizational functioning and to implement change in the organization. The course will include techniques for developing and improving organizations through organizational assessment and diagnosis of culture and processes.
Prerequisites: ADMG 371, ADMG 372, and senior status.
Use the LESCANT model to analyze culture and communication patterns of a foreign country.
Summarize the cultural differences between the U.S. and the foreign countries.
Summarize differences in both the business environment and the cultural (non-business) environment.
Based on an understanding of the U.S. and the foreign countries, hypothesize the differences in diversity, particularly gender, age, and disability diversity.
Learn at least 5 common terms in the language of the foreign countries.
State the differences between the U.S. and foreign countries economic and political systems (current or historical) and how those systems effect business.


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The Sustainable Future of Paper Cans Packaging
On the face of it this puts paper in a strong position to continue to grow as the packing material of choice and be the obvious replacement for all the plastic being removed from the supply chain. After all, many paper-based products can be recycled up to seven times. But paper still needs to prove its green credentials when it comes to both the production of products and the recycling and disposal of the huge amount of cardboard and paper we consume.
1. Introduction: The Problem with Plastic Packaging
Plastic packaging is a problem that has been plaguing the world for decades. It is an environmental hazard, and it has become a major concern for many countries. The most common type of plastic packaging is made from PET (polyethylene terephthalate), which production produces a lot of greenhouse gases.
The paper cans packaging offers an alternative to plastic packaging, as it can be recycled and produces less greenhouse gas emissions. It also offers a sustainable future for the future of paper cans.
2. What is the Sustainable Future of Paper Cans Packaging?
The future of paper cans packaging is sustainable. Paper cans packaging is a better option than plastic or aluminum cans because it is more environmentally friendly and sustainable. Paper cans packaging does not contain any harmful substances that could harm the environment.
3. How to Make Paper Cans More Sustainable?
The paper cans recycling rate in the United States is only at 34%. This means that there are still a lot of paper cans that are not being recycled. In order to increase the recycling rate, there needs to be an effort made to make them more sustainable.
One way is to add a QR code on the bottom of the paper can. With this QR code, it will be easier for people to know how they can recycle the paper can. Another way is for manufacturers to use less plastic and more recyclable materials in their packaging.
The paper can is a sustainable packaging material. It is recyclable, biodegradable and can be made from recycled materials. Paper cans are also cost-effective as they reuse paper that would otherwise go to waste.
The future of paper cans is bright. With new technologies and innovations, the paper can will be able to keep up with the changing needs of society and maintain its sustainability.
Together the top 15 nations consumed over 301 million metric tons of paper and cardboard products in 2016. China consumed over 106 million metric tons alone, while the US used almost 71 million metric tons. However, the United States consumed much larger volumes per person at 229 kilograms per capita, while China used about 74 kilograms per capita. In terms of usage, the rest of the world trails in comparison to China and the US, with Japan consuming almost 26.5 million metric tons, Germany using over 20.5 million metric tons and the UK 8.6 million metric tons. By comparison emerging markets are even farther behind, with usage in India at 13.5 million metric tons, whilst Indonesia is 7.7 million metric tons.
The global green packaging market is anticipated to reach $237.8 billion by 2024, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7% from 2016 to 2024. In terms of revenue, the recycled content packaging segment is projected to grow at a rate of 5.2% over the same period. The North American market is anticipated to exceed $70.4 billion by 2024, while Europe is projected to witness a remarkable 5.5% annual growth rate owing to increasing demand from the healthcare sector. Outside the US and Europe, Asian countries, especially India and China, are also expected to see strong growth in the coming years.
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Suddenly: you exist. You didn't plan it or ask for it, but existence happened, and now, after a bunch of years pooping your pants and staring at trees and being unconsciously embedded in your kiddo umwelt, full self-consciousness has flickered on, and you're like: WTF! I'm … here. Where is here? Who the heck am I? And how do I conduct myself on this strange planet in this remote corner of the Milky Way galaxy in this Year of our Lord 2018, to use our culture's rather arbitrary Gregorian dating system?
Excellent questions! Of course I have no idea.
We don't just exist; we exist in a particular way – that is, for most of us, our being is actually a doing. We act and think in certain ways, and the more we repeat these behaviour and thought patterns, the more entrenched they get. We are literally creatures of habit, and for the first big chunk of our lives we don't choose what habits we're building. If we're lucky we may have had good role models to emulate, but even then, we all acquire some unhealthy habits, it can't be avoided. Habits of stress and reactivity and impatience and self-pity and furious over-thinking and avoidance and all the rest, to say nothing of our many deranged physical and social and (sigh) voting habits.
These habits don't stay the same either; rather, they get deeper and more entrenched the more they're repeated. And, for most of us anyway, eventually our unhealthy habits catch up with us. All of a sudden, we realize this thing that we do, this once-subtle habit of reactivity or defensiveness or anxiety that we've had kind of going on in the background, is now screwing us: screwing our relationships, our work, our life, whatever. This is our wake-up call, and the call to more intentional practice.
The simplest definition of practice is some action – mental, emotional, physical, social – that you choose and repeat, so that it can become a habit. It is the deliberate cultivation of habits you want. These habits may begin in a narrow domain – on the meditation cushion, in the gym, in the artist studio – but it becomes a true practice in the broadest sense when it begins to move out into the rest of your life. These kinds of habits are less physical actions, than ways of being and relating.
Contemplative practices are exactly this. They are practices that rehearse how you want to exist. They are very ambitious. Meditating in stillness provides the ideal training ground for this, because the conditions are so simple and the comparative distractions so few. But the piece that's super important to realize here is any activity can be a practice in this broad sense, because what matters is not the external "form" of the practice – whether you focus on your breath, your basketball game, or your relationships – but the skills and attitudes and intentions you bring to that form. Those skills and attitudes are what we're talking about; they are the most elemental things a human can train in life.
This idea is thrilling to me; it's the riddle I ponder though my days and – lately – in my dreams. What are the absolute most fundamental qualities a human being can cultivate that will make a positive difference in their life?
There's no master list here obviously, and the pie can be cut many ways. What's more, much of this will depend on our personal intentions and our cultural values. But three skills in particular seem to come around again and again. At the very least they underlie all the mindfulness and meditation and artistic and movement practices that I both teach and do myself. I have my great teacher Shinzen Young to thank for making them explicit for me.
Concentration– the skill of commitment, of devoting attention to some object or in some direction. Concentration creates reality. What you focus on becomes more stable and more real, and if you hold your attention long enough in one direction you merge with the thing you love. For this reason, concentration is also the great protector, because when we apply ourselves in this way, our anxious thoughts have less room to make an appearance. Concentration leads to peace.
Clarity – the skill of discernment, of awareness. It is the part of us capable of finding perspective, of seeing into our unconscious habits and, if we pay attention, into deeper mysteries of our mind and being. In this sense, clarity expands reality, for it expands what is available to our seeing. It is also the skill that allows us to notice difference, thus it lays the groundwork for understanding and justice. Clarity leads to wisdom.
Equanimity – the skill of opening, of not pushing or pulling, of letting the world move smoothly through us. Equanimity is becoming transparent, it is getting so entirely out of our own way that we become reality, reality noticing itself becoming reality, again and again, in a backwards fractal loop of cosmic giddy what-the-fuckery(to quote reality). Equanimity is acceptance. It is the profoundly mature and respectful and generous stance of allowing the people around you, the world, and yourself be exactly who and what they are, flaws and all. Equanimity leads to connection.
We can all use a reminder of these skills. We can implement them even now as we read this, we can carry them in our bodies and into our days. We make life our practice when we deliberately activate these elemental things.
Love is what happens when all three of these qualities work together, mutually supporting and reinforcing each other. When we're committed and aware and open, things have a habit (there's that word again) of skewing towards more intimacy and compassion. It feels like the most natural thing in the world, for there is less and less of a special self in the world to defend and promote. As we learn to get out of our own way, we make room for more effective and caring responses.
And that's all I have to say on the matter! Your grandpappy could have explained all this to you, though maybe not with so many fancy words. He'd just say: do things well, pay attention, be humble. Don't make it complicated. Find your form – your movement, your breath, your work – and commit. The rest will follow.
RE: no neutral setting … one of the central ideas of Indian philosophy is that there IS a neutral setting. They call it "moksha" – liberation. In this understanding, as the practitioner develops in equanimity, less and less reactive conditioning is said to "stick," until they arrive at a place of total emancipation from suffering.
PS – I recently recorded a guided meditation that's all about how to find the right practice for your particular interests and nervous system. You can listen to it here.


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Albert "Shrimp" Burns (1898-1921): Member of Motorcycle Hall of Fame
Shrimp Burns (photo AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame)
Albert "Shrimp" Burns was one of the top dirt and board track racers of the 1910s and early '20s. He was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in Pickerington, Ohio in 1998.
The diminutive Burns rode for both the Harley-Davidson and Indian factory teams during his career. He was the youngest champion of his era, winning his first titles at the tender age of 15.
Known for his tenacity, Burns was always a crowd favorite. Fellow competitor Wells Bennett noted that Burns took the turns with his tongue hanging off to the side of his mouth as if to give him extra balance. He was a gritty and determined rider who often rode injured.
At times Burns also wore his emotions on his sleeve. At one of his early races, several competitors protested allowing the speedy 15-year-old Burns to race, because of his age. When he was told his entry was rejected, Burns went out and sat on the outside rail of the race track and taunted his fellow racers by making faces at them as they rode by. Burns was promptly ejected from the facility.
Burns was born in Oakdale, California, on August 12, 1898. His family moved to Oakland when Albert was a toddler and that is where Burns grew up and went to school. As a youngster, Burns' favorite place to hang out was a local Pope motorcycle dealership. At first, the managers of the shop chased Burns away for meddling with the bikes parked in front of the shop, but later they relented and hired the 12-year-old as a shop helper.
One day when the owner was out to lunch, the temptation was too great for Burns and he sneaked out on a Pope lightweight and rode around the block. Before long Burns was allowed to run messages for the shop and occasionally was even allowed to borrow a machine for Sunday afternoon rides.
On May 4, 1913, Burns entered his first professional motorcycle race in Sacramento and finished an impressive fourth. That summer, Burns continued to hone his racing skills on the tracks of Northern California. Later that summer, Burns rode against the stars of the day such as Bob Perry, Ray Creviston, Otto Walker and Carl Goudy in a championship race in Sacramento. Burns took fourth in the 10-mile feature and finished second in another race. The established stars didn't like being upstaged by a 15-year-old kid who looked even younger and rode inferior equipment. Their protests kept Burns out of several big race meets that season. He was allowed to race against the same group of riders late that season in San Jose and he shocked the fans by earning his first victory.
For the next several seasons, Burns continued to race in his home state and steadily earned a following of loyal fans. One reason the fans loved Burns so much was because of his toughness. In a Marysville, California race, Burns suffered a hard tumble. Groggy from the accident, he hobbled to the pits and put his machine back together in time for the next race. Riding in agonizing pain, Burns went on to win the five-mile final to the roar of the crowd. His friends insisted that Burns be checked by a doctor after the race and it was discovered that he had ridden with a fractured collarbone and broken shoulder.
World War I brought a temporary stop to Burns' racing career. Early in 1919, Burns came home to win one of the first major West Coast races after the war in Fresno, California. In June of that year, Harley-Davidson signed the 20-year-old rider to his first factory contract.
With Harley-Davidson, Burns was able to show his talent outside of his native California. On July 4, 1919, Burns made his first appearance on the East Coast, riding a national meet in Baltimore. Burns, who rode in an unusual style by hugging the inside rail around the circuit, won a five-mile solo race as well as a sidecar event. The Baltimore performance set him on the road to gaining a reputation as one of the country's best racers. Burns spent much of the summer of 1919 on a winning streak in Midwest races and even gave the legendary Gene Walker a serious challenge in Atlanta, something no rider had been able to do against the South's almost unbeatable rider.
In the final major race of the 1919 season, Burns earned the 100-mile national championship by edging out Ralph Hepburn by mere inches on the board track at Sheepshead Bay, New York.
Burns shocked the motorcycling community by signing with the Indian factory for the 1920 season. In those days the rivalry between Harley-Davidson and Indian was so intense that it was rare for a rider to make the switch from one factory team to the other. Burns felt he was playing second fiddle to the more established stars of the Harley team and was promised the best available equipment by Indian.
It didn't take long for Burns to prove his worth to Indian. He took home the very first national title of the 1920 season, winning the 25-mile national at Ascot Park in Los Angeles. According to magazine reports of the day many of the estimated 15,000 spectators on hand flooded the track and carried Burns on their shoulders, cheering until they were hoarse. Burns was indeed one of the most popular riders of his day.
Grave marker of Shrimp Burns
Only a series of mechanical failures kept Burns from winning the big national races at Dodge City, Kansas, and Marion, Indiana, in 1920. Burns led major portions of both races before being forced to drop out at Dodge City with stripped cam gear and with a broken oil line at Marion. Burns came back to win the five-mile solo championship race in Denver in September of that year.
Burns opened the 1921 season with a spectacular win on the new 1.25-mile board track in Beverly Hills, California. After having won the first race of the day, Burns crashed heavily in the next event, resulting in his hands and arms being a bloody mass of large splinters. The day's racing proceeded with Burns apparently out with his injuries. Before the final event of the day the large crowd came to its feet when it was announced that Burns would attempt to race. He borrowed a machine and rode with bandages covering him from his fingertips to shoulders. Early in the race it appeared that Burns was content to simply ride mid-pack in the draft of the other riders. On the last lap Burns made his move and went high on the final turn and sped down the steep banking to win the race in one of the sport's most dauntless performances. Later, a cartoon strip in a motorcycle magazine showed a bandaged from head-to-toe Burns racing in front of admiring fans shouting his praises.
On August 14, 1921, Burns tragically lost his life in a racing accident in Toledo, Ohio. Coming out of a turn, Burns ran into the back of Ray Weishaar's bike. The impact sent Burns into the railing and he later died of massive head injuries. Sadly, Burns' fiancée, Genevieve Moritz, had come to Toledo to deliver a birthday gift and stayed to watch the race and witnessed the fatal accident. Motorcycling deeply mourned the loss of Burns. Numerous tributes were written about him for weeks after the accident.
[Bio from AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame]
John Charles Adams Jr (1905-1931).: Grandson of Oakland's founder; Died in mystery fall
Adams Family mausoleum at Mountain View Cemetery
John Charles Adams, Jr. was the grandson of Edson Adams, considered one of the first white settlers in Oakland. His father was a well-known and prominent businessman and property owner along the Oakland waterfront. After his father's death, his mother Ernestine married San Francisco Supervisor and three-time mayoral candidate Adolf Uhl.
John Charles Adams, Jr. died mysteriously on the night of August 2, 1936, when his near lifeless body was found at the bottom of a hillside at a friends house in Corte Madera. He was declared dead at 2:15 AM after being transported to Ross General Hospital.
Witnesses said there was plenty of alcohol consumed at a party that evening. Newspaper reports claim that witnesses and Adam's wife Marion gave different accounts of how the evening progressed. Adams was found with two black eyes, which initially led investigators to believe that he had been involved in a confrontation before plunging to his death. However, the death was ruled an accident with the sheriff claiming that he fell while trying to climb down a drain pipe.
The autopsy revealed that all the ribs on his left side had been fractured, both lungs punctured and his backbone broken.
Sources: Marin Coroner's report, Oakland Tribune, Find a Grave, Ancestry.com
Albert "Shrimp" Burns (1898-1921): Member of Motor...
John Charles Adams Jr (1905-1931).: Grandson of Oa...


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O FD04 é o modelo da Copersucar das temporadas de  e  da Fórmula 1. Condutores do chassi: Emerson Fittipaldi e Ingo Hoffman.

Resultados
(legenda)

 Ingo Hoffmann conduziu o FD03 no Brasil.

 Emerson Fittipaldi conzuiu o F5 da Bélgica até o Canadá marcando 3 pontos (11 no total).

Carros de Fórmula 1 da Copersucar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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