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Python lambda Functions with Practical Examples
by Rohit Sharma
Rohit Sharma is the Program Director for the UpGrad-IIIT Bangalore, PG Diploma Data Analytics Program.
Home > Data Science > Python lambda Functions with Practical Examples
Python lambda functions are those functions that are small and are defined without a name. In python, the keyword 'def' is used to define a function. However, in the case of anonymous functions, the keyword 'lambda' is used to define those functions. Therefore, the name "lambda functions. There might be a name or not assigned to the functions.
Compared to the regular functions in python, the lambda functions are short.
lambda functions have been added to the syntax of programming languages like Python, Java, C++, C#, etc. have in their syntax. While it is used as a core concept in Languages of ML or LISP.
The article will focus on the concept of python lambda functions and their use.
Based on the type of programming language, the lambda functions may be interchangeably used with the following terms:
Anonymous functions
Lambda functions
Lambda expressions
Lambda abstractions
Lambda form
Function literals
Lambda Calculus
Syntax of lambda function:
Statements cannot be used
lambda function contains only a single expression
Type annotations
Immediately Invoked Function Execution (IIFE)
Arguments in a lambda function
Decorators in a Python Lambda Expression
Use of lambda functions
Testing lambda functions
Examples of Python Lambda Functions
Python lambda functions with filter()
Python lambda function with map()
What is the difference between a normal function and a lambda function?
Lambda calculation is a computation model based on which the lambda expressions are built upon. Lambda calculus is based on pure abstraction and was formalized by Alonzo Church. Also known as lambda abstractions, it refers to the original model created by Alonzo Church.
Any computation can be encoded by this concept.
The following syntax is used while using the lambda functions in python.
lambda arguments: expression
There can be any number of arguments in the lambda function in python. But the functions can have only one expression. This expression is first evaluated and then it is returned. The use of lambda functions lies wherever there is a requirement of the function objects.
Considering a case where an anonymous function with two arguments is defined with lambda but not bound to any variable:
lambda x, y: x + y
Here, the two arguments are taken by the function and the sum is returned.
There are a few characteristics shown by a lambda function:
There can't be any statements in the body of the lambda function but can contain only expressions.
The execution code is just a single line.
Type annotations are not supported by the lambda function in python.
Immediate invocation is allowed.
As mentioned there can't be any statements while defining lambda functions. If the user uses statements like pass, return, raise, or assert, there will be a SyntaxError exception. The result of the exception can be shown through the below code
In the above code, a syntax error resulted when the code was parsed that contained the assert statement in the body of the function lambda.
In contrast to all the standard normal functions in python, a lambda function in python can contain only a single expression. The body of the function lambda can have the expression spread all over through the use of multiple lines with parenthesis. However, it still remains as a single expression.
The string "odd" is returned when there is an "odd" argument while the string "even" is returned when there is an "even" argument. Two lines are used in the above code as they are within the parenthesis. But it remains as a single expression.
With the availability of "type hinting" in python, the normal functions are now being preferred over the lambda functions in python. With the availability of tools such as mypy, pyre, etc. type error can be caught with full_name(). The syntax error associated with the lambda function is raised during the run time.
The feature cannot be used outside a python interpreter. The definition of the lambda expression in python can be passed to functions of higher- order like map(), etc.
Different ways are supported in python lambda expressions for the passing of the arguments like:
Positional arguments
Named arguments also known as keyword arguments
Variable list of arguments which is also referred to as varargs.
Variable list of keyword arguments
Arguments with only keywords.
The decorator can be defined as a pattern implementation allowing adding of a behavior to a class or a function. The syntax of @decorator is used as a prefix to a function for expressing a decorator in python
Only with the argument 'Python', the decorated_function() is printed. The additional behavior that gets printed is 'Calling function 'decorated_function'.
Python allows adding of a decorator to a lambda function, although the use of the syntax @decorator is not required. The decorator acts as a function which calls the lambda function.
<lambda> appears where the lambda function is identified. While, in the case of a normal function i.e. add_two, it is identified clearly.
For purposes of debugging, the lambda functions can be decorated in this way.
Closure() in python is defined as a function where free variables except parameters that are used in the function are bound to specific values that are defined within the scope of the function. We can call the closures from anywhere. Lambda functions in python can act as closures in a way the normal functions act as a closure.
Whenever we require using a function for a shorter time, the lambda functions are used in that case.
For the passing of functions to a function of a higher-order function, lambda functions are applied. The functions are passed as arguments to those higher-order functions.
The lambda functions in python can be used with other built-in functions like map(), etc.
Through the use of the modules doctest and unittest, the lambda functions in python can be tested:
Unittest modules test the lambda functions like the regular functions.
In the case of the doctest module, the python code is extracted from docstring, for the execution of the test. The syntax of the lambda function doesn't allow the docstring. But, a string can be assigned to the _doc_ element of the lambda that is being named.
In the code below, a function with the name "identity" is defined where an argument is returned. It is defined as a standard function of python through the use of the keyword "def".
>>> def identity (x);
….. return x
Here, x is taken as an argument by the function "identity" and on being invoked it returns the argument.
Writing the same code using lambda will be:
lambda x: x
The expression consists of three parts: Lambda as the keyword, x which is then a bound variable, and X that is the body of the code.
Bound variable refers to the argument that is passed to a lambda function. However, free variables are those which are not bound and can be referenced in the expression body. A constant can be a free variable or variables that are defined in the function's scope.
The above expression can be elaborated as
>>> lambda x: x + 1
Here, the function is adding 1 to the argument. The function can be added to an argument while surrounding both the function along with the argument through the use of parentheses.
>>>(lambda x: x + 1)(2)
For computing the value in an expression, a reduction strategy is applied. Like, in the above example, the bound variable "x" can be replaced with argument 2.
(lambda x: x + 1 )(2) = Lambda 2: 2 + 1
= 2 + 1
= 3
The lambda function being an expression, naming can be done and the above code can be re written as
>>> add_one = Lambda x : x + 1
>>> add_one(2)
This is equivalent to writing:
def add_one(x):
return x + 1
A single argument is taken by the lambda functions. Also, while defining the lambda function in python there is no parenthesis around the functions.
For passing more than one argument to a python lambda function, the arguments are listed and separated through the use of a comma(,). There should be no parenthesis while listing the arguments. An example of multi-argument functions is shown below:
Here, two arguments are taken by the lambda function under full_name. A string is returned by the function that interpolates the first, and the last parameters. The code shows that while defining the lambda functions, there was no use of any parenthesis. Calling of the lambda function follows the same way as that of a standard function in python, i.e. using parenthesis that surrounds the arguments.
In python, the function filter(), accepts an argument as a list and a function. Through the items of the list, the function can be called which returns a new list of items. The function for this newly created list is evaluated to True.
An example of filter() function is shown below that is used for filtering even numbers contained in a list.
The output generated by the program is the new list: [4, 6, 8, 12].
A list and a function is taken as an argument in the python map() function. All the items contained in the list call the function that returns a newly created list with items that are returned by the function.
Python lambda functions are those functions that are single-lined and are declared without a name, i.e. an anonymous function. Several numbers of arguments can be passed on to a lambda function which can have only one expression. Sometimes, the lambda function can be passed to other functions as an argument. The function when defined with the keyword 'def' in python can behave as a regular function.
The article, therefore, explained the concepts of lambda functions in python, their application with other functions and also a few examples. If you are further interested in gaining expertise over the programming language and mastering your coding skills, you can check the course "Executive PG Programme in Data Science" that is offered by upGrad. It is specially designed for all entry-level professionals within 21 to 45 years of age who want to achieve their skills of coding in data science. If you are willing to take a step towards your dreams, come forward and have a look at the benefits of the course. With hands-on industry projects, the course provided by IIIT-B, is designed to meet your needs and prepare you for the upcoming top industries.
We know that a function in Python is defined using the def keyword. Similarly, a lambda function is defined using the lambda keyword. Consider the below example to deeply understand the difference between the two:
# Normal function def sq(x): return x*x # Lambda function lambda_sq = lambda x: x*x # Calling the normally # Defined function print(sq(10)) # using the lambda function print(lambda_sq(10)) }
The above example illustrates 2 functions calculating the square of a number. Without lambda, we have to create a function sq(x), and then return the square. On the other hand, with lambda, the whole function has boiled to a single line. Lambda does not require a return statement.
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Casey Owen Neistat (), né le  à Gales Ferry, dans le comté de New London, dans le Connecticut, est un réalisateur, producteur de cinéma, créateur de vidéos YouTube populaires sur sa chaîne comptabilisant plus de  d'abonnés et  de vues. Il est le cofondateur du réseau social Beme. Avec son frère Van, il est le créateur de la série The Neistat Brothers diffusée sur HBO. Il est le mari de Candice Pool et le père de trois enfants, Owen (qu'il a eu alors qu'il avait ), Francine et Georgie.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Casey est né et a été élevé à Gales Ferry, dans le comté de New London, dans le Connecticut.

Casey Neistat n'était pas un élève studieux. Il a quitté le lycée de Ledyard durant sa deuxième année à l'âge de 15 ans et n'est jamais retourné à l'école. Il n'arrivait pas à s'acclimater aux règles de l'éducation nationale, il avait de mauvaises fréquentations tout en découvrant la drogue et l'alcool. C'est au même moment que les parents de Casey ont divorcé. À la suite de nombreuses divergences avec sa mère, il décide de quitter le foyer familial.

Casey décide de s'installer chez deux amies plus âgées que lui. Une de ces deux filles, Robin Harris, est devenue la petite amie de Neistat et tombera rapidement enceinte. À 17 ans, Casey devient le père de Owen Neistat.

À partir de ses 17 ans jusqu'à ses 20 ans, ils ont vécu dans un parc à mobil-home. Robin Harris met un terme à son union avec Casey Neistat et obtient la garde d'Owen pendant une grande partie de son enfance.

Au mois de juin 2001, à 20 ans, Casey Neistat décide de suivre son rêve et de déménager dans la ville de New York dans le but de devenir réalisateur.

Carrière
Avant de déménager à New York, Casey Neistat a travaillé en tant que plongeur et cuisinier dans le restaurant Mystic, dans le Connecticut. Sa première profession à New York était postier à vélo.

Les films Tom Sachs
En 2001, Casey et son frère, Van, ont commencé à travailler avec l'artiste Tom Sachs afin de réaliser une série de films à propos des sculptures de l'artiste et ses installations. Il s'agissait du premier projet fait par les frères Neistat comme un collectif.

Casey Neistat a obtenu pour la première fois une exposition mondiale de son travail en 2003 pour un court-métrage de trois minutes intitulé iPod's Dirty Secret, qui critique l'absence de programme de remplacement de la batterie de l'iPod d'Apple. Le film a immédiatement reçu une couverture médiatique et a eu pour effet de braquer l'attention sur les politiques de remplacement de la batterie d'Apple. Le clip vidéo débute avec un appel au support téléphonique d'Apple et une conversation entre Casey Neistat et un technicien nommé Ryan. Casey explique qu'après dix-huit mois d'utilisation, la batterie de son iPod est hors-service. Ryan conseille à Casey Neistat d'acheter un autre iPod car les frais de remplacement de la batterie coûteraient trop cher. Les frères Neistat ont donc commencé une campagne de sensibilisation afin d'informer les consommateurs à propos des batteries. En utilisant un pochoir dévoilant les mots : , ils ont peint cet avertissement sur les publicités d'iPod dans les rues de Manhattan.

Le film a été posté sur Internet le 20 septembre 2003 et a été vu plus d'un million de fois en moins de six jours. Le film a rapidement attiré l'attention des médias et la controverse fut couverte mondialement par cent trente sources, incluant Le Washington Post, Rolling Stone Magazine, Fox News, CBS News et BBC News. Le film a été qualifié de « merveilleusement renégat » par le Washington Post.

Le 14 novembre 2003, Apple a officiellement annoncé une politique de remplacement de la batterie, et a proposé à partir du 21 novembre la prise en charge des iPods par la garantie étendue AppleCare.

Science Experiments
En 2004, Casey et son frère ont créé une série de films intitulés Science Experiments. Cette série de quinze minutes a représenté un certain nombre de courts-métrages documentant des expériences diverses. La série a été incluse dans le vingt-sixième numéro du bisannuel Sao Paulo à São Paulo au Brésil. La production a gagné en notoriété et a été représentée dans le Creative Time's 59th Minute program, montrant un extrait d'une minute du film des Neistat toutes les cinquante-neuf minutes sur l'Astrovision Panasonic de Time Square.

YouTube
Casey Neistat possède une chaine YouTube qui totalise aujourd'hui plus de 12 millions d'abonnés. Certaines vidéos comme celles de la visite de Tropical Islands en Allemagne ou sa publicité pour Nike pour laquelle il a effectué le tour du monde ont chacune plus de 19 millions de vues.

La véritable explosion de la popularité de sa chaîne commence le 26 mars 2015 avec le poste de son premier vlog à Saint Barthélémy. Depuis ce jour, il poste une vidéo par jour (ou presque). Dans ses propres termes, il exprime son désir de réaliser plus de films, mais ses autres activités l'en empêchent : il s'impose alors de créer un film tous les jours. Il dit que le fait de devoir créer une vidéo avec du contenu intéressant chaque jour le force à faire quelque chose de créatif chaque jour.

Ses vlogs se caractérisent par leur certaine qualité (utilisation de time-lapse, puis de drones, ouvertures de colis), ce qui apporte une valeur ajoutée aux vlogs alors classiques de la plateforme. En à peine un an et demi, il passe de  abonnés à plus de 5 millions d'abonnés.

Le 19 novembre 2016, après 710 épisodes de vlog en un an et demi, Neistat annonce qu'il va arrêter de poster une vidéo par jour. Néanmoins, il n'arrête pas d'être un réalisateur, mais « il met fin à cette expérience ». Il explique dans sa dernière vidéo de vlog intitulée I'm ending the vlog la raison de cet arrêt : le vlog devenait trop facile, et une routine s'installait. L'objectif premier (créer quelque chose d'intéressant, et booster sa créativité) commençait à disparaître. Il affirme que pour avancer dans sa vie, il doit passer à autre chose. Cependant, il continuera à poster du contenu sur YouTube des projets plus réfléchis, qui demandent un temps de production plus important.

Le 27 mars 2017, il annonce dans sa vidéo THE VLOG IS BACK qu'il va recommencer à faire des « daily vlogs » ou vlog quotidiens, le premier Vlog se déroulant à Miami.

Beme

Dans son Vlog du 8 juillet 2015, Casey Neistat annonce qu'il travaille avec Matt Hackett sur une nouvelle application de partage vidéo : Beme. Elle est conçue pour offrir une nouvelle expérience utilisateur de partage vidéo. L'utilisateur peut envoyer des vidéos de 4 secondes, qu'il ne peut pas éditer. Elles sont partagées en temps réel avec les abonnés de cet utilisateur, qui ont la possibilité de répondre avec une « réaction » à cette petite vidéo.

La première version de l'application est sortie le 17 juillet 2015. En 8 jours, les utilisateurs de Beme partagent 1,1 million de vidéos, et ont envoyé 2,4 millions de « réactions ».

Le 28 novembre 2016, la chaine américaine CNN annonce qu'elle rachète Beme, pour 25 millions de dollars. Le 29 novembre, Matt Hackett, le cofondateur annonce par mail aux utilisateurs que le service s'arrêtera le 31 juillet 2017. Le 30 novembre, Neistat poste une vidéo sur YouTube expliquant pourquoi Beme a été vendu et quelle sera la suite pour toute son équipe.

368
Dans une vidéo du 5 avril 2018, Casey Neistat annonce la création d'une nouvelle startup appelée 368. Il inaugure une nouvelle série de « daily vlogs » afin d'informer sa communauté de l'évolution des travaux.

368, comme l'explique Casey dans sa vidéo, est destinée à devenir un espace où les créateurs se rassemblent pour collaborer sur des projets. L'entreprise, hébergée au 368 Broadway, est encore en construction mais Casey Neistat souhaite déjà en faire un espace comprenant un studio d'enregistrement, une salle de montage et autres.

Le 12 avril 2018, Jack Conte, fondateur de Patreon annonce une future collaboration dans le cadre de 368.

Autres
En mars 2017, Juanpa Zurita, Chakabars, Jérôme Jarre, Casey Neistat et Ben Stiller lancent une campagne visant à recueillir des dons contre la famine en Somalie. L'action, baptisée Love Army For Somalia, a réussi en seulement quelques jours à lever 1,8 million de dollars afin d'acheter de la nourriture. En mai de la même année, un des avions prêtés par Turkish Airlines, a aidé à distribuer les tonnes de nourriture achetées pour les habitants.

368 Broadway

Casey Neistat réalise la majorité de ses films dans son studio localisé au premier étage du numéro 368 à Broadway dans la ville de New York. Dans le premier épisode de la série The Neistat Brothers, Casey présente ce local comme le lieu où lui et son frère Van créeront le contenu de leurs série.

Quand la personne qui vivait à côté de leur studio leur a annoncé qu'elle quittait l'immeuble, les frères Neistat ont immédiatement acquis cet espace et ont abattu la cloison séparant les deux studios, doublant ainsi la superficie de l'atelier.

Aujourd'hui, Casey Neistat se sert de ce studio pour réaliser ses vidéos sur YouTube. C'est là qu'il entrepose ses caméras, ses micros et ses ordinateurs. Il garde même les appareils qu'il a cassé, détruit et/ou réparé avec des étiquettes pour s'y retrouver. Le studio de Neistat au 368 Broadway est aussi un mémorial à sa carrière, Neistat y entrepose les vestiges de sa carrière de producteur et de réalisateur : trophées, affiches, lettres.

Casey Neistat accepte de recevoir des colis de la part de ses fans au 368 Broadway, il met en scène le déballage de ces colis dans une séquence de ses vlogs intitulé Mail Time.

Le 24 mars 2017, le youtubeur américain Marques Brownlee diffuse une vidéo dans laquelle il présente en profondeur le studio de Neistat. Marques Brownlee explique que le studio est un « chaos organisé ».

Casey Neistat achète le rez-de-chaussée du 368 Broadway et y installe les locaux de sa société, Beme qui sera racheté par CNN puis fermé car ne fonctionnant pas assez bien.

Aujourd'hui, le studio est également utilisé pour l'entreprise collaborative de créateurs appelée 368 car situé au 368 Broadway.

Cinéma et télévision

Séries sur HBO
En juillet 2008, Home Box Office, HBO, a acheté une série télévisée de huit épisodes, The Neistat Brothers, pour une somme de presque deux millions de dollars. La série a été créée par Casey Neistat, Van Neistat, Mason Daugherty et Tom Scott. La productrice de cinéma indépendante Christine Vachon a servi en tant que conseillère de production. Écrite et réalisé par Casey et Van Neistat, la série est autobiographique et vécue à la première personne. Chacun des huit épisodes sont constitués de petites histoires à propos de la vie des deux frères Neistat. La série a fait son avant-première le 4 juin 2010 à minuit sur HBO.

Le Hollywood Reporter a annoncé que . Hank Stuever a écrit dans le Washington post que . Néanmoins, le travail des frères Neistat a tout de même déplu à certains. Le blog The Zeitgeisty Report a qualifié la série comme étant  et en a été même à suggérer que c'était

Filmographie

 2020 : Project Power d'Ariel Schulman et Henry Joost

Notes et références

Naissance dans le comté de New London
Réalisateur américain
Documentariste américain
Home Box Office
IPod
Naissance en mars 1981

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Hello, and welcome to my websight, Extra Stage.
This site is and will always be a work in progress.
It's been a very long time since I got around to updating this site.
No significant content here anymore, so please visit my blog. Unfortunately, it is not updated daily anymore.
I do keep my Twitter updated with my latest drawings and sketches.
I stream myself drawing every Wednesday night (PST). Stop by some time!


text:
Alex Carolan
Last post: July 22, 2020
Understanding the Different Ways to Leverage Facebook for Marketing
By Alex Carolan on July 22, 2020
Facebook has revolutionized how we communicate with each other, how we behave online, and how we make purchases. With an average of more than 1.73 billion people logging onto the social media platform every day—not to mention, 2.6 billion monthly active users—Facebook has not only incredible reach, but also consumer data that can be very valuable to both B2B and B2C organizations.
FACEBOOK MARKETING TOOLS
Maintaining an active Facebook page is an important element in many social media strategies. It's a great way to connect with customers in a more organic and personal fashion. However, as Facebook continues to decrease organic reach for business pages, it can be challenging to be seen in your community's news feed without spending some money. Below, we provided an overview of the different advertising options available to businesses on Facebook.
Facebook Ads can be one of the most effective marketing tactics to promote your brand, events, and special deals. When building Facebook ads, you have a few options:
Link Ads: Drive audiences to specific pages of your site to help build the traffic to your website, such as video ads or carousel ads (displaying up to 10 images or videos in one single post)
Lead Ads: Gated content that requires individuals to submit personal information into a form in order to view the content
Business Page Like Ads: Promote your Business Page to increase your number of page likes
One of the key advantages to using Facebook ads is that you can target your ads based on any number of criteria, including location, interests, gender, age, and much more. The ability to run ads that precisely target a specific demographic can help ensure your ads reach those who fit your target audience.
Another great aspect of advertising with Facebook Ad Manager is the wide selection of ad placements options. Depending on the goals of your campaign, advertisers have the choice to place ads in many different places including:
Facebook News Feeds: Ads placed on the Facebook News Feed appear among organic posts, which can make the ads feel more organic themselves.
Instagram Feeds: About 1 billion people use Instagram every month, making any Instagram Ad placement a great option to target and reach large audiences, especially for ecommerce campaigns. With this placement option, your ads appear in users' Instagram feed when scrolling through the app.
Facebook Marketplace: Facebook Marketplace is used by 800 million people every month. Ads placed on Facebook Marketplace appear among other relevant products on the Marketplace homepage, which helps these ads seem more organic.
Facebook Video Feeds: Video is a great way to engage audiences. With this placement option, video ads appear between organic videos on Facebook Watch and on the Facebook News Feed.
Facebook Right Columns: These ads only appear to people browsing Facebook on a desktop computer, as they appear in the right-hand column.
Instagram Explore: Instagram Explore is where users go when they want to see relevant content related to their interests from accounts they don't already follow. This can be a great placement option for businesses looking for more exposure, especially since more than 50 percent of accounts on Instagram use Explore every month.
Messenger Inboxes: Messenger Inbox can be a favorable ad placement option, especially with younger generations. In fact, it's reported that more than 60 percent of Gen Zers want to be able to communicate with more brands via messaging. This ad placement is an interactive way for consumers to learn about your brand on a level that feels more personal.
BOOSTED POSTS
Boosting a post is a great way to promote a post that's already present on your Facebook business' page as a way to receive more engagement. Boosted, or sponsored, posts are different from Facebook Ads; however, because they require a monetary investment, it's still considered a type of ad.
When boosting a post, you'll have the option to either push the post to people who "like" your page and their friends, or people you choose through targeting. You'll also be able to set your budget. There are certainly pros and cons to choosing either option—when you target people who like your page, you're also pushing it to their friends who may or may not have similar interests.
For greater customization in who your boosted posts reach, you can target people you want to reach, as well as their location, age, gender, and up to 10 interests. What differentiates this type of boosted post from an ad is that boosted posts don't have all of the same customization features to target specific audiences as ads that are created in Ad Manager.
Are you interested in advertising your business through Facebook? Our team of digital marketing professionals are experts both organic and paid social media. Through high-quality content, smart promotional strategies, and paid advertising campaigns, Aztek can super-charge your social media presence and turn it into one of your company's most effective marketing tools. Contact us today to learn more.
How to Calculate PPC ROI
By Alex Carolan on May 20, 2020
Pay-per-click digital advertising can be one of the fastest ways for companies to build brand awareness, drive traffic to a site, and generate high-quality leads. Whether your company is just getting started with PPC advertising, or you've been running PPC campaigns for years, one of the biggest challenges is measuring the success of your efforts.
There are a few different ways for digital advertisers to measure success. Below, we'll examine how to calculate:
Return on investment (ROI)
Return on ad spend (ROAS)
Profit per click
Calculating PPC ROI
Calculating ROI is one of the basic responsibilities of managing a PPC campaign. According to Google, ROI is usually "the most important measurement for advertisers because it shows the real effect that [a PPC campaign] has on your business." While it's important to keep tabs on vanity-type metrics, such as number of clicks and impressions, it's often more valuable to understand how your PPC campaigns are contributing to the success of your business.
ROI is the ratio of your net profit to your total costs. When calculating the ROI from your PPC campaigns, remember to consider all expenses in your total cost, including:
Ad spend: Ad spend includes the costs of advertising on Google Ads, Facebook, or any other search engine or social media platform.
Technology costs: Account for any technology you're using to build and optimize your ads. This includes platforms like SEO or PPC software, design software, and keyword tools.
Labor costs: You may want to include the cost of the employees needed to develop and administer your PPC campaigns. If so, make sure to add in the costs associated with their time.
Third-part costs: If you're using a digital marketing agency to assist with your PPC campaigns, or you're using an independent contractor, you'll want to account for these expenses, as well.
These expenses will affect both your total revenue and the total cost of your paid campaigns when calculating ROI.
The easiest way to calculate PPC ROI is with the following equation:
Google estimates that for every $1 spent on a PPC campaign in Google Adwords, businesses earn an average revenue of $2.
Calculating ROAS
Different than ROI, ROAS (return on ad spend) calculates how much revenue was earned for every dollar spent. A good rule to start with is to aim to break even, and then optimize from there. It's important to understand your break-even point and to set that as a minimum goal to avoid losing unnecessary amounts of money. The break-even point for ROAS is 1:1, which means that for every $1 spent on advertising, you should earn $1 in revenue.
ROAS can be calculated as a percentage, using the following formula:
Calculating Profit Per Click
In order to measure your PPC campaigns' ROI, it's necessary to track the conversions points, or the actions viewers take on your website after seeing an ad. Common examples of conversions could be filling out a form, calling your business, downloading a whitepaper, or making a purchase. You can use Google's free conversion tracking tool to understand what happens after a customer interacts with your ads.
The value of each conversion should be greater than the amount spent to get the conversion. To calculate profit per click, simply divide the total profit by the total number of clicks. For example, if you spend $20 on 5 clicks to get one sale and receive $30 for that sale, your profit per click would be $6. This calculation is a good indication of where the click revenue is coming from.
Leverage Digital Advertising Analytics to Improve ROI
All three of these formulas can be effective ways to measure the success of your PPC campaigns. By tracking these digital advertising analytics, you can better understand your target audience and their search behavior as well as be better positioned to optimize your ads and identify where to increase or decrease your budget for certain campaigns.
If your organization is in need of assistance with Digital Advertising, Analytics, or Reporting, or simply needs a better partner to maximize your digital advertising investment, get in touch with us! Aztek's team of digital advertising professionals can work with you to implement and optimize highly targeted PPC campaigns to generate leads, drive sales, and increase awareness for your brand.
What is Retargeting and How Does It Work?
By Alex Carolan on February 3, 2020
As we enter a new decade, the Internet "revolution" has greatly influenced the way customers are shopping. We live in a time where the once highly anticipated, in-store "Black Friday" shopping experience has taken a back seat to "Cyber Monday.'' According to Oberlo, close to 1.8 billion people purchased online goods in 2018, totaling $2.8 trillion in sales. With an estimated $4.8 trillion in e-retail sales by 2021, the online shopping trend is rapidly expanding.
Because more than 63 percent of shopping occasions begin online, it's imperative for brands to focus on capturing the attention of online users, in addition to those visiting brick-and-mortar locations. Adding to this, only 2 percent of consumers will actually make a purchase during their first visit to a brand's site.
Retargeting, as a result, has become imperative to successful marketing campaigns and delivering those highly anticipated results by focusing on recapturing the 98 percent of consumers who left your site without a purchase.
What is Retargeting?
Retargeting is an attempt to re-engage consumers who have already showed interest in your brand by visiting your website or app. In most cases of retargeting, these consumers left before completing a desired action, such as filling out a form, downloading a whitepaper, or making a purchase. This idea of retargeting occurs once the consumer leaves the brand's site and is later targeted and served an ad for that same brand.
Retargeting campaigns feature strategic online placements of display ads that are served to the retargeted audience. Because of the cookies set in the consumer's browser, their information is collected and is eventually used to retarget on third party sites. These installed cookies help to recognize and follow your site's visitors even when they visit a different site. Retargeting acts as a strategic second chance to make a sale, convert customers, and/or promote brand awareness.
In most instances, retargeting campaigns have higher engagement rates than the typical ad campaign does. This is because it's easier to influence conversions with consumers who have already shown an interest in your products or services or have interacted with your site, rather than starting from ground zero with an audience who might never have heard of your company. On average, consumers are four times more likely to be encouraged rather than discouraged to buy something if they see a relevant ad during their research on the product or service.
There are many ad platforms marketers can use for retargeting, such as Google Ads, Facebook Ads, Bing Ads, LinkedIn Ads, AdMob, and AdColony.
Google Retargeting
Google Display Network, or Google Ads, is the leading tool for remarketing to potential customers. Google Ads works by adding a Google remarketing code, also called a "tag," or "SDK" for mobile apps, to the company's website. This code works simultaneously with the browser cookies to collect the site visitors' information. With the addition of the remarketing code, any visitors to the site will automatically be added to the company's remarketing audience to then later be retargeted.
With the many benefits of the Google Display Network, there are two major perks that stand out. Google Ads offers large-scale reach, with the ability to retarget to customers on over 2 million partner websites and mobile apps. The second big perk when utilizing Google Ads is the amount of campaign reporting available. Google Ads provides in-depth statistics detailing how well your ad campaign is performing, making monitoring, evaluating, and improving your campaign an easy task. As a result of these benefits, Google remarketing ads are some of the most-cost effective ad campaigns to serve to potential customers.
Closely trailing behind Google Ads' reach, Facebook is ranked as the fourth most-visited site globally, with 2 billion people actively using the site. With such high volumes of traffic, Facebook is another strong platform to boost retargeting efforts.
As Google Ads can track a company's website visitors with the combination of browser cookies and a "tag," Facebook retargeting works by utilizing the potential customer's browser cookies and a remarketing code, called a "pixel." This "pixel" can be set up to track specific events, such as page views, searched terms, and purchases. Facebook has the ability to deliver content through dynamic retargeting ads displayed on the user's Facebook newsfeed. As a result, Facebook remarketing ads tend to receive three times the engagement of regular Facebook ads.
How to Create a Retargeting Audience
In addition to grasping how browser cookies and a remarketing code work together to retarget an audience, another key factor in understanding remarketing is comprehending exactly who your retargeting audience is.
On Google Ads
Google Ads incorporates Google Analytics' data to build remarketing lists. Google Ads recommends segmenting audiences in order to best identify opportunities for audience conversions based on the activity recorded by their browser cookies. By identifying like-minded consumer behaviors, there are several ways to categorize a retargeting audience with Google Ads.
You can be broad with identifying these behaviors, such as creating an audience list of those who have simply initiated a session on your site or app or be more specific by retargeting consumers who interacted with a specific product on your site. Another option for creating a retargeting audience is to re-engage visitors who have (or have not) completed a specific action. For example, Google ads seamlessly retargets audiences who have added items to their online shopping card but have abandoned the site before completing a purchase. An additional option for a retargeting audience is to create a "similar audience," which is a list of consumers who share characteristics, interests, or actions similar to consumers on existing remarketing lists.
Facebook similarly offers a Custom Audience builder that has several options for segmenting retargeting audiences. Facebook Ads allows you to create a retargeting list as specific as "people visiting 'x' web page, but not 'y' web page." Another way to categorize possible remarketing audiences is by adding measurements, such as performing a specific action "in the last 30 days." With Facebook ads, it's also possible to retarget audiences based on varying interests or behaviors, as well as exclude audiences who might not be part of your ideal retargeting audience.
Facebook Ads' audience overlap tool can help prevent your campaign from wasting money by identifying customers who may be in multiple retargeting audience lists in your campaign to avoid retargeting these consumers multiple times. The audience overlap tool is an important tool to deter advertisers from bidding against themselves for the same advertising spot.
Retargeting vs. Remarketing
The end goal for both retargeting and remarketing strategies usually aligns: to convert consumers who have shown interest in or are likely to buy from your company. While these two concepts are similar and often mistakenly swapped, there are a few key differences between these two strategies.
While retargeting focuses on delivering display ads to previous site users, remarketing focuses on delivering content via email campaigns. Remarketing works by collecting previous site users' information to create a list of customers who will be targeted later with a sales email. One benefit of remarketing is the amount of content you can include in the sales email, as the content for retargeting ads is more limited.
Remarketing is the ideal strategy for reminding site visitors of your brand. In many cases, remarketing emails will include information on the items the consumers left in their online shopping cart or make attempts to upsell or cross-sell. Another benefit of remarketing is the option to include an incentive, such as a discount or promotion, to encourage consumers to make a sale.
If flexibility in the location of content is important to your campaign, then retargeting ads may be the ideal way to engage consumers who are likely to be interested in your products or services. While remarketing only allows you to reach previous site visitors, retargeting ads has more capabilities to get your brand in front of new audiences by targeting consumers who may have similar online actions or behaviors to your current customers.
Both remarketing and retargeting can be effective strategies to add to your digital marketing plan. Although the two strategies have many similarities, knowing the difference between remarketing and retargeting can help you better choose the right approach to reconnecting with your site visitors.
Still confused about whether your campaign needs remarketing or retargeting? Aztek specializes in both retargeting ads as well as email remarketing. Aztek's highly skilled team of digital marketing professionals can work with you to implement the right strategy to generate qualified leads, drive sales, and increase awareness for your brand. Contact us today to start a conversation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Our science teachers frequently assign and refer to "gizmos" in their classes. Students who need to use these tools will be provided with login information in their classes. The link at the left goes to the site's homepage, from which the login window can be reached.


Abstract: Covers the 1995 Tokyo Gas Attack, during which agents of a Japanese cult released a gas deadlier than cyanide into the subway system, as documented in interviews with its survivors, perpetrators, and victim family members. In March 1995, agents of a Japanese religious cult attacked the Tokyo subway system with sarin, a gas twenty six times as deadly as cyanide. Attempting to discover why, Murakami conducted hundreds of interviews with the people involved, from the survivors to the perpetrators to the relatives of those who died. Underground is their story in their own voices. Concerned with the fundamental issues that led to the attack as well as these personal accounts, Underground is a document of what happened in Tokyo as well as a warning of what could happen anywhere. This is an enthralling and unique work of nonfiction that is timely, vital, and as brilliantly executed as Murakami's novels. From Haruki Murakami, internationally acclaimed author of the Wind-Up Bird Chronicle and Norwegian Wood, a work of literary journalism that is as fascinating as it is necessary, as provocative as it is profound. It was a clear spring day, Monday, March 20, 1995, when five members of the religious cult Aum Shinrikyo conducted chemical warfare on the Tokyo subway system using sarin, a poison gas twenty-six times as deadly as cyanide. The unthinkable had happened; a major urban transit system had become the target of a terrorist attack. Attempting to discover why, Murakami conducted hundreds of interviews with the people involved, from a subway authority employee with survivor guilt, to a fashion salesman with more venom for the media than for the perpetrators, to a young cult member who vehemently condemns the attack though he has not quit Aum. Through these and many other voices, Murakami exposes intriguing aspects of the Japanese psyche. And, as he discerns the fundamental issues leading to the attack, we achieve a clear vision of an event that could occur anytime, anywhere. Hauntingly compelling and inescapably important, Underground is a powerful work of journalistic literature from one of the world's most perceptive writers. Concerned with the fundamental issues that led to the attack as well as these personal accounts, Underground is a document of what happened in Tokyo as well as a warning of what could happen anywhere. This is an enthralling and unique work of nonfiction that is timely and vital and as wonderfully executed as Murakami's brilliant novels.


Hi, I'm Noah. I want to write about music, culture, technology… and all sorts of other more specific stuff too.
This is a start though… so I'm going to publish my Musical Memes history series. We'll see how this goes, hopefully I will publish more stuff soon.
Check out my podcast ARS.FM. I've been having amazing music conversations with my friend Sam for years. We thought we would record some of them.
What else?… I graduated Boston's Berklee College of Music with a degree in Professional Music. My experiences at Berklee, my teachers, my friends – will forever shape me, and needless to say I am very grateful for the opportunity to study with some of the worlds most amazing thinkers, historians, philosophers and yes musicians too. I also have received a Masters degree in Media Production form Toronto's Ryerson University RTA School of Media.


text:
Home Find Suppliers Paper Manufacturers Printing & Writing Papers Woodfree Paper
Liwu
Government Enterprise
Public Limited
Woodfree Paper Producers / Manufacturers in China
19 companies from 1 country
Shanghai Groveland Industry Co., Ltd.
Buyers from Korea (South), Vietnam, Philippines, Ethiopia and Italy recently sent inquiries to this member.
Groveland Materials Corp., Ltd. was established in 1997. Our headquarter is situated in Shanghai, China. Groveland Materials Corp. which belongs to Shanghai Groveland Industry Co. Ltd. operates in... View complete profile
Profile recently viewed by buyers from Ivory Coast, Nigeria, India, United States and Germany.
Listing managed by: Anthony Liu
Tianjin Jinshuiwan International Trade Co.,Ltd
Manufacturer, Exporter
Buyers from Taiwan, Korea (South), Ethiopia, India and Sri Lanka recently sent inquiries to this member.
Tianjin Jinshuiwan International Trade Co.,Ltd was founded in the year of 2003. Ourfactory for paper product occupies the area of 50,000 square meters with more than 500 workers. Our annual... View complete profile
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Listing managed by: Vicky Shi
Hebei Feiyue Industry Co.,Ltd
Qufu, Shandong, China
Buyers from Taiwan, Korea (South), Vietnam, United Kingdom and India recently sent inquiries to this member.
Hebei Feiyue Industry Co.,Ltd, is the experienced paper manufacturer and exporter in China. Our factory is located in Qufu, Shandong province, and the sales department is in Shijiazhuang. The... View complete profile
Profile recently viewed by buyers from Pakistan, Belarus, United States, India and Turkey.
Listing managed by: David Wong
Sinochem Qingdao Co., Ltd.
Qingdao, Shandong, China
Manufacturer, Trading Company, Exporter
Buyers from Turkey recently sent inquiries to this member.
Sinochem Qingdao Co., Ltd. (Abbreviated as Sinochem Qingdao; integrating research, trading, and manufacturing, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Sinochem Corporation which is listed among the 500... View complete profile
Profile recently viewed by buyers from China, United States, Pakistan, Greece and Ecuador.
Listing managed by: Janice Lee
Shandong Baron Paper Co.,Ltd.
Liwu, Guangdong, China
Buyers from Korea (South), Egypt, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates and Greece recently sent inquiries to this member.
Shandong Baron Paper Co.,Ltd., formerly Shandong Taishan Paper Mill, was established in 1977, which involves pulp and papermaking, paper conversion, electricity generating and heating supplying and... View complete profile
Profile recently viewed by buyers from United States, Pakistan, China, Spain and Russia.
Listing managed by: Qian Wang
Qingdao MEG Paper Co., Ltd.
Buyers from Pakistan, India, United Kingdom, Russia and Azerbaijan recently sent inquiries to this member.
Qingdao MEG Paper Co.,Ltd. is a copy paper producer, established in 2006. Our products are reliable quality and priced competitively. We now export to many countries in Europe, Middle East,... View complete profile
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Listing managed by: Jay Yin
Eastern Dragon Paper Factory Co.,Ltd
Buyers from India, Egypt, United Kingdom, Venezuela and El Salvador recently sent inquiries to this member.
We mainly supply offset paper, art coated paper, photocopy paper, and paperboard. We specialize in offset paper and art coated paper. Facitlities: 6 paper manufacturing lines 7200mm*1line+... View complete profile
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Listing managed by: Shirleen Chen
Xinxiang Tengfei Paper Co, Ltd.
Xinxiang, Henan, China
Buyers from India, Netherlands, Venezuela and Germany recently sent inquiries to this member.
Xinxiang Tengfei Paper Company was founded in 2004. We have been producing carbonless copy paper for over ten years. We employ more than 300 employees. We have two production lines with annual... View complete profile
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Listing managed by: Shirley Jiang
Fuyang War Dragon Paper Co., Ltd.
Buyers from Taiwan, Philippines, Turkmenistan, India and China recently sent inquiries to this member.
Fuyang War Dragon Paper Co., Ltd., specializes in manufacturing duplex board with grey back, triplex, ivory board, kraft paper, coated art paper, PE coated paper, offset paper etc. We have... View complete profile
Profile recently viewed by buyers from United States, Uzbekistan, India, China and Nigeria.
Listing managed by: Liu Weishun
Puyang Longfeng Paper Co., Ltd.
Puyang, Henan, China
Buyers from Nigeria, Peru, India, Egypt and United Kingdom recently sent inquiries to this member.
Puyang Longfeng Paper Company Limited was established in August 2003. We produce woodfree offset paper, woodfree copy paper, and woodfree coated gloss/matt paper. The annual output is 300,000... View complete profile
Profile recently viewed by buyers from China, United States, India, Sweden and Zimbabwe.
Listing managed by: Nick Sun
Hongkong Eastern Dragon Group Co.,Ltd.
Buyers from India recently sent inquiries to this member.
We are a large scale equity joint venture established by Samson group. We have a have big network thatcovers Beijing Chongqing, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Wuxi, Foshan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and... View complete profile
Profile recently viewed by buyers from India, United States, China, Germany and Russia.
Listing managed by: Fiona Yang
Guangxi Guitang (Group) Co., Ltd.
Nanning, Guangxi, China
We are a paper mill who is specialized in manufacturing various kind of paper products, such as high grade offset printing paper, writing paper, glazed paper and uncoated base paper for cup making.... View complete profile
Profile recently viewed by buyers from United States, China, France, Spain and Iran.
Listing managed by: Gloria Zhang
Baoding Baolilai Paper Products Co., Ltd.
Baoding Baolilai Paper Products Co.,Ltd. is a manufacturer of copy paper with well-equipped testing equipment and strong technical force. Our production capacity is 1500 tons per month. We have... View complete profile
Profile recently viewed by buyers from China, Russia, United States, France and Singapore.
Listing managed by: Sally Rose
Handan Congtai Guangfa Paper Co.,Ltd
Handan, Hebei, China
Buyers from Armenia, India, Iran and Sri Lanka recently sent inquiries to this member.
Handan Congtai Guangfa Paper Co.,Ltd. was founded in 2006 and is located in Handan city. Our company is engaged in the production, import and export of paper products. We are a domestic factory a... View complete profile
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Listing managed by: Abby Suf
Rise Star Paper Group
Rise Star Paper Group is an excellent office paper R&D and manufacturing enterprise. The company specializes in the production of copy paper, woodfree offset printing paper, thermal paper,... View complete profile
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Listing managed by: Lorita Lee
Peng's Trading Ltd.
Weifang, Shandong, China
Dear Sirs, Thank you for viewing my message. We are speciallized in paper making. Our products are all from the biggest paper manufacturer in china. we could provide almost all kinds of paper... View complete profile
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Listing managed by: Yupeng Sun
Henan Premtec Enterprise Corporation
Zhengzhou, Henan, China
We are a papermaking mill in China. Our mill was established in 1967 and won good reputations among clients. Our corporation was listed in Shanghai Stock Exchange in April of 1997 with the... View complete profile
Profile recently viewed by buyers from United States, Germany, Nigeria, France and Turkmenistan.
Listing managed by: Chris Hoo
Huatai Industry Co.,Ltd
Huatai Industry Co.,Ltd specializes in the manufacture and marketing of all kinds of paper products with our own factory which was founded in 2000 with well-equipped, up-to-date facilities and... View complete profile
Profile recently viewed by buyers from United States, Uganda, Nepal, China and Russia.
Listing managed by: April Zhang
Qingdao Yifengze Industry Co.,Ltd.
Yifengze has developed consistently and steadily and becomes a group enterprise with higher reputation home and aboard since founded in 1999. The company involves many fields such as manufacture,... View complete profile
Profile recently viewed by buyers from India, United States, China, Nigeria and Germany.
Listing managed by: Jason Zhai
Regions Represented by Woodfree Paper Rolls, Sheets, Reels Producers / Manufacturers on PaperIndex
Top Countries Represented by Woodfree Paper Rolls, Sheets, Reels Producers / Manufacturers on PaperIndex
Top States in China Represented by Woodfree Paper Rolls, Sheets, Reels Producers / Manufacturers on PaperIndex
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Zhejiang
Top Cities in China Represented by Woodfree Paper Rolls, Sheets, Reels Producers / Manufacturers on PaperIndex
Handan, Hangzhou, Liwu, Nanning, Puyang, Qingdao, Qufu, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, Tianjin, Weifang, Xinxiang, Zhengzhou


text:
module Rpush
  module Client
    module Mongoid
      module Apns
        class Feedback
          include ::Mongoid::Document

          field :device_token, type: String
          field :failed_at, type: Time

          belongs_to :app

          validates :device_token, presence: true
          validates :failed_at, presence: true

          index device_token: 1
          index app_id: 1

          validates_with Rpush::Client::ActiveModel::Apns::DeviceTokenFormatValidator
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Ulrike Baur (* 1953 in Heidelberg) ist eine deutsche Journalistin und Fernsehregisseurin.

Leben
Ulrike Baur studierte Germanistik, Romanistik und Politologie mit dem Abschluss M.A. Ihre journalistische Ausbildung machte sie beim Evangelischen Pressedienst und beim Süddeutschen Rundfunk (SDR). Danach arbeitete sie als Hörfunkautorin, Moderatorin und freie Redakteurin für diverse ARD Kulturprogramme.
Seit 1989 drehte Ulrike Baur eine Vielzahl von Dokumentarfilmen für die Fernsehsender ARD, ARTE, ZDF und 3SAT. Ihre ersten Filme entstanden in Vietnam. Ab 1993 bereiste sie jahrelang regelmäßig die Kriegsgebiete im ehemaligen Jugoslawien. Sie arbeitete u. a. für ARTE Themenabende, die ARD-Sendereihen "Die großen Kriminalfälle", "Der Tag als…" und von Beginn an für die ZDF-Reihe "37 Grad".

Auszeichnungen
 1990 Hörfunkpreis der Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft der Freien Wohlfahrtspflege Im Leiden nicht allein – das Christopherushaus in FfM begleitet Sterbenskranke (HR)
 2000 Deutscher Beitrag INPUT Festival Halifax Kategorie Reportage Verschwunden, vermisst, verscharrt / Vanished, Missing, Buried  (ARD Exclusiv 1999)
 2001 Nominierung zum Prix Europa in der Kategorie Current Affairs Knochenarbeit – Evas Alltag zwischen Massengräbern / Bone Puzzle (ZDF 37°)
 2003 Juliane Bartel Medienpreis Frauenhandel – die Balkanroute (ZDF/ARTE/3SAT)
 2004 Deutscher Menschenrechts-Filmpreis 2. Preis Kategorie Profi Moderne Sklavinnen (ZDF)

Filmografie (Auswahl)

ARTE
 1995: Der letzte Tanz – Rentner an der Costa del Sol – 60 Min
 1997: Macht-Fragen: Jugendszene Fürstenwalde – 30 Min
 2003: Die internationale Entführungsindustrie – 45 Min
 2004: Jobnomaden zwischen Ost und West – 45 Min
 2006: Die Jäger der schwarzen Kassen – 45 Min
 2013:  Go North – Gastarbeiter mit Diplom – 60 Min

ARD
 1993: Vom Bruder zum Feind – DDR und Prager Frühling – 45 Min ARD
 2000: Deutsche Welten: Die Vietnamesen – 45 Min ARD
 2001: Die großen Kriminalfälle: Der Satansmord – Tod eines Schülers – 45 Min ARD
 2007: Der Tag als…Benni aus dem Koma erwachte – 45 Min ARD
 2008: Der Tag als…die Feuerwalze kam / Zacharo Griechenland – 45 Min ARD
 2010: Chronik einer Entmietung – 45 Min SWR /WDR
 2011: Die Menschenhändler von nebenan – 45 Min SWR
 2011: Pauken mit Meerblick – die Inselkinder von Silba – 30 Min WDR
 2012: Wer übernimmt den Hof? Bauern suchen Nachfolger – 45 Min  SWR
 2014: Köche aus Kenia – Wie die Südpfalz um Arbeitskräfte kämpft – 45 Min SWR

ZDF/ 3SAT
 1995: Urlaub vom Krieg ZDF 37°
 1996: Frühling in Sarajevo – Flüchtlinge kehren heim ZDF 37°
 1997: Schattenmenschen – illegal in Deutschland ZDF 37°
 1998: Totgesagte leben lieber ZDF 37°
 1999: Die Retter der Tafelrunde: Slow Food ZDF 37°
 2000: Knochenarbeit – Ewas Alltag zwischen Massengräbern ZDF 37°
 2000: Die Mörder sind frei – das Massaker von Srebrenica ZDF/3SAT
 2001: Krieg im Kopf – das Trauma der Balkansoldaten ZDF/3SAT
 2002: Ein Stück von mir – Organe als Geschenk ZDF 37°
 2002/2003: Moderne Sklavinnen: Frauenhandel – die Balkanroute ZDF/3SAT/ARTE
 2003: Endspurt aus der letzten Bank – Hauptschüler auf dem Weg ins Leben ZDF 37°
 2004: Mein Mann der Mörder meiner Tochter – Ehrenmord in Deutschland ZDF 37°
 2005: Business und bobbycar – Väter im Karrierestress ZDF 37°
 2007: Ich habe überlebt – Verwundet zurück aus Kabul ZDF 37°
 2008: Wunschkind von der Samenbank ZDF 37°
 2009: Mein Kind im Vollrausch ZDF 37°
 2010: Traumprinz aus der Ferne ZDF 37°
 2011: Endlich aufatmen – mit 20 eine neue Lunge ZDF 37°
 2012: Mein Vater ist jetzt eine Frau – Transsexuelle und ihre Kinder ZDF 37°
 2013: Drei Kinder und vierzig Kühe ZDF 37°
 2014: Ein radikaler Schnitt – Überleben mit dem Brustkrebsgen ZDF 37°
 2015: Ich lass die Sau raus – Biohof statt Agrarfabrik ZDF 37°
 2016: Fremde in meinem Haus – Flüchtlinge mit Familienanschluss ZDF 37°
 2017: Feierabend, Bauer! – Generationswechsel auf alten Höfen ZDF 37°

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Journalist (Deutschland)
Fernsehregisseur
Deutscher
Geboren 1953
Frau


text:
Search results for: glastonbury
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In 2020 it was clear why UK festivals had to cancel – the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent closure of society to prevent overwhelming the NHS was a "do-or-die" situation that…
The Martinez Brothers talk Lost Horizon, future releases and more [Interview]
On Saturday March 20, The Martinez Brothers, hailing from America, will be playing at the world's largest virtual reality music & arts venue Lost Horizon. Created by the team behind Glastonbury's Shangri-La,…
How RAVR reinvented the live music experience during a pandemic, and their huge plans for 2021
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Top off anything from a dressy skirt to casual jeans with this classic lacy ruffled top. Crocheted with size 12 crochet thread, it's the ideal project for taking along for productive relaxation on your travels or to work on during a lunch hour.
S: 100gr; M: 150gr; L: 200gr.


For the last year, police officers in Lehi have been keeping Christmas in their minds, identifying families and children they can help during the holidays. The time has come for Kids, Cops and Christmas, when the police partner with Texas Roadhouse and Smith's Marketplace to raise funds to take local kids Christmas shopping.
Lehi police officers were joined by officers in training from Saratoga Springs and American Fork on Wednesday, November 28, at the Lehi Legacy Center for a catered lunch from Texas Roadhouse and a K-9 demonstration. The officers parked a squad car on the sidewalk in front of the Legacy Center with the lights on to draw people to their fundraiser. On Monday, December 3, Lehi police officers once again parked a squad car on the sidewalk near Texas Roadhouse to get the attention of people passing by. The officers shadowed the wait staff at Texas Roadhouse, taking orders and bringing food to the tables while taking donations for Kids, Cops and Christmas.
"This is such a great event every year," said Corporal Brian Cullen of Kids, Cops and Christmas. "You see them meet Santa and your heart just melts." On December 15, Lehi Police officers will take about 25 children to Smith's Marketplace in Lehi early in the morning for breakfast and Christmas shopping for their families with a police officer. The children will go to the police station afterward to wrap presents and meet Santa Claus.
The Lehi Police Department will continue to take donations until the Kids, Cops and Christmas event on December 15.


This statement must be executed on the synchronization target instance to copy necessary files from the source instance. Note that each statement can only synchronize one database to one SSAS instance; if you have multiple instances in your query load balancing pool, then you must execute the same statement on each target instance. Fortunately, you can synchronize the same database to multiple target instances in parallel.
The previous XMLA statement applies compression to files while they're synchronized and copies all security roles along with their members. Other security options include transferring just the roles without including role members or ignoring security roles altogether. The latter option could be useful if you're transferring the production database to a test or quality assurance server where the database will be queried by a different set of users.
While we're on subject of security, let me inform you that only members of Analysis Services server role (in other words, SSAS instance administrators) can run synchronization. You can check the membership of Analysis Services server role by right-clicking on the instance in SSMS, choosing Properties, and navigating to the Security tab of the Analysis Services Properties dialog (see Figure 1).
Once you have appropriate permissions, you can run the Synchronize command on the target server through SSMS or by using ASCMD command-line utility. SSMS displays the progress of execution, as shown in Figure 2.
To fully grasp the synchronization feature, let's recall that Analysis Services is a file-based data store; each database could have thousands of files. For example, the Adventure Works DW sample database contains 8012 files in 77 folders, as shown in Figure 3.
Each file is specific to an object, such as a dimension or partition, and stores a specific piece of data. For example, each dimension attribute will have a key store file containing attribute key values.
Built-in synchronization's primary advantage over other methods is its incremental nature: If the target instance already contains the database that we're trying to synchronize, SSAS will only copy the files that do not exist on the target server. For example, if our daily processing involves updating only one partition "Internet_Sales_2001", then synchronization will only transfer a relatively small number of files (that changed as part of "Internet_Sales_2001" partition processing) rather than having to copy all database files. Additionally, synchronization will also remove the files that exist on the target server but not on the source server. If the target database does not exist, then synchronization has no choice — it will have to copy every single file found in the source database folder.


Patients, carers and the networks that represent them are diverse. Some will be used to working in a professional environment and contributing to open debate. Others may be from smaller groups of volunteers that have very little funding. Individual involvement may be dependent on the nature of the patients' condition, as well as their age group.
Some PSPs work with patients who are vulnerable or at risk, such as adults with learning disabilities and children. The Steering Group should identify if there are potential safeguarding issues that might present themselves via the survey or during the prioritisation process, such as a survey respondent indicating that they are at risk of harm. The Steering Group should decide if they need a safeguarding policy. It may be possible to use an existing policy from an organisation within the Steering Group. This should be communicated to the Partners and to anyone handling the survey data.
It is important to identify the preferred methods of communication and involvement of patient and carer groups. While some will operate fully online, others may not use email or social media. Even for those that do, the option of receiving paperwork through the post or talking on the phone should always be offered.
There may be points that should be checked with participants such as a requirement for hearing loops or level access to meeting rooms, timings of their caring responsibilities, travel difficulties, telephone/virtual involvement in meetings where necessary or shorter meetings where participants with particular conditions would find that more comfortable. Steering Groups should think carefully about all practical requirements or sensitivities that they may need to plan for in order to make sure that patients and carers can contribute fully to meetings.
Facilitators and chairs should ensure patients and carers have equal voices to those of clinicians in meetings and workshops. It is also important to recognise that the views of patients and the views of carers may differ. Neither group should feel that their voice is more or less valid than the other's is. The environment of any PSP meeting should be respectful.
Taking extra time to support patients before, during and after meetings will ensure they are able to contribute equally and comfortably present their views, particularly because they may be talking about very personal issues.
evaluation forms on which patients and carers can comment on their experience, anonymously if preferred.
Many patient organisations will have a great deal of expertise and good practice experience of involving patients and carers. This should be shared across the PSP.
INVOLVE publications around good practice in public involvement, and guidance on the use of social media.


Discussion in 'Windows XP' started by old100, Jul 19, 2006.
Just for curiosity I put a pair of small SCSI HD in an old PC and loaded up the memory. The HD had been running win 98. Converted the main drive to NTFS and installed win 2000.It ran fine. Then I tried to convert the second drive to NTFS for other programs but all I get is "bad pool caller" and the PC locks up.?? Any suggestions?? Event viewer and device manager do not show any problems.
Check this thread, it was solved.
I saw the other problems but mine is diferent - the HD that has the OP does not show any problem. It is the other HD with the problem that I can not format. Maybe they are related but ???. I am attaching a dumplog and hijackthis and maybe a kind soul will debug them for me.


This is a heavy duty actuator, long life guaranteed.
3. Load: 1500 Lbs Rated load.
6. Actuator length retracted: approx 20 inches, from center to center mounting holes.
7. Actuator is protected with slip clutch that will slip at the end of the stroke and when the load is exceeded.
8. Speed: .43 inches per second.
The actuator is painted with epoxy black paint that is weather protected for use indoors and outdoors. The actuator is suitable for applications that require lifting, pushing, pulling, opening, closing, adjusting......etc. The mating connector is included.
Need a different actuator please feel free to contact me at : Eddie.chandler@oklahomaselltoday.com, please provide the desired stroke voltage and load. I might have the right actuator that will fit your project.
Contact Eddie.chandler@oklahomaselltoday.com (Eddie Chandler) for more information. All emails will be forwarded to the poster's actual email address.


Serving pears today carries a special cachet. It's really worth knowing more about them. Pears can be poached, baked, grilled or roasted. One of the most delicate tasks is to match the right pear with the right cheese. Pears are one of most high fiber fruits.


text:
Meyer Sound Expands Sales Team with New Vertical Market Positions
Posted on Tuesday, May 10, 2016
Meyer Sound strengthens its worldwide sales team with three new hires: Andy Willcox as Sales Manager, Residential Systems; Daniel Rivera as Sales Specialist, House of Worship Market; and Antonio Manzo as Sales Director, Mexico. The new hires will help Meyer Sound to build on vertical markets worldwide.
Andy Willcox will connect Meyer Sound products and technologies to a growing market for private cinemas and premium distributed systems in residences for high-net-worth clients. Willcox comes to Meyer Sound with three decades of experience in the residential AV market, both as an owner of a Midwestern systems integration firm and as Vice President of Sales and Business Development at CINEAK, a leading supplier of furnishings for private cinemas. He served on the Board of Directors and Executive Board of CEDIA, serving as President of the organization from 2005 to 2006.
Los Angeles native Daniel Rivera will leverage his experience in media production leadership and marketing roles at Oasis Church in Hollywood, as well as two years working in pro AV distribution. Rivera brings to his new role a first-hand understanding of the demands of the worship environment, and will work with end users, consultants, and system integrators to tailor Meyer Sound technologies for worship facilities' particular audio requirements.
"Creating these two vertical market positions reflects Meyer Sound's long-standing commitment to understanding customers' needs from their perspective," says Antonio Zacarias, Meyer Sound's vice president of worldwide sales. "Andy and Daniel know what's truly important to customers in their respective markets, and that's the key to building lasting relationships."
Heading the sales team in Mexico, Antonio Manzo brings to Meyer Sound more than 25 years of experience in the music and pro audio industries. For nearly 22 years he worked at Yamaha Corporation of Mexico, taking on new market development in the company's sales and marketing department.
Willcox is based in the Bay Area and may be reached at +1 415.999.4281 or at awillcox@meyersound.com. Based in Los Angeles, Rivera can be reached at +1 510.693.3833 or danielrivera@meyersound.com. Manzo is based in Mexico City and can be reached at amanzo@meyersound.com.mx or +52 1 55545 76026.


text:
Heat Local First: Lyme Green Heat
When Lyme native Morton Bailey started his business, Lyme Green Heat—a new member of Local First Alliance this year—he was just a guy in a truck delivering bagged wood heating pellets to residential customers around the Upper Valley heating their homes with pellet stoves.
Today the thirty-something has grown the business to become the only bulk distributor of wood pellets in New Hampshire, serving commercial and residential customers with wood pellet boilers—central heating—throughout New Hampshire, Vermont, and even into Massachusetts.
"Being a local family I guess I never planned to go too far anyways, and being here in the Upper Valley and in New England in general, heating is a big part of our lives," Morton explained when asked about why he started this local business. "I've always been the outdoor type, and I've always valued and been part of the wood economy, and it just made sense to start to look at this fuel as a way to heat people's homes with a locally based product."
The shift to bulk pellet delivery for central heating systems has been a big change over the last few years, Morton said, and he couldn't be more excited to bring what he sees as an easy, renewable, local fuel source to the region.
"This is wood heat for everybody," he said. "It's just as easy as burning oil or propane but it's locally produced and grown in your backyard. You're literally eliminating that fossil fuel use, and that's important as we move forward. In the big energy picture of New England, home heating is our biggest energy consumer. Fortunately for us we have this incredible resource, which is our forests, and when they're properly managed and maintained we're able to harvest that wood, turn it into an energy source, and in turn it's going to regrow and be there for future generations."
Thanks to Morton, Lyme boasts the highest rate per capita of residential wood pellet boilers in the state. And it's not just because of his enthusiasm and his connections in town; it's also because of his work to help establish and expand the New Hampshire Wood-Pellet Central-Heating Rebate Program, which now offers residents rebates of 40% of installed cost up to $10,000 for pellet boilers.
When Morton started bulk delivery seven years ago he sold 100 tons of fuel; last year he delivered nearly 5,000 tons. The wood pellet fuel market is growing, but it's not easy.
"It's a tough market going up against oil and gas," he said. "As a company we see so much value in this whole local movement. The local food movement has had such an impact, and we want to be on the same level."
In addition to using local products and serving local customers, Lyme Green Heat supports the local community and strives to do more. Last Arbor Day they provided saplings for the students at the Lyme School – a Lyme Green Heat customer – to plant and to learn more about how they heat their school. Lyme Green Heat also sponsored Vital Communities' Upper Valley Energy Committee Roundtable in April.
"We're just getting started on this end of things but I see it as a nice way for us to continue to community-build with our little enterprise," Morton said.


text:
The Hellacopters - Grande Rock (1999)
1.	"Action De Grâce" 2:17
2.	"Alright Already Now" 2:56
3.	"Move Right out of Here" 2:09
4.	"Welcome to Hell" 5:19
5.	"The Electric Index Eel" 1:52
6.	"Paul Stanley" 2:01
7.	"The Devil Stole the Beat from the Lord" 3:54
8.	"Dogday Mornings" 3:20
9.	"Venus in Force" 3:00
10.	"5 vs. 7" 5:39
11.	"Lonely" 3:07
12.	"Renvoyer" 2:22
The Hellacopters Band Members / Musicians
Nicke Andersson – Vocals guitars
Kenny Håkansson – Bass guitar
Anders Lindström – Guitar, piano
Robert Eriksson – Drums
Matt McHellburger – Harp, vocals
Pike McWalleye – Vocals, acoustic guitar
Zquaty – Percussion
Odd De Cologne – Voice
Stefan Boman – Mixing, editing
Åsa Winzell – Mastering
Anders Lind – Recording engineer
Ray Hill – Pinstriping
Lance hammond – Photography
Grande Rock is the 3rd album released by the Swedish rock band The Hellacopters. Due to the departure of original guitarist Dregen, pianist Anders Lindström stepped in to record guitars under the pseudonym Boba Lee Fett. The record was released both on CD and on vinyl, the vinyl version was available in seven different colors depending on which country it was sold in. The Japanese release also contains the bonus tracks "Only Got The Shakes" and "Keepin' On". The Shock CD version contains "Makes It Alright", "Heart of the Matter" and "Holiday Cramp" as bonus tracks as well as two music videos on an additional CD-ROM.
Labels 1999, The Hellacopters


text:
2019 - 71st Emmy Awards
Lead Actress
Guest Actor
Guest Actress
Television Movie
Host For A Reality Or Competition Program
Structured Program
Unstructured Program
Competition Program
Comedy Or Drama Series
Nonfiction Or Reality Series
Variety Series
Variety Sketch Series
Variety Special (Live)
Variety Special (Pre-Recorded)
Directing For A Variety Series
Directing For A Variety Special
Writing For A Variety Series
Writing For A Variety Special
Individual Achievement in Animation (Juried)
Short Form Animated Program
Production Design For A Narrative Contemporary Program (One Hour Or More)
Production Design For A Narrative Period Or Fantasy Program (One Hour Or More)
Production Design For A Narrative Program (Half-Hour)
Production Design For A Variety, Reality Or Competition Series
Production Design For A Variety Special
Casting For A Comedy Series
Casting For A Drama Series
Casting For A Limited Series, Movie Or Special
Casting For A Reality Program
Outstanding Choreography For Variety Or Reality Programming
Outstanding Choreography For Scripted Programming (Juried)
Cinematography For A Limited Series Or Movie
Cinematography For A Multi-Camera Series
Cinematography For A Single-Camera Series (Half-Hour)
Cinematography For A Single-Camera Series (One Hour)
Cinematography For A Nonfiction Program
Cinematography For A Reality Program
Contemporary Costumes
Period Costumes
Fantasy/Sci-Fi Costumes
Costumes for Variety, Nonfiction Or Reality Programming
Directing For A Documentary/Nonfiction Program
Documentary Or Nonfiction Series
Documentary Or Nonfiction Special
Exceptional Merit In Documentary Filmmaking
Informational Series Or Special
Writing For A Nonfiction Program
Lighting, Camera & Technical Arts
Lighting Design/Lighting Direction For A Variety Series
Lighting Design/Lighting Direction For A Variety Special
Technical Direction, Camerawork, Video Control For A Series
Technical Direction, Camerawork, Video Control For A Special
Interactive Program
Original Interactive Program
Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program
Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within an Unscripted Program
Innovation in Interactive Media (Juried)
Hairstyling For A Limited Series Or Movie
Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special
Hairstyling For A Single-Camera Series
Makeup For A Limited Series Or Movie (Non-Prosthetic)
Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special (Non-Prosthetic)
Makeup For A Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic)
Prosthetic Makeup For A Series, Limited Series, Movie Or Special
Main Title Design
Motion Design (Juried)
Music Composition For A Limited Series, Movie Or Special (Original Dramatic Score)
Music Composition For A Series (Original Dramatic Score)
Music Composition For A Documentary Series Or Special (Original Dramatic Score)
Original Main Title Theme Music
Original Music And Lyrics
Character Voice-Over Performance
Multi-Camera Picture Editing For A Comedy Series
Picture Editing For A Nonfiction Program
Picture Editing For A Structured Reality Or Competition Program
Picture Editing For An Unstructured Reality Program
Picture Editing for Variety Programming
Single-Camera Picture Editing For A Comedy Series
Single-Camera Picture Editing For A Drama Series
Single-Camera Picture Editing For A Limited Series Or Movie
Sound Mixing For A Comedy Or Drama Series (Half-Hour) And Animation
Sound Mixing For A Comedy Or Drama Series (One Hour)
Sound Mixing For A Limited Series Or Movie
Sound Mixing For A Nonfiction Program (Single Or Multi-Camera)
Sound Mixing For A Variety Series Or Special
Sound Editing For A Limited Series, Movie Or Special
Sound Editing For A Nonfiction Program (Single Or Multi-Camera)
Sound Editing For A Comedy Or Drama Series (One Hour)
Sound Editing For A Comedy Or Drama Series (Half-Hour) And Animation
Special Visual Effects In A Supporting Role
Stunt Coordination For A Comedy Series Or Variety Program
Stunt Coordination For A Drama Series, Limited Series Or Movie
Outstanding Hairstyling For A Limited Series Or Movie - 2019
Julio Parodi
Key Hairstylist
Jovana Jovanavic
Deadwood: The Movie
Melissa Yonkey
Department Head Hairstylist
Laine Trzinski
Assistant Department Head Hairstylist
Jose Zamora
Christopher Fulton
Christen Edwards
Nicole Bridgeford
Personal Hairstylist
Christine Cantrell
Stanley Tines
Charlene Belmond
Additional Hairstylist
"Closer"
Michelle Ceglia
Co-Department Head Hairstylist
Jocelyn Mulhern
Patti Dehaney
Stacey K. Black
Brian B. Badie
Andrea Mona Bowman
Lawrence Cornell Davis
2017 - 69th2018 - 70th2019 - 71st2020 - 72nd2021 - 73rd
Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special
Outstanding Makeup For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special (Non-Prosthetic)


Despite several previous reports, there are no established procedures for intraoperative management in moyamoya disease patients requiring cardiac surgery.
Herein, we report the case of a 42-year-old man who was scheduled to undergo mitral valve plasty for severe mitral regurgitation. He had been diagnosed with moyamoya disease on the onset of cerebral ischemia at 41 years of age. During the cardiac surgical procedure, the patient was maintained on inhalation anesthesia with 1 to 1.5 % sevoflurane. Sevoflurane causes cerebral vasodilation followed by increased cerebral blood flow, and moreover we expected a sevoflurane preconditioning-induced neuroprotective effect. In addition, we used pulsatile perfusion support to maintain cerebral circulation with intra-aortic balloon pumping during the cardiopulmonary bypass. We aimed to keep the mean arterial pressure constantly above 70 mmHg. We were able to maintain regional cerebral oxygen saturation at 80 % of the baseline value, and could not detect the progression of neurological deficits using follow-up brain single photon emission computed tomography. The patient was discharged 16 days after admission.
The details of the clinical course of his case will add to our knowledge regarding intraoperative management options in moyamoya disease patients requiring cardiac surgery. We suggest that pulsatile blood flow supported by intra-aortic balloon pumping and sevoflurane anesthesia for increasing cerebral blood flow and for possible neuroprotection may be efficacious for anesthetic management of moyamoya disease patients.
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic cerebrovascular disorder characterized by steno-occlusive changes of the terminal portion of the internal carotid arteries and the development of a network of abnormal collateral vessels . In MMD patients with severe cerebrovascular disorders, prevention of cerebral ischemia or cerebral hemorrhage during cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is extremely difficult because autoregulation of cerebral blood flow is impaired. Several previous reports have described intraoperative management in MMD patients requiring cardiac surgery [2–4], but there is no established evidence regarding anesthetic agents for maintenance of general anesthesia, effects of pulsatile perfusion, appropriate cerebral perfusion pressure and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) during CPB.
Herein, we report the successful management of a patient who had right hemiplegia due to MMD, and who underwent mitral valve plasty for severe mitral regurgitation (MR) without deterioration of neurological function.
A 41-year-old man (height 171.5 cm, body weight 67 kg) was transferred to the regional medical center due to right hemiplegia and aphagia. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging revealed cerebral infarction caused by occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery, while cerebral magnetic resonance angiography showed the development of a network of abnormal collateral vessels. Hence, the patient was diagnosed with MMD.
Before cerebral revascularization surgery, severe MR (III/IV) due to the prolapse of the P2 leaflet in the mitral valve was indicated by transthoracic echocardiography. Cardiac catheterization indicated elevated pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) (systolic/diastolic/mean: 86/33/60 mmHg) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (32 mmHg) at the systemic arterial pressure of 120/83/102 mmHg. Hence, the patient was admitted to our university center for the surgical treatment of MR.
Preoperative single-photon emission computed tomography revealed reduced cerebral blood flow in the left cerebral hemisphere (especially in the external left frontal cortex; Fig. 1). Neurosurgeons at our center judged that the patient did not have an indication for cerebral revascularization surgery, which is used to prevent ischemic complications during the perioperative period of mitral valve plasty. This was because his left frontal lobe showed extensive cerebral infarction and no cerebral infarction symptoms were observed in the right cerebral hemisphere. Therefore, mitral valve plasty without cerebral revascularization was chosen.
In the operation room, the patient's monitoring of electrocardiogram, oxygen saturation, systemic arterial pressure via right radial artery catheter, bispectral index, and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) at the right and left forehead (INVOS™ 5100C, Somanetics, USA) was initiated before the administration of general anesthesia. The rSO2 values for the left and right forehead were 72 and 81 %, respectively.
General anesthesia was induced by intravenous administration of 3 mg of midazolam, 0.4 mg of fentanyl, and 50 mg of rocuronium. After tracheal intubation, a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) probe was inserted. Then, a central venous catheter and right heart catheter were inserted via the right internal jugular vein, and central venous pressure, PAP, cardiac output, and mixed venous oxygen saturation were measured. The nasopharyngeal temperature and urinary bladder temperature were also measured.
Before CPB, general anesthesia was maintained by inhalation of sevoflurane (1–1.5 % of end-tidal concentration). The patient's PaCO2 was maintained between 38 and 42 mmHg. Intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) was placed at the start of surgery and the augmented pressure was maintained. The mean arterial pressure was constantly above 70 mmHg. Before CPB, rSO2 values were almost above 80 % on both sides (Fig. 2).
During CPB, administration of sevoflurane via the oxygenator was also continued because of its cerebrovascular dilatation activity and potential preconditioning effect against focal cerebral ischemia. PaCO2 was maintained between 45 and 50 mmHg, and alpha-stat management of pH was performed. Hypothermia was induced; the temperature at the bottom of the nasopharyngeal temprature was 28 °C. We used pulsatile perfusion assist to maintain cerebral circulation during CPB with IABP. A decrease in rSO2 was observed 162 min after the initiation of CPB. Our perfusionist increased the CPB pump flow from 2.2 L/min/m2 to 2.8 L/min/m2 in order to increase cerebral blood flow. Moreover, the concentration of sevoflurane was increased to 2 %. Yet, rSO2 desaturation (15 % reduction from baseline) was not improved. We decided to increase the depth-of-anesthesia with another dose of midazolam. After administration of 3 mg of midazolam, the rSO2 values increased from 67 to 73 % on the right side and from 71 to 74 % on the left side. During CPB, the lowest values (and variation) of rSO2 in the left and right forehead were 71 % (−2 %) and 67 % (−17 %), respectively. Mitral valve plasty was performed as planned.
At the weaning from the CPB, the disappearance of MR was confirmed by TEE; the weaning was not difficult. Pulmonary hypertension also improved (PAP was 26/12 mmHg, while systemic arterial pressure was 105/56 mmHg). After CPB, inhalation of sevoflurane (1–1.5 % of end-tidal concentration) was also continued. The rSO2 values were almost above 75 % on both sides and not below the awake rSO2 values (Fig. 2). CPB and aortic cross-clamping lasted 352 min and 289 min, respectively. On the completion of the surgery, the IABP was discontinued and sevoflurane administration was stopped. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit with ventilator support under propofol sedation.
On the 1st postoperative day (POD), the patient was weaned from the ventilator, and the patient did not complain about any new neurological deficits. We monitored the rSO2 of his forehead until the 2nd POD and no significant decrease (−20 %) of the rSO2 values was confirmed. The postoperative course was uneventful. On the 15th POD, single-photon emission computed tomography revealed that the low cerebral blood flow lesions had not changed (Fig. 3), and the patient was discharged from our hospital on the 16th POD.
We performed anesthesia for mitral valve plasty in a patient with cerebral infarction due to MMD using pulsatile perfusion of cardiopulmonary bypass with an assistance of IABP, without exacerbation of neurological complications.
Anesthetic management of a patient with MMD is rather challenging, and we have to keep several key-points in mind. Among them, maintaining normocapnea is most critical. Hypocapnia would induce brain ischemia and brain infarction, while hypercapnia would induce vasodilation and hyper-perfusion of the fragile vessels in the brain, which might cause brain hemorrhage. In patients with MMD, both vasoconstriction and vasodilation would not be preferable. That is why keeping normocapnea is quite important.
During CPB, PaCO2 was maintained between 45 and 50 mmHg with alpha-stat management of pH. This patient developed MMD not by the onset of cerebral hemorrhage but by the onset of cerebral infarction. We regarded that we should avoid hypocapnia or normocapnea, which would induce cerebral infarction, rather than hypercapnia, which would induce cerebral hemorrhage. But, we cannot ignore that hypercapnia would induce vasodilation and hyper-perfusion of the fragile vessels in the MMD brain, which might cause brain hemorrhage.
Usually, extracorporeal circulation is maintained by non-pulsatile perfusion, and non-pulsatile perfusion can induce ischemic injury, especially in organs under inadequate perfusion . In patients with restricted cerebral arterial blood supply such as MMD, decreased cerebral perfusion pressure and non-pulsatile perfusion during CPB are risk factors for cerebral ischemia.
Kashima et al.  reported that high-pressure pulsatile perfusion assisted by IABP was effective for brain protection during coronary artery bypass grafting in a MMD patient. De Buysscher et al.  also reported that conversion from a non-pulsatile flow to a pulsatile flow resulted in a gradual increase in rSO2 values as opposed to a sudden decrease in rSO2 in an adult MMD patient undergoing CPB. In addition, Cheul-Hong et al.  reported up to 15 % fluctuations in rSO2 values during cardiac surgery in an MMD patient who was later discharged from the hospital without any complications. In pediatric patients undergoing CPB, pulsatile flow has advantages over nonpulsatile flow as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler ultrasound, which may improve postoperative neurodevelopmental outcomes . Owing to these previous reports, we selected the pulsatile flow method supported by IABP in our case and maintained the mean perfusion pressure above 70 mmHg.
The optimum anesthetic agent for the maintenance of anesthesia in MMD patients requiring cardiac surgery is a topic of much debate. Neither inhalational anesthetics (sevoflurane or isoflurane) nor intravenous anesthetic (propofol) presents strong clinical evidence for the efficacy of the outcome. Propofol suppresses cerebral metabolism and reduces cerebral blood flow . In contrast, sevoflurane strongly dilates cerebral vessels and increases cerebral blood flow . Moreover, several reports describe sevoflurane preconditioning against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Recently, it has been reported that sevoflurane has the potential preconditioning effect against cerebral ischemia , although obvious preconditioning effect of sevoflurane has not been proved clinically. In rats with transient cerebral ischemia, sevoflurane preconditioning protects mitochondria from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and ameliorates long-term neurological deficits . Thus, these properties may support sevoflurane use over propofol for intracranial steno-occlusive arterial disease, but choice of anesthetic in patients with MMD remains an open question.
A decrease in rSO2 was observed during the CPB. Currently, rSO2 is considered as the average of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and internal jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjO2) in the measured region. Several reasons should be considered for changes of rSO2. It is also known to be influenced by the skin blood flow . Cutaneous vasoconstriction induced by vasoconstrictor, such as phenylephrine and norepinephrine, or hypothermia during CPB possibly affects changes of rSO2.
In this case, we increased the pump flow and concentration of sevoflurane to increase cerebral blood flow, but these interventions were not effective. Secondly, we deepened the anesthesia level with a supplemental intravenous anesthetic. After another administration of midazolam, an improvement in bilateral rSO2 values was observed. We didn't know why bilateral rSO2 was improved after administration of an intravenous anesthetic, but we cannot ignore the possibility that an intravenous anesthetic decreases the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption . When regional cerebral oxygen desaturation continues during sevoflurane general anesthesia in patients with MMD, it might be efficacious to administer intravenous anesthetics concurrently. These management procedures limited the fluctuation of rSO2 values to within 17 % in our patient, which was nearly equal to that in a previous study , and prevented the development of cerebral deficits.
Pulsatile flow supported by IABP during CPB had a possible beneficial effect for brain protection in patients with restricted cerebral arterial blood supply. Sevoflurane inhalation was continued during CPB with an expectation of its vasodilatory activity and its potential neuroprotective effect. We could maintain rSO2 at 80 % of baseline value during the surgical procedure, and we could not detect other neurological deficits. But, the further discussion is warranted whether inhalational anesthetic or intravenous anesthetic might be superior for intracranial steno-occlusive arterial disease. Thus, our case provides further evidence for the efficacious use of this anesthetic in MMD patients requiring cardiac surgery.
KS was primary anesthetist and drafted the manuscript. HT supervised anesthetic management. YE and MY helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
KS is M.D., and Staff Anesthesiologists of Department of Anesthesiology, Tohoku University Hospital; HT is M.D., PhD, Lecturer of Department of Anesthesiology, Tohoku University Hospital; YE is M.D., PhD, and Associate Director Division of Surgical Center and Supply, Sterillization, Tohoku University Hospital; MY is M.D., PhD, and Professor of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine.


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