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In 2008, a group composed of audiologists, hearing scientists, medical geneticists, neonatologists, and neurologists met in Como, Italy, for the Guidelines and Development Conference on the Identification and Management of Children With Auditory Neuropathy. The goal of the conference was to discuss a myriad of issues related to this auditory disorder, which is characterized by apparently normal outer hair cell function in combination with impaired or absent conduction of synchronous signals by the auditory nerve. Among the many outcomes of the conference was a consensus to change the terminology used for referring to this particular type of hearing impairment to auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD). Another outcome was the recommendation that cochlear implantation be considered as a treatment option in the event of poor progress in auditory language development and speech understanding, regardless of behavioral audiometric thresholds. This is a considerable departure from the first years after ANSD was identified and classified as a possible neural disorder (Sininger, Hood, Starr, Berlin, & Picton, 1995; Starr, Picton, Sininger, Hood, & Berlin, 1996). At that time, it was often supposed that cochlear implants would not be a viable option for remediation in this population. The recommendation echoes that made by the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (2007), whose current position statement indicates that cochlear implantation should be given careful consideration for any child who experiences only limited benefit from appropriately fit amplification.
There were logical bases for assuming that a cochlear implant would not be an appropriate or especially successful intervention for what the early ANSD researchers thought was hearing loss due to a neural degenerative condition. In the case of a pathology that was demyelinating, the result could be desynchronous conduction of electrical stimulation across nerve fibers. Alternatively, if it were the axons that were the site of lesion, there would likely be at least a partial conduction block in the nerve that could reasonably be expected to worsen. If the pathology were localized to the spiral ganglion, there could be a problem with the entire auditory nerve not being excitable (Starr, Picton, & Kim, 2001).
Even assuming that the site of lesion was in fact in the auditory nerve, however, there were still reasons to at least consider the idea that cochlear implantation might be an effective intervention. For example, Zhou, Abbas, and Assouline (1995) demonstrated that electrical stimulation of demyelinated nerves in mice resulted in a measurable auditory brainstem response (ABR) waveform. It has also been shown that if a nerve fiber is stimulated electrically, both the growth of discharge rate and the maximum rate achievable are greater than when stimulating the nerve acoustically. In addition the timing of the nerve response to electrical stimulation seems to be more precise and repeatable than it is for acoustic stimulation. Period histograms of neural responses show that spikes in the action potential occur more often around the phase peak when using electrical stimulation than when using acoustic stimulation, for which the spikes are more spread out along the entire phase curve (Abbas, 1993). The suggestion has also been offered that the discrete biphasic pulses used in most cochlear implant stimulation strategies may assist in increased synchrony of the firing pattern of the auditory nerve (Rance, 2005). Finally, the fact should not be overlooked that there can also be deterioration of the auditory neurons in patients with deafness due to sensorineural hearing loss, and these are the type of patients for whom cochlear implants were specifically developed and who typically benefit significantly from the device (Spoendlin & Schrott, 1989).
The earliest reports in the peer-reviewed literature involving cochlear implantation in individuals with ANSD were not particularly promising and supported the assumption that implants would not show much success in patients with this disorder (Miyamoto, Kirk, Renshaw, & Hussain, 1999; Rance, Beer, & Cone-Wesson, 1999). The 2 patients presented in these studies showed only marginal improvement or virtually no improvement at all compared with preimplant auditory performance. Shortly thereafter, however, two articles were published which suggested that perhaps some patients with ANSD could benefit from a cochlear implant. Both described single patients who exhibited synchronous activity in the auditory nerve following cochlear implantation (Fabry, 2000; Trautwein, Sininger, & Nelson, 2000). In 2001, a report from the Mayo Clinic described 5 children with ANSD who had received cochlear implants. Short-term outcomes for the 5 were reported to be similar to those of typical pediatric implant recipients with sensorineural hearing loss (Shallop, Peterson, Facer, Fabry, & Driscoll, 2001). The authors suggested that cochlear implantation could be an effective form of remediation in some cases with ANSD. This study was ultimately followed up with another that reported on the original 5 children with ANSD plus 5 additional children. They were compared with 10 matched controls. Programmed stimulation levels from the implant and sound-field detection thresholds did not differ between cochlear implant recipients with ANSD and the controls with sensorineural hearing loss. Statistical analyses were not performed on speech perception or education placement/communication mode, but the authors reported that both the ANSD group and the controls were performing about equally (Peterson et al., 2003). The emergence of studies such as these appeared to lead an increasing number of centers to consider and explore the use of cochlear implants as a remediation option in cases involving ANSD.
Multiple reports in the literature have claimed successful or positive outcomes for individuals with ANSD who have received cochlear implants. Although lacking some detail with respect to outcome test results, several studies describe performance of cochlear implant recipients with ANSD to be comparable to that of the general population with cochlear implants (Buss et al., 2002; Madden, Rutter, Hilbert, Greinwald, & Choo, 2002; Rodriguez Ballesteros et al., 2003). On the other hand, there have been reports in the literature that have detailed the scores of outcome measures that either show improvement over preimplant performance or appear to fall within the range of normal limits for implant recipients in general (Mason, De Michele, Stevens, Ruth, & Hashiaki, 2003; Zdanski, Buchman, Rousch, Teagle, & Brown, 2006). Other studies have gone beyond description reports of outcomes and conducted more comparative analyses. Gibson and Sanli (2007), in a study involving perhaps the largest cohort of ANSD patients with cochlear implants to date, reported that 75% of their 60 participants had speech perception scores equal to controls with sensorineural hearing loss. Jeong, Kim, Kim, Bae, and Kim (2007) compared cochlear implant performance outcomes for 6 children with ANSD to matched controls with sensorineural hearing loss. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups on the measures of speech perception ability used in the study. Zeng and Liu (2006) reported on speech perception as function of signal-to-noise ratio in 5 cochlear implant recipients with ANSD and compared them to 8 implant recipients with sensorineural hearing loss. In general, the 5 individuals with ANSD performed worse than the best implant users from the group without ANSD but similarly to the average users from the group without ANSD. In a slight contrast to these various studies, however, it is interesting to note the findings reported by Rance and Barker (2007). Although the recipients with ANSD in their study derived definite benefit from the cochlear implant, their open-set speech perception scores showed an overall tendency to be poorer than those seen for the implant recipients with sensorineural hearing loss.
The majority of the published reports of individuals with ANSD who receive a cochlear implant have involved pediatric patients. This may be related to the fact that it seems a large proportion of adults with the diagnosis have a peripheral nerve disease (Starr, Sininger, & Pratt, 2000), and, as mentioned earlier, there may be some hesitancy in implanting due to assumptions about limited outcome. A recent report, however, describes cochlear implantation in 3 adults diagnosed with ANSD, at least 2 of whom had true peripheral neuropathies (De Leenheer, Dhooge, Veuillet, Lina-Granade, & Truy, 2008). The 2 individuals with diagnosed neuropathy experienced significant improvement in speech perception and auditory performance. The third adult did not benefit as much as the other 2, but there was still an improvement of 48% for open-set speech perception of disyllabic French words. Shallop (2002) presented 2 case studies of adults diagnosed with ANSD who received cochlear implants. Both reportedly had successful outcomes characterized by indicators such as ease of phone use and improved speech understanding in background noise. Mason et al. (2003) detailed 2 adult patients with the disorder in question who received cochlear implants. Speech perception score for Hearing in Noise Test sentences was 98% postimplant for 1 patient and increased from 4% preimplant to 42% postimplant for the second. It appears, therefore, that cochlear implants can have a positive outcome for adults with this disorder as well as for children, even when the site of lesion may have a greater tendency to involve the auditory nerve itself.
One might wonder why the implant has shown such success in many of the reported cases when it once appeared that a cochlear implant might be ineffective for patients with ANSD. Certainly one reason is related to site of lesion. It is now commonly held that for many individuals with this disorder, the pathophysiology involves either the inner hair cells or the synapse between the inner hair cells and the VIIIth nerve rather than the nerve itself, particularly among young children with ANSD. In those cases, the cochlear implant would be expected to bypass the site of lesion just as it would for a patient with typical sensorineural hearing loss. Even in instances in which the auditory nerve is the site of lesion, however, there is still an explanation regarding why the cochlear implant may yield positive outcomes. As mentioned earlier, electrical stimulation can be more effective at producing a synchronous neural response than acoustic stimulation. For a compromised auditory nerve not able to adequately transmit a signal delivered acoustically, the discrete electrical pulses from the cochlear implant may be less affected by the impaired function and increase or restore synchronous firing activity in the nerve.
Recently, some researchers have suggested that cochlear implants be recommended for all patients with ANSD who do not benefit from conventional amplification (Jeong et al., 2007; Postelmans & Stokroos, 2006). With numerous studies suggesting no significant difference in outcomes for cochlear implant users with ANSD compared to those without, how reasonable is it to expect similar benefit for all patients with the ANSD phenotype? Should cochlear implantation be the standard treatment for this disorder? In response to that question, it should first be reiterated that there are some reports of limited benefit from cochlear implants in this population (Miyamoto et al., 1999; Rance et al., 1999). Gibson and Sanli (2007) reported that 15 of the 60 participants in their cohort with ANSD had abnormal electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABR) and speech perception skills poorer than a control group of cochlear implant recipients with sensorineural hearing loss. The authors attributed this outcome to the presence of true auditory neuropathy in these individuals.
The fact that "neuropathy" was retained in the new terminology agreed on for this disorder serves to remind us that the original supposition of a neural site of lesion still holds true for at least some patients diagnosed with ANSD. The neural degenerative condition of Friedreich ataxia was present in the patient reported by Miyamoto et al. (1999). There are other conditions involving neuropathy of peripheral nerves that have been associated with hearing loss and ANSD. These include Leber's optic neuropathy, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, also known as hereditary motor sensory neuropathy. Depending on the severity of neural involvement, diseases such as these could logically be expected in some cases to affect transmission of signals from the cochlear implant to the auditory cortex. Postelmans and Stokroos (2006) presented a case of an adult with CMT who received a cochlear implant. Although the authors reported that the outcomes were comparable with other cases of implantation in individuals with ANSD, speech perception scores went from 50% before the implant to 59% after the implant. It might be argued that this performance does not meet the results seen in the typical cochlear implant recipient. Patients with deafness-dystonia-optic neuronopathy (DDON) syndrome (Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome) can display the ANSD phenotype due to loss of spiral ganglion cells in conjunction with preserved cochlear function. A recent report of cochlear implantation performed in a young patient with DDON noted only fair performance with the cochlear implant overall and speech-language skills markedly below age-appropriate norms (Brookes et al., 2008). Zdanski et al. (2006) reported results of cochlear implantation for a child who exhibited signs of an unspecified peripheral neuropathy beginning at age 2. By 18 months postimplant, although sound-field thresholds with the cochlear implant were within the typical range, open-set word recognition for monosyllables was not significantly changed from preimplant levels measured with the use of hearing aids. Further, the authors were not able to elicit measurable responses during electrically evoked compound action potential testing either intraoperatively or at follow-up sessions. This would tend to suggest that the implant was not as effective at restoring synchronous firing activity in the auditory nerve as is typically expected in cochlear implant recipients. Consequently, it is apparent that in some instances where an actual neural pathology is present, outcomes with the cochlear implant may be more limited than in recipients with nonneural site of lesion.
Buchman et al. (2006) described a condition labeled "cochlear nerve deficiency" in 9 individuals from a cohort of 51 patients diagnosed with ANSD. The researchers found either absent or abnormally small auditory nerves by examining magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings rather than relying only on computed tomography (CT) scans of the temporal bone, which in the majority of their cases would have missed the neural anomaly. Walton, Gibson, Sanli, and Prelog (2008) also used MRI in conjunction with CT scans and reported finding either small or absent cochlear nerves in 15 of the 54 ANSD patients in their study. While all of them received cochlear implants, only 2 of those 15 participants developed open-set speech perception abilities. The others had postimplant performance considered to be poorer than that typically expected in pediatric implant recipients. Bradley, Beale, Graham, and Bell (2008) published a report on 6 pediatric cochlear implant recipients with hypoplastic auditory nerves, 2 of whom had present otoacoustic emissions and cochlear microphonics and a resulting diagnosis of ANSD. None of the participants reached auditory performance levels typically expected of the general population of pediatric cochlear implant users.
This is not to suggest that these patients should be globally denied or should unequivocally not receive a cochlear implant. Rather, they should be comprehensively assessed for any auditory sensation, and there should be thorough counseling either for the parents or for the patient regarding the possibility of limitations in outcomes. It is interesting to note that in the Walton et al. (2008) study, 2 children whose MRI findings suggested bilaterally absent auditory nerves were ultimately implanted. Not unexpectedly, they had poor outcomes with respect to auditory/oral communication outcomes. However, both of the children exhibited some responses during EABR testing, suggesting that there were some auditory nerve fibers present beyond the resolution of the MRI. Other reports have noted similar cases in which some participants with apparently absent cochlear nerve tissue, per MRI results, have received cochlear implants and, although achieving lower speech perception outcomes, have nevertheless exhibited behavioral responses to auditory stimuli (Bradley et al., 2008; Govaerts et al., 2003). Arguably, any increased access to auditory information is of benefit, and research has suggested that this can sometimes be a reasonably expected outcome even in cases where the pathophysiology is linked to the auditory nerve. However, every effort should be exercised to make it clear that (a) individuals in this category may well not achieve the same results as implant recipients with nonneuropathic hearing loss and (b) alternative communication modalities may still be necessary.
Another reason to exercise caution in proceeding with cochlear implantation in infants and young children diagnosed with ANSD involves the chance that auditory function may improve. In one study on ANSD, 9 of 18 participants showed evidence of spontaneous improvement in hearing within the first 15 months after diagnosis. Four of the children recovered to essentially normal hearing levels (Madden et al., 2002). Psarommatis et al. (2006) reported that 13 children from a group of 20 study participants with ANSD exhibited ABR recovery with waveforms observable down to at least 40 dB nHL. Another report described improvement of auditory function in 5 children diagnosed with ANSD, 4 of whom ultimately had ABR thresholds within normal limits (Attias & Raveh, 2007). Factors that seemed most closely associated with potential recovery of auditory function included low birth weight with associated central nervous system immaturity and hyperbilirubinemia. Although there is a trend toward increasingly earlier age of implant, it would appear that a more cautious approach is warranted when ANSD is present, because the disorder can be transient and show improvement in some instances. It seems prudent to wait until the child is at least in the 12- to 16-month age range and repeated ABR and/or behavioral testing has indicated that the hearing impairment is stable and permanent. Finally, because ABR results do not correlate with the behavioral audiogram, it appears wise to obtain behavioral measures of auditory sensitivity. Certainly, this should be a minimum requirement before performing bilateral cochlear implantation, which is becoming more frequent in pediatric cochlear implant recipients.
A final question with regard to cochlear implants and ANSD involves the issue of providing the implant for patients whose auditory thresholds are in a range much better than that seen in the traditional or typical cochlear implant candidate. As mentioned in the introduction, the conference in Como, Italy, resulted in the recommendation that a cochlear implant be considered as a treatment option for patients with ANSD, regardless of behavioral audiometric threshold, if progress in auditory language development has been poor.
In the past, individuals with mild to moderate hearing loss have been considered to have hearing sensitivity that is "too good" for a cochlear implant. It is generally assumed that listeners with this degree of loss would perform quite well in terms of aided speech perception with acoustic amplification and that cochlear implantation would result in unnecessary loss of residual hearing. However, what about patients with ANSD who continue to show poor speech perception despite appropriately fit amplification and good audibility of the long-term average speech spectrum? Previous research in ANSD has established that a significant proportion of individuals with this disorder exhibit poorer than expected speech perception abilities and that the behavioral audiogram does not serve to predict speech perception scores. As has been indicated above, research regarding individuals with ANSD who received cochlear implants has suggested that the device can potentially restore synchronous function to the auditory nerve. It would seem reasonable to suggest, then, that a patient who is not showing progress in development of auditory/oral communication skills might do better with a cochlear implant, regardless of preimplant behavioral thresholds. If residual hearing, even of significant amount, is ultimately not useful in facilitating communication, perhaps there would be less concern in sacrificing it than there might be in a case of sensorineural hearing loss that could benefit from less invasive, conventional amplification. This would seem to be the reasoning behind the recent recommendations from the experts who met at the 2008 conference in Italy.
There is a scarcity of published data specifically regarding patients with milder hearing loss due to ANSD who have received a cochlear implant, although anecdotally this does seem to be occurring. Shallop (2002) briefly described a patient in her 20s with ANSD and mild to moderate hearing loss in both ears. She received a unilateral implant and reportedly was able to do better on word recognition tests in her implanted ear than in her unimplanted ear as well hear better in noise conditions than she had done preimplant. In the interest of promoting evidence-based practices, there is definitely a need for further published reports of this type to provide support for the rationale underlying the recommendation for extending cochlear implants to patients with milder degrees of hearing loss.
When considering implantation for children with ANSD and milder degrees of hearing loss, it appears that a cautious and methodical approach would once again be prudent. Although numerous articles published on this disorder echo the idea that speech perception in patients with this disorder is poorer than would be expected from the behavioral audiogram, there is evidence suggesting that this is not always true and may be an overgeneralization. For instance, in a study of 15 children with ANSD, approximately 50% showed open-set speech perception ability similar to matched controls with sensorineural hearing loss (Rance, Cone-Wesson, Wunderlich, & Dowell, 2002). Rance (2005) presented a meta-analysis of reported speech perception scores in patients with ANSD. Performance was compared with data from a study by Yellin, Jerger, and Fifer (1989) that established a range of speech perception ability expected for adults with varying degree of hearing loss. Of the 46 participants with ANSD for whom scores were available, 44% exhibited performance within the range expected according to the Yellin et al. article. Similarly, aided speech perception scores in some patients with ANSD are actually comparable to those seen in sensorineural hearing loss (Rance & Barker, 2007). Unfortunately, this cannot be predicted from the audiogram alone. Instead, each individual must be adequately assessed to determine whether he or she is in the category of patients who can derive significant benefit from hearing aids.
Consequently, before proceeding with cochlear implantation in a case of ANSD where hearing sensitivity is overall in the mild to moderate range, the responsible approach would seem to be a trial with amplification. If the patient is a young child, adequate assessment by a team of audiologists, speech-language pathologists, and early interventionists or educators of the deaf is needed to determine the efficacy of that amplification. If appropriately fit aids do not seem to be resulting in satisfactory speech perception or development of speech-language skills, the option of cochlear implantation could be considered. Naturally, for pediatrics, this might necessitate waiting until the child is slightly older than the 12- to 18-month range at which implantation is now commonly occurring for those with profound sensorineural hearing loss. Further published research with regard to this issue is needed, and implant teams will need to use their experience and expertise to carefully weigh the drawbacks of temporarily delaying amplification with the risk of possibly sacrificing residual hearing that may ultimately have responded to remediation with less invasive and irreversible means.
In summary, the evidence indicates that cochlear implants can often be an effective remediation for ANSD. Nevertheless, careful consideration should be given to the particulars in each case. Also, in cases where the diagnosis of ANSD has been made, a thorough, multidisciplinary evaluation by pediatric audiologists, speech-language pathologists, early interventionists, and physicians familiar with the unique characteristics of this disorder should be conducted before moving automatically toward implantation. Use of MRI is strongly encouraged for patients with ANSD who are being considered for cochlear implantation, especially when there is no behavioral evidence of auditory sensation. Clinicians must bear in mind the fact that ANSD encompasses a heterogeneous population with varying etiologies and sites of lesion despite the fact that patients present with a similar constellation of testing findings. This can obviously lead to variation in outcomes. There is no one single remediation that can be expected to be universally successful. A flowchart [PDF] illustrating a suggested protocol for management of patients with ANSD has been developed by the author for your consideration.
Jeffrey Simmons presently serves both adults and children with hearing impairment in his role as the clinical coordinator for the Cochlear Implant Clinic in the Lied Learning and Technology Center for Childhood Deafness and Vision Disorders at Boys Town National Research Hospital, in Omaha, Nebraska. In 1999, Simmons began working with his first patient diagnosed with the condition we now know as auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD). Simmons has remained especially interested in this particular hearing disorder since that time, and he has been involved in a number of publications and presentations regarding various aspects of the diagnosis and remediation of ANSD. Contact him at simmonsj@boystown.org.
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Zeng, F. G., & Liu, S. (2006). Speech perception in individuals with auditory neuropathy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49, 367–380.


What Juan Soto did in 2018 is one for the ages. It seems the only question now is if you believe it was a true representation of what he is, and can become. Is regression in store for the still just 20 year old? Or, are we witnessing one of the next great players, and a future Hall of Famer? We did our best to answer that question for you, as The Baseball Show's 2019 Fantasy Baseball Video Draft Guide chugs along on Razzball!
I am in a 20 team. You keep 6 bats 4 SP and 4 RP. I took over an orphan team 2018. I loaded up on young talent and had no pitching. I have Acuna, Eloy for my LF spot. I traded Upton/Soto for Cole/Flaherty. Did I get enough value? I just had too many LF.
@Marky Mark: I love Flaherty (see that video if you haven't), but I would've definitely opted to keep Soto. Not horrible, just would have tried to move just Upton for just Flaherty if it were me.
Moncada Devers Sano Bregman Lindor Correa Acuna Eloy Tucker Upton Alfaro.
Please help me pick an ace or future ace like Corbin was last year. I'm guessing Luzardo will probably be gone by pick 10. Pivetta Heaney Lucchesi Giolito Carlos Martinez Toussaint Honeywell Castillo may still be available. Also I need 1st and 2nd base. Peter Alonso will probably be taken Ist round too. Would it be wise to secure either Nathan or Brandon Lowe with my second pick or continue to select another solid pitcher ?
Lastly is it a must to snag Wander Franco early regardless of how long I have to wait.
Any wisdom appreciated guys! Thanks!
@Ian: You have a pitching staff that is ready to compete now, and a batting lineup that might be a year or two away. If you think you can compete this year I would be inclined to go for a bat … if you are building for the future, I would be inclined to go with Honeywell or Castillo of the SPs you listed.
You probably would not get anything out of Wander Franco this year or next, and possibly even the next. But guys that are 17 years old that are ranked as a top 5 or 10 prospect with the kind of power and speed profile that Franco has do not come along very often. In a true dynasty league, I would want to snag him for sure … in a keep 16 dynasty league, it is a closer call, but I would still probably want to take a flyer on him.
@LenFuego: Thanks, that's awesome. I think I will solidify pitching 1st and work the waivers etc on batting throughout the year. Could even snag 3rd or 4th place this year. Reason being that 3 of my mates have seriously stacked teams. To snag a healthy Honeywell first pick might be worth the risk.
Do you think there's a outside chance that Castillo could have ace potential in him?
@Ian: Thanks for the support, Ian! Castillo is the arm I want from that list, and Nate Lowe is definitely the runner up to Alonso – and I'm not entirely sure it's by a wide margin. Wander Franco you have to roster for name value alone. Even if you don't want to wait on his arrival, you should be able to get significant value in a future trade. And because of the hype that is ahead of a guy like Lowe.
So if I understood correctly: a young pujols amd mcab all wrapped in one but better.
@aklang: Slightly different, but basically.
Speaking of unbelievable, the skin on Soto's face looks waaaay older than 20 years.
@The Sea Hags: Like Carlos?


We have been enjoying the London sunshine today and took the chance to take a break from the computer screen and have a flick through Isaac Cordal's new book Cement Eclipses - Small Interventions in the Big City.
Traveling between London and Brussels the spanish street artist has spent the last few years populating the city with his miniature concrete dwellers. Some of our eagle eyed readers may have encountered these 25cm figurines across East London on their travels. Often perched up high on walls, tops of bus shelters and ledges watching passers by below them, these figures are often so subtle that they are frequently missed but once spotted they bring a sense joy to those fortunate enough to stumble upon them. Unfortunately many people also feel the need to take the cement dwellers home with them once seen, with some only lasting hours in the street after being placed by the artist. Fortunately Isaac Cordal has been very thorough at documenting his placed urban interventions with the results complied for the first time in this new publication.
Published by Carpet Bombing Culture the new book is set to be released this Thursday at the Pure Evil Gallery with an accompanying exhibition featuring the artist work. There will be a preview Thursday 26 May from 6pm and the book will be available to purchase on the evening of the launch. Two special editions of the book are also available each coming with an original limited edition sculpture. All editions are available for pre-order now from the Carpet Cuture Bombing website.
Thanks for the post! Isaac Cordal sculptures are amazing ... I found beautiful pictures of his Miniaturization Street Art in Art Days, here is the link! http://www.art-days.com/isaac-cordal-miniaturization-street-art/ ;) !


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Review- Jünger, "The Worker"
April 25, 2021 Peter Berard
Ernst Jünger, "The Worker" (1932) (translated from the German by Bogdan Costea and Laurence Hemming) – I used to think I was clever, telling leftists how much they had to learn from reactionary sources. I don't think I was wrong, really, but there's definitely diminishing returns. I guess I just like sampling many kinds of ideas and writing and wanted a rationale to get friends on board. Maybe a better rationale is that if you expand your knowledge-base you get a broader and more flexible idea of how thought works. You see patterns you might otherwise miss. Dump a bunch of shit into the hopper and see what materializes.
Ernst Jünger typically yields fewer excuses for reading than other right-wing figures, because he's been assimilated as a "literary" figure, largely on the strength of his First World War memoir/novel "Storm of Steel" and because his politics were pretty heterodox. But he was definitely "in the mix" of fractious ideological politics in the interwar period, hovering around the Conservative Revolutionary faction- antidemocratic German nationalists who were a bit too aristocratic and intellectual for the Nazis (who wound up stealing most of their thunder). Jünger wasn't much of a joiner, it seems, though good biographical material on him isn't easy to find in English. Not being a joiner is one of those things that might make it hard to get into print, but sometimes adds staying power to the works that do make it- and avoiding joining the Nazis, as Jünger did, was a pretty good move. They liked him (mostly), he didn't like them, though was perfectly willing to cooperate with them when they were in power.
On the eve of the Nazi takeover, Jünger published an ideological/philosophical polemic, "The Worker." Jünger studied entomology and practiced photography at high levels, along with writing and war. His eye attuned to arresting images and subtle categorization schemes combines with his immersion in German philosophy to produce a strange, unsettling, fascinating work.
The basic thrust of "The Worker" appears to be this: far from workers being defined by their relationship to the means of production, what makes a worker is a sort of existential status, conferred not by power-relations but by what could be called task-relations. Roughly, if your life is organized around tasks, you are a worker, in Jünger's conception. The worker stands in contrast to the bourgeoisie, whose life is organized around self-image, more or less, and security. The bourgeoisie is individualist and thinks in terms of his rights and obligations, even when trying to organize collectively- this is how Jünger dismisses Marxism. The worker thinks collectively even when expressing himself, always thinking in terms of getting the job done.
Technology and politics make the eclipse of the bourgeoisie by the worker inevitable, Jünger argues, and cites rapid industrialization and the First World War as proof. As technology and social organization grows in complexity, the politics that governed past orders become obsolete, and so too do the people that populated them. There's a lot of philosophical back-and-forth here about forms, types, and dominion, in the way that continental philosophy has with its terminologies. The situation is too dynamic to be specific — Jünger is often maddeningly unspecific and probably often elliptically refers to figures in German life at the time that I don't know about — but he confidently proclaims that the dominion of the worker — meaning the imposition of the form of the worker, a social order defined around him — is at hand. Moreover, this is tied in (again, largely elliptically) with Germany's rising from the ashes of its defeat in the war and ending the Weimar/Versailles order.
There's a lot more to it than that, and there are interesting nuggets and graceful turns of phrase all over this dense book, but that's the basic gist. He applies his ideas to art and to politics towards the end, all the time coming to the conclusion that man, as conceived of by the bourgeoisie nineteenth century, is all over, that something determined by "the work character" will replace him. Well… is he wrong? I do sometimes make a game of thinking about how I would interact with people from the past. The more I learn, the harder it seems like it would be to communicate with people from even relatively recent history. People, especially bourgeois, educated people, were supposed to have so many accoutrements to their personhood that contemporary people (even people with similar class backgrounds) lack…
But in other respects, of course, Jünger really whiffed the predictive aspect (though he was sufficiently vague that he could've raised an eyebrow and say- "did I??" On top of everything else, he lived to be 102!). You can argue that American power (and a lot of Soviet power too) devoted itself in the post-WWII period to suppressing the unholy "dominion" of obsessive, death-and-discomfort-disregarding task-completion-ends-before-means ubermenschen Jünger foresaw. The consumer, not the worker, became the central figure in America's world-building project, and the Soviet Union, dedicated (in Jünger's telling) to a fake socially-conscious Marxist idea of work, tagged along. To the extent anyone today on the right reads Jünger and gets past "Storm of Steel" to this work, they mostly see "The Worker" as something (something nicely, technically non-Nazi) to which to aspire, something that has yet to happen.
Jünger lived the life of the scary early twentieth century cultured, amoral ubermensch, from war hero to literary star to guy who scared the Nazis while not deviating from his own eccentric but right-wing politics to extraordinarily long-lived and productive literary institution. Arguably, he lived it longer and more categorically than anybody. I don't generally think people in the past were better or smarter than people in the present (or vice versa), but I do think that shifts in context change what people look and act like. They really don't make people simultaneously that educated and, for lack of a better word, crazy anymore. Our contemporary meritocratic bourgeoisie likes to pay itself in the back for its SAT scores but they couldn't touch Jünger or millions of others like him across the global bourgeoisie in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Unlike a lot of the crazy, absurdly well-educated people who made life so interesting, Jünger was also actually smart- perceptive, adaptable. That didn't mean he was right about things, but he was smart.
So I'm not trying to dunk on the guy, or any rate bag on his brains, when I say that in a lot of parts of "The Worker" I found myself thinking about two contemporary figures: Elon Musk and Mike Rowe. In terms of intelligence, sensitivity, culture, capacity for expression, there is no meaningful comparison between those two utter dullards and Jünger. But Jünger himself makes clear that the task is what matters, and capitalism harnessed task-centric thinking to its own machine for producing legitimacy. Given his denunciation of the fineness of bourgeois distinctions and the "museal" quality of culture the dying bourgeoisie produced, how could Jünger complain if something rather a lot like his "total work character" or "typus of the worker" gets dumbed down (that is, rendered into an effective tool for a task) into the sentimental, emotive American idiom and sold to schmucks by the bourgeoisie to get them to work harder, disregard safety regulations, absolutely refuse to unionize? Jünger rather pointedly ignores America in "The Worker." But the idea that the "real" class distinction is between those who do the work and those who don't, and that management and labor are on the same side against whoever… well, Jünger would no doubt quibble, or else fuck off on a hike to take acid (he was friends with Albert Hoffman!) and collect bug samples. Being a continental ubermensch of Jünger's vintage means never having to say you're sorry.
Like I said, none of this is to draw a straight line between "The Worker" and Musk's bro-Pinochetery or Rowe's abject "dirty job" cosplaying. It's highly unlikely either have read Jünger or would understand this book meaningfully. Rather, and here we get back to the beginning of this review, I think it's useful, or anyway poignant and interesting, to look at how ideas and tropes migrate, appear and reappear, in varying contexts according to disparate but often related logics. Broadly speaking, Jünger and Musk face some of the same problems — legitimizing hierarchy — in radically different but genetically/temporally related contexts. The differences in context are many and don't need explication beyond pointing to the vast decline in literary standards between the thirties and now. The similarities include a widespread disbelief in established authorities on the part of classes that are supposed to support them and a prevailing sense of emergency. What do you need in an emergency? Jünger makes nods to Carl Schmitt's "state of exception" towards the end of "The Worker," Musk just tweets about coups. Tragedy, farce, etc.
I suppose, to subcategorize like "The Worker" with Jünger would a bug, we could say that both Jünger and Musk attempt to make effort — putting in the hours, as CEOs are indeed wont to do, sometimes — the marker of a worker's legitimacy whilst avoiding much of, if not all, of the sentimental baggage previous iterations of the same concept carried. Neither Musk nor Jünger are/were your father's management hack. No gold watch at retirement, no cuckoo clock, no country songs. What you get are appeals to youth, force, power, the future (which in turn validate the "cooler" aspects of the past). Of course, with Musk, things are just stripped down to their lowest common denominator appeal, whereas in "The Worker" you have a product of high-end (if occasionally fatuously) European thought… I know which I prefer, but I also know what does "the work" it was intended to do at this moment in time. Ah, well. *****
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Review- Serge, "The Case of Comrade Tulayev" →
One thought on "Review- Jünger, "The Worker""
raphelm says:
Can one explain this weird fascination for the three nazi guys : Junger, Heidegger, Schmitt as nemesis of « wild globalization » ? They all three finished « disappointed » Hitler policy as too little, too vulgar for their expectations. They all three died old and famous in their beloved Germany certainly proud of the way they have fooled their very naive western admirers and followers, waiting for the globalization of this somewhat abject fame.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Autumn is officially here and with it come those longer nights, colder days and perfect seasonal ingredients for soups.
This infographic from Gourmandia offers up a quick look at some of the perfect soups to make with Autumn ingredients.
From the classic Italian Minestrone to Tomato and Garlic and Rice and Pea soups. The infographic breaks the soups into categories with ideas for creamy, high protein, earthy and hearty soups.
There's no actual recipes provided for the soups but it does offer up some nice suggestions to get those soup juices flowing for Fall.


To whom and to where your allegiance lies has been the topic of discussion since civilizations were first formed. Throughout history, colors and symbols equating to a collective identity, have served to signal warning or camaraderie among communities of people. The American flag contains a curious irony in its formation, sewn by the hands of a woman who did not have the right to vote nor own land, but was making a flag that would symbolize freedom. The 13 colonies that are represented by its stripes are discordant from the Native American tribes that helped the colonizers to survive their first "New England" winters.
ANOTHER COUNTRY features seven artists based in, or originally from the Midwest, who will use the flag as a point of departure to explore ideas of nationhood, while resisting blind nationalism. Flags can be seen as sacred objects that reinforce the invisible barriers between territories, and in many cases, perpetuate psychological barriers that stagnate political evolution. The U.S. American flag has remained unchanged for 56 years, much like the many biases towards its citizens of color. The recent controversy of Colin Kaepernick refusing to pledge allegiance to the flag disrupts the unquestioned protocol of professional sports. In a league that is 70% black, his protest has reminded us that the black bodies we root for in the arena, are part in parcel to the ones violated on city streets. It is a refusal to pledge to the current conditions of nationalism it represents.
Each of these artists engages in diverse practices, across a variety of media and formal strategies. Their collective interests in silenced histories, belonging, and cognitive dissonance will generate works from diverse material processes. The flag as a structure has been interrogated through a series of literal and metaphorical alterations to its form and conceptual foundation. The artists in this exhibition represent a diversity of production, in conversation with a global discourse.
Perhaps a change in the flag's image could more concretely signal a change in ideology. A change in ideology should necessarily be followed by a change in policy. ANOTHER COUNTRY aims to combat the regimented sequence of how colors, patterns, and symbols have been used in flags, to create a critical space for political, cultural, and social engagement. Through dismantling an iconic symbol, these artists offer alternative visions of the world, in which symbolic representations intersect with lived realities.
Edited by: Lyndon Barrois Jr.
This exhibition was selected as a part of 50/50's first Open Call for Exhibition Proposals and was organized by Kahlil Robert Irving.
The selected proposal will be provided administrative support and resources. This includes stipends of $70 per exhibiting artist paid by 50/50, graphic design work for didactic materials, marketing and more.
47 x 13 x 12"
9 x 9.5 x 9.5"


This was a Yugoslav operation by the forces of Marshal Josip Broz Tito to isolate and then liberate the region of Bihać, Lika, Gorski Kotar and the Croat coast in in the western part of the puppet state of Croatia in German-occupied Yugoslavia (20 March/15 April 1945).
The formation entrusted with this task was General-lajtnant Peko Dapčević's 4th Army, which had been formed on 1 March 1945 from the 14th and 18th Divisions of the VII Corps, the 9th, 19th, 20th and 21st 'Dalmatia' Divisions of the VIII Corps, the 13th, 35th and 43rd Divisions of the XI Corps and, soon after this, the 30th and 31st Divisions of the IX Corps. The 4th Army also had an artillery brigade and a motorised artillery battalion, the 1st Tank Brigade, an engineer and replacement brigade, and a liaison regiment.
The operation liberated Bihać, Lika, Gorski Kotar and the Croat coast along the Adriatic sea with a primary thrust along the axis from Gornji Lapac to Bihać, and a secondary thrust along the axis from Udbina via Korenicato Prijeboj. In two days the 4th Army's offensive broke the German defences of General Gustav Fehn's XV Gebirgskorps, which was effectively destroyed, in Generaloberst Alexander Löhr's Heeresgruppe 'E' and liberated Bihać and eastern Lika, soon followed by western Lika and most parts of Gorski Kotar and the Croat coast to create a new front line between Lokve, Fužine and Kraljevica.
The end of the 'Lička-Primorska operajica' established a new front line between Lokve, Fužine and Kraljevica.


Architect Nick Murcutt passed away at his home on Thursday 17 March 2011.
Nick was a respected and awarded member of the profession who, with his partner Rachel, won 2 Wilkinson Awards for residential architecture for their Whale Beach House and Five Dock House – the first house in Sydney's west or inner west to receive the honour.
Murcutt's service was held on Monday 21 March in Sydney's Elizabeth Bay. In lieu of flowers, the family asked for contributions to be made to the Alice and Otto Trust, set up for Murcutt's children by some of his closest colleagues.


text:
Q: Any simple frameworks for pagination in App Engine? I want to find a framework for pagination in Google App Engine.
Do you know of one?

A: If you want to do paging you should read about  cursors.
The article linked to by Jason was written before cursors were around.  Cursors can simplify paging greatly, especially in cases that Andrew mentions, when dealing with sorts and filters.

A: Pagination is not always easy-to-do, especially when you consider sorting and filtering.  Check out this recipe as a start: http://appengine-cookbook.appspot.com/recipe/efficient-paging-for-any-query-and-any-model/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Accomack won't oppose oyster lease
Accomack officials won't oppose an oyster lease near the county boat ramp in Harborton.
Accomack won't oppose oyster lease Accomack officials won't oppose an oyster lease near the county boat ramp in Harborton. Check out this story on delmarvanow.com: http://www.delmarvanow.com/story/news/local/virginia/2015/05/27/harborton-oyster-farm/28017085/
Carol Vaughn, cvvaughn@dmg.gannett.com Published 1:22 p.m. ET May 27, 2015 | Updated 3:27 p.m. ET May 27, 2015
Accomack County, Va.(Photo: .)
The Accomack County Board of Supervisors will not oppose an oyster lease near a county-owned facility in Harborton despite a request from some residents.
"That's part of living on the water, in my opinion," said Supervisor Wanda Thornton, noting she has a view from her window of a working waterman's operation on Chincoteague.
"I like it, because it's part of the Eastern Shore ... We as supervisors need to be attuned to the things that make us unique," she said.
The decision marked the second time in recent weeks the board declined to oppose traditional work activities in the county despite requests from nearby homeowners.
In April, county supervisors declined to take action to stop poultry houses from being built on land zoned for agriculture near a 132-lot Painter subdivision, in spite of pleas from developer Eileen Kirkwood and residents.
In the most recent case, three Harborton residents spoke against Daniel Mears' application to lease about seven acres of state-owned bottom ground on Pungoteague Creek near the Harborton public boat landing, saying the lease would impede navigation in the area, among other concerns.
The lease would be managed and regulated by the Virginia Marine Resources Commission, but the county as an adjacent landowner is permitted to comment on the application.
The lease "takes out a large swath of water adjacent to that landing," said Harborton resident George Budd.
Susan Mastyl, also of Harborton, said summertime sailing classes based at the Eastern Shore Yacht and Country Club across the creek could be impacted.
"I'm a big supporter of aquaculture and try very hard not to be a NIMBY, but we still need to make sure that anything we do is done in the right way and in the right place to be safe, respect property rights and safeguard the environment," Mastyl said.
Denise Lawless of Harborton said the lease will create unnecessary congestion.
Mears, a James Madison University senior who will graduate this fall, said he wants to return to the Eastern Shore and the lease will help him to do so.
"Unlike a lot of kids from the Shore, I've decided to return home to live my life here," he said, adding, "All I want to do is start a small business ... Securing these oyster grounds will allow me to do so."
Mears and his father, Jeff Mears, tried on several occasions to meet with residents opposed to the lease, "but instead they have held their own private meetings to which my father and I were not invited," he said.
Mears called most of the concerns "unwarranted," but said they would be willing to compromise with those opposed to the lease if necessary.
Jeff Mears said he sent a personal letter to each of the initial five protestors, offering to meet with them and the local Virginia Marine Resources Commission representative to work out their differences.
"We are very willing to compromise — we are willing to adjust the lease boundaries farther away from the riparian landowners, including, of course, the county," he said, adding, "Although the protestors have held several meetings to which we were not invited, spoke without invitation at various church functions in an effort to gain support for the protest of our lease and attempted to stir up controversy by various means of agitation in the local community, Daniel and I still remain willing to compromise."
Growing oysters on the bottom will not hinder existing uses in the area, Mears said, noting the VMRC, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, the Virginia Sea Grant, the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, the Virginia Oyster Restoration Program, the Eastern Shore of Virginia Tourism Commission "and countless other groups want us to grow oysters, as well as the vast majority of local Accomack County residents."
Accomack County Public Works Director Stewart said the Harborton Waterfront Committee, which is appointed by the board of supervisors, voted not to make a formal recommendation about the lease.
Supervisor Donald Hart Jr. noted the Harborton boat ramp is the only county-owned deep water facility and said he has concerns about ground being worked so close to the channel and the facility.
His motion to send a letter to the VMRC expressing concern about potential interference with small watercraft and with water views of nearby residents died without receiving a second.
Supervisor Grayson Chesser spoke against including the part about water views, saying, "The water business is sort of like farming — it's not all pretty. It's not all beautiful, but it's the way we make a living, the same as the poultry industry."
Chairwoman Reneta Major applauded Mears for his decision to come back to the Shore. "If the VMRC is going to make the final say, let them say. I don't know if a letter is in order."
Thornton said the board should not comment on the application and predicted the request to do so will not be an isolated case.
"This is probably the first of a number of ones that are going to come before us — we don't need to set a precedent."
cvvaughn@dmg.gannett.com
On Twitter @cvvaughnESN
Read or Share this story: http://www.delmarvanow.com/story/news/local/virginia/2015/05/27/harborton-oyster-farm/28017085/
What you need to know from the offshore wind hearing
Notable comments from OC offshore wind hearing
Wicomico business fails alcohol compliance check
Boscov's plans growth at its Salisbury location
Eastern Shore mourns death of Fruitland officer
Hogan proposes tax relief for Maryland retirees


text:
Train in vain: the absurd history of training the Iraqi Army
From Iran to Israel to Korea to Romania, the list of countries that have trained Iraqis since 2003 is lengthy. And none achieved anything.
"Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results." Anonymous, mistakenly attributed to Einstein.
With the government set to re-announce what New Zealand Prime Minister John Key has already announced — that Australian soldiers will be returning to Iraq to help "train" Iraqi soldiers — we're continuing a long and proud tradition of foreigners who have helped train Iraqi military and security forces since 2003.
The United States company Vinnell was given a US$48 million contract in 2003 to train 9000 Iraqi troops to replace the dismantled Iraqi Army. More than half of the Iraqi troops subsequently deserted. Jordanian Army officers were then brought in to "finish" the training. There were reports the US had established a training camp in Jordan for both Iraqi troops and Palestinian Authority security personnel.
In 2004, a NATO mission arrived in Iraq to begin training Iraqi officers. Australia sent troops as well.
In 2005, the Iraqi and Iranian governments reached an agreement for Iran to help train Iraqi troops, at the same time as the US was blaming Iran for backing the insurgency. Meantime, the Americans declared their "train and operate" strategy with the Iraqis was working. The British were training Iraqi officers at a military college in Wales. The US Air Force boasted of using women to train 700 Iraqi officers. The officers were "now operational" — "out there every day doing the mission," one of the female officers said.
In 2006, Israelis were found helping train Kurdish militia. The former British commander in charge of training Iraqi troops launched a blistering critique of US forces. An American replied that he was an "insufferable British snob". As the US announced it was shifting more troops from combat to training Iraqi forces, an internal Pentagon report lamented how poor and ill-informed previous training efforts had been, including complaints about the use of inexperienced National Guard members. But US military publications were reporting how Iraqi soldiers were "eager to learn" from US special forces. By that stage, a long list of private firms was training Iraqi soldiers, police and private security guards to protect facilities. US soldiers were ordered not to report the growing incidence of abuse, torture and rape by US-trained Iraqi security forces.
In 2007, US National Guard members were still training Iraqi security forces. John Howard boasted of how Australia had trained more than 12,500 Iraqi soldiers since 2003, having just increased Australia's forces training Iraqis.
Hundreds of US police officers, working under a contract with DynCorp, helped train Iraqi security forces in Anbar province in 2008. The Pentagon called for tenders for contractors to train the Iraqi military while embedded with Iraqi units. The contractors were to supplement the Americans' new "partnership" approach to training Iraqi forces. South Korean special forces troops were helping train Iraqi military forces too.
In 2009, US marines were training "the next generation of Iraqi soldiers". The Romanians were in Iraq helping out. Iraqi soldiers were being trained to train others as part of a "train the trainer" course. Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki's elite US-trained counter-terrorism force was by then running its own jails where the rape and torture of Sunni prisoners was commonplace.
By 2014, the cost of training the Iraqi Army, which was dropping its weapons and fleeing from Islamic State across Iraq, was estimated to have been between US$20 billion and US$26 billion for the Americans alone. That's unrelated to cost of equipping the army with weapons and vehicles, much of which ended up in IS hands.
Still, we're not the only ones. Nearly 10 years after the last training deal, in December, Iran signed another agreement with the Iraqis to train their troops. What chance we'll all still be there in 2025?
United States military
The lie that puts you at risk as Abbott wraps himself in the flag
Abbott, the nervy pugilist who may or may not have taken us to war
Australia's role in Iraq must be examined
Jeff Sparrow,
Practice makes perfect? Who knows, maybe they'll actually do it this time?
On the bright side it will get Toady out of the country for while – when he finds himself in a future mess of his own making – for a photo-op?
Lubo Gregor
Anybody who hasn't trained Iraqi forces yet should immediately sign up with Lt. Earnest Goodbody of the 4th Musketeers!
taciturn
Where is our national interest this? (apart from being a distraction from the imploding economy).
James O'Neill
An interesting history which nonetheless avoids the obvious truth. We are not there to "train" the Iraqis any more than we were there to install truth, justice and American democracy. This is all about maintaining US hegemony (in league with the Israelis) over the Middle East and its all so important oil and gas resources. It always was and always will be. Hence the answer to your final questions is: almost certainly.
Stuart Coyle
Apparently training soldiers caught in a proxy war between Saudi Arabia and Iran is a good thing for Australia. I'm not sure that I see how, but much greater minds than mine are obviously on the task, I just wonder when they are actually going to tell me how this makes our country better.


Our middle school school students will engage in the school's first formal. Students will vote on a Mr. and Mrs. GSA before the event, and the night of we will see who gets the crown. The event is for GSA Scholars only. Tickets are currently being sold.


This page was created to make some sort of response to the reception of Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations: A Story of Economic Discovery, enlarging and elaborating mostly, annotating occasionally. To those who formed the expectation that its discourse would be incessant, or even regular, I apologize. I've have been traveling, visiting, working in other realms.
Mostly, however, I've been discovering how fundamentally antithetical is the world of the blog to the ethos of writing for publication. This disjunction was described supremely well by the novelist John Updike in a little essay that appeared yesterday in the New York Times Sunday Book Review, adapted from an earlier speech to booksellers.
The electronic marvels that abound around us serve, surprisingly, to inflame what is most informally and noncritically human about us — our computer screens stare back at us with a kind of giant, instant "Aw, shucks," disarming in its modesty, disquieting in its diffidence.
The printed, bound and paid-for book was — still is, for the moment — more exacting, more demanding, of its producer and consumer both. It is the site of an encounter, in silence, of two minds, one following in the other's steps but invited to imagine, to argue, to concur on a level of reflection beyond that of personal encounter, with all its merely social conventions, its merciful padding of blather and mutual forgiveness.
Having just finished Knowledge, I wonder whether all those "invisible hand" economists (Arrow, Solow, Tobin, Lucas, Becker), whose models perforce support Cato institute economics (limited government intervention, low taxes, unfettered property rights), neglected "increasing returns" for purely politcal reasons. Did the right-wing philosophy come first only to be follwed by the equations or was it the other way around? Note that no major economist has published a detailed study of the impact of the Bush tax cuts on the cost of capital. The reason is purely political. The invisible hand economists supported the tax cuts (pace Greenspan) not because of some duty to economic theory but becasue the tax cuts benefited a few wealthy Republicans. Any study would show that the owners of stocks are overwhelmingly tax indifferent (pension funds, hedge funds, private equity funds, mutual funds and 401ks) and therefore the reduction of the marginal tax on dividends and capital gains had little macro effect. Add the impact of the alternative minimum tax and you simply have a government subsidy for a few wealthy Republican donors. No wonder no one really wants to sudy tax policy using real data! It might lead to the "wrong" answer and Alan Meltzer would not want that to happen.


text:
Q: Mapping a view with a candidate key that may have nulls in JPA I have a view on which the only possible candidate key may have a null value. Consider:
CREATE TABLE FOO (
    FOO_ID NUMBER(10,0),
    CONSTRAINT PK_FOO PRIMARY KEY (FOO_ID)
);

CREATE TABLE BAR (
    BAR_ID NUMBER(10,0),
    FOO_ID NUMBER(10,0),
    CONSTRAINT PK_BAR PRIMARY KEY (BAR_ID),
    CONSTRAINT FK_BAR_FOO FOREIGN KEY (FOO_ID) REFERENCES FOO(FOO_ID)
) ;

-- I'm interested in this view!
CREATE VIEW VW_FOO_BAR AS
SELECT FOO.FOO_ID, BAR.BAR_ID
FROM FOO
LEFT JOIN BAR ON FOO.FOO_ID = BAR.FOO_ID

Needless to say, this is only a MCVE. The actual DDL is much more complex.
Note that, in this view, BAR_ID may be null, since it's a LEFT JOIN. But FOO_ID may be repeated multiple times, so it can't be the key by itself. As such, the only possible candidate key is (FOO_ID, BAR_ID)
It's not possible to make any changes on the database or its views. Also, this view has some important information that is only accessible through it, so I have to use it.
Since it's a view, I will never be making insertions or updates on it. Only queries.
Question:
Is there a way to map this view in JPA, without triggering the infamous "More than one row with the given identifier" exception?
Discarded solutions:
This implementation may return multiple rows with the same identifier, causing the above mentioned exception:
@Entity
@Table(name = "VW_FOO_BAR")
class VwFooBar {
    @Id
    @Column(name="FOO_ID")
    private Long idFoo;

    @Column(name="BAR_ID")
    private Long idBar
}

This one will return null objects whenever idBar is null:
@Entity
@Table(name = "VW_FOO_BAR")
class VwFooBar {
    @EmbeddedId
    private VwFooBarPk pk;
}

@Embeddable
class VwFooBarPk {
    @Column(name="FOO_ID")
    private Long idFoo;

    @Column(name="BAR_ID")
    private Long idBar
}

I'm accepting any solution that allows me to query the view, altough I prefer to avoid pure JDBC, if possible.
I'm using JPA 1/Hibernate 3.3 with the org.hibernate.dialect.Oracle9iDialect dialect.


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text:
COFFIN COLLECTIBLES UNVEILED!
by First Comics News on July 20, 2018 COFFIN COLLECTIBLES UNVEILED!2018-07-20T06:59:58-07:00 - News
New collectible statues and figures to be offered in 2019!
SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA – Coffin Comics, LLC announced today the unveiling of its newest business venture, Coffin Collectibles, LLC. Dedicated to producing high-end, limited edition collectibles based on its flagship character Lady Death and its expanding universe of characters including La Muerta and Hellwitch, Coffin Collectibles will offer unique products and merchandise beginning in 2019.
"Our dedicated "fiends" have spoken and we listened," says Coffin Collectibles creative director Brian Pulido. "Our intention is to make the coolest statues, action figures and innovative 3D merchandise to satisfy the most discerning collectors."
Offered starting in 2019 is the Lady Death: Majestic Statue (pricing and edition size to be determined). Based on the artwork of Richard Ortiz, the statue stands 15" tall (figure: 12" / base: 3", pricing to be determined) and is sculpted by Tim Miller and Sam Greenwell, with paint masters by Jason Wires Productions and art direction by Design Devil's Joe Allard. There will be a Lady Death: Naughty Majestic Statue as well (pricing and edition size to be determined).
Next, up, Coffin Collectibles will offer the Lady Death: Legend Action Figure (work in progress pictured), which is designed and art directed by Design Devil's Joe Allard and sculpted by Devin Martin (pricing and edition size to be determined).
https://www.firstcomicsnews.com/coffin-collectibles-unveiled/https://www.firstcomicsnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Lady-Death-Logo-600x257.pnghttps://www.firstcomicsnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Lady-Death-Logo-150x64.png 2018-07-20T06:59:58-07:00 First Comics NewsNews
New collectible statues and figures to be offered in 2019! SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA – Coffin Comics, LLC announced today the unveiling of its newest business venture, Coffin Collectibles, LLC. Dedicated to producing high-end, limited edition collectibles based on its flagship character Lady Death and its expanding universe of characters including La...


John Cena will be making his return next month to work several WWE events. Cena was set to work the WWE Crown Jewel event in Saudi Arabia last month but he backed out of the event due to the controversial working relationship between WWE and the Kingdom following the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi.
SmackDown live event at Nassau Coliseum in Long Island, NY.
Welbeck is out of contract at the end of the season and could have been sold in January had he not suffered the ankle injury. We are in November so it's a good time to start analysing what options we have in the market.
Dans " Pays de merde", le premier single de l'album, il répond aux propos xénophobes du président américain Donald Trump. "On fait croire aux jeunes que pour exister il faut posséder et ça me dérange terriblement", a t-il déclaré.
Of course, despite what the buildup to the World Cup finals told you, John is a free agent in WWE meaning he's able to perform for either brand provided there's a Superstar he doesn't like around. His first was a 15-minute bout with Triple H at the Greatest Royal Rumble in Saudi Arabia, his second was a live event in Shanghai, and most recently a tag team match at WWE Super Show-Down where he tagged in at the very end, hit his signature moves and won the bout.
In other Cena-related news, it looks like he might have got himself a tattoo. The 16-time world champion shared a video with some arm art poking out from under a sweater.
The study included more than 500,000 round-trip itineraries for travel within the U.S. This website is not intended for users located within the European Economic Area.
Other reports locally claim the men were armed with AK-47s and began firing wildly when they attacked the Chakama Trading centre. It was then that the Italian woman, a volunteer at the home, confronted them during the raid maintaining that there was no cash.
Placement on the list blocks any U.S. assets and prohibits American entities or citizens from dealing with the companies. The new sanctions also target a Syrian national, Mohamed Alchwicki and his Russia-based company, Global Vision Group.
La présidence lui laissait jusqu'à dimanche soir pour répondre et prévenait qu'elle trancherait lundi à 15H00 (19H00 GMT). Mais le soir-même, elle lui écrivait pour le prévenir qu'elle comptait lui retirer définitivement son accréditation.
Sa mort a mis fin à une longue traque qui a commencé après les attentats du 11 septembre 2001 dont Ben Laden était l'instigateur. Et l'ancien directeur de la CIA , John Brennan , s'est adressé directement à Donald Trump sur Twitter.
He had composed the track in the months after the tragic accident. They had a very professional approach to everything. Mick is well educated, he is a good guy".
Devices created to function like a wombat poop-shoot with varying elastic pressure could lead to new manufacturing technologies . This allows the intestine to deform in such a way that packs faeces into 2cm-wide cubes rather than the usual sausage shapes.
Lows are expected in the mid-20s, with wind chills in the teens forecast for Thursday morning turkey trot races. Power demand jumped Wednesday morning as the Thanksgiving chill began to descend on New England.


text:
Bowditch
nbowditch@aucegypt.edu
Nathaniel Bowditch is an associate professor of philosophy at The American University in Cairo. He received his BA from the University of California at Berkeley, graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1994, his MA from Johns Hopkins University in 2001, and his PhD from Johns Hopkins University in 2005. At Johns Hopkins he received a David Sachs Fellowship as well as the William Miller Essay Prize in 2001. Professor Bowditch taught at Goucher College and Loyola College in Maryland before joining AUC's Department of Philosophy in September of 2006. Bowditch's research focuses on three areas: ethics and the history of ethics, moral psychology and history of philosophy. He's explored and written on Aristotle's account of moral development, the moral dimensions of early modern accounts of the emotions, focusing primarily on writings of Malebranche, Spinoza and Hume, and the contemporary relevance of historical accounts of emotions. He is currently working on a study of Hume's account of the psychology of religious belief and its moral implications. He is an active member of the American Philosophical Association and the Hume Society. In 2009 he was elected to the American Philosophical Association's Committee on International Cooperation. In 2009 he received the AUC Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching Award.
"Aristotle on Habituation: The Key to Unlocking the Nicomachean Ethics," Ethical Perspectives (15, no. 3 (2008): 309-342)
"Malebranche: Divinity, Responsibility, and Control of the Passions," International Philosophical Quarterly (September, 2010)
"Spinoza: Determination, Activity, and 'Freedom,'" Studies in the History of Ethics (November, 2010)


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text:
Nephrotoma baliana is een tweevleugelige uit de familie langpootmuggen (Tipulidae). De soort komt voor in het Oriëntaals gebied.

baliana
Langpootmug uit het Oriëntaals gebied

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Chocoholics are in for a treat. These inventive recipes take the ancient indulgence beyond cookies and cakes, to savory dishes. For instance, did you know that dark chocolate takes on an earthy quality when sprinkled over roasted vegetables? Or that it can easily hold its own when paired with cheese?
To show off the many nuances of chocolate, we've gathered 36 recipes spanning every meal of the day from dark chocolate crepes for breakfast to cocoa-spiced pizza for supper.
Chocolate oatmeal is the perfect foundation for your favorite toppings. Almonds, cinnamon, coconut or peanut butter, go wild and enjoy a different flavor every day. Try this recipe by Chocolate-Covered Katie.
Decadent dark chocolate and fresh strawberries are the perfect pairing to start the day. A filling of creamy Greek yogurt balances the sweetness and packs a serving of protein to boot. Visit Girl Versus Dough for this recipe.
Did you vow to eat a healthy breakfast this year? This double-chocolate granola will wake up your taste buds and help you keep your New Year's resolution at the same time. Bright-Eyed Baker shares the instructions for this entree.
Intensely chocolate but not too sweet, these waffles were made to be topped. Try them with fresh berries and whipped cream or sprinkled with cinnamon and chopped nuts. Read about this dish on The Spiced Life.
Stacked high and dripping with chocolate sauce, this dish may look more like a birthday cake than breakfast; all the more reason to celebrate! Visit Cooking Classy for the how-to.
If you can't wake up in Paris, then waking up to a homemade croissant is the next best thing—especially when the croissant has a chocolate center. Dishing The Divine offers the instructions for this breakfast pastry.
Tart cranberry and sweet chocolate melt together in this unique French toast casserole. Make it the night before, and the next morning you can pop it in the oven while you enjoy a cup of coffee. See how to prepare it at Momtastic.
What's better than fresh-baked bread? Warm peanut butter bread loaded with dark chocolate chips. Wouldn't this make the best banana sandwich ever? Go to Heather's French Press to bake your own loaf.
When used as a spice, a little chocolate goes a long way. In fact, just an ounce of chocolate gives this Mexican-inspired chili incredible depth and flavor. One Perfect Bite has step-by-step directions for this simple lunch.
This cocoa-infused chicken will surprise you with its complex combination of flavors. Spicy and sweet are in perfect balance with just a hint of rich chocolate. Grab this dish by Mario Batali on The Chew.
When you're craving something sweet in the middle of the day, try a chocolate tamale. Spiced with cinnamon, these would also be great with nuts or a dash of chili powder. Head over to Nibbles And Feasts to make these tamales.
Though it's described as a dessert panini, we wouldn't judge if you ate this delicious sandwich for lunch. It includes all the major food groups—nuts, fruit, cheese and chocolate! Babble has the details for this recipe.
Why have a fruit salad when you can have fruit nachos? They're practically a health food. Did we mention they're drizzled in chocolate? Recipe and instructions from Snap, Crackle, Chop.
If you really would prefer a salad, be sure to drizzle it with this chocolate and balsamic dressing. It tastes amazing over spinach and sliced strawberries. Visit Food.com to get the recipe for this dressing.
It may seem that roasted strawberries are the star of this sandwich, but let's be honest, the main attraction is really the rich layer of dark chocolate. How Sweet Eats has the directions for this indulgent sandwich.
Smoky chipotle and chocolate is a match made in heaven, as you'll see in this recipe for pulled pork mole. Find the instructions at Gambas And Grits.
Skip dinner and go straight to dessert with chocolate fettuccine and raspberry puree. Top with grated white chocolate for a visual play on parmesan cheese. Click over to Garrett's Table to check out this beautiful dish.
Use a slow cooker for a version of chicken mole that's as good as the real thing—with a lot less work. The finished sauce reveals notes of dark chocolate, peppers and tomatoes with chicken that falls off the bone. Our Life In Food offers easy-to-follow directions.
When creating a rub, you want strong flavors to infuse the meat, so why not try chocolate and espresso? This recipe relies on simplicity to let every ingredient shine. Check out this entree at Civilized Caveman Cooking.
Here is another recipe that pairs chocolate with the tangy bite of balsamic vinegar—this time with juicy beef tenderloin. Go to Grilling Outdoor Recipes to see the sauce.
Creamy risotto and velvety chocolate make dinner taste as decadent as dessert. Garnish with almonds for extra protein. Savory Simple has the recipe for this entree.
Is it the finely chopped dark chocolate pieces or the bottle of chocolate stout that makes these short ribs so good? We'll let you decide. See this tender meat dish at The Endless Meal.
Long before it became a confection, cocoa was a prized spice. This recipe for lamb sausage takes the humble bean back to its roots. Spread liberally over chocolate pizza dough, it creates a divine dinner that blends sweet and savory. Visit David Lebovitz to try the recipe.
Chocolate stout gives this sandwich bread a hint of sweetness with a smoky finish. It's a hearty choice that pairs well with a cheese platter or a bowl of French onion soup. Bison Brew provides complete details about this bread.
Citrusy chocolate spread on warm crostini—this easy appetizer tastes zesty and creamy. Finish with a pinch of sea salt to ignite the flavors. Try this side dish from Nourish Network.
It only takes a minute to dust a quick coat of cocoa and cinnamon over squash before roasting. But after one bite you'll wonder why you didn't try this sooner. Visit Stuft Mama to roast a pan of these winter vegetables.
Unsweetened cocoa powder enhances the earthy notes of roasted cauliflower in this dish. Dipped into a cool, creamy bowl of Mediterranean yogurt dip, it's heaven on a plate—and in your mouth. The Whipped Blog has more details about this exotic recipe.
The best barbecue sauce always has a secret ingredient. This time it's chocolate, balanced with garlic, chili powder and just the right spices. Try this yummy sauce by The Happiness In Health.
Chocolate and balsamic vinegar team up in this recipe as a glaze for roasted beets. The chocolate boosts the flavors that come from roasting, while the balsamic balances the veggie's sweetness. Go to Cooking Stoned for a how-to video on roasting beets.
This sweet cheese ball is covered in caramel, chocolate and pecans for a delectable appetizer that's as good with pretzels as it is with cookies. Sweet or salty? The choice is up to you. This recipe from Shugary Sweets shows how to roll your own cheeseball.
Tapioca fans, rejoice! This chia pudding has the same bubbly consistency with added health benefits. You can try it in chocolate or vanilla, but guess which one we like best? Find instructions for this recipe at Coconut And Quinoa.
This is not bacon popcorn. This is popcorn coated in semi-sweet chocolate with a hint of bacon. It's just enough to make your taste buds perk up and pay attention and is utterly delicious. Click over to Erin's Food Files to try the recipe.
The secret to amazing chocolate milk is the syrup. Start with this recipe for homemade chocolate syrup and the rest is easy. Mel's Kitchen Cafe offers full instructions.
If you have a food processor, then this homemade chocolate hazelnut spread is a must-try recipe. It blends roasted hazelnuts and dark cocoa powder—no added sugar or preservatives. Naturally, we think it's delicious! Check out the recipe for this all-natural spread at Chocolate And Chickpeas.
Once you decide to wrap your fruit in bacon, it's pretty much go big or go home. Such is the case with these bananas that have also been fried and dipped in chocolate. Visit Modcloth to get the instructions for this over-the-top snack food.
For a snack you can feel good about, these no-bake protein bars are hard to beat. Get all the peanut butter and chocolate you love without turning on the oven. Desserts With Benefits has everything you need to know to make these simple and delicious bars.
A day without chocolate is like a day without … well, it's not a day we want to think about. Bookmark these recipes and experiment with new ways to experience chocolate.


We are thrilled at BPS with the vast possibilities we have for our community and those possibilities that we will accomplish, together we will touch the future !
At BPS, our learners learn through inquiry and have a choice and voice. We recognize that our learners have their unique ways of learning and our mission is to accommodate the individual needs of each and every learner.
At BPS we embrace diversity, welcoming students and staff from all over the world to become part of our community. Each individual will bring the diversity, ideas, customs and habits as part of their culture to enrich our learning opportunities.
BPS offers a Bilingual Program of studies from the Early Childhood year through Grade 12 of the Secondary School.
We know that selecting the right school for your child is not an easy decision. Our admission and students' affair coordinator is here to help and guide you through the process.
Character learning is happening when learners are considering the true potential impact of applying dispositions and values and actively reflecting on their actions.


Anastasia Caras is an interdisciplinary artist and graphic designer living in New England. She's a co-founder of Apatite Collective and is currently freelancing. She specializes in brand identity, publication, creative direction and consulting, illustration, and photography - with room for experimentation. Interests include art, design, idealism, magic, hiking, old print, woods, boats, collecting pens, sustainability, muted colors, flea markets, Iggy Pop, coffee, ambient lighting, and Twin Peaks.
Clients include: Cake Creative, Rebecca Minkoff, Armeno Coffee Roasters, Parlor Ice Cream Co., Whole Foods, Mac Cosmetics, Sixpoint Brewery, Maine Woodworks, and more.


The Sharpfin Chubsucker is found in Coastal Plain streams from Louisiana to Florida. They are found in backwater and undercut banks in creeks and small rivers. The genus, Erimyzon, is different from other members of the Catostomidae family because they lack a lateral line. Breeding males get large, horny tubercles on their snout.