Tokyo has an abundance of both hotels and rental apartments. New Airbnb and HomeAway listings are popping up all the time, but thanks to pressure from the hotel lobby, the government is considering new fines for vacation rental hosts who don't follow strict guidelines. With that in mind it's possible that your rental apartment booking could suddenly be cancelled before your arrival. On the plus side, the companies that run the booking web sites are usually very helpful when it comes to finding stranded guests new accommodation.
Rental apartments, in general, have many advantages over typical Japanese hotels. Hotels in Tokyo are often cramped, overpriced and reek of cigarette smoke. Furthermore, they often lack wifi and the staff may not even speak English. If you're traveling with multiple people there's also a good chance you'll be charged per person even if you share a room or bed.
A good rental apartment, on the other hand, will be considerably larger and cheaper than a hotel room. Furthermore, you can be sure before you book that you'll have a fluent English speaker to communicate with. And best of all, you'll get to feel what it's like to live like a native Tokyoite. Overall, the vacation rental apartments in Tokyo are a much better deal and experience than hotels.
Hotels still have a few advantages over rental apartments, however. For one, they're going to appear on Google Maps and will generally be easier to find. While rental apartment hosts typically only clean before you check-in, hotels will clean and replace your towels every day. Hotels may be able to assist you with other things like airport pickup. Unlike most rental apartments, you can leave your luggage at hotels while waiting for your flight or train.
You should also consider that with the wide range of rental apartment options out there and the fact that absolutely anyone can sign up to be a host, not all listings or experiences are going to be good ones. Some guests may encounter apartments that were hardly cleaned or that look a lot different from the listing pictures. Some hosts also tend to go AWOL when there's a problem or it turns out they're completely reliant on Google Translate for communication. Therefore, it's especially important to only book rental apartments with lots of good reviews.
When travelling to such a big city, choosing where to stay can be overwhelming. You may have heard of neighborhoods such as Shinjuku, Shibuya, Harajuku and Roppongi. These are all centrally located and would all be ideal for getting to the main sites featured in Murakami's fiction.
The most convenient station in all of Tokyo would have to be Shinjuku. Shinjuku Station is an attraction in itself and it directly connects to pretty much every other neighborhood mentioned in this guide book, with only a few exceptions. The JR Yamanote Line, the JR Chuo/Sobu line, the Odakyu line and a multitude of subway lines run through Shinjuku Station, meaning you can get just about anywhere with no transfer.
Understand, however, that while Shinjuku has many hotels and vacation rental apartments, it's hard to find something very close to the main station. You should always check which station is actually closest to your accommodation before confirming your booking. Watch out for deceptive titles such as "Shinjuku – 5 Minutes From Station!" The listing may very well be 5 minutes away from the station, but more likely an inconvenient station at the edge of Shinjuku Ward and not the main Shinjuku Station you were probably imagining.
Shibuya is also a convenient place to stay. The neighborhood itself appears frequently throughout Murakami's work and it's connected to the JR Yamanote Line and a number of subway lines. Another very convenient, yet often overlooked station to stay nearby would be Yoyogi. Yoyogi Station gives you access to the JR Yamanote Line, JR Sobu Line and the Oedo Line, which connects directly to Roppongi and Aoyama-Itchome.
These aren't the only convenient places to stay and regardless of where you base yourself, you'll still be doing a lot of travelling around the city. Most of the locations in The Murakami Pilgrimage are in central Tokyo's western half. Some eastern neighborhoods do appear a couple of times, however. Basing yourself somewhere along the western half of the JR Yamanote Line or anywhere relatively central on the JR Chuo/Sobu Line would be ideal. As far as subway lines go, the Marunouchi Line is probably the one that comes up the most often in this book. The line runs through places like Shinjuku, Yotsuya, Ginza and Ochanomizu.


text:
The foundation stones for the Cathedral at its current site were laid on 28 April 1220.
Home » History & Conservation » Building the Cathedral » A new start
The foundation stones for the Cathedral at its current site were laid on 28 April 1220. The first part to be completed was the three eastern chapels named for St Stephen, Trinity, and St Peter. The building of the new cathedral was greatly helped by the energy of the bishop and the patronage of powerful people, including King Henry III, who donated trees from Ireland and estates in Wiltshire for the roof timbers, doors, etc., and Alice Brewer, who gave marble for 12 years from her Purbeck quarry, which provided capitals, shafts, columns and bases inside, and some shafts outside. The Bishop, Dean, and 52 Canons also each made substantial donations from income derived from their estates, or prebends.
The main body of the cathedral was finished by the consecration on 29 September 1258. But the whole project also included the West Front, the Cloisters, the Chapter House, and the (now demolished) detached Bell Tower, which stood between the High Street Gate and the Cathedral. All of these were probably completed by 1266. The great energy being released in Salisbury was not confined to this building project. The new town also became a notable centre for education, with the foundation in 1261 of De Vaux College, and then of St Edmund's College. Cathedral clergy were required to give theological lectures to their students.
Since the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were only just developing at that point, there was some chance that Salisbury would be their rival. By the later 13th century the Bishop's town of New Salisbury, around its huge new market place (still in use on Tuesdays & Saturdays) was a great success, and many new shops, houses and businesses were built in its 'chequers' (blocks). Within two centuries it was the seventh largest town in England.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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Top Ten Tuesday: My Five Favourite TV Shows (and a Confession)
Posted: July 15, 2014 | Author: Cassandra Page | Filed under: On me | Tags: doctor who, firefly, geekery, joss whedon, television, top ten tuesday |10 Comments
Today's Top Ten Tuesday is the top ten favourite movies or television shows. I've gone for the latter, although I only have five shows that I really love. I just don't watch that much television; there are shows I've enjoyed that I haven't managed to keep up on (like True Blood, Dexter or Once Upon a Time), and I figure if I haven't seen all of a show, or I lost track of it, I must not love it that much.
Of the ones I have, let's be honest, most of them are by Joss Whedon. (I could have also added Dollhouse to the below, but I decided to stick to my two Joss favourites, instead of three!)
Buffy: the Vampire Slayer. I actually just re-watched some Buffy the other day, because a friend wanted to pull out Once More With Feeling, the musical episode. We ended up seeing a few other episodes from season six as well, which if you've seen the entire series you'll know is the darkest. Some people write off this show as pure teen angst with wrinkly-faced vampires, but it explores some deep issues while still making you care about the characters. For example, season six explores self-harm as a major theme, via Buffy's relationship with Spike, and looks at rape, misogyny and drugs. Wow.
Firefly. Another Joss Whedon show, this one ended too soon…although at least we got the follow-on movie, Serenity, to give us a little bit of closure. Firefly is part sci-fi, part western, and has a delightful mix of Chinese and American culture because this future society is a melting pot of the two. Love it. My favourite episodes are the two where you really get to see how dark the lead character, Mal (played by Nathan Fillion), can be. If you're curious, they are War Stories and Ariel.
Doctor Who. The reboot doesn't have the charm of dodgy special effects that the original did, but what it does have is clever writing. I've heard people criticise the later episodes for trying to be too clever but I haven't felt that way (although I am partway through re-watching season five to see if I can unravel things better the second time around). Some episodes fall a little flat — unfortunately I felt the last Matt Smith episode was one of these — but for the most part this is a great show. My favourite episodes are Midnight and Waters of Mars (both David Tennant episodes).
Castle. I don't mind the old whodunit cop show (although I lean more toward Law and Order than CSI). I confess I started watching Castle because it had Nathan Fillion in it, but I love the nerdy banter. Clever dialogue wins every time. I don't really have a favourite episode, although the one where Beckett and Castle finally got together was a highlight, as is any episode where the scriptwriters make a Firefly in-joke.
The West Wing. Speaking of clever dialogue… everything I know about US politics I learned from The West Wing. This is probably the cleverest show I've ever seen. It's got an interesting style in that it doesn't follow the details of the characters' lives, just dips in and out as they intersect with their jobs. I guess in that way it's more like a cop show, where you are mostly focused on the job, not the people. My favourite episode is the cliffhanger, from the end of the first season (What Kind of Day Has It Been) to the start of the second (In the Shadow of Two Gunmen). Mostly because of the scene in the hospital, and getting to see a limousine do a handbrake turn on a highway.
In the title of the blog I promised you a confession, and it's this: I really, really can't get into Game of Thrones. I mean, on paper I should love it: an epic fantasy TV series that has ANIMATED DRAGONS IN IT! But I didn't really like the first book (it was a DNF for me), and when I tried to watch the TV show I didn't get past the end of the first episode. I wasn't really okay with them pushing a small boy out a tower window. Yes, I know they're the bad guys, but that's NOT THE POINT. It may be because I have a small boy who loves to climb, but I just couldn't get on board.
What are your favourite TV shows — the ones you've seen every episode of?
10 Comments on "Top Ten Tuesday: My Five Favourite TV Shows (and a Confession)"
Emily Witt says:
I agree Matt Smith's final episode fell flat, which was disappointing. I really wanted him to go out on a high note. I'm getting pretty excited for the new series, though!
Yeah, I'm pumped to see the new one. It was a shame Matt's episode fell so flat after Tennant's was so emotional. Even the Ecclestone season finale was better.
quix689 says:
I love your list! I would probably have all those shows on my own list. The West Wing is, hands down, my favorite show of all time. I didn't like the later seasons as much, but the first 3-4 were just so amazing! I'm still one season away from finishing Buffy, and I've only just started the Dr. Who season where Matt Smith starts, but I still love both of those shows. I'm sad I didn't watch Firefly when it was on air, but I loved it when I watched it, and I also started watching Castle because he was in it. It's funny – I've never seen a list like this that I agree with this much!
The only show that's not on here that should be is Arrested Development. That's just behind West Wing for best show ever (not counting season 4).
I didn't see Firefly on air – by the time they aired it in Australia I already owned the boxed set. That's ok, though. 🙂 I've heard good things about Arrested Development, but have just never gotten around to watching it.
Raised A Reader says:
The only one of these that I've watched is Buffy the Vampire Slayer, but (so far) I'm pretty obsessed. I just started season four (nooooo, Angel, don't go!) and I'm pretty bummed because two of the main characters just left, but I know I'll get over it soon enough. I didn't expect to love it like I do, but it combines so many great elements into one awesome, action packed TV series.
I know. I think people who've never seen it really underestimate it!
melodysimpson says:
Your taste in TV ROCKS. I must admit, I have not seen The West Wing but it's in my Netflix cue and I am that much closer to finally watching this!
Why, thank you. 😉
fionamillerstevens says:
Great list! Joss is a genius… I'm in the middle of watching the Dollhouse series and am loving it. I haven't ever seen Castle though Nathan Fillion is a big draw card.
Yeah, I loved Dollhouse too. I was going to add it but thought this post might turn into "101 reasons why Joss Whedon is my hero". Which is fine but wasn't the point of the post!


text:
Establishment of Colonial Status
(Related Articles: For other related articles view the Government Reform Era section of the Government and Politics Table of Contents.)
Although the British Government had attempted to use Palliser's Act (1775) to limit residence in Newfoundland, just 50 years later in 1825 it conferred colonial status within the British Empire upon Newfoundland due to the economic, political, social, and demographic changes resulting from the French and Napoleonic Wars. By the turn of the 19th century permanent settlement, diversification of the fishing industry, and the growth of St. John's as a commercial centre meant that Newfoundland was no longer simply a fishing station. These changes coincided with new British imperial policy, in which the British government embraced reform to lessen its colonial financial responsibilities.
St. John's Harbour, late 18th century
Permanent settlement of Newfoundland, diversification of the fishing industry, and the growth of St. John's as a commercial centre by the turn of the 19th century helped end the transatlantic migratory fishery.
Artist unknown. Watercolor. "View of Upper end of the Harbour from a Little below Fort William (St. John's)." From Library and Archives Canada (Acc. No. 1996-381).
Permanent Settlement
The pace of permanent settlement on the island quickened largely because of the wartime conditions of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic period. British vessels risked attack by French naval vessels and privateers. Merchants, traders and fishers soon realized that it was safer and more convenient to remain on the island year round. What was a measure of convenience during wartime turned into custom, and the small number of permanent settlers in the 1790s began to increase thereafter. By the middle of the 19th century the increase became steadier and was complemented by an influx of English and Irish migrants which further increased the size of the permanent population.
The seal fishery also fostered permanent residence on the island. Sealing took place in early spring before the fishing fleet arrived, which forced anyone wishing to engage in the hunt to remain on the island during the winter. Residence further allowed people to trap furs and fish for salmon. By 1800 Newfoundland and Labrador possessed a large-scale commercial seal hunt. This larger scale required greater local capital investment by merchants and created more employment for a large number of resident inhabitants. At the same time, a resident cod fishery was emerging in the southeastern parts of the island. Population growth, combined with the growth of the spring seal fishery, made the migratory fishery unnecessary and guaranteed that Newfoundland could be sustained through a broader economic base.
Sealing Steamer, pre-1895
Sealing took place in early spring before the fishing fleet arrived, which forced anyone wishing to engage in the hunt to remain on the island during the winter. Sealers initially sailed to ice floes aboard schooners before the introduction of wooden-hulled steamers in the mid-1800s.
From Prowse, D.W., A History of Newfoundland, from the English, Colonial and Foreign Records. (London: Macmillan, 1895) 492. Print.
By 1815 Newfoundland had a population of 70,000, but the British government, thinking that the migratory fishery might revive relative to the resident industry in the post-war context, was reluctant to grant it colonial government. However, the migratory fishery did not revive in the context of a post-1815 economic depression. By 1815 residents owned almost all the fishing boats used in the fishery and were producing all the salt fish. The increasing participation of settlers in the fishery was the most important factor leading to colonization.
Property and Marriage Laws
The growth in settlement encouraged legal reform in Newfoundland. In the first decade of the 19th century, St. John's was losing its character as a fishing town and becoming a commercial and trading centre for the island. The prosperous nature of the fishery and an increasing population contributed to the governor's decision to offer leases on crown lands for cultivation to feed the poor.
In 1803 Governor James Gambier offered 80 acres and asked London to change its policies regarding the issue of land ownership. Gambier began granting fishers small plots of land to support their families, a practice continued under Governor Sir Erasmus Gower. This allowed residents to cultivate the soil and get money and food which helped them to overwinter. Under both of these governors, land began to be leased to grow vegetables and serve as building lots. Soon, public and dwelling houses began to fill the harbour. In 1811 the British Parliament passed legislation which marked a break with previous policies opposing settlement and reserving land to be used exclusively for the fishery. Now rooms could be possessed as private property.
In addition, all marriages contracted before 5 January 1818 were legitimized and all marriages thereafter were to be celebrated by persons of the Church. These changes to marriage and property laws required year-round residence by colonial officials and a governor; as a result, the governor was to remain in Newfoundland all year as of 1818.
Social Development and Reform
While settlement and legal reform prompted a more permanent official presence in Newfoundland, such did not satisfy the interests of growing local interests, especially in St. John's. An increased permanent population brought a resident class of merchants, agents, and professionals to the island's chief port and administrative centre.
William Carson (1770-1843), n.d.
William Carson was one of Newfoundland's leading reformers during the early 19th century.
Artist unknown. Courtesy of The Rooms Provincial Archives Division (A 23-91), St. John's, NL.
By 1811 the Newfoundland economy was expanding due to the reopening of the Spanish market for salt cod. Fish prices and servants' wages were increasing, which attracted Irish immigrants, including farmers, craftsmen, clerks, shopkeepers, and labourers. These immigrants increased and diversified the population in St. John's and its surrounding areas. Settlers who possessed education and professional standing, such as William Carson and Patrick Morris, began to challenge the existing order and demand a say in government. The result was agitation for political representation.
In addition, more prominent residents had formed nascent political institutions in St. John's, such as the Society of Merchants and the Benevolent Irish Society. The establishment of the colony's first newspapers – including the Royal Gazette, the Mercantile Journal, and the Newfoundland Sentinel – assisted the movement for political representation by providing advocates with a means to make their message known.
Postwar economic depression spurred calls for reform and arguments about Newfoundland's future. From 1816-18 trade declined due to reduced prices for fish, compounded locally by smaller catches and poor weather for drying fish. Many merchants and planters fell into bankruptcy, causing local hardships, which cold winters and fires only compounded. Reformers pondered the cause of the economic crisis and how such a situation could be improved. Carson argued that Newfoundland's poor economic condition was not due to its reliance on foreign markets, but because of the current laws and government.
Prompted by a controversial court decision in the Lundrigan-Butler Affair that sentenced two Conception Bay fishers to public whippings, Carson and Morris organized a public meeting on 14 November 1820 at which attendees passed a series of resolutions opposing the existing surrogate system of justice.
In early 1821 the reformers sent a petition to the British Parliament calling for reform of the legal system in Newfoundland, arguing that Newfoundland should have a legislature, a privilege which had been granted to other colonies. Neither Governor Hamilton nor the colonial undersecretary supported the petition.
However, there was a group in Parliament interested in colonial problems of social injustice and it gave the petition the necessary parliamentary support. The timing was right, as there were liberals and radicals arguing for faster constitutional development in the colonies generally, and so for the first time in 30 years Newfoundland's system of government was discussed by the British government.
It was this change in the basic direction of imperial policy, not local agitation, which led the British government in the direction of reform. The peace saw the issue of general colonial development and administration re-enter Parliamentary discussion, in the midst of new economic and political thought in Britain. There were arguments for the emancipation of the colonies from Britain, as well as concerns about expenditure and the cost of administering the various territories. As a result, the British government began retreating from the military, financial, and administrative obligations of Empire by granting representative institutions to white colonial possessions in the 1820s.
1824 Judicature Act
Despite all the changes that had occurred both on the island and in terms of the general British outlook, Lord Bathurst, secretary of state for the colonies, was still not convinced that Newfoundland was ready for self-government. He decided instead to take a moderate and cautious course. A new Judicature Act in 1824 preceded the change in Newfoundland's status the following year.
The Act addressed five major themes related to personnel, jurisdiction, procedures, property, and new policy initiatives. This set out a functioning judicial regime and, along with colonial status, raised the question of political institutions and representative government. The Act ended surrogate courts and naval officers' judicial roles.
The Act also reformed the local government in St. John's, now providing for the establishment of a corporate body with the authority to impose or levy rates and assessments on households and residents. For the first time the colony had a sense of legal security, though Britain would still negotiate for Newfoundland on most internal and external matters, in addition to retaining control over most of its affairs.
While the legislation of 1824 had raised Newfoundland to colonial status, a new form of government did not come into effect until two years later because Lord Bathurst was uncertain as to the type of government that would be best suited to the island. The mode of government adopted for Newfoundland followed that of New South Wales: a council consisting of a governor and the five principal officers of the Crown. When new Governor Sir Thomas Cochrane arrived at St. John's in October 1825 he selected as councilors chief justice R.A. Tucker, two new assistant judges, and Lieutenant Colonel T.K. Burke, commander of the military forces in Newfoundland.
Sir Thomas Cochrane (1789-1872)
Sir Thomas Cochrane became Governor of Newfoundland after the island attained official colonial status in 1825. He remained in office until 1834.
Artist unknown. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons
The council was an improvement in the system of government and brought Newfoundland more in line with other colonies, but it was only advisory and only met to discuss questions posed by the governor. The Royal Charter of 1825 proclaimed the Act effective 2 January 1826.
Article by Carolyn Lambert. ©2008, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site
For other related articles view the Government Reform Era section of the Government and Politics Table of Contents.


text:
"The Moon of Manakoora" is a popular song written by Frank Loesser (lyrics) and Alfred Newman (music) for the 1937 Paramount film The Hurricane starring Dorothy Lamour. Lamour sang the song in the film and also made a commercial recording of it.
The song "The Moon of Manakoora" is considered a standard and was Loesser's first success as a lyric writer.

Manakoora, loosely translated to English, is "witchcraft", derived from "mana" meaning "magic" and "koora/kura" (pronounced "KUU-rah") meaning "lore" or "school" or "body of knowledge".

Other recordings

The song has been covered by many other artists, including:

 The cast of TV series Glee
 Australian Jazz vocalist Janet Seidel
 The Norman Luboff Choir
 Andy Williams (for his 1959 album To You Sweetheart, Aloha.)
 The Ames Brothers
 Chet Atkins
 Stanley Black
 Frankie Carle
 Benny Carter
 Frank Chacksfield
 Bing Crosby - The Crosby version was recorded on January 21, 1938 with John Scott Trotter and his Orchestra for Decca Records and reached the No. 10 position in the charts in 1938.
 Vic Damone (for his 1962 album Strange Enchantment)
 Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis
 Percy Faith
 Benny Goodman
 Burl Ives (for his 1965 album On the Beach at Waikiki)
 Harry James
 Kana King
 Andre Kostelanetz
 Gene Krupa
 Harry Leader
 Guy Lombardo
 Arthur Lyman
 Henry Mancini
 Tony Martin (with Ray Noble and his Orchestra. This recording reached the charts of the day and peaked in the No. 15 position.)
 Felix Mendelssohn's Hawaiian Serenaders
 Buddy Merrill Orchestra
 Vaughn Monroe
 Alfred Newman
 Les Paul and Mary Ford
 Sonny Rollins
 Wayne Shorter
 The Ventures

The melody of the song appears in themes for the movies The Hurricane and Mr. Robinson Crusoe.

References

1937 songs
Songs written for films
Songs written by Frank Loesser

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");

#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stringlist.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "testutil.h"

enum test_methods {
	TEST_GETSERVENT,
	TEST_GETSERVBYNAME,
	TEST_GETSERVBYPORT,
	TEST_GETSERVENT_2PASS,
	TEST_BUILD_SNAPSHOT
};

static int debug = 0;
static enum test_methods method = TEST_BUILD_SNAPSHOT;

DECLARE_TEST_DATA(servent)
DECLARE_TEST_FILE_SNAPSHOT(servent)
DECLARE_1PASS_TEST(servent)
DECLARE_2PASS_TEST(servent)

static void clone_servent(struct servent *, struct servent const *);
static int compare_servent(struct servent *, struct servent *, void *);
static void dump_servent(struct servent *);
static void free_servent(struct servent *);

static void sdump_servent(struct servent *, char *, size_t);
static int servent_read_snapshot_func(struct servent *, char *);

static int servent_check_ambiguity(struct servent_test_data *,
	struct servent *);
static int servent_fill_test_data(struct servent_test_data *);
static int servent_test_correctness(struct servent *, void *);
static int servent_test_getservbyname(struct servent *, void *);
static int servent_test_getservbyport(struct servent *, void *);
static int servent_test_getservent(struct servent *, void *);

static void usage(void)  __attribute__((__noreturn__));

IMPLEMENT_TEST_DATA(servent)
IMPLEMENT_TEST_FILE_SNAPSHOT(servent)
IMPLEMENT_1PASS_TEST(servent)
IMPLEMENT_2PASS_TEST(servent)

static void
clone_servent(struct servent *dest, struct servent const *src)
{
	assert(dest != NULL);
	assert(src != NULL);

	char **cp;
	int aliases_num;

	memset(dest, 0, sizeof(struct servent));

	if (src->s_name != NULL) {
		dest->s_name = strdup(src->s_name);
		assert(dest->s_name != NULL);
	}

	if (src->s_proto != NULL) {
		dest->s_proto = strdup(src->s_proto);
		assert(dest->s_proto != NULL);
	}
	dest->s_port = src->s_port;

	if (src->s_aliases != NULL) {
		aliases_num = 0;
		for (cp = src->s_aliases; *cp; ++cp)
			++aliases_num;

		dest->s_aliases = (char **)malloc((aliases_num+1) * (sizeof(char *)));
		assert(dest->s_aliases != NULL);
		memset(dest->s_aliases, 0, (aliases_num+1) * (sizeof(char *)));

		for (cp = src->s_aliases; *cp; ++cp) {
			dest->s_aliases[cp - src->s_aliases] = strdup(*cp);
			assert(dest->s_aliases[cp - src->s_aliases] != NULL);
		}
	}
}

static void
free_servent(struct servent *serv)
{
	char **cp;

	assert(serv != NULL);

	free(serv->s_name);
	free(serv->s_proto);

	for (cp = serv->s_aliases; *cp; ++cp)
		free(*cp);
	free(serv->s_aliases);
}

static  int
compare_servent(struct servent *serv1, struct servent *serv2, void *mdata)
{
	char **c1, **c2;

	if (serv1 == serv2)
		return 0;

	if ((serv1 == NULL) || (serv2 == NULL))
		goto errfin;

	if ((strcmp(serv1->s_name, serv2->s_name) != 0) ||
		(strcmp(serv1->s_proto, serv2->s_proto) != 0) ||
		(serv1->s_port != serv2->s_port))
			goto errfin;

	c1 = serv1->s_aliases;
	c2 = serv2->s_aliases;

	if ((serv1->s_aliases == NULL) || (serv2->s_aliases == NULL))
		goto errfin;

	for (;*c1 && *c2; ++c1, ++c2)
		if (strcmp(*c1, *c2) != 0)
			goto errfin;

	if ((*c1 != '\0') || (*c2 != '\0'))
		goto errfin;

	return 0;

errfin:
	if ((debug) && (mdata == NULL)) {
		printf("following structures are not equal:\n");
		dump_servent(serv1);
		dump_servent(serv2);
	}

	return (-1);
}

static void
sdump_servent(struct servent *serv, char *buffer, size_t buflen)
{
	char **cp;
	int written;

	written = snprintf(buffer, buflen, "%s %d %s",
		serv->s_name, ntohs(serv->s_port), serv->s_proto);
	buffer += written;
	if (written > buflen)
		return;
	buflen -= written;

	if (serv->s_aliases != NULL) {
		if (*(serv->s_aliases) != '\0') {
			for (cp = serv->s_aliases; *cp; ++cp) {
				written = snprintf(buffer, buflen, " %s",*cp);
				buffer += written;
				if (written > buflen)
					return;
				buflen -= written;

				if (buflen == 0)
					return;
			}
		} else
			snprintf(buffer, buflen, " noaliases");
	} else
		snprintf(buffer, buflen, " (null)");
}

static int
servent_read_snapshot_func(struct servent *serv, char *line)
{
	StringList *sl;
	char *s, *ps, *ts;
	int i;

	if (debug)
		printf("1 line read from snapshot:\n%s\n", line);

	i = 0;
	sl = NULL;
	ps = line;
	memset(serv, 0, sizeof(struct servent));
	while ( (s = strsep(&ps, " ")) != NULL) {
		switch (i) {
			case 0:
				serv->s_name = strdup(s);
				assert(serv->s_name != NULL);
			break;

			case 1:
				serv->s_port = htons(
					(int)strtol(s, &ts, 10));
				if (*ts != '\0') {
					free(serv->s_name);
					return (-1);
				}
			break;

			case 2:
				serv->s_proto = strdup(s);
				assert(serv->s_proto != NULL);
			break;

			default:
				if (sl == NULL) {
					if (strcmp(s, "(null)") == 0)
						return (0);

					sl = sl_init();
					assert(sl != NULL);

					if (strcmp(s, "noaliases") != 0) {
						ts = strdup(s);
						assert(ts != NULL);
						sl_add(sl, ts);
					}
				} else {
					ts = strdup(s);
					assert(ts != NULL);
					sl_add(sl, ts);
				}
			break;
		};
		++i;
	}

	if (i < 3) {
		free(serv->s_name);
		free(serv->s_proto);
		memset(serv, 0, sizeof(struct servent));
		return (-1);
	}

	sl_add(sl, NULL);
	serv->s_aliases = sl->sl_str;

	/* NOTE: is it a dirty hack or not? */
	free(sl);
	return (0);
}

static void
dump_servent(struct servent *result)
{
	if (result != NULL) {
		char buffer[1024];
		sdump_servent(result, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
		printf("%s\n", buffer);
	} else
		printf("(null)\n");
}

static int
servent_fill_test_data(struct servent_test_data *td)
{
	struct servent *serv;

	setservent(1);
	while ((serv = getservent()) != NULL) {
		if (servent_test_correctness(serv, NULL) == 0)
			TEST_DATA_APPEND(servent, td, serv);
		else
			return (-1);
	}
	endservent();

	return (0);
}

static int
servent_test_correctness(struct servent *serv, void *mdata)
{
	if (debug) {
		printf("testing correctness with the following data:\n");
		dump_servent(serv);
	}

	if (serv == NULL)
		goto errfin;

	if (serv->s_name == NULL)
		goto errfin;

	if (serv->s_proto == NULL)
		goto errfin;

	if (ntohs(serv->s_port < 0))
		goto errfin;

	if (serv->s_aliases == NULL)
		goto errfin;

	if (debug)
		printf("correct\n");

	return (0);
errfin:
	if (debug)
		printf("incorrect\n");

	return (-1);
}

/* servent_check_ambiguity() is needed when one port+proto is associated with
 * more than one service (these cases are usually marked as PROBLEM in
 * /etc/services. This functions is needed also when one service+proto is
 * associated with several ports. We have to check all the servent structures
 * to make sure that serv really exists and correct */
static int
servent_check_ambiguity(struct servent_test_data *td, struct servent *serv)
{

	return (TEST_DATA_FIND(servent, td, serv, compare_servent,
		NULL) != NULL ? 0 : -1);
}

static int
servent_test_getservbyname(struct servent *serv_model, void *mdata)
{
	char **alias;
	struct servent *serv;

	if (debug) {
		printf("testing getservbyname() with the following data:\n");
		dump_servent(serv_model);
	}

	serv = getservbyname(serv_model->s_name, serv_model->s_proto);
	if (servent_test_correctness(serv, NULL) != 0)
		goto errfin;

	if ((compare_servent(serv, serv_model, NULL) != 0) &&
	    (servent_check_ambiguity((struct servent_test_data *)mdata, serv)
	    !=0))
	    goto errfin;

	for (alias = serv_model->s_aliases; *alias; ++alias) {
		serv = getservbyname(*alias, serv_model->s_proto);

		if (servent_test_correctness(serv, NULL) != 0)
			goto errfin;

		if ((compare_servent(serv, serv_model, NULL) != 0) &&
		    (servent_check_ambiguity(
		    (struct servent_test_data *)mdata, serv) != 0))
		    goto errfin;
	}

	if (debug)
		printf("ok\n");
	return (0);

errfin:
	if (debug)
		printf("not ok\n");

	return (-1);
}

static int
servent_test_getservbyport(struct servent *serv_model, void *mdata)
{
	struct servent *serv;

	if (debug) {
		printf("testing getservbyport() with the following data...\n");
		dump_servent(serv_model);
	}

	serv = getservbyport(serv_model->s_port, serv_model->s_proto);
	if ((servent_test_correctness(serv, NULL) != 0) ||
	    ((compare_servent(serv, serv_model, NULL) != 0) &&
	    (servent_check_ambiguity((struct servent_test_data *)mdata, serv)
	    != 0))) {
	    if (debug)
		printf("not ok\n");
	    return (-1);
	} else {
	    if (debug)
		printf("ok\n");
	    return (0);
	}
}

static int
servent_test_getservent(struct servent *serv, void *mdata)
{
	/* Only correctness can be checked when doing 1-pass test for
	 * getservent(). */
	return (servent_test_correctness(serv, NULL));
}

static void
usage(void)
{
	(void)fprintf(stderr,
	    "Usage: %s -npe2 [-d] [-s <file>]\n",
	    getprogname());
	exit(1);
}

int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	struct servent_test_data td, td_snap, td_2pass;
	char *snapshot_file;
	int rv;
	int c;

	if (argc < 2)
		usage();

	snapshot_file = NULL;
	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "npe2ds:")) != -1)
		switch (c) {
		case 'd':
			debug++;
			break;
		case 'n':
			method = TEST_GETSERVBYNAME;
			break;
		case 'p':
			method = TEST_GETSERVBYPORT;
			break;
		case 'e':
			method = TEST_GETSERVENT;
			break;
		case '2':
			method = TEST_GETSERVENT_2PASS;
			break;
		case 's':
			snapshot_file = strdup(optarg);
			break;
		default:
			usage();
		}

	TEST_DATA_INIT(servent, &td, clone_servent, free_servent);
	TEST_DATA_INIT(servent, &td_snap, clone_servent, free_servent);
	if (snapshot_file != NULL) {
		if (access(snapshot_file, W_OK | R_OK) != 0) {
			if (errno == ENOENT)
				method = TEST_BUILD_SNAPSHOT;
			else {
				if (debug)
					printf("can't access the file %s\n",
				snapshot_file);

				rv = -1;
				goto fin;
			}
		} else {
			if (method == TEST_BUILD_SNAPSHOT) {
				rv = 0;
				goto fin;
			}

			TEST_SNAPSHOT_FILE_READ(servent, snapshot_file,
				&td_snap, servent_read_snapshot_func);
		}
	}

	rv = servent_fill_test_data(&td);
	if (rv == -1)
		return (-1);
	switch (method) {
	case TEST_GETSERVBYNAME:
		if (snapshot_file == NULL)
			rv = DO_1PASS_TEST(servent, &td,
				servent_test_getservbyname, (void *)&td);
		else
			rv = DO_1PASS_TEST(servent, &td_snap,
				servent_test_getservbyname, (void *)&td_snap);
		break;
	case TEST_GETSERVBYPORT:
		if (snapshot_file == NULL)
			rv = DO_1PASS_TEST(servent, &td,
				servent_test_getservbyport, (void *)&td);
		else
			rv = DO_1PASS_TEST(servent, &td_snap,
				servent_test_getservbyport, (void *)&td_snap);
		break;
	case TEST_GETSERVENT:
		if (snapshot_file == NULL)
			rv = DO_1PASS_TEST(servent, &td, servent_test_getservent,
				(void *)&td);
		else
			rv = DO_2PASS_TEST(servent, &td, &td_snap,
				compare_servent, NULL);
		break;
	case TEST_GETSERVENT_2PASS:
			TEST_DATA_INIT(servent, &td_2pass, clone_servent, free_servent);
			rv = servent_fill_test_data(&td_2pass);
			if (rv != -1)
				rv = DO_2PASS_TEST(servent, &td, &td_2pass,
					compare_servent, NULL);
			TEST_DATA_DESTROY(servent, &td_2pass);
		break;
	case TEST_BUILD_SNAPSHOT:
		if (snapshot_file != NULL)
		    rv = TEST_SNAPSHOT_FILE_WRITE(servent, snapshot_file, &td,
			sdump_servent);
		break;
	default:
		rv = 0;
		break;
	};

fin:
	TEST_DATA_DESTROY(servent, &td_snap);
	TEST_DATA_DESTROY(servent, &td);
	free(snapshot_file);
	return (rv);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Thankfully, my wife (a pediatric occupational therapist with infinite patience and energy) is teaching with me (or, more properly, I'm teaching with her), and we've got a great group of rather attentive, if energetic, 4th graders. So I'm trying to throw myself into it. I'm even readying myself to bust out the flannelgraph!


When you think of the Artform Studio, most people always make the connection with our annual Record Store Day event that we throw to honor the culture, and truly show how we personify Beauty and Melody.
Now for the second year around at our new home here in Highland Park, we could not have been more happier with the turnout, and we absolutely feel the love from all over Los Angeles as the community continues to support our movement. The best part about it, is that we do this all for you!!!
Still reigning as the only Record Store in LA that has anything like this, showcasing the music and hair world intertwining, Adrian and Sherry Younge really go above and beyond so that everyone from all walks of life can experience a different side of the industry.
Sherry Younge and her team of amazing stylists did it big this year on each other! With her monthly Artforms of Yesterday event, which highlights a particular album cover and shows how the stylist reinvents it on themselves to create a conversation, each of the stylists had all of our guests feeling like they were living in the late 60's! From our Artform Artists Kaz embodying Grace Jones, to Jazmin Hicks getting her Diana Ross on, there was so much to talk about when revisiting these particular album covers of different times in history. And, our festivities actually fell on the two year anniversary of Prince's death so they without a doubt had to pay homage to the late and great legend.
As per usual, a killer lineup was of course expected, and Adrian Younge managed to gather together all of his close friends who actually happen to be some of the greatest artists in the industry. With such an extensive lineup, from musicians, to artists, to connoisseur, there was genuinely something that you could take from each set.
Overall though, the aura that this event creates never seizes to amaze us here at Artform. We always manage to make you feel like you are right at home and it ends up being a huge family affair.
Will we be seeing you next year ?


text:
Q: Boruvka algorithm Minimum Spanning Tree for Directed Graphs Does the Boruvka algorithm (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C5%AFvka's_algorithm) only work for undirected graphs?
For example, if we have a graph structure that looks like:
node 1 -> node 2 (weight 1), node 3 (weight 1), node 4 (weight 1)

node 2 -> node 3 (weight 2)

node 3 -> node 4 (weight 2)

node 4 -> node 2 (weight 2)

Then the minimum spanning tree should include the edges:
1 -> 2

1 -> 3

1 -> 4

However, Boruvka's algorithm will spit out
1 -> 2

2 -> 3

3 -> 4

Because, Boruvka first looks at each individual node and adds the shortest edge outgoing from that node to the MST.
I know in the wikipedia article it says that edge weights have to be distinct but as long as all of the edge weights coming out of node 1 are less than the "outer" edge weights (from nodes 2-4) then it seems like Boruvka's algorithm fails. Is this because it is a directed graph not undirected?

A:
Is this because it is a directed graph not undirected?

Yes. For a directed graph, you would have to consider incoming as well as outgoing edges, then the algorithm would work in the same manner. The easiest way to do this is to consider the underlying undirected graph.

A: The question you should ask yourself is what does "minimum spanning tree" mean for a directed graph ? The algorithm you should use depends on the answer to this question.

A: Minimum spanning tree is defined only on undirected graphs so taking this into account your question doesn't make sense. Probably you are looking for something else, e.g. strongly connected induced subgraph of original graph with the same set of vertices and minimal sum of edge weights. In this case you don't have to get tree, actually tree is also defined as an undirected graph. IMHO algorithm solving this would be computationally harder problem.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Oak Park, River Forest, Forest Park vaccination rates in line
About half the populations of each village have had at least one dose
by Stacey Sheridan May 4, 2021 May 4, 2021
The rates at which River Forest and Oak Park residents are receiving their COVID-19 vaccine jabs are consistent with that of residents in neighboring Forest Park as of May 3. Over half the populations in each individual town has received at least one dose while Oak Park leads the way in fully vaccinated residents.
Out of an estimated population of 14,167 people, data from the Cook County Department of Public Health (CCDPH) shows that 52.4 percent of Forest Park residents have gotten at least one dose of the vaccine. The percentage of fully vaccinated residents in Forest Park lands at 34.6 percent.
In River Forest, which has a slightly smaller estimated population of 11,178 people, 56.8 percent have gotten one or more vaccine doses with 37.3 percent having completed their vaccination series, according to CCPDH.
Per the Oak Park Department of Public Health, a separate entity from the county health department, 52.2 percent of residents have had at least one vaccine dosage. Oak Park has the highest rate of fully vaccinated residents at 38.1 percent out of an estimated population of 51,878 – the largest of the three villages. The Oak Park Department of Public Health obtained this information through the I-Care system within the Illinois Public Health Department. The numbers reflect Oak Park residents who may have received the vaccination at any site in Illinois, not just through the village's health department.
CCPDH uses the estimated populations of the 2010 U.S. Census. To keep data sets consistent across the three villages, Wednesday Journal calculated the vaccination percentages for Oak Park, which has its own health department, using information from the 2010 U.S. Census.
Despite the variance in population size, the vaccination rates across the three villages are fairly even, which is a marked difference from other western suburbs of Chicago.
According to CCPDH, 44.1 percent of Riverside residents have completed their vaccinations, compared to 31.2 percent in Brookfield, 23.2 percent in North Riverside, 26.4 percent in Berwyn and 21.7 percent in Lyons.
Of the residents who have had at least one COVID-19 shot, Riverside leads with 71 percent, with Brookfield at 48.9 percent. Berwyn comes in third at 43 percent, with Lyons following at 36.4 percent. North Riverside trails behind at 34.1 percent.


text:
The Sorghum Trust
BEE Compliance
About Sorghum
The Sorghum Plant
Beer powder, rice and grits
Beneficiary Reports
Other Reports & Compliance
Norms and Procedures
Bursary Criteria
Application and Contracts
Grain Building
477 Witherite Road,
Willows,
Pretoria, 0040
audra@llagric.co.za
The accompanying map shows the areas in which sorghum is cultivated in South Africa.
The distribution of sorghum has been determined partly by historical circumstances because producers found through the years that where the soil or climatic conditions are such that maize and other crops fail, sorghum can still supply a reasonable crop. Sorghum is well-adapted to grow on heavier clay soils with a low and erratic rainfall.
On the map it can be seen that sorghum is mainly produced in the dryer parts of the North-west Province (Western Transvaal), the Western Free State and the Northern Province (Northern Transvaal), as well as more eastwards in areas where heavier clay soil is found, such as Bethal, Standerton, Heilbron and Koppies.
Temperature: Sorghum is a fast growing, hot weather crop which requires high temperatures for germination and growth, but exceptionally high temperatures reduce the yield. The minimum temperature for germination is 7 to 10°C. Given sufficient soil moisture and a temperature of 15°C, sorghum seed will germinate within two days and 80% of it will appear above the ground in ten to twelve days. For optimal growth and development temperatures of 27 to 30°C are required.
Flower initiation and development of flower primordia are retarded by increase in day and night temperatures. The critical initial temperature for tiller formation is 18°C. Temperatures above 18°C inhibit tiller formation. The physiological age of the plant determines whether tillers will be formed if the ideal temperature prevails. Plants with four to six mature leaves form tillers after exposure to the ideal temperature, where plants with eight mature leaves have already developed to such an extent that apical domination prevents development of tillers.
Day length: Sorghum is a short day plant because long photo periods (short nights) retard flower formation. The optimum photo period which accelerates the induction of flower formation is between 10 to 11hrs. Photo periods of longer than 11 to 12 hours stimulate vegetative growth, but retard flowering.The plants are at their most sensitive to photo period during the flower initiation stage.
In the case of short photo periods after early plantings in the spring, the main stem flowers relatively early. Tillers which develop later under the long photo periods of summer are not only longer than the main stem, but also have more internodes and their flower initiation is also retarded to a greater extent. The relative rate of development is gauged in relation to the number of days from the planting date up to and including the shedding of 50% of the pollen.
Moisture requirements and water utilisation of sorghum: Sorghum is cultivated in areas with a low rainfall, as well as in areas with a high rainfall. Regions are selected, inter alia, on the basis of the long-term annual average, the extent of fluctuations in the average and the distribution of rain during the growing season. This information is essential as far as decision-making with regard to cultivar choice, planting date and planting density are concerned.
In South Africa sorghum is planted from mid-October to mid-December. The ideal soil temperature for germination is 15°C at a depth of 10cm & the last frost must have occurred before one can plant. Furthermore, it's important that the planting date be selected so that the critical stage of moisture need does not coincide with periods of drought.
When sufficient moisture is available,ideal planting depth is 25mm.Under drier conditions one has to plant deeper, but not more than 50mm. In heavy soil, preferably not deeper than 25mm, whereas one can plant as deep as 50mm in light soil.
Planting pattern
Where moisture is a limiting factor, plant wide rows, where narrow rows can be planted in high-rainfall areas. Depending on long-term rainfall and type of soil, sorghum is planted in rows of 0,91; 1,5 & 2,3m.
Table 2: Plant populations and quantities of seed (kg per hectare) for different inner row spacings and row widths.
Inner row spacing (cm)
0,91m rows
1,5m rows
2,5 #439 560 (12,6)* 266 666 (7,6) 173 913 (5,0)
5,0 219 780 (6,3) 133 333 (3,8) 86 956 (2,5)
7,5 146 520 (4,2) 88 888 (2,5) 57 971 (1,7)
10,0 109 890 (3,1) 66 666 (1,9) 43 478 (1,2)
12,5 87 912 (2,5) 53 333 (1,5) 34 782 (1,0)
# Plants/hectare
* km/hectare
After the termination of the Sorghum Board in 1997, all funds of the Sorghum Board were transferred to the Sorghum Trust. Such funds became the discretionary funds of the Sorghum Trust, governed by the Trustees in terms of the Trust Deed.
Copyright 2016 | Designed and Maintained by Thoughtcorp


We would like to allow any of our teachers the permission to view any other teacher's course materials in any course. Currently, the only way we are able to accomplish this is to grant the Teacher Role the Administer Courses permission. This is a potential problem as this also grants Edit capabilities to the Teacher Role for all courses.
We would like to have a View-Only permission set up within the Courses Permissions in order to allow any teacher to "see" how other teachers are setting up and organizing their Course Materials.
I am happy to let you know that Section Override Roles is now available in Schoology! With this new feature, you can provide more granular access to Course Management features such as the gradebook and attendance.
Thank you all for your support for this feature and your patience!
I'll add to that request. I write my lesson plans as events in my calendar, and I'd like the student-teacher I'm supervising to be able to see those events. I've added her to my course, so she sees everything the students see and therefore knows what assignments I'm giving on each day, but she can't tell what I'm planning to do in class each day.
This needs to be an enrollment option, not a role. That way you could add visitors (whether school administrators, substitute teachers, peer members of a PLC, etc) to a course without needing to enroll them as students (in which case their feed will fill with overdue notices) or full admins (in which case, in addition to them being able to mess with your stuff, they also have notifications about your ungraded assignments added to theirs).


Through an introduction by Chris & Cherie of Technomadia on Facebook we were contacted by Michael Hargis, once a touring musician himself. Now he and his lovely wife Christi are the managers at Sans End RV Park in Winterhaven, CA. We were asked to play for their Leap Year Party and we were more than happy to oblige. The plan was to stay for one week, however if you've read some of earlier posts plans change and once again we had to be flexible.
We arrived a few days ahead so we could settle in, rehearse a bit and check out the area. Winterhaven, CA is a super tiny town right next to Yuma, Arizona and even runs on Arizona time. We had a one hour show to do which ended up being more like a two hour show, but it went great! Everyone enjoyed themselves and jumping ahead a bit, we've officially booked for next season, Jan 7th, 2017.
Sitting on a bluff overlooking the Colorado River, three miles west of the confluence of the Colorado and the historic Gila River, stand the ruins of Arizona's famous Territorial Prison, and a short distance west are the remaining buildings that served as a part of the Yuma Quartermaster's Depot. Fernando de Alarcon, who accompanied Coronado on his search for the Seven Cities of Cibola, passed this site in 1540. Padre Kino saw the present location of the Prison and the Quartermaster's Depot in 1683, and Padre Graces established a mission directly across the river and was later killed there by the Indians in 1781.
Yuma began to experience the American westward surge when countless immigrants crossed by ferry from Yuma on their way to the California gold fields in 1849. In 1850, a military post was established at Yuma, and when rich placer gold strikes on the Colorado River precipitated a gold rush in 1858, Yuma experienced a boom. In 1871 Yuma incorporated and became the county seat of Yuma County.
The Territorial Prison was authorized by the Legislature in 1875 and $25,000 was budgeted for the project. Ground was broken on April 28, 1876, and some of the prisoners were pressed into service to build their cells. The first seven inmates moved into the facility on July 1, 1876. The Prison held a variety of law violators, including the legendary stagecoach robber Pearl Hart. The Prison continued in operation for 33 years when, due to overcrowding, all inmates were moved to a new facility in Florence, Arizona.
Nearly 50% died of tuberculosis, and another 33% died of natural causes. Given the hard lives these convicts lived, and the many who were transferred here with tuberculosis, it is a tribute to Prison medical care that so few of the 3,000+ prisoners died while in custody.
Quite some time ago I (Tanya) had broken off part of a back top tooth. It was really starting to bother me and since we were in the neighborhood we decided to venture over the border for some dental care. Needless to say we didn't do this without some homework first and if you choose to go to Mexico for dental care I highly advise you research it first. We actually booked the appointment through Dayo Dental which was recommended by fellow RVer's, RVLove. They wrote a great post about it on their blog.
When you arrive it's very easy to park in the lot and walk across. There is no checking of anything crossing into Mexico, nobody checks your passport or ID. The first thing you see is the big purple pharmacy and the street is lined with hawkers trying to lure you in for eyeglasses and dental work. We had a set appointment with Dr. Franco at the Rubio Dental Group. It's a modern building and everything was spotless and super clean.
After an initial examination Dr. Franco determined I would need a root canal and to walk with him across the street. I'm kind of freaking out at this point while he's walking me out the door as I waved goodbye to Rod in the waiting room. He asked where we're going and I replied, "no idea I guess we're walking across the street". Evidently, the specialist that does the root canals is in a separate building. I received another examination and a root canal would be needed and they could do it right away, no separate appointment necessary. Feeling anxious about it we went and had a beer at a little joint next door and discussed it before agreeing to go ahead with it. We decided to go ahead and have the procedure done. One thing that really assured us was meeting Penny from Palm Springs in the waiting room. She and her husband have been coming here for over 10 years. In fact he was having several root canals and crowns done.
Everything went great and I literally had no pain!! No pain pills needed. I opted to have a cubic zirconium crown instead of porcelain as its laser cut and could be ready quicker. A few days later I went back and Dr. Franco did my permanent crown and a cleaning. Rod also had a deep cleaning done. The final bill was half of what it would have cost in the US. I have one more that I need done and I won't hesitate to go back.
Back to being at work on site in California then up the coast!


What's more, our fast, efficient and reliable global express services are underpinned by a powerful and user-friendly web- based system. This system features on-line tracking, proof of delivery, electronic invoicing and smart dispatch systems.
With our Regional Hubs, along with daily flights to and from the most important cities, SkyNet is positioned as the leader in the international courier and cargo business. SkyNet Worldwide Express can provide the fastest transit times along with the best pricing available in the industry thus making it the Company of choice for all your shipments in the world.
As one of the pioneers of the courier and cargo industry, SkyNet Worldwide Express has established relationships with local customs in each country which permit us to clear and deliver in the most efficient way.
One of the oldest courier companies - Established in 1972.
Most extensive air cargo network in the world!
Full coverage to major cities in almost every country in the world.
SkyNet Worldwide Express launched its first services in the USA in 1972. Through understanding customers various needs and in response to market changes we have become the largest independently owned express network in the world providing flexible and reliable door to door services.
With major gateways in Dubai, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, London, New York, Miami, Singapore and Sydney.
As a single-source provider, we believe that with our flexible business model we maintain a competitive advantage by providing our customers consistent, worldwide, door-to-door delivery. Our team carries out and keeps up its success by creating effective, reliable, and flexible solutions that meet the market current and future needs.
To succeed and expand in today's marketplace, we use advanced information systems as a key component in providing high quality service.
Independently Owned And Locally Operated the SkyNet Worldwide Express Network is a unique international courier cooperative. It is composed of locally owned courier companies operating as SkyNet licensees.
SkyNet Worldwide Express is an independently owned entrepreneurs' network. Our line of work is based on developing a wide array of services within the Express, Mail and Freight industries to support the domestic and international business and transactions of our customers.
SkyNet Worldwide Express has the mission of providing fast, reliable and unfailing quality services, where flexibility and non-standard solutions are combined to ensure customers' unique requirements are met. We rely on the added value of integrated communications with our network partners, customers and their clients where timeliness, speed, customization, feedback and quality are key elements.
Together we form the largest and most flexible network worldwide to offer express services. With the vision of further growing the business, SkyNet Worldwide Express continuously strives to enhance its rendered services by challenging its highly experienced and diversified workforce into adding that extra effort in everyday duties, which will strengthen our position, foster good working relationships and respect the environment we live in.
SkyNet Worldwide Express operational activities evolve around Innovation, Integrity, and Quality Service.
Our people strongly believe in the significance of the more subtle set of values of Commitment, Dedication and understanding where our skilled, proactive, problem-solving-oriented and fast-moving workforce show the way towards success.
SkyNet Worldwide Express is aware that attempts have been made to mislead persons by the fraudulent use of the SkyNet Worldwide Express name and brand, in addition to false e-mails concerning methods of advanced fee fraud, "competition" or "lottery" winnings, all of which appear to originate from, refer to and/or include the SkyNet Worldwide Express name and brand.
The fraudulent communications typically concern an unknown third-party request for advance wire transfer of money to pay for goods ordered on the internet, before the goods will be allegedly shipped by SkyNet Worldwide Express, or by requesting advance payment before the release of competition or "lottery winnings" can be completed.
We advise all customers to beware of such requests for advance on-line payments, and that the existence of a shipment number is not necessarily proof that a consignment is in the custody or control of SkyNet Worldwide Express.
If you are in any doubt as to the authenticity of any SkyNet Worldwide Express communication or whether SkyNet Worldwide Express is in fact delivering a shipment intended for you, please contact your local station.
Cnr Vanacht & Gewel Streets, Isando.


A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of Communism! Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the Communist Manifesto.
The bible of the Proletarian movement made its appearance in the tumultuous year of 1848: The year of the Springtime of Nations, as the masses rose up throughout Europe, exercising in various guises the ideas of the Age of Reason/Enlightenment, unleashed as they were upon the Continent by the French Revolution. One such was . . . Communism.
This derivative of Socialism was of a more realistic variety. Espousing the violent overthrow of the established order so as to pave the way for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. For this was the Age of the Industrial Revolution; the maturation of Capitalism; and, the demise of Nobility, as the centuries-old struggle of the Haves and Have Nots entered a new phase. . .
Comte De Saint-Simon, Steven Owen and Louis Blanc are emblematic of Utopian Socialists who presaged such Scientific Socialists as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Utopian Socialists believed in voluntary cooperation between the Bourgeoisie and Labor; in effect, eschewing Revolution as opposed to Evolution in fostering the betterment of mankind and society. This session will introduce the advance guard of Socialism who sought in a variety of guises to advance social and economic reform.
Focus here will be on Marx and Engels, poster child practitioners of reason and logic in the effort to overturn the primacy of the Bourgeoisie. The peaceful assimilation of peoples into a Socialist society gives way to the violent overthrow of the established order to effect the dictatorship of the Proletariat; in essence, effecting a classless society free of the shackles of Private Property, national prejudices, racial bigotry. . . This session will use the Communist Manifesto to explain the phenomenon known as, Communism.
Russia's Revolutionary Socialist, Vladimir Lenin, who will champion the Russian Proletariat in the face of a dying Romanov dynasty. But Lenin, who understands that the Proletariat only commands 10 percent of the Russian population, will alter Communist theory to existing conditions in Russia; that the Proletariat must ally itself with the other 90 percent of the masses, the Peasant. Session will see to the employment of Lenin's writings, such as What is to Be Done, State and Revolution, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. . .
Stalinism and the Georgian chieftain's effort to nationalize Communism. His urbanization of the Soviet Union; collectivization of the Peasantry and forced industrialization of Mother Russia. References will be made to Stalin's writings, such as Foundations of Leninism, to convey a clearer picture of one of the 20th century's monolithic leaders. And, the issue of Totalitarianism and Stalin.
The Third International of Communist International. Started by Lenin in 1919 as that conduit of "World Revolution;" or, for want of a better description, "the General Staff of World Revolution." Thirty-five Socialist radicals—most from outside the Soviet Union, were organized to lay the groundwork for spreading revolution beyond Russia's borders. This session will focus on Communist movements in Germany, the Spartacist League, Bela Kun's Hungarian Communists. . . Trotsky and world revolution will be explored as well.
With Tito's break with Stalin in 1948, Yugoslavs charted a more independent course within the Communist world. A revised Marxist-Leninist dogma resulted; a revisionism which saw to the decentralization of industry and agriculture within the Yugoslav State; and, a more liberal outlook in foreign relations with both Capitalist and Socialist nations. Known to some as Yugoslav Revisionism.
Destalinization gave way to plethora of free or alternative Marxist thought: Milovan Djilas, Nikita Khrushchev, Imre Nagy, Ladislaw Gamulka, Palmiro Togliatti . . . overview of Communism in the post-Stalin era. And, the future of Communism.


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Q: Why one should use Privoxy when doing scraping? I've seen some people explaining the use of Tor and Privoxy together for scraping.
-Why someone has to use Privoxy+Tor instead of only Tor?
-Is Tor not enough?
-What is the advantage of using Privoxy?


Would you stand for your Identity?
It was a story like no other, Brits and Egyptian Jews came in, bought some land from the Khedive himself along the Royal (now military) train tracks and then Maadi was birthed.
With a vast array of different architectural building styles, interesting people and stories to keep you entertained till the end, Maadi has morphed into a relaxed green compound that is any architecture student's dream.
I have lived in Maadi all my life, from schools to friends' places to clubs, cafes, sidewalks and trees, Maadi was and remains part of the family.
Maadi is beautiful, safe and breathtaking. Maadi is home, Maadi is family, Maadi is the haven.
Maadi was the birthplace of the suburb/compound concept in Egypt and Cairo. Being at the south and by the Nile, Maadi is enclosed within very clear boundaries and is governed by a very strictly urban planning and architectural strategies.
When one, in the early days, went to Delta Land company to purchase a house in Maadi, he/she was obligated to keep safe distances from neighbors, not to exceed a certain height and to, more importantly, dedicate at least a third of the land to gardens/orchards.
All roads are a specific width and all building have a specific height, doesn't seem very hard, does it?
Maadi managed to keep its traditions of safety, greenery and privacy like any other self-respecting compound until the 90s with occasional tearing down of villas and trees by 2nd and 3rd generation owners who fail to respect the identity of Maadi and want a quick buck. Which is fine, if you live in Maadi, you learn the peace and serenity of letting go and choosing your battles wisely.
Speaking of battles, back in 2003 I believe, the District of Maadi made two large mistakes, one I managed to win and the other I sadly lost.
I managed to preserve the trees of Canal road, the trees are at least 130 years old and were the sight of several iconic films such as Abd El Halim Hafez's Banat El Youm, that is heritage for you if you can define heritage.
I lost the battle of Egypt's first and only automatic hydraulic water pumping system based by the Virgin Mary Monastery and Church by the Maadi Nile. This system extended all through Maadi and is responsible for watering all trees and gardens with unprocessed and unfiltered water directly from the Nile, preserving the greenery while being cost efficient and environmental friendly.
The head of the Maadi district back then tore down the main water pump for no reason whatsoever and now the trees are watered with filtered processed damaging water that costs a lot of money.
Now, in 2017 we are faced with the tearing down with many gems of Villas and Mansions in blatant disregard to Law number 119 for the year 2008 that declares Maadi a district of special architectural and urban heritage thus making the Prime Minister the sole person authorized to issue building and tearing down of any zone in Maadi in accordance with aesthetic guides and historical importance withstanding.
I hear accusations of racism and classism towards residents of Maadi requesting their hometown being kept the way it always was, my question to you is, if I come into your home, tear it down, make it cluttered, noisy and change it completely, can I call you a racist then?
If you care for beauty, greenery and Egyptian heritage, support the cause here with your signature and make it clear that we want Egypt to remain the way it is.
If you have buildings, you think are in danger of being torn down and you feel are heritage of our rich country please let tweet me or email me. I will help you preserve your identity.


Build your brand! Print your logo and address on your sales tags. When your merchandise goes home, everyone will remember your store.
• Some of the designs below are template based – just add your own text. In other cases, you can send us your designs. Add your logo or special art at no extra charge. We can take your rough sketch or concept and convert it into a finished and professional proof for free (and with no obligation!).
• Tags are affordable – many retailers keep an extra quantity on hand for special sales. These hard-to-miss sales tags can be applied to marked-down merchandise.


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Geography - Anguilla Geography - Belarus Geography - Emerging Markets Geography - Germany Geography - Guadeloupe Geography - Poland Geography - Sudan Geography - Switzerland Geography - Uzbekistan Service - Games Intelligence Service Service - Smartphone Electronics Design Intelligence Service
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Displaying filtered results [ 16 results ]
MTG builds its game business with Kongregate acquisition
Modern Times Group (MTG), the Sweden-based broadcaster, has continued its expansion in the games sector with the acquisition of San Francisco-based web gaming platform Kongregate from GameStop Corp for an enterprise value of $55 million. MTG will fully own the games publisher and developer.
MTG exits Czech Republic TV in favour of games
MTG, the Swedish broadcaster, has divested from traditional TV media in the Czech Republic and is looking to strengthen its gaming vertical by further investing in InnoGames, a games developer and publisher. MTG has announced that it will sell its 50% stake in FTV Prima to local business leaders Vladimír Komár and Ivan Zach, making the latter the majority owner with a 62.5% share. The deal values FTV Prima at €237.4 million ($ million). This is a significant earn out in the CEE context; ProSiebenSat1 sold its operations in Romania in 2015 for €10.2 million.
Poland's TVN acquires majority stake in games MCN, Gamellot
Steve Bailey | November 03, 2016
Scripps Networks-owned, Polish TV broadcaster, TVN has bought a majority stake in Gamellot, a Polish-grown, games-dedicated Multi-Channel Network (MCN) launched in 2012, for an undisclosed amount. In their four years of operation, Gamellot has built a YouTube audience of 19 million subscribers, which generates 150 million views a year, across their 90+ YouTube channels. This is the first acquisition in the MCN space by a Polish broadcaster and strengthens TVN's digital proposition.
Video is the future of TV apps
Jack Kent | Abel Nevarez | August 30, 2016
Beyond video apps and services, many of the first wave of TV apps have been built out of existing smartphone apps. The TV apps environment presents developers with a number of new challenges.
Games Market Monitor: Publisher Results and Competitor Comparison, CQ2 2015
Calendar Q3 2015 turned out to be a bit volatile for several of the publishers in our report. While large publishers Tencent, Activision Blizzard and NetEase all reported strong growth, Electronic Arts was down over the year ago period after taking a hit on currency exchange rates and not having a title comparable to The Sims 4 which launched in the third quarter last year.
Virtual Reality and Entertainment: Bubble or Next Big Thing?
Piers Harding-Rolls | October 26, 2015
The report represents IHS' first in-depth analysis of a new generation of virtual reality technology and entertainment. It examines the positional strategies of emerging virtual reality platforms, includes sales forecasts of virtual reality headsets by brand, country and platform type and analyses the content opportunity across games and video.
Orange's new smartphone will drive 4G adoption in Europe
Mobile operator Orange has launched a range of new smartphone aimed at lowering the barrier to entry to 4G. The devices range in price between €79 and €239 and will be on sale across all of Orange's European footprint.
Console Market: PS4 and Xbox One Sales Strongly Ahead of Last Generation
Piers Harding-Rolls | November 24, 2014
An insight report examining the first ten months of combined sales of Sony PS4 and Microsoft Xbox One versus the last generation of consoles – PS3 and Xbox 360 – over the same time frame.
Huawei takes a leaf from Xiaomi's book with European Honor brand launch
Huawei beats Xiaomi to offer its direct to consumer Honor range of handsets in Europe. The European Honor handsets will be distributed exclusively via online channels. The initial smartphone models include chipsets from Mediatek and Huawei's Kirin and are priced aggressively at €139 and €299. This is a bold brand strategy for Huawei because it risks spreading itself too thin and also risks its established operator relationships.
Soaring eSports Viewership Driven by Online Video Platforms
The global market for video game competitions known as esports is booming, with viewership rivaling traditional sports in some regards. Viewers watched 2.4 billion hours of esports video in 2013, according to a new study from IHS Technology. This was almost double the 1.3 billion hours in 2012. Hours of viewing will rise to 6.6 billion in 2018. The most popular eSports game in the world in 2013 was Riot Games' League of Legends. The next biggest titles are Valve's Dota 2 and Activision Blizzard's StarCraft II.
eSports video: a cross platform growth story
In 2013, esports video consumption reached 2.4 billion hours, almost double the levels in 2012. Esports generated just over $32.8 million in online advertising revenue in 2013, and is set to grow by over 250% by 2018 as programmatic advertising, new regions and new platforms make their presence felt.
Consumers spend $57bn on Digital Games, Movies, and Apps - IHS & App Annie Digital Content Report
Jack Kent | February 19, 2014
IHS Technology is partnering with app industry analytics specialists App Annie to produce a report analysing trends in the digital games, movies, music, and apps industries globally and in seven key countries: USA, UK, Japan, South Korea, Japan, Russia, France and Germany. Overall digital games, movies, and app spend was up 30% in 2013 reaching $57bn globally.
Facebook launches mobile games publishing plans
Jack Kent | July 30, 2013
Facebook has officially unveiled its mobile games publishing plans. The social network will provide support for monetisation, advertising, analytics, and cross-platform integration in a pilot scheme aimed at...
Games Market Monitor: PC Games Download To Own Market 2012, Outlook to 2017
July 11, 2013 Subscribers Only
Nokia aims to revive fortunes with a 41 megapixel Windows Phone smartphone
The new Lumia 41 megapixel camera-centric smartphone will act as a halo product to boost Nokia's brand appeal. IHS forecasts that this smartphone will not ship sufficient volume's to turn around the company's fortunes on its own. Nokia's share of the smar
Apple's results demonstrate where it has sustainable differentiation
Apple reported its results first the first calendar quarter of 2013. Operational metrics remains strong while financial performance slipped very slightly.IHS believes Apple has four assets that will deliver sustainable differentiation in the future, notab


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Exposing or eradicating corruption? - The role of investigative journalism in Africa
Anas Aremeyaw Anas, Investigative Journalist
Sat, 23 Jun 2018 Source: Michael Owusu Tabiri
According to the Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, one of the major duties of a patriotic citizen is "to protect and preserve public property and expose and combat misuse and waste of public funds and property."
(Article 41(f) Mathematically, exposing corruption is a subset of eradicating corruption. Exposing is like identifying problems/challenges that are part and parcel of human existence.
Until a problem is identified, finding /seeking solution will forever be a monumental fiasco. It is for this reason that we have to celebrate Anas Aremeyaw Anas and his indefatigable team for their exploits in exposing bribery and corruption in Africa.
Corruption is as old as Methuselah, and can be traced to the 14th century. Corruption is a canker and concomitant of human existence. What is of primus inter pares is seeking a lasting solution to the twin canker of bribery and corruption that has bedevilled the African continent during colonialism and after independence.
Corruption can be categorised into four, namely: political, academic, religious and managerial/masses corruption. This write-up discusses exposing and eradicating corruption concurrently from Africa.
Biblical evidence of bribery and corruption
"Thy money perish with thee, because thou hast thought that the gift of God may be purchased with money." (Acts 8:20).
In other words, Apostle Peter, the immediate successor of the Lord Jesus Christ,made it emphatically clear that no one could receive God's blessing, power, anointing with money and that imminent destruction would overtake anyone who decides to seek God's gift, power/blessing through financial inducement. How come some men/women of God are fond of asking people to give money in order to receive special prayers, God's favour or breakthrough? Can this be described as corruption? The Holy Scriptures say everything is permissible/allowable, but not all things are beneficial and profitable for believers to do (1 Corinthians 6:12).
Academic corruption
Recently, a student came to check his exam result in my office. When he realised after checking that he might get grade 'D', he decided to give me a colossal money (50 cedi notes) and said: " Sir, please take this for fuel." Frankly speaking, it was not easy for me to reject the money. He nearly entrapped me, but I turned down his offer. Lecturers/teachers should not accept money from students either before or just after the examinations. If it is possible, let lecturers/teachers accept students gifts after their completion and publication of exam results.
Religious and political corruption
How many of our contemporary/current leaders in Africa, particularly pastors and politicians, can turn down financial entrapment or inducement and say destruction overtake your money and you? What is the difference between a man of God who asks Christians to give money before they are prayed for and a secular minister/ordinary citizen who receives money before awarding contracts? Can we distinguish between the money that Mr Kwesi Nyantakyi received from the purported investors and offering money in order to receive some miracles or contracts? If Anas had used the techniques/skills he used to entrap Mr Nyantakyi on our political and religious leaders, would they have been able to resist and overcome the temptation?
Prosecuting perpetrators of bribery and corruption
It is an indisputable fact that both the giver and the receiver of bribes are guilty of corruption and must be prosecuted accordingly. Does the Constitution of Ghana permit undercover investigative journalists to offer appetising money to people so as to tag them as corrupt people? I think the Constitution needs to be amended to highlight the functions and rights of investigative journalism in the country.
Sponsoring and spearheading investigative journalism
Who is qualified to promote or spearhead the works of investigative journalism? Is it lawful to allow the Europeans and the Americans to intervene either in cash or in kind, in exposing and eradicating social ills such as bribery and corruption in Africa? Can we purport to be totally independent when we continue to depend on foreign assistance to combat our challenges as Africans? Can't we deal with our problems and difficulties devoid of foreign interference or intervention? Do Europeans and Americans allow Africans to come to their aid in exposing and eradicating bribery and corruption? I salute Anas for his visible exemplary achievements in exposing corruption in Africa, but if it is possible, he should do well to be wholly independent of any foreign assistance in carrying out his professional and patriotic duties as an investigative journalist par excellence. As the saying goes, a beggar has no choice. This is because sponsors, particularly foreign ones, can influence and determine the kind of projects the investigative journalists in Africa should embark on.
Propagating the findings of investigative journalism
How can we disseminate the findings of investigative journalism in Africa? It is highly crucial and advisable never to wash our dirty clothes outside as Africans or Ghanaians. Africans can be selective in disseminating the findings of investigative journalism by allowing only key officers such as the President of the Republic, the Vice President, the Speaker of Parliament, the Chief Justice, the Attorney General, the Special Prosecutor, ministers of state, the clergy, the lawyers and the teachers/lecturers who can contribute to eradicate corruption to access/watch the findings of investigative journalists. That is to say exposing an individual's corrupt deeds in Africa to the whole world is tantamount to exposing Africa's corruption either consciously or unconsciously to the world to the detriment of Africa's development.
Columnist: Michael Owusu Tabiri
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This project aims to build capacity in training organisations and improve their ability to deliver high quality and relevant digital skills training by improving staff competences and through the formulation of digital competency frameworks to be used as the basis for developing appropriate digital training programmes, learning resources and tools to promote innovative blended training strategies in adult education.
2. Design and pilot a modular "Train the Trainer' course for adult educators, and a Digital Skills course for disadvantaged adults.
The project consortium consists of partners from Cyprus (Eurosuccess Consulting), United Kingdom, Greece, Spain and Italy.


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HomeAll-Time ListsAll 32 NFL Franchises Ranked by Statistical Formula
What will the list look like next year?
September 10, 2019 PackersHistory.com All-Time Lists, NFL History 0
[This article, and ranking, was updated in Feb. 2021 at the conclusion of the 2020 season. It will be updated again following the Super Bowl in 2022]
People always argue, "The [Insert Their Favorite Team Here] are the best franchise in NFL history" but have no real substance behind their claim. A few years ago I made it my goal to end that debate… or make the answer fluid, I guess I should say.
In the summer of 2014 I developed a weighted statistical formula to rank all 32 NFL franchises in order of objective greatness. The inaugural rankings/results were collected independently but the results were first published elsewhere (before we created this site).
Inside Lambeau Field, 2016
We've updated these rankings every year since that first summer they were collected. They are current heading into the 2021 regular season and we will continue to update this list following every future NFL season. To football history buffs like us, it's incredibly interesting to see how this list has evolved, already, after just a few years of existence. NFL history really is a living, breathing thing — this list proves it.
Teams have risen and others have fallen since the inception of this all-time list. The answer today to "Which NFL franchise is the greatest?" has a definitive answer. But that doesn't mean it will always be that way. In fact, history says it probably won't.
Here we are introducing you to the NFL's "DZFRF" or the clunkier DZ-Franchise-Ranking-Formula.
What was the criteria for this ranking? Good question.
The Point Breakdown is as Follows:
Super Bowl Championship (1966-Present): 20 Points
World Championship (1920-1965): 12 Points
Conference Championship (1960-Present): 10 Points
Division Championship: 6 Points
Playoff Appearance: 4 Points
Pro Football Hall of Fame Inductee (Main Contribution): 8 Points
AP MVP (1957-Present): 6 Points
AP Offensive POY (1972-Present): 4 Points
AP Defensive POY (1971-Present): 4 Points
This weighted scale accounts for both team and individual success (because a team is ultimately only as good as its players). And although it reaches back to the early days of football it, appropriately, gives much more points to Modern-Era success. There are significantly more points to be awarded in the Modern-Era.
The accomplishments of former AFL teams are accounted for starting with the 1970 Merger (as well as the first four Super Bowls/Conference Championships from 1966-1969 for AFL teams).
This is because we wanted to only give credit to success that, literally, occurred in the NFL. This list isn't the greatest franchises in football history — just the greatest in the history of the National Football League. But yes, we very much know that AFL teams were around for 10 years before joining the NFL.
For people that claim "This list only favors the older franchises!" Well, yes, somewhat… and that makes sense right? It's a list about "all-time" NFL greatness. The NFL didn't begin with the first Super Bowl and accomplishments from before then should not be forgotten.
However, this list doesn't just favor older franchises. It favors successful franchises. Look at the Detroit Lions (joined the NFL in 1930) and the Pittsburgh Steelers (joined the NFL in 1933). Check out their disparity in points below. I mean, come on.
The Arizona Cardinals are the oldest franchise in the NFL yet they aren't in the Top 10. They're not even in the top 20! The Baltimore Ravens are ranked ahead of teams thirty years older than them. The Dallas Cowboys are a relatively young franchise and look how they stack up.
NFL history is not so easily categorized or boxed up.
Some teams have complicated histories, like the Cleveland Browns, for example. Even though their franchise up and moved to Baltimore, they retained their prior history when they came back. Unlike in Houston, where the Oilers became the Tennessee Titans and now the Houston Texans have their own history.
Each circumstance is completely unique, but please know that all instances were carefully considered.
Again, we will update this list at the conclusion of every NFL season. We will do this to visually show how the latest season impacts history and so we can see which franchises rise and which fall on the all-time ranking. History is alive. It breathes. And every year the past ebbs and flows with the present; you just have to look for it. This formula, and subsequent list, lets us view NFL history in realtime.
Hint: On mobile, this ranking reads better when holding your phone horizontally (or landscape).
Here is the official (and current) ranking of NFL franchises in order of overall greatness heading into the 2021 NFL season, after over 100 years of NFL football:
↑ = Moved up in ranking; ↓ = Moved down in ranking; as a result of the 2018 NFL season. The "X points gained" refers to how many points each franchise added from the previous season.
Behold, the NFL's all-time Top 10 franchises:
1. Green Bay Packers: 802 Points (16 points gained)
2. Pittsburgh Steelers: 706 Points (26 points gained)
3. New York Giants: 658 Points (0 points gained)
4. Chicago Bears: 640 Points (4 points gained)
5. Dallas Cowboys: 634 Points (8 points gained)
6. San Francisco 49ers: 584 Points (0 points gained)
7. Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts: 542 Points (12 points gained)
8. (TIE) New England Patriots: 524 Points (0 points gained)
8. (TIE) CLE/LA/STL/Los Angeles Rams: 524 Points (8 points gained; rose one spot)↑
10. Boston/Washington Football Team: 510 Points (10 points gained)
The all-time middle-of-the-pack franchises:
11. Minnesota Vikings: 444 Points (0 points gained)
12. Cleveland Browns: 442 Points (4 points gained)
13. OAK/LA/OAK/Las Vegas Raiders: 436 Points (16 points gained)
14. Denver Broncos: 406 Points (0 points gained)
15. Philadelphia Eagles: 400 Points (0 points gained)
16. Miami Dolphins: 362 Points (0 points gained)
17. Kansas City Chiefs: 342 Points (20 points gained; rose one spot)↑
18. Detroit Lions: 330 Points (8 points gained; fell one spot)↓
19. Buffalo Bills: 264 Points (10 points gained)
20. Seattle Seahawks: 242 Points (10 points gained)
The all-time bottom feeder franchises (and, obviously, young franchises):
21. HOU Oilers/Tennessee Titans: 230 Points (14 points gained)
22. (TIE) CHI/STL/PHO/Arizona Cardinals: 212 Points (0 points gained)
22. (TIE) San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers: 212 Points (0 points gained)
24. Baltimore Ravens: 198 Points (4 points gained)
25. New Orleans Saints: 188 (10 points gained)
26. Tampa Bay Buccaneers: 184 Points (42 points gained; rose two spots)↑
27. Cincinnati Bengals: 154 Points (0 points gained; fell one spot)↓
28. New York Jets: 146 Points (0 points gained; fell one spot)↓
29. Atlanta Falcons: 138 Points (0 points gained)
30. Carolina Panthers: 102 Points (0 points gained)
31. Houston Texans: 62 Points (0 points gained)
32. Jacksonville Jaguars: 46 Points (0 points gained)
After over 100 years of NFL football, this is how every franchise shakes out in terms of total history when compared to each other.
If you root for a top 10 team all-time, you are truly blessed.
If your favorite team is ranked 21-32 and isn't a young franchise, such as less than 40 years old… you root for a bottom feeder. Sorry. But that's okay, at least you have an NFL team to root for on Sundays. Most of human history didn't have that luxury!
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers, obviously, added a plethora of points to their all-time ranking as a result of the 2020 NFL season. They jumped up two spots and now only trail the New Orleans Saints by 4 points for the highest ranking in NFC South history.
The Green Bay Packers broke through the 800 point plateau, the first franchise to accomplish that. And this is with giving Charles Woodson's Pro Football Hall of Fame distinction solely to the Raiders. Unlike with Reggie White where The Hall gave dual-designation to the Eagles and Packers, Woodson is (for whatever reason) listed only as a Raider. If that changes, we'll update this and the Packers will get more points. But until then, so it goes.
The Pittsburgh Steelers became just the second NFL franchise to hit the 700 point mark. The Steelers and Packers really have separated themselves as the two most historic franchises in NFL history. Remember the Packers and New York Giants were the top two teams on this list when it was created following the 2013 season. The Steelers being No. 2 feels better and more accurate.
The Chicago Bears are in grave danger of being passed by the Dallas Cowboys, losing their top four spot in NFL history. The 2021 season could be the year that the 'Boys pass the Bears on this all-time ranking.
There are currently two ties on the all-time ranking: Patriots/Rams at 8th and Cardinals/Chargers at 22nd.
The Kansas City Chiefs have passed the Detroit Lions on the all-time ranking, which seems about right. It was a long time coming, but the Chiefs will likely continue to rise this list quickly over the next decade.
The six lowest ranked NFL franchises on this all-time countdown combined for zero points in 2020. The poor get poorer when it comes to NFL history unfolding in real time.
The Miami Dolphins continue their stagnant standing on this list. They'll continue to fall, it seems. The San Francisco 49ers used their trip to the big game to add a substantial amount of points, they're gunning for the Cowboys and a top five spot all-time in NFL history.
The Cleveland Browns rank much higher than most people would assume, but their history is actually quite plentiful. These are facts, people. Many would probably also assume that the Miami Dolphins would have been ranked higher than they are, but their glory years could only carry them so far. Maybe if Dan Marino had delivered a ring or two… but I digress.
These are the types of misconceptions we were seeking to enlighten NFL fans about.
People's perceptions are often incorrect. It's cool to see NFL history laid out in an unbiased way. This way thoughtful conversations can be had without the passions of fandom clouding people's judgements.
What this ranking shows us is that the NFL Franchise Mount Rushmore (after over 100 years of the league's existence) is as follows:
Green Bay Packers, Pittsburgh Steelers, New York Giants and the Chicago Bears.
These four franchises are closely followed by the Cowboys, 49ers, Colts and Patriots. Is there anyone on earth that would disagree that these are the eight most historic franchises in NFL history? I don't think so. So, obviously there's a lot of meat on this bone.
Looking at how some teams have fared since the initial list:
From the inaugural ranking (created following the 2013 season) the Patriots have climbed the most, from 14th to 8th place. The Dolphins have fallen the furthest, from 13th to 16th. The Seahawks have risen from 23rd to 20th. The Bears were the only team still in the top-10 that hadn't gained a single point since this ranking was first created — but they finally gained 8 points heading into the 2018 season and have since added a few more points.
Since the first ranking, the Cowboys have joined the elite "600 point club" and the Colts, Patriots, Rams and Washington have joined the "500 point club", while the Packers and Steelers are now the only franchises with more than 700 points. The Packers have added 88 since the first ranking. However the Patriots have added the most points since the first ranking, with an incredible 160 points gained in just five seasons. For reference, the New York Jets, who've been in the NFL since 1970, have just 146 points in their entire NFL existence!
Lets say that again. With this ranking, the Patriots have had more overall franchise success in the last five years than the Jets have had in their entire history in the NFL.
To see exactly how the teams were ranked the first time this list was ever completed (following the 2013 season) go on to Page 2!
There you can see which teams rose and which teams fell as last few seasons have unfolded. Spoiler Alert: There has been a lot of movement on this list. It's incredibly interesting to watch NFL history unfold via modern success and failure.
Thank you, NFL history buff, for spending this time with us. Won't it be fun to check this list right after the 2021 NFL season to see how the ranking is shaken up? We cannot wait.
NFL history is just awesome, isn't it?
To see how the list has evolved check out the next seven pages in chronological order!
About PackersHistory.com 51 Articles
We seek to bring more context to, and share interesting stores about, the history of the Green Bay Packers and the NFL as a whole. Clickbait be damned. "We" are Daniel and David Zillmer; hit the about or contact to learn more.
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The Cosmic Connection Between Lambeau, Starr, Lombardi and LaFleur
The Forgotten Decade of Packers History: The 1950s
Top 15 Running Backs in Green Bay Packers History
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