The Office on the Rights of the Child in the Presidency (ORC) presented their national framework for the advancement and co-ordination of children's rights delivery in South Africa. It had become evident that there were a number of gaps in the old approach of the ORC and these were addressed in the revised framework. Inter-sectoral co-operation was essential in the interests of children.
The Department of Social Development presented the arguments for and against the inclusion of a National Policy Framework in the Children's Bill. Inter-sectoral collaboration was again emphasised and information was given on current programmes reflecting inter-sectoral co-operation. Details were given on some of the social development services currently offered to children. The Committee expressed concern at the lack of social workers and the further burden the Bill would place on this resource. The issue of children in custody was raised again and there was agreement on the need for consultation on the issue.
Mr Masutha reminded the Committee that these would be the last two briefings on the Bill. The Department of Housing had been invited to present, but was unable to attend. The Committee would look at other ways to address the issue following on the Grootboom judgement. He welcomed the Chairperson of the Portfolio Committee on Education, Professor S Mayatula.
Ms M Rantlha (Director: Office on the Rights of the Child) said that there had been no children's rights programme before 1994. Since then, international instruments, norms and standards had been adopted and adapted, and new imperatives had been formulated within the Constitutional mandate in 1996. The child rights framework was now under evaluation as part of the ten-year governance review. The Office on the Rights of the Child (ORC) had been established in 1998 after the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1995.
Structural tension between the ORC and National Plan of Action Steering Committee (NPASC) had been noted. The ORC drew its mandate from international instruments rather than the Constitution and this was limiting. At present, neither the NPASC nor ORC was able to provide substantive leadership in terms of child rights. There were three pillars of the current child rights framework: Government, Parliament and civil society. The ORC was the lead agency within Government with the NPASC. Within Parliament, work was done with the Joint Monitoring Committee and the Cabinet, while in civil society, there was only the National Children's Rights Committee. Performance gaps had been identified, including the emphasis on welfare and protection owing to the limitation of children's rights work to the social security, justice and crime prevention clusters. There was also limited civil society participation.
The basic principles guiding the restructuring process included the need for a high level system to drive children's rights, the need for component parts to have clear boundaries and responsibilities, implementation of national priorities, the provision of substantive leadership and communication with Government. The Presidency was the highest office in terms of delivery and accountability, and there were ORCs in Premiers' Offices or Provincial Departments of Social Development. Children's rights needed to be focal points in local government as well. Within the parliamentary pillar, the ORC had to work very closely with parliamentary committees and the Joint Monitoring Committee. In civil society, the National Children's Rights Committee was vital, and use would have to be made of other NGOs, for example in the Early Childhood Development (ECD) programme. Faith based programmes, academics and professional associations would also have to be taken on board.
The fourth pillar of the revised framework would be independent bodies such as the Constitutional Court, which was perceived as critical to children's rights delivery, together with the other courts. The Public Service Commission, South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) and Public Prosecutor were other bodies vital to the framework.
The key functions of the ORC were policy work, mainstreaming of children's rights, advocacy in Government structures, delivery monitoring and evaluation, capacity building, policy work and performance co-ordination. The ORC was seen as central to the framework. Where information was needed, ORC should be in a position to give the full picture. Beneficiaries of the revised framework would be children, families, communities, all spheres of Government and all bodies involved in children's rights. The children's rights policy framework was progressing and should be completed by the end of 2004, concurrently with the children's rights policy framework on delivery.
Mr Masutha asked whether there was a clear distinction between the role of co-ordinating or performing monitoring and evaluation as opposed to co-ordinating the actual implementation of policy. Was the ORC responsible for both roles, he asked? He understood that the Department of Social Development was the lead Department responsible for the implementation of the Child Care Act and the new Act was also centrally driven by the Department. It had been apparent from the public hearings that policy was fragmented and children were falling through the cracks. He felt that the Children's Bill should pull this together. It was of concern that no policy framework was contained in the Bill. He asked whether the Committee should consider providing for the role of the ORC in legislation and asked on whom the statutory burden should be placed.
Ms Ranthla replied that the role of the ORC was mainstreaming, co-ordination, monitoring and evaluation. Delivery was the responsibility of the various Departments. The ORC would monitor the gaps around implementation.
Mr Masutha commented that there had been debate on whether to reinstate rights into the Bill. He asked whether more expression should be given to rights. Was the purpose of the Bill to establish a new set of rights or did children have rights that needed expression. In other words, was the purpose to recreate rights or to give effect to existing rights, he asked?
Ms Ranthla replied that the Constitutional mandate should be a priority. Those rights already capture the sentiments of the ORC. She suggested a policy framework for children's rights should make it possible to reinforce delivery on the Constitutional mandate, especially in terms of Section 28.
Ms J Chalmers (ANC) asked about the management and key functions of the ORC. She asked how they monitored delivery and evaluated capacity building.
Ms Chalmers referred to the UN CRC and asked whether South Africa had submitted a second report and whether this was a function of the ORC.
Mr Masutha pointed out that South Africa had certain obligations with regard to the implementation of the CRC and asked who performed the evaluations, how they were co-ordinated, and how South Africa was doing.
Ms Ranthla replied that the CRC had been ratified in 1995. The first report had been submitted in 1999 and was due again this year. The process was nearing completion. The ORC was co-ordinating information gathering for the report and Departments were very active in providing delivery information. The ORC would take the report to the National Forum, then through the structures in the Presidency and Cabinet before submitting it to the United Nations.
Ms Chalmers pointed out that it would be valuable for the Committee to have more interaction with the ORC.
Ms Ranthla agreed and said that this had been identified as a gap. There was a better chance of delivery if parties acted in synergy.
Ms Chalmers asked how the policy framework fitted in with current legislation. Had there been interaction between the ORC and civil society and NGOs on the policy framework, she asked?
Ms Ranthla replied that the task team had not yet gone to the broader civil society or to MPs and their constituencies. ORC acknowledged the value and leadership from civil society on various development issues.
Mr Masutha said that one issue raised by NGOs had been that the lack of provision for the NPF would result in an inability to compel inter-sectoral co-operation. Parliament was assisting with a holistic approach to children, and roles could be defined to created legal and statutory obligations. He asked whether the ORC was ready to be cited in legislation as a specific role player.
Ms Ranthla replied that the ORC believed that the policy framework should create what the country needed to locate all children's rights delivery initiatives. ORC was probably not ready to have it included in the Bill as it was not yet a complete tool.
Mr Masutha commented that the Bill was split at present. He wondered whether Departments would be ready when the Section 76 Bill was considered.
Mr M Waters (DA) asked what capacity the ORC had. He was concerned that it would not have sufficient capacity at national and provincial level. He had not seen oversight from the Office. He used the example of the sexual offences courts and said that they did not comply with provisions and there had been no intervention by the ORC. He asked for practical examples of what the ORC was doing.
Ms Ranthla replied that this was true. Like many institutions working in the development field, the ORC had struggled to find its way. The governance review had led to a new framework and functions had been clarified. She believed that a different picture would emerge in the second decade of democracy. The ORC did not need to be a huge structure, but systems needed to be in place, and these were in progress. The ORC had a Director, Deputy Director and three administrative support staff but worked very closely with other units in the Presidency.
Mr M Dikgacwi (ANC) asked where the ORC fitted in with local government and said he was not aware of its role.
Ms Ranthla replied that not much had been achieved in terms of children's rights as a focal point in local government. The focal points were currently at national and provincial level. ORC was pushing for focal points in local government.
Mr Masutha said that he did not get a sense of a comprehensive framework of data. He asked whether the ORC had data on, for example, the number of foster care placements, the number of children receiving services, and how many had been missed. He asked how the monitoring was done and whether there was any interaction with Statistics SA to collect data.
Ms Ranthla replied that preliminary discussions had been held with Statistics SA to benchmark data. Such a database was not currently available, and she acknowledged that this was a weakness.
Mr L Nzimande (ANC) said that he hoped the ORC was "not just waking up now". He would like to be assured of timeframes and deadlines since everything seemed to be in the future. He asked whether the framework was setting standards in terms of service delivery especially as gaps had been acknowledged.
Mr Dikgacwi asked whether timeframes could be built in with all the shortcomings and when this would be done and by whom. There were major problems at local government level. It was crucial to have interaction with local government committees.
Ms Ranthla said that the ORC had set the end of November 2004 as the time by which the two processes should be complete. She agreed that work needed to be accelerated and that there were shortcomings at local government level.
Ms Chalmers said that the SALRC had set out a huge range of guidelines to the NPF in the original document for the Bill. She asked whether there were any major points of difference between the NPF and the ORC policy framework.
Ms W Direko (ANC) commented that she was shocked to hear that the ORC had existed for ten years and was only now waking up. She said it was a wake-up call for the Committee to call the ORC more regularly. She asked where the ORC got information if they were not interacting with civil society and other structures.
Ms Ranthla said that this was not an accurate impression. The presentation had focused on the broader national policy and institutions. In looking at the way forward, they had seen that the kind of work they had been doing had slowed them down.
Ms C Theron (Deputy Director: ORC) said that the NPASC had been discussing issues related to children since 1996. There were Children's Desks in five of the Premiers' Offices. The ORC co-ordinated all national Children's Weeks, and held up to thirty workshops per province to make children aware of their rights.
Mr Masutha asked what was done with the information collated at workshops.
Mr Dikgacwi asked which provinces had ORCs.
Ms Theron replied that there were Children's Desks in the Premiers' Offices in the Eastern Cape, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga. The ORC also served on various national committees, attended and presented reports on children to the UNCRC, was part of the development of strategies for children, produced the biannual State of the Nation children's report, had a data collection task team, had negotiated the Child Rights Media Code agreement with journalists and was regularly called to the Joint Monitoring Committee to report on progress. She agreed that the local government plan of action had not been as successful as had been hoped.
Prof S Mayatula (ANC) asked whether there was anything that MPs could do when they went back to their constituencies to meet with traditional leaders and ministers.
Mr M Ngema (IFP) expressed concern that the ORC had mentioned Contralesa but that this was just a part of the National Coalition of Traditional Leaders. Some traditional leaders would be omitted if only Contralesa was targeted.
Ms Ranthla agreed that there needed to be a broader base than Contralesa. Traditional leaders were a good place to start with training on children's rights and were duty bearers at local level.
Mr Masutha said that Departments should be warned that unless they engaged at strategic level, they would have no excuse if they were given an enforceable statutory obligation. He was concerned at the unevenness of the presentations. The Committee was planning provincial visits so they would be able to see what was actually happening.
Ms Chalmers asked for a document setting out the ORC programmes.
Mr Masutha asked for guidelines on the way forward.
Mr Dikgacwi said that more detailed information was needed so that the Committee could check it on their provincial visits. He also served on the Portfolio Committee on Sports and Recreation and they had discovered an instance of a stadium that did not exist, although it had been paid for.
Mr Masutha said that it would be nice to have the latest reports from the ORC.
Prof Mayatula reminded the Committee that the ORC were guests at the Committee and that they tabled their reports at the Joint Monitoring Committee.
Dr M Mabetoa (Chief Director: Children) said that the statistics given were not up to date, as there was currently a Departmental audit taking place. The draft Children's Bill prepared by the South African Law Reform Commission (SALRC) had provided for a National Policy Framework (NPF). The NPF had been removed from the Bill and there had been many requests for the Committee to re-insert the NPF.
The NPF had been removed for a number of reasons. It set a legislative precedent and provision had already been made in the Public Finance Management Act for Departments to have a strategic plan that, in the case of the Department of Social Development and a number of other Departments, included services to children. Section 85(2)(b) of the Constitution placed an obligation on members to development and implement national policies in any case. It was also felt that the consultative process required for the NPF would retard the finalisation and implementation of the Bill, and review of the framework would imply continuous amendments to the Act once the Bill had been approved. There was a serious concern that service delivery to children would be retarded.
A variety of arguments had been put forward for the reinsertion of the NPF. If provision had been made in the Bill, the NPF could be implemented progressively. The Children's Bill was a comprehensive and complex piece of legislation involving many structures and cohesion was required to implement the full provisions of the legislation. The Constitutional imperative did not include NGOs and others providing the bulk of services to children in the field of social development. Relationships between role players had to be formalised to safeguard children. It was argued that the NPF would enhance a development approach to the care and protection of children rather than promoting a residual welfare approach. Duplication of services and resource provision would be avoided with scarce resources more profitably directed. The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child had also expressed concern about the lack of inter-ministerial co-ordination.
Existing inter-sectoral collaborative strategies include the Framework for the National Programme of Action for Children in South Africa, the draft national policy and framework on child abuse, neglect and exploitation, the draft integrated strategy on ECD currently awaiting Cabinet approval, and the National Integrated Plan for children infected and affected by HIV/AIDS as approved in 2000.
The draft national policy and framework on child abuse, neglect and exploitation was currently in its initial implementation phase. It would enable government and civil society to work together in protecting children against all forms of abuse, neglect and exploitation through the development of an accessible, integrated, co-ordinated multidisciplinary and inter-sectoral approach. Its objectives included a common vision and framework for all role-players inside and outside of Government, with a view to ensuring an effective and holistic service delivery system.
There was a general consensus on the urgent need for a mechanism for inter-sectoral collaboration. Gaps in respect of integrated service delivery impacted negatively on children and these needed to be pulled together under one mechanism. The NPF was imperative whether legislated or not. The Department recommended that the Committee consider the arguments for and against the inclusion of the NPF in the Bill and suggested that the existing policy framework on child abuse and neglect be broadened to include integrated strategies on securing provision of prevention and early intervention services, children infected and affected by HIV/AIDS, child and youth care centres, children in especially difficult circumstances and an integrated strategy on ECD. Monitoring responsibilities should remain with the NPASC and the ORC.
Existing services delivered by the Department include services to abused and neglected children, the establishment of the Child Protection Register in 2003, administration of national and inter-country adoption services, international social services, programmes to protect and promote the well being of children especially those in difficult circumstances, alternative care, early childhood education, the promotion of children's rights, capacity building and monitoring and evaluation. Details were given on foster care placements and grants, and the backlog was ascribed to the shortage of social workers and magistrates. The Department had asked the provinces to do an audit of children awaiting foster care. Comparative tables of adoptions according to provinces and organisations from 2000 to 2003 were given, with inter-country adoption placements per province and organisation as well. Details were also given of the existing international social services load, and the numbers of drop-in centres per province, although this list did not include those founded by NGOs. The norm for social workers in South Africa was 1:5 000, which was higher than international norms, and the posts still fell short of this. Details of registered children's homes per province also reflected provincial inequity. Budgets and spending on ECD per province were also shown.
The Department was waiting for the initial rapid appraisal report on the audit of all services by the end of October. The date of implementation of remuneration packages of social workers and a retention strategy was still to be determined. Tenders had been invited for the costing of the Children's Bill and this should commence at the beginning of October 2004.
Mr Masutha said that the issue of a welfare service model was very important. This would also be discussed at the strategic planning weekend.
Ms Direko said that the Department had identified discrepancies that had caused concern. She warned that funding needed to be commensurate with the good that provinces were doing. Poor provinces should not be expected to come up with money that they did not have. The funding problems around the child support grant were a case in point.
Dr Mabetoa replied that the service delivery model was being developed with the provinces. Treasury would also ensure that a higher percentage of funds were allocated to the provinces rather than nationally. Allocation of funds should be made by the next financial year.
Ms S Rajbally (MF) expressed concern about adoptions. She asked what the national waiting lists were for adoptions and the requests for inter-country adoptions. Who was given priority, she asked?
Ms C Dudley (ADCP) asked why adoption numbers had dropped since 2000 and asked if the foster care grant was a contributing factor. What could MPs do about the situation, she asked?
Dr Mabetoa replied that little work had been done to attract families at national level. In the next month, the Department would employ a Deputy Director specifically for adoptions to ensure that placement was sought within the country before children left the country. Some people confused foster care and adoption and it was hoped that this would change. There would be more control in inter-country adoptions. At present, the Department only received information at the end of the adoption process.
Ms Rajbally felt that 5 000 persons per social worker was too high and asked how it was possible.
Dr Mabetoa replied that the 1:5 000 ratio was a reality in South Africa at present. A campaign was needed to attract young people to the profession. This was addressed by the retention strategy and paid internships. The Department had started training young people at a community level to become child and youth care workers, and these people were paraprofessionals, receiving a stipend. These workers might help to close the gap. A social worker might be used to deal with broader issues while the community workers dealt with implementation. The Department was also encouraging community-based approaches.
Ms Rajbally asked why there were not more children's homes in the under-serviced provinces.
Dr Mabetoa agreed that there were fewer homes in the rural provinces.
Mr Masutha asked why there were fewer services generally in the rural provinces.
Dr Mabetoa cited the country's political history. In the past, the homelands had not been serviced at all, and there had been no NGOs operational there. It had taken a lot of work just to get the fragmented services together. The financing policy should help. The report did not recognise smaller community services either.
Ms Rajbally asked whether the Department was now giving priority to those areas.
Ms H Webber (DA) asked for a more expanded view on what the Department of Public Works was doing on ECD.
Dr Mabetoa replied that the Departments of Social Development, Education and Health were responsible for the social sector elements of the Expanded Public Works Programme. The Department wanted to ensure a higher number of people in ECD and community based care. Conditional grants would be issued if necessary. This was a Presidential initiative giving people incentives and skills. The Department was a custodian.
Ms F Batyi (ID) said she had seen a newspaper report on prisons that were overcrowded with children. This was a violation of their rights. What was the Department doing about the problem, she asked?
Dr Mabetoa said that the Department was concerned about the problem and was meeting with the Department of Justice to remove the gaps. Provincial structures were not working as they should and a rigorous process was needed to ensure that children were not sitting in prison. The Child Justice Bill was still with the Portfolio Committee on Justice.
Mr Masutha interjected that the Committees needed to confer on the Child Justice Bill.
Dr Mabetoa pointed out that probation officers were often not aware that children were in prison. This needed to be a special project.
Ms S Chikunga (ANC) referred to the argument that the NPF had been removed because the consultative process would retard the Bill and said she felt a lot of the work had already been done. She agreed that the practical implications had to be thought out but disagreed that this would take a long time. It should be a priority to work it through and have a finalised Bill.
Mr Waters asked who the Department envisaged as being responsible for implementing the Bill. He pointed out that the ORC did not have the capacity. Existing policies for children were not being implemented. Whoever was in charge of the NPF had to have teeth, he argued.
Dr Mabetoa replied that the Department was the lead Department in the Bill and would be responsible. If the NPF was reinstated in the Bill, the Department would take responsibility for it.
Mr Waters said that there was over 70% understaffing of social workers and minimal improvement had been forecast. The Children's Bill and the Child Justice Bill relied heavily on social workers and he asked what policies were in place to attract more people to the profession.
Mr Masutha said that data capturing was still not comprehensive. He asked whether the Department was involved in a process with Statistics SA and what timeframes were envisaged.
Dr Mabetoa replied that the Department had an information management directorate but was still developing a system with the provinces. This was a time consuming process but should be operational within the next few months. The Department was also part of the steering committee in the ORC and was working with them in respect of data collection and statistics.
Mr Masutha asked whether the Department was doing enough to promote adoption and whether it should be subsidised. He accepted that the idea was to discourage all financial incentives.
Ms Direko said it was her experience that police officers picked up juveniles and they were then forgotten in the system. Serious consideration should be given to working with the Departments of Correctional Services and Safety and Security on this issue. Children needed expert assistance.
Ms Direko said that she was in favour of community involvement and teaching the youth responsibility but was concerned about volunteers outnumbering social workers. She expressed support for incentives like improved salaries and bursaries. Salaries were of great concern as social workers' take-home pay was negligible.
Mr Masutha said that the Committee would have to focus on HR capacity at some time in terms of volunteers, training and uncosted services. This would drive the level at which the Treasury would fund welfare services.
Mr Ngema referred to children in conflict with the law and said that in the Eastern Cape, children in reform schools were not being educated. He agreed that it was important to develop assistants to complement the work of social workers but said it was also necessary to have social development officers who could relieve social workers of some of the administrative burden.
Dr Mabetoa noted all of the comments, especially the need for co-operation between Departments regarding children in custody. The Department would also consider the need to balance social workers and the paraprofessionals. She was surprised at the comment on the reform schools in the Eastern Cape as these were the responsibility of the Department of Education. The Department of Social Development was only involved when there was a need for counselling and re-integration or rehabilitation. The Department of Correctional Services had a draft memorandum of agreement on the management of these services.
Mr Masutha said that some gaps had become clear and a number of issues had arisen. There were also a number of legal and policy issues that might require further consideration and feedback from both the State Law Advisor and the SALRC. The Committee would work on a draft communique.


text:
Columns | Opinion
Apple Dials India
Its bet on China as a key production hub has unravelled
Minhaz Merchant Minhaz Merchant | 20 Jan, 2023
APPLE INC PLACED its bet on China over a decade ago. China became Apple's outsourced factory, churning out 95 per cent of Apple's line-up of iPhones, iPads, iWatches and iMac laptops. That bet is unravelling.
The Covid lockdowns that cut iPhone production in China by 11 per cent in November 2022 are only the trigger. Apple's top management has been worried for over a year about four problems that have created a perfect storm for China. Together they place a large question mark over whether China can continue to be the world's factory of choice.
The first concern is wages. Chinese workers at Foxconn's assembly plant in Zhengzhou, which employs up to 3,00,000 people, are no longer cheap. They earn wages upwards of $6 per hour. That's 6x what Foxconn pays Indian workers in its Tamil Nadu iPhone plant. It's also 3x higher than what it pays workers at its assembly units for Apple products in Vietnam and Indonesia. In fact, Apple executives worry that the wages of Chinese workers may soon start approaching the average wage of low-paid immigrant workers in the US.
The second concern for Apple is political. Chinese President Xi Jinping has cracked down on the tech sector. Alibaba's legendary founder Jack Ma was hounded out of China and now lives in Tokyo. Fintech and edtech companies have been targeted by Xi's army of bureaucrats and subjected to forensic audits. Some have been forced to shut down.
The crash in the real estate sector has shaved up to 40 per cent of the value of property assets. Since a significant portion of the net worth of most Chinese is tied up in real estate, that has caused widespread financial distress, leading to social tensions and possible future political instability.
The third concern for Apple is Xi's refusal to import foreign-made vaccines despite China's homegrown vaccines proving far less effective in immunising the population. The anger on the streets against lockdowns, which led to the abandonment of the zero-Covid policy, has eroded confidence in China's reliability as a key production hub in a global supply chain.
The highest workforce per manufacturing unit in Vietnam, Apple executives believe, is 60,000. At its Indian units, the total number of Foxconn employees assembling Apple products will by 2025 be over 2,00,000. That is the scale Apple needs
The fourth worry for Apple is China's demography. The country is rapidly ageing. The average Chinese is nearly 40 years old. Apple's manufacturing plants need a young workforce that often lives on campus in cramped dormitories.
Writing in The Wall Street Journal, Yang Jie noted: "In recent weeks, Apple Inc. has accelerated plans to shift some of its production outside China. Apple's longer-term goal is to ship 40% to 45% of iPhones from India, compared with a single-digit percentage currently."
India has two key advantages over China. One, wages are one-sixth of China's. Two, the workforce is young and in plentiful supply. Vietnam is also an option for Apple but its population is one-fifteenth of India's. The highest workforce per manufacturing unit in Vietnam, Apple executives believe, is 60,000. At its Indian units, the total number of Foxconn employees assembling Apple products will by 2025 be over 2,00,000. That is the scale Apple needs. At that scale, India would match China, and at a fraction of the cost.
India though has disadvantages as well. Its infrastructure is still well below China's in terms of transport, logistics, ports, and shipment. To reach the Chinese scale of production and exports, India will not only have to encourage contract manufacturers to build large plants but also create rail, road and port infrastructure to ship tens of millions of iPhones and other Apple products globally.
Succeeding with Apple can open up other vistas for India. Intel Corp is planning to shift some of its chip manufacturing and design from China to India. According to Steven Long, Intel's corporate vice president of Asia- Pacific and Japan, "We are seeing design and manufacturing opportunities for our partners here in India. Governance initiatives like Make-in-India are driving design opportunities from historical regions in Taiwan, China, or in other parts of Southeast Asia to India. We see a big opportunity here."
From iPhones to semiconductors, India could over the next few years take a leaf out of the global success of its services exports. Starting at the cusp of the 21st century as basic service providers and BPOs, India's services exports have risen to $350 billion a year by moving up the value chain to digital, cloud, Artificial Intelligence, and data analytics.
India's manufactured exports now need to replicate this success by taking a big bite out of Apple.
AppleChinaIndiamanufacturingVietnamworkforce
Minhaz Merchant
Minhaz Merchant is an author, editor and publisher
More Stories of
The West Must Pay
Race and Rishi
Kaveree Bamzai Cinema Marte Dum Tak | Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke | Kaapa
Kaveree Bamzai The soft power of Indian cinema
Ullekh NP Deciphering the nature of the nation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Is it possible to change UIPreviewAction color? The only options for styling I saw in the API are:

*

*UIPreviewActionStyleDefault

*UIPreviewActionStyleSelected,

*UIPreviewActionStyleDestructive

Is it possible to somehow paint the buttons in another color? Our designer really didn't liked the default blue buttons

A: No, it is not possible to change button colors in UIPreviewAction. Even if you add colored images it will switch to default blue color.

A: Try this:
myPreviewAction.tintColor = myColor

With this UIPreviewAction extension:
extension UIPreviewAction {

    var tintColor: UIColor? {
        get {
            return value(forKey: "_color") as? UIColor
        }
        set {
            setValue(newValue, forKey: "_color")
        }
    }

}

A: You can add these snippets on below for the viewcontroller which implements UIPreviewAction
- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated {
    [super viewWillAppear:animated];
    UIView *containerView = [self.view superviewOfClass:NSClassFromString(@"_UIVisualEffectContentView")];
    containerView.tintColor = YOUR_CUSTOM_COLOR;
}

In a UIView category
- (UIView *)superViewOfClass:(Class)class {
    UIView *parent = self;
    while ((parent = parent.superview)) {
        if ([parent isKindOfClass:class]) {
            return parent;
        }
    }
    return nil;
}

A: You can only for UIPreviewActionStyleDefault by setting global tint color:
- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions {
    [self.window setTintColor:[UIColor greenColor]];
    return YES;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Teller Report
Now you can see non-English news...
Free 1925 English grammar tests
Free 520 English pronunciation practices
Free 1600 English email templates
More info: https://www.english3in1.com
Home News Business Sports Life Tech Cryptocurrency
Huge 1,500-year-old wine production site discovered in Israel - France 24
Huge 1,500-year-old wine production site discovered in Israel Yavne (Israel) (AFP) Large presses, thousands of fragments of jars, vast warehouses to store the production: the Israeli authorities unveiled Monday the "largest" site of production of wines from the Byzantine period in southern Israel at the gates of the Gaza Strip. As part of excavations in Yavne, a growing city in southern Israel, archaeologists have unearthed a large 1,500-year-old wine prod
Yavne (Israel) (AFP)
Large presses, thousands of fragments of jars, vast warehouses to store the production: the Israeli authorities unveiled Monday the "largest" site of production of wines from the Byzantine period in southern Israel at the gates of the Gaza Strip.
As part of excavations in Yavne, a growing city in southern Israel, archaeologists have unearthed a large 1,500-year-old wine production site over the past two years.
And the site did not have the air of bucolic vineyards, but of a veritable wine factory, with an annual production estimated at two million liters pressed at the foot.
The team of archaeologists led by the Israel Antiquities Authority discovered five presses of approximately 225 m2 for the foot-pressing of the grapes, two vast octagonal vats for collecting the must and pottery kilns for baking the clay from the grapes. Elongated amphorae, called "jars of Gaza" and in which the wine aged.
"We were surprised to find a sophisticated factory here to produce wine in industrial quantities," archaeologists Elie Hadad, Liat Nadav-Ziv and Jon Selingman, who led the excavations, said in a joint statement.
At the time, the Gaza Strip, a Palestinian territory now under the control of Hamas Islamists, and the adjacent town of Ashkelon, in southern Israel, near Yavne, were known for the quality of their wines sold. in the Mediterranean basin.
Israel Antiquities Authority archaeologists excavate the Tel Yavne site in central Israel on October 11, 2021, where a huge wine production facility was discovered MENAHEM KAHANA AFP
These excavations have also made it possible to prove the presence on site of wine presses dating back to 2,300 years, a period when the Achaemenid Persian Empire ruled over a large part of the Middle East, and therefore, according to archaeologists, to show a "continuum" over several centuries of a local wine industry.
The Yavne complex will be "preserved" and will be part of a future archaeological park accessible to the public, Israeli Antiquities assured Monday.
Source: france24
All news articles on 2021-10-11
News/Politics 2021-10-11T12:08:14.818Z
Tech/Game 2021-10-13T09:58:43.968Z
Huge 1,500-year-old wine production site discovered in Israel
A gold ring dating from the Roman Empire discovered in the Mediterranean
Diver discovers 900-year-old sword near Israel's coast
Excavation of the remains of a huge winery built 1500 years ago in Israel
French wine production set to drop to a historically low level
Life/Entertain 2021-09-08T04:45:58.973Z
9000 years ago, Chinese people drank "beer"? Experts quote the latest research results to clarify doubts
Business 2021-10-26T09:25:04.027Z
Will France soon have the click for canned wine?
Like SpaceX, ArianeGroup will create its own reusable launcher
Trends 24h
The head of the British Ministry of Defense invites Shoigu to London
ICAO sends its members a report on the incident with Ryanair
Tonga volcano island almost completely disappears after powerful eruption
The Millennium Tower is still sinking into the ground and tilting left and right
Build a private garden in Beijing! The year before Chen Gang was investigated, he made a crazy fortune of nearly 70 million
Mohammed bin Rashid attends the opening of Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week
A 5-year-old child killed after being hit by a skier in Flaine
Former candidate The Voice also says he was groped by Jeroen Rietbergen
BNNVARA not planning to broadcast BOOS episode about The Voice on TV
A quarter of British households can't afford high energy bills
EXCERPT - Presidential: "There is too much violence in this campaign", judge Monsignor Rougé
Peskov: no lockdowns across Russia are discussed
Successful in the first ballot: Maltese Roberta Metsola on the new EU
Political scientist Pochta supported Volodin's statement about NATO's desire to "occupy" Ukraine
The CNIL controls the Elyze app and its use of personal data
News/Politics 2022/01/18
Home News Business Sports Life Tech
© Communities 2019 - Privacy


text:
Consent to being photographed
What can a photographer do with an image of a well-known person? Or even someone who's not well known - who may still be what in modern parlance is called a "celebrity". A recent case from the United States sheds some light on the question - though the judgment is remarkable more for the care with which the court circumscribed its reach than the actual finding.
This is the district court for the Central District of California's decision Shirley Jones v Corbis Corporation (Case No 10-8668 SVW (CW)) (hat tip to Bob Tarantino of Heenan Blaikie in Toronto who tipped his hat in turn to THR, Esq). Shirley Jones, who was in the 1970s TV show The Partridge Family (which I had the great good fortune to escape ever seeing) not to mention films like Oklahoma!, Carousel, and Elmer Gantry , took exception to the use of photos of her in "red carpet" situations. She claimed her right of publicity was being infringed by Corbis (a stock photography agency, in case you haven't had a run-in with them or otherwise heard of them: it was founded, and is owned, by one Bill Gates) when they showed samples of images of her on their websites.
The court rejected her claims. If you show a celebrity a red carpet and a few photographers, he or she is likely to start striking poses: they know what is expected of them, and what will happen to the results. That's not exactly what the court said, but I think it's a fair paraphrase. Thereafter, the images are sold by the photographers - why else would they bother taking them? - and showing them in the manner about which she complained, even through the medium of Corbis, was entirely consistent with the implied consent given by Ms Jones. There was no evidence to support her claim that the consent was personal to the individual photographers.
At some "red carpet" events, notices are posted stating that the celebrities being exposed on the carpet consent to photos and moving images being recorded and reused, which not only kicks any argument like Ms Jones's into touch for those events but also shows pretty clearly what custom and practice is. Indeed it was not disputed that she consented to the photos being taken, and to their being sold. Her actions, and the context in which she performed them, added up to consent to everything that subsequently happened to the photos. What I don't see in the judgment, and which would be interesting to know, is when the photos were taken - I assume they date from the period of recent history in which this way of dealing with the images would have been commonplace. Had they been images from an earlier era, pre-digital, pre-Corbis, the extent of her implied consent might have been very different.
Although this is a decision of a US Federal court on US law (common law and statutory rights of privacy were pleased, though I am not sure after quickly scanning the judgment which statute is invoked), there are lessons for photographers - and for celebrities, and event organisers - elsewhere, even if (as in the UK) privacy rights are much less well-developed. Put up one of those notices, to start with, so there is the least possible doubt about what's going on. Photographers should be able to rely on the subject's implied consent just because they are there, and if the celebrity is striking poses for the photographers so much the better. Beware, however, if they are hiding their faces, or instructing photographers not to take pictures: that would probably override any implied consent, though you're more unlikely to encounter that sort of reaction on a red carpet. It's a rather special environment, and special rules apply which would not apply if you encounter the celebrity on the street.
Labels: photographs, Privacy
New appointments to Court of Appeal
How to cite a podcast
Particle size: it's obvious
Recent cases ...
Dutch court holds Bulgarian decision contrary to p...
Rights in town design
Forces muster against Lodsys
No escape from software patents
Co-existence agreements and trade mark classificat...
Trade marks: get them while you can!
Designs: similarities do not always mean copying
Informal licences and oral use of trade marks
Italy introduces trade mark oppositions
Scammers and the IPO
Spain and Italy challenge unitary patent
Peer to Patent, EFF style
May 2011 IP podcast
Internet access a human right
Isle of Man to update IP law
Pogs: the Advocate General speaks
Book review: Sudden Genius? by Andrew Robinson
A Spanish view of the EU Patent


The winter weather may become ideal to look out and also play inside the snow. Nonetheless, it are often too cold to your family to keep outside the patio. Up to you want to enjoy your back yard, the weather may be uncomfortable. So that you can protect your patio and garden furniture from the particular harsh cool months, you should bring the furnishings indoors or perhaps give it the mandatory protection it takes to stop its degeneration. Not all items of outdoor home furniture are immune to different climate. Some furniture can't withstand a lot of rain, snow or compacted snow. By protecting your entire furnishings, you can easily prevent virtually any future damage at the same time save funds from investing in a new pair of outdoor furniture to your patio when winter is finished.
Protecting patio and garden furniture is effortless. Furniture will come in several types of materials just like wood, metallic, plastic, wicker and also fiberglass and others. Each sort demands an alternative type regarding protection. Wood home furniture is effortlessly damaged due to the fact or h2o and wetness while metallic furniture becomes prone to rust. You should bring almost everything indoors in order to avoid getting that damaged. Make certain you have enough space within your garage or perhaps basement regarding furniture safe-keeping. If you might have large furnishings that can't be brought inside of, use the correct furniture addresses. Before safe-keeping, you must clean the furniture to stop any yellowing. Use any mild detergent and h2o in washing your home furniture sets and also gently scrub every one of the dirt and also grime. Regarding fabrics, bedroom pillows and blankets, brush away from any soil or rinse its covers in line with the manufacturer guidelines. Take the mandatory precaution any time cleaning timber furniture in order to avoid scarring that. Make sure that all furnishings are entirely dry. Damp or perhaps wet spots could cause mildew and also rust regarding metal home furniture. If you may not want to bring indoors the furniture or they may be too weighty or huge to retailer, you are able to use protective covers through the winter. These defensive covers are available in home furniture shops. It gives sufficient protection in your outdoor home furniture because these kinds of covers are produced from water resistant and resilient materials adequate to stand up to extreme winter months. Some covers have zipper closures, Velcro and also drawstrings and others. These addresses are specifically made to guard furniture beneath different climate. It will come in varying sizes and shapes to fit all sorts of furniture coming from tables, loungers, benches and also recliners to call a handful of. It can be user friendly because regarding its basic features in which secure the furniture through winter. Any time buying defensive covers, always pick those home furniture covers manufactured from durable components, water immune, breathable and also sturdy.
Furniture protection is important especially in order to preserve the quality. Some furnishings are not built to withstand extreme climate therefore it is better to offer it the particular care and also protection it takes. If you may not want to utilize your patio and garden furniture during wintertime, keep that safe and also dry simply by storing that indoors or perhaps covering these with defensive furniture addresses. Storage as well as the protective addresses prolong living of the furniture.


text:
Новоукраїнка — колишнє село в Україні, Криничанському районі Дніпропетровської області. Було підпорядковане Світлогірській сільські раді.

Зняте з обліку рішенням Дніпропетровської обласної ради від 5 березня 1992 року.

Примітки

Колишні населені пункти Криничанського району

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home > Security News
Facebook sues app makers over browser extensions that allegedly scraped user data
Bradley Barth
Follow @bbb1216bbb
Facebook submitted these quizzes as evidence in its lawsuit against Gleb Sluchevsky and Andrey Gorbachov.
Facebook has filed a lawsuit against two Ukrainian men accused of creating fraudulent quiz applications that tricked users into installing malicious browser extensions. These extensions allegedly scraped information from users' social media pages and injected unapproved advertisements when users would visit various social networking sites, including Facebook.
As reported in The Verge, Facebook filed the suit on March 8 in Northern California court against Kiev, Ukraine residents Gleb Sluchevsky and Andrey Gorbachov. In its filing, the social media giant says that from 2016-2018, the defendants used fake aliases to operate and distribute a series of quiz apps that were made publicly available for download via the web.
These four apps – called "Supertest," "FQuiz," Megatest" and "Pechenka" – allegedly encouraged users to download browser plug-ins that were secretly designed to steal names, genders, age ranges, profile pictures and private friend lists from numerous social media sites.
Examples of the quizzes, which primarily targeted Russian and Ukranian users, included "What is the color of your aura?", "Determine by photo, who is your famous ancestor?", and "What animal are you?".
Facebook says it disabled all of the defendants' known accounts last October, but not before Sluchevsky and Gorbachov allegedly compromised roughly 63,000 browsers of Facebook users.
"Defendants' fraudulent applications falsely represented, to anyone using the FacebookLogin feature, that the user was only granting the applications access to a limited amount of public Facebook profile information," the lawsuit states. "In fact, Defendants knew that the applications were designed to scrape the app users' public profiles on Facebook and other social networking sites, and to prompt users to install malicious extensions for the purpose of manipulating the users' browsers and collect the users' private and non-publicly viewable lists of friends when the app user visited the Facebook site."
Facebook is seeking a court injunction against the defendants, as well as monetary damages. (Facebook spent $75,000 over the course of its investigation into the malicious extensions, The Verge reported.) The company claims Sluchevsky and Gorbachov not only breached their contracts with Facebook, but also violated the U.S. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and the California Comprehensive Computer Data Access and Fraud Act.
Last last year, Facebook publicly blamed malicious browser extensions for a data breach involving at least 257,256 stolen profiles, including 81,208 that included private messages. Journalists from the BBC, aided by researchers from Digital Shadows, began investigating the matter last September after seeing the accounts advertised on BlackHat SEO, an English-speaking internet forum. It is not clear if this incident and the lawsuit are related.
Cybercrime Internet Security Legal Action Social Media Web Security
Next post in Security News
Chelsea Manning jailed for refusing to testify in WikiLeaks probe


This year's edition is a collector's item, featuring a special 55-page section commemorating the 40th anniversary of Bahamian Independence. Along with scores of fascinating period photos, there are articles on the events and the people who moved the colony from slavery to freedom and independence. Eyewitnesses recall the fear, hope and pride they felt on July 10, 1973 when Prince Charles, representing Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, handed over the instruments of independence to Prime Minister Lynden 0. Pindling, the man who spearheaded the final push to sovereignty.


text:
Kiznaiver Episode 4: Jealousy and Summer Training
We've reached episode 4, and I think I usually have an unspoken expectation that, by now, well-paced series should have finished their introductions and begun to fully launch the plot into action. In some ways, this episode fulfills this goal, as the most crucial characters have been introduced and the stage has been set, but many of the character motivations are unclear, and a lot of background plot information is a blur of unknowns. Although this episode doesn't have a huge amount of new information, it does confirm several plot points that were vague before.
New and improved dream now comes with crucial plot points.
I require six companions!
This episode opens with a much-needed revisit of the flashback at the very opening of the anime. We're shown more of Katsuhira's conversation with the girl, who, as I'm sure everyone has guessed by now, is revealed to be Sonozaki. He says that he doesn't want to get his pain back alone, that it has to be with everyone. Sonozaki questions who everyone is, and he clarifies that everyone is everyone he likes. Sonozaki has a Kiznaiver scar on her neck. Katsuhira says her name, and then wakes up to a displeased Chidori.
I'd had plenty of suspicions about Sonozaki being the flashback girl since she was introduced, but I'm glad that it's finally been confirmed. Unfortunately, this scene makes me wonder if Katsuhira himself isn't responsible for their current predicament, and if so, whether the others will discover this to their own irritation.
Why do you need a more in-depth explanation.
You really don't need to elaborate.
The Kiznaivers appear to be in Hisomu's apartment. Hisomu explains his obsession with pain in more detail than his new team members are comfortable with, and when Honoka asks him he insists that there's nothing psychological about it. Despite this, I'm not entirely sure what he means by that, as it sounds like a psychological problem to me, especially if it's the cause of frequent hospitalizations. Nico, of course, is upset that she's no longer the weirdest of them all.
Says the person who may have killed her friend.
Later, as Yuta, Nico, and Honoka are walking home, they lament how Hisomu has doomed their situation, and Honoka mentions that she doesn't think they're all going to be friends, much to Nico's disappointment. Nico leaves and Nico and Honoka talk alone. These scenes are actually quite interesting. Once again, Nico shows a great desire to have friends, which furthers my suspicions that she is actually a very lonely person, and her eccentricity is a defense mechanism because she doesn't want to be rejected. I feel sorry for her, even if she's a little annoying at times. We discover that Yuta is incredibly shallow, which makes him probably one of my least favorite characters, although his self-awareness and cunning keep him interesting. This scene also shows a sort of alliance forming between Yuta and Honoka, as although they dislike each other, they are similarly cynical and willing to work together despite their misgivings.
Honoka makes a very interesting statement when Yuta asks her why she won't just agree to be Nico's friend, as it would cost her nothing. "There's nothing more expensive than something free." This can be interpreted several ways. The one I think Honoka means is that by making friendship in general easy to get, the depth of friendships in general becomes watered down. Or, she could mean that if the friendship comes at no great cost to Nico, it could come at a great cost to Honoka down the line.
If you take the quote out of context, though, it can actually be applied to Christianity. After all, the grace and forgiveness we receive is completely free for us, because the price of our sins was paid at a great cost by Jesus on the cross, in order that we might be openly welcomed into a relationship with God.
Well, he was the only one of them that no one previously knew.
Katsuhira wonders why Hisomu wasn't with them when they were all first revealed to be Kiznaivers. Hisomu explains that he, too, was in the hospital that day, and we are given a flashback of a conversation between him and Sonozki in which she asks him what he want in life. He replies with "stimulation," but when she suggests he change the wording to "the feeling of being alive," he doesn't refuse.
I'm glad they're already trying to look at Hisomu's character from a different perspective. Since he was the last to be introduced, I'm already guessing that he's going to be a very significant character in the story.
"Just asking. I'm not jealous or anything."
At the mention of Sonozaki, Chidori becomes visibly agitated. Her jealousy throughout the episode has solidified her and Sonozaki as the main love interests, even though this is by far not a romantic anime (and I'm glad. I like romances sometimes, but in a non-romantic story they can really take a toll on the main plot). For once, I have no idea who the main pairing will be in the end, if there even is one at all.
You're allowed, but people are going to be surprised.
I really appreciate the details here, especially the cracks in Hisomu's phone.
"…for both of us, I mean."
Speaking of jealousy, on the last day of school, as the teacher is giving a lecture about summer vacation, Hisomu actually comes to the class he had refused to attend all year, subsequently making Yuta very envious, as he catches the attention of the girls he hangs out with. After class, Nico makes everyone exchange email addresses with her, and then gloats at Honoka that she wouldn't exchange emails with a casual acquaintance (people do all the time, especially with Facebook, but whatever.)
They see the two thugs who were into bullying Katsuhira. They run away, and he tells Tenga it doesn't matter anymore. Sonozaki shows up just as Tenga mentions her.
Why, indeed.
Do you hear that? I think it might be the sound of denial.
Sonozaki throws a fried-rice eating dinner for everyone, and tells them that they're going to attend a summer training camp. Honoka refuses at first, but then concedes when Sonozaki promises them information about the Kiznaivers. Katsuhira follows after her as she leaves, and suggests she come with them to the training camp, pointing out that if, as she said, everyone wants to connect with other people, then surely that means she wants to connect with them. He also persuades her to exchange email addresses with him. This furthers my prediction that Sonozaki's cold heart is going to be melted by Katsuhira's empathy.
How did you get your job.
Hello, Crazy.
The bullies are at an arcade, talking about how they're out of money and want to kill Tenga. The school counselor, Urushibara, is behind them, playing a shooting game, and reacts to their comment with interest, as if she wants them to kill Tenga. She says that she'll give them advice, and then takes out a real gun and starts shooting the gaming console? It's the most bizarre scene in this anime so far. Thanks, Trigger.
Certified Mom Friend is here.
No thanks to Katsuhira for making things awkward, but it would have been awkward anyways!
Chidori comes to visit Katsuhira (and Tenga is with him, as he has decided to be his personal bodyguard) and gives them both food/lunches. The next day, as they prepare to go on their training camp, they discover that Sonozaki has decided to come with them after being invited by Katsuhira. The bus ride is incredibly silent, so Tenga suggests they play Shiritori.
Off topic: I really like the angle of this shot.
Aforementioned closed doors.
Sonozaki loses every time, and Honoka finally has enough of it and asks for information. Sonozaki informs them that their experiment is run by the Kizuna committee. Originally, one third of the town was a part of this committee. It seems like these are the people who are wearing the strange costumes, called gomorins, that appear everywhere over the town. Membership has been declining recently, though. The Kiznaivers find all this information very suspicious, as do I. I feel like not enough was revealed, though. A lot of this information could be inferred from the past three episodes, and so it doesn't feel terribly new or ground-breaking.
…but not how to be kind to others, unfortunately.
I'm afraid I don't really understand why Hisomu is considered so especially attractive.
They arrive at the foot of the mountains, with an ominous sign forbidding trespassers. Katsuhira offers to carry Sonozaki's bags, and she accepts, much to his surprise and Chidori's dismay. As they walk, Honoka points out that Yuta is obviously suspicious of Hisomu because of his natural good looks. This scene further solidifies Yuta and Honoka as allies, as well as the already established Katsuhira and Sonozaki.
Theory: If Chidori doesn't end up with Katsuhira, she will end up with Tenga.
Tenga notices that Chidori is rather upset about Katsuhira hanging with Sonozaki, and offers to become her wing-man. Chidori refuses at first, but of course, in the end she can't resist agreeing. I find a it interesting that this third alliance is formed by the two people or the group other than Sonozaki who would probably best qualify as Katsuhira's friends, and I think their combined personalities are rather interesting together.
Woah. Can the Kiznaiver surgery really be performed that fast?
A car comes roaring down the road behind them, carrying Katsunao, Urushibara, and the two bullies. The latter two now have Kiznaiver scars on their foreheads. Here, the plot begins to move the story forward by throwing in something new, although I'm going to have to wait and see how much I like it.
So far I think the best thing that Kiznaiver has going for it is its strong cast of characters, although I also note that they all can be linked back to some sort of archetype. Although they've been developed quite a bit, if they aren't written to their full potential from here, they could possibly fall quite flat. It was a good episode, and I enjoyed seeing the changes in the character friendships, although the story was a little bit disappointing information wise. However, as I've heard this anime is going to e around 24 episodes, I suppose it's wise that they not reveal all their secrets too soon, so I'll let it go for now.
Murasaki Lynna
Stories have always fascinated Lynna, whether they are told in books, anime, music, or doodles in the margins of her accounting homework. She hails from Canada, and when she isn't busy with life or obsessing over some anime or webcomic, she is working on writing her own stories, so that she might one day unleash them upon the world.
Latest posts by Murasaki Lynna (see all)
The 12 Days of Christmas Anime, Day 11: Angel Beats! - 12.24.2018
Lynna's Journey (Entry #8): Where Would You Like To Be? - 11.28.2018
Lynna's Journey (Entry #7) The Old and The New - 11.07.2018
05.02.2016 Murasaki LynnaAnime, Christianity, Reviewepisode 3, episodic review, katsuhira agata, kiznaiver, review
Previous Post Newman's Nook: Sacrificial Love
Next Post Digimon Tri: Growing up with Our Friends


Probitas is totally focussed on NAV and its surrounding technologies, so we have a depth of experience to draw on.
All the people at Probitas are passionate about what they do, most having over 10 years NAV experience, and achieving the right solution is the key to a "good day's work".
Minimal staff turnover allows us the opportunity to establish long-term personal relationships with our clients.
We don't have dedicated salespeople, so the people you see at the beginning of a project will be actively involved in the project and will be supporting you long term. Many of our clients like this more realistic approach and are tired of Salespeople selling them the earth, and then riding off into the sunset.


Enhanced Medical Services carries a wide assortment of ophthalmic instrument stands from brands such as Reliance, Topcon, S4Optik, Burton, and more. In addition to new inventory, we offer practices the budget-saving option of pre-owned equipment that has been skillfully refurbished by our highly-experienced technicians. Whatever your preference in eyecare equipment, EMS has a solution for you.


text:
Home > Reference > History of India > Medieval History of India > Islamic Architecture > Indo Islamic Architecture in Bijapur
Indo- Islamic Architecture in Bijapur
The Adil Shah sultans were considered as the masterminds of Islamic architecture in Bijapur province.
Indo Islamic architecture in Bijapur, a city in the state of Karnataka flourished under the Muslim rulers in the medieval period. This city first experienced its Islamic architecture in the end of 13th century under Allaudin Khilji and later under the Bahamani Empire in 1347. However, Bijapur was decked and dotted with wonderful Indo Islamic architectures during reign of the Adil Shahi dynasty in the 15th to 17th century. The city's greatest architectural remains are minarets, domes and echoing burial chambers like Gol Gumbaz, Ibrahim Rauza, Malik-e-Maidan, Upri Buruj, Chand Bawdi, Asar Mahal, Gagan Mahal, Barakaman, Jumna Mosque, Jal Manzil, Sat Manzil, Jod Gumbaz and Anand Mahal.
Bijapur became the capital of the Adil Shahi dynasty when the Bahmani Muslim kingdom broke up in 1482. This was the period of greatest Islamic architectural and artistic achievement. During the entire regime, Adil Shahi rulers concentrated their energies almost exclusively on architecture and on the allied arts. Each member of this dynasty developed his predecessor's architectural projects in number, size or magnificence. Furthermore, the Adil Shahi dynasty succeeded in imbuing their subjects with the same structural ardour. There are the remains of scores of structures of high artistic excellence, in their entire region of capital territory and all possessing a notable measure of architectural merit. They constructed their buildings in three different ways-mosques, tombs, and palaces. The first one i.e. the mosques predominated in their architectures as they constructed several buildings with more than twenty tombs, and nearly the same number of palaces. However, the golden period of Indo Islamic architecture in Bijapur started during the regime of Ali Adil Shah I which was from 1557 to 1579. He combined and expanded his kingdom, built Citadels, palaces, gardens, and pavilions. He built the Jumma Masjid to celebrate the Talikota victory. After his demise, his successor Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1580-1626) expanded his kingdom at a large extent and developed the city to its political, cultural and territorial peak.
Adil Sahi dynasty started their construction to the Bijapur city during the first half of the sixteenth century. They constructed the citadel, a fortress containing a palace, imperial buildings, and two small mosques. As the power of the Adil Shahi increased, a city developed around the citadel, and gradually they enclosed the city within strongly fortified walls. These walls were extended over six miles in circumference, and from the citadel in the centre roads had six city gates. However, they had no direct alignment and systematic planning for the city. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, expansion of the city became necessary for the Adil Sahi dynasty and so the suburbs of Shahapur on the north and Ainapur on the east arose. Their architectural constructions were influenced from the regional culture and thus became the amalgamation of Turkish culture (as they belong from the Turkish origin) with that of Indian culture. The main features of the building art of Bijapur were the dome, which, in buildings of average proportions. They were almost spherical in shape, and rises out of a band of conventional petals at its base. These forms were repeated to the turrets to provide an ornamental finishing, surmounted the principal angles of the minarets. This specific Bijapur arch was fuller in its curve and had four-centre. In the Islamic architecture of Bijapur province, they used cornice, a characteristic architectural ornament in most of the buildings which were famous for their remarkable size and projection.
Apart from their separate architectural style, the Indo Islamic architectures of Bijapur province were also famous for their sculptural element. The patterns which they used to decorate their buildings were from plastic art, so individual in character. Among these different sculptures, one important and famous pattern was the arch spandrils, consisting of a voluted bracket holding a medallion, and above the arch was a foliated finial all singularly graceful. Several other sculptures were either carved in stone or moulded in stucco with this typical design such as conventional hanging lamps, running borders, and interlaced symbols. These sculptures were gradually developed and enriched by the imaginative mind and skilled handling of the Bijapur artisans. During the entire regime of the Adil Sahi dynasty, the Islamic architecture that started with plain and simple type of building gradually became more elaborate. Its high character was maintained throughout their period. Among the various remarkable Indo Islamic architectures of Bijapur province, there are four major monuments that represent the building art in its most significant facet. These are the Jami Masjid, one of the earliest monuments to be constructed; the Ibrahim Rauza, one of the most complicated constructions; the Gol Gumbaz, and the Mihtar Mahall, depicting it in its miniature with refined and delicate manner.
The first building constructed in the beginning of the Adil Shah's regime was the Jami Masjid, built by Ali Shah I (1558-80). It is constructed in the southeast part of Bijapur city and is the finest example of Indo Islamic architecture of that province. It is a large structure, as its plan forms a rectangle 450 feet by 225 feet, and has an entrance gate to the eastern side of the mosque. It also has two more gates in the south and north direction respectively. The walls of this building offer a considerable area of plain masonry, with two rows of arcades one above the other, the lower being merely ornamental, but the upper row is open and discloses an arched corridor resembling a loggia. The courtyard of the mosque is a square of 155 feet side, whose three sides contains superb range of arches, seven on each side, whereas on the western end forms the facade of the sanctuary. Above the middle of the sanctuary, there is the square arcaded clerestory, supporting the great dome. The architecture of this mosque has been designed in a different way and retains all of the intellectual power and dignity. The dome of the mosque is a hemispherical in shape, its peak rising up into a massive metal finial crowned by the symbol of the falcate and is a remarkable example of the Indo Islamic architecture in Bijapur. The interior of the sanctuary of this mosque consists of a large hall of 208 feet by 107 feet divided into five walkways on substantial masonry piers. Its centre portion is seventy-six feet in diameter and contains twelve arches, three on each side, and the arches on the above produces an octagonal cornice for the support of the base of the dome. Although, the mosque was started by Adil Shahi I, it was finished during Sultan Muhammad's regime and its northern wall was added by Aurangzeb.
The second famous Indo Islamic architecture in Bijapur of this era is the Ibrahim Rauza, a mausoleum situated outside the city walls on the western side. It is the tomb of the fifth king of the Adil Sahi dynasty, Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1580-1627). The rauza consists of two main buildings, a tomb and a mosque with certain accessories all standing within a single square enclosure. It is the most perfect creation of its kind. The mausoleum is only 450 feet square, while the tomb building inside is only 115 feet. The entire architecture for every part was carried out in a most meticulous manner. Two major buildings present within the enclosure of the mausoleum having an oblong terrace 360 feet long by 150 feet wide, at the eastern end of which is the tomb and at the western end facing it is the mosque. These buildings were constructed to made balance and volume, but the tomb is manifestly the more splendid conception. In its arrangements this mausoleum building follows the usual tomb formula comprising a central chamber contained with an arched verandah, and the whole surmounted by a dome, all its parts being so combined so to present an elegant and harmonious effect. The arched verandah of the building consists of a row of pillars, forming a double arcade around the central chamber, providing a structural magnification preparing the spectator for the complete finesse of the interior scheme. The outer wall surface of the tomb chamber is ornamented with carving. Each wall is spaced into an arcade of three shallow arches. These arches are enclosed by borders and panels with a fine wharf at each angle of the building which provide the surface with graceful shapes which were filled in either with arabesques, repeating diapers, or traceries inscriptions. All these designs are distinctive of the Bijapur style of architecture, the artisans created a whole series of new forms merging the Islamic architecture into the indigenous style.
The third major monument at Bijapur of the Adil Shahi dynasty is the mausoleum of Mohammed Adil Shah (1627-57) commonly known as the Gol Gumbaz. This is a finest example of the Indo Islamic architecture in Bijapur during that era. It is also one of the largest and most remarkable single buildings in India of the Muslim era. The structure has a square chamber measuring nearly 160 ft on each side and covered by a huge dome 124 ft in diameter. Externally the body of the building is a great cube with a turret or tower attached to each angle, while over all hangs a large hemispherical dome. Its dome has no pillars and is the second largest in the world. At the edge of the dome has a circular balcony for devotees and visitors respectively. Anything can be heard clearly from one gallery to the opposite side. The towers present in the Gol Gumbaz consists of seven storeys in which the upper floor opens adjoining the dome. In the chamber of the mausoleum is a square shaped platform present in the centre of each side. The Gol Gumbaz is famous for its simplest architectural forms. Their architectural compositions were well balanced and satisfying especially of the ratio between the square mass below and the rounded portion above. This rounded portion had no complex curves, being in shape merely an immense inverted bowl. Some extensive structural feature of the period was undoubtedly required to finish off the angles of the composition, but it might have been an accessory less formal and in better proportioned stages than .these pagoda-like supporting turrets. The tomb of Mohammed Adil Shah is one of the finest logo Indo Islamic architecture in Bijapur. These artisans skillfully combined the various parts like arches, cornice, arcade, foliated parapet and fluted drum; all disposed in an artistic and effective manner upon a structural foundation of simple forms and produced a wonderful architecture.
There are numerous other buildings constructed during the Adil Sahi dynasty. Some of them are Shah Karim's tomb, the tomb of Shah Nawaz, a group of mosques in the Shahpur suburb, the Anda masjjd, Malika Jahan Begum's mosque, and Ali Shahid Pir's masjid. However, the most remarkable building among this is the Mihtar Mahall, which, was constructed in 1620 during the reign of Ibrahim Adil Shah II. This building was famous for the character of rauza. The exterior of this building is a wonderful conception; its facade consists of two slender buttresses rising up into elegant turrets, while the window has a projected balcony on brackets and shaded by an expansive eave. Among the other architectural elements present in the building are a doorway of pointed arches, with the arrangements of flat paneling, elaborations to the buttresses, as well as string-courses and moldings. All these are decorated wonderfully, exceptionally well rendered, and each contributing to the artistic appearance of the whole. The Indo-Islamic architecture of Bijapur province is of a decidedly ambler order, and has few significant features. It took the form of palaces and civic buildings produced to the order of the various rulers, often in a style of their own and also with the fusion of Islamic and Hindu culture.
The Indo-Islamic architecture of the Bijapur province indicates their achievements by the superb quality of their workmanship in the medieval period. Their productions, as a whole, their masonry construction was excellent in India, as well as their stonework was also superb, almost equal to that of the Romans. Their brickwork, as shown in the implementation of their domes proves that they were fully aware about the preparation and their application of their materials. The presence of the architecture of intersecting arches was unique and famous construction of Adil Sahi dynasty which were accepted and developed by several other Muslim rulers for a long period in all branches of the building art in that province.
More Articles in Islamic Architecture (53)
Mughal Architecture (35)
Mughal Architecture Durin... (4)
Provincial Indo- Islamic ...
Origin of Islamic Archite...
Development Of Islamic Ar...
Architecture During Khalj...
Architecture During Tughl...
Architecture during Sayyi...
Indo- Islamic Architectur...
Indo Islamic Architecture...
Mughal Architecture Duri...
Recently Updated Articles in History of India
• Surat Split
Surat Split is an important event in the modern history of India. It took place in 1907 when the moderates parted company with the extremists. The split in the Indian National Congress undermined national movement in the country.
• Young Bengal Movement
Young Bengal was a group of Bengali free thinkers from Hindu College in Calcutta, who were also known as Derozians.
• Indian Renaissance
Indian Renaissance marked the beginning of a new era of socio-spiritual consciousness started by the reformers, which witnessed the spontaneous participation of native intellectuals. The impact of Western ideas gave birth to new awakening.
• Banawali
Banawali, Haryana is a famous archaeological spot belonging to Indus Valley Civilization. It has revealed artefacts from Pre-Harappan, Mature Harappan and Post Harappan period and several houses containing fire altars, lapis lazuli, gold beads and seals.
• Vedic Literature
Composed in Sanskrit, the Vedic literature consists of the Vedas, Upanishads, Vedangas, Sutras, Upavedas, Shastras and Puranas.


To acquire insight in the goals, value and limitations of technological forecasting.
To acquire the ability to execute a basic technological forecast.
Technics and Future by TU Delft OpenCourseWare is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at https://ocw.tudelft.nl/courses/technics-and-future/.


text:
HUGH OF ST. CHER, Speculum Ecclesiae (The Church's Mirror); [ANONYMOUS], Text on Confession (incomplete)
In Latin, decorated manuscript on paper
Southern Netherlands or Northern France, c. 1380-1400
12 folios on paper, rather thick with obvious laid lines (watermark, letter 'P' with two lines ending in a cross, very close to Briquet no. 8465: Troyes 1385; and no. 8470: Southern Holland, 1388), eighteenth-century(?) foliation in ink middle bottom margins, main text complete, second text beginning on verso of the last leaf is incomplete (collation, one quire of twelve leaves), no signatures or catchwords, frame ruled in lead with simple full-length vertical bounding lines (justification 160-155 x 120-110 mm.), written in a cursive gothic book hand in two columns of thirty-one lines, opening rubric copied in a larger gothic book hand, red paragraph marks, one-line red initials, larger red initial f. 1, spots, stains, and damage to initial f. 1, paper and binding are fragile, first leaf unattached and many very loose. Modern card binding with parchment spine, separated from text at front and back. Dimensions 217 x 143 mm.
Hugh of St. Cher was an important thirteenth-century Dominican theologian. His commentary on the Mass is one of his less studied yet most influential works – a veritable bestseller of the later Middle Ages. This manuscript is of special interest as a physical object, since it is an early example of a text copied on paper in a cursive gothic book hand, a harbinger of the cheaper books of the fifteenth century that revolutionized the book trade and the availability of the written word.
1. Evidence of the script and watermark support an origin in the Southern Netherlands or Northern France, c. 1380-1400. The watermark, a letter 'P' surmounted by a cross, is a close match in size and shape to examples published in Briquet from Troyes in 1385 and Southern Holland in 1388 (Briquet 8462, Brunswick, 1379, is also similar in size; Online Piccard, no. 106553, Arnhem 1428, and no. 106554, Nijmegen 1425, are similar in shape, but are smaller).
This evidence suggests that our manuscript may be an important witness to the earliest production of paper in northern Europe. The earliest European paper mills were in Italy; a mill at Fabriano dates from c.1276 (an even earlier mill produced paper at Jàtiva near Valencia in Spain, then still under Arab rule). By c. 1340, paper production had proliferated in northern Italian towns, and the process then spread north of the Alps. An early mill is recorded at Mainz, and there were mills at Troyes by 1348, and in Holland in the 1340s and 1350s. In the fifteenth century paper was a common material for many types of books, although it never replaced parchment entirely. The use of paper (less expensive than parchment) and cursive book hands, which allowed scribes to work more quickly, made it possible to produce more affordable manuscript books for an ever-growing literate public (Kwakkel, 2003).
2. An attentive early reader added verses in the upper and lower margins of f. 1, and in the lower margins of ff. 2 and 3; on 3v, he cites comparative passage in works by Hilary of Poitiers and Jerome.
3. Eighteenth-century "No 174" in the upper margin, f. 1; this same hand probably added the foliation in the lower margins.
4. Belonged to Harold Marshall of Harlesden: his early twentieth-century illustrated printed bookplate pasted inside the front cover, above a contemporary cutting from a catalogue with this as item "33."
5. Cataloguing notes, inside front cover, in pencil, on the watermark; owners's and dealers's notes, "33/884" and "A.2591"; typed label on the front cover, with "A.2591" in pencil, identifies this as Hugo de S. Caro, circa. 1<4?>50 (with the "4" expunged), also in pencil; and inside back cover, "516/61,", "637," and "200."
ff. 1-12, Incipit tractatus supra missam qui vocatur speculum ecclesie …, incipit, "Induite vos armaturam dei ut possitis stare adversus insidias dyaboli. Hec armatura est vestis sacerdotalis … hominem in bonis operibus etc.," Est finis istius libri. Nota bene.
Hugh of St. Cher, Tractatus super missam qui vocatur speculum ecclesie (Treatise on the Mass that is called the Church's Mirror); Bloomfield, 1979, no. 1589, listing approximately 33 manuscripts; Kaeppeli, 1970-1974, vol. 1, pp. 276-280, no. 1990, listing over 240 manuscripts; first printed in 1475-1476 (in Rome and Louvain), and many times thereafter in the fifteenth century; GW 13581-13592, 13594-13624; 47 editions listed in the Incunable Short Title Catalogue. Modern edition, Sölch, 1940, using five manuscripts; new edition (and translation), forthcoming by Anthony Lappin and Donald Prudlo, Rome, Arcane Press.
Sölch (1940) suggests the text was transmitted in two main versions; the text in this manuscript seems generally to agree with his second version, but study of selected passages reveals differences (cf. for example the verses underlined in red on f. 3, which are different than those printed by Sölch, p. 16).
f. 12v, incipit, "Confiteri volentes tam clerici quam layci debet esse … et super hiis et aliis//"
Unidentified text on confession that proceeds through the senses, using concrete examples, such as sinning through the sense of hearing by preferring to listen to fables rather than sermons or other divine services, or through touch, by touching a woman's breasts.
The main text here is that of the Speculum Ecclesiae or Tractatus supra missam by Hugh of Saint-Cher (c. 1200-1263). Hugh was born in Saint-Chef near Vienne. He studied canon law and theology at the university of Paris, and entered the Dominican Order in Paris in 1225. He was the provincial prior for France, c. 1227-1230, read the Sentences and became a master of theology at the University of Paris c. 1230, and became the conventual prior of St. Jacques, the Dominican convent in Paris, c. 1233. He was elevated to the Cardinalate in 1244, and served the papacy for the remainder of his life. His output as a scholar was prodigious, including commentaries on the Historia scholastica and the Sentences. His name is associated with three of the most important thirteenth-century works on the Bible, almost certainly prepared by teams of friars working under his supervision while he was prior of St. Jacques, the biblical concordance, commentaries on the whole Bible, and a biblical correctorium (listing variant textual readings). His work changed the nature of biblical exegesis for the remainder of the Middle Ages.
The Speculum ecclesie, or Treastise on the Mass, was one of the bestsellers of the later Middle Ages, surviving in over 240 manuscripts (many from the fifteenth century), and numerous printed editions. It begins with a discussion of the liturgical vestments worn by the priest, and then proceeds through the Mass, section by section. Although Hugh includes practical information on how the Mass is said (for example, noting that the Gloria is not said during Advent), he is most concerned to explain to his audience of priests what the words and actions mean, frequently linking them to biblical passages.
This work belongs to a long tradition of liturgical commentaries by medieval theologians who were interested in exploring the true meaning of the words and actions of the liturgy. Alcuin (d. 804), Remigius of Auxerre (d. 908), Pope Innocent III (d. 1216), William Durandus (d. 1296), and Bernard de Parentis (d. 1343) (TM 853, available on this site, is a copy of his commentary on the Mass), to name a few among many, all wrote commentaries of this sort. Liturgical commentaries shed essential light on how people experienced the liturgy; there are liturgical practices that are known today only from their descriptions in liturgical commentaries. Reading a treatise such as Hugh's brings the liturgy to life. Important as a source for scholars of the liturgy, it also holds interest for historians investigating Dominican education and exegesis.
Louis-Jacques Bataillon, Gilbert Dahan, et Pierre-Marie Gy, eds. Hugues de Saint-Cher (+1263) : bibliste et théologien, Turnhout, 2004.
Bloomfield, Morton W. Incipits of Latin works on the virtues and vices, 1100-1500 A.D., Cambridge, Mass., 1979.
Franz, Adolf. Die Messe im deutschen Mittelalter, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1902, pp. 474-475.
Gy, Marie. "Expositiones missae," Bulletin du Comité des études de la compagnie de St. Sulpice 22 (1958), pp. 223-232.
Kaeppeli, Thomas. Scriptores ordinis praedicatorum medii aevi, Rome, 1970-1974.
Kwakkel, Eric. "A New Type of Book for a New Type of Reader: The Emergence of Paper in Vernacular Book Production," The Library 7th series, 4 (2003), pp. 219-248.
Sölch, Gisbert. Hugo von St Cher und die Anfänge der Dominikanerliturgie: eine liturgiegeschichtliche Untersuchung zum Speculum ecclesiae, Cologne, 1938.
Sölch, Gisbert. ed. Tractatus super missam seu speculum ecclesiae, Opuscula et textus historiam ecclesiae eiusque vitam atque doctrinam illustrantia: Series liturgicam 9, Aschendorff, 1940.
Roger Reynolds, "Treatises on the Liturgy," Dictionary of the Middle Ages, ed. Joseph Strayer, New York, 1982-1989, vol. VII, pp. 624-633.
"Medieval Liturgists," in Vogel, Medieval Liturgy: An Introduction of the Sources, revised and translated by William Storey and Niels Rasmussen, Spoleto, 1981, pp. 12-17.
Watermarks, Briquet Online:
http://www.ksbm.oeaw.ac.at/_scripts/php/BR.php
Watermarks, Piccard Online
http://www.piccard-online.de/ergebnis1.php
Incunable Short Title Catalogue, British Library
http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/


Bungalow rooms have light and airy interiors with windows the full width of the room and a lovely balcony with garden or sea view. These rooms are decorated with natural materials in contemporary Thai style.
*** All bookings must be complete through our online reservation system on the website only, we don't accept booking by Phone, E-mail.


text:
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace EncompassRest.Services.AUS
{
    /// <summary>
    /// AUSPreferences
    /// </summary>
    public sealed class AUSPreferences : ExtensibleObject
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Whether or not user to import the underwriting conditions specified by Fannie Mae in its underwriting report returned in their response.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty(NullValueHandling = NullValueHandling.Ignore)]
        public bool? ImportConditions { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Specific type of underwriting conditions to import.
        /// </summary>
        [JsonProperty(NullValueHandling = NullValueHandling.Ignore)]
        public StringEnumValue<AUSConditionType> ConditionType { get; set; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home History
Battle of Asal Uttar
In news- The Indian Army recently held a ceremony to mark the anniversary of the Battle of Asal Uttar and honour Company Quarter Master Havildar (CQMH) Abdul Hamid, Param Vir Chakra (Posthumous) of 4 Grenadiers, at his grave and war memorial in Punjab.
About the Battle of Asal Uttar-
The war memorial to the Battle of Asal Uttar is located at the outskirts of Chima Village in Tarn Taran district of Punjab.
The Battle of Asal Uttar was one of the largest tank battles fought during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
It is compared with the Battle of Kursk in the Second World War for how it changed the course of the Indo-Pak war of 1965 in India's favour.
This was the area in which the Pakistan Army had launched an offensive with an armoured division and made an attempt to capture Indian towns of Raya and Beas and thus cause a major chunk of Indian Punjab to be cut off from the rest of the country by securing the bridge over the River Beas.
The Battle took place from September 8 to 10, 1965 with the result being the decimation of the Pakistani attack and total rout till Khemkaran.
However, the town itself remained under Pakistani occupation till after ceasefire and it was exchanged back for Indian-occupied areas in Pakistan.
The Indian battle strategy was the brainchild of Brigadier Thomas K. Theogaraj.
Pervez Musharraf, later Army Chief of Staff and former President of Pakistan, participated in this battle as a lieutenant of artillery in the 16 (SP) Field Regiment, 1st Armoured Division Artillery.
This battle led to the creation of Patton Nagar (or "Patton City") at the site of the battle because a large number of Patton tanks fielded by the Pakistani forces were either captured or destroyed at the scene.
The battle also witnessed the personal bravery of an Indian soldier, Abdul Hamid, who was honoured with the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military award, for knocking out seven enemy tanks with a recoilless gun.
His grave is maintained by the 7 Infantry Division of the Army and every year a function is held to honour him.
Hareka Religion
Egypt unveils may be the oldest and "most complete" mummy
Etikoppaka toys
Military parade during Indian Republic Day
Padma Awards for Art 2023
Assam's Charaideo moidams burial sites
Buddhist monastery complex discovered at Bharatpur of Bengal
1200-year-old miniature votive stupas discovered
Maghi Mela
How Madras State became Tamil Nadu


Lowell Bailey, of United States of America leaves the course after the 2x6-kilometer wome's + 2x7.5-kilometer men's mixed relay biathlon at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, Feb. 20.
In this Feb. 10 file photo, Kim Yo Jong, sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, right, and North Korea's nominal head of state Kim Yong Nam, wait for the start of the preliminary round of the women's hockey game between Switzerland and the combined Koreas at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Gangneung, South Korea.
Lowell Bailey, of the United States, looks at the targets before shooting during the men's 10-kilometer biathlon sprint at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, on Feb. 11.
The price in American dollars, according to CNBC, it cost South Korea (240 million won) to host the younger sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un and her entourage during their three-day visit for the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. A South Korea Ministry of Unification official — under the condition of anonymity — relayed the information to CNBC and said the money was mostly spent on accommodation, transportation and food for the four members of the delegation and their 18 staff members. Kim's sister, Kim Yo Jong, and the other North Korean officials stayed at the Walkerhill Hotel, a five-star riverside hotel in eastern Seoul. Kim Yo Jong and her delegation traveled between Seoul and the Winter Olympics venue on the eastern coast of South Korea, and South Korean officials also hosted meals for them at top-class hotels. In comparison, the International Olympic Committee paid roughly $50,000 for the training and preparation of North Korea's 22 Olympic athletes, or about $2,300 each. The Unification Ministry said earlier this month it approved a record budget of about $2.6 million to host the 418 North Korean delegates who didn't appear in competition — almost $6,200 each.
In the wake of the school shooting in Parkland, Florida, U.S. Olymic biathlete and marksman Lowell Bailey offered up his thoughts on gun control.
The North Carolina native added that he does not own an AR-15 and has no desire to get one.
The sport of biathlon requires daily training and responsibility when using a firearm. Bailey added that he supports the assault weapons ban that was in place in the U.S. for 10 years and then allowed to expire in 2004. He also said that U.S. gun laws have come up in conversations with competitors from other countries while at the Olympics.
While at the Olympics, gun laws in South Korea require competitors like Bailey to keep their guns at the Olympic venue, locked away at all times unless they are using them for practice.


text:
Q: PHP mysql usage of FIND IN SET to search column values here is my db  table "lessons"

When ur adding data with multiple age groups and countries i want to check whether its already exists on db
example name cannot be duplicate for same country + age comibination
if name = "sw" user cannot added country 1 or 4 or 5 or 3 for age 2 again
EDIT
$age1 = explode(",", $age);
$country1 = explode(",", $country);

foreach($age1 as $ages)
{
    foreach($country1 as $country2)
    {
        $where = "find_in_set( $country2,`country`) <> 0 AND find_in_set( $ages,`age`) <> 0 AND `name` = '" . $name . "'";
    }

}

please check the below outcomes...
 var_dump($age);exit;

string '2,1' (length=3)

var_dump($country);exit;

string '1,4,2,3' (length=7)

 var_dump$country1

array (size=2)
  0 => string '2' (length=1)
  1 => string '1' (length=1)

var_dump($age1);exit;
array (size=4)
  0 => string '1' (length=1)
  1 => string '4' (length=1)
  2 => string '2' (length=1)
  3 => string '3' (length=1)

A: Here You used $where same variable two time, here no use of it.
$where = $country." IN  country AND ".$age." IN age";
$this->db->select("music_lessons","*",$where);
$res = $this->db->getResult();

return the result num of rows