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England and Wales Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) Decisions
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> England and Wales Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) Decisions >> F, R. v [2013] EWCA Crim 424 (14 March 2013)
URL: http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2013/424.html
Cite as: [2013] WLR 2143, [2014] Crim LR 136, 177 JP 406, (2013) 177 JP 406, [2013] EWCA Crim 424, [2013] 2 Cr App R 13, [2013] 1 WLR 2143
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Neutral Citation Number: [ 2013] EWCA Crim 424
Case No. 2013/01031/B5
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL
WC2A 2LL
LORD JUSTICE TREACY
MR JUSTICE SAUNDERS
HIS HONOUR JUDGE MILFORD QC
(Sitting as a Judge of the Court of Appeal Criminal Division)
R E G I N A
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Mr I Dixey appeared on behalf of the Applicant
Miss E Laws QC appeared on behalf of the Respondent
LORD JUSTICE TREACY:
This case is to be reported as Regina v F. Although the judgment to be given does not identify any party by name, we make clear that any report should be in anonymised form.
This is an application by the prosecution for leave to appeal against a terminating ruling pursuant to section 58 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. The respondent, F, is charged on an indictment containing one count of rape and one count of sexual assault. The complainant, H, is profoundly deaf and has mild to moderate learning difficulties.
The respondent is the partner of H's sister. The offences are alleged to have occurred during a visit by H to the respondent's flat on 29 April 2011. H, who was aged 24, alleges that on the occasion of the visit the respondent touched her breasts and had vaginal intercourse with her. She says that those acts took place without her consent. She had visited the respondent's flat in order to retrieve a pram for her sister or her cousin.
In interview the respondent denied the offences. He stated that he had never been alone with H.
The Crown asserts that its case is supported by CCTV footage showing H's movements in the vicinity of the flat in a 15 minute period on the evening in question.
Although a complaint was made promptly, there have been a number of unfortunate delays in the case prior to 11 January 2013. On 11 January 2013 the judge held a competency hearing in relation to H, the defence having raised the issue about a month beforehand. In 2012 there had been prepared a report from Craig Flynn, a registered intermediary, who had assessed H. His report recommended special measures, including the use of an intermediary to enable H to give her account to the court. By January 2013 Mr Flynn was unavailable and so another intermediary was instructed, Miss de la Croix. She, too, prepared a report which again recommended special measures, including an intermediary. Both Mr Flynn and Miss de la Croix proceeded on the basis that it was possible for H to give evidence. Miss de la Croix said that H had the communicative ability to give evidence.
In addition to those reports, the prosecution file included a transcript of an ABE interview with H which had been video-recorded.
On 19 February 2013 the judge delivered her ruling. She found that H was not a competent witness. Her reasons were, firstly, that there were difficulties in asking H questions about body parts, without partially suggesting the answer to her by way of leading question. Her second reason was that H had difficulty with concepts of time, and abstract concepts would also be difficult if not impossible for H to grasp, let alone answer.
The test of competence is set out in section 53(3) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. It provides:
"A person is not competent to give evidence in criminal proceedings if it appears to the court that [she] is not able to --
(a)	understand questions put to [her] as a witness, and
(b)	give answers to them which can be understood."
Once the issue of competence has been raised by the defence, it is for the Crown to satisfy the court on the balance of probabilities that its witness is competent. In determining the question of competency, the court is to treat the witness as having the benefit of any special measures which the court has made, or proposes to make, in relation to the witness: see section 54(4). In this case it appears that the parties proceeded on the basis that the witness would have special measures, including an intermediary and a British sign language interpreter, and that the witness would give evidence over a live link. Moreover, it was intended that H's ABE video interview would be played at trial as part of her examination in chief.
Section 67 of the 2003 Act provides that the Court of Appeal may not reverse a ruling on an appeal under this Part of the Act "unless it is satisfied (a) that the ruling was wrong in law; (b) that the ruling involved an error of law or principle; or (c) that the ruling was a ruling that it was not reasonable for the judge to have made".
The Crown argues that the competency hearing was flawed or ineffectual and that as a result the judge's ruling was premature or wrong and/or unreasonable in the circumstances. The Crown also argues that the judge applied the wrong statutory test in considering the competency of H.
However, before we address those grounds there is a preliminary point which is taken by the respondent. It is argued that this court has no jurisdiction to hear this appeal because the prosecution failed to comply with the terms of section 58 and rule 67.2(1)(a) and (2) of the Criminal Procedure Rules 2012. In particular it is submitted that the terminating ruling was made on 16 January 2013 and was communicated to the respondent, and that no notice was given of the prosecution's decision to appeal either to the judge or to the defence until 19 February 2013.
Rule 67.2(1)(a) requires an appellant to tell the Crown Court Judge of any decision to appeal "immediately" after the ruling against which the appellant wants to appeal. As was confirmed in R v T [2010] EWCA Crim 711, that strict obligation exists, notwithstanding the absence of the word "immediately" from section 58(4) of the Act.
The factual position is this. The hearing took place on 11 January 2013. At the end of the hearing the judge said that she would give her ruling in the following week. From the transcript, the judge's comments implicitly envisaged a ruling to be given in open court. What in fact happened was that on 16 January the judge e-mailed her ruling to counsel. That was later forwarded to the CPS. The court did not, in fact, reconvene until 19 February 2013, but in the interim the prosecution had considered the e-mail and had decided that it would appeal. On that date the court had listed the matter " for judgment".
When the court reconvened counsel for the prosecution referred to the e-mail as the judge's "proposed judgment in this case" and enquired whether " for present purposes that is your judgment?" The judge confirmed that it was, and said that it was not necessary to repeat what was in the e-mail. The prosecutor said that what was in the e-mail was what they had expected to be in the court's judgment and so, having considered that, the Crown wished to appeal "that ruling formally being delivered on 19 February 2013". To that observation the judge replied "Yes". The Crown then proceeded to give the necessary undertakings.
The point which is taken is that the Crown had been aware for some time prior to 19 February of the judge's e-mail and had not indicated to the defence any intention to appeal, (at least certainly not before 16 February 2013); nor had the Crown so notified the judge at any point prior to 19 February. Accordingly, the rules had not been complied with and this court has no jurisdiction.
We do not consider that this objection has substance. It is plain from a reading of the terms of section 58 and rule 67 that the ruling after which the Crown must indicate its desire to appeal is a ruling given in the court room. The judge had proceeded by rather more informal means, which did not involve making a ruling in court, or anything which would be recorded as a formal order of the court prior to the hearing of 19 February. Accordingly, we do not consider that judgment was delivered until 19 February when the judge confirmed that her e-mail represented her ruling on the matter in open court.
Quite apart from the inconsistency of the more informal procedure with the language of the statute, it seems to us that the informal procedure adopted is one which has the potential to be bedeviled with imprecision if it were to suffice as a step in proceedings requiring immediate action by the Crown. The e-mail was not something that the judge had proposed or indicated to the parties. The transcript implies a ruling at a further court hearing. The e-mail itself, beyond stating that the prosecution's application is not granted, makes no order of any sort relating to the consequences of the ruling or the next stage in the proceedings.
20. There was in this case an undesirable degree of informality surrounding what happened. It is easy to envisage various practical problems arising if an e-mail of this sort were to suffice. These provisions under the terminating ruling legislation are strict, and an informal procedure is wholly inconsistent with them. The e-mail which was sent to counsel contained the warning that it was intended "only for the attention of the addressee". We regard this informal procedure as a courtesy by the judge to counsel, but no more. It would be wrong to accord it the status of a formal ruling triggering the strict rules applying to appeals against terminating rulings. We reject the argument as to jurisdiction.
We turn to the substance of the application. This court has considered the ABE interview and accompanying transcript. It shows that H was, with the assistance of sign language interpreters, able to give a comprehensible account of her allegations relating to both offences charged. We do not say that the process was a straightforward one, but with time and patience an account emerged which revealed alleged offences and when, where and how they came to take place. By the time of the hearing the judge had not seen the DVD recording of the ABE interview. She asked to see "perhaps half a dozen questions" so as to get the flavour of it. We understand that a relatively brief extract was played in court. Then, using the proposed special measures, including an intermediary and a signing interpreter, prosecuting counsel asked H questions of a general nature, to which she responded satisfactorily. Counsel then started to embark on questions asking H to point to different parts of her body. At that point the signing interpreter intervened, indicating that any question posed would have to be leading in part because the interpreter would have to point to a body part as part of the question. There then followed a discussion involving the judge, the interpreter and prosecution counsel about the difficulties posed by this situation. The interpreter could not use finger spelling to see whether H could understand the name of the body part because he was unprepared for that. The intermediary suggested that drawings or pictures might be used, but that suggestion was not taken up. In the event the prosecutor asked no more questions.
We have seen a witness statement showing that the intermediary had brought anatomical drawings for use and that after the parties' questions had ceased, H saw them and indicated animatedly that she could point to places where she could recall being touched.
Counsel for the respondent asked some questions of a general nature, to which H was able to give intelligible answers. The judge then asked questions from which it became clear that the witness had difficulty dealing with concepts of time and abstract matters. It became apparent that those topics had not been covered by those assisting H in their assessment. After that the judge moved on to submissions.
The Crown argues that, having regard to the ABE interview and the responses which H had been able to make both to prosecution and defence counsel before difficulty was encountered over parts of the body, time and abstract concepts, it would have been appropriate for the judge to regard H as competent, but to keep that under review during the trial. The reports from the intermediaries had supported competence to understand and answer questions and to describe, as long as questions were put in a simple fashion and as long as appropriate assistance from an intermediary and signing interpreter was provided. In addition, the Crown argues that the decision as to competency was flawed because the difficulty over the body parts issue, which was identified by the judge as a reason for regarding H as not competent, was a reflection of the questioner's inability to find an effective and appropriate method of asking questions at the competency hearing. The problem arose over an issue of ability to communicate with H in a non-leading way, rather than an issue of H's comprehension and thus her competence. The attempts of counsel and judge to deal with the body parts issue represents a failure by them to communicate in a way which would enable the witness' competence to be properly tested. We note that the intermediary's suggestion of asking the witness to identify body parts by reference to pictures was not adopted.
As this court indicated at paragraph 42 in R v B [2010] EWCA Crim 4, the trial process must cater for the needs of witnesses. The competency test is not failed because the forensic techniques of the advocate or the processes of the court have to be adapted to enable the witness to give the best evidence of which he or she is capable. It is our clear conclusion that the hearing did not effectively explore H's ability to communicate.
26. We do not underestimate the difficulties of questioning vulnerable witnesses. It requires not only training, flexibility and sensitivity, but also time and patience. It seems to us that when difficulties were encountered, it became apparent that the intermediary had not had sufficient time to carry out a full assessment of H's skills which might enable communication to take place. Questions of time and more abstract concepts ran into difficulty when the judge, in an effort to obtain an answer to the witness' understanding of the seasons, posed questions about what a daffodil looked like. When the intermediary said that she did not think that the witness knew a daffodil as such, the judge said that she did not wish to ask any further questions.
We have come to the conclusion that in the circumstances the exercise carried out was not a fair test of the witness' competency. The shortcomings of this process seem to us to owe much to a lack of preparation and a lack of ability to respond flexibly to the difficulties which arose. There are now substantial materials available to those who have to deal with the questions of competency and the use of intermediaries. We draw attention to the publication " Raising the Bar: the Handling of Vulnerable Witnesses, Victims and Defendants in Court" -- a Report of the Working Group of the Advocacy Training Council of the Bar published in 2011. In the same vein the Crown Court Bench Book has a section dealing with intermediaries. Relevant issues are also discussed by this Court in R v B (already referred to), particularly at paragraphs 33 to 43.
In response to the submissions made, in his helpful written submissions to the Court Mr Dixey argued that the procedure indicated in R v MacPherson [2006] 1 Cr App R 30 at paragraphs 25 and 26 was followed. That authority gives the briefest of references to the practicalities of handling competency issues. Since that judgment was given, matters have moved on considerably and much more detailed guidance is now available, not least in R v B and elsewhere.
The respondent also submits that the judge adopted the correct test of competency, as set out in section 53(3), the Crown having submitted to the contrary. True it is that in her ruling the judge had set out the appropriate test, but she based her conclusion that H was not a competent witness firstly on the body parts issue. In relation to that the judge proceeded on the basis that the interpreter would have to point to the body part in question and that in doing so it would shed little or not light on the witness' true understanding of the question.
In our judgment, the judge substituted the issue of the interpreter's difficulties in communicating for the test of whether the witness could understand questions and give intelligible answers.
The second limb of the judge's reasoning related to difficulty with concepts of time and other more abstract concepts. In this respect the procedure adopted was for the reasons already mentioned an unsatisfactory way of testing the witness' understanding and ability to make herself understood. It did not represent, in our judgment, a valid or thorough test, and so the judge's conclusion in this respect is thereby undermined.
It is further submitted by Mr Dixey that the ruling was essentially a decision of fact and an exercise of judgment based on evidence heard by an experienced judge. As we have said, we do not underestimate the difficulties confronting the judge below, but we have found that the procedure was so flawed that the conclusions reached cannot be relied on as any fair test of competency.
Finally it was argued that, since the burden of proof was on the Crown, their failure to ask appropriate questions should preclude them from appealing this matter. We regard the failure which took place as one which, for whatever reason, was not solely that of the Crown. Whilst it can in no sense be said to be the fault of the respondent, the reality is that what was intended to be a test of competency was seriously flawed. Moreover, there were in our judgment strong indications that H did indeed satisfy the competency test. They are: (a) the ABE interview; (b) the reports from the intermediaries; and (c) the ability by both counsel at the hearing to pose questions which were understood and which received intelligible answers. The judge herself recorded in her ruling that H could understand and answer questions posed in a simple and uncontroversial manner.
Those matters were not addressed in the judge's ruling. Instead, the judge based herself on what transpired when difficulties arose in the hearing, but which in our judgment represent a failure by those involved to engage in a true and fair test of competency.
The interests of justice are plainly broad enough to encompass the interests of the alleged victim in having the opportunity to have her competency to give evidence considered properly by the court. The exercise carried out below fell short of that. It led to a ruling by the judge which cannot be sustained. Although the respondent is in no way at fault for what occurred, that does not mean that this court should decline to grant the relief sought. Nor does the reference by the respondent to other asserted delays and failures by the Crown and the history of these proceedings provide a reason why leave should not be granted.
We have considered Mr Dixey's submissions about the very substantial delays which have occurred in this case and the fact that the respondent was told of the judge's ruling by defence counsel or solicitors after the e-mail had been sent to defence counsel. That was a disclosure which was not authorised by the e-mail. It serves to illustrate the problems which arise when informal procedures are adopted. Counsel, however, makes the point that the respondent had been informed through those channels of the judge's apparent ruling on the issue of competency. We view the situation as one which is very different from that which obtained in R v M [2012] EWCA Crim 792, where the defendant was told in court at the time of the judge's ruling in court that the proceedings against him were being terminated. That situation is not comparable to the present one.
Accordingly, we are not persuaded that this is a case for refusing leave. We grant leave.
We conclude that section 67 is satisfied. We find that the ruling was wrong in law and that it was not a reasonable one for the judge to have made. Accordingly, we reverse the ruling on the lack of competency and we order that the proceedings are resumed in the Crown Court pursuant to section 61(4)(a), the judge below having adjourned those proceedings.
It will be a matter for the parties to consider how the matter should proceed below. The respondent might seek a fresh competency hearing. Alternatively, the parties may agree to proceed without pursuit of the competency issue, at least initially. The authorities make clear that, even if competency is assumed or ruled upon in favour of the witness by the judge, the judge is under a continuing duty to keep the matter under review. Moreover, a party is not precluded from raising the issue during the course of the trial if matters develop in a way which justifies it. When there is material of the sort which was available in this case, for example the ABE interview and the reports, the court and the parties should carefully consider whether a competency hearing is, in fact, necessary at the initial stage of the case. In some circumstances such a hearing may serve to do no more than cause delay, increase expense and put unnecessary strain on the witness. Those, however, are matters for the parties and the judge to consider at the resumed hearing.
We conclude our judgment by expressing our deep concern about the delay which has occurred in this case. The allegations which were made were raised as long ago as 29 April 2011. Accordingly, we direct that the resident judge at the court concerned be informed of this court's judgment and of this court's great concern that the matter be listed as a matter of extreme urgency.
Mr Dixey, Miss Laws, is there any other matter with which the court needs to deal?
MISS LAWS: Might I have one moment, please?
THE LAW REPORTER: Might I ask about reporting? I believe there are statutory restrictions in place, unless they are specifically lifted by the court. I was not clear from your opening remarks whether you are lifting those restrictions?
LORD JUSTICE TREACY: We will deal with that in a moment. We will treat that as an application, and I will hear what counsel have to say in a moment.
THE LAW REPORTER: Thank you.
MISS LAWS: I have nothing more to add.
MR DIXEY: My Lord, the question arises as to whether in all the circumstances it is appropriate for the same judge to continue with this case?
LORD JUSTICE TREACY: That is not a matter for this court. That will be a matter, it seems to us, for the judge herself to consider and for the resident judge who has responsibilities which relate to the allocation of work to consider as well. It is not for us to express an opinion about that. Thank you for raising it though.
We have been asked about the question of reporting. You will see that the way in which the judgment has been given identifies no party concerned with the case, nor does it identify the court centre at which this matter has been listed. In those circumstances is there any objection to the reporting of the matter in an anonymised form?
MISS LAWS: No.
LORD JUSTICE TREACY: Mr Dixey?
MR DIXEY: I cannot immediately see that there could be.
LORD JUSTICE TREACY: Speaking for myself -- and I invite you to respond to this comment -- I cannot see any realistic possibility that publication of this judgment in the form in which it has been delivered is something that can prejudice the trial which will take place, subject to any further issue about competency issues.
MR DIXEY: Yes.
LORD JUSTICE TREACY: Do you have any counter-submission to that?
MR DIXEY: I do not think I can sensibly raise an objection.
LORD JUSTICE TREACY: No, thank you very much. The matter may be reported within the strict constraints which I indicated at the start of the judgment. Thank you very much.


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Where Have All the U.S. Stocks Gone?
By Kevin Kroskey, CFP, MBA July 10, 2017
A recent Wall Street Journal article, citing a study by the Center for Research in Security Prices, tells us something remarkable about the times we are investing in: the number of stocks on the U.S. market has quietly diminished by more than half over the last 20 years. In November 1997, investors could choose from 7,355 U.S. stocks. Today, there are fewer than 3,600.
Most of the decline has come from vanishing companies ranging from small to microcap — the sort of names you probably haven't heard of. Small stocks have diminished from more than 2,500 in 1997 to fewer than 1,200 today. Microcap companies that are even smaller numbered nearly 4,000 in 1997, compared to 1,900 today. Some went out of business, while others were gobbled up by larger companies or private equity firms. Meanwhile, instead of new companies going public to replace those that have retired from the market, venture capital firms are allowing younger ventures to stay private for longer.
The article talks about several possible consequences. Since the surviving companies tend to be larger and better known, it becomes harder for professional asset managers to get an information edge or find small undiscovered gems that are undervalued. The declining roster of stocks may also mean that a long era of higher returns from small cap stocks compared to larger firms could be coming to an end or somewhat diminished. But the truth is that nobody knows what the investment consequences will be from the quiet shrinkage of investment options, or for that matter, if this trend will reverse itself.
To Your Prosperity,
Kevin Kroskey, CFP®, MBA
Adapted with permission from BobVeres.com
Source: https://www.wsj.com/articles/stock-picking-is-dying-because-there-are-no-more-stocks-to-pick-1498240513
65-80 Year Olds … A New and Exciting Demography
By Kevin Kroskey, CFP, MBA August 03, 2017
Should today's 70-year-old American be considered "old?" How do you define that term these days? Statistically, your average 70-year-old has just a 2% chance of dying within a year. The estimated upper limits of average life expectancy is now 97, and a rapidly growing number of 70-year-olds will live past age 100.
Perhaps more importantly, today's 70-year-olds are in much better shape than their grandparents were at the same age. In most developed countries, healthy life expectancy from age 50 is growing faster than life expectancy itself, suggesting that the period of diminished vigor and ill health towards the end of life is being compressed.
A recent series of articles in the Economist magazine suggest that we need a new term for people age 65 to 80, who are generally healthy and hearty, capable of knowledge-based work on an equal footing with 25-year-olds, and who are increasingly being shunted out of the workforce as if they were invalids or, well, "old." Indeed, the arti…
Common Estate Planning Mistakes
By Kevin Kroskey, CFP, MBA December 01, 2017
The most common way to transfer assets to your heirs is also the messiest: to have a will that is so out of date that it doesn't relate to your property or estate, to have your records scattered all over the place, to have social media, banking and email accounts whose passwords only you can find—and basically to leave a big mess for others to clean up. Is there a better way? Recently, a group of estate planning experts were asked for their advice on a better process to handle the transfer of assets at your death, and to articulate common mistakes.The list of mistakes included the following: Not regularly reviewing documents.What might have been a solid plan 15 or 20 years ago may not relate to your estate today. The experts recommended a full review every three to five years, to ensure that trustees, executors, guardians, beneficiaries and healthcare agents are all up-to-date.You might also consider creating a master document which lists all your social media and online accounts and pas…
Major Changes in Northeast Ohio Health Insurance Marketplace & Open Enrollment
By Kevin Kroskey, CFP, MBA November 02, 2017
The Affordable Care Act -- aka Obamacare -- has become an important program for many retirees who need health insurance to bridge the gap from when employer coverage exhausts until eligible for Medicare at age 65. For those utilizing these plans and especially those that use Medical Mutual of Ohio for their insurance, it's time to review your options during the open enrollment season.
As reported earlier this year, in partnership with New York City-based Oscar Health, Cleveland Clinic announced it is making its first entrance into the health insurance market with a product bearing its name. The co-branded health insurance plan will be available in Cuyahoga, Summit, Lorain, Medina and Lake with coverage beginning Jan. 1, 2018.
The Clinic also will not be participating in Medical Mutual of Ohio's (MMO) -- a large insurer of northeast Ohioans and headquartered in Cleveland -- individual ACA products in 2018, as Crain's Cleveland Business first reported. MMO switched to a Heal…

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Treasures of the Balkans & Transylvania
Active pace
Single Share available
Based on 29th Sep 2020
Balkans and Transylvania
Discover the treasures of the Balkans on this holiday that travels through Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania. On this Balkans and Transylvania tour, visit the capitals—Budapest, Belgrade, Sofia, Bucharest—as well as some of the fascinating towns and cities—Novi Sad, famous for its citadel; Plovdiv, with its picturesque old town centre; Veliko Târnovo, Bulgaria's capital during the Middle Ages; Sinaia, a lovely ski resort; Brasov, a charming medieval town famous for its town square filled with baroque architecture and outdoor cafés; Sighisoara, one of Romania's prettiest towns with 11 medieval towers within the city walls, cobblestone streets, ancients houses, and churches; and Cluj Napoca, Romania's film capital.
Enjoy sightseeing throughout this tour with highlights including visits to Sofia's Bojana Church, a medieval Bulgarian Orthodox church listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site; Plovdiv's Roman Amphitheatre, built between the 1st and 2nd centuries and one of the world's best-preserved ancient theatres; Arbanassi's Church of the Nativity, built in 1637 and housing an outstanding collection of frescoes; Sinaia Monastery, built between 1690 and 1695; Rila Monastery, with a history dating back 10 centuries and today a UNESCO World Heritage Site; and Peles Castle, a masterpiece of German new-renaissance architecture built in the 1880s and nestled at the foot of the mountains—considered one of the most romantic and stunning European castles. In Bucharest, visit the open-air Village Museum, showcasing traditional village life with a collection of traditional farmhouses, cottages, wind and watermills, and artisans' workshops from all parts of the country. Last, but not least, visit Bran Castle, built in 1377 with imposing towers and turrets, and once inhabited by Vlad the Impaler—better known as Dracula.
This Balkans and Transylvania tour is designed for value-minded, savvy travellers. It's a once-in-a-lifetime holiday!
BUDAPEST Guided sightseeing
NOVI SAD Visit
BELGRADE Guided sightseeing
SOFIA Guided sightseeing, visit Bojana Church
RILA Visit the Monastery
PLOVDIV Old Town and visit Roman Amphitheater
VELIKO TÂRNOVO Visit Arbanassi Village and the Church of the Nativity
BUCHAREST Guided sightseeing, visit open-air Village Museum
SINAIA Visit the Monastery and Peles Castle
BRAN Visit the legendary Castle of Dracula
BRASOV Orientation of the Old Town, visit Black Church
SIGHISOARA & CLUJ-NAPOCA Visit
Opt to share a twin room with a fellow traveller, and if there's no one to share with you'll get a room to yourself at no added cost!
Our single share option will match you with a fellow solo traveller of the same gender in a twin room, so you don't have to pay a single supplement. If there's no one available to share with, you don't pay any additional single supplement. Please call us to book a single-share holiday.
12 breakfasts, 4 dinners
ARRIVE IN BUDAPEST, HUNGARY
Check into your hotel. Take advantage of the CosmosGO app to visit Budapest at leisure. In the early evening, meet your Tour Director and fellow travelers.
Budapest is a treasure trove of architectural wonders, from Gothic to Baroque; Neoclassical to Art Nouveau, but also full of history, a food capital, and surprisingly rich in thermal waters. Discover all of this and more during the guided city tour.
BUDAPEST–NOVI SAD, SERBIA–BELGRADE
Travel to Serbia. Stop in Novi Sad, capital of the province, situated on the Danube River and famous for its Petrovaradin Citadel, the fortress known in the west as the "Gibraltar of the Danube." Continue to Belgrade, and discover the capital of Serbia on a guided city sightseeing tour.
Today's Distance: 267 mi/ 430 km
BELGRADE–SOFIA, BULGARIA
Cross the border into Bulgaria to arrive in the capital city of Sofia. Join a Local Guide for a city tour that includes the Parliament building, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, BOJANA CHURCH, a medieval Bulgarian orthodox church listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the National Theater, and St. Sofia Church.
SOFIA. EXCURSION TO RILA MONASTERY.
This morning, discover Rila MONASTERY with its colorful frescoes, located inside a nature park. Its checkered history goes back to Ivan Rilski, a hermit who founded it in 927. During the long Turkish rule over the country, the monastery became a beacon of Bulgarian culture. Return to Sofia.
SOFIA–PLOVDIV–VELIKO TÂRNOVO.
Head eastwards to Plovdiv, Bulgaria's second-largest city, located along the banks of the Maritsa River. Stop here to visit the charming Old Town and the ROMAN AMPHITHEATER. Journey northwards through fine scenery over the Stara Planina Mountains to Veliko Târnovo.
VELIKO TÂRNOVO–BUCHAREST, ROMANIA.
Today, time to see some of the highlights of Veliko Târnovo, located on the Yantra River. During the Middle Ages, it was Bulgaria's capital and it still retains some of its most attractive medieval features. Visit nearby Arbanassi, world famous for its house design, a cross between a dwelling and a fortress. The village is known as an architectural and historic reserve and was at one time the summer residence of Bulgarian kings. One of the highlights of the visit is the CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY, built in 1637. Carry on north to Rousse and cross the Danube to reach Bucharest. Today's Distance: 130 mi/ 210 km
BUCHAREST.
Flower-festooned parks, gardens, and wide boulevards shaded by century-old trees contribute to Bucharest's beauty. The highlight of your sightseeing tour is a visit to the open-air VILLAGE MUSEUM, a unique collection of traditional farmhouses, cottages, windmills, watermills, and artisans' workshops from all parts of the country. Your Local Guide will show you other places of interest, including the Government Victoria Palace, the Royal Palace, and the Savings Palace. There is also an optional afternoon visit to the massive Romanian Parliament, known as the "House of the People."
BUCHAREST–SINAIA–BRASOV.
Travel to Sinaia in the Prahova Valley. This is a lovely ski resort, almost 3,300 feet above sea level. While in Sinaia, there will be time to visit the SINAIA MONASTERY and PELES CASTLE, considered among the most romantic castles in the world. Only a few more miles and you reach Brasov, a lovely medieval town famous for its town square filled with baroque architecture and outdoor cafés.
BRASOV.
This morning, depart for Bran and visit its legendary CASTLE, built in 1377 and inhabited by Vlad the Impaler—better known as Dracula. In the afternoon, a walking orientation of the Old Town of Brasov includes a visit to the BLACK CHURCH, followed by leisure time.
BRASOV–SIGHISOARA–CLUJ-NAPOCA.
Stop in Sighisoara, a medieval town with 11 towers within the city walls that surround cobblestone streets, ancient houses, and churches—one of Romania's prettiest towns. Legend has it that it is also the birthplace of the notorious Vlad (Dracula). Continue to Cluj-Napoca, the film capital of Romania.
CLUJ-NAPOCA–BUDAPEST, HUNGARY.
Cross the border at Oradea into Hungary and return to Budapest.
Your vacation ends with breakfast this morning.
Porterage
Individual audio system
Budapest - Ibis Styles City West
Located at the west gate of Budapest this 114-room property offers Free Wi-Fi access and lobby bar.
Budaorsi Ut 88, Budapest, Hungary
Belgrade - Best Western Hotel M
Hotel M Belgrade is located in one of the most beautiful and peaceful parts of Belgrade, surrounded by greenery of park "Banjica". Hotel M has 180 stylish, fully-equipped rooms featuring great comfort.
Blvd. Oslobodenja 56 A, Beograd, Serbia
Sofia - Crystal Palace
Crystal Palace four star-rated Boutique Hotel opened in 2004 is one of the most distinct hotels in Sofia.
14 Shipka Str. Sofia, Bulgaria
Veliko Tarnovo - Yantra Grand Hotel
The 4-star Yantra Grand Hotel is part of the Bulgarian Hotel Chain Sharlopov Hotels. Situated at Velchova zavera Square in Veliko Tarnovo - the old capital of Bulgaria, the hotel welcomes guests all year round and offers excellent conditions for recreation and amusement, business meetings, seminars and company celebrations. The hotel will charm you with a magnificent view of the Tzarevets Fortress, the Architectural reserve village of Arbanassi and the University of Veliko Tarnovo.
2 Opalchenska Str. Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria
Bucharest - Pullman Bucharest
10 Montreal Square, Bucharest, Romania
Brasov - Aro Palace
With a history of over 70 years, inaugurated with great fast in 1939, Aro Palace is the only 5 star hotel in Brasov. In 1963 it was extended by building a new assembly, and in 2005 was upgraded to five star standards. The hotel has a privileged position being situated in the centre of town. Because of the experience accumulated over the years, we managed to exceptionally harmonise business with pleasure and provide a service guaranteed to meet your needs.
Bdul Eroilor 27-29, Brasov, Romania
Cluj Napoca - Golden Tulip Ana Dome
Located only a few minutes away from downtown Cluj-Napoca, the Golden Tulip Ana Dome hotel will impress you with its superb urban view. Close to shopping malls, business centres and recreation areas, Golden Tulip Ana Dome is the perfect choice for leisure or business travel. The newest Golden Tulip Hotel in Cluj-Napoca sets the highest standards of quality and elegance.
Observatorului Street 129, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Brasov, Transylvia
Athens & 7 Night Eclectic Aegean Islands Cruise
Your 7-night cruise on the Aegean Sea begins and ends in Athens. Start with an overnight and guided...
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Athens & 7 Night Idyllic Aegean Islands Cruise
Discover the Eastern Med
Starting in the medieval walled city of Dubrovnik, also a filming location for Game of Thrones, and...
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text:
Magnificent seven (Motion picture : 1960)
MADS/RDF Title
Names Collection - FRBR Work
Work Begun
(edtf) 1960
Work Locale
(naf) Philippines
(lcgft) Motion pictures
(lcgft) Feature films
(lcgft) Fiction films
(lcgft) Action and adventure films
(lcgft) Western films
(lcgft) Film remakes
Additional Related Forms
Battle beyond the stars (Motion picture)
Return of The magnificent seven (Motion picture)
Roberts, William S., 1913-1997
Shichinin no samurai (Motion picture)
Sturges, John, 1910-1992
The Magnificent Seven Label from public data source Wikidata
found: Bernstein, Elmer. The magnificent seven, p1998.
found: IMDb, April 12, 2019(The Magnificent Seven (1960); Action, Adventure, Western; Director: John Sturges; Writer: William Roberts (screenplay); Country: USA, Philippines)
found: Wikipedia, April 12, 2019(The Magnificent Seven; 1960 American Western film directed by John Sturges; Old West-style remake of Akira Kurosawa's 1954 Japanese film Seven Samurai; in 2013, the film was selected for the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant"; directed by: John Sturges; produced by: John Sturges; screenplay by: William Roberts; uncredited: Walter Bernstein, Walter Newman; country: United States; three sequels were made: Return of the Seven (1966), Guns of the Magnificent Seven (1969), and The Magnificent Seven Ride (1972); the film inspired a television series, The Magnificent Seven, which ran from 1998 to 2000; science fiction movie Battle Beyond the Stars was a remake of The Magnificent Seven set in space; a remake of the film, with the same title, was released on September 23, 2016, directed by Antoine Fuqua)


The department welcomes Pablo F. Gómez as an Assistant Professor. In addition to a Ph.D. in History of Medicine and Latin American History from Vanderbilt University in 2010, Pablo completed his M.D. at CES University, Medellín, Colombia, in 1994. His interests include History of Medicine and Science in the Atlantic World, Latin America, and the African Diaspora; Early modern corporeal epistemologies; and Race and medicine. Welcome Pablo!


text:
Promotion is my career…
Canary Talk
Nathan Stirk/Getty Images Sport
Promotion is my career highlight, says McLean
Henry Jackson
Norwich City midfielder Kenny McLean says promotion to the Championship is the highlight of his career to date.
McLean did his bit for the Canaries in 2018/19, making 22 appearances as the they returned to the Premier League as champions.
He became an increasing presence as the campaign progressed, with Daniel Farke seeing him as a key man.
Norwich clinched title glory on the final day at home to Aston Villa, capping off a fantastic season.
Speaking to the club's official website, McLean says promotion was an unrivalled moment in his career so far:
It [promotion v Blackburn] was the highlight of my career and I'm sure that's the case for a lot of the boys. It's one we'll remember for a long, long time.
It was fitting to do it at home in front of the fans. The way they've been this season, behind us every game, selling out away grounds all over the country. It's not easy, we know it's tough for them. They spend a lot of money.
Everybody in the dressing room appreciates it. We couldn't have done it without them. It's just been so memorable.
We went out and played with a bit of freedom. We just enjoyed our football and enjoyed the game. We were cruising but conceded a sloppy goal.
It was just pretty comfortable though and that's been us all season. We have a young squad but we have the temperament to see games out.
The pictures speak for themselves. I can hardly put that feeling into words. It was special.
The 27-year-old will hope to remain an important figure in the Premier League next season, as Farke's side return to the top flight for the first time since 2015/16.
He will likely have a battle on his hands, however, with new players expected to come in and bolster the squad.
Should McLean perform like he did at the backend of the season, he could shine in the Premier League.
Gallery: Norwich's last 5 Premier League finishes
2015/16 - 19th
Norwich's last Premier League campaign was a disappointing one, ending in relegation to the Championship.
They just never quite had the quality to stay up, with Dieumerci Mbokani top scorer with just seven goals.
Relegation also came the Canaries' way in 2013/14, with promotion achieved straight away the following campaign.
A Luis Suarez masterclass away to Liverpool summed up the gulf in quality between Norwich and the top sides.
Chris Hughton was in charge of Norwich back in 2012/13, impressing as boss.
He guided them to a very respectable 11th-place finish, comfortably keeping them in the Premier League for another year.
It was Paul Lambert who was manager before Hughton and he did almost an equally impressive job.
Finishing 12th was a good effort, before Lambert left the club.
There was a long wait between Premier League appearances in 2005 and 2011, following relegation in the former and six years in the wilderness.
An incredible relegation battle saw Norwich go down on the final day, after a 6-0 defeat at Fulham.
Schalke 1-2 Norwich: Four things learned
Norwich Player Ratings: FC Schalke (Pre-season)
Farke pleased with Norwich business so far
Five things Norwich need to do to thrive in the Premier League
Oliveira expected to finalise move to Athens on Friday
Norwich approach Chelsea over deal to sign Palmer
Read more from Henry Jackson
Norwich City News 24/7
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Adam Lallana and Bobby Duncan pick up injuries on US tour
Read Liverpool • By Ste Hoare


text:
Miguel Cabrera homers again, inches closer to Triple Crown
By Bill BaerAug 25, 2013, 7:55 PM EDT
Tigers third baseman Miguel Cabrera homered again as he continues to inch closer to the AL home run lead, and subsequently another Triple Crown. The homer, a two-run shot off of Mets starter Dillon Gee in the first inning this afternoon, marked #42 on the season, leaving him four shy of Orioles first baseman Chris Davis, the current leader.
Cabrera leads Davis in runs batted in, 128 to 118 and has a sizable lead in batting average over Mike Trout, .360 to .328. Should Cabrera successfully pass Davis in home runs by the end of the season, he would become the third player to win multiple Triple Crowns, joining Rogers Hornsby (1922, '25) and Ted Williams (1942, '47). He would be the first to win two in consecutive seasons.
Behind a solid start by Rick Porcello, the Tigers brought a 4-3 lead into the top of the ninth inning before exploding for seven more runs against Mets relievers LaTroy Hawkins and Scott Atchison. With the win, the Tigers maintain their six-game lead over the Indians in the AL Central.


By building a science-based knowledge foundation, research is the cornerstone of all checkoff-funded marketing, promotion, education and information programs. The beef checkoff's Human Nutrition, Product Quality, Safety, and Sustainability research programs are contained in the Science & Product Solutions Department at National Cattlemen's Beef Association (NCBA), a contractor to the beef checkoff. Market Research is conducted as part of NCBA's Market Research & Planning Department.
Beef Issues Quarterly is a checkoff-funded online publication reporting on key issues affecting the beef industry.


text:
where is purple loosestrife native to
Habitat. 2. This herbaceous, ornamental perennial was first documented in the 19th century and it is likely purple Loosestrife was introduced either accidentally in ship ballast water or intentionally as colorful garden ornamental. In Australia the species occurs in all eastern states including Tasmania. This is a noxious pandemic of an invasive plant in North America, and is not indigenous. Now the highest concentrations of the plant occur in the formerly glaciated wetlands in the Northeast. An important factor for the growth and flowering of the purple loosestrife is, in addition to regular watering, the annual fertilization in spring. It has gradually spread throughout much of the United Stat… It was well-established in New England by the 1830s, and spread along canals and other waterways. Despite being on heavy clay soil and not near any water where I usually seen it, it always attracted plenty of bees! The purple loosestrife plant (Lythrum salicaria) is an extremely invasive perennial that has spread throughout the upper Midwest and Northeastern United States.It has become a menace to the native plants in the wetlands of these areas where it chokes out the growth of all its competitors. Conflicting evidence from several ecological metrics. You can grow Purple Loosestrife in drier conditions however flowering is usually do as good. full sun; in shaded conditions it may be smaller in stature or have michigan.gov/invasives species profile. E-Mail: jonathan.mcknight@maryland.gov, Call toll-free in *Maryland* at 1-877-620-8DNR (8367). Populations can expand quickly and form dense stands that crowd out native vegetation. The plant was also spread by early settlers and is still used in flower gardens and occasionally sold in nurseries today. Purple loosestrife grows primarily in freshwater wetlands, 1-877-620-8DNR, Ext. Citizens are advised to help prevent an 'explosion' of the plant in their flowerbeds. Since it was introduced, purple loosestrife has spread westward and … Testing began in Europe and was completed in North America between 1987 and 1991 prior to the insects being approved for release. Seeds also came in caught in raw wool or on It will adjust to varying light conditions and water levels. Use as a medicinal herb: bleeding gums, skin inflammation, indigestion, sore throat, and many more, Use in: flower beds, bouquets, pond planting, flower garden, natural garden, water garden, Winter hardiness: hardy, USDA Plant Hardiness Zones: 3. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Since it was … It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Purple loosestrife is a wetland plant native to Europe and Asia that was brought to North America the early 19 th century. Purple loosestrife was probably introduced multiple times to North America, both as a contaminant in ship ballast and as an herbal remedy for dysentery, diarrhea, and other digestive ailments. Habitat: Purple loosestrife thrives along roadsides and in wetlands. Botanical Name – Lythrum salicaria; Common Name – Purple Loosestrife It spread to Wisconsin from Europe or Asia in the early 1800s. listed bog turtle. It is still sold in nurseries as a sterile variety; however, it can still produce viable seeds with wild varieties. However, due … New stems emerge from the perennial roots enabling the plant to establish dense stands … used to give weight and stability to trans-Atlantic sailing vessels. Exotic purple loosestrife invasion of native cattail freshwater wetlands: effects on organic matter distribution and soil nitrogen cycling. 4. Google it and you'll see what I mean. Purple Loosestrife Lythrum salicaria. See the list on the sidebar. Purple loosestrife is native to Europe and Asia where insects and diseases native to that area have kept it in check. The purple loosestrife forms a wonderful flower ensemble with tall grasses such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), sword grass (Miscanthus) or the small reed (Calamagrostis). If you have a sore throat, you can gargle with purple loosestrife tea and rinse your mouth if you have sore mouth. What does purple loosestrife look like? This website uses cookies to improve your experience. You can still undertake purple loosestrife control after flowering. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Purple loosestrife is an erect perennial herb in the loosestrife family, with a square, woody stem and opposite or whorled leaves. Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a restricted species in Michigan. See also: Invasive Plant Fact Sheets (link is external) for plant species (trees, shrubs, vines, herbs and aquatic plants) that … 1997). U.S. Distribution: Purple loosestrife has been introduced to every state except Florida. See more ideas about Purple loosestrife, Plants, Wild flowers. Purple loosestrife has been introduced multiple times into North It has been used as an astringent medicinal herb to treat diarrhea and dysentery; it is considered safe to use for all ages, including babies. Identifying purple loosestrife in spring (click image to enlarge) Spring purple loosestrife stem tops and seed pods. Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a flowering plant that is native to Europe and Asia. Native Range: Europe and Asia. The stems can be chewed against bleeding gums. The common loosestrife in North America has been shown not to displace native plant species, and it is also a source of food for many insects. Purple loosestrife is native to Europe and Asia where insects and diseases native to that area have kept it in check. It's illegal to plant purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and its cultivars. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. In late summer, purple loosestrife carries egg-shaped capsules three to four millimeters (0.12 to 0.16 in) long. https://www.invasivespeciescentre.ca/invasive-species/meet-the-species/invasive-plants/purple-loosestrife/. With this bacterial disease, dark, black and sharply rimmed spots appear on the lower and upper leaf side. Prefers moist soils and shallow waters where it competes with native wetland plants. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. It is native to Europe and Asia, and is responsible for a considerable amount of the degradation to wetlands throughout the United States. (410) 260-8539 The flowers open from July to September in the form of a narrow pseudospiklet at the ends of the stable stems. According to the U.S. Purple Loosestrife can displace the location of the native plants and cause them to move to another location. spread from ballast fields near harbors where ballast was dumped in New This plant has the ability to produce as many as two million seeds in a growing season, creating dense stands of purple loosestrife that outcompete native plants for … American and least bitterns all avoid nesting in purple loosestrife. The perennial tolerates direct sunlight as well as waterlogging, but it also tends to overgrow. navigable waters soars into the millions. See this plant in the following landscape: Cultivars / Varieties: Tags: #purple #sun #showy flowers #invasive #perennial #pink flowers #weedy #summer flowers #illegal Plants or perennials in the water that receive groundwater do not need to be watered additionally. 8539 Since it has a mild effect, it can also be used for small children, for example if they have diarrhea. This plant grew abundantly in my former neighbour's allotment. MORE PICTURES. Because both have the property of storing water, which is then gradually released into the soil. use. livestock forage quality and quantity declines in purple loosestrife The species was unintentionally introduced to the United States' Great Lakes through contaminated solid cargo ship ballast as well as through the deliberate importation of seeds. by the 1860s. Local Concern: Given the right conditions, purple … cost. The edged, persistent stems are partially branched and grow from a rhizome. Purple Loosestrife. Herbarium and garden records from the 1880s and 1890s show These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Infestations result in dramatic disruption in water flow in rivers and canals, and a sharp decline in biological diversity as native food and cover plant species, notably cattails, are completely crowded out, and the life cycles of organisms … In the wild, the deciduous and robust plant grows on the edge of streams or ditches and within wetlands and waters. This perennial herb reaches a … It outcompete with natural plants and you should therefore take care off, that plants from your garden do not escape. The bright dark pink flowers of the purple loosestrife are not only a feast for the eyes, they also attract many bees and butterflies to the garden. Purple loosestrife is competitive and can rapidly displace native species if allowed to establish. Once established, the prolific seed production and dense canopy of purple loosestrife suppresses growth and regeneration of native plant communities. Golden marguerite – planting, care and tips, Large-leaved phlox – planting, care and tips. Dense root systems change the hydrology of wetlands. Purple Loosestrife Lythrum salicaria L. Loosestrife family (Lythraceae) NATIVE RANGE Eurasia; throughout Great Britain, and across central and southern Europe to central Russia, Japan, Manchuria China, southeast Asia and northern India DESCRIPTION Purple loosestrife is an erect perennial herb in the loosestrife family, with a square, woody stem and opposite or whorled leaves. Powdered it helps against heavy nosebleeds. (click image to enlarge) Spring purple … fewer blossoms. It tolerates a wide variety of moisture, nutrient, and pH conditions. presents challenges to the animal species living in that marsh. However, you should cut the flowers and seeds first and put them in plastic bags before cutting or uprooting the plant. For this reason, the plant should be supplied with water several times a day in midsummer. These cookies do not store any personal information. Due to the long flowering season, purple loosestrife plants have the ability to produce millions of seeds each year. Purple loosestrife grows well in Virginia rails and Purple loosestrife is now present in every U.S. state except Louisiana, Florida. We hypothesized that, when the showy invasive species Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) was present, pollinator visitation and seed set would be reduced in a native congener, L. alatum (winged loosestrife). The purple loosestrife has been introduced into temperate New Zealand and North America where it is now widely naturalised and officially listed in some controlling agents. The Furthermore, purple loosestrife can alter habitat for the federally The Lythrum salicaria is also a plant that is ideal for garden and swimming ponds. Purple loosestrife tea or tincture can also have a beneficial effect on diabetes because it lowers blood sugar slightly. 20 cm (8 in) deep or close under the water surface. Fickbohm SS, Zhu WX, 2006. Purple loosestrife is in the Lythracaea family which includes pomegranates and crepe myrtle trees. Visiting this page can not replace the visit to the doctor. Purple loosestrife seems to have relatively little direct economic Plant family: loosestrife family (Lythraceae), Other names: spiked loosestrife, purple lythrum, Planting time: March to April and September to October, Soil quality: loamy, calcipholous, nutrient rich, humus rich. 1 threat to 20 percent of wetland habitat in Maine's Acadia National Park. Purple loosestrife is native to Europe and Asia. Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a woody half-shrub, wetland perennial that has the ability to out-compete most native species in BC's wetland ecosystems. Purple loosestrife can quickly overwhelm and displace native plants. It was originally introduced to eastern North America in the early to mid-1800s. This can be especially damaging in wetlands whose native grasses and sedges provide important habitat, nesting opportunities and food for hundreds of species. including northern Africa, parts of Russia, parts of the Middle East, 3. n invasive and non-native species, purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)is the No. Then the roots are divided in the middle and then re-planted again. It bears bright dark pink flowers, magically attracts butterflies and bees, contains healing powers, has an uncomplicated disposition and loves damp, wet places. It is common in the Lower Fraser Valley and frequent on southern Vancouver Island and in the Okanagan. Plant characteristics and classification of purple loosestrife, Plant order, origin and occurrence of purple loosestrife, Purple loosestrife – cultivation and care, Purple loosestrife can be used for these ailments and diseases, Chicory – characteristics, cultivation and use, Field horsetail – Characteristics, cultivation, use and curative effect, https://www.invasivespeciescentre.ca/invasive-species/meet-the-species/invasive-plants/purple-loosestrife/, Aztec sweet herb – characteristics, cultivation, and use, Wild garlic – characteristics, cultivation, use and curative effects, Stevia – characteristics, cultivation, use and curative effects, cover with jute, straw and a layer of gravel, place the basket now max. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. As a result, the nutrients from decomposition are flushed from wetlands … With its 100 to 120 centimeters (40 to 48 in) high, bushy stature, the common loosestrife is a very large wild perennial. of Natural Resources Solution: A program that began with park funds … One problem is the ability of this plant too self seed, it is best not grown near waterways, agricultural land or forested areas as it can become a weed. The stemless leaves either sit as three whorls, two opposite each other and alternate on the stem. In addition to stagnant tap water and rainwater, pond water is also suitable for watering. Comments: This native plant should not be confused with Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife). The purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is native to Europe and Asia. Purple loosestrife is an aggressive plant that produces millions of seeds and takes over wetlands. Purple Loosestrife. Included in the tests were "feeding trials" which exposed the insects to approximately 50 species of plants including wetland species native to … It is important that this vessel has a suitable size because the plant can also reach a considerable width and an impressive height in water. All photos (except American bittern and bog turtle) by Kerrie Kyde, Jonathan McKnight Purple loosestrife is native to Europe and Asia. For medicinal use, you can cultivate other herbs which have similar properties. … Ideally, a long-acting perennial fertilizer should be used. This perennial herb reaches a height of 1.5 metres and usually has a number of erect stems. Leaves: Simple, opposite or whorled, lanceolate to oblong, entire, sessile. Maryland Dept. Click on images to view full-size . Purple loosestrife is native to many places around the world, including northern Africa, parts of Russia, parts of the Middle East, China, Japan, and most of Europe. However, the wild perennial from the loosestrife family (Lythraceae) spread there so much that in many places it is on sufferance and sometimes even fought. Your email address will not be published. Purple loosestrife is a prohibited invasive species. 2019 Status in Maine: Widespread. However, the cost of controlling it in natural wetlands and Purple loosestrife is a wetland perennial native to Eurasia that forms large, monotypic stands throughout the temperate regions of the U.S. and Canada. Lythrum salicaria, commonly called purple loosestrife, is a clump-forming wetland perennial that is native to Europe and Asia. If desired for folk remedies, I recommend volunteering to wade into marshes on weed patrol since each plant and root have to be removed to stop the millions of tiny viable seeds from each plant from overwhelming native species especially edibles such as "Ratroot" (native Cattails) and driving away wildlife. Vietnamese cilantro – characteristics, cultivation and use, Contents Plant characteristics and classification of chicoryOrigin and occurrence of the ChicoryPlant order of ChicoryLook and characteristics of the chicoryPlantLeavesFloweringRipeningChicory – cultivation and careLocationSowingFertilizationWateringDiseases and pestsWinteringUse of chicoryChicory in the kitchenPreparation of chicory coffeeChicory as […], Contents Profile of field horsetail:Plant characteristics and classification of the field horsetailOrigin and distribution of the field horsetailSystematics of Equisetum arvenseCharacteristics of the field horsetailSow and plant field horsetailField horsetail and its useIn the kitchenExcursus: […], Contents Plant characteristics and classification of golden margueritePlant order, origin and occurrence of golden margueriteCharacteristics of golden margueritePlantLeavesBlossomsFruitGolden marguerite – cultivation and careLocationSoilPlanting / SowingCare / Watering / Fertilization / PruningPropagationDiseases and pestsWinteringUse in the […], Please do not encourage planting Purple Loosestrife. Habitat Purple loosestrife grows in a variety of wet habitats, including wet meadows, marshes, river banks, and the edges of ponds and reservoirs. Associate Director, Habitat Conservation It shouldn't be confused with other plants whose common names are also loosestrife such as Fringed Loosestrife and Gooseneck Loosestrife, both members of the primrose family. Monotypic stands of purple loosestrife may inhibit nesting by native waterfowl and other birds. Purple loosestrife alters decomposition rates and timing as well as nutrient cycling and pore water (water occupying the spaces between sediment particles) chemistry in wetlands. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Invasive species cause recreational, economic and ecological damage—changing how residents and visitors use and enjoy Minnesota waters.Purple loosestrife impacts: 1. Consider growing native plants. It shouldn't be confused with other plants whose common names are also loosestrife such as Fringed Loosestrife and Gooseneck Loosestrife, both members of the primrose family. However, the wild perennial from the loosestrife family (Lythraceae) spread there so much that in many places it is on sufferance and sometimes even fought. Purple loosestrife is now present in every U.S. state except Louisiana, Florida. Such a shift in the density and number of species present in a marsh Swans and ducks eat this plant, but they used to eat other native plants before it was introduced. In spring, the purple loosestrife is pruned in the bed or as a culture in the pond a hand's breadth above the ground to ensure healthy new shoots. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Purple loosestrife Explanation : Sugar maple, poison ivy and spotted touch-me-not are native to North America. Purple loosestrife leaves decompose faster and earlier than native species (which tend to decompose over the winter and in particular in the spring). Asynchronous flowering - bottom of spikes open first. It was naturalized in North America in the 19th century and took the continent by storm. If it gets its position in the water, however, it must be ensured that the distance between the water and ground is only about 10 cm (4 in). The blooming sally is not easily controllable … Leaves are lance-shaped, stalkless, and heart-shaped or rounded at the base. The procedure for proper planting in the pond is as follows: In a sunny place in the garden, the purple loosestrife needs above all a lot of and regularly water, because with this perennial the soil must never dry out completely. While seeds can germinate in water, establishment is much more successful in moist substrate that's not flooded. Thirty-three states classify purple loosestrife as a noxious weed or require a permit for it. Provides unsuitable shelter, food, and nesting habitat for native animals. It is a strong and insensitive perennial in which diseases and pests occur very rarely. that it was widely planted, including horticultural varieties. Native Range: Europe and Asia. Apr 25, 2018 - Explore Loosestrifemovement's board "Purple Loosestrife" on Pinterest. Identification and Control Information (each will open in a new window) Maine Invasive Plants: Purple Loosestrife [PDF]—University of Maine Cooperative Extension ; Tips for Managing Purple Loosestrife [PDF]—Maine Integrated Pest Management Council; Species … Purple loosestrife produces square woody stalks 4 to 7 feet high. Description. Some leaf bases are heart-shaped and may clasp the main stem. • The 2-4 inch lance … The purple loosestrife is quite undemanding and easy to care for. Native plant populations Toll-free in Maryland: In the West, purple loosestrife invades irrigation projects. The purple loosestrife has its name from the hemostatic effect. These factors allow purple loosestrife to spread rapidly through wetlands and other areas where it chokes out other desirable native vegetation and eliminates open water habitat that is important to wildlife. It was introduced to North America as a garden plant but has since spread to wild areas and depleted natural habitat for native plants and animals. Mineral fertilizers from specialist shops or organic fertilizers such as horn shavings or compost can be used. In the mid-Atlantic, 580 Taylor Ave., E-1 It can grow 4-10 feet tall with opposite leaves. Native to Europe and Asia, purple loosestrife can be identified by its purple flowers which bloom from June to September. Description: Robust, perennial herb, 4-6', base of mature plant feels woody. It prefers full sun, but can tolerate shade. Itis a wetland fl view the full answer. South Carolina, and Hawaii. The beautiful perennial has a water-cleaning effect. states differ in their approaches, in most cases, noxious weeds are America, originally inadvertently in ships' ballast in the early 1800s greater cover for nest predators such as foxes. Previous question Next question Transcribed Image Text from this Question. The planting distance should be 30 cm to 40 cm (12 to 16 in). As a sitting bath, an infusion helps against vaginal infections. livestock shipped from Europe. Sometimes a crusty surface forms after drying, which is loosened carefully. The perennial propagates by self-seeding in spring when the shoots have not been cut and the seeds fall out of the spikes. If self-seeding is to be prevented, the faded parts of the plant should be cut off after the main bloom in autumn. However, the fascinating perennial must not be over-fertilized and under no circumstances should it contain too much nitrogen. Invasion: Purple loosestrife has been introduced multiple times into North America, originally inadvertently in ships' ballast in the early … The latter is an aggressive Eurasian plant that invades wetlands and forms dense stands that exclude other species. infested pastures. While not a threat to most terrestrial crop systems, purple loosestrife has affected the production of wild hay and wild rice, Lythrum salicaria or Purple loosestrife is the best know Lythrum as well as the most handsome one! and thereafter for horticultural, economic, or medicinal purposes. Lythrum salicaria & Lythrum virgatum. While seeds can germinate in water, establishment is much more successful in moist substrate that's not flooded. required to be controlled. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Purple loosestrife is a semi-aquatic herbaceous plant belonging to the loosestrife family, Lythraceae, native to the wetlands of Eurasia. On the main … Waterfowl food plants decrease in availability. Where purple loosestrife dominates, the invasive You can grow Purple Loosestrife in drier conditions however flowering is usually do as good. Purportedly sterile cultivars, with many flower colors, are still sold by nurseries. Purple loosestrife is native to many places around the world, Its antitussive effect and its abilities for skin diseases make it a good all-round medicinal plant. FACT: It took less than 20 years for purple loosestrife to establish a monoculture in an The flowers are showy and bright, and a number of cultivars have been selected for variation in flower colour, including: For example, it can winter in a bucket that is stored in a frost-free room such as the basement, the stairwell or the garage. This highly invasive plant was likely introduced when its seeds were included in soil used as ballast in European sailing ships and discarded in North America. It is also cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens, and is particularly associated with damp, poorly drained locations such as marshes, bogs and watersides. Purple loosestrife in its typical, damp, native habitat. Of course, if you have internal bleeding, you should definitely see a doctor and if the bleeding is severe you should go to the hospital. However, it is still legally available for sale in … Wetlands, 21(2):199-209; 39 ref. It not only has a diarrheal effect, but also antibiotic against pathogens in the intestine. The dense roots and stems also trap sediments and can clog waterways. With age, the stems become woody on the bottom. Herbs that lower blood sugar can only support the treatment. If the spike remain in the garden during the winter, the remaining seeds can serve as feed for the birds. The disease is favored primarily by high soil moisture and rain. Spectacular when in full bloom, Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a vigorous, upright perennial enjoying an extremely long bloom season from late spring to late summer. Applied externally as a wash or envelope, it helps with eczema, itching and wounds. But even if the plant receives sufficient moisture, it is important to water it regularly. Purple loosestrife leaves decompose quickly in the fall resulting in a nutrient flush, whereas leaves of native species decompose in the spring (Barlocher and Biddiscombe 1996; Emery and Perry 1996; Grout et al. Purple loosestrife is a tall, perennial wetland plant with reddish-purple flowers, which may be found in sunny wetlands, wet meadows, river and stream banks, ponds edges, reservoirs, and ditches. Purple loosestrife is designated as a noxious weed in Minnesota. Question 17 (1 point) Which of the following is NOT native to North America? wet areas, in forested swamps where it gets enough light, and in Has been widely planted as an ornamental where it escapes to nearby waterways. It was introduced to North America as a garden plant but has since spread to wild areas and depleted natural habitat for native plants and animals. Purple loosestrife affects natural areas by changing wetland physical Invasive Plants in Pennsylvania: Purple Loosestrife (PDF | 128 KB) (link is external) Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. It is hardly used in medicine, despite its diverse healing effects. I added this in the text above. Nevertheless, Lythrum salicaria can be affected by leaf spot disease. Purple loosestrife is native to Eurasia. If the propagation takes place by division, the perennial is first excavated from the ground. South Carolina, and Hawaii. Flowers: In long, crowded spikes, deep pink-purple, 5-7 petals, ½-¾" wide, mid-late summer in Maine. In Australia the species occurs in all eastern states including Tasmania. Purple loosestrife is a semi-aquatic herbaceous plant belonging to the loosestrife family, Lythraceae, native to the wetlands of Eurasia. For this, cut off withered blossoms in time, before the seeds ripen. This attractive plant is usually under four feet in height, but can … Purple Loosestrife is on Michigan's Invasive Species watch list.It blooms a cluster of purple flowers that can grow to be 4-10 feet tall and persist throughout the summer. Description: Purple loosestrife is a non-native herbaceous perennial with a stiff, four-sided stem and snowy spikes of numerous magenta flowers.Individual flowers have five to seven petals, and are attached close to the stem. Which of the following describes the most likely long-term consequence of the introduction of purple loosestrife?A. Where Does Purple Loosestrife Invade? The lance-shaped leaves are up to 4 inches long, and mostly opposite or in whorls of 3 (which may appear alternately arranged). One problem is the ability of this plant too self seed, it is best not grown near waterways, agricultural land or forested areas as it can become a weed. It features pink, purple or magenta flowers in dense spikes, up to 18 in. Purple loosestrife is not recommended nor is it legal for cultivation. The purple loosestrife can also be propagated by cuttings in summer or by division. For serious or unclear complaints, consult your doctor. They are lanceolate to oval in shape and have a rounded to heart-shaped leaf base. Is purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) an invasive threat to freshwater wetlands? plant was present as seed and propagules in the sand and shale that was … China, Japan, and most of Europe. and nests become more vulnerable because purple loosestrife provides
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where is purple loosestrife native to 2020


For Multilayer PCB Board manufacturing, FOISON PCB has been meet with RoHS and UL compliance. The layer count of the OSP Multilayer PCB Board is 4 Layers, and it was made with FR4 Board material with 1 Oz / 35 µm copper thickness. Also, the board size of this Multilayer PCB Board is 150 * 131 mm, with green solder mask and OSP surface treatment.


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Short Bio » TV Actress » Ellen Pompeo
Birthday: November 10, 1969
Birthplace: USA
Star Sign: Scorpio
Profession: TV Actress
Ellen Kathleen Pompeo is an American actress and producer. Ellen Pompeo was born in Everett, Massachusetts, on November 10, 1969, the daughter of Kathleen B. (née O'Keefe) and Joseph E. Pompeo. Pompeo moved to New York City at 26 where she was discovered by a casting director who signed her for an advertisement campaign for L'Oreal. She made her screen debut with NBC's legal drama Law & Order, and then appeared in several other television shows, including the dark comedy Strangers with Candy, the medical drama Strong Medicine and the sitcom Friends.
In 2015, Pompeo was ranked fourth in the list of highest paid TV actresses by Forbes, with the earnings of $11.5 million, a spot that she held on to the following year with the earnings of $14.5 million. Pompeo's other notable film roles include the comedy Old School(2003), the superhero film Daredevil (2003), the caper film Art Heist (2004), and the comedy-drama Life of the party (2005). In October 2007, she was honored with Special Achievement in Entertaining by the National Italian American Foundation for her achievement in the entertainment industry. Pompeo married producer Chris Ivery in 2007 and the couple have two children together.
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Congo's Cardinal Besungu appointed to Council of Cardinals
By Vatican News staff writer
Pope Francis' latest appointment to the Council of Cardinals brings an African perspective to the table.
Cardinal Ambongo Besungu of Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, is the most recent addition to the group of Cardinal Advisors tasked with assisting the Pope in the government of the Universal Church and in the drafting and revision of the new Apostolic Constitution that will replace the Constitution Pastor Bonus promulgated by Pope Saint John Paul II.
With the addition of Cardinal Besungu, there are now seven members in the group. Africa used to be represented by Cardinal Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya who left the Council at the end of 2018, together with Cardinals Pell and Errazuriz Ossa.
The other Cardinal Advisors have been confirmed. They are: Cardinals Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga, Archbishop of Tegucigalpa (Honduras) and coordinator of the group; Vatican Secretary of State Pietro Parolin; Seán Patrick O'Malley, Archbishop of Boston (USA); Oswald Gracias, Archbishop of Bombay (India); Reinhard Marx, Archbishop of München und Freising (Federal Republic of Germany); and Giuseppe Bertello, President of the Governorate of Vatican City State.
The Pope also appointed Bishop Marco Mellino as the new Secretary of the Council of Cardinals, in the place of Bishop Marcello Semeraro who has been appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.


Based on the data that it receives, Acquia Lift can help you to determine who your visitors are and what they're interested in, and then allow you to provide your visitors with information about their interests. Normally, this information is sent to Profile Manager as capture events from websites. But what if you have data about your visitors from other sources, such as your CRM system?
When you subscribe to the Omnichannel, you can export information from other data sources and then structure the information into an upload file that Profile Manager can accept. After you do this, you can import the file into Profile Manager for use with data that you're collecting from your website, enriching your view of your visitors.
Imports are processed every 15 minutes, at 0, 15, 30, and 45 minutes after the hour.
A Profile Manager upload file includes two sections to describe its data: a header section and a data section.
The current upload file version is 0.0.1.
Second line - A pipe-delimited ( | ) list of the import element fields that you want to use. There are 12 headers (marked as Required in the following table) that must be on this line. The other headers are not mandatory and can be excluded if they are not needed.
You can use any ordering for your user-defined fields in the import file and can also omit unused user-defined fields.
Finally, you can use the file to import information into custom fields that you have added to the Profile Manager service. Simply add each custom field's name to the end of the pipe-delimited list.
event_name - To import visitor information without associated events or touches, enter updatePerson for this field in the data section. When using updatePerson, Acquia Lift imports only the following fields for the record: identity, identity_source, and person_udf<i>.
If the actual data that you are importing includes pipes, enclose the data in double quotes to avoid misinterpretation of column values. For example, My company | a great company is interpreted as two column values, and "My company | a great company" is interpreted as a single column value. If the data that you are importing already includes double quotes, add a second set of double quotes to each double quote. As an example, while "My company | a "great" company" is interpreted as two column values, "My company | a ""great"" company" is interpreted as one column value.
Enter each event that you want to upload to Profile Manager on a separate line in the file, with each of the event's field separated by a pipe ( | ). The event_name, identity, and identity_source fields are required to be in the data section and must have associated values. The identity_source field must be a specific string as described in the File format section. Even though only three fields are required to be in the data section, pipes must still be included to indicate that the data is null for unused core headers.
The following page_example upload file is the most basic upload file template and contains only the required data fields.
The following is an example of a more complete import file with most of its fields set. Providing additional information for each field allows you to analyze events more comprehensively.
The File Import API includes a purgePerson event type that you can use to remove a person from your database. For more information about how to use purgePerson, see Purging a person from the database.
The File Import API allows you to import goal and decision information into Profile Manager. For more information about how to do this, see the Profiles API event_import <http://docs.lift.acquia.com/profilemanager/#event_import> documentation.


Using the "free energy" of the sun to cook a vegetable soup.
It was a hot July day, where the temperature was around 100 degrees Fahrenheit. We decided to cook a vegetable soup with the hot July sun and our "global sun oven".
The soup was cooked in stages, between 11AM and 4PM. We started by throwing in some coconut oil, onion and garlic, then added the japanese sweet potato later, then the broccoli and carrots, then finishing up with the coconut milk, water, herbs and spices.


The Covermate 1, is the top selling cover lift in the hot tub industry.
Easy to Use - Even the smallest of spa users can operate the Covermate 1 with ease. In fact, the exceptional design allows removal of your spa cover easier than other 'bargain brand' hydraulic cover lifts. Having the centre bar run the entire width of the cover, adds remarkable strength, thus making it much easier to remove your cover.
Solid Construction -The Covermate 1 is made with black powder coated aluminum bars and non-corrosive, composite mounting brackets. The 12 point (14", 35 cm) mounting system provides the ultimate in strength.
Attractive Design -The sleek, low profile, ergonomic look compliments any spa.
Space Efficient -As little as 10" (25 cm), clearance behind the spa is needed.
A Simple Design that works - It is proven to be absolutely trouble-free, with only one moving part and a built-in stop mechanism. There is no need to ever worry about springs or shocks needing to be replaced.
Will the Covermate 1 work for your hot tub?
Will it work for In-Deck Spas? Partially sunk-in is okay, as it mounts to the upper spa side of the cabinet.
It will not work on Octagon, Round or Hexagon shaped spa cabinets. It will work on hot tubs with 'Cut of Corners' that measure up to 14" (35 cm). Use the Covermate 1 with Extended Brackets for larger corners.
If your spa cabinet has rounded corners, the maximum corner radius this will work on is 10" (25 cm) - see below to measure the cabinet radius. If you have a 10" - 16" (25 cm - 41 cm) corner radius, you can use the Covermate 1 with Extended Brackets.
Covermate 1 specialty lifts for specific brands & larger hot tubs here.
Consider the Cover Ex built by Cover Valet. It is a comparable product for less!
We recommend The Spa Cover Saver to prevent damage to your hot tub cover seam. This is especially important with any center bar cover lift, if you have a large and heavy hot tub cover.
As always, FREE SHIPPING on ALL orders over $149!


We aren't really sure what Catfish is trying to be, reality make believe horror, a simple cautionary tale, or a more bizarre thriller? If you haven't seen the film or had it spoiled then you're with the rest of us, you don't know until you've seen it, we just know there's a secret to be revealed.
Now if you've watched any amount of thrillers in your time you probably can have a fair stab at what the story is going to deliver, and I reckon it's a pretty safe bet, but the intrigue and the guessing is the best bit. So that's why the new trailer works so well, it keeps the secret.
Unfortunately I don't think they have the build up as strong as they have in the longer length trailers, but it still works in this new Catfish trailer, even if it isn't creepy enough ending as the rest.
Catfish tells the story of a man who is being filmed by his friends who want to make a documentary about him and his new love, a love he's just met on the Internet on Facebook, a woman whom he hasn't met yet but has exchanged messages, pictures, and talked to on the phone.
The film builds to their first meeting when the man and his film-making friends head to her family farm to meet her for the first time, and capture it all on camera, and that's when the creepy music kicks in.
It's great that the secret is being kept, but don't expect it to be kept for long after general release. Get in there and find out for yourself first, and see if your guesses are right. I think they just might be, what other way could this go?
I can't keep myself away from trying to find something new out about the story and gain some hint about the ending, even though I don't actually want to know the answer. So reading all about actual Catfish, just in case there's a clue in the title, led me to read up more in Wikipedia, but that reveals little apart from the barbels, bottom feeding, the idea that the juveniles most often resemble the adults and Sexual dimorphism. There are a few things in there that are around the edges of what I've already been thinking, but it could go any way.


http://www.motherslovetifton.com ("the Site") is owned and operated by Mother's Love Child Care. Mother's Love Child Care is committed to protecting your personal information, being transparent about what information we collect, and giving you control over how we use it.
What Information Does Mother's Love Child Care Collect About Me?
Personalized retargeting is another form of internet based advertising that enables our advertiser partners to show you ads based on your online browsing away from http://www.motherslovetifton.com. For example, if you visited the website of an online book store you may start seeing adverts from the same book store displaying special offers or showing you the products that you were browsing when you come to http://www.motherslovetifton.com. This allows companies to advertise to people who previously visited their website.
Although these internet based advertising technologies can track your visits around the web they do not identify who you are personally. Even if you sign in to http://www.motherslovetifton.com, the internet based advertising data is still not linked to your personal information.
Mother's Love Child Care offers or links you connect to via emails.
How Can Mother's Love Child Care Use My Information?
How May Mother's Love Child Care Share My Information?
How Does Mother's Love Child Care Protect My Information?
Opting out of collection of Personal Information: You may, of course, decline to submit any Personal Information through http://www.motherslovetifton.com, in which case http://www.motherslovetifton.com may not be able to provide certain services to you.
This document is Copyright © 2015 Law Office of Lory Moore PLLC, and licensed for use by the owner of this website at http://www.motherslovetifton.com. All Rights Reserved. No portion of this document may be copied or used by anyone other than the licensee without the express written permission of the copyright owner.


Structural Engineer, Hershey, PA - Environmental Design & Research, Landscape Architecture, Engineering, & Environmental Services, D.P.C.Environmental Design & Research, Landscape Architecture, Engineering, & Environmental Services, D.P.C.
Environmental Design & Research, Landscape Architecture, Engineering & Environmental Services, D.P.C. (EDR) is seeking a Structural Engineer with Municipal Structural Engineering experience to support our growing Pennsylvania engineering group. The successful candidate should have a bachelor's degree, professional engineering license, and 5 plus years' experience with the design of environmental structures used in water and waste water treatment facilities. The ideal candidate will be team oriented and be able to manage multiple task with challenging deadlines. Knowledge of applicable building and material codes included IBC, ASCE, ACI and AISC is a must. This position will be responsible for preparing alternatives analysis, design calculations, project specifications and construction documents for new and retrofit of existing structures.
EDR is a multi-disciplinary environmental consulting and design firm that has been in business for nearly 40 years (since 1979). EDR's staff includes a diverse group of environmental, cultural, planning, visualization, municipal infrastructure, site/civil design, and landscape architectural professionals. Come join our team, work on interesting and challenging projects, and collaborate with our talented group of professionals!


Foliar FAQ - Midwest Bio-Tech, Inc.
How does plant sugar deter insects?
The only insect that can tolerate high plant sugar (above 10 brix or percent) is a grasshopper—all other insects cannot expel the gas created from digested sugars, and they would die if they consume a lot of sugar. As a natural defense, these insects can sense plants with high sugar content, and they instinctively avoid them and attack weaker plants with lower plant sugar that can be digested. With enough nutrients into the plant to produce 10 brix or more of sugar content, the plants will be safe from most insects.
How do you measure plant sugar?
We use a refractometer to measure plant sugar. To take the measurement, we cut open the plant near the base of the stalk or near the ear and squeeze some sap from the plant tissue on the refractometer lens. The meter measures the angle at which light bends (or refracts) as it passes through the sap, and this angle depends on the amount of sugar in the sap. Then, the meter converts this reading into a measurement of the brix or percent of sugar content in the plant. Digital or electronic refractometers are very easy to use, but we still prefer the older handheld refractometers because they stand up very well under field conditions. For the past several years, we have used the hand-held refractometers sold by Spectrum Technologies, Inc.
Can I split my applications of Chandler Foliar?
Yes, Chandler Foliar can be applied in more than one pass across the field. Although this is costly because it multiplies trips across the field, in some situations split-applications may be useful. For example, some farmers make two separate fungicide applications on corn, and they could include part of their Chandler Foliar treatment in each trip. The surfactant in Chandler Foliar helps the fungicide to stick on the plant leaves, and the other Chandler Foliar ingredients help generate faster plant growth.
Is there enough nitrogen in Chandler Foliar to count toward my Nitrogen fertility program?
Although Chandler Foliar is 7% nitrogen, the amount of the foliar product applied per acre is very small (6-12 ounces). So, the actual amount of nitrogen in a typical application is very small, and we recommend that this amount of nitrogen not count in fertility plans. Chandler Foliar helps crops make better use of applied nutrients, but it is not a stand-alone foliar fertilizer.
How does Chandler Foliar help glyphosate and other post-emergence herbicides perform better?
First, Chandler Foliar includes a natural surfactant that helps to spread the herbicide across the weed leaf surface, which improves the chemical coverage. Second, the biostimulants in Chandler Foliar work to open the pores (stomata) on the leaf surface, and more of the herbicide may be absorbed by the plant. Finally, some herbicides like glyphosate perform better when applied in an acidic (low pH) solution, and Chandler Foliar is naturally acidic (pH = 5.5). In addition to improving weed kill, Chandler Foliar also helps the crop to recover from any stress brought on by the chemical treatment.
Is Chandler Foliar a certified organic product?
No, Chandler Foliar is a natural product, but it contains inorganic urea as a mixing agent. To serve the needs of organic farmers, Chandler Organic was developed as a fully organic product that is registered with the Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA) Organic Food Program and the OMRI program. Chandler Organic is a combination of Chandler Foliar and Soil that contains an organic mixing agent, so Chandler Organic may be used as a foliar or soil treatment at the same rates we recommend for Chandler Foliar and Soil applications.
After a few months of storage, there is a small layer of sediment or residue in the bottom of my Chandler Foliar container. Is the product still effective?
The ingredients in Foliar may settle out of solution after some time in storage, and this is the sediment on the bottom of the container. To return these elements to the solution, vigorously shake the jug for several seconds before use. For Chandler Foliar in 30 gallon drums, tip the drum on edge and shake it, or place the drum on its side and roll it on the ground to agitate the contents. In our warehouse, we use a stir attached to an electric drill to agitate the product in the drums. After the product has been thoroughly agitated, the sediment will return to the solution, and the product will remain to be fully effective.
For more information on Chandler Foliar, call (309) 659-7773 or e-mail info@midwestbioman.com.


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Q: Is my OnBoard graphics chip really capable of rendering VR or is it a flaw in the steam checking tool? My mainboard is a Asus Z87-A Mainboard.
It just left warranty after detecting it can't supply enough power while powering up, so it just turns off in booting process as soon a graphicscard is pluged.
So actually I'm just playing with the integrated chip.
I consider to buy a Vive VR.
But when I was seeing it is requiring GPU's along the series 970 I just throw off the idea of beeing able to use it without replacing the broken mainboard. But when I entered the automated hardware compatibility check, it actually detected and named the internal chip of my board correctly (haven't to hand right now).
And it displayed it to be fully capable for vive VR at highest performance with the mark at the most rightest of the green bar.
Is this just a bug in their automated test? or is the chip of my mainboard really that strong and I'll be able to use it?
(If it matters, I'm using an intel i7 CPU)

A: I doubt an integrated GPU is enough to have an high framerate (at least 90FPS) at 1080p or bigger to enjoy VR..
I think you will have to replace some hardware

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange