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Why Irvine
There Are 365 Reasons to Live and Work in Irvine
There are many reasons the businesses and residents of Irvine love it here. We invite you to discover some of the things the state and nation have recognized:
"5th out of the 50 Best Places to Live…
…in the Country!" says Bloomberg BusinessWeek. With help from Bloomberg Rankings, Businessweek.com evaluated 100 of the country's largest cities based on 16 criteria. Irvine, California came in 5th out of 50. "The area has the best schools among the cities on our list. In short, it's a great place to settle down."
Irvine is the 3rd best place to live in California
According to Movoto Real Estate Online Magazine. The online Movoto Real Estate, which describes itself as an online real estate brokerage firm, ranks the 10 best places in California.
Irvine…Best Big City in OC…
…According to Parenting OC. It should come as no surprise that Irvine has been the top-rated big city for the past five years that we have done this survey. Irvine has everything a family could want: high-scoring public schools, low crime, and fantastic parks and outdoor spaces
Irvine is #3 in the Top Ten Cities of the Future Economic Potential
The top 10 of FDI's third biennial ranking of American cities is a wholly North American affair, with all entrants located in Canada or the US. Rebounding somewhat following a turbulent economic period, FDI projects into North America increased 4.55% between 2012 and 2014.
Irvine #4 in the Top Ten Cities of the Future Overall
The top 10 of FDI's third biennial ranking of American cities is a wholly North American affair, with all entrants located in Canada or the US. Rebounding somewhat following a turbulent economic period, FDI projects into North America increased 4.55% between 2012 and 2014.
Irvine is One of the Best Run Cities in the Nation!
24/7 Wall Street. The ranking recognized Irvine's low violent crime rate, and put it in the top 10 for home vacancy, unemployment, median income, and high school graduation rates. The best run cities have low poverty rates and more households making more than $200,000 a year than the national average, high school graduation rates above 90 percent, and well managed city debt and resources.
Interesting Facts about the Irvine Unified School District
Our schools have earned the California Distinguished School designation—considered the state's highest honor—61 times since 1986, and all four comprehensive high schools have been recognized at least once.
IUSD remains at the vanguard of the "green schools" movement. In addition to generating hundreds of thousands of dollars in savings on utility bills through staff conservation efforts, the district has promoted environmentally friendly construction and diverted thousands of tons of construction debris to recyclers for reuse.
All Irvine High Schools comprehensive high schools have been named Blue Ribbon Schools, the nation's highest level of recognition for K-12 campuses. In all, IUSD has produced 15 Blue Ribbon schools since 1983.
Irvine Median Family Income: $92,663
High School Graduates……..96%
College Graduates……………65%
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We've created new initiatives, more publications, webinars, meetings, and there are client projects taking place involving members from all over the world.
It is with immense pleasure to announce the recruitment of a Top 10 firm in the important African nation of Kenya.
We continue to expand rapidly, with quality firms throughout all regions; we are reenergised, refreshed and together we can reach for the sky!


Five Star Music boss Kcee premieres the visuals for his latest single Akonuche which was produced by Blaq Jerzee. The video was shot and directed by Deen Legend in Lagos, Nigeria.
DJ Spinall unveils the music video for his latest collaboration with Flyboy INChead Kizz Daniel (formerly Kiss Daniel) titled Baba. The video was shot by Director Q.


text:
Tanca fue una santa franca del siglo VII. Nació en Troyes. Murió en el año 637 como mártir por defender su virginidad. Se encuentra enterrada en la catedral de Troyes. Su festividad se celebra el 10 de octubre. Es venerada principalmente en Troyes y Anjou.

Referencias

Francos
Santos católicos de Francia del siglo VII
Santas
Mártires católicos de Francia
Troyes
Nacidos en Troyes
Francesas del siglo VII

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Hydration is a key to being healthy, but what's the right amount of water to drink, and can drinking too much of it be harmful?
Water is a great fat-loss tool, with the fatty acids in your fat cells more readily available to be broken down if you're consuming enough of the good stuff. And for those who exercise, water is important in fighting muscle breakdown. Dehydration is very damaging to the body.When dehydrated, the body releases higher amounts of the stress hormone cortisol, which slows metabolism and tells the body to store fat while eating away at muscle.
The rule of eight glasses (two litres) doesn't take into account diet, activity level and environment, meaning many of us going by this rule are dehydrated. Coffee and tea are diuretics, which means they cause us to lose fluid without absorbing the nutrients we need from it. In our hot climate, water consumption should be higher. But for those who think they're safe from fluid loss in their office, think again: air-conditioned areas promote dehydration as much as a hot summer's day due to the dryness of the air pumped out. This causes the skin to lose moisture that needs to be replaced, lowering fluid levels.
HYDRATION: HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH?
Water intoxication is a rare occurrence that usually arises in endurance athletes. When drinking large quantities of water (more than 8L) while sweating profusely, the sodium concentration in your blood is thrown out, leading to nausea and delirium. When exercising and drinking large amounts of water, take along a sports drink to increase your blood-sodium concentration.
Drink a glass of water (200ml) after you wake up in the morning. This kick-starts your metabolism, prepares your stomach for nutrient uptake and gives you overall stimulation.
Drink a glass every hour. This ensures you're not waiting until you're thirsty to drink more, because thirstiness is your body's way of signalling dehydration.
Drink an additional glass (200-500ml) in the half hour before exercise to promote energy and efficient hormone release.
Drink 200ml for every 20 minutes of exercise you do to replenish fluid loss.
Drink 200ml before bed to create a prime environment for the repair work that takes place while you sleep.


text:
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The Privacy Act regulates how private sector entities collect, use, disclose and otherwise handle personal information.
This Privacy Policy outlines how TRED® deals with the personal information we collect. People who deal with TRED® are entitled to expect that any information collected will be treated in accordance with our Australian privacy responsibilities and obligations.
Personal information includes any information or opinion about an identified individual or an individual who is reasonably identifiable. For further information visit the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner website.
The types of personal information which TRED® collects may include an individual's name, phone number, email address, address, nationality, date of birth, and educational history. Due to the nature of the services provided by TRED®, some of the information we collect may be sensitive information, including details about an individual's religion, race or ethnic background. It is not common practice for TRED® to collect information about an individual's medical history, political opinion, sexual preference or criminal record, unless such information is required in order to process a student's application for admission, enrolment and education. TRED® will only collect sensitive information with an individual's consent.
Personal information may be collected by TRED® in a number of circumstances, including when an individual:
lodges an enquiry through TRED®'s online enquiry service;
applies for admission to a TRED® facility;
registers or enrols for a class or course offered by TRED®;
attends a seminar; or
applies for employment with us.
We generally collect personal information directly from the individual concerned, although there may be occasions when information is collected from third parties, such as a family member who contacts us on the individual's behalf, from our contractors who supply services to us, through our partner institutions or from a publicly maintained record. If an individual does not provide the information requested by us, we may not be able to provide them with our services.
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When you look at the TRED® website, our computers record your visit and log the following anonymous information for statistical purposes:
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For security reasons, TRED® uses software programs to monitor network traffic and identify unauthorised attempts to upload or change information, or otherwise cause damage.
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When TRED® has knowledge that a person under age 15 is providing personal information to TRED®, we require the person to obtain parental permission and consent for you to provide TRED® with your personal information.
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For example, TRED® will gather more extensive information than stated above in the following circumstances:
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TRED® has security measures in place to protect against loss, misuse and alteration of information under our control, as required by law and generally accepted industry standards. However, no system is 100% secure and to the extent permitted by law, we exclude any liability in contract, tort or otherwise for any security breach.
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TRED® will only publish personal information on our website if it has been collected for this purpose with your knowledge and consent.
When giving such consent you should be aware that information published on our website is accessible to millions of users from all over the world, that it will be indexed by search engines and that it may be copied and used by any web user. This means that once the information is published on our website, TRED® will have no control over its subsequent use and disclosure.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
module.exports = {
	getDirectoryContents: getDirectoryContents,
	getDirectoryContentsSync: getDirectoryContentsSync
}

var _fs = require("fs");
var _ = require("lodash");
var _path = require("path");
var _q = require('q');

function getDirectoryContents(path){
    if(!path){ path = process.cwd(); }

    var deferred = _q.defer();

    _fs.readdir(path, function(err, files){
        var result = {
            directories: [],
            files: []
        }
        function __appendResult(target, name, type, path){
            var pathSpec = _path.parse(path);

            result[target].push({
                name: pathSpec.name,
                fullname: pathSpec.base,
                ext: pathSpec.ext,
                type: type,
                path: path
            });
        }

        var __done = _.after(files.length, function(){
            deferred.resolve(result);
        });

        //files array includes both files and directories
        _.forEach(files, function(item, index, array){
            _fs.lstat(path + '/' + item, function(err, stats){
                if(stats.isFile()){
                    __appendResult("files", item, "f", path + '/' + item);
                }
                else if(stats.isDirectory()){
                    __appendResult("directories", item, "d", path + '/' + item);
                }

                __done();
            });
        });
    })

    return deferred.promise;
}

function getDirectoryContentsSync(path){
	if(!path){ path = process.cwd(); }

	var result = {
        directories: [],
        files: []
    }
    function __appendResult(target, name, type, path){
        var pathSpec = _path.parse(path);

        result[target].push({
            name: pathSpec.name,
            fullname: pathSpec.base,
            ext: pathSpec.ext,
            type: type,
            path: path
        });
    }

    var files = _fs.readdirSync(path);
    //files array includes both files and directories
    _.forEach(files, function(item, index, array){
    	var stats = _fs.lstatSync(path + '/' + item);
    	if(stats.isFile()){
            __appendResult("files", item, "f", path + '/' + item);
        }
        else if(stats.isDirectory()){
            __appendResult("directories", item, "d", path + '/' + item);
        }
    });

    return result;

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


They are images captured in motion from the window of a speeding train – our life? – that catch only fragments of a view deprived of its completeness. The soundtrack, which as always in this cycle of videos by Ferruccio Ascari is not a secondary element, contributes to suggest the idea of a flight that seems to have no precise destination or aim. The only element shared by these flowing images is the speed with which they appear on our visual horizon and then vanish.


This is crossposted from The Last Word on Nothing, a science writing blog where I just became a regular contributor!
When I put on the metallic silver unitard and homemade alien mask that rainy morning, I had no idea that I was about to embark on one of the most stressful weekends of my life.
A mask gives you freedom to reinterpret yourself. Sort of like the way being drunk cleanses you of all your inhibitions: Maybe you dance "15,000 times better in costume than out," as one of my friends puts it, or maybe you finally have an excuse to talk to that cute stranger dressed as a box of wine. To wear a costume is to take on a sort of power.
But the difference with my alien getup was that it wasn't Halloween. It was an ordinary March day. As a newcomer to Portland, Oregon, I had decided to take on the role of the ultimate foreign visitor for a travel story that I was writing – a sort of cross between performance art and social experiment where I would spend 48 hours seeing the city's sights through black, ovoid eyes. There was a tenuous journalistic angle, in that Oregon had the highest per capita rate of UFO sightings in 2014, and Portland was a hotspot. But it was personal, too: Moving from a town of 1,500 to a city of 600,000, I felt invisible. I yearned, with tinges of existential dread, to set myself apart from the faceless masses. To be a special snowflake. A special alien snowflake.
Pretty much as soon as I set out on my bike, though, it became clear that being a special alien snowflake is really uncomfortable. I tapped a guy on the shoulder at an overlook on the Willamette River and he paled.
"Wh-why are you wearing that?" he stammered.
I posed in front of one of Portland's famous bridges in what I thought was the most extraterrestrial way possible, stiff and straight and expressionless; not a difficult thing since my mask lacked a mouth or any other discernable facial feature other than giant mesh eyes. My new friend, though, had assumed a sort of twisted grimace; as soon as my iPhone was back in my hands, he turned on his heel and practically sprinted away down the bike path. Others appeared similarly startled as I pedaled past them, quickly averting their eyes or refusing to look at me at all. Later in the weekend, a teenage boy followed me down the sidewalk for at least two city blocks, yelling horrible obscenities about my tight pants. When yelling obscenities back failed to deter him, I ducked down a sidestreet and hid in a rare books shop.
The outfit prompted unusual kindness as well: in line at the Oregon Museum of Nature and Science (to see the display of real human fetuses, natch), children smiled at me shyly and adults welcomed me to planet Earth and asked what I thought of it so far. And when I surrounded myself with other misfits – the punky crew of folks who "Zoobomb" down one of Portland's steepest hills on children's bikes, or the Pabst-drinking hipsters at a house concert – people embraced me and readily joined in my game. One guy was so taken with my alien costume that we struck up a friendship that continues to this day.
I told him about my charade, about how exhausted I was after only a few hours. He didn't seem surprised: "Well, you're really putting people on the spot," he said simply as he returned to wiping the counter. Indeed I was, and it was telling me a lot. A costume's meaning depends entirely on context. What makes sense on Halloween assumes murkier connotations inside a bank, or in the multi-story Powell's City of Books. I had sabotaged the delicate truce that allows us to glide past each other every day: Were I clad in normal clothes, strangers would hardly give me a second thought. But now they had to actively decide whether my crazy getup was an invitation or a threat, whether it made me a friend or a target, whether it was none of their business at all. And the tension of not knowing where they would arrive was tying my shoulder muscles in knots.
But it was the bartender's phrase "every day mask" that stuck with me: We all wear costumes, all the time. Suits, jeans, hairstyles, jewelry at our throats or in our faces. We use them to signify our identity or status. They help us recognize kindred spirits. And yet these kinds of costumes can also present the most insurmountable barriers to deeper human connection. They are a sort of armor around our vulnerabilities and insecurities. And unlike a wild disguise, they offer little opportunity to step outside of the rigid structure of casual social interaction to express something that doesn't fit the expected narrative, no matter how much we might need to do so.
Later that night, I stood outside of a skating rink at a historic amusement park in the south part of town, scrolling through text messages and steeling myself for the next wave of social oddness while I waited for the roller derby class I had signed up for to start.
"Are you a mascot?" a woman with curly hair and glasses called to me from a gazebo-like structure as she stubbed out a cigarette. No, I replied, and gave her my line about being from REALLY far out of town. "Well, I'm a mascot. I wear a squirrel suit here at the park," she said. When I asked what that was like, she explained how the costume made people laugh, or forget their troubles for a little while. One time, she said, a woman had even come to her, weeping and "drunk out of her mind," to confess suicidal thoughts. The squirrel suit, perhaps, had offered a judgment-free countenance, a furry safe harbor.
We said our goodbyes and I watched the squirrel lady disappear into the parking lot. Then I took a deep breath, walked into the building, and strapped on a pair of skates.
← Is this climate change-battered conifer migrating northward?


Through your membership of our Friends scheme you will receive numerous benefits, while at the same time supporting the continuing development of the Carnegie Arts Centre as a flourishing and much needed focal point for the creative arts.
All the funds raised through the Friends scheme will contribute to the artistic programming and running costs of the Carnegie.
We look forward to welcoming you as a supporter of the Carnegie Arts Centre.
* If you would like to view the PDF brochure with more information please click here.
One ticket per annum to a show of your choice.
Weekly e-mail of our events programme.
Priority booking for Gala Opening nights of Carnegie Players Productions plus complimentary pre-show refreshments.
Two tickets per annum to a show of your choice.
Invitation to exhibition openings and a 5% discount on gallery purchases.
Four tickets per annum to a show of your choice.
Invitation to exhibition openings and a 10% discount on gallery purchases.
Priority booking for Gala Opening of Carnegie Players Productions plus complimentary pre-show refreshments.
Reasonable rates for meetings and conference facilities.
Free advertising slot on weekly film showings for the year.
We thank you for your support and hope you enjoy the shared sense of ownership of this unique arts facility.


BG 17.21: But charity given with reluctance, with the hope of a return or in expectation of a reward, is said to be in the mode of passion.
The best attitude of charity is to give without even being asked to do so. The second-best attitude is to give happily upon being requested for it. The third-best sentiment of charity is to give begrudgingly, having being asked for a donation, or to regret later, "Why did I give so much? I could have gotten away with a smaller amount." Shree Krishna classifies this kind of charity in the mode of passion.


Abstract: We show how the traversable wormhole induced by a double-trace deformation of the thermofield double state can be understood as a modular inclusion of the algebras of exterior operators. The effect of this deformation is the creation of a new region of spacetime deep in the bulk, corresponding to a non-trivial center between the left and right algebras. This set-up provides a precise framework for investigating how black hole interiors are encoded in the CFT. In particular, we use modular theory to demonstrate that state dependence is an inevitable feature of any attempt to represent operators behind the horizon. Building on this geometrical structure, we propose that modular inclusions may provide a more precise means of investigating the nascent relationship between entanglement and geometry in the context of the emergent spacetime paradigm.


text:
TIBET AT COP27, HOW CHINA MANIPULATES THE DESECRATION OF THE THIRD POLE WITH DEVELOPMENT
"Environmental defenders who are still in jail. Sometimes we feel that we are not part of this whole discussion, people remain silent and they decide which issues to talk about. But I feel that we Tibetans are still fighting for the occupation and the brutal rule and Tibetans inside Tibet will continue to protect our environment." A statement by Lobsang Yangtso, one of the Tibetan representatives in the Conference of Parties (CoP) 27 in Egypt highlights the two things which is a. the dire situation in Tibet regarding its environment and how China continues to ignore it and pressures the whole world to ignore it as well through its economic clout b. Tibetans who are under this very brutal regime will continue to fight for not only the illegal occupation of Tibet but also continue to preserve and protect its environment which impacts more than a quarter of world population directly.
Lobsang Yangsto who is the programme and environment coordinator at the International Tibet Network (ITN) along with 4 other Tibetan women once again this year came together as an all-women Tibetan representative at the CoP to engage, share and highlight the desecration and destruction of Tibet's fragile and vital ecosystem under the illegal Chinese occupation. They have been able to engage with various personalities and including leaders of the free world, letting them know the pivotal role that Tibet as the 3rd pole plays in holding the environment of the world together. These leaders include the President of the European Union Commission, USA's Speaker of the House, the delegation from the Czech Republic and several others. However, they have been once again ignored by the Chinese authorities and their representatives who have been the instigators in the destruction of Tibet's ecology and environment.
Negligence and Destruction of Tibet's Environment:
The concept of Tibet as a 3rd pole has been coined and further verified by several scientist, researchers and environmentalist. Even Chinese scientist have led the way here in this recognition but the decision makers from Beijing continue to remain coy on it. Such a narrative and theme can be seen in the fictional novel by the late Tibetan bureaucrat and policy maker Thupten Samphel la titled as "The Copper Mountain". In this book he illustrates the stark differences in approaches towards Tibet's environment between the political entity and the intellectual community. Highlighting how it is not only the Tibetans but also the Chinese who are now worried about the irreversible damage being condoned to Tibet's already fragile environment.
Tibet also has the sobriquet of the "Water Tower of Asia" the reason being that Asia's booming population is by and large supported by the several rivers originating from Tibet and flowing downstream into the Asian nations. The major rivers include the Brahmaputra, the Mekong, the Indus and the Salween.
Recently, the South China Morning Post reported that Chinese scientists believe that Global Warming is gradually morphing Tibet's freshwater into toxic mud. They are now worried how this phenomenon is not only threatening the quantity of water flowing from water (which is being confronted because of multiple damming project by the Chinese government) but also the quality of water now. Researchers have also stated how quality assessments are becoming increasingly important for lower riparian livelihoods, despite the fact that till now major focus has been given to the quantity of water coming downstream from Tibet.
An American and Chinese university collaboration of Hydrological experts including associate professor of Hydrological Engineering Di Long of Tsinghua University brought out a report on the projection of irreversible decline in freshwater storage in parts of Asia by 2060. They refer to Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) and how this is now being impacted by Global climate change. This phenomenon comes due to the large glacial melt occurring in Tibet which impacts it water storage capacity as the formation of glaciers is a slow process and take decades to culminate. This is further accelerated by the polices implemented in Tibet by Beijing that pushes for development but neglects sustainability.
Even with such pressing reports Beijing continuously ignores Tibet, Tibetans and those calling for a shift in policy in Tibet for safeguarding the ecology. In fact, they practice the opposite and arbitrarily imprison and sentence the Tibetans who defend and protect their environment be it against the constant damming projects – adhering towards it so called Hydro-Hegemony, mining extensively without any recovery time, needless development of grasslands (that constitutes and holds 20% of world's soil carbon) and Greenwashing – which sees large number of Tibetans relocated from the ancestral lands in the name of development and for its realization, Beijing has directed a large sum of governmental finances (taxpayers money) which instead could have been utilized consciously in preserving the environment.
Tibetan environmentalist sentenced without any legal justification:
On 2010 Human Rights Watch submitted a report to the Chinese government requesting to rescind the accusations against the philanthropist and environmentalist Karma Samdrup and his brothers. It states "these people embody the characteristics the government says it wants in modern Tibetans – economically successful, lending support to only approved cultural and environmental pursuits, and apolitical – yet they, too, are being treated as criminals." This illustrates what the Chinese think of Tibetans who are not only apolitical but are trying to bring upward mobility to not only Tibetans but also the Chinese residing in Tibet especially in terms of the quality of life which is intertwined with the state of the environment.
They embody the "Fear of minorities" though in fact these minorities are the real owners of the land of Tibet. Be it whatever Tibetans do, if they do not fall in line with party directives and the authorities, they are sentenced, abducted, silenced and even killed. This is a shame because Karma Samdrup was an individual who was working on saving and preserving Tibet's pristine ecology that impacts the whole of Asia and the larger world as well. He established one of the very first environmental NGO in Tibet "Three Rivers Environmental Protection Group". Karma Samdrup continues to remain in prison, serving his unlawful 15-year sentence which he received on 2010 on highly illegal and unjustifiable ground. How many more Karma Samdrup must there be before China and the world wakes up and open their eyes.
A-Nya Sengdra is also another environmental activist who unlike Karma Samdrup is not a rich business but rather a Tibetan Nomad. Yet they share striking similarities in the sense that they both want to preserve and protect Tibet's fragile and unique ecology and also that both have been sent to prison without formal legal procedures. He is widely respected among his community for his campaign and mobilization against illegal mining activities, poaching of endangered animals and illegal hunting etc. Yet Beijing once again followed its set template in bringing down Tibetans even if they have not broken the law and sentenced A-Nya Sengdra on 6th December, 2019 for 7 years.
The all-women Tibetan representative in Cop 27 called for the world to take attention to Tibet as unique ecological zone whose sensitivities have further and server ramifications to not only Asia by the whole world environmentally. They also questioned why Tibetans are not included in the global climate debate when they Tibet has a major stake in it. And finally called upon the need for a validated space for stateless people who are still under occupation at the CoP meeting because these very people can help with the mitigation, resolution and adoption of efforts in preserving the healthy world that will be sustainable to the future generations to come.
China has to stand up and act on this very pressing situation if they really want to take the mantle of leadership. They cannot ignore the dire health of the Tibet's degrading environment and the political authorities must work together with the scientist, researchers, environmentalists and activist in protecting the 3rd pole. They should not discriminate and sentence Tibetans who raise these issues and only then will the world be able save the 3rd pole and Tibet. tibetpress


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Interesting exhibitions
Our favorite artists
New York Spring sales: behind the trophy works
Attention was mostly focused on a few dramatic 8-figure trophy works during this year's Spring auctions in New York. Although they accounted for a significant portion of Sotheby's, Christie's and Phillips' respectable results, they only represent the tip of the iceberg. The art market is currently experiencing a period of great renewal that brought its share of interesting discoveries, disappointments and speculative movements last week.
Jeff Koons standing next to his Rabbit sculpture, which sold for $91 million at Christie's last week
Most of the works that caused a lot of ink to flow were presented at Christie's evening sale last Wednesday. Indeed, Robert Rauschenberg's $88.5 million seminal early painting "Buffalo II" and Jeff Koons' $91 million much talked about "Rabbit" Sculpture accounted for a third of Christie's impressive total of $538.9 million. The latter even allowed Koons to dethrone David Hockney as the most expensive living artist, a title he had already earned in 2013 with his $58.4 balloon dogs sale.
Christie's other major sales include Andy Warhol's $53 million "Double Elvis", Louise Bourgeois' $32 million Spider, Roy Lichtenstein's $31 million iconic "Kiss III", and Frank Stella's $28 million record-breaking "Point of Pines".
Although not as publicized as Koons' rabbit, Sotheby's also had a remarkable collection of important works on sale this year such as Francis Bacon's masterpiece "Study for a Head" from his pope series, which was acquired for a whopping $50.3 million, and Mark Rothko's Untitled painting which sold on behalf of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) for $50.1 million.
Mark Rothko's untitled painting was acquired for $50.3 million at Sotheby's
However Sotheby's revenue went nowhere near Christie's, although it reached a respectable total of $342 million. Other remarkable sales that evening included a $14 million letter painting by Christopher Wool, a $4 million head drawing by Basquiat – exhibited at the Fondation Louis Vuitton – a record-breaking $3.5 million target painting by Kenneth Noland and Ed Rusha's $8.2 million work titled "I Tried to Forget to Remember".
As for Phillips, it grossed $100 million during its evening session thanks to a few valuable works such as KAWS' Spongebob painting which sold for $5.9 million, a $9.5 million self-portrait by Basquiat and a $10.2 million late painting by de Kooning. However, Mark Bradford's "Helter Skelter II" sold for a relatively disappointing $8.5 million compared to the first part of the painting, which was acquired for a record-breaking $12 million last year.
But these important prices apply only to a handful of trophy works, which creates the misperception that the market is in full expansion. The truth, in fact, is more complex as the enthusiasm for million-dollar artworks may have been caused by the current economic climate. Indeed, president Trump's tax cuts for America's top 1% households and stock market volatility have convinced a large number of collectors and investors to spend their extra cash on art, which has the reputation of being a safer bet than other financial assets.
Ed Ruscha's $8.2 million painting became his second all-time record at auction
And yet, despite these impressive results, auction houses are not at the height of their financial health as Sotheby's reported a $7.1 million loss for the first quarter of 2019. In fact, the art market is entering a new era of deep renewal where no one really knows what is going to happen.
In this context, speculative movements are increasing as a new generation of artists is now entering the auction rooms, thus causing prices to fluctuate in the short term, even for well-established figures. The best example might be George Condo, whose market has dropped significantly in the last few months after reaching an all-time high last year. Almost a dozen of his paintings were presented at auction in New York with mixed results: his highest performing work reached $1.8 million, but it could have easily been sold for twice this price last year... And we are still very far from his $6.2 million record, made during Christie's evening sale in May 2018. This proves that the market is increasingly looking for new blood to satisfy its great appetite.
Nicolas Party's Landscape painting sold for a remarkable $608,000 at Phillips
Nicolas Party is clearly one of the new prodigies of the art world: the 39-year-old Belgian artist, whose Magritte-like colorful paintings were presented at auction for the first time last year, sold one of his works for a whopping $608,000 at Phillips. Painters like Michael Ray Charles, Harold Ancart and Josh Smith also belong to this category of newly successful artists.
Although Some observers rightfully pointed out that female artists only represented 5% of the global revenue generated by the 3 main auction houses, the latter were over-represented among the new generation of rising artists. For instance, the 43-year-old American painter Dana Schutz realized one of the greatest successes at Sotheby's last week with a $2.4 million painting that sold for 6 times its high estimate, thus breaking her personal record. Another work signed by the artist was acquired for $980,000 at Phillips, as well as a drawing which sold for twice its high estimate at $250,000.
Dana Schutz's $2.4 million painting broke the artist's record at Sotheby's
Among these new artists, painters like Sarah Crowner, Christina Quarles or Jordan Casteel drew attention with their aesthetically fascinating 6-figure works. The first presented a colorful painting made with sewn pieces of canvas, that was acquired for a remarkable $137,500 USD, whereas Quarles and Casteel, who are both African American female artists in their early 30's, sold a painting for respectively $275,000 and $325,000 at Phillips and Christie's.
Amy Sherald's "Innocent You, Innocent Me" was acquired for $350,000 last week
Other emerging female artists who achieved high prices last week are Shara Hughes, who sold a painting for more that 6 times its high estimate at $125,000 and Amy Sherald – famous for her portrait of Michelle Obama – who was making her auction debut with a remarkable $350,000 painting. Mickalene Thomas, who is a more established African American painter, also realized her best performance at auction yet by selling a stunning painting for $495,000 at Christie's.
Another important point to mention is that almost all these rising stars are figurative painters, which confirms the renewed interest of the market for figuration over abstraction. This new trend, alongside the enthusiasm for artists from visible minority groups, was very clear this year.
However, The dark side of it all is the speculation that derives from the stellar rise of this new artistic scene. It seems that we are now entering a new era of volatility, where skyrocketing careers can easily fall in a short period of time, thus attracting speculators looking for easy money. Combined with the almost indecent prices achieved by trophy works last week, the ingredients of a financial bubble are now present.
Mickalene Thomas broke her auction record with this painting, which sold for $495,000 at Christie's
Despite these threats, it is the first time in years that such a numerous, cohesive and brilliant generation of young artists with interesting views on today's society is being discovered. This phenomenon generates a great deal of market opportunities, as some of these people will undoubtedly become the next stars of auction sales.
November sales: the slowdown of the art market is here
« Long live Paris! »: the comeback of the city of light on the Contemporary Art scene
Lynne Drexler, the textbook case of an artist pushed by the art market
Ugo Scalia
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Q: Using Apache spark with HDinsight cluster from a web application I am currently trying to create a big data processing web application using Apache spark, which I have successfully installed on my HDinsight cluster.  I have written Mapreduce programs in C# connecting to my cluster in the past and have been able to run applications in which I connect to my cluster by putting in my account name, storage key, etc...  I have looked around the web and it seems that the only way to submit a job with apache spark is to connect to your cluster using a RDP but then there is no way I could incorporate that into a web app (easily. I am new to dealing with clusters/big data).  Is it possible to connect to my cluster in a similar manner that I do when I run mapreduce jobs?
I was also thinking that maybe it would be possible to write this within mapreduce, in which I would already be in the context of my cluster.  Would that be possible in any way?

A: If you are installing spark via script actions then Spark specific ports cannot be open outside of the cluster. You can use Spark through VNets though. If you setup a VNET between your end point and the cluster, you can use native spark protocols for remote job submission/querying.  It's also possible using Oozie
You could also investigate using the newly announced preview Spark clusters and C# job submissions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Discussion in 'NASCAR' started by DexterMorgan, Dec 1, 2008.
Someone will be put down. These guys are all pure gold.
Whoa backer down....did something happen???? Or are you trying to get the board moving :shock::scared: And which Marty are you talking about. Snider or Smith?
That was before I started listening. I do like him as a pit reporter.
Smith is the one from espn that co hosts JJ's show on XM. Or at least he used to, I dont know about now. You'll know him on espn, he's the one with jelled spiked hair that went out years ago, and his head bobs back and forth nonstop while he's talking. Everything he reports is breaking news, regardless how old the story is.
Snider is the tall pit reporter for TNT in the first half of the season. Kinda blonde hair I think.
That crew is definately one of the best meshed shows on the radio. don't change it if it ain't broke.
If TMD is taken off the air I'll most likely be cancelling my subsription. Even though I LOVE the NFL channel I can get by without it.
I really only listen to the nascar and nfl channels with an occasional listen to music. One thing I'm sure of is that if TMD is gone I'll be highly TICKED OFF.
I like him but the bobble head thing drives me crazy. Did you read the article for ESPN the mag he did on Jr? I thought it was really good.
guess we can be like most of the bubba fans and cancel if they don't come back.
i try to catch bubba's replay at night. no way am i going to listen to him over speedway, unless he has a nhra or nascar driver on.
No I havent, I need to find it I guess. Marty's not a bad guy, we talked to him at Dega for few minutes. That head thing is funny as hell to watch..................... for a minute.
It came out earlier in the year.
I heard them mention it on Shifting gears, I just dont buy a lot of mags. I get nascar scene, thats it unless I go out and buy one. But I would like to check it out.
What about Nascar Illustrated? I like that one much better than Nascar Scene.
ESPN the mag actually covers a lot of nascar or motorsports related items. There was good article about Scott Speed that was actually done when he was still in F1 and then about the time the article was supposed to come out he had his falling out with the red bull side of F1. So the article was amended to include what happened and his entry into nascar. Also there was a article about Logano and what a admitted dork he is. Also a article about the a nascar flea market/auction where joe blow can come off the street and buy unused or barely used items the race teams no longer need. Lots of dirt trackers buy stuff to support their weekend habits.


Online cab provider Ola to start online food delivery service.
Bengaluru: Only two months after Ola, an online cab provider, started a food delivery service called Ola Café, has now started another pilot project to deliver groceries through its new Ola Store.
The customers of Ola Café were asked to experience their new grocery store online through an email. The email also mentioned about the 50% discount on the first order the customer would get. Orders placed above Rs. 300 will receive free delivery and below the said amount would attract Rs. 50 delivery charges.
It is unclear yet, if Ola will hold inventory in warehouses or tie up with hypermarkets and grocery stores.
They have common categories like dairy products, fruits, vegetables, groceries, electrical appliances, medicines and health supplements in this store.
Over the past 18 months, Investors have invested more than Rs. 750 Crore into online groceries and delivery companies.
According to India Brand Equity Foundation, online groceries market in 2020 is expected to touch $480, thus, grabbing notice of other online retailers like Bigbasket, Localbaniya, Grofers etc.
Being on a capital-raising spree to fund its expansion, it has raised more than Rs. 3700 Crore and is planning to get investors raise atleast Rs. 3000 Crore more.


Currently there is no menu available for Brumby's Nelson in Nelson City. We are continuously adding menus, so check back soon!
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In the financial planning profession, while there are many diverse factors that contribute to success, there's simply no substitute for relevant, useful, quality content. FPA members receive a monthly print subscription and unlimited digital access to the Journal of Financial Planning, the gold standard when it comes to credible thought leadership for the profession.
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We believe that true financial planners, regardless of demographic categorization, are more similar than they are different. The differentiator is a commitment to true financial planning; planners that help their clients define fulfillment for themselves play an integral role in guiding them to reach their potential and do so as a service, not a transaction. It does planners new to the profession little good to be compartmentalized or excluded from events and discussions with experienced planners, and the reverse is also true.
FPA is home to both experienced and new financial planners, and nearly every planner in between, because our community focuses not on age, tenure, region or history, but on a shared commitment to making each other better, and building the profession together. The changing nature of the world we live in ensures there's always more knowledge to gather, and the transference of wisdom between young planners and those with more experience will be a critical component to creating a profession we can be proud of.
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Each week, FPA offers a brand-new edition of the "You're A Financial Planner, Now What? podcast, and featuring influential guests offering inspirational stories, valuable insights and expert commentary on a wide range of different financial planning topics. While the podcast aims to help new financial planners gain a foothold in the profession, the content and topics covered are often relevant to planners at every career stage.
With more than 36,000 followers between our two primary Twitter handles, Twitter offers an excellent way to keep up with FPA news at both the national and the local (chapter) level. The @fpassociation handle is our primary handle, while @FPAPubs is focused primarily on Journal of Financial Planning content.
We all seek to belong to something, and community is the container in which our sense of belonging can be fulfilled. Community matters at the Financial Planning Association® (FPA) not only because of the value our affiliated financial planners gather when it comes to personal and professional growth, but in the power of idea sharing, passion and inspiration, which elevates the profession.
Our primary peer-to- peer online community, FPA Connect, is professionally moderated, compliance-friendly and the best place to find the questions, answers and topics that are most important to financial planners. The FPA Activate Facebook Group, a vibrant social media forum designed to be the go-to community for financial planners who want to fast track their careers and develop their financial planning skills, is open to the public.
The ability to engage virtually with practitioners, members and financial planning thought leaders from across the globe is one of the great perks of FPA membership, and the most successful members unite the virtual experience with the intrinsic value of in-person connections at the local level. Most FPA members are affiliated with a local FPA Chapter, offering in-person and virtual events and meet-ups specific to your area. This added benefit to membership is included in your annual dues.
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Led by a faculty of highly-experienced and nationally-recognized deans and mentors, FPA Residency is a case study-based learning approach that develops the skills required to become a confident and competent professional. Class sizes are capped at 30 to allow for a more intimate and engaging learning experience.
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text:
Jobless rate in Southwest Florida ticked up in August but remained under 4%
The unemployment rate in the five-county region that includes Lee and Collier rose to 3.8% last month, up slightly from 3.6% in July.
Jobless rate in Southwest Florida ticked up in August but remained under 4% The unemployment rate in the five-county region that includes Lee and Collier rose to 3.8% last month, up slightly from 3.6% in July. Check out this story on naplesnews.com: https://www.naplesnews.com/story/money/business/local/2019/09/20/unemployment-ticks-up-southwest-florida-according-august-reports/2341399001/
Laura Layden, Naples Daily News Published 5:43 p.m. ET Sept. 20, 2019 | Updated 8:53 p.m. ET Sept. 20, 2019
The jobless rate in Southwest Florida ticked up in August.
However, it remained low in one of the slowest months of the off-season.
The unemployment rate in the five-county region that includes Lee and Collier rose to 3.8% last month, up slightly from 3.6% in July, according to a monthly report released Friday by the Florida Department of Economic Opportunity.
A year ago, the rate stood at 3.9%.
Stay up to date on the latest news: Download our app
Previously: Naples, Cape Coral-Fort Myers rank high for job growth in new study
Job applicants start to fill up the lobby seats at Artis--Naples. (Photo: Harriet Howard Heithaus/Staff)
Regionally, Lee had the lowest unemployment rate in August — at 3.5%. Collier wasn't far behind at 3.8%.
The other counties had noticeably higher unemployment, including Charlotte (4.1%), Glades (4.6%) and Hendry (8.2%).
In August, the three metro areas — making up Lee, Collier and Charlotte — gained 17,400 jobs over the year.
Construction, health lead the way
The industries adding the most jobs in the region included construction (5,400); education and health (3,400); and trade, transportation and utilities (2,700).
The information industry continues to lose jobs in Southwest Florida, shedding 100 over the year in August, but it's just a small part of the region's economy.
Across all industries, Lee County added 10,600 jobs over the year last month, while Collier gained 4,900.
Lee had the fastest annual job growth rate in the state in education and health services (+7%). Collier ranked first for growth in construction jobs (+12%).
Last month's numbers: Unemployment remains at record lows in Southwest Florida
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Local employers continue to struggle to fill jobs.
Collier County had 4,550 job openings last month, while Lee had more than 10,000, according to a news release from the governor's office.
Christopher Westley, director of the Regional Economic Research Institute at Florida Gulf Coast University in south Lee County, said there was little change in the jobless picture in August from a year ago in the region. Unemployment still is "well below the natural rate, which suggests an overheating economy," Westley said.
"Usually, August and September are both among the slowest months of the year," he said. "The two busiest months are December and March."
ICYMI: Artis—Naples' first job fair brings in the experienced, the excited
He doesn't expect to see much change in Southwest Florida's unemployment rates until October numbers are released, which usually show the start of a pick-up in seasonal employment.
Regarding Collier County, Westley said he was glad to see a 7.1% increase in manufacturing jobs over the year in August, with the number growing from 4,200 to 4,500. However, he pointed out employment in the industry is still "pretty small relative to the overall workforce."
A big positive
The growth in construction jobs is a big positive because the industry is so important to the local and regional economy, employing nearly 13% of all workers in Collier alone.
Applicants get help at Artis—Naples's first job fair. (Photo: Harriet Howard Heithaus/Staff)
In Lee, construction accounts for about 12% of the workforce, he said, and the industry showed strong growth of more than 9% in the county over the year.
"It says a lot about how our economy is continuing to heat up in the late stages of the business expansion," Westley said. "One question would be, as the Federal Reserve continues to lower interest rates, will that continue to fuel growth for the rest of the year?"
Much of the job growth in Southwest Florida, he said, stems from the region's growing population. That includes new jobs in health care.
Job gains in health care, in particular, are important because those jobs tend to be less seasonal, Westley said.
"The health care industry doesn't fluctuate as much as other industries and they also tend to pay a little bit better. So that is the type of industry that benefits the region when it grows," he said.
You might be interested in: Golisano Children's Hospital sees growth at its Naples location
Statewide trends
Statewide the unemployment rate stood at 3.3% in August.
The state gained 221,200 jobs over the year. With the exception of September 2017, when Hurricane Irma hit, Florida's over-the-year job growth rate has topped the nation's rate since April 2012.
Gov. Ron DeSantis said Florida's positive economic indicators show that low taxes and reasonable regulations continue to fuel job creation statewide.
"We are continuing to make Florida the ideal location for businesses to grow and hire Floridians," he said in a statement. "As we continue to develop our workforce, we are expanding industries that will pave the way for future careers.
That includes the financial technology industry, which is booming, he said.
Past reporting: Unemployment ticks up in Southwest Florida, but remains low
ICYMI: Gov. Ron DeSantis announces recurring funding to Everglades restoration, increase in DEP fines
Read or Share this story: https://www.naplesnews.com/story/money/business/local/2019/09/20/unemployment-ticks-up-southwest-florida-according-august-reports/2341399001/
Top 10 sales of 2019 in Collier, Lee counties
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The problem for printers is that they find it difficult to manage waste from their print business – both from pre-press and production. They silently accept this wastage situation and try to control their operating costs on all other levels.
We prescribe a web to print software like OnPrintShop as an antidote to this problem of wastage. With web to print you can easily migrate the pre-press process onto a web browser and automate it. Designers then have to simply design product templates and upload them onto the system.
More on waste management during pre-press available on http://www.onprintshop.com/web-to-print-and-waste-management.html.


The master cylinder, the heart of the vehicles braking system, holds the brake fluid when it is not being delivered to the brakes through the brake lines. If brake fluid leaks because the master cylinder is worn or brake lines are plugged or broken, the fluid cannot be delivered and the brake pads will become ruined.
Brake pads and shoes can be made of ceramic, metal or organic materials, while the disc rotors and drums they press against are made of metal. Because the pads and shoes create friction to stop the car, they gradually wear down over time and may wear away completely, letting the metal of the calipers and cylinders they are attached to grind against the rotors and drums and damage them. (Some pads have a metal strip attached that sounds a warning whistle when the pad becomes too worn, but this strip sounds only when the car is in motion and the brakes are not applied.


Obamacare Health Insurance Plans in Chandler Heights, AZ.
HealthCare.com can help residents in the Chandler Heights, AZ area to find and compare their health coverage options.
Our data sources have identified approximately 4 Obamacare health insurance plans available for Chandler Heights, AZ.
Request personalized price quote on healthcare plans available for Chandler Heights, AZ by providing your age, where you live, who is being covered, and whether or not you smoke.
See more Obamacare Health Insurance Plans in Chandler Heights, AZ.


There is one triune God, three persons united in love—Father, Son and Holy Spirit. God is perfect in every way, in His love, mercy, goodness, and justice. He created us to live in perfect harmony with Him. As a loving parent provides rules to protect their child, so the Father, in His love for us, provided laws for our good and well-being.
While God is perfect, we are not. We've all chosen and behaved in ways that are contrary to Him. This rebellion against God's laws, care and authority is called sin. Because God is perfectly just and righteous, He cannot have harmony with us in our sinful state. The penalty of our sin is death, and separation from our Creator in hell for all eternity.
But…there is hope! In His great love for us, the Father made available a way, a substitution for the penalty of our sin. He sent His Son Jesus Christ into the world as a man—he was fully God and yet fully man; but the Son lived a life without sin, perfectly pleasing to the Father. Then, Jesus willingly paid the penalty of death for our sins on the cross. He was the perfect sacrifice. In the Jesus' death, God poured out His wrath—the wrath that we deserve—onto His Son.
But Jesus was more powerful than death—after three days, He rose from the dead, defeating sin and conquering death once and for all. It's in the power of the Son's resurrection from the dead that we can receive new life in the Holy Spirit. We can have the perfect righteousness that we didn't earn, that Jesus provided for us. And for all of eternity, we can live in right standing with the Father. The way we receive that is by turning from sin, which means we reject our own way of living, our own way of trying to make ourselves acceptable to God. We put our full hope and confidence in the work of Jesus Christ on our behalf. And one day, Jesus will return to earth to judge sin and purge the world of evil.
This is the Gospel,the Good News.
To find out more about this good news, contact us.


text:
Vijay's 'Master' is all set to go big...Exciting news for Thalapathy fans!
By alagu, 15 January, 2021
Master, Vijay, Pongal
After unveiling a perfect Pongal treat for Tamil fans, actor Vijay is all set to rule Bollywood as 'Master' is ready to go big in two days of release. It's official that Vijay's grand comeback of 'Master' will be remade in Hindi.
Endemol Shine India, Cine 1 studios, and 7 screens on Friday announced that they have acquired the rights to adapt Master in Hindi. In a statement, Chief Executive of Endemol Shine India Abhishek Rege said, "Master is laced with masterful performances and powerful narrative that resonates with audiences across the country".
Rege stated, "Master is the first major film from the Tamil industry to release in the pandemic and has received an overwhelming response from the audience. We are incredibly proud to have acquired the rights to such a hot property. We look forward to recreating the magic of this film to captivate the Hindi audience".
Murad Khetani of Cine1 studios said, "We are proud to present the film to the audiences in the Hindi language". Khetani added that his company aims to support and deliver content-driven cinema. Movie critic and analyst Taran Adarsh also shared the news and he took to Twitter and said, "IT'S OFFICIAL... #MASTER #HINDI REMAKE... #Master - starring #Vijay and #VijaySethupathi - will now be remade in #Hindi... Endemol Shine India, Murad Khetani [Cine1 Studios], and 7 Screen Studio will produce the #Hindi adaptation... Casting for #Hindi remake will commence soon."
As Adarsh announced, the makers will soon start casting for the Hindi remake. Master was released on January 13 across and beyond the borders and the fans had given royal welcome to the movie in the theaters amid the Corona guidelines. Master has been dominating the box office in Tamil Nadu and on the first day of the release, it had earned Rs 25 crores in the state while it had banked Rs 40 crore on the second day.
As the sequel of overwhelming reception and critics, Master has been shining both as a commercial entertainer and as a perfect Pongal treat to Vijay fans and to the theaters. The total budget of the movie was estimated at around Rs 135 crore and the collections on the first two days had become remarkable when the theaters are permitted with 50% seating capacity. Along with dominating the box office in Tamil Nadu, Master is all set to become the top Tamil grosser in Australia as the movie has earned Rs 2.15 crore in the first two days.
IT'S OFFICIAL... #MASTER #HINDI REMAKE... #Master - starring #Vijay and #VijaySethupathi - will now be remade in #Hindi... Endemol Shine India, Murad Khetani [Cine1 Studios] and 7 Screen Studio will produce the #Hindi adaptation... Casting for #Hindi remake will commence soon. pic.twitter.com/K0L5tWtg9r
— taran adarsh (@taran_adarsh) January 15, 2021


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Distantiana stylirecta är en insektsart som beskrevs av Thierry Bourgoin 1997. Distantiana stylirecta ingår i släktet Distantiana och familjen Meenoplidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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In the Potomac River Basin, the quality of streams and ground water is affected by a variety of natural and human processes. Several major types of chemicals found in water in the basin include nutrients, trace elements, pesticides, chlorinated industrial compounds, and volatile organic compounds. Agricultural and urban land-use practices broadly characterize the distribution of these sources, because most contamination results from the disposal of human and animal wastes or from the use and disposal of other chemical compounds. Water, sediment, and tissue samples were collected throughout the basin and analyzed for nutrients, pesticides, metals, or other potential contaminants that are associated with urban and agricultural sources.
Much of the analysis done by the NAWQA Program within the Potomac River Basin focused on nutrients and pesticides because these compounds are of primary concern to environmental managers within the basin. Elevated concentrations of nutrients and pesticides can render water unsafe to drink and can have adverse environmental effects. In 1987, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, the District of Columbia, and the Federal government established a goal of reducing nutrient loads to Chesapeake Bay. The Potomac River is the second largest tributary to Chesapeake Bay, and information from the NAWQA Program can be used to monitor progress toward this goal. Only a small amount of data was available for pesticides in the Potomac River Basin prior to the NAWQA Program. Data collection was designed to fill this gap in information.
Although nitrogen and phosphorus occur naturally, elevated concentrations of these nutrients in streams and ground water of the Potomac River Basin often result from human activities. Major sources of nitrogen and phosphorus to the basin in 1990 included commercial fertilizers and manure. Atmospheric deposition from the combustion of fossil fuels accounts for an additional 32 percent of nitrogen inputs. Municipal wastewater-treatment plants are locally important sources of nutrients to many streams, but they contributed about 12 percent of nitrogen and 4 percent of phosphorus inputs to the basin in 1990 (fig. 9).
Figure 9. Major inputs of (A) nitrogen and (B) phosphorus to the Potomac River Basin, 1990. Most nitrogen and phosphorus inputs are derived from commercial fertilizers and manure, although a large percentage of nitrogen is derived from atmospheric deposition as well (Blomquist and others, 1996).
Nutrient inputs to the Potomac River Basin are related to land use. The Great Valley (fig.3), which is 45 percent cropland, received the largest estimated inputs from non-point sources of both nitrogen and phosphorus per unit area in 1990, followed by the Piedmont (including the Triassic Lowlands), which is 43 percent agricultural and 25 percent urban (Vogelmann and others, 1997; Hitt, 1994). Inputs to these areas were mostly attributed to commercial fertilizers and manure. Dominantly forested areas of the basin received smaller inputs of nitrogen (mostly from atmospheric deposition) and phosphorus per unit area in 1990. (fig. 10).
Figure 10. Inputs of (A) nitrogen and (B) phosphorus from non-point sources to areas of the Potomac River Basin, 1990 (modified from Blomquist and others, 1996).
In most waters of the Potomac River Basin, concentrations of nutrients do not pose a threat to human health or wildlife. A Maximum Contaminant LeveL (MCL) of 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L) as nitrogen has been established for nitrate (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994a). (MCLs are standards for levels of contaminants in finished public water supplies and are not directly applicable to untreated streams or ground water. MCLs are cited in this report for reference only.) Drinking water containing nitrate in excess of this concentration may cause health problems in infants and small children. Nitrate concentrations in sampled streams of the Potomac River Basin were generally well below the MCL, even during high flows. Ground water in agricultural areas of the basin underlain by carbonate rock, however, is particularly susceptible to nitrate contamination (Ferrari and Ator, 1995). Nearly 25 percent of ground-water samples from domestic wells in such areas contained nitrate in excess of 10 mg/L. Excessive nitrogen or phosphorus in streams can cause eutrophication, a condition whereby aquatic plants and algae are overproduced. This algae can smother larger plants, consume dissolved oxygen, block sunlight from the water, and produce toxins that are harmful to other aquatic life (Allaby, 1989). To control eutrophication, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1986) recommends that total phosphorus concentrations in flowing waters not exceed 0.1 mg/L, a concentration exceeded in only 12 percent of samples from small streams in the Potomac River Basin at low flow but in a greater percentage of samples from larger streams at varying flow conditions.
Nutrients are present in waters of the Potomac River Basin in many forms, often at concentrations suggestive of human-derived sources (figs. 11, 12). Maximum natural or "background" concentrations of nutrients in ground water of the basin are estimated at 0.4 mg/L (as nitrogen) for nitrate, 0.1 mg/L (as nitrogen) for ammonia, and 0.07 mg/L (as phosphorus) for orthophosphate, the most common form of dissolved phosphorus in natural waters (Ator and Denis, 1997). On the basis of data from across the United States, maximum natural concentrations of nutrients in streams have been estimated at 0.6 mg/L for nitrate and 0.1 mg/L for ammonia (Mueller and others, 1995).
Figure 11. Among samples from small streams at low flow and ground water in the Potomac River Basin, the highest nitrate concentrations were found in areas of agriculture and carbonate bedrock.
Figure 12. Time-series data show a wide variation in nitrate concentrations in selected Potomac River tributaries from 1993 through 1995, but concentrations typically are highest in those tributaries draining agricultural land and carbonate bedrock.
Elevated nitrogen concentrations in streams and ground water are common in the Potomac River Basin in areas of intensive row cropping and carbonate bedrock. Nitrate is the most common form of nitrogen in waters of the basin. Nitrate concentrations may vary considerably during the year at any given location because of seasonal variations in precipitation and inputs, but they generally exceed natural concentrations more often in streams and ground water in agricultural areas of the basin than in areas with other land uses. This is particularly evident in areas underlain by carbonate bedrock, where natural waters are more susceptible to such contamination (figs. 11, 12). Elevated nitrate concentrations in streams and ground water in some urban areas indicate that urban sources also contribute nutrients to the basin, although relatively few samples were collected in these areas during this study (Ator and Denis, 1997; Miller and others, 1997). Because nitrogen sources are typically surficial, concentrations are often greater in shallower than in deeper ground water (Blomquist and others, 1996). This is not evident from the data, however, likely because mostly shallow wells were sampled.
Nitrate concentrations that exceed natural concentrations are more common in streams and ground water in agricultural areas in the northeastern part of the Potomac River Basin than in other agricultural areas that contain lesser percentages of row cropping (fig. 13) (Ator and Denis, 1997; Miller and others, 1997). In 1992, row crops accounted for less than 20 percent of agricultural land in most counties of the basin, but as much as 47 percent of such land in counties in the northeastern part (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1995). Nitrogen is typically applied in greater quantities to crops in the form of fertilizer and manure than to pastures in the form of manure.
Figure 13. Within agricultural areas, most elevated nitrate concentrations in ground water and in small streams at low flow were found in counties with the highest percentages of agricultural land devoted to row crops.
Ammonia concentrations are typically lower than nitrate concentrations but occasionally exceed natural concentrations. Elevated ammonia concentrations in small streams during low flow in carbonate areas were likely related to agricultural and urban land uses (Miller and others, 1997). Ammonia in ground water in forested areas may form from nitrogen that is deposited from the atmosphere or from organic nitrogen in leaves and other natural debris (Ator and Denis, 1997).
Organic nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations are typically low in waters of the basin, except in streams during high flows. Organic nitrogen (fig. 14) and phosphorus concentrations can be elevated for short periods in streams during high flow, but they were detected at low concentrations or were undetectable in most ground-water samples.
Figure 14. Organic nitrogen concentrations were elevated for a short time during high flow in Conococheague Creek in June 1996 but quickly decreased as the flow subsided. Concentrations of nitrate, a much more soluble form of nitrogen, were slightly depressed during the high flow.
Streams draining primarily agricultural or urban areas yield the greatest quantities of nutrients to the Potomac River. Although the Shenandoah River contributes the greatest loads of total nitrogen and phosphorus among streams at which data were collected over time, Conococheague Creek, Muddy Creek, and the Monocacy River, which drain primarily agricultural watersheds, yield the largest loads of total nitrogen per square mile. Accotink Creek, an urban stream, yields the largest loads of total phosphorus per square mile, followed by Muddy and Conococheague Creeks and the Monocacy River (fig. 15).
Figure 15. Estimated yields of nitrogen and phosphorus for selected streams in the Potomac River Basin, 1994-95 (Lizarraga, in press). The Monocacy River and Conococheague and Muddy Creeks, which drain primarily agricultural watersheds, and Accotink Creek, which drains a small urban watershed, yield the greatest amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus per square mile to the Potomac River.
Phosphorus is less soluble than most forms of nitrogen and is often bound to stream sediment. Accotink Creek yields the most sediment per square mile among Potomac tributaries at which data were collected over time (Lizarraga, in press).
Each year, 4.94 million pounds of synthetic organic pesticides are applied to agricultural lands within the Potomac River Basin, including 2.88 million pounds of herbicides, 1.09 million pounds of insecticides, and 0.97 million pounds of fungicides. Additionally, 1.24 million pounds of oil and 0.47 million pounds of sulfur are used primarily on apples and peaches to control insects and fungi, respectively. Pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes such as maintenance of golf courses, lawns, and gardens; defoliation of rights-of-way; and control of disease-carrying or defoliating insects. Application rates for these uses are not as well documented.
1Use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
2Amount of active ingredient (Gianessi and Puffer, 1990, 1992a, 1992b).
Cornfields and apple orchards receive nearly 75 percent of agricultural pesticides applied in the Potomac River Basin (table 2). Apples receive the heaviest average rate of pesticide application, followed by potatoes and peaches. The agricultural areas with the lowest average rates of pesticide application are pastures and hayfields.
1Based on 1992 agricultural census data (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1995).
2Based on Gianessi and Puffer, 1990, 1992a, 1992b.
Commonly used pesticides are present in ground water of the Potomac River Basin, typically at low concentrations. Pesticide compounds were detectable in ground-water samples from throughout the basin, although concentrations rarely exceeded 1 microgram per liter (µg/L). Atrazine was the most commonly detected pesticide in ground water, in 34 percent of samples (fig. 16). Simazine, metolachlor, and prometon were also detected in at least 15 percent of samples, and 10 other compounds (p,p'-DDE, EPTC, metribuzin, tebuthiuron, DCPA, pebulate, dichlorbenil, dicamba, terbacil, and propoxur) were detected in less than 10 percent of samples. Deethylatrazine (a byproduct of atrazine degradation) was detected in nearly all ground-water samples that contained detectable atrazine, often at higher concentrations.
Figure 16. Concentrations of atrazine in ground water in sampled areas of the Potomac River Basin. Atrazine was most commonly detected in ground water in agricultural areas of the Great Valley.
A wider variety of pesticides was detected more frequently in small streams than in ground-water samples. Pesticides were commonly detected in samples from small streams of the basin that were collected during periods of low flow in late summer, although concentrations were usually less than 1 µg/L. Atrazine (fig. 17), metolachlor, simazine, and prometon were each detected in more than half of these samples. In addition, tebuthiuron, diazinon, and carbaryl were each detected in at least 10 percent of samples, and 18 other pesticide compounds were detected in less than 10 percent of the samples. Only atrazine and metolachlor were measured at concentrations greater than 1 µg/L. Deethylatrazine was detected in 67 percent of samples from small streams at low flow and in 86 percent of such samples that contained detectable atrazine.
Figure 17. Concentrations of atrazine in small streams during low flow in sampled areas of the Potomac River Basin. The highest concentrations of atrazine were typically detected in streams of the Great Valley, although the highest concentration was detected in the Triassic Lowlands.
Concentrations of pesticides in streams and ground water of the Potomac River Basin are usually not threatening to human health or most ecosystems, based on current standards and understanding. Established MCLs (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994a) for atrazine (3 µg/L), simazine (4 µg/L), and alachlor (2 µg/L) were only occasionally exceeded in stream samples collected during this study of the Potomac River Basin, most commonly during storms. The MCL of 70 µg/L for 2,4-D was never exceeded. There are currently no established drinking-water criteria for the other pesticides in common use in the basin, although established lifetime health-advisory levels (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996) for cyanazine and diazinon were infrequently exceeded. Although criteria for the protection of aquatic life do not reflect all possible effects of pesticides in streams and have not been established for many compounds, degradation products, and mixtures, established criteria (International Joint Commission Canada and United States, 1977; Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers, 1991; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991a) were exceeded for atrazine, chlorpyrifos, cyanazine, diazinon, malathion, methylazinphos, and metolachlor. Aquatic-life criteria were exceeded almo1st exclusively in samples collected during storms in May, June, or July from Accotink Creek, the Monocacy River, or Muddy Creek. These streams drain predominantly urban or agricultural areas and were among the most intensely sampled for pesticides within the Potomac River Basin by the NAWQA Program.
Pesticides were commonly detected in streams and ground water in agricultural areas of the Potomac River Basin; samples from forested areas rarely contained detectable pesticides. Much of the agriculture in the basin is in the Great Valley, Piedmont, and Triassic Lowlands (fig. 3). In carbonate areas of the Great Valley, atrazine (figs. 16, 17), deethylatrazine, simazine, prometon, and metolachlor were each detected in more than half of the samples from ground water and small streams. Pesticides were also commonly detected in ground water and streams of the Piedmont and Triassic Lowlands. In the mostly forested Valley and Ridge, however, detections of pesticide compounds in streams were much less frequent, and there were virtually no detections in ground water. Six compounds (atrazine, deethylatrazine, p,p'-DDE, metribuzin, prometon, and simazine) were each detected in a single ground-water sample from the Valley and Ridge, and dichlorbenil was detected in four samples. Only atrazine, deethylatrazine, metolachlor, prometon, simazine, and tebuthiuron were detected in small-stream samples from the Valley and Ridge.
Pesticide concentrations in streams and ground water of the Potomac River Basin are greatest in areas of intense crop production - particularly in the corn-producing northeastern counties and in the Great Valley. Pesticide concentrations in ground water and small streams were typically higher in samples from the more heavily cropped areas than other agricultural areas (fig. 18). Among larger streams, the highest incidence of detections and elevated concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor also occurred predominantly in these areas, particularly in the Monocacy River and Opequon, Conococheague, and Antietam Creeks.
Figure 18. Within agricultural areas, most elevated atrazine concentrations in ground water and in small streams at low flow were found in counties with the highest percentages of agricultural land devoted to row crops.
Maximum concentrations of most pesticides occur in streams during the spring and early summer months, although atrazine and metolachlor are present year round in agricultural areas. The Monocacy River at Bridgeport, Md., for example, drains 173 square miles, almost 80 percent of which is agricultural. Pesticide concentrations in this stream are related to flow, but the major controlling factor is the seasonal application (fig. 19). During a storm in May 1994, concentrations of alachlor (3.1 µg/L), atrazine (25 µg/L), cyanazine (3.0 µg/L), and metolachlor (23 µg/L) in the Monocacy River were the highest measured in any water sample during this study. Other pesticides frequently detected in the Monocacy River included simazine, prometon, and linuron. Of the 45 pesticides for which samples from this site were analyzed, 19 were detected at least once during the period of most intensive sampling in 1994. Pesticide concentrations in the Potomac River also were highest in the spring, during the time of applications. Concentrations declined through the summer months and were nearly undetectable in late fall and winter.
Figure 19. In the Monocacy River at Bridgeport, Md., atrazine and metolachlor were present at detectable concentrations during most of the year but concentrations were typically highest during the late spring following application.
Three major floods occurred in the Potomac River Basin in 1996 and had different effects on water quality because they occurred during different seasons (fig. 20).
Record high flow for a single day occurred in January in the Potomac River at Washington, D.C., due to intense rainfall and rapid snowmelt caused by unseasonably warm weather following a blizzard. In June, basins of the Monocacy River and Conococheague Creek, which are dominantly agricultural, received intense rainfall over a 5-day period. Flow from the June storm in the Monocacy River at Bridgeport, Md., reached a level expected to occur only once in 200 years. Intensive rainfall from a tropical storm caused flooding in September in the mostly agricultural Shenandoah River Basin and points west.
Nitrogen loads in the Potomac River at Washington, D.C., were greater during the January flood than during June or September. Record flow, including runoff from previously frozen land, carried an estimated 18 million pounds of nitrogen, including large amounts of ammonia and organic nitrogen which are typically associated with manure and wastewater discharges.
The Potomac River at Washington, D.C., carried 25 times as much atrazine during the June flood as in September, even though the flow was three times greater in September. Over a 5-day period, the river carried an estimated 3,300 pounds of atrazine and 3.3 million pounds of nitrogen. On two consecutive days following the June storm, atrazine was measured in the river at concentrations greater than the MCL of 3 µg/L. Pesticides and fertilizers are generally applied to the land in the spring, whereas nitrogen may be applied in the form of manure throughout the year.
Long-term impacts of the unprecedented flooding within the Potomac River Basin during 1996 have yet to be determined; however, the USGS is currently studying aquatic vegetation downstream in the Potomac estuary, and State and local governments are planning to sample drinking-water sources for pesticides more frequently during peak application periods.
Figure 20. Three major floods in the Potomac River Basin during 1996 had different effects on water quality in the Potomac River at Washington, D.C., because they occurred at different times of the year.
Within the Potomac River Basin, streams and ground water in the Great Valley show the greatest water-quality effects from agricultural sources (fig. 21) because the valley is intensely used for crop and animal production and because carbonate bedrock permits rapid transportation of constituents to ground water and streams. Much of the Great Valley is underlain by carbonate rock which commonly contains open conduits (solution channels) created and enlarged by the action of acidic water moving through rock fractures. Rain is naturally acidified by the dissolution of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and can be further acidified by the introduction of nitric and sulfuric acids into the atmosphere from the combustion of fossil fuels. Chemicals at the land surface in agricultural areas such as the Great Valley can be quickly and easily carried to ground water through conduits in bedrock. Once chemical constituents reach the ground water in carbonate rocks, they may move quickly with ground-water flow to streams, springs, or water-supply wells. Nutrient and pesticide concentrations in ground water of carbonate areas are often highly variable because the ground water responds so quickly to precipitation and the application of fertilizers and pesticides. In addition, soils derived from carbonate rocks tend to contain little organic carbon and therefore have a reduced ability to bind to organic chemicals, such as pesticides (Barbash and Resek, 1996).
Figure 21. Nitrate concentrations in ground-water samples from the Potomac River Basin increase with increasing percentages of cropland, but are typically higher in samples from carbonate rocks like those of the Great Valley than in samples from rocks of other types.