text:
6 Record-Breaking Construction Projects Now Underway
Construction teams are building things larger, taller, greener and pricier than ever before.
Architects continue their race to the top. But the construction industry has other firsts on the way as well. Check out these five record-setting projects that have started or are scheduled to start.
1. Tallest building
Construction began on the Jeddah Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in 2013, and it will likely be 2020 before it's finished. The 3,281-foot-tall building, which will offer up office, hotel and residential space, will be the first manmade structure in the world to reach the kilometer mark. It was designed by architect Adrian Smith, who was also behind the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the current highest building in the world.
2. Largest rooftop solar farm
Tesla announced in January that its $5 billion "Gigafactory" near Sparks, Nevada, which will churn out batteries for electric cars, will be home to the world's largest rooftop solar farm — seven times bigger than the current largest rooftop solar installation, according to the company. Tesla plans to generate enough electricity to run the entire facility, making it a net-zero-energy plant.
3. Most expensive real estate development project in U.S. history
Construction of the Hudson Yards, a 28-acre development in New York City, got started in 2014, and developers Related Companies and Oxford Properties estimate that the entire project will be built out by the end of 2024. When complete, the complex, which is being built over a former rail yard, will feature several skyscrapers, 18 million square feet of commercial and residential space, 1 million square feet of retail and mixed-use space and 14 acres of public space. All that building is projected to create a total of 23,000 construction jobs.
Image Credit: Hudson Yards New York
4. Tallest wood building in the U.S.
A 12-story building called Framework, in Portland, Oregon, is slated to be the first mass timber high-rise in the country. It got its start as one of the winners of a 2015 U.S. Department of Agriculture tall wood building design competition. The $1.5 million prize went toward additional research and development on safety and design. Construction should begin this fall.
Image Credit: Framework Portland, lobby rendering
5. The world's largest airport
Crews started construction on the Istanbul Yeni Havalimani international airport in Istanbul, Turkey, back in 2015, but the airport won't be complete until 2028. Spread out over 19,000 acres, it will be able to handle 150 million passengers a year, with the capacity to eventually handle 50 million more. The first phase will be complete next year, at which time the main terminal will be able to accommodate 90 million travelers.
6. The world's highest railway bridge
The 4,314-feet-long Chenab Bridge, connecting Jammu and Kashmir, India, will soar 1,178 feet above India's Chenab River and surpass by 115 feet the height of the Eiffel Tower. The $92 million arch-shaped span, which will be able to resist winds of up to 161 miles per hour, is scheduled for completion in 2019.
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A trailer for the film, Free Bradley Manning, produced before her transition.
Another tragedy strikes London. This time through negligence and greed. A horrific fire has blitzed the whole of Grenfell estate in one of London's richest borough and over a hundred are feared dead. The people demand answers and talk politics on the streets.


text:
Q: Json API Python Iteration issue I am trying to iterate through Freshservice API and I don't know how to get the json format within the file to be able to use read_json for pandas? I will not be able to share the API link nor do I think I need to since I can touch the API and access. It would
json_data = []
for page in range(1,11):
    Rest1 = requests.get(Change_URL_api + f"{page}",auth=HTTPBasicAuth('Username','Password'))
    new_results = json.loads(Rest1.text)
    json_data.append(new_results)

print(json_data)

with open('change.json','w') as f:
    f.write(json.dumps(json_data))

dataframe=pandas.read_json('change.json',orient='records')

Format within json file:
[{"changes": [{"agent_id": xxxxxx, "group_id": xxxxx, "priority": x, "impact": x, "status": x, "risk": x, "change_type": x,

This is the following format I see within the dataframe. I believe it has a different page for each index based off my range.
Index             Changes
0                  [object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],
1                  [object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home/News/Online Atlas of Aquatic Insects Aids Water-Quality Monitoring
New Tool Helps Even Novices Identify Insects Inhabiting Streams, Lakes and Rivers
PITTSBURGH—A new online field guide to aquatic insects in the eastern United States, macroinvertebrates.org, promises to be an important tool for monitoring water quality, enabling even novices to correctly identify freshwater insects inhabiting rivers, lakes and streams.
Carnegie Mellon University, working with Carnegie Museum of Natural History (CMNH), the Stroud Water Research Center, the University of Pittsburgh, Clemson University and a set of volunteer biomonitoring organizations, led development of the new visual atlas and digital field guide. It features highly detailed images of 150 common aquatic bugs, such as mayflies, dragonflies and beetles, along with a few mussels, clams and snails of interest.
In addition to helping citizen scientists monitor water quality, the atlas is an open educational resource available for trainers, teachers and students, including those at the college level.
Marti Louw, director of the Learning Media Design Center in CMU's Human-Computer Interaction Institute, led the three-year effort, sponsored by the National Science Foundation. She and other members of the research and development team will begin rolling out the new tool to regional environmental educators and watershed organizations at a workshop this Saturday
"One key goal is to make the task of accurately identifying aquatic insects easier for citizen scientists, which in turn will allow more people to engage and participate in water quality monitoring and stewardship of freshwater resources," Louw said. The number and types of insects living in waterways and bodies of water and how that diversity changes over time are vital indicators of watershed health, she noted.
Water chemistry analysis can provide specific information about water quality at any given moment, said John Wenzel, an entomologist and director of CMNH's Powdermill Nature Reserve in the Laurel Highlands. But studying insect populations is a better way to assess the health of a stream because the presence or absence of certain insects reflects water conditions throughout the year.
The new "Atlas of Common Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Eastern North America" includes not only explorable high-resolution images of the insects, but also detailed multimedia annotations. These help the user know what and where to look for anatomical features that will enable them to recognize orders, families and even genera. It's not an exhaustive catalogue of aquatic insects, but includes the most common types found east of the Mississippi River.
Multiple views of each specimen collection were created at CMNH using a robotic camera rig. For each view, 2,000-3,000 individual photographs at different focal lengths and positions are digitally stitched together into a single image, enabling users to both look at the insect as a whole and seamlessly zoom in to examine tiny features.
"With this modern technology, we can turn your computer into a microscope that you can drive," Wenzel said.
Though the field guide can be accessed online, the developers also made sure that the site would "fail gracefully" in areas where internet access is limited or nonexistent. Chris Bartley, principal research programmer in the Robotics Institute's CREATE Lab, led the software development for the atlas and supporting image and content management tools.
"One of the lines we've had to walk is whether this is a tool for science professionals or for volunteers and students," Louw said, acknowledging that compromises were necessary to keep the atlas both easy to use and true to the science. "We want to honor the beauty, precision and detail of entomology to coordinate collective observation over time and place, but not let the science be off-putting for learners and first-time users."
Wenzel has a somewhat different view.
"Going in, I thought the entomology would be the hard part," he said. "But it turns out the critical elements are the custom software that enables you to jump back and forth between photos and facts, and the design elements that enhance learning. The individual facts and photos are nice, but by themselves they don't teach you anything."
Contact: Byron Spice
bspice@cs.cmu.edu
Debra Tobin2019-06-20T07:56:32-04:00

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Western's huge "W", located on Tenderfoot Mountain, overlooks Gunnison and is the largest collegiate symbol in the world. The lighting of the "W" is a homecoming tradition and is anticipated by alumni and Gunnison residents alike. The students of Western State Colorado University are a valued addition to Gunnison and add a youthful mix to the community. Western State students have such fond memories of their experience here that many return to make this natural playground their permanent home.
Western State Colorado University was established as the "Colorado State Normal School" in 1901. It went on to become Western State College of Colorado in 1923 and more recently Western State Colorado University. Still today is an institution invested in a liberal arts curriculum that provides a rich learning experience for all 2,400+ students who attend. The classroom is just one venue for learning, however the "outdoor" classroom proves to be one the students of Western value as they experience hands on learning opportunities.
The landscape of Western State Colorado University is ever changing with new buildings adding their own flavor of architecture mixed in with the historical roots of old campus. Recent additions include, the College Center, the Borick Business Building and The Pinnacles student apartment complex. Slated for completion in early 2014 is a 120,298 square foot recreation center/fieldhouse that will include a new indoor track, a High Performance Laboratory, 54 ft. tall climbing tower, and many new exercise rooms as well as new fitness equipment.
Western State Colorado University, at 7,700 feet above sea level, provides an excellent training ground for the development of exceptional athletes. Since Mack Miller claimed Western State Colorado University's first individual national championship in men's cross country skiing in 1957, the Mountaineers have gone on to collect another 96 individual national championships in Men's and Women's Indoor Track and Field (21 National Champions), Men's and Women's Outdoor Track and Field (42 National Champions), Men's and Women's Cross Country (8 National Champions), Wrestling (16 National Champions), Men's Swimming and Diving ( 1 National Champion) and Men's and Women's Skiing (9 National Champions). Western State athletic teams have also collected an impressive 89 Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference team titles.
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It's been a time of primitive solutions in web design. Now it seeks an effective web site that can meet the growing demands of clients. In this regard it should be noted that only a complete web design solutions with the rationale and perspective. Sweb design Studio creates modern internet presentation, very well optimized and ready to on Google and other search engines take a great position. Price of our services is of course much lower than the price of creating the EU and the USA, with what we strive to maintain a level of quality as the demands of modern web systems. Engagement of our web design team, practical solution for getting almost your web site. All packed into one very affordable package web, Swebdizajn will try to justify your trust and be your trusted partner.


text:
Take our London Tier 4 survey and let us know what you think about the new Christmas rules
Do you think it was a necessary decision?
Ellie McKinnellAudience Editor
It's going to be a lonely Christmas for many in London (Image: Stefan Rousseau/PA Wire)
Want the best food, film, music, arts and culture news in London sent straight to your inbox? Sign up to our weekly email.
On Saturday, December 19 Londoners were hit with the bombshell that their Christmas plans were going to be drastically changed.
We had already prepared for a very different Christmas, with small bubbles allowed for only a few days over the festive period.
Then, thanks to a new strain of highly infectious coronavirus, we were plunged into Tier 4 and told Christmas was as good as cancelled for people in London and the South East.
Some people considered the decision to be a necessary evil, others think it's an overreaction, and many think the whole thing is just a shambles.
And now you have the chance to have your say on how you feel about the upcoming festivities, let us know how you're affected, and tell us what you think should happen going forward.
Please let us know by taking our survey below.
As well as Christmas rules being changed, London has been put into a newly created Tier 4 that 'could last for months'.
These rules are similar to those enforced in the November lockdown, with non-essential shops, hairdressers, gyms, leisure and entertainment venues all closed.
Visit our dedicated coronavirus page for all the latest updates and advice.
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Hidden gem cafe in East London run by the same family for 30 years people travel 10 miles to visit
Cabin in Stepney Green has had many different signage along the front but for the last 30, it has been a family-run institution
Things To DoIncredible pictures from inside London's 'most expensive' hotel where rooms cost up to £27k just for ONE nightThe Lanesborough Hotel is one of the most exclusive hotels in the world
Asda applauded by shoppers for dress with new feeding tube hole but they beg shop to make one for adults
The dress is part of a George range of adaptive kids clothing
Australian in stitches over 'funny looking' London houses and demands to know why they're all 'squished together'
He was completely amazed by the state of London's property
BBC EastEnders star who you didn't realise could sing set to perform at South London's biggest festival
Omar Lye-Fook enjoyed a stint on the BBC One soap in July 2022
Lorraine KellyLorraine Kelly looks like she hasn't aged a day in 40 years in incredible throwback to when she was 24Lorraine has been presenting on our screens for many years
Seven Sisters live: Major road gridlocked with severe delays after 'accident' causes traffic chaos
The road was closed around midnight


text:
Investigation Services
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We accept the following payment through
News & Articles > Articles >
New Study Outlines Top Cybersecurity Threat Vectors
posted Jun 12, 2017, 11:33 AM by Resty Manapat
Rarely a day goes by that a major cyber-attack against a business, hospital, school, or government agency doesn't make global headlines. Dealing with data breaches, ransomware infections, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, and a multitude of other cyber threats has become a part of doing business for most organizations.
Despite the grim outlook, there's also a great deal of research being done on various cyber crime trends to help keep cybersecurity professionals well-informed on the threat landscape. NTT Security's recently published "2017 Global Threat Intelligence Report," provides a wealth of data points on the aforementioned cyber threats and how hackers continue to vary their tactics. Some of the highlights of the report's findings include:
Phishing attacks were responsible for as much as 73 percent of malware being delivered to organizations.
77 percent of all detected ransomware was in four industries – business and professional services (28 percent), government (19 percent), healthcare (15 percent), and retail (15 percent).
25 passwords accounted for nearly 33 percent of all authentication attempts against NTT Security Honeypots, which are systems built as lures to attract attackers and gather information on their methods.
Globally, DDoS attacks accounted for less than 6 percent of all attacks; however, they accounted for over 16 percent of all attacks from Asia and 23 percent of all attacks from Australia.
The report also analyzed trends by specific geographic regions. Within the Americas, for example, after the United States (54 percent), China (17 percent) was responsible for more attacks against the company's clients in the region than any other source country. The three industries most frequently targeted in the Americas were manufacturing (23 percent), education (20 percent), and finance (15 percent).
Rob Kraus, director of security research and strategy for NTT Security, says that while many of the attack trends highlighted in this year's report are similar to what they have found in past iterations, what has changed is the frequency in which they are employed.
"As you can imagine, say four or five years ago, phishing and SQL injection were the hot topics with some of the tools reaching their maturity lifecycle. And then three or four years ago we started moving deeper into ransomware," Kraus says.
The Rise of Business Email Compromise
Kraus says they have really seen a sharp uptick recently in business email compromise (BEC) schemes, which essentially involve a bad actor setting up a phishing server and then sending out targeted and well-crafted emails – usually spoofed to look as if it came from a C-level executive – to those who work in accounting or finance roles within various organizations to trick them into sending them money or sensitive data. According to the report, BEC attacks were the second most common form of phishing attacks that NTT Security incident response engagement teams encountered in 2016, just behind ransomware.
In some cases, Kraus says the attackers were able to get away with only a few thousand dollars, but in others they're responded to, the amount was in excess of $100,000. In fact, the report found that the average BEC incident involves a loss of about $67,000 compared to the average cost of a ransomware incident which is only $700.
And while the importance of having employees across the board take part in security awareness training is always emphasized, Kraus says a lack of training is not always to blame when it comes to these types of scams but rather good old fashioned checks and balances.
"For years, we've been talking about the human as being the weak link and so on and so forth. It's not just the end-user being the victim and the human being the weakest link, but the other part of the equation most organizations are missing is that if you have processes and procedures in place to validate these requests – even if someone falls victim to it – they can thwart the attack altogether."
Ransomware Awareness Increases
Despite some of the widely publicized incidents involving ransomware infections in recent months, Kraus believes organizations are starting to do a better job of responding to these types of attacks. Prior to the recent surge in BEC attacks, for example, Kraus says NTT Security's teams spent much of their time helping customers get out of ransomware situations, but that has started change more recently.
"I think over time the security industry in general has done a little bit better job of saying, 'hey, listen, you've got some choices when it comes to ransomware.' You can either pay the bitcoin and get your data back – then you're known as somebody who pays and you might get attacked again – or you don't pay and hopefully you can recover from backups," Kraus adds. "That being said, I certainly don't believe that ransomware is dead but the attackers are going to be in the cycle now of how do they take another approach to this because it was fairly successful."
Trends to Watch
Moving into the rest of 2017 and beyond, Kraus believes that hackers are going to begin targeting Internet of Things (IoT) devices even more than they do today as developers have only begun to scratch the surface of what's capable with technology and the increasing number of devices that are being brought online daily. Not only will the IoT give attackers a broader base from which to work with, according to Kraus, but it can also be weaponized to carry out botnet assaults as was the case in last year's DDoS attacks against Krebs on Security and Dyn.
"On the horizon, I think we're just on the cusp of getting deeper into things like drone cars and home automation-types of things. When you start looking at automobile hacking, just on the market now there are a lot more books available specifically about that craft, and so I anticipate a lot of folks will start to pick up on that a little bit more," he says. "With home automation and things like doorbells that have cameras built-in, can the bad guys use that technology to tell if someone is home? If I want to break into a house, can I tell it that someone is at home by hacking into the system?"
Source: Security InfoWatch
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I have just this moment sent money for rescue for elephants. Before that for bears, donkeys, birds and general help for animals. They need all they can get.
> this human world of progress!!
> Oh well, I said my peace.


text:
Doof je Nick Barber, ustvarjalec psihedeličnega trance-a iz Londona.

Diskografija
Let's Turn On (TIP Records 1996)
It's About Time (Twisted Records 2000)

Živeči ljudje
Angleški glasbeniki
Trance glasbeniki

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


To advertise Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Nike's collaboration Strip digital created an interactive website putting the visitor in the perspective of Zlatan.
The site is not online anymore and the video is created by Stripdigital to describes the case.
I participated in making the footage for the in-game 360º videos and the cut scenes look as good as possible visually.
I also slowed the video down for the "bullettime" in-game effect before the clips where made into loops.
The footage was sadly far from perfect, and the time was limited but I hope Zlatan was satisfied.


text:
var express = require('express');
var path = require('path');
var router = express.Router();
var Log = require('mongoose').model('Logs');

/* GET home page. */
router.get('/:year/:month', function(req, res, next) {

  var year = req.params.year;
  var month = req.params.month;
  var fromDate, toDate;
  if(month == "0") {
    fromDate = new Date(year, 0);
    toDate = new Date(parseInt(year)+1, 0);
  } else {
    fromDate = new Date(year, parseInt(month)-1);
    toDate = new Date(year, parseInt(month));
  }
  var finalData = [];
  var accumulator = {};
  var dates = {};
  Log.find({time : {"$gte": fromDate, "$lt": toDate}}, 'method time', function(err, serverHits) {
    for(i in serverHits)
    {
      var obj = {};
      day_date = (serverHits[i].time).toISOString().substring(0, 10);
      if(dates[day_date])
      {
        accumulator[day_date][serverHits[i].method]+= 1;
      }
      else
      {
        dates[day_date] = 1;
        obj.date = day_date;
        obj.GET = 0;
        obj.POST = 0;
        obj.OPTIONS = 0;
        obj.HEAD = 0;
        obj[serverHits[i].method] = 1;
        accumulator[day_date] = obj;
      }
    }

    finalData.push(dates);
    finalData.push(accumulator);
    res.json(finalData);
  });
});
module.exports = router;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


withhold or delay the release of presidential records indefinitely.
This bill would establish a deadline for a review of records. Under the Bush executive order, presidential records could only be released '''if''' both the former and current president approve. Under this bill, the current and former president would have a set time period of no longer than 40 business days to raise objections to the release of presidential records.
This bill would establish a deadline for a review of records. Under the Bush executive order, presidential records could only be released '''''if''''' both the former and current president approve. Under this bill, the current and former president would have a set time period of no longer than 40 business days to raise objections to the release of presidential records.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}

Young pulsars, neutron stars in supernova remnants (SNRs) and cooling
neutron stars make up a subset of rotation-powered radio pulsars that can
be observable at shorter wavelengths.  Measurements of the high energy
radiation are crucial as they provide important insights into the emission
processes and the neutron star physics.

Through observation and theoretical modeling it is generally accepted that a
combination of emission mechanisms are responsible for the detected X-ray flux
from rotation-powered pulsars \citep[for a review see e.g.][]{bec01,bec02}.  Soft
thermal radiation is produced by cooling of the surface of the neutron star \citep[cf.][]{gre83,rom87,pav95}, while the acceleration of particles in the neutron
star magnetosphere generates non-thermal radiation \citep[cf.][and references
therein]{mic91,bes93}.  A harder thermal component can be produced by hot
spots at the polar regions \citep{kun93,zav95}, and the presence of a
synchrotron nebula may contribute another source of non-thermal radiation
\citep[cf.][]{aron93}.

The dominant emission mechanism is related to the age of the pulsar \citep[see
e.g.][]{bec96,pa02}.  In pulsars older than $10^{6}$~yr standard cooling scenarios
predict that the temperature of the neutron star surface will be too low to generate
detectable thermal X-ray emission \citep{nom87}.  However, the source may be
observable if reheating via rotational energy loss or heating of the polar caps
takes place \citep{brin85}.  The middle-aged pulsars ($10^4-10^6$~yr) exhibit
spectra that can be described by thermal emission from the surface of the
neutron star.  In some cases a power-law component is also detected
\citep[e.g.][]{bec02,pa02}.  In pulsars younger than $10^{4}$~yr the strong
magnetospheric emission prevails over the weaker thermal radiation.    By
comparing measurements of the soft X-ray flux emitted from the neutron star
surface with thermal evolution calculations it is possible to investigate the
physical processes that occur in the interiors of these objects \citep{sch99}.

Although many rotation-powered pulsars have now been observed in X-rays,
when one considers the number of known radio pulsars, the sample of sources
detected at X-ray energies is still small.  The prospects of detecting a greater
number of these objects is however improving with missions like {\it XMM-Newton}\ and
{\it Chandra}.  It is now possible, even for faint and distant objects like the one
presented in this paper, to discriminate whether the dominant mechanism is
thermal or non-thermal which in turn permits the first estimates of temperature
and/or power law index.  In particular, the detection of emission due to cooling
is essential to determine where the pulsar lies on the thermal/evolutionary
diagram, with the main objective being able to constrain observationally the
equation of state of matter at supra-nuclear densities.  Currently, there are very
few sources for which this is possible, therefore any new source that can be
added to the parameter space is important.

One such object that should fall into the category of pulsars for which the cooling
neutron star is the dominant source of emission is PSR~B2334+61.  This Vela-like pulsar is
located at a distance of $D=3.1^{+0.2}_{-1.0}$ kpc \citep{cor02}.  Analysis
by \citet{kul93} implies that the pulsar is associated with the SNR G114.3, making
the source one of the oldest (spin-down age of $\sim 4\times 10^{4}$~yr) that is
still linked to a SNR.  Hence, PSR~B2334+61\ is a key object to study with relation to the
thermal/evolutionary parameter space.  The spin-down rate
($\dot P = 191\times 10^{-15}$ s s$^{-1}$) of the 495 ms pulsar indicates that
the magnetic field of PSR~B2334+61\ is $B\sim 10^{13}$ G.  PSR~B2334+61\ was originally detected in
a short (8 ks) {\it ROSAT} pointing \citep{bec93,bec96} but the low statistics
prevented a comprehensive investigation of the spectral properties of the source
or a meaningful temporal analysis.  Here we report on the first {\it XMM-Newton}\ observation
of PSR~B2334+61.

\section{Observations and data reduction}
\label{obser}

PSR~B2334+61\ was observed with {\it XMM-Newton}\ on 2004 February 12.  For the spectral and
timing analysis we used data from the European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC)
instruments: the EPIC MOS detector \citep{tur01} and the EPIC-PN detector
\citep{str01}.  Both MOS instruments and the PN were configured in {\it
full frame} mode and we used the thin filter.  The MOS1 and MOS2 observations
had total exposure times of 47.5 ks.  The EPIC-PN buffer was filled during the
observation resulting in an exposure time of 45.8 ks.  We reduced the EPIC
data with the {\it XMM-Newton}\ Science Analysis System (SAS version 6.0.0).

In order to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio for our {\it XMM-Newton}\ observation,
we filtered the data to include only single, double, triple and quadruple
photon events for the MOS, and only single and double photon events for
the PN.  We included photons with energies only in the range $0.3-10$ keV.

To verify that there is no contribution to the measured emission from
the remnant, we compared the radial profile of the pulsar emission with the
{\it XMM-Newton}\ point-spread function for EPIC-PN at 1.5 keV, which we generated using
the King profile parameters included in the {\it XMM-Newton}\ calibration file
''XRT3\_XPSF\_0006.CCF.plt''
\footnote{See http://xmm.vilspa.esa.es/docs/documents/CAL-SRN-0100-0-0.ps.gz
for more information}.  We find that the emission we detect from PSR~B2334+61\ is
consistent with that from a point source.

Data have been extracted using a circular region of radius $30\arcsec$,
centered on the radio pulsar's position.  We obtained 600 counts from MOS1,
616 from MOS2, and 2384 from PN.  By using a region of equal size offset from
the pulsar's position, we found that the background contributes 439 counts in
MOS1, 449 in MOS2, and 1846 in PN.  We detect X-rays from PSR~B2334+61\ at a level of
$5\sigma$ in MOS1, $5.1\sigma$ in MOS2, and $8.3\sigma$ in PN.  The extraction
radius we used encircles 85\% of the energy from the source in MOS and 83\% in
PN.  The measured fluxes reported in Table \ref{tab_spec} have been corrected
accordingly.

\section{Spectral Analysis}
\label{spec}

In order to perform the spectral analysis, we extracted the pulsar spectrum
from the MOS1, MOS2 and PN event files.  Data were filtered to exclude events
that may be incorrect, for example those next to the edges of the CCDs and
next to bad pixels.  The three spectra were regrouped by requiring at least
50 counts per spectral bin.  For each spectrum we created a photon
redistribution matrix (RMF) and ancillary region file (ARF). The subsequent
spectral fitting and analysis was performed using XSPEC, version 11.3.1.

Since essentially no emission is detected at energies  $>1.5$ keV, we modeled
the MOS spectra over $0.5-1.5$ keV and the PN spectrum over $0.3-1.5$ keV
(taking into account the calibration uncertainties for the MOS at low
energies).  We fitted the combined MOS and PN spectra using different models:
initially a power-law, a blackbody and a combination of both, each modified
by photoelectric absorption (wabs in XSPEC). The best-fit results are
summarized in Table \ref{tab_spec}.  The $\chi^{2}$ values indicate that the
spectrum is better represented  by a thermal (blackbody) model, rather than by
an absorbed power-law.  The additional power law component in the third (and
fifth) fit is poorly constrained, and not required: by applying an $F$-test, we
find an $F$-statistic of 1.6 and probability of 0.2.  The best-fit blackbody
fit gives $N_{H} = 0.26 \times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$ and
$T^\infty = 1.62 \times 10^6$ K (where $T^\infty$ is the blackbody
temperature measured ad Earth\footnote{We note that $T_{eff}^\infty$ can be
obtained by red-shifting at Earth the effective temperature measured at the
neutron star surface, $T_{eff}$, through the relation
$T_{eff}^\infty = T_{eff}(1-2.952M_{ns}/R)^{0.5}$.  $T_{eff}$ is one of the
best-fitting  parameters of the NSA model.}; see Figure~\ref{fig_spec}, first
and second panels).  We notice that, consistently, this value for the hydrogen
column density is lower than the Galactic one in the source direction, which
is $N_H \sim  0.84 \times 10^{22}$  cm$^{-2}$, while the same argument can
only be applied marginally (within the lower limit of the error bars) to the
value of $N_H$ inferred from the power-law fit.  The radius of the emitting
region, as derived from the blackbody fit using the \citet{cor02} distance,
is $R_{em}=1.66^{+0.59}_{-0.39}$~km.

In order to attempt a different representation of the thermal emission
detected from PSR~B2334+61, we used a magnetized, pure H atmospheric model (nsa in
XSPEC, for details see \citealt{pav95}), by fixing the magnetic field at
$B=10^{13}$~G, the value inferred from the radio timing measurements of the
source.  The neutron star mass and radius (measured at the source) were fixed
at $M_{ns}= 1.4 M\sun$ and $R=10$~km, respectively, although the spectral fit
is not particularly sensitive to these parameters (see \S\ref{disc} for an a
posteriori estimate of the mass).  We found that this model also provides an
excellent representation of the pulsar spectrum, and the best-fit parameters are
$N_{H} = 0.42 \times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$ and $T_{eff}^\infty = 0.58 \times
10^{6}$ K, where $T_{eff}^\infty$ is the effective temperature as measured at
Earth$^2$ (see Table \ref{tab_spec}).  However, this fit gives a pulsar distance
of $D=1.1\pm0.6$ kpc, lower than that inferred from the value of the electron
density ($D=3.1^{+0.2}_{-1.0}$ kpc, \citealt{cor02}). Although the pulsar distance
and radius are poorly constrained by our data, we find that a better agreement
can be reached by using the same atmospheric model and fixing the neutron
star radius at a slightly larger value of $13$ km.  In this case, we find
$N_{H}= 0.33\times 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$ and $T_{eff}^\infty= 0.65\times
10^{6}$~K (see Table \ref{tab_spec} and Figure~\ref{fig_spec}, third and fourth
panels).  The distance resulting from this fit is $D=3.2\pm 1.7$ kpc, which is
consistent with the electron density distance. Finally, we verified that even
when the thermal component is modeled by a neutron star atmosphere, an
additional power law is not required (last fit in Table \ref{tab_spec}).

We note that the residuals from the model fits shown in Figure~\ref{fig_spec}
are relatively large at $\sim 0.6-0.7$ keV.  To try and reduce the residuals
we fitted the data using the previous models, each modified by an absorption,
namely phabs or tbabs in XSPEC.  We find that the resulting fits are not
improved with respect to our previous results.

\section{Timing Analysis}
\label{timing}

For the timing analysis we only used PN data, extracted by applying the
filtering criteria and extraction region previously described in
\S\ref{obser}; the filtered file was then barycentrically corrected.  In
order to search for an X-ray modulation at the PSR~B2334+61\ spin period, we first
determined a predicted pulse period at the epoch of our {\it XMM-Newton}\ observations,
assuming a linear spin-down rate and using the radio measurements
\citep{dtws85,hlk04}. We calculate $P = 0.495355469$ s ($f = 2.0187523$ Hz)
at the midpoint of our observation (MJD 53,047.6).  As glitches and/or
deviations from a linear spin-down may alter the period evolution, we then
searched for a pulsed signal over a wider frequency range centered on
$f = 2.01875$ Hz.  We searched for pulsed emission using two methods.  In the
first method we implement the $Z^{2}_{n}$ test \citep{buc83}, with the number
of harmonics $n$ being varied from 1 to 5. In the second method we calculate
the Rayleigh statistic \citep{dej91,mar72} and then calculate the maximum
likelihood periodogram (MLP, \citealt{za02}) using the $C$ statistic
\citep{cas79} to determine significant periodicities in the data sets.

We do not find any significant peak near to the predicted frequency with
either method, either using the whole $0.3-10$~keV energy band or restricting
the search to the $0.3-1.5$~keV band.  By folding the light curve of PSR~B2334+61\
on the radio frequency and fitting it with a sinusoid, we determine an upper
limit for the pulsation of 5\% in modulation amplitude (defined as
$(F_{max}-F_{min})/(F_{max}+F_{min})$ where $F_{max}$ and $F_{min}$ are the
maximum and minimum of the pulse light curve).

\section{Discussion}
\label{disc}

We have presented the results from the first {\it XMM-Newton}\ observation of PSR~B2334+61.  The
source has been positively detected in all EPIC instruments, although the
X-ray emission is very faint and the spectrum does not have a high enough
signal-to-noise to make a detailed multi-component fit.  However, single
component fits allowed us to discriminate between a thermal (blackbody-like)
or non-thermal (power law-like) nature of the dominant emission mechanism.
We find that the spectrum is well represented by either thermal
blackbody-like emission from a small emitting area (e.g. a hot polar cap) of
size $\sim 2$~km or emission from a pure H atmosphere of a neutron star with
$R\sim 13$~km and magnetic field $B\sim10^{13}$~G. The EPIC flux, measured
in the $0.3-10$~keV band, is $(9.2_{-0.9}^{+0.6}) \times 10^{-14}$ erg
cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ and $(1.7_{-1.6}^{+0.1}) \times 10^{-13}$ erg cm$^{-2}$
s$^{-1}$, in the two cases respectively.  Both values are slightly higher
than that previously inferred by \cite{bec96}, $(7.1 \pm 0.2) \times 10^{-14}$
erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, although we note that due to their limited counts
{\it ROSAT} data could only be analyzed by making an assumption a priori on
the spectral shape.  In both cases, the value of $N_H$ is consistently lower
than the total galactic one in the pulsar direction.  A fit with a power-law
model alone is statistically worse, and we find little evidence for the
presence of a non-thermal component in the spectrum in addition to the
thermal one.  The upper limit for the flux contribution from the power-law in
the energy range $0.3-1.5$ keV to the blackbody fit is 3\%, and to the
magnetized atmospheric model fit is $<< 1$\%.  We do not detect X-ray
pulsations corresponding to the radio signal, to a limit of 5\% in modulation
amplitude.

Although both thermal fits are conceivable options, we tend to prefer the
atmospheric model representation based on physical grounds.  In this case,
magnetic effects for a field strength of order $\sim 10^{13}$~G (which is the
value inferred from measurements of the source spin period and period
derivative in the radio band) are consistently accounted for in the radiative
transfer computation.  Moreover, a value for the radius of $\sim 10-13$~km is
in agreement with the prediction of several neutron star equations of state
\citep{lapra} and we found that this parameter can be successfully adjusted
to make the distance inferred from the spectral fit consistent with that
obtained from the electron density value of this pulsar.

To date, thermal emission has been detected in only very few radio pulsars:
PSR~B0656+14 (\citealt{po96}), PSR~B1055-52 (\citealt{pa02}), PSR~J0437-4715
(\citealt{zavlin02}), PSR~J0538+2817 (\citealt{mcg03}), Geminga
(\citealt{hw97}), Vela (\citealt{pa01}), and PSR~B1706-44 (\citealt{gott02},
\citealt{mcg04}).  In the case of the first three objects the thermal emission
detected above $\sim 0.5$~keV is more likely to originate from a hot-polar
cap.  These sources are in fact old pulsars, at a more advanced stage of
their cooling history and their surface emission should peak at much lower
(UV) energies.  This idea was strengthened by the detection of a further
thermal component below $0.7$~keV (\citealt{pa02}) in the spectrum of the
brightest of them, PSR~B0656+14.  The Vela pulsar and PSR~B1706-44 are
younger ($\tau \sim 10^4$~yrs) and are the only radio active sources for
which the thermal component observed in the soft X-rays is well explained by
a magnetized cooling atmosphere (\citealt{pa01}, \citealt{mcg04}).  When this
model is assumed instead of a blackbody, the inferred radius is in agreement
with a neutron star equation of state.  The only other neutron stars whose
thermal component is better described by an atmospheric model, and for which
this interpretation resolves all the inconsistencies which follow from the
blackbody interpretation, are the radio-silent neutron stars 1E~1207-52
(\citealt{za98}) and RX~J0822-4300 (\citealt{za99}).

The {\it XMM-Newton}\ observation reported here allows us to add another entry to the
list.  If indeed the X-ray emission detected from PSR~B2334+61\ is originating in
the cooling atmosphere of the neutron star, our estimate of the effective
temperature allows us to localize the object in the neutron stars thermal
evolutionary diagram.

Our knowledge of neutron star interiors is still uncertain and accurate
measurements of the neutron star surface temperature are particularly
important to constrain the cooling models and provide information on the
physics of the neutron star.  Roughly speaking, theoretical models predict
a two-fold behavior of the cooling curves depending on the star mass.  In
low-mass neutron stars neutrino emission is mainly due to a modified Urca
process and nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung.  These are relatively weak
mechanisms and produce {\it slow cooling}.  In stars of higher mass the
neutrino emission is enhanced by a direct Urca process (or other mechanisms
in exotic matter), therefore these stars cool down much faster ({\it fast
cooling} regime).  To date (see \citealt{ya02} for a discussion) it has
been realized that simple models which do not account for proton and
neutron superfluidity fail in explaining the surface temperatures observed
in many sources, unless objects such as e.g. Vela, Geminga, RX~J1856-3754
do have exactly the critical mass that bounds the transition between the very
different {\it slow cooling} and {\it fast cooling} regimes.  This unlikely
fine-tuning is not required if the effects of nucleon superfluidity are
accounted for.  In particular, models with proton superfluidity included
predict an intermediate region between fast cooling and slow cooling curves,
which is expected to be populated by medium mass neutron stars (roughly with
$M$ between 1.4 and 1.65 $M_\sun$).  Although the full picture only holds if,
at the same time, neutron superfluidity is assumed to be rather weak, it is
still interesting that many neutron stars (as 1E~1207-52, Vela, RX~J1856-3754,
PSR~0656+14) have a surface temperature which falls in such a transition
region \citep{ya02}.  In turn, this means that measuring the surface
temperature allows us to ``weigh'' neutron stars \citep{ka01}.  As we can see
from the first two panels of Figure~2 in \cite{ya02}, assuming an age of
$\log \tau = 4.6$, the surface temperature of PSR~B2334+61\ derived from the
blackbody fit is even higher than the upper cooling curves i.e. those
corresponding to the slow cooling regime.  However, the surface temperature
$\log T^\infty = 5.9$ obtained by fitting with the magnetized model and
$R=13$~km falls well within the above mentioned transition region of medium
mass neutron stars.  The mass of PSR~B2334+61\ should then be $\sim 1.45 M_\sun $
or $\sim 1.6 M_\sun$, depending on the kind of proton superfluidity assumed
in the model (1p and 2p respectively).  Indeed, the measured properties of
PSR~B2334+61\ reported here are in remarkable agreement with that measured for
PSR~B1706-44 \citep{mcg04}.

As mentioned in the introduction, we are now in the position to make
the first experimental studies of surface temperatures of isolated neutron
stars.  However, although most of our insight of neutron star temperatures
and interior rely on them, at present these studies have to be considered
as pioneering.  Only a few sources are currently available for this kind of
exercise, so every newly discovered candidate is important.  At present,
X-ray spectra of thermal emission from NSs are fitted with either a blackbody
or magnetic atmosphere models.  Although the latter definitely represent a
substantial improvement, inasmuch they include most of the relevant physics,
a large amount of work remains to be done before they can be claimed to be
fully satisfactory.  The same is true for the cooling curves: progress has
been made in improving these models but they can not yet be considered as
completely realistic.  Besides other effects, we make the caveat that both
spectra and cooling curves are computed assuming 1-dimensional transfer
of radiation/heat in a single effective temperature, a single magnetic field
zone and neglect all effects of more realistic neutron star thermal and
magnetic surface distributions (see \citealt{zt05}, \citealt{pa04},
\citealt{bl04}).  However, what values to include for these parameters is not
necessarily obvious as it is not completely clear what the NS surface
temperature distribution is even in the case of a simple dipolar magnetic
field (see \citealt{gkp04}).  We also note that interpreting the temperatures
obtained from the spectral fits in the context of theoretical cooling curves
relies on the true age of the pulsar being the same as the characteristic
spin-down age, which may not be valid.  Our results for PSR~B2334+61\ provide
information that helps to constrain the current models and will enable more
realistic models to be produced in the future.

\acknowledgments

This work is based on observations obtained with {\it XMM-Newton}, an ESA science mission
with instruments and contributions directly funded by ESA Member States and
NASA.  KEM and SZ acknowledge the support of the UK Particle Physics and
Astronomy Research Council (PPARC).  Part of this work was supported by
NASA grant R-2865-04-0.  We thank the anonymous referee for a careful reading
of the manuscript and several helpful comments.  We thank Werner Becker and
Bernd Aschenbach for their contributions.

\clearpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


2 Storied, 5 Bedrooms, 4 Bathrooms, Parking for 3, Office Room, Space for Servant Room / Wet Kitchen.
Large master bedroom with dressing room, and cupboards. All rooms are open to balconies.
Spacious, Living, Dining, Pantry with cupboards, Store Room.
Built utilizing high quality materials, Modern amenities. Well secured and maximum privacy. Clear deeds.
Facing Vidyaraja Mawatha and in close proximity of Hokandara junction.


text:
Ingo Rademacher Exits 'General Hospital' Amid Vaccine Remarks, Transphobia Storm
By Ryan Smith On 11/9/21 at 9:47 AM EST
Culture Vaccine Coronavirus Dr. Rachel Levine Transgender
Ingo Rademacher has departed his long-held role as Jasper "Jax" Jacks on General Hospital amid a storm of controversy.
The actor, who joined the ABC daytime soap in 1996, was let go after refusing to comply with the show's COVID vaccine mandate, according to The Hollywood Reporter.
Rademacher has been outspoken against vaccine mandates on his social media accounts. On Sunday, he took to Instagram to share a post that read: "I will stand with you to fight for medical freedom," adding a series of hashtags that included "#nomandates," and "#coersionisnotconsent."
'Handmaid's Tale' Author Margaret Atwood Criticized for Tweet About Gender
Fired Netflix Trans Employee Doesn't Want Dave Chappelle's Special Removed
Caitlyn Jenner Backs Dave Chappelle, Blames Backlash on Woke Cancel Culture
Ingo Rademacher arrives at the 20th annual Race to Erase MS event "Love to Erase MS" at the Hyatt Regency Century Plaza on Friday, May 3, 2013, in Los Angeles. The actor has departed his role on "General Hospital" amid a storm of controversy. Jordan Strauss/Invision/AP
He also wrote in an Instagram Story, per Deadline: "If we don't send a strong message to the Biden Administration to reverse course immediately where do you think this ends guys? With Booster No. 25? Nope. Vaccine passports and more segregation is on its way right now. Wakey Wakey."
Rademacher additionally faced backlash from his own General Hospital co-stars over the weekend, after sharing a post referring to assistant secretary for health Dr. Rachel Levine, who is transgender, as a "dude."
The post shared by the actor showed a photo of newly-elected Virginia Lieutenant Governor Winsome Sears, the first Black woman to hold the position, beside Levine, a four-star admiral.
A caption on the meme, which was posted by conservative commentator Allie Beth Stuckey on November 4, read: "Hello, and welcome to ClownTown, where the dude on the left is an empowering woman, and the woman on the right is a white supremacist."
Following the post, Rademacher was condemned by his co-stars, including transgender cast member Cassandra James, who wrote on Twitter: "I am aware of a transphobic post shared by a fellow General Hospital actor. Shame on you.
"You have some serious unlearning and education to do. I feel deeply disappointed that such a public display of ignorance could come from our GH family."
Misgendering trans folks is violence and if you come for one of us, you come for all of us. The cis world doesn't get to decide which of us is valuable. I am so proud of the fans for always holding us to a high standard, for calling out transphobia and violence.
— Cassandra James (@cassandrajames_) November 8, 2021
I am so moved by the enormous amount of love and support I am seeing online from the fans and many members of the General Hospital family. Thank you.
"Misgendering trans folks is violence and if you come for one of us, you come for all of us," James went on. "The cis world doesn't get to decide which of us is valuable. I am so proud of the fans for always holding us to a high standard, for calling out transphobia and violence.
"While trans people are subjected to physical violence every day I spoke up to call out something more insidious. Transphobic memes and 'jokes' perpetuate the myth that trans people are anything less than infinitely resilient and utterly brilliant.
"I am so moved by the enormous amount of love and support I am seeing online from the fans and many members of the General Hospital family. Thank you."
Dr. Rachel Levine, who is now Assistant Secretary in the Department of Health and Human Services, testifies at her confirmation hearing before the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee February 25, 2021 on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. Rademacher shared a meme that referred to Dr. Levine as a "dude." Caroline Brehman-Pool/Getty Images
Nancy Lee Grahn, who has played Alexis Davis on the show since 1996, then went on to say that Rademacher is no longer part of the cast and shared her thoughts on the post.
She wrote: "The fellow actor, #IngoRademacher, is mercifully no longer a part of the #gh cast. Transphobia & misgendering are disgusting & should be unacceptable in any industry, including soaps/acting. I stand with my costar, @cassandrajames_, & the trans community."
On Monday, Rademacher posted a video on his Instagram account, in which he apologized to James and said that he shared the meme to highlight the "hypocrisy of the Left Wing media."
The fellow actor, #IngoRademacher, is mercifully no longer a part of the #gh cast. Transphobia & misgendering are disgusting & should be unacceptable in any industry, including soaps/acting. I stand with my costar, @cassandrajames_, & the trans community. https://t.co/pjj6FzEncg
— Nancy Lee Grahn (@NancyLeeGrahn) November 8, 2021
A post shared by Ingo Rademacher (@ingorademacher)
Conceding that he should have eliminated the word "dude" from the original post, he added: "I don't think it's okay to call a transgender an empowered woman because where does that leave women?"
Directing his attention to his co-star, he said, "Cassandra, I apologize to you sincerely. I think you're an absolute talent and you're very beautiful as well. I don't think a transphobic man would say that. I think you're absolutely gorgeous, I really do."
During the video, which was shot in his car, Rademacher went on to say that he and his wife let their son wear a Disney princess dress when he was aged 3 "because he wanted to look pretty. I don't think a transphobic dad would buy his son a Disney princess dress."
While Rademacher is yet to address his status on General Hospital, The Hollywood Reporter has stated that his final General Hospital episode will air on November 22. The publication has also reported that he departed his role before Sunday.
Nancy Lee Grahn attends the 48th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards at Associated Television Int'l Studios on June 25, 2001, in Burbank, California. The actress revealed that Rademacher was no longer a member of the cast as she condemned his social media post. Kevin Winter/Getty Images


text:
Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Compressible Fluid Turbulence
Gregory L. Eyink, Theodore D. Drivas
We investigate dissipative anomalies in a turbulent fluid governed by the compressible Navier-Stokes equation. We follow an exact approach pioneered by Onsager, which we explain as a nonperturbative application of the principle of renormalization-group invariance. In the limit of high Reynolds and Péclet numbers, the flow realizations are found to be described as distributional or "coarse-grained" solutions of the compressible Euler equations, with standard conservation laws broken by turbulent anomalies. The anomalous dissipation of kinetic energy is shown to be due not only to local cascade but also to a distinct mechanism called pressure-work defect. Irreversible heating in stationary, planar shocks with an ideal-gas equation of state exemplifies the second mechanism. Entropy conservation anomalies are also found to occur via two mechanisms: an anomalous input of negative entropy (negentropy) by pressure work and a cascade of negentropy to small scales. We derive "4/5th-law"-type expressions for the anomalies, which allow us to characterize the singularities (structure-function scaling exponents) required to sustain the cascades. We compare our approach with alternative theories and empirical evidence. It is argued that the "Big Power Law in the Sky" observed in electron density scintillations in the interstellar medium is a manifestation of a forward negentropy cascade or an inverse cascade of usual thermodynamic entropy.
Physical Review X
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.8.011022
10.1103/PhysRevX.8.011022
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Compressible Fluid Turbulence'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
compressible fluids Physics & Astronomy
cascades Physics & Astronomy
anomalies Physics & Astronomy
turbulence Physics & Astronomy
entropy Physics & Astronomy
conservation laws Physics & Astronomy
Navier-Stokes equation Physics & Astronomy
sky Physics & Astronomy
Eyink, G. L., & Drivas, T. D. (2018). Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Compressible Fluid Turbulence. Physical Review X, 8(1), [011022]. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.8.011022
Eyink, Gregory L. ; Drivas, Theodore D. / Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Compressible Fluid Turbulence. In: Physical Review X. 2018 ; Vol. 8, No. 1.
@article{61a1fe73c16b4079950a09b01d4b801f,
title = "Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Compressible Fluid Turbulence",
abstract = "We investigate dissipative anomalies in a turbulent fluid governed by the compressible Navier-Stokes equation. We follow an exact approach pioneered by Onsager, which we explain as a nonperturbative application of the principle of renormalization-group invariance. In the limit of high Reynolds and P{\'e}clet numbers, the flow realizations are found to be described as distributional or {"}coarse-grained{"} solutions of the compressible Euler equations, with standard conservation laws broken by turbulent anomalies. The anomalous dissipation of kinetic energy is shown to be due not only to local cascade but also to a distinct mechanism called pressure-work defect. Irreversible heating in stationary, planar shocks with an ideal-gas equation of state exemplifies the second mechanism. Entropy conservation anomalies are also found to occur via two mechanisms: an anomalous input of negative entropy (negentropy) by pressure work and a cascade of negentropy to small scales. We derive {"}4/5th-law{"}-type expressions for the anomalies, which allow us to characterize the singularities (structure-function scaling exponents) required to sustain the cascades. We compare our approach with alternative theories and empirical evidence. It is argued that the {"}Big Power Law in the Sky{"} observed in electron density scintillations in the interstellar medium is a manifestation of a forward negentropy cascade or an inverse cascade of usual thermodynamic entropy.",
author = "Eyink, {Gregory L.} and Drivas, {Theodore D.}",
doi = "10.1103/PhysRevX.8.011022",
journal = "Physical Review X",
Eyink, GL & Drivas, TD 2018, 'Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Compressible Fluid Turbulence', Physical Review X, vol. 8, no. 1, 011022. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.8.011022
Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Compressible Fluid Turbulence. / Eyink, Gregory L.; Drivas, Theodore D.
In: Physical Review X, Vol. 8, No. 1, 011022, 12.02.2018.
T1 - Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Compressible Fluid Turbulence
AU - Eyink, Gregory L.
AU - Drivas, Theodore D.
N2 - We investigate dissipative anomalies in a turbulent fluid governed by the compressible Navier-Stokes equation. We follow an exact approach pioneered by Onsager, which we explain as a nonperturbative application of the principle of renormalization-group invariance. In the limit of high Reynolds and Péclet numbers, the flow realizations are found to be described as distributional or "coarse-grained" solutions of the compressible Euler equations, with standard conservation laws broken by turbulent anomalies. The anomalous dissipation of kinetic energy is shown to be due not only to local cascade but also to a distinct mechanism called pressure-work defect. Irreversible heating in stationary, planar shocks with an ideal-gas equation of state exemplifies the second mechanism. Entropy conservation anomalies are also found to occur via two mechanisms: an anomalous input of negative entropy (negentropy) by pressure work and a cascade of negentropy to small scales. We derive "4/5th-law"-type expressions for the anomalies, which allow us to characterize the singularities (structure-function scaling exponents) required to sustain the cascades. We compare our approach with alternative theories and empirical evidence. It is argued that the "Big Power Law in the Sky" observed in electron density scintillations in the interstellar medium is a manifestation of a forward negentropy cascade or an inverse cascade of usual thermodynamic entropy.
AB - We investigate dissipative anomalies in a turbulent fluid governed by the compressible Navier-Stokes equation. We follow an exact approach pioneered by Onsager, which we explain as a nonperturbative application of the principle of renormalization-group invariance. In the limit of high Reynolds and Péclet numbers, the flow realizations are found to be described as distributional or "coarse-grained" solutions of the compressible Euler equations, with standard conservation laws broken by turbulent anomalies. The anomalous dissipation of kinetic energy is shown to be due not only to local cascade but also to a distinct mechanism called pressure-work defect. Irreversible heating in stationary, planar shocks with an ideal-gas equation of state exemplifies the second mechanism. Entropy conservation anomalies are also found to occur via two mechanisms: an anomalous input of negative entropy (negentropy) by pressure work and a cascade of negentropy to small scales. We derive "4/5th-law"-type expressions for the anomalies, which allow us to characterize the singularities (structure-function scaling exponents) required to sustain the cascades. We compare our approach with alternative theories and empirical evidence. It is argued that the "Big Power Law in the Sky" observed in electron density scintillations in the interstellar medium is a manifestation of a forward negentropy cascade or an inverse cascade of usual thermodynamic entropy.
U2 - 10.1103/PhysRevX.8.011022
DO - 10.1103/PhysRevX.8.011022
JO - Physical Review X
JF - Physical Review X
Eyink GL, Drivas TD. Cascades and Dissipative Anomalies in Compressible Fluid Turbulence. Physical Review X. 2018 Feb 12;8(1). 011022. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.8.011022


"Libre" también es el título de su nuevo sencillo y video.
MIAMI (12 de abril, 2019) – La galardonada cantante y compositora cubana Diana Fuentes lanza hoy Libre, el tercer álbum de su trayectoria, junto con el sencillo y video que dan título al disco. Todo este nuevo material se encuentra disponible en las principales plataformas de música digital a través de Sony Music Latin.
El álbum, producido por el ganador del GRAMMY® y Latin GRAMMY® Eduardo Cabra, nos presenta además colaboraciones con importantes artistas de la escena musical latinoamericana como el brasileño Seu Jorge y el dominicanoVicente García, así como la participación de importantes músicos y arreglistas legendarios como el saxofonista cubano César López.
MIAMI (April 12, 2019) – The acclaimed Cuban singer and songwriter Diana Fuentes today releases her third solo albumLibre, along with the title-track single and video. This new material is available today on all digital-music platforms fromSony Music Latin.
"Libre" is a comforting song that speaks to everyone who's going through a life change. Tender and timeless, the lyrics of "Libre" will motivate its listeners. As the verse (in Spanish) says: "Today I went looking for an exit, I don't want sad memories, nor anything that wilts, just a message of love that says…'free.'" Giving a bittersweet touch to this lovely song is the vallenato-styled accordion.
Directed by the talented Cuban Yeandro Tamayo, the music video portrays street scenes from Diana's native Havana and includes a cameo from her grandmother, Aurora.
Produced by the multiple GRAMMY® and Latin GRAMMY® winner Eduardo Cabra, Libre also features creative collaborations with the Brazilian great Seu Jorge, the Dominican singer and songwriter Vicente García, and the Cuban sax legend César López.
Libre is a family affair, with important songwriting contributions from her mother, Mirta Lavastida. Diana Fuentes is convinced that family support has been key to her growth.
We got a preview of Libre in 2017, with two singles that are included on the album – "La Fortuna," featuring the Puerto Rican singer-songwriter Tommy Torres, and "La Vida Me Cambió," featuring the Cuban duo Gente De Zona. These songs became low-key treasures, discovered by enough listeners to chart at #29 on Billboard's Latin Pop Songs and #10 on Tropical Songs, respectively. Even better, "La Fortuna" was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2017 Latin GRAMMYs®.
Her first two solo albums, Amargo Pero Dulce (Bitter But Sweet, 2008) and Planeta Planetario (Planet Planetarium, 2014), were discovered by dedicated music lovers and were critically acclaimed. Now, this Miami-based singer is expanding her reach with Libre, her most complete album to date.