Marylu Redmond, et al. No. 95-266 Monday, February 26, 1996 Washington, D.C.
The above-entitled matter came on for oral argument before the Supreme Court of the United States at 10:02 a.m.
KENNETH N. FLAXMAN ESQ, Chicago, Ill.; on behalf of the Petitioner.
GREGORY E. ROGUS, ESQ, Chicago, Ill.; on behalf of the Respondents.
JAMES A. FELDMAN, ESQ, Assistant to the Solicitor General, Department of justice, Washington, D.C.; on behalf of the United States, as amicus curiae, supporting the Respondents.
Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist: We'll hear argument first this morning in No. 95-266, Carrie Jaffee v. Marylu Redmond Mr. Flaxman.
In Rule 501 of the Federal Rules of Evidence Congress delegated to this Court the power to recognize new evidentiary privileges consistent with the principles of the common law as interpreted in the light of reason and experience. Even before Rule 501, when this Court had full common law power to recognize privileges, the Court was very parsimonious in the privileges that it would recognize. The Court recognized a common law privilege for trade secrets, a common law privilege for informants, a common law privilege for military secrets. The Court rejected a news gatherer's privilege, and an accountant's privilege.
Following the adoption of the Federal Rules of Evidence, the Court has continued to be very reluctant to establish new privileges. The Court rejected an editorialist privilege, a state legislator's privilege, an accountant's work product privilege, and an academic peer review privilege.
JUSTICE REHNQUIST: When were the Federal Rules of Evidence adopted, Mr. Flaxman?
MR. FLAXMAN: 1973, 1 believe.
MR. FLAXMAN: And the Court limited spousal privileges. The respondents in this case ask the Court to fashion a new, broad privilege that would apply to any mental health professional engaged in psychotherapy or counseling. The number of persons engaged in these professions is countless, and the number of conversations that would be protected by this new privilege are countless.
JUSTICE ANTHONY M. KENNEDY: Well, it's not countless if they're licensed and we confine the privilege to those who are licensed. I assume you could go to every state and count how many licenses there are.
MR. FLAXMAN: Well, except the states are each day creating new counselor status positions. I think that in California, somebody after two years of an associate's degree can becomes a certified alcoholic counselor.
JUSTICE KENNEDY: But are they licensed, or do they have some state certification, or is there some document?
Q. Well then, I assume they could be counted.
MR. FLAXMAN: They can be counted, but it would be a very large number.
JUSTICE RUTH BADER GINSBURG: And Mr. Flaxman, they would be counted in a diversity case, is that not right?
MR. FLAXMAN: That's absolutely correct. In a diversity case, the Rules of Evidence require the federal courts to apply state law in determining privileges. This case was not a diversity case. There was a federal civil rights claim.
JUSTICE GINSBURG: Wasn't there one state claim? In addition, there was a wrongful death claim under state law?
MR. FLAXMAN: There was a supplemental claim brought under state law. The principle that was applied by the district court that was not questioned by the district court is that when there is a state law claim and a federal claim, that for the federal claim, there being no federal privilege, the rule would be to admit the evidence.
MR. FLAXMAN: That principle is recognized, I think uniformly within the circuits. It's consistent with the legislative history. I don't think it's been ruled on by this Court. It was not challenged by the respondents in the court of appeals, and I don't believe it's within the questions that are presented in the petition for certiorari. I think the question here is that the agreed question is whether there should be a federal privilege for this kind of evidence, and this kind of evidence that we're focusing on is not confidential communications about dreams or feelings.
JUSTICE SOUTER: From what a clinical psychologist learns and hears?
MR. FLAXMAN: Well, we don't know, on this record, what kind of therapy was actually being administered. As a general rule, I think a legislature could make a rational distinction between social workers and clinical psychologists and psychiatrists.
MR. FLAXMAN: Because they'd be different kinds of therapy.
JUSTICE SOUTER: Well, what is the difference?
MR. FLAXMAN: Well, I think as a rational distinction a legislature could say that a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist axe going to be more concerned with psychic reality, and a social worker would be more concerned with helping somebody deal with problems that they're facing.
JUSTICE SOUTER: I mean, that sounds very sensible just based on the language we're using. As a matter of positive knowledge, is that correct?
JUSTICE SOUTER: It sounds like a reasonable answer, but is it true, I guess is what I'm saying.
MR. FLAXMAN: Unlike the number of people who are licensed, that's a question that can't really be ascertained. It can be debated by scholars. It can be debated by interest groups.
JUSTICE SOUTER: Can we say that there simply are no clear, standard cases on which we can answer that question? In other words, psychiatric social workers do all sorts of things. Who knows what they're doing, is that sort of what you're saying?
MR. FLAXMAN: That's correct. Our approach.
JUSTICE KENNEDY The brief of the American Psychiatric Association I take it, correct me if I'm wrong, supports the Respondent here, and they don't ask that we draw the line that you're suggesting in this colloquy with Justice Souter.
JUSTICE KENNEDY Or am I incorrect?
JUSTICE KENNEDY Well, but I infer from their position that formal psychiatric or psychoanalytic sessions are not necessarily different in their objectives than clinical counseling in the more ordinary sense, assuming there's an aura of confidentiality about it, where the confidentiality is expected on both sides.
MR. FLAXMAN: No, perhaps I'm misreading their brief, but I think they make a distinction between psychoanalysis and counseling. Psychoanalysis is dealing with psychic truth. Not with what really happened, but with a person's feelings and emotions and dreams about what happened, and about someone's childhood.
JUSTICE SANDRA DAY O'CONNOR: Well, Mr. Flaxman, I take it you would not extend in a federal case a privilege to a psychiatrist.
MR. FLAXMAN: That's correct. Our primary position is that there should not be any privilege.
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: Regardless of what differences there might be?
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: In the therapy or the nature of the questions?
MR. FLAXMAN: That's our primary position, that the confidential interest-and we concede that there are confidential interests in counseling and therapy.
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: And yet all 50 states recognize some form of privilege in this area.
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: Now, the court below didn't adopt a clear rule of privilege and that's that. It went on to balance the need for the evidence?
MR. FLAXMAN: Well, the court below adopted a very unconventional definition of cumulative. It said, I think, that because there were four witnesses who were family members of the deceased, and one police officer on the other side in the civil rights case, our learning what the police officer told the social worker, our learning that the police officer had had memory problems, would be cumulative.
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: In the area of privileged communications do federal courts typically engage in a balancing whether to apply the privilege or not?
MR. FLAXMAN: The one circuit that has expressly adopted a balancing test, and describes the privilege that it was adopting as nothing more than a requirement that the district judge balance the privacy interest with the opponent's need to know.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST Well, that's really not much of a privilege, is it, if everything is going to be balanced at the time the evidence is sought to be admitted. The time the privilege is supposed to work is when the person either feels free or does not feel free to confide to the professional therapist.
MR. FLAXMAN: Well, we're not seeking disclosures about confidences about feelings or about dreams. We want to know what the client-what the respondent told the social worker about the incident. The district judge said that's all we can get.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST. Well, but that may be a very difficult line to draw. You say you don't want the person's mental reflections and that sort of thing, but it's not always easy to separate those from an account of what happened.
JUSTICE GINSBURG: Mr. Flaxman, correct me if I'm wrong about this, but I thought that part of what you were asking did involve mental impressions to the extent that you were asking for the notes of the social worker.
MR. FLAXMAN: The notes of the social worker only came up after the respondent testified that she could not recall any of her conversations with the social worker.
JUSTICE GINSBURG: Are you now conceding that mental impressions of the social worker, mental impressions reflected in her notes, are things to which you do not have access?
JUSTICE GINSBURG: But the conversations, the notes, mix in, as lawyer's notes do, the social worker's own mental impressions with things that the patient or client said about what happened.
MR. FLAXMAN: Well, we were given three pages of heavily redacted notes which made clear the things that the client had said about the incident.
JUSTICE GINSBURG: But I -- please just straighten me out on what your position is. I thought you were objecting to the reactions.
JUSTICE GINSBURG: I thought you were saying, we want her notes, without the editing.
MR. FLAXMAN: We objected to that. The district judge ruled against us, and we're not challenging the district judge's ruling on that, and we've never challenged the district judge's ruling on the reactions. The district judge held a hearing to inquire about these. I don't recall that came from respondent Redmond when she was asked about the contents of conversations with the social worker.
After hearing and observing the character and demeanor of the witness, the district judge said these denials are wholly incredible, and the only way to refresh her recollection is to review all of the notes, and the review just for counsel's eyes only. That order about production of the notes wasn't about a privilege or about confidentiality, it was to help us cross-examine her. It was sanctioned for this meeting.
JUSTICE KENNEDY The propriety of that particular resolution I'm not sure is before us, or seems to me very odd. It's standard for you to ask a witness, have you talked to your attorney, and the unprepared witnesses will say, oh, no. Well, everybody knows that that's incredible, but if the witness responds in that incredible way, that isn't an open door to then inquire about all the conversations with the attorney.
MR. FLAXMAN: Well, there's a vast difference between conferring with an attorney who is an officer of the court, who is interested in following the law and not helping somebody change their recollections of an incident, to going into therapy.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST You say an attorney isn't always interested in changing someone's recollections of an incident?
MR. FLAXMAN: An attorney should not be helping somebody change their recollections and commit perjury, and if an attorney does that, then the attorney is subject to sanctions.
If a therapist does that, and helps somebody sleep at night after they did a horrible thing, then the therapist has succeeded. The goals of therapy are quite different than the goals of an attorney. An attorney is ultimately answerable to the court as an officer.
JUSTICE ANTONIN SCALIA: Mr. Flaxman, you said earlier that the privilege recognized by some states, which amounts to a balancing of the importance of the information versus the--I guess, what, the confidentiality of it, that that isn't much different from what would be applied anyway in the absence of a privilege.
JUSTICE SCALIA: Allow it in.
MR. FLAXMAN: Or allow it to be disclosed.
JUSTICE SCALIA: Yes, but that still is a privilege of sorts, isn't it?
JUSTICE SCALIA: I mean, it's different from the rule which would be applied otherwise.
MR. FLAXMAN: 'that's correct. It's like the Second Circuit's privilege that's just a balancing test.
JUSTICE SCALIA: Now, of these privileges that exist in the states, has any of them been adopted judicially, as a matter of common law? Are they all legislated?
MR. FLAXMAN: The Alaska Supreme Court adopted it, and also the Arizona Supreme Court. Other than that, all of the privileges have been adopted by legislative action.
JUSTICE SCALIA: What is the nature of the Alaska and the Arizona privilege ?
JUSTICE SCALIA: It's an absolute privilege?
JUSTICE SCALIA: And that includes Alaska and Arizona?
MR. FLAXMAN: That's correct. There are always instances where a therapist is required by law to make disclosures, and so there can't be this guarantee of absolute privilege which the American Psychiatric Association would urge and would seek.
JUSTICE SCALIA: You asked us to recognize a line between statements about fact and statements about feeling, and I confess that I'm skeptical that we could do that. What if somebody says to the social worker or the psychologist, "I feel bad about killing somebody." Is that on one side of the line or the other?
JUSTICE SOUTER: Even though there's an implicit admission in it?
JUSTICE SCALIA: Why is "feeling about killing somebody" fact?
JUSTICE SCALIA: What if he says, "I didn't do it"?
JUSTICE SCALIA: "I didn't kill anybody." That's his defense. "I did not kill anybody."
MR. FLAXMAN: "I didn't kill anybody" is a statement about the incident. That should be disclosed.
JUSTICE SCALIA: No, I'm saying that's his legal position, "I did not kill the decedent whom I am accused of killing." Go back to our statement, "I feel bad about killing somebody." Is it subject to the privilege? Would it be subject to a privilege or not?
MR. FLAXMAN: I would say that a district judge would require that that denial would have to be disclosed, that it wouldn't be privileged, it should not be hidden from the Government in a criminal case, or from a plaintiff in a civil case.
JUSTICE SOUTER: So there's no analytical distinction then between the fact and the feeling.
JUSTICE SOUTER: Yes, but even on your balancing theory I thought the judge was supposed to draw a line between fact and feeling. Maybe I misunderstood you.
JUSTICE SOUTER: Balancing the appropriateness of admitting the fact as against other interests?
MR. FLAXMAN: I think that's one of the things that the trial judge could be balancing, whether it's fact or feeling, but also the need for the evidence.
JUSTICE SCALIA: I don't understand that, "the need for the evidence"? You come here saying there is no privilege, but you're going to let the court balance the need for the evidence?
MR. FLAXMAN: With the confidentiality interests that are involved in therapy.
JUSTICE SCALIA: Oh, okay, so you're not denying there ought to be a privilege?
JUSTICE SCALIA: We're just arguing about what the scope of it ought to be.
JUSTICE SCALIA: You see, I thought you were arguing on the basis of relevance before. I thought you were saying, the facts come in because they're relevant, the feelings don't come in because they're not, because they aren't relevant.
JUSTICE SCALIA: There's no balancing there at all. There's a determination of what's fact and what's feeling.
MR. FLAXMAN: No, what I'm willing to say is that in an appropriate case the district judge could say that these feelings have so little probative value, even if they are relevant they should not come in.
If there was a case where there are five police officers who each say that the officer who shot did so because the man had a knife and was about to plunge it into the back of another man, the therapy admissions or therapy statements of that fifth police officer who did the shooting would have so little probative value that the confidentiality should not be invaded.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST That really isn't much of a privilege at all.
MR. FLAXMAN: Because there are confidential interests involved in therapy.
JUSTICE SCAM: No, not a privilege, just confidential interests. You want us just to call it a confidential interest instead of a privilege, is that it?
MR. FLAXMAN: If there is a privilege, then the burden shifts to one who has to pierce the privilege.
In this case, what happened is that the respondent came forward and said, I don't have to demonstrate that it was psychotherapy. I don't have to demonstrate that there was a promise of confidentiality. I don't have to demonstrate that disclosure would interfere with the counseling relationship. All I have to do is to say, I saw a social worker and discussed things with her.
JUSTICE BREYER: Why a distinction between a doctor who diagnoses or treats a mental or emotional condition and a doctor who treats a physical condition, provided that the state licenses the individual to engage in that diagnostic or treatment profession?
JUSTICE BREYER: Why in logic or policy make that distinction?
MR. FLAXMAN: There is no reason for a physician-patient privilege and that privilege is not recognized in the federal courts.
JUSTICE BREYER: No, look, I'm asking why is it any different where, instead of seeing the doctor for purposes of diagnosis or treatment of your itch, or cancer, or worse, you see that doctor or psychologist or social worker licensed to engage in psychotherapy because you have a very serious, or less serious, mental or emotional problem? Why in reason or logic or policy should one try to make such a distinction?
MR. FLAXMAN: Well, there are many distinctions that can be made, but the fundamental reason why there's no need to make that distinction is because there is no privilege for when you go to a doctor and say "I've a broken foot."
JUSTICE BREYER: I'll I try once more. I'm not saying what there is. I'm asking what there should be.
JUSTICE BREYER: And what I'm asking is-it's only me who's interested, perhaps, but I am interested-is there any reason in logic or policy, is there any reason, other than what the courts have held? I'm not interested, for this question, what courts have held in the past. I'm interested in whether there is a reason in logic or policy for drawing the line that I just referred to.
JUSTICE BREYER: Am I not being clear? I'm saying, what is the difference whether you go to a physician to diagnose your cancer, skin disease or whatever, or if you go to a licensed psychologist or psychotherapist or psychiatrist for diagnosis or treatment of a mental or emotional condition? That's the line I'm talking about. What's the reason for drawing that line?
MR. FLAXMAN: If the Court is willing to recognize a privilege for physician patient communications, then the Court should recognize a psychotherapist privilege. The Court has never recognized the doctor-patient privilege, and the Court should not recognize the psychotherapist-client privilege. In Upjohn v. United States 1449 U.S. 383 (1981)], the Chief Justice, then Justice, wrote that the Court doesn't lay down broad rules but decides only the case before it.
JUSTICE SCALIA: I suppose if we did recognize a doctor's privilege, which we haven't, it would be a lot less expensive, wouldn't it? Very few people go to a doctor in order to get treatment and say, "I just killed somebody," whereas a lot of people go to psychiatrists and say, "I just killed somebody. I feel really bad about it."
JUSTICE SCALIA: I mean, don't you think the cost of the psychiatrist privilege would be a lot higher than the cost of the medical doctor's privilege?
MR. FLAXMAN: Oh, it would be specially in a case like this, where we've had the disclosures made in November 1991, which is five or six months after the incident, that respondent Redmond was unable to recall pulling the trigger. That kind of information, which is relevant to her believability and her ability to come into court and recall and recount what happened, is the kind of information that would be shielded from us by the broad privilege that's sought in this case.
JUSTICE BREYER: How many states have a physician's privilege, by the way?
MR. FLAXMAN: Virtually all states.
JUSTICE BREYER: Virtually all of them, and yet we don't in federal courts?
JUSTICE BREYER: Has this Court affirmatively disavowed a medical doctor's privilege, or has it just never passed on it?
JUSTICE BREYER: And how about the circuits?
MR. FLAXMAN: The circuits have uniformly rejected a physician privilege. The circuits have generally recognized a clergyperson privilege, and this Court has in dicta suggested that there should be such a privilege, and that privilege is quite different than the privilege with the therapist. If somebody goes to a clergyperson and talks about having done a horrible thing, the clergyperson probably will not engage in 50 or 75 therapy sessions to help the memory.
JUSTICE KENNEDY Suppose the clergyperson is also a licensed social worker?
JUSTICE KENNEDY Suppose the answer is both?
MR. FLAXMAN: That would be a difficult question for the district judge to balance.
MR. FLAXMAN: If the clergyperson was doing therapy and was helping somebody recall memories, or get a sharper recollection of what happened, then it would not be what the organized religion probably would recognize as clerical-penitent counseling, and I think that it's more likely that a clerical person who's confronted with someone who's confessing to a horrible thing would encourage that person to go turn him- or herself in rather than helping them process it in their mind so they remember it differently. I'd like to reserve the rest of my time.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST Very well, Mr. Flaxman.
In enacting Rule 501, Congress declared that the federal courts are to look to reason and experience in determining evidentiary privileges. The intent behind the rule as evidenced both in the legislative history and as acknowledged by this Court in the Trammel v. United States 1445 U.S. 40 (1980)] was not to freeze the law of privilege as it existed but to allow the courts flexibility to develop rules of privilege, once again in line with reason and experience.
Now, it is true, as Mr. Flaxman has mentioned, that decisions of this Court have counseled caution in terms of the recognition of privilege. However, this Court has also stated that when a privilege promotes sufficiently important interests to outweigh the need for probative evidence, recognition and implementation of a privilege is proper.
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: Mr. Rogus, did the court also balance need for the evidence with its notion of the privilege?
MR. ROGUS: The court did engage in balancing.
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: Is that the way that federal courts normally approach the exercise of a privilege?
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: Do you defend that as an appropriate approach?
MR. ROGUS: The need for balancing is appropriate particularly with respect to determining when an exception to a privilege should come into play.
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: Well, would that be the approach in the case of an attorney-client privilege, for example? You balance the need?
JUSTICE KENNEDY But that's not balancing. That's a boundary to the privilege. It prevents the abuse of the privilege. It has nothing to do with the requirements or the exigencies of, and the necessities of producing the information in a particular case, and I'm quite surprised that you support the balancing idea. I should have thought you would say the privilege either should be granted or it shouldn't.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST Is that a case-by-case balancing?
MR. ROGUS. No, not a case-by-case balancing. It's a balancing at the policy level weighing the interests, the important interests against the need for probative evidence.
MR. ROGUS. If it were the only evidence available on a material element of the cause of action, that would certainly affect the balancing.
JUSTICE SCALIA: Well, I'd consider that case-by-case, myself.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST If you subscribe to what justice Scalia just said, the purpose of the privilege is to enable the attorney or the doctor, whoever, to tell a person, I suppose, that what you say here is confidential, and if instead he has to say, what you say here may be confidential, depending on how some future court may balance the need for your testimony, that's much less disposed to get people to confide.
MR. ROGUS: Well, in this instance, psychotherapists do need to tell their patients that their communications are confidential.
JUSTICE SCALIA: So you're in effect starting with a presumption of confidentiality subject to case-by-case balancing on the issue of exception?
MR. ROGUS: A presumption of confidentiality, yes.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST That's a much weaker sense of privilege, then, than the sort of classic privileges.
MR. ROGUS. We did not and we are not asking for recognition of an absolute privilege.
JUSTICE BREYER: Well, how does it stack up with the doctor? I'm thinking now about the other side. They're saying, well, it should be the same as the doctor who is diagnosing you for cancer and so forth.
JUSTICE BREYER: Are you asking for a psychiatric privilege where the doctor with the physical injury wouldn't have one? Are you saying treat both alike? What is the relationship?
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: And you think that the doctor doesn't receive communications of a very private nature from a patient?
MR. ROGUS: I am not saying that a doctor does not.
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: Do you concede that there is no doctor-patient privilege recognized in the federal courts?
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: And that that is the general rule in the courts, in the circuits?
MR. ROGUS: I believe that is correct.
JUSTICE BREYER: So what are we supposed to do about that? That's what I mean. Are we supposed to say that just a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst have it? What are we supposed to do about doctors in general?
MR. ROGUS. Psychotherapists should have the privilege. We are looking at a function-psychotherapy-which has not always coincided with medical practice. There is some overlap, but it does not always coincide. We are zeroing in on the function of psychotherapy, the treatment and diagnosis of mental and emotional conditions and disorders.
JUSTICE SOUTER: You keep speaking of the function, and if you speak in terms of the function, then there's never any question as to whether, if a privilege for psychotherapy is recognized, it would cover social workers, as in this case. Let's assume that I agree that there ought to be a privilege so far as communications back and forth between the patient and a psychiatrist are concerned and the patient and a clinical psychologist are concerned. Is there a difference between what the clinical psychologist does in the kind of standard case and what the psychiatric social worker does?
MR. ROGUS: My understanding, based upon what was developed in the record, and the research, and the information provided by the amici, is that the training, the education, and the functioning of clinical social workers approaches if not equates to what clinical psychologists do in terms of performing the psycho-therapeutic function, of doing psychotherapy.
JUSTICE SOUTER: But they don't have the advanced only clearly standardized difference.
JUSTICE KENNEDY: I take it, in line with Justice Source's questioning, that most states license clinical social workers and they pass some sort of an examination.
MR. ROGUS: It is our understanding that of the 50 states that recognize privileges, 44 of them do, in fact, extend that privilege to clinical social workers.
JUSTICE KENNEDY: And do those persons who hold that privilege have a duty of confidentiality under their own professional ethical standards?
JUSTICE KENNEDY: But you're saying that the courts should not recognize what is generally understood as a duty of confidentiality, even in degree. That's the patient-doctor relation, much less this.
MR. ROGUS. If that is what my previous remarks sounded like, that is not what I meant to say. They should recognize privilege.
JUSTICE SCALIA: I suppose I have a duty of confidentiality. If somebody comes up to me and, let's say, my nephew comes up to and says, you know, Unc, I want to tell you something in strictest confidence, and I say yes, you tell me that, I promise you I won't tell this to anybody. Is that enough that I've undertaken a duty of confidentiality to justify the creation of a privilege?
MR. ROGUS: But you are not engaging, under the facts as you've laid them out, in a psychotherapeutic situation.
JUSTICE SCALIA: No, I understand that, but I just don't see the relevance of the fact that there is a duty of confidentiality here. There are duties of confidentiality in a lot of situations which we've simply, utterly ignored. Parent-child, there's no parent-child privilege, for Pete's sake. That's certainly a very confidential relationship.
JUSTICE KENNEDY: The fact that a client expects that his communications to an attorney are going to be confidential is relevant in our creation of the privilege, is it not?
JUSTICE SOUTER: Okay, so we can draw the line simply by saying the line's got to be drawn somewhere, and we're going to draw it at the point at which the person receiving the communication is licensed by the state. But in principle, apart from that line-drawing methodology, there's no reason to draw it there, is there? I have had law clerks tell me things in confidence, and I presume they felt better after telling me. (Laughter.) I assume there was some value to it, but you would not recognize the privilege in that case, but there's no reason in principle why you shouldn't, is there?
MR. ROGUS: Once again, we are talking about a particular function here.
JUSTICE SOUTER: Well, the function is feeling better, and I don't denigrate that, by telling somebody something, and so the function is being performed--talk about poor man's psychiatrist, but the function is being performed when they tell me, and so it seems to me there's no reason in principle why I shouldn't be able to claim the privilege. And your-I think your answer is, well, we've got to draw the line somewhere, judge.
MR. ROGUS: And the difference would be, once again, not only what--how the person feels when they have talked to you, brought to you whatever is on their mind, what they're feeling, et cetera, but what you, in turn, can tell them and help them.
JUSTICE SOUTER: What can the psychiatrist tell--even the full-dress psychiatrist, if we grant the sort of privilege that you want us to grant? What can he tell the patient?
JUSTICE SCALIA: What you tell me will, what, probably, most likely, be held in confidence?
MR. ROGUS: What you will tell me will be held in confidence.
JUSTICE SCALIA: He can't say that. You acknowledge exceptions.
JUSTICE SCALIA: Is there any state that has no exceptions?
MR. ROGUS: No. I believe they all have at least one exception.
JUSTICE SCALIA: And some have very broad exceptions. If it's important enough, you can get it in, right?
MR. ROGUS: That would be correct.
JUSTICE SCALIA: Well, what could a psychiatrist possibly comfort his patient with, what kind of assurance could he possibly comfort his patient with in that kind of state?
MR. ROGUS: For example, I think one of the instances that was referred to during Mr. Flaxman's argument was if something should be mentioned in terms of a definite threat of harm to a specifically identified individual, if a person goes in, talks to their therapist and says, "I'm going to kill Joe Smith," and there is no reason for the clinician to doubt that that person is in fact capable of and will, and would carry out that specific threat to Joe Smith. In that instance, most of the states I believe have recognized a very narrowly drawn privilege, once again, arising out of the fact that that very specific threat to that one very specific individual is there.
JUSTICE SOUTER: But I take it even on your scheme if Smith is dead, and an admission has been made to a psychiatric social worker and to no one else, and a case cannot be proven without that beyond a reasonable doubt, without that admission, you would let the admission in, wouldn't you?
JUSTICE SOUTER: Right. My hypo. My hypo.
JUSTICE SOUTER: You'd let it in.
JUSTICE SOUTER: So whatever the value of being able to assure the patient of confidentiality may be, on your theory that value would be absent, because the social worker, the psychiatrist, the psychologist could not say, "What you tell me is in confidence." All he could say is, "What you tell me will be kept confidential unless they need it badly enough."
MR. ROGUS: Yes, in a sense.
JUSTICE SOUTER: Now, what about a case like this, in which there is a claim that memory enhancement may be involved? Given the possibility that the memory enhancement in fact is memory change, I would suppose that that kind of evidence could be just as crucial as the unique evidence of guilt. Why shouldn't an exception be recognized for cases in which there is a colorable claim that memory enhancement went on?
JUSTICE SOUTER: But there are grounds for some suspicion.
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: Would state law in this case have allowed an exception for this evidence to come in?
MR. ROGUS.:Whether under the law of the state it would have been privileged?
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: And you don't rely, apparently, in giving your responses, on what state law allows or doesn't allow? You're going to have us decide it on the basis of whether it would be needed or not?
MR. ROGUS. As the Court indicated in Trammel we certainly, in terms of formulating the federal rule, can look to state law for guidance, but inasmuch as there was a federal question involved in this case, and under the language of 501, we can look to state law for guidance, but state law as state law would not control the question.
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: All right. Well, what does 501 tell us? It tells us that the privilege of a witness shall be governed by the principles of the common law as they may be interpreted by the courts of the United States in the light of reason and experience. Now, what do you think the common law provides?
MR. ROGUS: At the common law prior to the early seventies there was no vast body of case law indicating one way or the other whether there was a psychotherapist-patient privilege or not There were courts that were starting to entertain the notion of a psychotherapist-patient privilege. Based on the analysis provided by many of the commentators, it was at about that same time that many of the courts were getting involved in addressing that issue that many of the legislatures simultaneously also began to take action in terms of not only looking at, for example, the social work profession and stepping up the amount of state regulation of the profession itself, but also enacting provisions providing for privilege.
JUSTICE O'CONNOR: What do we look to for determining what the principles of the common law are here?
MR. ROGUS: Basically we would look to the development of the law through cases and court decisions, that is correct, and as of the time was enacted.
JUSTICE JOHN PAUL STEVENS: Mr. Rogus, do you know if there are any states that recognize a psychotherapist privilege and do not recognize a doctor-patient privilege?
MR. ROGUS: Off-hand I do not know the answer to that question.
JUSTICE GINSBURG: Mr. Rogus, Mr. Flaxman said there were two states that had this privilege by virtue of court decisions. You've just explained that the legislatures were responding with kind of a dialogue. Do you know--in how many states the privilege notion began in the courts, that there was first a court declaration and then there was legislative codification?
MR. ROGUS: I do not know specifically how many. It was very few. Very few. My understanding is, just a handful of states where that is the case.
JUSTICE SCALIA: Why shouldn't we do the same? I mean, I have no doubt we have the power to pronounce a common law rule, but the variety of rules in the states is so diverse.
JUSTICE SCALIA: I wouldn't know which common law rule to adopt. Why shouldn't we say, you know, it looks like pretty much a policy call that different states have gone different ways, and I don't know why we should pick one of these infinite varieties of laws and impose them on the federal courts.
JUSTICE SCALIA: It doesn't get you anywhere. You don't even know what privilege means. I mean, as you've described to us, in some states it means very little. It means only, we'll think about whether it's important enough, and if it is, you can't if it isn't important enough, you can't get it. It-I don't view this as a solid basis for saying yes, the common law has developed in a certain way.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST: Thank you, Mr. Rogus.
JUSTICE SOUTER: Well, they recognize something. I mean, your brother was just saying, I think, that what we should recognize is a presumption of confidentiality subject to exception by weighing. If we go no further than to do that, is it even worth the trouble?
JUSTICE SOUTER: Why bother? Of the kind of presumption that he was arguing for, is that worth the trouble?
JUSTICE SOUTER: If that's all we did, should we do it at all?
MR. FELDMAN. Yes. I think that that would be something useful to do. It's not our position that that's what the courts ought to do. I think under Rule 501, the federal courts ought to take a cautious view towards the recognition of privileges. It ought to be sure to recognize the general policy of the Federal Rules in favor of the admissibility of evidence, but where a privilege is justified, and especially where the 50 states have at least uniformly recognized the important interests that are at stake in a case like this, I think the federal courts should do likewise. The fact that all 50 states have recognized it I think shows that they recognize the importance of psychotherapy in the relief of mental and psychological distress for people. I think they've recognized the need for confidentiality, the very strong need for confidentiality.
JUSTICE GINSBURG: Mr. Feldman, how could you justify a psychologist-social worker privilege without recognizing a medical doctor privilege?
MR. FELDMAN: In our view the case for medical doctor privilege has not yet been compellingly enough made, and I'll tell you why. First, there are fewer states that recognize it. Second, if you look at the way the states recognize it, it generally has even more exceptions, and there's less of it than with respect to a psychotherapist-patient privilege.
As the Advisory Committee on the proposed rules in 1973, or around there, recognized, if you look at their commentary on the psychotherapist-patient privilege, which was in those proposed rules, and the doctor-patient privilege was not, they noted that confidential communications are even more important for the successful practice of psychotherapy than for the successful practice of medicine.
JUSTICE BREYER: Well, what can I read to find out about this? I mean, I'm used to, as many of us, having diversity cases, where, of course, there is the privilege you're arguing for and also a medical doctor privilege. That's the normal case. I don't know how you distinguish between a patient who comes in with a gunshot wound, and the doctor's got to find out what happened, and a psychiatric social worker who says, I'd like you to tell me what your problem was in this case, or some other. How can you do the one without the other? And what were the objections to the doctor privilege? Why wasn't a rule written on that? What do I read to find out about this It didn't seem to me very fully developed in the briefs.
MR. FELDMAN: In the Advisory Committee notes on proposed Rule 504, they do specifically go into that question, and they cite a previous paper that was issued by the Group for the Advancement of Psychology [Psychiatry] that explored the subject more fully. There's also been a number of other things that are cited throughout the amicus briefs about it. But the general point, and the general reason why the states have seen fit to recognize one to a greater extent than the other is that, although confidentiality is no doubt important for the practice of medicine, it's important for the practice of many things. It's probably important for accountants. It's generally an important value, but the extraordinary level of confidentiality that a privilege involves, that step should only be taken where it's clearly justified.
JUSTICE SCALIA: Mr. Feldman, let's assume that the consultation occurs in a state that has under state law, the very negligible privilege that you said it's worth adopting, but it won't do a whole lot of good, so all that that person can tell the client is, you know, under state law, you have very little assurance of confidentiality.
Why should a federal court accord to that social worker or psychiatrist a greater degree of confidentiality than the state itself? Shouldn't the maximum federal protection be, where the consultation has occurred in State X, whatever confidentiality the courts of State X accord? I can't see any federal justification for going further than that, or any use, for that matter.
MR. FELDMAN: It would certainly be a possible rule to set the federal ceiling at the state floor.
JUSTICE SCALIA: Well, wonderful, but can we do that under the federal rule? It seems to me the federal rule has to be uniform, so isn't this eminently an area that we should leave to legislation?
JUSTICE KENNEDY : and I have the same trouble as justice Scalia does. I'm not sure how to handle that.
MR. FELDMAN: I wanted to get to the second point, which was that in our brief we suggest that the key question is whether a confidential relationship is formed. On that question, since states are the primary level of government that governs the relationships of psychotherapists and patients, as with most other professions, the question of whether a confidential relationship, a highly confidential, an extraordinarily confidential relationship is formed, I think it's reasonable to look to state law for that.
JUSTICE KENNEDY. So you look to licensing, plus the extent of privilege, state by state?
JUSTICE KENNEDY Under the rubric of whether or not there's a reasonable justification to believe that the communication is confidential?
JUSTICE STEVENS: Mr. Feldman, in this case would Illinois have recognized a privilege for what's at issue here?
MR. FELDMAN: Yes, the Seventh Circuit so held, in fact.
JUSTICE STEVENS: I was unclear on your answer a moment ago. Are you still arguing for a uniform federal rule on privilege?
JUSTICE SOUTER: So you're not arguing for a rule that would vary from state to state.
JUSTICE SOUTER: Okay. But let me tell you why I ask the question. Part of the premise of your argument is, the value of recognizing the privilege depends upon the value of the confidentiality in the relationship. Now, we can't tell what the value of the confidentiality in the relationship is unless we go state-by-state and find out which states have strong privileges, which states have just weak privileges.
And so I guess what we would have to do is to say, well, if a majority of the states have really strong privileges, that would probably justify our recognition of the strong privilege, but if a majority of the states have a weak privilege, it wouldn't do any good for us, at least in those states, to recognize a strong privilege because it would have no effect on the relationship.
The social worker would have to say, I can't guarantee much. Is that what we should do, is sort of do a nose count and find out whether we're going to get much for our privilege or a little for our privilege?
MR. FELDMAN: I think not quite. What the federal court should do is look to see whether the state recognizes, for instance, a relationship between a psychiatric social worker and a client as being one that's entitled to a very high confidentiality protection and accords it a privilege. If in that state the state has said, social workers in this state--you can go to see a social worker, but we're not going to accord it any privilege at all, it's just not that confidential a relationship. It would be like going to see somebody about a legal problem who's not a lawyer. You can do it, I suppose, but-it's not going to be privileged.
JUSTICE SOUTER: Yes, but on your understanding, if there were 45 states that recognized a social worker's privilege and five that didn't, you would say we ought to recognize it, right?
JUSTICE SOUTER: As a uniform federal rule?
MR. FELDMAN: The federal rule should be that where the state recognizes a confidential relationship, recognizes a privilege with respect to a given category of provider, that in those cases I think there is enough uniformity in the states to say that a federal privilege is also warranted.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST: Thank you, Mr. Feldman, Mr. Flaxman, you have three minutes remaining.
MR. FLAXMAN: Thank you. I have always been tantalized by the idea that if you tell someone, you tell this to me I'll keep it a secret, that that could be a privilege, that the court should enforce that kind of promise, and as a matter of fact, that used to be the law. It used to be called the gentleman's privilege. I think in about the 17th century to 18th century, courts stopped enforcing that privilege. In Branzburg v. Hayes 1408 U.S. 665 (1972)], this Court explicitly recognized that that used to be the law and it is no longer the law.
The question of whether the confidential communication should be protected by a privilege or protected by case-by-case balancing I think should be answered in favor of case-by-case balancing.
JUSTICE BREYER: Could I ask a question about state law? I assume that even in Illinois, the Illinois psychiatrist or social worker could not give assurance that even a state law action would not require it. And it would depend upon where the action came up. I assume that an Indiana court would apply Indiana's rules; isn't that right? So that if the lawsuit were in Indiana, the Illinois social worker, by reason of being an Illinois social worker, wouldn't have a special privilege in Indiana.
JUSTICE BREYER No, I'm not saying what it should do, but isn't that the way things work? These are forum rules, so that Illinois can only assure that an Illinois social worker will not be compelled to testify in an Illinois forum.
MR. FLAXMAN: That's correct, but Illinois can't even make that assurance, because the common law trend of courts has not been to create privileges, it's been to create exceptions to broad statutory privileges. We've seen that in Illinois, where there aren't exceptions, or evidence that might be relevant in a criminal case, where courts have created an exception.
JUSTICE BREYER: Do you agree that this communication would be privileged in the Illinois courts? You don't, do you?
MR. FLAXMAN: I agree that we don't know, and we wouldn't know unless we litigated it in the Illinois courts. There was just a recent amendment to the Illinois statute which says that the social worker could reveal confidential communications to her employer, and if this was in state court we would argue that this exception and all the other exceptions require the courts, when the evidence is crucial, to fashion yet another exception.
JUSTICE BREYER: And is it true that the rule they apply is governed by the law in the state where the conversation occurred, rather than where the case is being tried?
JUSTICE BREYER: Why has it never arisen, in � 1983 [Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. � 19831 cases. Has no one ever tried to subpoena medical records from a hospital or a medical doctor's private records? Why have we never had to face the problem of the gunshot wound or the medical doctor who's dealing with physical problems?
JUSTICE BREYER: But wouldn't you think some doctor somewhere or a hospital somewhere would have faced a subpoena for some confidential patient records and would have asked us?
MR. FLAXMAN: That hasn't happened, it's just routinely accepted.


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This was due to be done later in the year. I have asked about access to properties and the Miners Arms. I will get back to you. They are also proving unhelpful with the school bus.
Road Closure: From A488 Jct Shelve to B4499 Jct Worthen, Bromlow; This closure is actually at Abels Harp.
Date: 7th January 2019 - 9th January 2019 Closure time: 09:30 - 16:00 - I am assured that school transport and parents picking up will be allowed through. Also the school lunches.
Purpose: Carriageway repairs, kerbing etc.
Just a brief note to wish everyone a merry Christmas and a prosperous new year.
This last year has been quite challenging for us all both locally and nationally. It looks like to year to come will be even more so.
I will be at home for the Christmas period and will be contactable on the numbers below in case of emergency.
COUNCILLOR CHALLENGES SHROPSHIRE TO 'GET ON WITH THE JOB' Affordable Homes a priority.
Heather Kidd, Shropshire Councillor for Worthen and Chirbury and long time affordable housing champion, has challenged Shropshire Council to rapidly 'get on with the job' following their announcement last Friday that they are forming a house building company.
Heather said "This looks a very good move. A house building company wholly owned by the Council could deliver where developers are not interested.


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Second strongest commercial construction year on record in Vernon | iNFOnews | Thompson-Okanagan's News Source
Second strongest commercial construction year on record in Vernon
By Charlotte Helston
Skokie's Car Wash on Anderson Way in Vernon was one of several commercial construction projects in 2015 that made it the second busiest year on record.
Image Credit: City of Vernon
VERNON - If it seemed like there were a lot of construction projects happening around Vernon last year, that's because there were.
You've probably seen the new Tim Hortons on 27 Street, and no doubt noticed the construction activity at the old Bank of Montreal building downtown. Those are just some of the building projects that made 2015 the second strongest year on record for commercial development, according to the City of Vernon's economic development and tourism manager Kevin Poole.
"Our best year was 2008 with Sparkling Hill — that was a $55 million building permit," Poole says. "We had a strong year in 2011, that was our second best until this past year."
The city capped off the year with $110 million in building permits overall, primarily led by a number of commercial developments. The new B.C. Hydro regional operations facility holds the biggest chunk, with a $23.6 million building permit for its 120,000 square foot complex of seven buildings.
The mall also saw some action with a $2.4 million building permit taken out by Canadian Tire to renovate the old Target store. Down the road, Tim Hortons took out a $1.2 million permit for its new location across from Beairsto School. Predator Ridge's new clubhouse expansion accounted for a $1.25 million building permit.
There was also quite a bit of activity on Anderson Way, including the new BCAA office with a $2.1 million building permit, Skogie's Car Wash with an $800,000 building permit and the Royal Garden restaurant with an $800,000 permit.
"It seemed to me there was a lot of pent up demand," Poole says. "It's confidence in the market place."
Residential construction didn't see the same spike — the total building permit value was up slightly, though the total unit count was down — although a few big ticket projects could turn things around in 2016, Poole says. Those include an 86 unit demolition and redevelopment for a housing complex on 48 Avenue worth an estimated $12 million building permit and a 150 unit apartment building on Rimer Road worth an estimated $18 million. You've also probably seen the multi-storey care facility going up in downtown Vernon. That project is anticipated to have a $12 million building permit value attached to it.
"When you hear of uncertainty in the Canadian market place on the bigger picture scale with the loonie and oil and gas, it's good to see things here are very strong," Poole says.
To contact a reporter for this story, email Charlotte Helston at chelston@infonews.ca or call 250-309-5230. To contact the editor, email mjones@infonews.ca or call 250-718-2724.
Tags: 2015 Building Permit Values VernonCity of Vernon 2016Vernon NewsVNJAN2016

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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https://www.britannica.com/place/Compton-California
Official Site of the City of Compton, California, United States
By The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica | Last Updated: Nov 25, 2021 | View Edit History
Compton, city, Los Angeles county, southwestern California, U.S. The tract was originally part of the Rancho San Pedro, a 1784 Spanish land grant. Founded as a Methodist colony in 1867 and named for G.D. Compton, a pioneer settler, it developed as a farming village. Following an earthquake (March 10, 1933), which severely damaged the business district, the city was extensively modernized. Portions of Compton were heavily vandalized during riots in April 1992. The predominantly African American city is now a residential suburb and market centre, surrounded by diversified industries. A community college was established in Compton in 1927. Inc. 1888. Pop. (2000) 93,493; (2010) 96,455.
King Memorial in Compton
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial, Compton, California.
Eric Polk
This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen.


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Firstly, at 34 weeks pregnant I think I biked my last "long" bike ride until number two arrives. After 16 miles and a mere 3 miles from home I tossed up the white flag and had my husband ride ahead of me to come back and get me in the car. I could have finished the ride but my gears don't shift well on my pink bike and it was taking a toll on my body. So white flag it was I do have to take care of M the following week no point in pushing it.
The route out to the kidical mass ride is the bulk of our ride (and back home) the actual KM route was just 3.5 miles. The ride there I was nervous about getting there on time (volunteering my time and energy to get these rides going is no joke luckily I have roped others into helping. They are awesome! ) and my own 34 week slowness didn't help that. The ride to Fitler Square took us just shy of an hour usually we can do it under 40 minutes.
We arrived and were greeted by some families waiting. M was anxious to get out and play on the sculptures. Who doesn't want to sit on turtles.
Bikes began rolling in and boy did we have a display of cargo bikes. I think there were more cargo bikes then regular bikes several Bakfiets, trikes, big dummy, bullitt, & a kona ute off the top of my head. I don't even remember one kid trailer now I think about it. Rough count was about 45 people, kids included. That almost doubles the fall ride.
Rolling out and keeping together went really well considering the size and length of the group. The ride took under an hour with all the stops and goes. We ended at Rittenhouse where the group talked bikes and ate. Luckily the weather was perfect for March!! And the park was busy so we became advocates to passerby folks who were interested in our crazy lot of bikes. Next time we will have to print flyers of some sort to help understand kidical mass and cargo biking.
One person asked if we build a community by doing these rides. Totally and by far the best parts.
Looking forward to the next ride the second Saturday in June! Until then I will have to work on having another baby and figuring out how to bike with said kiddo.


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Medmen Jacket Florida
MedMen is a premium cannabis product retailer in the United States. The company has a network of locations spanning six states, and has been at the forefront of industry developments for over a decade. MedMen believes that it is a leader in the industry and has a responsibility for criminal justice reform and to include communities affected by the War on Drugs when shaping the medical marijuana treatment sector. This commitment to social justice is evident in all aspects of the company's operations, from its policy positions to its philosophy.
What is MedMen? The concierge service will be launched by this Massachusetts-based cannabis retailer. The company will hire seasoned budtenders to give personalized product recommendations. This move comes shortly after the company opened a 4,725-square-foot dispensary in the Fenway Park area of Boston. The company has had to face many challenges over the past year, including changes of leadership and a new business model.
The company will open 37 stores in five states starting October 2020. The stores will be designed to look like Apple stores, complete with iPhone check-in. The company has taken steps to improve its brand image in the cannabis sector, including revamping its pricing strategy and assortment strategy. The SF store is part of this philosophical restructuring. The store will offer high-end shopping experiences. A few of the new stores will be slated to open in California.
The store is Apple-like in design, with floor-to ceiling windows and roaming budtenders. You can learn about cannabis strains on screens, explains indica and sativa levels and even gets into the terpenes. These natural chemical compounds in cannabis can alleviate symptoms of insomnia, anxiety, depression and even insolvency. But what is MedMen's ultimate goal, then?
In New York City, a new dispensary called MedMen has opened at 433 5th Ave, serving neighborhoods like Murray Hill, Chelsea, and Hell's Kitchen. It uses the most advanced technology in the regulated cannabis industry to produce high-quality, all-natural medical marijuana products. The menu of products at this dispensary includes CBD and THC concentrates. Visit their website to find a MedMen location near you or download a map showing all their locations.
Wednesday saw the opening of the first MedMen dispensary in New York City. Industry leaders and politicians attended. Five dispensaries are currently being operated in New York City, and one outside. MedMen does have recreational marijuana dispensaries in California, Nevada, but the New York state law forbids them from selling it non-license holders. New York is home to approximately 33,000 medical marijuana patients, out of a population that exceeds 20 million.
MedMen, a California-based medical cannabis dispensary chain, was opened in 2010. It has locations in New York and Illinois. The company sells medical marijuana products to patients who have a valid Florida medical cannabis card. You can also visit their retail outlets without a license. Read on for the company's history, and their list of locations. This is a brief overview of these dispensaries.
The New York Medical Cannabis Industry Association has decided to cut ties with MedMen, a company that has been accused of racism, financial corruption, and harassment. MedMen opened its first retail dispensary in New York City's Fifth Avenue neighborhood last year. It plans to open another in the Meatpacking District. The company holds one the 10 state-issued medical marijuana licenses. Employees of MedMen have been trained in cannabis education through seminars and workshops. The company also offers a variety of edible products, cannabis flowers, and vape prerolls.
While Bierman is wary of speculation and doesn't want to speculate on a potential takeover, he believes that a successful company can grow rapidly and remain profitable. He says that the value of a medical marijuana licence is hundreds of million of dollars. He is optimistic, but he is not certain that the company will make a profit this fiscal year. The stock price of the company has fallen since MedMen was ejected by the New York Medical Cannabis Industry Association. He has not recovered from the consequences.
The most recent news in MedMen has to do with the termination of the sale to Ascend Wellness. Michael Serruya was named interim CEO and chairman of the board, succeeding Tom Lynch. Serruya joined the board as part of a $100 million investment in MedMen made by Serruya Private Equity in August. That investment included the purchase of $166 million in convertible debt. In August, Lynch resigned as CEO, and Serruya became the new chairman and CEO.
The company's goal in California is to make marijuana more mainstream in the U.S. The new apparel line will allow the brand to reach consumers outside of key states. MedMen is currently the leader in U.S. retail of cannabis products, and its apparel line is an extension of its growth strategy. What's next for this brand? MedMen News has some great things to offer.
You've come to right place if you're looking for a local medical cannabis dispensary. MedMen Enterprises Inc. offers a concierge service that is led by experienced budtenders and provides personalized product recommendations. The company recently opened a dispensary measuring 4,725 square feet in Boston's Fenway Park neighborhood. The company has made significant changes after a turbulent period that saw a change in leadership and a shift of business model.
The company plans to open three locations in New York City. In California, there are eight dispensaries and one in Nevada. These locations will cater to medical marijuana patients, and shoppers must present a medical marijuana card or a doctor's note to shop. Currently, there are no recreational dispensaries in New York. However, the pre-opening party was attended by many industry leaders and politicians. Sen. Diane Savino was one of the many who attended the pre-opening party. Her bill legalized medical marijuana for New York. Additionally, NYC Public Advocate Letitia James, who has become a vocal advocate for legalization, and others.
Despite the company's rapid growth over the past few years federal law still makes marijuana illegal. This means that companies can't solicit investment capital like other California tech companies or ship marijuana products overseas like Canadian firms. Although this has caused many problems for the company, the company still has a lot of potential for growth if the restrictions are lifted. The website below provides information about MedMen Dispensary locations throughout Florida.
A new delivery service, MedMen Delivery, has opened in California. The service provides marijuana products to residents within 25 miles of participating locations. The company's vast retail footprint, strong supply chain, and knowledgeable sales associates are key factors in making this a convenient option for consumers. A MedMen Delivery service is free of charge for orders over $49. Customers can also enjoy free delivery if they become MedMen Buds. The program is currently available in 14 stores and has more than 40,000 members.
The opening of the Fifth Avenue location of MedMen is an exciting development for medical marijuana patients. In the city's legal marijuana market, the company has long tapped into the expertise of local cultivators to bring the highest quality products to patients. In May 2015, MedMen opened its first dispensary. It was later sold to another owner in June. The new location had to find a way to expand within the city's license cap, which is currently three dispensaries per company. Fortunately, MedMen managed to move beyond this limit and has opened five more dispensaries in the Los Angeles area.
Leafly helps people find doctors and dispensaries that offer medical marijuana. It also offers information about local delivery and pickup services. Additionally, Leafly is a great resource for the cannabis curious and features breaking marijuana news, growing weed tutorials, and weed videos. The app also gives you a handy way to find the right product for your needs. It is recommended that users be at least 21 years of age and are registered patients.
Are you interested in a discount on your cannabis purchases? The MedMen Coupon is the best option. This company is one of the nation's leading retailers of premium cannabis products. With locations in six states, MedMen has been on the forefront of industry development for over a decade. MedMen believes that as an industry leader, it has a responsibility for reforming the criminal justice system and ensuring that communities affected by War on Drugs are included in shaping the future of medical cannabis treatment.
Jamie Govea Email Medmen
Montgomery Village Curaleaf


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St. Martin Parish Sheriff
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Applications for the Louisiana Sheriff's Association Educational Scholarship Program are distributed to each of the High Schools in Saint Martin Parish in February.
The Louisiana Sheriff's Association Educational Scholarship Program awards a scholarship to a graduating high school student where the Sheriffs are members of the Louisiana Sheriff's Honorary Membership Program. The goal of the program is to provide assistance to worthy Louisiana students in furthering their education and training with resources made available through the program. The scholarship is given to a graduating high school senior (must be a resident of Saint Martin Parish) in the amount of $500.00. Applications are available beginning in February and completed applications must be submitted to the Saint Martin Parish Sheriff's Office by April 1st. The winner will be announced by May 1st. For more information and criteria needed to apply for the Louisiana Sheriff's Association Scholarship click here.
The student must plan to be enrolled as a full-time, undergraduate student for the Fall Semester of the current year.
The applicant must show a financial need by providing a copy of their parent�s Tax Return Form.
The application must be completely filled out and have all the required documents attached at the time of submission. This scholarship is being offered to help the student meet the costs associated with higher education. Completed applications may be mailed to:
St. Martin Parish Sheriff�s Office
c/o Major Ginny Higgins
St. Martinville, La. 70582
Applications must be completed by April 1st. A committee of non-partisan citizens will review, evaluate, and select a winner.
Major Ginny Higgins
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Q: DAL to generate SQL in .NET (constructing queries for user defined models) In most cases, classes are known beforehand (e.g. Customer, Order); they're described for ORMs (e.g. Entity Framework, LINQ to SQL, NHibernate, BLToolkit) using visual designers, attributes in code or configuration files. When you need to use objects of class Customer, for example, you can write strongly-typed queries like this:
db.Customers
  .Where(c => c.FirstName == "John")
  .Select(c => new { c.Id, c.LastName })
  .GroupBy(c => c.Id)

However, in my application, input data will be processed into models which are defined by users at runtime. Users will be able to add and remove properties, therefore I cannot define models in the code. The idea that this will require manually generating string SQL queries horrifies me. I'd like to be able to write code like this:
db.Tables["Customers"]
  .Where("c.FirstName = :FirstName")
  .Select(new[] { "c.Id", "c.LastName" })
  .GroupBy("c.Id")
  .Param(":FirstName", "John")

(Just example invented syntax.)
Question: is there a library for .NET which helps to construct complex SQL queries without defining models in the code first?
P.S. Looks like libraries like this exist, just not for .NET. I'd love to see something like SQLAlchemy, Ruby on Rails ActiveRecord, PHP Yii ActiveRecord, Django Models etc.

A: Rob Conery's massive may be helpful to you. It's a lightweight, dynamic DAL that has the ad-hoc capabilities you're looking for while still giving you some of the benefits of a DAL.
Because it's dynamic it doesn't give you compile-time checking or some of the other benefits of it]s bigger brothers, but it's a very handy little tool that straddles the space between a full DAL and raw SQL.

A: You ARE in a lot of pain now - this generally is seen as an anti pattern. It actually is, but sometimes it is required (and you may just have one of those apps). The bad news is - no support from any ORM etc.
Most ORM can generate a model from the database, but that is a "development time" operation, so it is not possible to sensibly use when for example your data model is totally unfived. THAT SAID - I am not sure how such an applicaiton would even work.
I am not aware of any application for this - there are two extremes basically: SQL as string, which is generally seen as bad from anyone with a clue, and strong typed objects. Your app falls right in between, from the requirements, and that is something that I think has no support.
One problem you face is that LINQ is - a compile time checked operation, That is soled as hugh advantage, but now it bites you. You POSSIBLY could work by having an "Entity" object as base class that is DYNAMIC, then take it from there (because the compiler will not complain about anything on a dynamic object). Theoretically this could allow you to construct an object query integation for LINQ without compile time checking, but again - no such thing exists IIRC due to lack of "common usage scenarios". I would choke on no compile time checking, for example.

A: Solution to the problem: Simple.Data by Mark Rendle. It allows to write code like this without defining any classes or properties:
Database.Open().Users.FindAllByEmail(email).FirstOrDefault()

(It was mentioned in the description of the Rob Conery's massive library.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Home / The Buzz / Algae shown to increase digestive health in pig feed
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Algae shown to increase digestive health in pig feed
study recently published on WATTAgNet.com, an information resource for poultry, pig and feed industries, determined that piglets fed with microalgae demonstrated increased immunity and antiviral defenses by limiting the negative effects of mycotoxins.
Structural acid polysaccharides that reside in the cell wall of algae stimulate production of mucin in the intestinal tract. Mucin then binds to viruses, inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria on the wall of the intestines. While feed producers typically used charcoal to achieve this effect, the algae in this study reduced the effects of the toxins without sacrificing nutrient absorption in the small intestine.
According to Algae for Feed, a Portuguese bioengineering company that promotes the use of algae as a feed ingredient, algae contains essential amino acids, which are required for adequate growth and maintenance of muscle tissue. Amino acids also serve as a gauge for the nutritional quality of a protein source.
As of yet, the general expense of utilizing algae in pig feed has prevented producers from adopting it, say researchers at WATTAgNet. Though, in the long run, they feel the ingredient could be the answer to sustainable high-quality pig feed.
More Buzz…
Copyright ©2010-2013 AlgaeIndustryMagazine.com. All rights reserved. Permission granted to reprint this article in its entirety. Must include copyright statement and live hyperlinks. Contact editorial@algaeindustrymagazine.com. A.I.M. accepts unsolicited manuscripts for consideration, and takes no responsibility for the validity of claims made in submitted editorial.
Dartmouth scientists have created a more sustainable feed for aquaculture by using a marine microalga co-product as a feed ingredient. The study is the first of its kind ...
At the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Science Nordic.com reports, researchers are investigating bioluminescent algae, to determine whether bioluminescent organism...
Globally, an increase in water pollution is pushing scientists and environmental care specialists to seek best ways of preserving and maintaining sources of safe drinking...
Trade Arabia reports that the Oman Centre for Marine Biotechnology (OCMB) recently signed a memorandum of understanding with Swedish Algae Factory to support the domestic...
Steve Fountain writes in fortstocktonpioneer.com that, amid the 800-page law that last month set the country's farm policy through 2023, is the expansion of federal suppo...
Judith Lewis Mernit writes in e360.yale.edu that an experiment being conducted by animal science professor Ermias Kebreab at the University of California, Davis, is testi...
The Algae Biomass Organization (ABO) reports the introduction of the Algae Agriculture Act of 2018 (H.R. 5373), a bill that would give algae cultivators and harvesters ma...
AlgaEnergy, a Spanish biotechnology company specializing in the production and commercial applications of microalgae, and Yokogawa Electric Corporation, a leading provide...
French researchers have been exploring the potential of algae for boosting the immune systems of animals and reducing the use of antibiotics in livestock farming. Past st...
The Swiss Algae Consortium Association (SWALG) was founded in May 2018 as a non-profit organization that serves as a platform for algae-related activities in Switzerland ...
Filed under The Buzz · Tagged with microalgae, Mucin


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The CMI Group Hosts Company Wide Donation Drive for Local Charities
Plano, TX: During the holiday months of 2018, The CMI Group (CMI) organized events for our Texas-based facilities, partnering with the Children's Advocacy Center for Denton County (CACDC), Dallas Children's Advocacy Center (DCAC) Wish-List Adoption Drive, and Toys for Tots for our Rochester, Minnesota-based facility. This project focused on fulfilling...
The CMI Group Accelerates Growth with Dallas Relocations
Plano, Texas – The CMI Group (CMI), a 100% employee-owned provider of accounts receivable, contact center and revenue cycle solutions, has relocated to new business locations in the Dallas area to accommodate rapid growth, increasing to nearly 90,000 square feet of operating space companywide. The three new locations in Coppell...
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Carrollton, TX - The CMI Group organized a company-wide event, partnering with the Children's Advocacy Center for Denton County's (CACDC) Back to School Drive. This year's donation included 80 backpacks and countless wish list items that totaled more than $950.00 to the CACDC. "We are thrilled at the success of...
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Carrollton, TX: The CMI Group (CMI) is thrilled to announce that Tom Stockton, IFCCE, CEO, received the ACA International's Member of the Year award during the 2018 Convention & Expo in Nashville. Tom is recognized for his outstanding contributions to the association, board of directors, and the industry. Tom's vision...
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World Health Organisation (WHO)
WHO Still Recommends 14-Day Quarantine For Covid-19 Patients
Geneva: Although most people recover from Covid-19 within five to seven days of the onset of symptoms, the World Health Organisation (WHO) still recommends a 14-day quarantine, an official from the organisation said at a press briefing.…
WHO Extends Travel Curbs To Pakistan As Polio Endemic Country
New Delhi: The World Health Organisation (WHO) has extended travel restrictions on Pakistan by three months due to it being the last polio-endemic country, along with Afghanistan, Geo News reported. The WHO deemed Pakistan and…
Europe, Central Asia Likely To See 500K Covid Deaths By Feb: WHO
OMMCOM NEWS Nov 4, 2021
Brussels: Even as Covid virus cases continue to mount in Europe and Central Asia, the regions are likely to see about 500,000 additional deaths before February 1, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has said. Over the last four weeks,…
Delta Subvariant A.Y 4.2 Now Present In 42 Countries: WHO
OMMCOM NEWS Oct 28, 2021
Geneva: More than 26,000 cases of the Delta Covid subvariant AY.4.2, considered up to 15 per cent more transmissible than the original Delta, has been reported from 42 countries, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). AY.4.2…
Covid Exposed Unequal, Unaccountable, Divided World: WHO Panel
Berlin: Covid-19 "has exposed a broken world that is inequitable, unaccountable, and divided", resulting in its failure to put an end to the pandemic that has so far killed 4.95 million globally, according to a report by a World Health…
WHO Launches First Global Roadmap To Eliminate Meningitis By 2030
OMMCOM NEWS Sep 28, 2021
Geneva: The World Health Organisation (WHO) on Tuesday launched the first-ever global strategy to defeat meningitis -- a debilitating disease that kills hundreds of thousands of people each year. The Global Roadmap to Defeat Meningitis…
US Detects 2,000 Cases Of Covid Mu Variant
OMMCOM NEWS Sep 5, 2021
Washington: The US has detected about 2,000 cases of the new Mu variant of Covid, media reports said. Early this week, the World Health Organisation (WHO) designated Mu or "B.1.621" as a variant of interest (VOI) for its vaccine…
Number Of People With Dementia To Rise To 78 Mn By 2030: WHO
Geneva: The number of people with dementia worldwide is estimated to rise to 78 million by 2030 and to 139 million by 2050, according to a report by the World Health Organisation (WHO) released on Thursday. Currently, more than 55…
Source Control Is The Key To Protect Children From Covid Infection: DMET
Bhubaneswar: Source control is the key to protect children from getting Covid infection, said Director of Medical Education & Training (DMET) Dr CBK Mohanty. "If adults are infected and children are exposed to them, then the chances…
WHO To Monitor New Covid Variant Mu For Vax Resistance
Geneva: The World Health Organisation (WHO) is monitoring the new Covid-19 strain -- Mu -- recently designated as a variant of interest (VOI) for vaccine resistance, the health body has said. Mu, also known as B.1.621, was first…


text:
42K RULES
Article 1: ORGANIZERS
The ASOCIACIÓN DEPORTIVA MAPOMA (CIF G78184678), with registered office at calle Aniceto Marinas 52, 28008 Madrid, together with ELIPSE INCIATIVAS SL (CIF B81497695), with registered office at calle Invention, 6 28906 Getafe, organize the Rock´n´ Roll Running Series Madrid Marathon distance, which will be held in the city of Madrid on April 24th, 2022.
This ROCK'N'ROLL event is operated by an independent licensee of WORLD TRIATHLON CORPORATION, and the ROCK'N'ROLL service marks are used under permission.
Article 2: REGULATIONS
This takes place over a distance of 42.195 meters, and can participate anyone who wishes, with a federative license or not, who is 18 years old on the day it is held.The race has an IAAF / RFEA approval certificate and is included in the International Calendar of the RFEA and World Athletics, and by registering in it the participant expressly consents that their basic data be transferred to these entities for the processing of the compulsory accident and liability insurance, as well as the management of the day license and popular ranking of road races. In any case and as established by the Data Protection law, the interested party may, in the future, exercise their rights of access, rectification, cancellation and opposition by writing or email to the Royal Spanish Athletics Federation. Avenida de Valladolid nº81 – 28008 Madrid. E-mail: rfea@rfea.es
Article 3: REGISTRATION
Entries will be made exclusively through the official website of the race.
Those athletes who register after 00:00 hours on March 31st , 2022 will not be guaranteed the personalization of the bib number or the assignment of the starting corral according to the expected time indicated in the registration (in the case that the corral that corresponded to you based on your time was full, you would be assigned the next one in which there was space available).
Article 4: OWNERSHIP CHANGES
The numbers are personal and non-transferable. In the case you want to change the registration holder, you must follow the process set out in the "registration policy".
Article 5: DISTANCE CHANGES
Distance changes are allowed, as long as there are numbers available, according to the conditions set out in the "registration policy". In no case will the organization return part of the amount paid at the time of registration.
Article 6: COURSE
The course is completely urban with a distance of 42.195 meters and has been officially recognized and approved by the Royal Spanish Athletics Federation (R.F.E.A.) and has an IAAF certificate.
The circuit will be completely closed to traffic and the only vehicles that will be able to follow the race will be those designated by the organization. The Local Police will expressly sanction unauthorized vehicles and bicycles.
Article 7: START LINE
In order to improve safety and comfort among the runners and avoiding crowds on the route and at the finish line of the race, the organization will divide the participants into different starting waves according to the order of marks indicated on the registration form, being the time of departure of the first wave at 09:00.
Article 8: REFRESHMENT AREAS
There will be refreshment points at kilometer 6, 10, 15, 19, 24, 27, 29.5, 32, 36, 38, 40 and at the finish line.The organization reserves the right to modify the provisioning points of the route for operational reasons. In that case, the change will be communicated to the runners immediately after the decision is made and in the final instructions distributed to participants two weeks before the event.
Article 9: TIME TO FINISH
The maximum time to finish the race will be 6:00:00.In order to guarantee compliance with this article, the organization has established the following maximum times of passage through the following kilometer points:
Km First Last
0 9:00:00 9:30:00
4 9:12:08 10:06:00
10 9:30:20 11:00:00
20 10:00:40 12:30:00
21,097 10:04:00 12:39:52
Article 10: CATEGORIES AND CLASSIFICATIONS
In accordance with the RFEA competition regulations, the following categories are established:
Born in 2003 and before april 24th 2004
Born in 2000, 2001 and 2002
Born between 1988 and 1999
M35/W35
According to the start format, classifications will be made using the clear time used by each runner to complete the distance.
The established classifications are:
General male and female classification
Spanish male and female classification
Classifications by categories
Male and female athletic chairs classification
Male and female Hand Bikes classification
The organization will publish provisional classifications on its website on April 24th, from which time any claims deemed appropriate may be submitted. All classifications are exclusive competence of the Referee appointed by the RFEA Judges Committee, so any claim on them must be made in the form established for this function on the official results page before 8:00 p.m. on the Friday following the event. The organization will communicate the resolutions of the Referee within a maximum period of 15 days, after which the classifications will be considered official.
Article 11: TROPHIES AND AWARDS
On the day of the race, the following trophies will be awarded on the podium located in the finish area:
Top three places in the men's general classification
Top three places in the female general classification
First place in the Spaniard classification (male and female)
Top three places in the athletic chairs classification (male and female)
Top three places in the Hand Bike classification (male and female)
The first three classified in each of the categories will be able to collect their trophies at A.D. Mapoma (calle Aniceto Marinas, 52 – 28008 Madrid) from May 16th to May 30th , 2022. From that date the right to receive the trophy will be lost, understanding the resignation.
The following economic prizes are established in the general classifications (male and Female):
Classification Time
<2:12:00 (Men)
<2:30:00 (Women)
2:12:00 – 2:19:59 (M)
2:30:00 – 2:40:00 (W)
>2:19:59 (M)
>2:40:00 (W)
1 6.000 € 3.000 € 1.500 €
2 3.000 € 1.500 € 750 €
3 1.700 € 850 € 425 €
5 750 € 375 € 190 €
7 250 € 125 € 65 €
8 150 € 75 € 40 €
10 100 € 50 € 25 €
The following economic prizes are established in the Spaniards classifications (male and Female):
<:2:35:00 (Men)
>=2:35:00 (Men)
>=3:00:00 (Women)
In the case that the records of the Rock 'n' Roll Running Series Madrid are improved (2:08:18 in Men and 2:26:24 in Women), the first classified would obtain an additional prize of 5,000€.
The economic awards are understood as gross amounts and will be subject to tax withholdings determined by the Tax Agency.
The prizes will not be effective until the responsible authority has certified to the organization the results of the anti-doping controls, even for those athletes who have not been selected to undergo the control.
Nor will any trophies be awarded, except for those foreseen in the trophy delivery ceremony on the day of the competition in the finish area, until the results have been declared final by the Referee.
Article 12: DOPING
According to the WA regulations, doping control will be carried out on runners (men and women) who are designated by the competition's judging committee. The runners will present themselves for doping control provided with an official identification document. All participants are reminded that refusal to pass the doping control implies automatic disqualification for all purposes.
In the case that any control is positive, the affected participant will be deprived of all types of prizes (cash or not).
Article 13: LICENSES
Participants must be in possession of a federative license or runner plus card, issued by the RFEA (Royal Spanish Athletics Federation) on the day of the race. Those participants who, prior to the race, are not in possession of a federative license or runner plus card issued by the RFEA, will be able to acquire the federative license for one day during the registration process.
Article 14: TIMING
The race will be controlled by the RFEA committee of judges. The timing will be done through the bibtag system. It is MANDATORY to use the bib numbers and chips (attached to the back of the same) that are given to the participants on the occasion of the event. Chips that have not been expressly delivered for this event will not be accepted. There will be controls at the start, on the course and at finish line, and all runners having to pass through all of them.
Article 15: DISQUALIFICATIONS
The following will be grounds for disqualification of participants in the event:
Failure to go through established timing control points.
Do not complete the entire course.
Make the track corresponding to another of the distances of the event.
Altering or hiding the advertising on the bib or manipulating the format.
Run with a bib number or chip assigned by the organization to another runner.
Do not wear the bib number visible at any time during the race.
Not attending to the instructions of the judges and / or staff.
Given the serious damage caused to the Organization and the other runners of the event incurring in the aforementioned points, or in the case that any irregularity is committed such as taking part in the event without being officially registered in it or falsifying / photocopying the bib number assigned to another participant, etc., the Organization reserves the right to take the appropriate measures, in accordance with the applicable legislation. In this sense, the corresponding civil, criminal or administrative actions will be initiated to demand the responsibility of the offender. Those runners who are disqualified will lose the right to receive any prize.
Article 16: INSURANCE
All registered participants will be covered by a Civil Liability Insurance Policy and an Accident Insurance Policy, arranged by the organization through the RFEA (Royal Spanish Athletics Federation), which will cover accidents that occur as a direct consequence of the development of the race, and never as a derivation of a pathology or latent defect, injury, recklessness, negligence, non-observance of the laws and the articles of the Regulation, etc., nor those produced in the displacements to and from the place where it takes place the race.
Article 17: ACCEPTANCE
All participants, by formalizing the registration, accept these regulations.Anything not specified in these regulations will be governed by the versions in force at the time of the race of the IAAF International Athletics Regulations and the RFEA Competition Regulations.
The ASOCIACIÓN DEPORTIVA MAPOMA (CIF G78184678), with registered office at calle Aniceto Marinas 52, 28008 Madrid, together with ELIPSE INCIATIVAS SL (CIF B81497695), with registered office at calle Invention, 6 28906 Getafe, organize the Rock´n´ Roll Running Series Madrid Half distance, which will be held in the city of Madrid on April 24th, 2022.
There will be refreshment points at kilometer 6, 10, 15 and at the finish line.The organization reserves the right to modify the provisioning points of the route for operational reasons. In that case, the change will be communicated to the runners immediately after the decision is made and in the final instructions distributed to participants two weeks before the event.
Classification by categories
The organization will publish provisional classifications on its website on April 24, from which time any claims deemed appropriate may be submitted.
All classifications are exclusive competence of the Referee appointed by the RFEA Judges Committee, so any claim on them must be made in the form established for this function on the official results page before 8:00 p.m. on the friday following the event. The organization will communicate the resolutions of the Referee within a maximum period of 15 days, after which the classifications will be considered official.
The first three classified in each of the categories will be able to collect their trophies at A.D. Mapoma (calle Aniceto Marinas, 52 – 28008 Madrid) from May 16th to May 30th , 2022. From that date the right to receive the trophy will be lost, understanding the resignation. No trophies will be awarded, except for those foreseen in the trophy ceremony on the day of the competition, until the results have been declared final by the Referee.
The ASOCIACIÓN DEPORTIVA MAPOMA (CIF G78184678), with registered office at calle Aniceto Marinas 52, 28008 Madrid, together with ELIPSE INCIATIVAS SL (CIF B81497695), with registered office at calle Invention, 6 28906 Getafe, organize the Rock´n´ Roll Running Series Madrid 10Km distance, which will be held in the city of Madrid on April 24th, 2022.
This takes place over a distance of 10,000 meters, and can participate anyone who wishes, with a federative license or not, who is 18 years old on the day it is held.
The race has an IAAF / RFEA approval certificate and is included in the International Calendar of the RFEA and World Athletics, and by registering in it the participant expressly consents that their basic data be transferred to these entities for the processing of the compulsory accident and liability insurance, as well as the management of the day license and popular ranking of road races. In any case and as established by the Data Protection law, the interested party may, in the future, exercise their rights of access, rectification, cancellation and opposition by writing or email to the Royal Spanish Athletics Federation. Avenida de Valladolid nº81 – 28008 Madrid. E-mail: rfea@rfea.es.
The course is completely urban with a distance of 10,000 meters and has been officially recognized and approved by the Royal Spanish Athletics Federation (R.F.E.A.) and has an IAAF certificate.
There will be refreshment points at kilometer 6 and at the finish line.The organization reserves the right to modify the provisioning points of the route for operational reasons. In that case, the change will be communicated to the runners immediately after the decision is made and in the final instructions distributed to participants two weeks before the event.
The maximum time to finish the race will be 1:30:00. In order to guarantee compliance with this article, the organization has established the following maximum times of passage through the following kilometer points:
Km Primero Último
10 8:28:56 9:40:00


Childhood in Ancient Athens offers an in-depth study of children during the heyday of the Athenian city state, thereby illuminating a significant social group largely ignored by most ancient and modern authors alike. It concentrates not only on the child's own experience, but also examines the perceptions of children and childhood by Athenian society: these perceptions variously exhibit both similarities and stark contrasts with those of our own 21st century Western society. The study covers the juvenile life course from birth and infancy through early and later childhood, and treats these life stages according to the topics of nurture, play, education, work, cult and ritual, and death.
In view of the scant ancient Greek literary evidence pertaining to childhood, Beaumont focuses on the more copious ancient visual representations of children in Athenian pot painting, sculpture, and terracotta modelling. Notably, this is the first full-length monograph in English to address the iconography of childhood in ancient Athens, and it breaks important new ground by rigorously analysing and evaluating classical art to reconstruct childhood¿s social history. With over 120 illustrations, the book provides a rich visual, as well as narrative, resource for the history of childhood in classical antiquity.
Lesley Beaumont is Senior Lecturer in Classical Archaeology in the Department of Archaeology at the University of Sydney, and was formerly the Assistant Director of the British School at Athens.