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Home | | Anesthesiology | The Operating Room Environment: Medical Gas Systems
Chapter: Clinical Anesthesiology: Anesthetic Equipment & Monitors : The Operating Room Environment
Author : John Butterworth, David Mackey, John Wasnick Posted On : 13.11.2017 09:32 am
The Operating Room Environment: Medical Gas Systems
The medical gases commonly used in operating rooms are oxygen, nitrous oxide, air, and nitrogen.
Medical Gas Systems
The medical gases commonly used in operating rooms are oxygen, nitrous oxide, air, and nitrogen. Although technically not a gas, vacuum exhaust for waste anesthetic gas disposal (WAGD or scavenging) and surgical suction must also be provided and is considered an integral part of the medical gas system. Patients are endangered if medical gas systems, par-ticularly oxygen, are misconfigured or malfunction. The main features of such systems are the sources of the gases and the means of their delivery to the operating room. The anesthesiologist must under-stand both these elements to prevent and detect medical gas depletion or supply line misconnection. Estimates of a particular hospital's peak demand determine the type of medical gas supply system required. Design and standards follow National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 99 in the United States and HTM 2022 in the United Kingdom.
SOURCES OF MEDICAL GASES
A reliable supply of oxygen is a critical requirement in any surgical area. Medical grade oxygen (99% or 99.5% pure) is manufactured by fractional distilla-tion of liquefied air. Oxygen is stored as a compressed
gas at room temperature or refrigerated as a liquid. Most small hospitals store oxygen in two separate banks of high-pressure cylinders (H-cylinders) con-nected by a manifold ( Figure 2–1). Only one bank is utilized at a time. The number of cylinders in each bank depends on anticipated daily demand. The manifold contains valves that reduce the cylinder pressure (approximately 2000 pounds per square inch [psig]) to line pressure (55 ± 5 psig) and auto-matically switch banks when one group of cylinders is exhausted.
A liquid oxygen storage system (Figure 2–2) is more economical for large hospitals. Liquid oxygen must be stored well below its critical temperature of –119°C because gases can be liquefied by pressure only if stored below their critical temperature. A largehospital may have a smaller liquid oxygen supply or a bank of compressed gas cylinders that can provide one day's oxygen requirements as a reserve. To guard against a hospital gas-system failure, the anesthesiolo-gist must always have an emergency (E-cylinder) sup-ply of oxygen available during anesthesia.Most anesthesia machines accommodate E-cylinders of oxygen (Table 2–1). As oxygen is expended, the cylinder's pressure falls in proportionto its content. A pressure of 1000 psig indi-cates an E-cylinder that is approximately halffull and represents 330 L of oxygen at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 20°C. If the oxygen is exhausted at a rate of 3 L/min, a cylinder that is half full will be empty in 110 min. Oxygen cylinder pressure should be monitored before use and peri-odically during use. Anesthesia machines usually also accommodate E-cylinders for medical air and nitrous oxide, and may accept cylinders of helium. Compressed medical gases utilize a pin index safety system for these cylinders to prevent inadvertent crossover and connections for different gas types. As a safety feature of oxygen E-cylinders, the yoke has integral components made from Wood's metal. This metallurgic alloy has a low melting point, which allows dissipation of pressure that might otherwise heat the bottle to the point of ballistic explosion. This pressure-relief "valve" is designed to rupture at 3300 psig, well below the pressure E-cylinder walls should be able to with-stand (more than 5000 psig).
Nitrous oxide is manufactured by heating ammo-nium nitrate (thermal decomposition). It is almost always stored by hospitals in large H-cylinders con-nected by a manifold with an automatic crossover feature. Bulk liquid storage of nitrous oxide is eco-nomical only in very large institutions.
Because the critical temperature of nitrous oxide (36.5°C) is above room temperature, it can be kept liquefied without an elaborate refrig-eration system. If the liquefied nitrous oxide risesabove its critical temperature, it will revert to its gaseous phase. Because nitrous oxide is not an ideal gas and is easily compressible, this transfor-mation into a gaseous phase is not accompanied by a great rise in tank pressure. Nonetheless, as with oxygen cylinders, all nitrous oxide E-cylinders are equipped with a Wood's metal yoke to preventvexplosion under conditions of unexpectedly high gas pressure (eg, unintentional overfilling), particu-larly during fires.
Although a disruption in supply is usually not catastrophic, most anesthesia machines have reserve nitrous oxide E-cylinders. Because these smaller cyl-inders also contain nitrous oxide in its liquid state, the volume remaining in a cylinder is not propor-tional to cylinder pressure. By the time the liquid nitrous oxide is expended and the tank pressure begins to fall, only about 400 L of nitrous oxide remains. If liquid nitrous oxide is kept at a con-stant temperature (20°C), it will vaporize at the same rate at which it is consumed and will main-tain a constant pressure (745 psig) until the liquid is exhausted.
The only reliable way to determine residual volume of nitrous oxide is to weigh the cylinder. For this reason, the tare weight (TW), or empty weight, of cylinders containing a liquefied com-pressed gas (eg, nitrous oxide) is often stamped on the shoulder of the cylinder. The pressure gauge of a nitrous oxide cylinder should not exceed 745 psig at 20°C. A higher reading implies gauge malfunction, tank overfill (liquid fill), or a cylinder containing a gas other than nitrous oxide.
Because energy is consumed in the conversion of a liquid to a gas (the latent heat of vaporization), the liquid nitrous oxide cools. The drop in tempera-ture results in a lower vapor pressure and lower cyl-inder pressure. The cooling is so pronounced at high flow rates that there is often frost on the tank, and pressure regulators may freeze.
The use of air is becoming more frequent in anesthe-siology as the popularity of nitrous oxide and unnec-essarily high concentrations of oxygen has declined. Cylinder air is medical grade and is obtained by blending oxygen and nitrogen. Dehumidified but unsterile air is provided to the hospital pipeline system by compression pumps. The inlets of these pumps must be distant from vacuum exhaust vents and machinery to minimize contamination. Because the critical temperature of air is –140.6°C, it exists as a gas in cylinders whose pressures fall in proportion to their content.
Although compressed nitrogen is not administered to patients, it may be used to drive some operating room equipment, such as saws, drills, and surgical handpieces. Nitrogen supply systems either incorpo-rate the use of H-cylinders connected by a manifold or a wall system supplied by a compressor driven central supply.
A central hospital vacuum system usually consists of independent suction pumps, each capable of han-dling peak requirements. Traps at every user location prevent contamination of the system with foreign matter. The medical-surgical vacuum may be used for waste anesthetic gas disposal (WAGD) provid-ing it does not affect the performance of the system. Medical vacuum receptacles are usually black in color with white lettering. A dedicated WAGD vacuum system is generally required with modern anesthesia machines. The WAGD outlet may incorporate the use of a suction regulator with a float indicator. The float should be maintained between the designated markings. Excess suction may result in inadequate patient ventilation, and insufficient suction levels may result in the failure to evaluate WAGD. WAGD receptacles and tubing are usually lavender in color.
Many surgical procedures are performed using lapa-roscopic or robotic-assisted techniques requiring insufflation of body cavities with carbon dioxide, an odorless, colorless, nonflammable and slightly acidic gas. Large cylinders containing carbon dioxide, such as M-cylinders or LK-cylinders, are frequently found in the operating room; these cylinders share a common size orifice and thread with oxygen cylin-ders and can be inadvertently interchanged.
DELIVERY OF MEDICAL GASES
Medical gases are delivered from their central sup-ply source to the operating room through a piping network. Pipes are sized such that the pressure drop across the whole system never exceeds 5 psig. Gas pipes are usually constructed of seamless copper tubing using a special welding technique. Internal
contamination of the pipelines with dust, grease, or water must be avoided. The hospital's gas deliv-ery system appears in the operating room as hose drops, gas columns, or elaborate articulating arms (Figure 2–3). Operating room equipment, including the anesthesia machine, interfaces with these pipe-line system outlets by color-coded hoses. Quick-coupler mechanisms, which vary in design with different manufacturers, connect one end of the hose to the appropriate gas outlet. The other end connects to the anesthesia machine through a non-interchangeable diameter index safety system fitting that prevents incorrect hose attachment.E-cylinders of oxygen, nitrous oxide, and air attach directly to the anesthesia machine. To discourage incorrect cylinder attachments, cylinder manufacturers have adopted a pin index safety system. Each gas cylinder (sizes A–E) has two holes in its cylinder valve that mate with correspondingpins in the yoke of the anesthesia machine (Figure 2–4). The relative positioning of the pins and holes is unique for each gas. Multiple washers placed between the cylinder and yoke, which prevent proper engagement of the pins and holes, have unintention-ally defeated this system. The pin index safety system is also ineffective if yoke pins are damaged or the cyl-inder is filled with the wrong gas.
The functioning of medical gas supply sources and pipeline systems is constantly monitored by central and area alarm systems. Indicator lights and audible signals warn of changeover to secondary gas sources and abnormally high (eg, pressure regulator malfunction) or low (eg, supply depletion) pipeline pressures (Figure 2–5).
Modern anesthesia machines and anesthetic gas analyzers continuously measure the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2). Analyzers have a variable threshold setting for the minimal FiO2 but should be configured to prevent disabling this alarm. The monitoring of FiO2 does not reflect the oxygen con-centration distal to the monitoring port and should not be used to reference the oxygen concentration within devices such as endotracheal tubes or at the distal tip of the tube. Due to gas exchange, flow rates, and shunting a marked difference can exist between the monitored FiO2 and oxygen concentration at the tissue level.
Local & Regional Anesthesia
Intravenous Anesthesia
Evolution of the Specialty
The Scope of Anesthesia
The Operating Room Environment: Safety Culture
Environmental Factors in the Operating Room
Electrical Safety in the Operating Room
Fire Prevention & Preparation in the Operating Room
Fire Extinguishers in the Operating Room
Laser Safety in the Operating Room
Crew Resource Management in the Operating Room
Future Design of Operating Rooms


The foundation has set a goal to raise the necessary funds to repair or replace the planetarium in the Mount Carmel Area High School. The current system is currently not operating and board members would like to put the system back in use for both students and events open to the general public. We are currently exploring options as to what is the most economical way to bring the planetarium back to life. If you would like to donate to the cause or any other of our current initiatives, you can do so on our donate page. Please indicate for what project you would like your donation to be used.


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U.S. Relations With Australia
Bilateral Relations Fact Sheet
More information about Australia is available on the Australia Page and from other Department of State publications and other sources listed at the end of this fact sheet.
U.S.-AUSTRALIA RELATIONS
Australia is a vital ally, partner, and friend of the United States. The United States and Australia maintain a robust relationship underpinned by shared democratic values, common interests, and cultural affinities. Economic, academic, and people-to-people ties are vibrant and strong. The two countries marked the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations in 2015. In 2017, the United States and Australia marked the 75th anniversary of several key World War II battles, including the Battles of the Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. In 2018, the two countries marked 100 Years of Mateship (Friendship), commemorating the Battle of Hamel in which U.S. and Australian forces first fought side-by-side.
Bilateral defense ties and cooperation are exceptionally close. U.S. and Australian forces have fought together in every significant conflict since World War I. The Australia, New Zealand, and United States (ANZUS) Security Treaty, concluded in 1951, is Australia's pre-eminent security treaty alliance and enjoys broad bipartisan support. Australia invoked it for the first time in response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The two countries signed the U.S.-Australia Force Posture Agreement at the annual Australia-United States Ministerial Consultations (AUSMIN) in August 2014, paving the way for even closer defense and security cooperation. This has included the annual rotation of Marines to Darwin and enhanced rotations of U.S. Air Force aircraft to Australia. In October 2015, the U.S. and Australian defense agencies signed a Joint Statement on Defense Cooperation to serve as a guide for future cooperation. In 2017, the United States and Australia participated in the seventh Talisman Saber, a biennial joint military exercise designed to ensure and demonstrate the ability of the two defense forces to work together with the highest levels of interoperability.
The U.S.-Australia alliance is an anchor for peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region and around the world. Both countries share a strong interest in maintaining freedom of navigation, overflight, and other lawful uses of the sea, including in the South China Sea. They work closely in Afghanistan and cooperate on efforts to defeat the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) , as well as address the challenges and counter foreign terrorist fighters and violent extremism. Arms control and counter-proliferation is another area of close U.S.-Australia cooperation. In addition to AUSMIN consultations, Australia and the United States engage in a trilateral security dialogue and a trilateral infrastructure partnership with Japan.
The first treaty signed between the United States and Australia was the 1949 agreement that established the Fulbright program, and since then more than 5,000 Australians and Americans have received Fulbright scholarships. The United States and Australia have concluded a mutual legal assistance treaty to enhance bilateral cooperation on legal and counter-narcotics issues. The two countries have also signed tax and defense trade cooperation treaties, as well as agreements on health cooperation, space, science and technology, emergency management cooperation, and social security. Many U.S. institutions conduct cooperative scientific activities in Australia. The United States and Australia responded to the Ebola and Zika epidemics and support the Global Health Security Agenda to accelerate measurable progress toward a world safe and secure from infectious disease threats.
U.S. Assistance to Australia
The United States provides no development assistance to Australia.
Bilateral Economic Relations
The U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement (FTA) entered into force on January 1, 2005. The U.S.-Australia FTA has boosted U.S. goods exports to Australia by more than 80 percent since 2004 (pre-FTA); U.S. services exports are up by over 200 percent from 2004. In 2018, total U.S. goods and services trade with Australia totaled US $65.9 billion, and the United States ran a trade surplus of US $28.9 billion. According to U.S. Department of Commerce estimates, U.S. exports of goods and services to Australia support nearly 250,000 U.S. jobs, in sectors including machinery, travel services, industrial supplies and materials, consumer goods, and financial services. In return, Australia exports foods, feeds, and beverages; industrial supplies and materials; and business and travel services. Australia has proven to be an appealing and profitable market for U.S. companies for many years. It offers very few barriers to entry, a familiar legal and corporate framework, and a sophisticated – yet straightforward business culture.
Bilateral direct investment (FDI) cumulatively totals nearly US $230 billion. In 2018, Australia total stock of FDI into the United States was $71.5 billion. Leading sectors for Australian investment into the United States are software & IT services, business services, and healthcare. According to Australian government statistics, the United States is Australia's largest foreign investor. In 2018, the U.S. direct investment position in Australia (outward) was $163.0 billion. Considerable portfolio investment in both directions also contributes to a strong bilateral investment relationship. U.S. firms have operated in Australia for over 100 years and, according to Australian government estimates, currently employ more than 300,000 Australians, many in high-paying sectors. U.S. firms are also the largest tax-payers, wage payers, and contributor to GDP, of any foreign country companies operating in Australia.
According to IMF data, Australia is the world's 14th-largest economy by GDP and has the tenth-highest per capita income. It has marked 28 years of sustained annual economic growth, avoiding the financial crisis of 2009 by exporting resource commodities to China. An energy powerhouse, Australia is the world's largest coal exporter and LNG exporter. According to Australian government data, almost 812,000 U.S. residents visited Australia in 2018, a 3 percent increase from 2017. According to U.S. statistics, 1.4 million Australians visited the United States in 2018, an increase of 3 percent from 2017.
Australia's Membership in International Organizations
Australia and the United States belong to a number of the same international organizations, including the United Nations, ASEAN Regional Forum, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), G-20, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Australia is a Partner for Cooperation with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), an Enhanced Partner of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and a member of the Pacific Islands Forum.
Bilateral Representation
Arthur B. Culvahouse Jr. currently serves as the U.S. Ambassador to Australia; other principal embassy officials are listed in the Department's Key Officers List.
Australia maintains an embassy in the United States at 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 (tel. 202-797-3000). The Embassy building is currently under renovation; the Australian diplomatic mission is currently located at 1145 17th St NW, Washington DC, 20036-4707
More information about Australia is available from the Department of State and other sources, some of which are listed here:
CIA World Factbook Australia Page
History of U.S. Relations With Australia
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative Countries Page
U.S. Census Bureau Foreign Trade Statistics
Export.gov International Offices Page
Australia Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs
The Free World Must Stand Up to China's Assault on the Environment
Secretary Pompeo's Call with Australian Prime Minister Morrison
Ensuring a Transparent, Thorough Investigation of COVID-19's Origin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Employee Volunteer Council of Greater St. Louis (EVC), originally established in 1983 as the Corporate Volunteer Council and reintroduced in 2015, brings business and labor leaders together to share best practices around employee volunteerism for the development and expansion of employee and skill-based volunteer programs, and promote the value of volunteering within its companies and throughout the region. Volunteer Center, with decades of experience in creating innovative solutions to meet the needs of today's business community, will provide staffing support to the EVC.
Questions about the Employee Volunteer Council? Contact Rick Skinner at rick.skinner@stl.unitedway.org or 314-539-4284.


It's been a while since I added items to my Daredevil collection. It was long overdue, wasn't it?
I picked the baseball cap up at Fan Expo last month and the plushie at a store in the mall.
I couldn't believe that there is such as thing as Daredevil air-fresheners. I don't even use air-fresheners in my car. I hate to have things hanging from my rear-view mirror. But I bought this pack just because.
Daredevil is my favourite super-hero and I love skateboarding. What an awesome piece!
These two pieces were given to me as birthday gifts for the past two years. I love them so much!
I started collecting Pop figures. I have Matt Murdock and Daredevil in his Yellow, Red, and Netflix costumes. There is one other figure that I need to add to this collection, a Man Without Fear black-costumed-figure. I hope to get it soon.
I don't wear jewelry but this Daredevil necklace is gorgeous. It is metal and an official Marvel product.
I can't quite add this to my collection, but I did see a really cool Daredevil panel at Fan Expo this year featuring Joe Quesada, Charlie Cox, and Elden Henson. And I took this photo.
It was a pleasure meeting and talking to Tim Sale about origin stories and the work he has done in comics. Fan Expo was a lot of fun this year.
Those are my latest adds to an ever-growing Daredevil collection!


We are almost coming to the end of our Fans Project, #supportGEMS.
So far, we have raised $1188, thanks to the generous donations of the participants. I am so, so happy about it!
There are a few days left to give your support, if you can, until September 30th.
Please, don't forget to send me an e-mail if you've done a donation dedicated to Robin for this project, so I can add you to the list of Participants, thank you!


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Der Berlin-Marathon 2006 war die 33. Ausgabe der jährlich stattfindenden Laufveranstaltung in Berlin, Deutschland. Der Marathon fand am 24. September 2006 statt und war der dritte World Marathon Majors des Jahres.

Bei den Männern gewann Haile Gebrselassie in 2:05:56 h und bei den Frauen Gete Wami in 2:21:34 h.

Ergebnisse

Männer

Frauen

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

2006
World Marathon Majors 2006

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This veteran from the British invasion is back without the vintage price tag! Mod looks and warm, bass tone come together as a result of its hollow laminated maple body with a short-scale 30" maple neck, elegant flamed maple top and dual bass mini-humbucking pickups. Other features include a floating rosewood bridge with trapeze tailpiece, 2 volumes, 1 tone, chrome hardware, and vintage sunburst finish.


Sept. 10, 2018, 9:51 a.m.
After 3000km on mine this summer....you get a better cardio workout, use your legs have as much, have a better cadence, better body position, and have loads of fun! First accurate video on them. I have a rocky, levo and devinci, try one it will blow your mind! As someone said to me this summer, soon they will make an acoustic bike obsolete, you may not like to hear that but after riding them twice a day since April...its hard not to think about, if you think they can't go down, check out Yoann hit trespasser on his!
Sept. 10, 2018, 10:25 a.m.
Sept. 10, 2018, 11:11 a.m.
What's your rationale for 'better body position'?
Sept. 10, 2018, 12:02 p.m.
Better cardio because you're not having to take breaks every 10min?
Better body position because youre keeping good and close to that little screen below the bars to make sure you don't run out of juice and have to pedal that 60lb monstrosity back, or pedal it at all?
Im not ready to accept these things yet.
Sept. 10, 2018, 12:17 p.m.
A friend of mine has the Altitude Powerplay and loves it, he had 6 surgeries on his left knee from a serious snowboarding accident and it's allowed him to actually ride a bike again. He's tied to ride his non assisted bike (rocky Altitude) and can only get one lower lap of Fromme in before his left knee swells up for a week. On the Powerplay he can be out most of the day and just enjoy riding again. It's also helped with his physio as he is able to keep a constant cadence. Next year, he's looking to pick up a trail 29er and alternate between the two bikes as his recovery moves along.
My perspective on e-bikes has very much changed in the last year.
Sept. 10, 2018, 12:29 p.m.
What do you mean? Motorbikes are so much fun.
The bike companies are really pushing these things thru their psuedo sponsored internet brand ambassadors.
Must be a huge profit margin on them.
Last edited by: Brocklanders on Sept. 10, 2018, 12:38 p.m., edited 1 time in total.
Sept. 10, 2018, 1:15 p.m.
Sweet, all it takes is a new e-bike and we can all ride Trespasser just like Yo. If you buy two of them will one be able to ride twice as good?
Sept. 10, 2018, 2:07 p.m.
See 2:28 of the video.
My girl had a near asthma attack from pedalling so hard up a 1 km long 40 degree doubletrack hill in the Alps on a E-rental hardtail fatbike (can I say anything worse?!?). A techy, steep hill climb she (nor I) would have never attempted unassisted.
We E-pedalled up to 1827 meters altitude last weekend and finished a 38 km ride that day. Not once did we skid or spin our tires and the only trail damage we did was when she spat out a lung on the climb. Assisted speed was limitted to 25 kph, a strong climbing pace, useless downhill.
Im quite sure that regular use would improve our cardio.
Sept. 10, 2018, 2:11 p.m.
My ebike is fantastic for commuting. I'm not so sure it's the best thing for trails. I do know some people with health related limits that really benefit from an off-road ebike, but claiming a cardio benefit for ebike vs pedal only bike is quite the stretch.
Biggest problem with ebikes at the moment is there are too many ways to get around anything legislated that would limit their impact on trails. A pedal assist only bike, limited to about 350 W, wouldn't be a totally bad thing, esp for those with health issues wanting to partake in trail riding. But motors and controllers are easy to change and/or hack, the hardware is readily available, so too damn easy for someone to buy a "legal" 350W bike, and mod it to become a 1500W throttle operated emotorbike, and very little way for a regulating authority to tell, short of testing on a dyno.
Sept. 10, 2018, 3:09 p.m.
I have a colleague with MS who uses an Ebike - totally cool in my books.
Sept. 10, 2018, 3:38 p.m.
Going to interesting how this all plays out.
So as long as it has a pedal crank it's ok? So why should gas be banned and battery is ok?
Sept. 10, 2018, 4:21 p.m.
A blanket statement like "you get a better cardio workout" simply shows a lack of understanding. Coming from Dave I find the statement to be silly as he should know better in terms of what constitutes cardio performance. There's a disconnect between the statements in the vid and what better cardio actually is. There's also a disconnect between your statements and what better cardio actually is.
Time and intensity are the two things that will allow you to improve your cardio. An e-bike allows you to ride for a longer time at a lower intensity in the same way that a slow jog can allow you to go for a longer time than a hard run. For someone who is unfit or has a low level of fitness this can be a plus, but only to a certain point. The bike itself does nothing to improve your cardio, what improves your cardio is activity time and intensity. From a riding perspective if the steep trail is too much then pick a less steep trail or a flat trail and ride a regular pedal bike for a longer distance.
I'm not totally opposed to ebikes as has been well documented in the past, buts lets not confuse how cardiovascular fitness is improved on a bicycle with ebikes magically providing a better form of fitness. There's no doubt ebikes make it easier to pedal up a hill, but that doesn't necessarily equate to an improvement in cardiovcascular fitness. It will work probably work for some as it may be the motivator that gets them outside or moving, but there's also as much of a chance of an ebike limiting how far your cardio will improve or evening decreasing it if one comes to rely on the ebike.
Sept. 10, 2018, 4:29 p.m.
I have a new robotic-exoskeleton and my lifts have gone through the roof!
Sept. 10, 2018, 4:33 p.m.
It makes sense that if you spin at a constant higher cadence, and for longer, than you could under your own power, you will get more of a cardio workout. But, how many people are actually going to be spinning them at that max rpm? I suspect that for most users, a typical e-ride is less of a workout than a self-powered ride.
Sept. 10, 2018, 4:38 p.m.
not really as it depends a lot on the rider's power output. you have to factor in time AND intensity.


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Grotea gayi är en stekelart som först beskrevs av Maximilian Spinola 1851.  Grotea gayi ingår i släktet Grotea och familjen brokparasitsteklar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Brokparasitsteklar
gayi


Established in the year 2016, Jangid House has carved a niche as a prime manufacturer, wholesaler and trader of Bar Stools and Chairs. We have been dealing in wide range of Bar Stools, Iron and Wooden Chairs and Crank Table that is an ideal amalgamation of utility and quality. Our firm is offering precision-engineered products to satisfy different industrial requirements from various sectors in an assortment of colors, material, shapes and designs. We are a professional name having vast understanding the dynamics and changes of the competitive markets. Hence, our prime motto is to develop a novel piece every time loaded with abrasion proof, termite resistant and highly durable features. Owing to advanced production machines, vast expertise and client centric policies, we have gathered a huge client base in the market.


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Biology (School of)
Biology Theses
Irradiated gametes as a means of limited gene transfer in plant breeding
ALindaMPerrymanPhDThesis.pdf (20.40Mb)
Perryman, A. Linda M.
Caligari, Peter
Agriculture and Food Research Council (AFRC)
Following reports that limited gene transfer may be facilitated by making crosses with irradiated pollen, a debate has arisen as to the cause of the observed results. If maternal trends that occurred in the second generation (the M2) were largely due to the persistence of radiation induced damage, then pollen irradiation would be of little value to plant breeders. But if much of the paternal genome had been eliminated, the method could offer breeders a cheap and simple means of transferring just a few characters from one plant genome to another. By carrying out reciprocal irradiated and control crosses, it was shown in this study with barley that mutational damage is not widespread in the M2. However, consistent trends away from the F2 towards the maternal expression were not observed either. When instead the female gamete was irradiated, moderate shifts to the paternal expression did occur. As trends were for increased vigour, mutational damage is unlikely to have been the cause of these observations. By contrast, when irradiated pollen crosses were made between three varieties of potato, the M1 and M2 were consistently lower scoring than the controls. It is suggested that the results may have been different in the two species because polyploids such as the potato may be better able to tolerate radiation damage than diploids such as barley. Gamete irradiation may, therefore, be of little value in polyploid crops. It is recommended that, at least in diploid species, ovule irradiation should be further investigated because not only may it be more effective than its male equivalent, but it may also be easier to perform. Both techniques may be useful in breaking down linkages resistant to conventional crossing.
Thesis, PhD Doctor of Philosophy


The posterior tibial tendon is one of the major supporting structures of the foot that aids with walking. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is also called "adult acquired flatfoot" and is the most common type of flatfoot developed during adulthood. PTTD is usually progressive, which means early treatment is required to keep it from getting worse over time.
Overuse of the posterior tibial tendon is the main cause of PTTD. Symptoms become more prevalent after activities that involve the tendon, such as running, hiking, walking, climbing stairs, etc.
Symptoms may include pain, swelling, a flat arch, and inward rolling of the ankle. Symptoms can progress to the development of flat arches, and in severe cases, arthritis in the foot and ankle. Early intervention is the best way to keep you happy and healthy.
At ProActive Foot & Ankle, we want to keep you one step ahead. After examining your foot and ankle, nonsurgical treatment may be discussed.
PTTD can be stopped in its tracks with early intervention. The sooner the better. Make an appointment with ProActive Foot & Ankle today!


DreamHack made their annual stop in Jonkoping, Sweden this past weekend with another edition of DreamHack Summer complete with a $100,000 prize pool. Once it was all said and done, Imperial walked away with the title over OpTic Gaming.
The Danish derby kicked off the semifinal action across the highly contested three-map series, which saw North lose their opening pick of Inferno to the Green Wall who dominated the second half to secure the 16-11 win and the series lead. North then got their revenge by taking OpTic's map pick, Mirage, in a back and forth battle in the second half that resulted in a 16-13 win for Philip "aizy" Aistrup and his men. The series then went to the decider, Train, where the two sides each saw lopsided halves that resulted in overtime. The back and forth battle continued across two overtime halves that eventually saw OpTic Gaming seal passage to the grand final.
Imperial kicked off their series against Gambit on Cache and took a convincing first half on the CT-side for a 13-2 lead going into the second. Gambit then rallied back with a stout defense of their own to win 10 rounds, but Imperial remained composed and won their three of the half to take the series lead. The series then landed on Mirage were the two sides juggled for the lead before Imperial finally earned their 8-7 lead at halftime. From there, it was all Imperial in the second half to win eight out of 10 rounds to claim their spot in the grand finals.
The grand finals kicked off on OpTic's Overpass pick that saw Imperial secure the pistol and the anti-ecos to make it a quick 2-0 start. OpTic managed to win in the eco to reduce the deficit by one, but Imperial remained in the driver's seat to take the 9-6 lead at halftime. OpTic looked to come back in the second half, but only one round win was not enough to rattle a comeback as Imperial rode off with the second half securing the 16-7 win.
Imperial then found themselves on their map pick, Mirage, where OpTic came out swinging on the T-side to secure the pistol. Imperial then went on a rampage to secure five in a row, before OpTic finally broke the streak to win their second of the half. However, the Green Wall was able to pick up a few more rounds before completely resetting Imperial's economy keep the score tight. In the end, Imperial managed to seal the half with an 8-7 scoreline as OpTic claimed the final round of the half.
The second half then saw OpTic came out of the gates red-hot to win five in a row to take a three round lead (12-8). Unfortunately for the Green Wall, Imperial's aggressive T-side was too tough to tame as they came rallying back over the defense to win eight rounds without skipping a beat, and securing the 2-0 series sweep to be crowned DreamHack Open Summer Champions.


A second Royal Shakespeare Company actor has been injured during a performance just two weeks after another lead role accidentally shot himself on the same stage.
Sam Troughton, 33, suffered cuts to his hand after he crashed his bicycle into railings during a performance of Romeo and Juliet.
The audience watched in horror as Sam, who was riding a bicycle off the stage at the end of Act II Scene 3, careered off the set and clattered into iron railings.
The actor, who was playing Romeo, carried on with the show at the Courtyard Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warks., but needed medical attention the next day.
An RSC spokesman said: "He rode his bike into the gate part of the set, cut his hand but carried on.
The accident comes just two weeks after another of the RSC's leading men Darrell D'Silva, 46, accidentally shot himself in the hand during rehearsals at the theatre.
Mr D'Silva, who plays Antony in Shakespeare's tragedy, incurred the 'serious' injury to his hand from the mechanism of the prop during a technical rehearsal.
The actor is now making a full recovery.


DATR This year was in Parker Colorado, the turnout wasn't bad. It wasn't as large as it had been some years, but still larger than it was others. I had a great time talking to folks and checking out all the really cool setups. I decided to take video of a car show for the first time, including some preparation for the show and a little bit of footage with my buddy Kyle and his VW CC on airbags. We didn't really stay for the trophies and they cancelled the limbo contest, but there were some really awesome setups. I remember attending my first DATR 10 years ago, it the first time showing my Corrado and my first VW show. Much has certainly changed throughout the years.


According to local legend, Menton originated when Eve, when fleeing from Paradise with Adam, took with her a forbidden fruit (a lemon). After travelling far she came across a beautiful bay that evoked memories of Eden, planted the lemon and thus Menton began. Located astride the French/Italian border, the town changed rulers over the millenia until, at the time of Italian unification, it was given the choice of joining chaotic Italy or prosperous France. It chose France although the colourful buildings still look more Italian than French. Today Menton is a quiet town at the Eastern end of the Cote d'Azur that is a good base for exploring the region.
Discovering the Isle de Lerins near Cannes.
About Walkers' World Riviera holiday: This is a single-centred week. For seven nights we stay in the Mediterranean beach-front town of Menton. There will be one walking guide plus one tour hostess. Both are fluent in English.
This holiday is a combination of easy walking and sightseeing.


text:
/***************************************************************************/
/*                                                                         */
/* ftplib.h - header file for callable ftp access routines                 */
/* Copyright (C) 1996, 1997 Thomas Pfau, pfau@cnj.digex.net                */
/* 73 Catherine Street, South Bound Brook, NJ, 08880                       */
/*                                                                         */
/* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or           */
/* modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public             */
/* License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either            */
/* version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.        */
/*                                                                         */
/* This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,         */
/* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of          */
/* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU       */
/* Library General Public License for more details.                        */
/*                                                                         */
/* You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public       */
/* License along with this progam; if not, write to the                    */
/* Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,            */
/* Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.                                             */
/*                                                                         */
/***************************************************************************/

#if !defined(__FTPLIB_H)
#define __FTPLIB_H

#if defined(__unix__) || defined(VMS) || defined(__APPLE__)
#define GLOBALDEF
#define GLOBALREF extern
#elif defined(_WIN32)
#if defined BUILDING_LIBRARY
#define GLOBALDEF __declspec(dllexport)
#define GLOBALREF __declspec(dllexport)
#else
#define GLOBALREF __declspec(dllimport)
#endif
#endif

/* FtpAccess() type codes */
#define FTPLIB_DIR 1
#define FTPLIB_DIR_VERBOSE 2
#define FTPLIB_FILE_READ 3
#define FTPLIB_FILE_WRITE 4

/* FtpAccess() mode codes */
#define FTPLIB_ASCII 'A'
#define FTPLIB_IMAGE 'I'
#define FTPLIB_TEXT FTPLIB_ASCII
#define FTPLIB_BINARY FTPLIB_IMAGE

/* connection modes */
#define FTPLIB_PASSIVE 1
#define FTPLIB_PORT 2

/* connection option names */
#define FTPLIB_CONNMODE 1
#define FTPLIB_CALLBACK 2
#define FTPLIB_IDLETIME 3
#define FTPLIB_CALLBACKARG 4
#define FTPLIB_CALLBACKBYTES 5

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

typedef struct NetBuf netbuf;
typedef int (*FtpCallback)(netbuf *nControl, int xfered, void *arg);

/* v1 compatibility stuff */
#if !defined(_FTPLIB_NO_COMPAT)
netbuf *DefaultNetbuf;

#define ftplib_lastresp FtpLastResponse(DefaultNetbuf)
#define ftpInit FtpInit
#define ftpOpen(x) FtpConnect(x, &DefaultNetbuf)
#define ftpLogin(x,y) FtpLogin(x, y, DefaultNetbuf)
#define ftpSite(x) FtpSite(x, DefaultNetbuf)
#define ftpMkdir(x) FtpMkdir(x, DefaultNetbuf)
#define ftpChdir(x) FtpChdir(x, DefaultNetbuf)
#define ftpRmdir(x) FtpRmdir(x, DefaultNetbuf)
#define ftpNlst(x, y) FtpNlst(x, y, DefaultNetbuf)
#define ftpDir(x, y) FtpDir(x, y, DefaultNetbuf)
#define ftpGet(x, y, z) FtpGet(x, y, z, DefaultNetbuf)
#define ftpPut(x, y, z) FtpPut(x, y, z, DefaultNetbuf)
#define ftpRename(x, y) FtpRename(x, y, DefaultNetbuf)
#define ftpDelete(x) FtpDelete(x, DefaultNetbuf)
#define ftpQuit() FtpQuit(DefaultNetbuf)
#endif /* (_FTPLIB_NO_COMPAT) */
/* end v1 compatibility stuff */

GLOBALREF int ftplib_debug;
GLOBALREF void FtpInit(void);
GLOBALREF char *FtpLastResponse(netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpConnect(const char *host, netbuf **nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpOptions(int opt, long val, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpLogin(const char *user, const char *pass, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpAccess(const char *path, int typ, int mode, netbuf *nControl,
    netbuf **nData);
GLOBALREF int FtpRead(void *buf, int max, netbuf *nData);
GLOBALREF int FtpWrite(void *buf, int len, netbuf *nData);
GLOBALREF int FtpClose(netbuf *nData);
GLOBALREF int FtpSite(const char *cmd, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpSysType(char *buf, int max, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpMkdir(const char *path, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpChdir(const char *path, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpCDUp(netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpRmdir(const char *path, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpPwd(char *path, int max, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpNlst(const char *output, const char *path, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpDir(const char *output, const char *path, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpSize(const char *path, int *size, char mode, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpRestart(int offset, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpModDate(const char *path, char *dt, int max, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpGet(const char *output, const char *path, char mode,
	netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpPut(const char *input, const char *path, char mode,
	netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpRename(const char *src, const char *dst, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF int FtpDelete(const char *fnm, netbuf *nControl);
GLOBALREF void FtpQuit(netbuf *nControl);

GLOBALREF int HttpConnect(const char *host, unsigned short port, netbuf **nControl);
GLOBALREF int HttpGet(const char *host, const char *output, const char *path,
	int *size, netbuf *nControl, unsigned int offset,
	const struct tm *mtime1, struct tm *mtime2);
GLOBALREF void HttpQuit(netbuf *nControl);

#ifdef __cplusplus
};
#endif

#endif /* __FTPLIB_H */


This is a photograph of the McLouth baseball team from 1925. The photo includes the caption, "N.E. Kans. Champs - 25." The team defeated a semi-professional team from Leavenworth, bolstering its regional championship claim. Team members are identified as follows: (back row, left to right) -- Ted Gentry, Ed Schmidt, John Winfrey, John Cass, Howard Chapman, "Dutch" Earl Chapman; (front row, left to right) -- Hobart Herries, Rollie Laster, Elgie Jones, Jess Laster, Galen White.
This is a photograph of the McLouth baseball team from 1925. The photo includes the caption, "N.E. Kans. Champs - 25." The team defeated a semi-professional team from Leavenworth, bolstering its regional championship claim.
Team members are identified as follows: (back row, left to right) -- Ted Gentry, Ed Schmidt, John Winfrey, John Cass, Howard Chapman, "Dutch" Earl Chapman; (front row, left to right) -- Hobart Herries, Rollie Laster, Elgie Jones, Jess Laster, Galen White.


Unsubscribe from The Global Goals?
In 2015 when leaders signed up to the UN Sustainable Development Goals – the Global Goals - they made a promise – to empower all girls. There has been progress but we need to keep up the pressure. If we work together we can make sure world leaders deliver and every girl grows up healthy, safe, empowered and able to fulfil her dreams.
Last year we asked you to share #WhatIReallyReallyWant for girls and women – this year we want you to raise your voice for freedom.
This can't wait – we need action now if we are to achieve the Global Goals and equality for all girls.
FREEDOM: Written By Jonathan Coffer, Beyoncé, Carla Williams, Dean Mcintosh, Kendrick Duckworth, Frank Tirado, Alan Lomax, John Lomax Sr. / Published By B-Unique Music Limited/Kobalt Publishing. WB Music Corp. And Oakland 13 Music All Rights Administered By Wb Music Corp. Obo Itself And Oakland 13 Music Emi Blackwood Music Inc, Sony/ATV Songs, Wb Music Corp, Hard Working Black Folks Inc. And Top Dawg Music Obo Kendrick Duckworth Pka Kendrick Lamar, Now-Again Records, Global Jukebox Publishing, Ludlow Music Inc.
Contains A Sample Of "Let Me Try," Written By Frank Tirado And Performed By Kaleidoscope. Used Courtesy Of Now-Again Records, With Thanks To Thomas Hartlage And Shadoks Music.
Contains A Sample Of "Collection Speech/Unidentified Lining Hymn," Performed By Reverend R.C. Crenshaw. Recorded By Alan Lomax In 1959. Used Courtesy Of Global Jukebox Publishing And The Alan Lomax Collection, American Folklife Center, Library Of Congress, Courtesy Of Odyssey Productions, Inc.
Ludlow Music Inc./Global Jukebox Publishing And The Alan Lomax Collection, American Folklife Center, Library Of Congress, Courtesy Of Odyssey Productions, Inc.
Thanks to MSF-Law obo Odyssey Productions and Global Jukebox. Thanks to Chelsea Music, Essex Music.


BAD NEWS, EVERYONE. Harper's Bazaar have decided that low-rise jeans are back in fashion.
Remember these horrors? They only barely covered your arse, and God forbid you were a woman who like to… sit down.
Harper's Bazaar go through the evidence in great detail, starting with Bella Hadid's white low slung jeans, before moving on to Gigi Hadid, Emily ratajkowski, and Gisele.
They all have one thing in common. Very low jeans.
Hold on, what happened to the mom jean craze? The tummy tucks?
People, predictably, do not want to see this happen.
What kind of craziness will they try to convince us is back, next? Bootcut? WIDE LEG? Help.
Email "Low-rise jeans are back in fashion and absolutely nobody is here for it".
Feedback on "Low-rise jeans are back in fashion and absolutely nobody is here for it".


text:
Q: Как создать репозиторий на GitHub заново? Здравствуйте. Я создал репозиторий для  своего проекта на GitHub. Потом я удалил репозиторий с GitHub. Когда я пытаюсь создать репозиторий заново ("VCS->Import into Version Control->Share Project on GitHub), Intellij IDEA выдает мне "Project is already on GitHub" и не создает репозиторий. Что мне делать?
A: Локальный репозиторий Git (а через него и IDEA) знает, что проект был расшарен на GitHub - настроен remote c адресом на GitHub. Удалите соответствующий ему remote, должно сработать.
# Покажет список
git remote
# Вероятно, в списке будет только origin
# Проверить, что это тот самый
git remote show origin
# удалить тот, что на гитхабe
git remote remove origin
# при этом удаляется не сам репозиторий с гитхаба, а локальная ссылка на него

После этого пробуйте еще раз через IDEA.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This Nutella Croissant Casserole makes a perfect breakfast or brunch! Packed with croissants, nutella, and fresh berries, everyone will love it!
No. Well, yes. But also, NO, because: gross.
Oh, yes, there's tons of Nutella. Is that a casserole upgrade or what?
In case it wasn't perfectly clear, this is a breakfast casserole, and a pretty indulgent one at that. Any dish where croissants and Nutella are the two main ingredients is never going to win any nutritional awards, but in my defense, may I just say, yum.
This recipe starts with croissant-Nutella sandwiches. No joke. You slather sliced croissants with a thick layer of Nutella, smash them into a sandwich, then cut them into chunks. Toss them with fresh berries, and soak it all in a sweet vanilla-scented custard. Finally, during baking, top it with a toasted hazelnut streusel.
The finished casserole has a crunchy top layer, full of toasted nuts, crumbly streusel, and crispy croissant edges. Inside it's all ooey-gooey deliciousness, where the custard has softened the croissants and mixed with the Nutella to create soft pockets of melted chocolate and bread.
It may have a lot going on, flavor-wise, but like any good casserole, it's meant to be a time-saver. It can be prepared the night before, so if you want to impress company/your boss/your new lovah with a fancy breakfast, put in a little effort in the evening, and in the morning all you need to do is pop it in the oven. Take some time to set the table/put on some lippy/watch kitten videos on youtube, and before you know it you'll have one outrageous breakfast casserole, ready to be devoured.
Spread the cut sides of the croissants with a generous amount of Nutella. Sandwich the croissants together—this makes them easier to cut. Cut each Nutella-filled croissant into pieces 1-2 inches long. Place them in a 13×9 baking pan, and add the strawberries. Toss gently to combine.
Crack the eggs into a large mixing bowl, then beat them on medium speed until they're broken up and well-mixed. Add the milk, cream, sugar, vanilla, and salt, and mix until combined. Pour the liquid over the croissants in the bowl, and toss well with your hands. Let the casserole sit for at least 30 minutes, tossing occasionally, while the croissants absorb the liquid. If desired, you can let it rest overnight at this point—just cover with cling wrap and refrigerate until you're ready to bake in the morning.
When you're ready to bake, prepare the hazelnut streusel topping. In a bowl, toss together the flour, sugar, and chopped hazelnuts. Add the melted Country Crock or butter and mix until your streusel is in moist clumps.
Preheat the oven to 350 F, then place the casserole in the oven and bake for 15 minutes. After 15 minutes sprinkle the streusel all over the top, and bake for an additional 20-25 minutes, until golden brown, crispy, and bubbly along the sides.
Let the casserole cool at room temperature. It can be served warm, at room temperature, or chilled from the refrigerator. It's also excellent with a little whipped cream or ice cream.
I wasn't a big fan of Nutella until this year. Now I love the stuff! This dish looks amazing for a lazy Saturday morning brunch!
Holy decandence! I immediately thought "ooh, how about a scoop of ice cream on top of that?" and then I remembered that this is for breakfast… But still, I'm not NOT proud of that thought, know what I mean?
You say nutella and croissants and I say count me in! Calories don't count in the mornings anyways so I think this dish needs to be made sooner than later.
Wow.. Nutella croissant sandwiches?? Vanilla custard?? I feel like I haven't lived yet.
I've been dying to get the wife to try nutella but she's not taking the bait. I only tried it once and I've been itching for it like an addict ever since.


text:
Q: LUKS change encryption key I found on this forum some very interesting content for problem that I have, but I don't found answer for my question.
To change encryption password I can use command:
cryptsetup luksChangeKey /dev/sda2

... and that works. But how to encrypt /dev/sda2 partition again with new password?
If my old password is compromised and I only change password, stored data is encrypted with old password not with new.

A: The LUKS partition itself is not encrypted with your password: it is encrypted with a strong "master key" randomly calculated upon volume creation. Your old and new passwords only serve to encrypt the "master key". Unfortunately both passwords and the "master key" as often referred to as "keys" hence your (and others') confusion.
When in the old days cryptsetup did not rely on LUKS, every time you changed your cryptsetup password the entire disk would have to be re-encrypted!
Nowdays you only have to change your master key if someone also gains physical or administrative access to the encrypted device while the password is valid.
p.s. if not relying on temporary storage but having free space, the LUKS master key may be "changed" by shrinking a LUKS volume via "cryptsetup resize", creating another volume, moving data, deleting the first volume and expanding the second volume.


Freshen and protect clothing storage with CEDAR FRESH cedar value packs--48 piece sets of aromatic U.S. eastern red cedar that fight off clothing moths and mustiness. This closet and clothing storage kit creates the protection of a cedar closet in your dresser, drawers, and bags. Perfect for turning your existing closet into a premium closet. Set includes 6 sachets, 12 butterflies wiht ribbons, 12 bears with ribbons, 18 heart blocks for drawers, dressers and hangers. Sand lightly or spray with CEDAR POWER SPRAY to strengthen cedar scent as needed. Safe for families and pets. Alternative to moth balls.


Day 1 of the JEC composites conference started out with a Criossant and an hour train ride jam packed to Tokyo standards. The JEC takes up 2 large exhibition halls in the Parc des Expositions near CDG airport. It is full of composite materials manufacturers, tooling manufacturers, and composite part manufacturers. There are some lectures. We attended ones on electric cars, structural simulation, and fireproof resin. There were a lot of booths and we covered most of them the first day. One thing that stick out to me are the thermoplastic composite parts. They are made with re-meltable plastic as opposed to traditional composites that set and cannot be re-melted.
Also noteworthy were the companies with bars in their booths. You won't see that in America.
On the way home, I stopped in to restaurant Augustin near the hotel. It ended up being upscale. I had a 3 course meal that was more than filling. The Filet Mignon I had was the whole fillet, not just a medallion American-style. They somewhat forgot to cook it and, because it was so thick, came out very rare for my taste. I should have got the duck because it is typically not done well (or at all) back home but I think America has steak nailed pretty well.


This is an absolutely fabulous dish that Giuliano Bugialli makes. Although this recipe is definitely more work than most of the recipes I publish it's really worth it!
Boil the potato in salted boiling water until soft, about 45 minutes. Immediately peel the potato and rice it using a potato ricer into a small bowl. Measure out 5 oz. of the riced potato and discard the leftover. Prepare the stuffing; drain the artichokes, then finely chop the parsley and garlic together on a chopping board. Place a medium-sized sauce pan with the oil over medium heat, add the chopped ingredients and lightly sauté them for one minute. Add the artichokes and cook them for about 15 minutes or more, until very soft, adding broth if needed. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
As the artichokes cook, prepare the sponge. Place the riced potatoes in a medium-size bowl, then dissolve the yeast in the lukewarm water. When ready, make a well in the riced potatoes and pour in the dissolved yeast. Mix very well with a wooden spoon, then start adding the flour a little at a time always mixing with a spoon. When all the flour is incorporated, keep mixing for two minutes more. Cover the bowl and let the sponge rest for about 45 minutes or until double in size.
When ready, arrange the 3 cups of flour on a board and make a well init. Place the sponge in the well, then the olive oil and the water. Season with a large pinch of salt. Use a wooden spoon to combine all the ingredients in the well, then start mixing with your hands taking some flour from the ridges of the well. Start kneading the dough in a folding motion incorporating more flour. The amount of flour could vary depending on the contents of water in the potatoes. You must have a rather soft and very smooth dough. Keep kneading for 5 minutes more to get a very elastic and not sticky dough. Heavily oil a 15 X 10 '/2 inch jelly roll pan, (or large round cake pan). Divide the dough into two pieces–one third and two thirds.
Use a rolling pin to stretch the larger piece the size of the pan. Arrange the artichokes with their juices all over. Stretch the smaller piece of dough to the size of the pan but much thinner. Be sure to seal the edges of the two layers of the dough. Use a fork to prick the top layer in several different places, then drip the remaining oil all over the top. Cover the pan and let the dough rest until it is almost double in size, about 1 hour.
Preheat the oven to 375 degrees. Remove the cover from the pan, sprinkle the foccacia with coarse salt and bake for about 35 minutes, or until golden and very puffy. Serve warm, cut into slices. The leftover focaccia will become extremely soft as it cooks, because of the potatoes, but will be very crisp again when reheated in the oven.
**To trim artichokes first cut off the about an inch or two of the top and most of the stem. Holding the artichoke in one hand, bend back each leaf so that it snaps at the point where it is tender, leaving the edible part on the artichoke. Then with a vegetable peeler or carefully with a paring knife, remove all the dark green (or inedible) part of the artichoke. It is best to keep the cut artichokes in cold water with lemon juice to prevent them from discoloring. Cut each trimmed artichoke in half, then with a paring knife moving in an arch, cut out the fuzzy choke and discard. Then cut each half into quarters as directed in the recipe.


text:
Q: Как прокрутить блок влево до нужного места? Добрый день! Появилась такая задача, которую даже понятия не имею, как возможно решить. Смысл в следующем: при нажатии на блок красного цвета, блок .blk должен прокрутиться влево до левого края экрана. Прошу прощения за тавтологию. И благодарю за помощь!

.wrp {
display: block;
position: relative;
overflow: hidden;
visibility: visible;
overflow-x: scroll;
width: 100%;
height: 200px;
background: #cccccc;
}
.blk {
display: block;
position: relative;
width: 1000px;
height: 500px;
z-index: 2;
margin-left: 100%;
background: #aabbcc;
}
.knop {
display: block;
position: absolute;
width: 20px;
height: 20px;
right: 10px;
top: 50%;
background: red;
cursor: pointer;
}

A:

$(".knop").click(function() {
  $(".wrp").animate({
     scrollLeft:$(".knop").offset().left+20
  }, 1000)

})
.wrp {
  display: block;
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  visibility: visible;
  overflow-x: scroll;
  width: 100%;
  height: 200px;
  background: #cccccc;
}
.blk {
  display: block;
  position: relative;
  width: 1000px;
  height: 500px;
  z-index: 2;
  margin-left: 100%;
  background: #aabbcc;
}
.knop {
  display: block;
  position: absolute;
  width: 20px;
  height: 20px;
  right: 10px;
  top: 50%;
  background: red;
  cursor: pointer;
}

A:

$(".knop").click(function(){
$(".blk").animate({
  'margin-left': "10%"
},1000)
$(".knop").animate({
  'left': "6%"
},1000)
})
.wrp {
display: block;
position: relative;
overflow: hidden;
visibility: visible;
overflow-x: scroll;
width: 100%;
height: 200px;
background: #cccccc;
}
.blk {
display: block;
position: relative;
width: 1000px;
height: 500px;
z-index: 2;
margin-left: 100%;
background: #aabbcc;
}
.knop {
display: block;
position: absolute;
width: 20px;
height: 20px;
right: 10px;
top: 50%;
background: red;
cursor: pointer;
}


A loose dog has caused one horse to be killed and others significantly injured in an attack in Pembrokeshire.
Police are investigating the incident, which took place in the Nolton Haven area last week.
Around 20 riders had set off on a hack, heading for the beach, when they encountered an aggressive dog.
Witnesses described the 'out of control' dog that jumped from a garden and into the path of the group. The dog reportedly bit at horses' legs, ignoring the calls of its owners for it to return to the property.
The incident caused major distress to the horses, leading to several of the riders falling to the ground and sustaining injuries. Emergency ambulances attended, with some of the riders taken to Withybush Hospital. One horse reportedly had to be put down as a result of its injuries.
"It appears a dog has ran towards the horses and spooked them. This resulted in riders falling. Eight people were injured, ranging from minor injuries to broken bones," said a spokesman for Dyfed-Powys Police, whose investigations into the incident are ongoing.


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Neopost USA, a provider of hardware and software solutions to mailers and shippers of all sizes, has developed an industry-leading "Process Integrity Solution" by combining its new intelligent folder/inserters with the OMS-500 output management software.
Visit www.neopostusa.com for more information about intelligent folder/inserters, OMS-500 and all of Neopost USA's time-saving and integrity-enhancing solutions.
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A template for creating an adorable baby shower bottle label. This file makes use of high-quality layout and graphic files. It is easy to edit and fully customizable in all versions of Photoshop +More and Illustrator.


text:
Dr. Jörg Rech
Freelancer / Entrepreneur / Researcher
I'm a freelancing Full-Stack Developer from Germany interested in the development of new software systems and building innovative prototypes or proof of concepts. After co-founding the Startup Talentwunder and working almost 10 years in applied research at Fraunhofer and SAP Research I'm now working as a freelancing software engineer.
I'm a freelancing Full-Stack Software Developer and Entrepreneur from Germany interested in designing and building innovative software systems, MVPs, prototypes, and proof of concepts. After co-founding the Startup Talentwunder, freelancing as a Software Developer, and working almost 10 years in applied research at SAP and Fraunhofer, I'm now open for new enterprises.
Software Engineer (Freelance)
As a freelancing Software Engineer, I support software development projects in Frontent, Backend or DevOps activities.
My expertise focusses on the topics Web, Mobile, Cloud, DevOps, and Search — mainly using the technologies React / JavaScript, Groovy & Grails (Java), AWS, MongoDB and ElasticSearch. Currently, I'm also very interested in the technologies React Native, Micronaut, Kubernetes & Docker, AWS Lambda and Amazon Alexa Skills and I'm working on several side projects with them.
I enjoy to maximize the automation of software systems & development infrastuctures as well as the rapid but systematic development of software.
Startup Advisor
As a Startup Advisor, I support Startups, Scaleups, Grownups, Entrepreneurs and Freelancers in the setup, operations, and automation of their venture. Having co-founded Talentwunder (exited 20xx to XXX) I accumulated knowledge on building, managing, and scaling Big Data Startups.
This knowledge enables me to assist in hiring, building and managing agile engineering teams, mentoring CTOs, monitoring continuous development and deployment activities, crafting and prioritizing successful product roadmaps, as well as designing and automating scalable tech architectures. On top, I help startups identify, validate and execute sustainable business models with technology.
Furthermore, I support startups in preparing a tech due diligence and advise investors to make smarter decisions by providing clear fact-based and business-oriented insights.
As a Researcher, I support Scientists, Research Groups and Startups in the setup, execution, evaluation of research endeavours as well as fundraising for research projects. My time at Fraunhofer and SAP helped me learn critical success factors in planning, conducting, and analyzing empirical research in Software Engineering projects.
This experience enables me to assist Scientists and Marketers in executing empirical research by testing research and marketing hypotheses using tools such as surveys or experiments. Beside supporting empirical research I can help writing successful research project proposals for EU and German (BMBF, BMWi) research grants.
Previously, my background was rooted in the fields Empirical Software Engineering and Data Mining (applied to software-documents). In particular, I was interested in the diagnosis and refactoring of quality defects (Antipatterns, Code Smells, Design flaws, etc.), Experience-based / Pattern-based Software Engineering, Software Ontologies, Model-Driven Software Development (MDSD) as well as knowledge discovery and machine learning in code and defect repositories.
Following the lean startup and agile development ideas, I'm involved in several projects that might become full-fledged startups sometime. The main projects I'm working on or worked on are listed below.
techmap.io
Techmap.io is a tech search engine to find companies using specific technologies in an area. It help individuals and recruiters to find companies that are using technologies (e.g., Rails, PHP, Java, etc.) one likes or has the right experts to offer as temporary workers.
CasuMe.com
CasuMe (Casual Mentor) is a hub to search for people with specific skills you want to learn. Whether you want to learn how to cook ramen, how to tune your car or learn a new programming language.
Dormant Projects
Talentwunder.com (2014-)
Talentwunder is a platform for As the Co-Founder and former CTO of Talentwunder I build the initial System, grew the Development Team to 7 people, and was responsible for driving the company's technology vision.
LevelCentral.com (2012-2013)
was a platform for acquiring levels in skills and professions in order to build a skill based profile, to compete with others for the top position, and to find experts in your social network or location. Organisations in the Education & Training sector will be enabled to award levels, certifications, and badges to their students.
CrowdYell.com (2011-2012)
was a location based chat system for you and your friends, your family, your colleagues, concerts, conferences, etc. that will help you exchanging information with like-minded people around you, without polluting other chat solutions such as Twitter or Facebook.
Startoholics.com (2011-2013)
was a social network for founders, startups, investors, designers, and programmers focused on helping startups in early phases. Startoholics mission is to motivate, connect, and enable people to realize their ideas and start new companies.
Kickstart Plugin (2011-2014)
was a plugin for the Grails 2 Framework in order to start a web project with a good looking frontend. It is intended to be used in rapid application scenarios such as a Startup Weekend or a prototyping session with a customer.
InnoSparks (2012)
was a SAAS platform for business angels, venture capital companies, and incubators to support the management, evaluation, and remote pitching of startups. The first step is the ranking of startups in diverse sectors and locations based on the comunity and other metrics.
The Grails App Configurator (2011)
was aimed at easily and quickly configuring an application via an visual interface and enable the user to specify the plugins, database, UI framework, and other technologies he wants to have in an application. The result would be a setup script, or better, directly deployed to a PaaS/Cloud (e.g., Cloudfoundry, Heroku, etc.).
Musicclip.tv (2011)
was a personal music video channel, which extracts your Facebook music likes and finds similar artists that are used to construct a playlist with music you like. The playlist is then used to feed a Youtube player in order to play personalized music videos to you. As a Startup Live RhineValley 2011 project we build it in 54 hours!
work'n'play camps (2011)
was a Startup Weekend (Stuttgart 2011) project to build a community for mobile entrepreneurs, developer, and designer who want to work in nice and inspirating environemts. Just imagine you could work from a Villa in Mallorca, a French Castle, a ski lodge in the Alps, or a metropole like Prag - together with other motivated professionals!
Klivi (2010-2012)
was a Climate Data visualization app for the iPad (sadly not in the Appstore), which used data from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. 13 indicators from over 2342 Stations in Germany were used to generate maps with local climate for the past and future 50 years.
Katsching.com (2011)
was a location based lottery system for brands where players have to solve different tasks (e.g., scan a QRCode, answer a question, share a link, etc.) to acquire tickets for a lottery to win some prices (e.g., product samples, money, cars, etc.). The goal is to make the interaction of people with brands more interesting and challenging.
xomni (2009-2013)
was a social network platform with the goal to help users in creating and managing a presentation of themself to foster the communication among all participants. The platform is based on semantic technologies in order to help to describe relations between people, things, and organizations using freely definable relations.
2019 - now
Software Developer / Startup Advisor / Entrepreneur
I'm an Entrepreneur and freelancing Full-Stack Developer in the area Karlsruhe and Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar (Germany) interested in starting, automating, and growing companies and software systems using state of the art technologies.
Co-Founder & CTO of Talentwunder
As a Co-Founder and former CTO of Talentwunder I was responsible for building the initial software system and driving the company's technology vision.
Full Stack Developer (Freelancer)
I was commissioned to prepare and participate in the development of a web-based system for spectrum licence management. The new system was envisioned as a standard product that could be configured for the needs of a customer and replace several existing legacy systems that where developed for different customers.
Beside the evaluation of Grails for the use as the base technology the project needed the setup of a lean development environment using Scrum as well as the continuous testing, integration and deploying using Jenkins.
Role: Developer (Frontend, Backend), Architect, Scrum-Master
Main Technologies: Grails, Groovy, Java, HTML5, CSS, WCAG/Accessibility, WET, Jenkins, Jira, Scrum
Industry Sector: Telecommunication / License Management
Project Manager & Senior Scientist @ SAP Research
SAP Research is the global technology research and innovation unit of SAP, with a network of 19 research locations worldwide. By exploring emerging IT trends, SAP Research significantly drives innovation for SAP and its ecosystem. Activities span from collaborative research with academic partners to co-innovation with industry partners and customers. The best validated results and technologies are further developed into prototypes and potential business opportunities within SAP.
Founder & CEO of Semantic Technologies
Semantic Technologies is working on web applications and technologies in the area of Web 2.0, Web 3.0 and the Semantic Web. Core technology is our social semantic network xomni, which is used to build modern social networks for other companies, organizations, or societies. My tasks are the development of the business, the marketing campaigns for the initial product xomni, and the technical development of the plattform xomni.
Role: Developer (Frontend, Backend)
Main Technologies: Grails, Groovy, Java, HTML5, CSS, JavaScript
Industry Sector:: Internet
Project Manager & Scientist @ Fraunhofer IESE
The Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE) is involved in research and development in all areas related to the systematic engineering of software. The IESE is a bridge between basic research and the practice with the main objective to support industrial partners in making quality improvement a part of everyday practice. My tasks were concerned with research in the range software engineering, quality assurance, experience management and knowledge management under the direction of Professor Klaus-Dieter Althoff und Dr. Markus Nick.
Junior Scientist @ University of Kaiserslautern
The research group "Software Engineering" (AGSE) of Prof. Dieter Rombach at the Technical University of Kaiserslautern is doing basic research in key software engineering areas. My responsibilities were the support and execution of exercises and seminars related to the course "software engineering" as well as the support of student work (practical lectures and theses). Parallel to the work with the research group I cooperated with the department of "Systematic Learning and Improvement" (SLI) of the Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE).
In my work at the University of Kaiserslautern I had the opportunity to teach in the following lectures:
Stand-in for several hours of the lecture "Experience Management" ("Erfahrungsmanagement - Entwicklung und Einführung"), lead by Dr. Klaus-Dieter Althoff at the University of Kaiserslautern, Summer 2002
Support of the lecture "Software Engineering 1: Fundamentals" and execution of exercises, of Prof. Dieter Rombach and Prof. Colin Atkinson at the University of Kaiserslautern, Winter 2001/2002.
Supervision of the practical course on software engineering ("Weiterentwicklung eines reaktiven eingebetten Systems"), at the University of Kaiserslautern, Summer 2001
Supervision of the Seminar: "Research Methods in Software Engineering" at the University of Kaiserslautern, Winter 2000/2001.
Phd in Software Engineering
Ph.D. (Ger: "Dr. rer. nat.") in Software Engineering about the "Context-sensitive Diagnosis of Quality Defects in Object-Oriented Software System". My research was conducted at Fraunhofer IESE and the Research Group Prof. Klaus-Dieter Althoff of the University of Hildesheim, Germany. I was awarded with magna cum laude.
Master of Computer Science (Ger.: Diplom-Informatiker) with a minor electrical engineering from the Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany.
Dr.JörgRech
Welfenstr. 32
76137Karlsruhe
Phone: 0163 7324 377
E-Mail: joerg.rech@gmail.com
MaleSoftware EngineerEntrepreneur / IT FreelancerSemantic Technologies
Groovy, Grails, Android, iPhone, iPad, iOS, PhoneGap, Javascript, jQuery, Freelancer, Software Engineer, Web Engineer, Software Engineering, IT Consultant, ResearchFreelancer and Software Engineer from Karlsruhe (Germany) working in the IT sector and interested in the startup scene, building lean startups, developing new interesting software, and conducting empircal research.
Sales tax identification number (Umsatzsteuer-Identifikationsnummer): DE326118716
Court of Jurisdiction (Gerichtsstand): Karlsruhe, Germany
Disclaimer (English)
This Web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information, the terms of which must be observed and followed. Information on this Web site may contain technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Information may be changed or updated without notice.
The operator and author may also make improvements and/or changes in the products and/or the programs described in this information at any time without notice. For documents and software available from this server, the operator and author does not warrant or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed.
Disclaimer (German)
© Dr. Jörg Rech. Built with: React.js & Gatsby.js


text:
Door William Shakespeare
CORIOLANUS . . . . . . . . . ..
JULIUS CÆSAR ..........
ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA ...............
Memoir of and Essay on the Genius of Shukspeare.
1. Of the personal history of Shakspeare — the greatest genius, beyond doubt or cavil, that ever the world produced — little now can with certainty be shewn. The registers of Stratford ; his own Sonnets; a few casual references to him, in the writings or sayings of cotemporary authors; and all the sources from which materials for his life may be safely extracted, are reckoned up. The public of his time had no curiosity on the subject, or the writers of his time had no anxiety to collect or yield information, regarding him; and he himself — beyond, even,
" That last infirmity of noble minds," the desire of fame — did not think it worth while to place materials for his own history on record; or, secure of such immortality as earth can bestow, was content that we should track him into the depths and recesses of his being, by the light of his genius alone. What he did, or thought, or suffered, in his own individual person, is now mere matter for ingenious conjecture. We are sure that his mind was vast, liberal, compassionate, generous ; that he saw human nature on every side, detecting it in its many masks and changes; — that he penetrated into the innermost mysteries of man; that
" From this bank and shoal of time" his intellect soared upwards, and held commerce with the stars; with our dim" Hereafter ;" and with worlds and agencies beyond our own; and knowing all this, our curiosity as to the possessor of faculties so varied and wonderful, and our consequent disappointment on being baffled at every point of inquiry, becomes proportionably great.
It is not the least singular of the causes which have cast obscurity upon the life of Shakspeare, that so much public apathy should have existed amongst his cotemporaries. History, indeed, which has hitherto dealt in generals, or has labored only to rescue from oblivion the lives of conquerors and kings, forbore, as was to be expected, from recording the birth or death of a poet, humbly born, and distinguished by no other crown than a wreath of unfading laurel : but that the man of whose writings "rare Ben Jonson" had said that they were such
" As neither man nor Muse can praise too much ;* whom he addressed as "Soul of the age," celebrating him above
" All that insolent Greece or haughty Rome
Sent forth -" and predicting, in just and memorable verse, that
" He was not of an age, but — FOR ALL TIME!" - that he should have eluded all research, or should not have stimulated some one of his co-evals to give forth to the world what could then have readily been collected respecting him, requires still to be explained. He was admitted, in his own time, to be the first dramatist of his country, and there can be no question but that he was 80. That Fletcher, Beaumont, or other playwrights, may, during an interval of fashion or popular caprice, have been greater favorites, is probable enough. It is possible, even, that some critics (now forgotten) may have preferred inferior writers. But no other poet or dramatist of our country could, even for a moment, put forth such substantial claims to enduring fame, as seem to have been allowed, by the general voice, to Shakspeare. Ben Jonson, the only dramatist who could compete with him, frankly and wisely yields the precedency; and to oppose any other writer, however respectable in his way or extolled in his age, would be, to the last degree, absurd and hopeless.
How is it that no letters of Shakspeare, no memoranda respecting him, or his transactions with the theaters, or with his brother actors, should have escaped ? It is true that the fire, which occurred in 1613, may have consumed his papers relating to the theaters, when it consumed his playhouse The Globe. But one must still marvel that a writer on whom so many elegies were showered, and whose reputation was such that, in 1623, a monument was erected to his memory in his native town, should have passed away with so little of contemporaneous record or comment. Several persons, including Betterton, the famous actor, visited Stratford during the seventeenth century, and made inquiries respecting Shakspeare; one of them interrogating an ancient inhabitant of that town, who was himself born about the time of Shakspeare's death; but neither history nor tradition had furnished him with more than one or two circumstances, and even these are encountered by opposite statements. Under all these difficulties, nothing remains but to take some things upon trust.
Without submitting to the reader, therefore, in minute detail, the reasons that induce me to prefer one hypothesis to another, and to accept one and reject another statement, I shall take leave to adopt silently those only which appear to me to approach nearest to the truth. It would be painful, indeed, if, from too fastidious a scepticism, we were to deprive ourselves or others of the pleasure of supposing that we know something, at least, of our great poet's origin.
& 2. To obtain strict legal proof of the birth or parentage of Shakspeare is now, apparently, beyond the power of research. His identity with the "William the son of John Shakspeare," who was baptized in 1564, has not, I imagine, been completely established. Sufficient is known, however, to induce a belief that the ordinary accounts of his parentage and birth are well founded.
WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE, then, was baptized on the 26th of April, 1564. The words "Gulielmus filius Jobannes Shakspeare," are on that day entered the baptismal register, of the parish church of Stratford-upon-Avon, in Warwickshire. The John Shakspeare, from whom this great "son" descended, was apparently a person of some property and importance at Stratford, and traded as a glover or dealer in wool.
Of the ancestry of John Shakspeare it is impossible to speak with any certainty ; but it is known that he himself arrived at the dignity of bailiff of Stratford ; that the title of "Master" was prefixed to his name, and that he married a lady of good family. The mother of our dramatist bore, before her marriage with John Shakspeare, the Dame of Mary Arden. She was the daughter of Robert Arden (a gentleman possessing a landed estate at Willingcote, or Wylnecote, in Warwickshire), whose father was groom of the chamber to King Henry VII. A Sir John Arden, who held some office of honor near the person of the same sovereign, was the uncle of her before-mentioned grandfather, and also son of one Eleanor Hampden, of Buckinghamshire; who, herself, was a member of the family from which the illustrious patriot John Hampden afterward descended.
Under the will of Robert Arden, which bears date the 24th of November, 1556, his daughter Mary derived considerable property in money and land. This happened, in all probability, before her marriage with John Shakspeare, inasmuch as she is described in the will merely as "my youngest daughter Mary," without any additional distinction.
To this marriage between John Shakspeare and Mary Arden (a gentle name, as it has been truly called), we owe the birth of our great poet. He was born in, or shortly previous to, the month of April, 1564, and, with all his family, providentially escaped the plague, which broke out soon afterwards in the town of Stratford, and committed extensive ravages amongst the inhabitants of the place.
In 1568, John Shakspeare became bailiff of Stratford. In 1569, he obtained a grant of arms from Robert Cooke, the Clarencieux of the time; and this (having been lost) was confirmed by Dethick, Garter-King-at-Arms, and Camden (then Clarencieux), in 1599. All these things speak for the respectability of position occupied by our poet's father; and the circumstance of his mortgaging his wife's estate, in the interval between the two grants (1578), seems to detract little or nothing from such an inference.
The arms thus granted had reference to the family name, Shakspeare; and appear, indeed, rather to have been confirmed than to have originated in the grant of 1569: for the preamble to the license of 1599, which describes John Shakspeare as a "gentleman" of Stratford, refers also to his parent and great-grandfather" as having done "faithful and approved service" to King Henry VII.; and assigns that circumstance, together with his marriage with the daughter, and one of the heirs, of Robert Arden, and his production of this his ancient coat of arms," as so many reasons for the grant. Thenceforward, the arms of Shakspeare - "Gould, on a bend sable; and a speare of the first, the point steeled, proper," were quartered with the arms of Arden.
Beyond this, the paternal ancestry of Shakspeare is unknown. There is little doubt, however, but that he had a martial origin. The name shews that it was, in the first instance, won and worn by an able soldier; perhaps by some obscure hero, who periled his life, in field or foray, for a king or chieftain now as obscure as himself; one of the many millions who have had courage, skill and fidelity, for their portion; but, wanting an historian, have sunk, without mark, into the oblivious abysses of Time.
& 3.
In 1574, some houses in Henley-street, Stratford, were purchased by John Shakspeare; and in 1578, he mortgaged his wife's estate, as has been stated. It seems that the mortgagee was let into possession of the land; for, about twenty years afterwards, a suit in equity was instituted by John Shakspeare, for redemption or recovery of the mortgaged property. This mortgage has been adduced as presumptive proof of the distress of Shakspeare's father, and, thence, of the probability of a want of education in his son. To persons acquainted with transactions of this nature, nothing can seem more rash than such conclusions, drawn from such imperfect premises. The purchase of houses, in 1574, denotes - if it denotes anything -- & superfluity of money in the purchaser — money that, probably, was not then required for the purposes of his trade: and the mortgage, in 1578, shews that the money, which was invested four years before, was again wanted. But, as the houses were retained, and descended, with the other landed estate, to his son, it seems quite unlikely that he should have been seriously impoverished. As to the allegations by John Shakspeare (in the suit) of his own poverty, and of the frauds practiced by the person to whom he mortgaged his wife's estate, they may be classed amongst the many fictions of the law. If all the allegations contained in bills of equity were to be taken for granted, the defendants (who, according to the plaintiffs' statements, are always in the wrong), would present such a body of fraud, conspiracy, and oppression, as never was equaled in any civilized country.
To reconcile all the doings of the person or persons bearing the name of John Shakspeare with each other - for there were several John Shakspeares at Stratford — would be a difficult task, and, as it appears to me, an unnecessary one. It is safer to proceed upon facts which, to use a species of pleonasm, are well authenticated. It is certain that John Shakspeare, the poet's father, was a person holding a respectable position in society; that he married the daughter of an ancient house ; that he was himself entitled to a coat of arms, acquired originally by services to the country; that with his wife he obtained a landed estate ; that he purchased other landed property out of his own money; that he rose to such dignities as his native town offered; and, finally, that the estates which he purchased and acquired by marriage became, after his death, the property of his son. It is impossible, in the face of these facts, to argue, with any chance of success, that he was a pauper or insolvent. Both fact and probability weigh strongly against such a presumption. It is more wise, I think, to dismiss the little anecdotes and authori. ties which have been urged against the solvency of John Shakspeare, as things which applied to another person of his name; or, if any of them applied to him, that they could not have shaken his station in life, or have affected him, otherwise than for a short time, and then in a very trivial degree.
There can be small doubt but that our poet had as good an education as the town of Stratford afforded; and that the learning or accomplishments, in Latin and otherwise, which tradesmen in Stratford possessed, and which they bestowed upon their children, were not withheld from William Shakspeare. It has been ascertained, that the intercourse between children and their parents (aldermen or tradesmen of Stratford), and also between some of the tradesmen themselves, on matters of business, was occasionally carried on by Latin letters and communications. Is it in the least likely, that Shakspeare, the son of the principal officer of the town, and the inheritor of a valuable estate, should be wanting in an equal amount of learning? Is it possible that, with the same opportunities, the author of " TROILUS AND CRESSIDA," of " ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA," of "Julius CÆSAR," of "CORIOLANUS," should have passed his youth in sloth and unlettered ignorance? To come to such an opinion, we must suppose that the eager aptitude of the man had never disclosed itself in the boy; and, in effect, that the great genius of Shakspeare had never felt the restlessness or impulses which are an integral part of genius, but had slumbered in utter idleness throughout the whole interval of boyhood. Ben Jonson's reference to his " little Latin and less Greek," shews that he knew both Latin and Greek; and so far as it is disparaging, must be understood to speak by way of comparison, between the mere word-learning of Shakspeare, and that of himself (Jonson) and other ripe scholars of the time. In all that was essential, whether it related to the people of Rome or Greece, Shakspeare undoubtedly knew infinitely more than "rare Ben Jonson" himself, or probably any of his cotemporaries.
Leaving the question of our poet's education and learning to be canvassed by the more curious, I proceed, and find that, towards the close of the year 1582, being then about eighteen years and seven months old, he intermarried with Ann Hathaway, a "maiden of Stratford," who, if the inscription on her tomb be correct, was his elder by eight years. Soon after the marriage, namely, on the 26th of May, 1583, Susanna, their eldest child, was baptized; and on the 2d of February, 1585, their son and daughter, Hamnet and Judith. It appears by the register that Hamnet was buried on the 11th of August, 1596, and thereupon Susanna and Judith, the poet's two daughters, became his co-heiresses.
Susanna, the eldest child of Shakspeare, married John Hall, gentleman (who was a physician of Stratford), on the 5th of June, 1607, she being then thirty-four years of age; and Judith, the younger daughter, married Thomas Queeny on the 10th of February, 1616, about two months only before the death of her father. The wife of Shakspeare, as is supposed, survived him; for on the 6th of August, 1623, there appears on the register the burial of ** Mrs. Shakspeare, widow," who must then have been sixty-seven years old, her illustrious husband dying at the early age of fifty-two. His will, a copy of which follows this introductory essay, appears to bave been made about a month after his daughter Judith's marriage, and to have preceded by a month only his own death; the approach of which, in all probability, then became visible to him.
It does not appear that the poet's youngest daughter left any issue; but there was one child of Susanna, named Elizabeth, who married Thomas Nash, Esq., and who herself had a daughter, afterwards the wife of Sir Reginald Forster, from which last-mentioned marriage there appears to have been a descent through two generations. The family of Shakspeare, however, in the lineal direction, is now extinct.
Various conjectures have been formed as to the mode in which Shakspeare was employed, previously and subsequently to his marriage; as to how he was enabled to maintain his wife and children; as to the motives that induced him to quit Stratford for London, and other circumstances very desirable to know; but all which have hitherto been diligently sought for in vain. He may have been a schoolmaster or scrivener, as has been suggested; but I shall not add to the many ingenious hypotheses that have been started, by any idle speculations of my own. It is clear that it was his destiny. Whether impelled, outwardly or ostensibly, by the persecutions of others, or by his own misfortunes or discontent, is an inquiry not very important. It was his destiny; the inner call of his genius, which bade him seek its proper development; which drew him, by its mysterious influence, from the solitudes where Nature is dumb, into the teeming city, -into those crowds and throngs of men from whom he learned 80 much; and to whom, and to whose posterity, he taught all that we see written down in that volume which has no likeness, called, "THE WORKS OF SHAKSPEARE."
The story of the deer-stealing, and of the prosecution of our poet by Sir Thomas Lucy, rests on too uncertain a foundation to render it necessary to do more than simply advert to it. That he may have taken part in any of the ordinary frolics of the time, is likely enough; but whether that was the cause which " drove" him to London, or whether, in fact, he was driven there at all, is beyond the power of any one at present to certify. It is generally thought that Shakspeare quitted Warwickshire for London about 1586 or 1587; but in 1589 he was one of the proprietors of the Blackfriars Theatre, a fact that seems to indicate an earlier arrival in the metropolis than is usually supposed. It is not very probable that a youth who left Stratford in 1587 (whether to evade the pursuit of justice or not, but at all events) with small or no pecuniary resources, and with the burden of a wife and children upon him, should, in the space of about a couple of years, become a joint proprietor of one of the principal theatres in London.
His position at the theatre, as proprietor, in 1589, therefore, seems to indicate that he must then have been a considerable period in London ;, and not only this, but also that he must then have been, for a considerable time, a writer for the stage. What, in fact, could have renovated his fortunes, and raised him to the dignity of proprietor,