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El despique es la amputación parcial del pico de las aves de corral, especialmente gallinas ponedoras y pavos, aunque también se puede realizar en codornices y patos. Por lo general el despique es permanente, pero ocasionalmente el pico puede volver a crecer. El pico inferior se suele dejar más largo que el pico superior.

El despique es más común en las cepas de gallinas ponedoras de huevos. En algunos países, como los Estados Unidos, a los pavos es bastante frecuente que se les cercene el pico. En cambio, en el Reino Unido, solo el 10% de los pavos tienen el pico recortado. En España, según el Real Decreto 3/2002 está permitido el despique en polluelos de menos de diez días por personal cualificado, o posteriormente so prescripción veterinaria justificada. El corte del pico está prohibido en Suiza desde 1992 y en Alemania desde 2017. El despique es una medida preventiva para reducir el daño causado por picajes (o «picoteos») perjudiciales, como el picaje de plumas o el picaje de cloaca, que llevan al autodesplume, prolapso uterino e incluso al canibalismo. Los pollos de engorde comerciales no se despican de forma rutinaria cuando alcanzan el peso de matanza aproximadamente a las 6 semanas de edad, es decir, antes de que comience el picoteo perjudicial. Sin embargo, los pollos de cría y engorde puede despicarse para evitar que se dañen durante el apareamiento.  En algunos países, el despique se realiza como último recurso donde se considera que otras alternativas no son posibles o apropiadas.

Los opositores al despique afirman que el picaje obsesivo de las gallinas está relacionado con el estrés generado por las condiciones de explotación intensiva en las que viven. Por ello, tanto la cría masiva como el despique se considera formas de crueldad hacia los animales.

En confinamiento cercano, el canibalismo, el picaje de plumas y la agresión son comunes entre pavos, patos, faisanes, codornices y pollos de muchas razas ponedoras (incluidas tanto las razas tradicionales como los híbridos modernos). La tendencia al canibalismo y al picoteo de plumas varía entre las diferentes cepas de pollos, pero no se manifiesta de manera consistente. Algunas bandadas de la misma raza pueden estar completamente libres de canibalismo, mientras que otras, bajo la misma gestión, pueden tener un brote grave. La mortalidad, principalmente debido al canibalismo, puede ser de hasta el 15% en las bandadas de desove alojadas en aviarios, granjas y sistemas de corral.

Debido a que las cepas de gallinas ponedoras de huevos se pueden mantener en grupos más pequeños en sistemas enjaulados (como en caso de las jaulas en batería para gallinas ponedoras) el canibalismo se reduce, lo que lleva a una tendencia más baja en la mortalidad en comparación con los sistemas sin jaula. El canibalismo entre las bandadas es muy variable y cuando no es problemático, la mortalidad entre los sistemas de producción es similar.

Historia
El despique se desarrolló en la Ohio Experiment Station en los años 1930.  La técnica original era temporal, cortando aproximadamente 6 mm del pico. Se pensaba que la punta del pico no tenía suministro de sangre y presumiblemente no tenía sensación. El procedimiento se realiza a mano con un cuchillo afilado. Se considera esta medida cuando las muertes por canibalismo se volvieron excesivas o cuando el problema se anticipó debido a una historia de canibalismo en esa cepa particular de pollo.

El canibalismo es un grave problema de gestión que se remonta a los períodos anteriores a la vivienda intensiva de aves de corral se hizo popular. Los libros de aves de corral escritos antes de la integración vertical de la industria avícola describen el picoteo anormal de las aves de corral:Tanto polluelos como aves adultas se pican entre sí para provocarse heridas de sangre, y luego siguen picándose entre sí hasta la muerte, lo que conduce a una gran pérdida económica en muchas parvadas, especialmente cuando se mantienen enjauladas... Se ha descubierto que amputar el pico según la recomendación de la Estación Experimental de Ohio [Ohio Experiment Station] es efectivo, hasta que vuelve a crecer.El canibalismo se da especialmente en dos periodos de la vida de un pollo: durante el período de cría y al inicio de la puesta de huevos. El canibalismo durante la cría es generalmente el más dañino y es el que más llama la atención. El despique temporal desarrollado en la Estación Experimental de Ohio asumió que el canibalismo es una fase, y por lo tanto cortar el pico temporalmente sería un proceder adecuado.

Métodos y pautas actuales
En los últimos años, el objetivo ha sido desarrollar un despique más permanente (igualmente, puede ser necesario repetir el corte), utilizando cuchillas calentadas eléctricamente en una máquina especializada para despique, que proporciona un corte de autocauterización. A fecha del 2012, había cuatro métodos ampliamente utilizados para amputar un pico: la cuchilla caliente, la cuchilla fría (tijeras o tijeras de podar), eléctrica (bio-beaket) e infrarroja. Los dos últimos métodos generalmente eliminan solo la punta del pico y no dejan una herida abierta; por lo tanto, pueden ofrecer mejoras en cuanto a bienestar animal. Se han investigado otros enfoques, como el uso de láseres, la liofilización y el retraso químico, pero no se utilizan ampliamente. El método infrarrojo dirige una fuerte fuente de calor hacia el tejido interno del pico y después de algunas semanas, la punta del pico superior e inferior muere y se cae, haciendo que el pico sea más corto con puntas romas. El bio-beaker, que utiliza una corriente eléctrica para quemar un pequeño agujero en el pico superior, es el método preferido para cercenar el pico de los pavos. El Consejo de Bienestar de los Animales de Granja (FAWC, por sus siglas en inglés) escribió sobre el despique en pavos que el corte en frío era el método más preciso, aunque se solía producir un crecimiento sustancial del pico; Aunque el bio-beaker limitó la regeneración del pico, fue menos preciso. Se consideró que el corte en caliente era el procedimiento más angustiante para los pavos.

En el Reino Unido, el despique en gallinas ponedoras normalmente ocurre al día de nacer, al mismo tiempo que el polluelo está siendo sexado y vacunado.

Las pautas de los Productores de Huevos Unidos (UEP, United Egg Producers) de EE.UU. sugieren que en las cepas de gallinas que ponen huevos, la longitud del pico superior distal de las fosas nasales que queda después del corte debe ser de 2 a 3 mm.  En el Reino Unido, el Consejo de Bienestar de los Animales de Granja declaró que «el procedimiento aceptado es eliminar no más de un tercio de los picos superior e inferior o no más de un tercio del pico superior solamente», aunque luego recomendó que «donde se lleve a cabo el despique, siempre que sea posible, debe limitarse a la inclinación del pico; es decir, el despunte del pico para eliminar la punta afilada que puede ser la causa del daño más severo a otras aves».

Legislación

Australia
El despique está prohibido en el Territorio de la Capital Australiana. Se debatió en el parlamento australiano si debía prohibirse también en Victoria y Nueva Gales del Sur.

Países nórdicos
El despique era común en Dinamarca hasta 2014, cuando se eliminó gradualmente y se convirtió en ilegal.

El despique también es ilegal en Suecia, Finlandia y Noruega.

Alemania
El ministro de Agricultura, Christian Meyer, anunció que Alemania eliminaría gradualmente el despique para 2017 debido a las nuevas preocupaciones por el bienestar animal.

Costes y beneficios

Costes
Los costos de un despique se relacionan principalmente con las preocupaciones de bienestar. Estos incluyen fuerte estrés y dolor agudo, posiblemente crónico. La capacidad de un ave para consumir alimentos se ve notablemente afectada después del despique, debido en primer lugar a la forma del nuevo pico, que dificulta el agarrar la comida, y el dolor, sensible para el ave cada vez que alguna cosa roza el pico. La mayoría de los estudios informan una reducción en el peso corporal y la ingesta de alimento después del despique; sin embargo, en cuanto a la madurez sexual o producción de huevos, las tasas de crecimiento suelen ser normales. Las pérdidas de peso se redujeron en los pollitos que tenían el pico recortado por infrarrojos en comparación con los pollitos recortados por una cuchilla caliente.

Dolor causado por despique

Existe un gran debate sobre si el despique causa dolor agudo o leve. Es un problema ético complejo, ya que puede involucrar dolor agudo y / o crónico, y depende de varios factores, como la edad en que se realiza, el método y la cantidad del pico extraído. El corte del pico en la industria avícola generalmente ocurre sin anestesia al día de nacer o cuando los polluelos son muy jóvenes, pero puede ocurrir a una edad posterior si se produce un brote de picoteo de plumas, y en algunos casos, se puede cortar el pico de las aves. repetidas ocasiones El corte de pico no está permitido en el Reino Unido en pollos de carne que tienen más de 10 días de edad.

Dolor agudo
El pico es un órgano complejo y funcional con un suministro nervioso extenso que incluye nociceptores que sienten dolor y estímulos nocivos.  Por esto, es casi seguro que el ave sentirá dolor durante el despique, y probablemente dolor agudo. La evidencia conductual del dolor después del recorte del pico en gallinas ponedoras se ha basado en la reducción observada en el comportamiento de picoteo, la actividad reducida y el comportamiento social, y la mayor duración del sueño.  En la codorniz japonesa, el corte del pico por cauterización causó en las aves un peso corporal más bajo y así como menor consumo de alimento en el período inmediatamente posterior al truncamiento del pico. Se ha observado que los individuos que han sufrido despique, al igual que en otras mutilaciones animales como la caudectomía o la oniquectomía, tienden a tener un comportamiento más asocial con la manada e incluso agresivo. Un estudio de 2007 encontró que los patos criollos con despique pasaban menos tiempo involucrados en actividades relacionadas con el pico, como acicalarse, alimentarse, beber, picotear (el picoteo puede tener fines alimenticios, exploratorios o de higiene propia) y más tiempo reposando que los otros patos sin despique en los días inmediatamente posteriores a la operación. Estas diferencias desaparecieron una semana después del despique. Aparte, los patos despicados pesaron menos que los patos no despicados, aunque esta diferencia desapareció 2 semanas después de la amputación. No está claro si los cambios anteriores en el comportamiento surgen del dolor o de una pérdida de sensibilidad en el pico. Se ha encontrado que la fuerza de picoteo disminuye después del despique en gallinas adultas, posiblemente indicando que las gallinas están protegiendo un área dolorosa de una mayor estimulación. Sin embargo, la fuerza de picoteo no difirió entre los pollitos con o sin despique menores a los 2 a 9 días de edad, lo que sugiere que los pollitos con despique no experimentan dolor por el pico.

Dolor crónico
Se cree que el corte de pico severo o las aves de corte de pico a una edad avanzada causan dolor crónico. Después del corte del pico de gallinas mayores o adultas, los nociceptores en el muñón del pico muestran patrones anormales de descarga neural, lo que indican dolor agudo.  Los neuromas, masas enredadas de brotes de axón en regeneración hinchados, se encuentran en los tocones curados de los picos de las aves recortados a las 5 semanas de edad o más y en las aves severamente despicadas.  Los neuromas se han asociado con dolor fantasma en humanos amputados y, por lo tanto, se han relacionado con dolor crónico en aves con el pico recortado. Si el recorte del pico es severo debido a un procedimiento incorrecto o se realiza en aves mayores, los neuromas persistirán, lo que sugiere que las aves mayores recortadas del pico experimentan dolor crónico, aunque esto se ha debatido.

Beneficios
Los beneficios del recorte del pico son principalmente ventajas de bienestar para las aves mantenidas en jaulas cerradas, algunas de las cuales se relacionan directamente con aumentos (o menores reducciones) en la producción. Estos incluyen reducción del picoteo y canibalismo de las plumas, mejores plumas (aunque les resulta difícil limpiarse con picos acortados, lo que significa que no tienen una buena higiene), menos temor y nerviosismo, menos estrés crónico y disminución de la mortalidad.

Alternativas
Se han propuesto una variedad de opciones como posibles alternativas al despique, incluida la modificación genética de las aves de corral domesticadas para reducir las tendencias caníbales. Para granjas enjauladas donde es posible el control de la luz, la disminución de la intensidad de la luz para que las aves no puedan verse entre sí, lo que reduce fácilmente los encuentros antagónicos y el comportamiento agresivo. Los dispositivos de enriquecimiento, introducidos a una edad temprana, como los objetos simples colgados en un hábitat, pueden reducir el comportamiento agresivo. La división de la población en grupos más pequeños reduce el canibalismo. El manejo adecuado del peso corporal que evita las pollitas con bajo peso reduce la probabilidad de que las pollitas con bajo peso tengan prolapso uterino que conduce al canibalismo cloacal.

Véase también

 Descole
 Descornado
 Desorejado
 Desungulación

Referencias

Bienestar de los animales
Derechos de los animales
Maltrato animal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
UNCTAD launches new statistical quality assurance tool
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
[this is a data cube dataset] A data cube dataset in folders : Scottish Government, Crime and Justice
Crime Clear up Rates
Crimes cleared up by the police as a percentage of those recorded.
Data About API
View as a spreadsheet
To view as a spreadsheet, lock the value for all but 2 dimensions by clicking the links below. Try an example.
Crime Or Offence
All Crimes
All Group 1: Non-sexual crimes of violence
All Group 2: Sexual crimes
All Group 3: Crimes of dishonesty
All Group 4: Fire-raising / vandalism etc.
All Group 5: Other crimes
All Group 6: Miscellaneous offences
Crimes: Group 1: Att. murder & serious assault
Crimes: Group 1: Homicide etc.
Crimes: Group 1: Other violence
Crimes: Group 1: Robbery
Crimes: Group 2: Crimes associated with prostitution
Crimes: Group 2: Other sexual crimes
Crimes: Group 2: Rape & attempted rape
Crimes: Group 2: Sexual assault
Crimes: Group 3: Fraud
Crimes: Group 3: Housebreaking
Crimes: Group 3: Other dishonesty
Crimes: Group 3: Other theft
Crimes: Group 3: Shoplifting
Crimes: Group 3: Theft by opening lockfast places
Crimes: Group 3: Theft from a motor vehicle
Crimes: Group 3: Theft of motor vehicle
Crimes: Group 4: Fire-raising
Crimes: Group 4: Vandalism etc.
Crimes: Group 5: Crimes against public justice
Crimes: Group 5: Drugs
Crimes: Group 5: Handling offensive weapons (not used in other criminal activity)
Crimes: Group 5: Handling offensive weapons (used in other criminal activity)
Crimes: Group 5: Other
Offences: Group 6: Breach of the peace etc.
Offences: Group 6: Common assault
Offences: Group 6: Drunkenness & other disorderly conduct
Offences: Group 6: Other misc. offences
Offences: Group 6: Urinating etc.
Reference Area
(showing types of area available in these data)
Council Areas
Entire dataset
Note: These may be large files. CSVN-Triples
mailto:Justice_Analysts@gov.scot
In folders
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/2/
Next update due
Crimes cleared up by the police as a percentage of those recorded. For more information on recorded crime figures see http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Crime-Justice/PubRecordedCrime
The definition of "cleared up" is noted below. This definition came into force with effect from 1 April 1996.
A crime or offence is regarded as cleared up where there exists a sufficiency of evidence under Scots law, to justify consideration of criminal proceedings.
Clear up rates are calculated as follows: (number of recorded crimes cleared up in year y / total number of recorded crimes in year y) x (100 / 1).
Crimes or offences recorded by the police as cleared up in one financial year, year y, may have been committed and therefore recorded in a previous year, i.e. year y-1. This means that the number of crimes and offences cleared up are being expressed as a percentage of a different set of crimes or offences. This means that clear up rates in excess of 100% can arise in a given year.
The statistical return from which the data are taken is a simple count of the numbers of crimes and offences recorded and cleared up by the police. Returns are submitted quarterly from Police Scotland at local authority level which allows a national total to be obtained.
Crimes and offences are included against the year in which they are recorded by the police. This is not necessarily the year in which the crime or offence took place, the year in which the accused is brought to trial for the crime or offence, or the year in which the case is finally disposed of by the courts.
Amendments (such as the deletion of incidents found on investigation not to be criminal) which arise after the end of the financial year are not incorporated.
Contraventions of Scottish criminal law are divided for statistical purposes into crimes and offences. "Crime" is generally used for the more serious criminal acts; the less serious termed "offences", although the term "offence" may also be used in relation to serious breaches of criminal law. The distinction is made only for working purposes and the "seriousness" of the offence is generally related to the maximum sentence that can be imposed.
For further information see http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Crime-Justice/DataSource/RecordedCrimeSandS
Accuracy and Reliability
A quality assurance process is in operation which includes automated validation procedures and manual checks for significant changes in the data and unrealistic values. Any questionable values are referred back to Police Scotland for either correction or for an explanation to be provided for any unusual values. Police Scotland are required to sign-off their data at the end of the validation process. Bulletins are subjected to a secondary level of checking by statisticians who have not been involved in the production process.
Coherence and Comparability
Comparable time series data for total crimes and offences are available dating back to 1930 upon request. Additionally, from 1971 onwards further breakdowns of crimes and offences are available. Please note that due to due to local government reorganisation, data for 1975 are not available. Comparable time series for crimes and offences cleared up are available from 1976 onwards.
The reporting year was changed from calendar to financial year, with the last reported calendar year being 1994 and the first reported financial year being 1995-96. Information is electronically available via the Scottish Government's website dating back to 1988. Long term, as well as short term, comparability of some crime groups over time will be affected due to changes in legislation. An example of this is the introduction of the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009, which came into force on 1 December 2010. Further details regarding this can be found in the Note on comparability of Sexual crimes data.
Recorded crime statistics for England and Wales are not directly comparable with those in Scotland. The recorded crime statistics for Scotland are collected on the basis of the Scottish Crime Recording Standard (SCRS), which was introduced in 2004. In England and Wales the recording of crime statistics are based up on the National Crime Recording Standard (NCRS) and Home Office Counting Rules for recorded crime. Like its counterpart in England and Wales, the SCRS aims to give consistency in crime recording. The main principles of the SCRS itself are similar to the NCRS for England and Wales with regard to when a crime should be recorded. However there are various differences between the respective Counting Rules in that they specify different approaches for counting the number of crimes that should be recorded as a result of a single incident. For example, crimes recorded in England and Wales tend to be incident based where the Principle Crime Rule states that if the sequence of crimes in an incident, or a complex crime, contains more than one type of crime, then the most serious crime should be counted. For example, an incident where an intruder breaks into a home and assaults the sole occupant would be recorded as two crimes in Scotland, while in England and Wales it would be recorded as one crime. Differences in legislation and common law have also to be taken into account when comparing the crime statistics for England and Wales and Scotland. A guide to the comparability of recorded crime between England and Wales and Scotland has been published by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and can be accessed here: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/compendiums/compendium-of-uk-statistics/social-indicators/data-catalogue/index.html
Crime Statistics for England and Wales are published quarterly on the ONS website and can be accessed at http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/index.html. The legal system in Northern Ireland is based on that of England and Wales and the Police Service for Northern Ireland (PSNI) has the same notifiable offence list for recorded crime as used in England and Wales. In addition, the PSNI has adopted the NCRS and Home Office Counting Rules for recorded crime that applies in England and Wales. Thus there are similar comparability considerations between recorded crime statistics for Northern Ireland and Scotland. Crime statistics for Northern Ireland are collected and published separately. The latest police recorded crime data for Northern Ireland can be accessed at http://www.psni.police.uk/index/updates/updates_statistics.htm.
Due to differences in legislation, there are also comparability issues when comparing the statistics for the recorded number of crimes given in the Recorded Crime bulletin internationally. Data users are always advised to consult any relevant and accompanying metadata and to proceed with caution when formulating any arguments or drawing any conclusions from international recorded crime comparisons.
Accessibility and Clarity
Information is presented at a national (Scotland) level, with core tables provided at Local Authority level.
Primary source of detailed and reliable information on recorded crimes and offences in Scotland.
High-profile justice issue which shows levels of crime in Scotland. Informs the Scotland Performs National Outcome 9 – 'we live our lives safe from crime, disorder and danger'.
Informs The Strategy for Justice in Scotland.
Attracts significant media and political interest, particularly in relation violent crime, sexual crimes and crimes of handling offensive weapons. Data on violent crime and crimes of handling offensive weapons are regularly included in evidence accounts relating to knife crime. The data are also used in the Scottish Government's No Knives, Better Lives campaign.
Statistics on sexual crimes against children are regular supplied to children's charities such as the NSPPC and Children 1st.
The statistics are also used by a wide range of stakeholders to monitor trends, for policy research and development, and for research purposes. These include other Scottish Government Departments, such as Transport Scotland and the Directorate for Environment and Forestry, Local Authorities, the NHS, including ISD Scotland and Health Scotland, and the Office for National Statistics.
Recorded crime data are regularly used by school pupils and both undergraduate and postgraduate students who are undertaking research on crime related topics. There is considerable academic and parliamentary interest in the bulletin.
Recorded crime figures are annually supplied for inclusion in international compendiums, such as the Eurostat Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics and the United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems.
Timeliness and Punctuality
The statistical bulletin is generally published in the September following the end of the financial year in question.
http://statistics.gov.scot/data/crime-clear-up-rates
Dimensions Linked Data
A linked data-orientated view of dimensions and values
Locked Value
http://statistics.gov.scot/def/dimension/crimeOrOffence
(not locked to a value)
http://purl.org/linked-data/sdmx/2009/dimension#refArea
http://purl.org/linked-data/sdmx/2009/dimension#refPeriod
http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#measureType
Linked Data is stored in graphs. We keep dataset contents (the data) separately from the metadata, to make it easier for you to find exactly what you need.
The data in this dataset are stored in the graph: http://statistics.gov.scot/graph/crime-clear-up-rates
The data structure definition for this data cube dataset is stored in the same graph as the data: http://statistics.gov.scot/graph/crime-clear-up-rates
All other metadata about this dataset are stored in the graph: http://statistics.gov.scot/graph/crime-clear-up-rates/metadata
Linked Data Resources
A breakdown by type of the 22,670 resources in this dataset's data graph.
Number of resources
Component specification 6
Data set 1
Data structure definition 1
Observation 22,660
In Graph http://statistics.gov.scot/graph/crime-clear-up-rates/metadata
Accessibility and Clarity http://statistics.gov.scot/def/statistical-quality/accessibility-and-clarity
Information is presented at a national (Scotland) level, with core tables provided at Local Authority level. xsd:string
Accuracy and Reliability http://statistics.gov.scot/def/statistical-quality/accuracy-and-reliability
A quality assurance process is in operation which includes automated validation procedures and manual checks for significant changes in the data and unrealistic values. Any questionable values are referred back to Police Scotland for either correction or for an explanation to be provided for any unusual values. Police Scotland are required to sign-off their data at the end of the validation process. Bulletins are subjected to a secondary level of checking by statisticians who have not been involved in the production process. xsd:string
Comment rdfs:comment http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment
Crimes cleared up by the police as a percentage of those recorded. xsd:string
Comparability and Coherence http://statistics.gov.scot/def/statistical-quality/comparability-and-coherence
Comparable time series data for total crimes and offences are available dating back to 1930 upon request. Additionally, from 1971 onwards further breakdowns of crimes and offences are available. Please note that due to due to local government reorganisation, data for 1975 are not available. Comparable time series for crimes and offences cleared up are available from 1976 onwards. The reporting year was changed from calendar to financial year, with the last reported calendar year being 1994 and the first reported financial year being 1995-96. Information is electronically available via the Scottish Government's website dating back to 1988. Long term, as well as short term, comparability of some crime groups over time will be affected due to changes in legislation. An example of this is the introduction of the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009, which came into force on 1 December 2010. Further details regarding this can be found in the Note on comparability of Sexual crimes data. Recorded crime statistics for England and Wales are not directly comparable with those in Scotland. The recorded crime statistics for Scotland are collected on the basis of the Scottish Crime Recording Standard (SCRS), which was introduced in 2004. In England and Wales the recording of crime statistics are based up on the National Crime Recording Standard (NCRS) and Home Office Counting Rules for recorded crime. Like its counterpart in England and Wales, the SCRS aims to give consistency in crime recording. The main principles of the SCRS itself are similar to the NCRS for England and Wales with regard to when a crime should be recorded. However there are various differences between the respective Counting Rules in that they specify different approaches for counting the number of crimes that should be recorded as a result of a single incident. For example, crimes recorded in England and Wales tend to be incident based where the Principle Crime Rule states that if the sequence of crimes in an incident, or a complex crime, contains more than one type of crime, then the most serious crime should be counted. For example, an incident where an intruder breaks into a home and assaults the sole occupant would be recorded as two crimes in Scotland, while in England and Wales it would be recorded as one crime. Differences in legislation and common law have also to be taken into account when comparing the crime statistics for England and Wales and Scotland. A guide to the comparability of recorded crime between England and Wales and Scotland has been published by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and can be accessed here: [http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/compendiums/compendium-of-uk-statistics/social-indicators/data-catalogue/index.html](http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/compendiums/compendium-of-uk-statistics/social-indicators/data-catalogue/index.html) Crime Statistics for England and Wales are published quarterly on the ONS website and can be accessed at [http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/index.html](http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/index.html). The legal system in Northern Ireland is based on that of England and Wales and the Police Service for Northern Ireland (PSNI) has the same notifiable offence list for recorded crime as used in England and Wales. In addition, the PSNI has adopted the NCRS and Home Office Counting Rules for recorded crime that applies in England and Wales. Thus there are similar comparability considerations between recorded crime statistics for Northern Ireland and Scotland. Crime statistics for Northern Ireland are collected and published separately. The latest police recorded crime data for Northern Ireland can be accessed at [http://www.psni.police.uk/index/updates/updates_statistics.htm](http://www.psni.police.uk/index/updates/updates_statistics.htm). Due to differences in legislation, there are also comparability issues when comparing the statistics for the recorded number of crimes given in the Recorded Crime bulletin internationally. Data users are always advised to consult any relevant and accompanying metadata and to proceed with caution when formulating any arguments or drawing any conclusions from international recorded crime comparisons. xsd:string
Contact email http://publishmydata.com/def/dataset#contactEmail
Creator dcterms:creator http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator
Scottish Government http://statistics.gov.scot/id/organisation/scottish-government
Date Issued dcterms:issued http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued
July 29, 2014 00:00 xsd:dateTime
Date Modified dcterms:modified http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified
April 09, 2019 07:45 xsd:dateTime
Description dcterms:description http://purl.org/dc/terms/description
Crimes cleared up by the police as a percentage of those recorded. For more information on recorded crime figures see [http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Crime-Justice/PubRecordedCrime](http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Crime-Justice/PubRecordedCrime) The definition of "cleared up" is noted below. This definition came into force with effect from 1 April 1996. A crime or offence is regarded as cleared up where there exists a sufficiency of evidence under Scots law, to justify consideration of criminal proceedings. Clear up rates are calculated as follows: (number of recorded crimes cleared up in year y / total number of recorded crimes in year y) x (100 / 1). Crimes or offences recorded by the police as cleared up in one financial year, year y, may have been committed and therefore recorded in a previous year, i.e. year y-1. This means that the number of crimes and offences cleared up are being expressed as a percentage of a different set of crimes or offences. This means that clear up rates in excess of 100% can arise in a given year. The statistical return from which the data are taken is a simple count of the numbers of crimes and offences recorded and cleared up by the police. Returns are submitted quarterly from Police Scotland at local authority level which allows a national total to be obtained. Crimes and offences are included against the year in which they are recorded by the police. This is not necessarily the year in which the crime or offence took place, the year in which the accused is brought to trial for the crime or offence, or the year in which the case is finally disposed of by the courts. Amendments (such as the deletion of incidents found on investigation not to be criminal) which arise after the end of the financial year are not incorporated. Contraventions of Scottish criminal law are divided for statistical purposes into crimes and offences. "Crime" is generally used for the more serious criminal acts; the less serious termed "offences", although the term "offence" may also be used in relation to serious breaches of criminal law. The distinction is made only for working purposes and the "seriousness" of the offence is generally related to the maximum sentence that can be imposed. For further information see [http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Crime-Justice/DataSource/RecordedCrimeSandS](http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Crime-Justice/DataSource/RecordedCrimeSandS) xsd:string
Graph http://publishmydata.com/def/dataset#graph
http://statistics.gov.scot/graph/crime-clear-up-rates
Has a SPARQL endpoint at void:sparqlEndpoint http://rdfs.org/ns/void#sparqlEndpoint
http://statistics.gov.scot/sparql
http://publishmydata.com/def/dataset#nextUpdateDue http://publishmydata.com/def/dataset#nextUpdateDue
September 2019 xsd:string
In folder http://publishmydata.com/def/ontology/folder/inFolder
Scottish Government http://statistics.gov.scot/def/concept/folders/organisations/scottish-government
Crime and Justice http://statistics.gov.scot/def/concept/folders/themes/crime-and-justice
Crime Clear up Rates xsd:string
License dcterms:license http://purl.org/dc/terms/license
Publisher dcterms:publisher http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher
References dcterms:references http://purl.org/dc/terms/references
http://statistics.gov.scot/help http://statistics.gov.scot/help
Relevance http://statistics.gov.scot/def/statistical-quality/relevance
Primary source of detailed and reliable information on recorded crimes and offences in Scotland. High-profile justice issue which shows levels of crime in Scotland. Informs the Scotland Performs National Outcome 9 – 'we live our lives safe from crime, disorder and danger'. Informs The Strategy for Justice in Scotland. Attracts significant media and political interest, particularly in relation violent crime, sexual crimes and crimes of handling offensive weapons. Data on violent crime and crimes of handling offensive weapons are regularly included in evidence accounts relating to knife crime. The data are also used in the Scottish Government's No Knives, Better Lives campaign. Statistics on sexual crimes against children are regular supplied to children's charities such as the NSPPC and Children 1st. The statistics are also used by a wide range of stakeholders to monitor trends, for policy research and development, and for research purposes. These include other Scottish Government Departments, such as Transport Scotland and the Directorate for Environment and Forestry, Local Authorities, the NHS, including ISD Scotland and Health Scotland, and the Office for National Statistics. Recorded crime data are regularly used by school pupils and both undergraduate and postgraduate students who are undertaking research on crime related topics. There is considerable academic and parliamentary interest in the bulletin. Recorded crime figures are annually supplied for inclusion in international compendiums, such as the Eurostat Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics and the United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems. xsd:string
Theme dcat:theme http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#theme
Timeliness and Punctuality http://statistics.gov.scot/def/statistical-quality/timeliness-and-punctuality
The statistical bulletin is generally published in the September following the end of the financial year in question. xsd:string
Title dcterms:title http://purl.org/dc/terms/title
Data set http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#DataSet
Dataset http://publishmydata.com/def/dataset#Dataset
http://publishmydata.com/def/dataset#LinkedDataset
dataset http://rdfs.org/ns/void#Dataset
Dataset http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#Dataset
In Graph http://statistics.gov.scot/graph/crime-clear-up-rates
Structure qb:structure http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#structure
http://statistics.gov.scot/data/structure/crime-clear-up-rates http://statistics.gov.scot/data/structure/crime-clear-up-rates
In addition to this bookmarkable html page, this dataset metadata is also available for our robot customers in the following machine-readable formats. Please refer to the API documentation for more details.
dataset metadata JSON RDF/XML Turtle N-Triples Atom


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The 2018 Companies and other Commercial Institutions Bill, passed at the end of October, reforms the earlier 1951 law, bringing it into line with latest international corporate governance standards.
To be consistent with corporate governance best practice, the law stipulates that a director who is also the Managing Director or CEO of the company may not chair the board.
It sets out in detail the responsibilities of the board of directors as a collegiate body, and specifically directors' obligations to display independent judgment when taking decisions and to act in good faith, in the best interests of the company and of its stakeholders. Likewise, it regulates the functions, vetting requirements and responsibilities of the individual acting as the board secretary; under all circumstances this person must be resident in the country.
As to board members of public companies, the Bill dictates that they may serve on a maximum of six boards of companies unrelated to one another at any moment, a condition aimed at making sure they have enough time to discharge their duties effectively.
The law pays particular attention to due diligence and directors' loyalty, specifically, to their obligation to manage conflicts of interest that may arise in the performance of their duties.
The Bill stipulates that directors' pay should be made known and submitted to the General Shareholders' Meeting for its information and approval.
It prohibits the granting of loans or collateral to board directors from company funds unless these are under arm's-length market conditions, and adds that any such collateral guarantees should be subject to rules that enable directors' personal financial interests to be kept separate from the company in which they have a position.
The obligation to have an audit committee consisting of at least 3 members, all of them independent.
The requirement to implement corporate governance policies on important matters such as the independent criteria of directors, their responsibilities, managing conflicts of interest, directors' pay policy, succession planning for board members, and any others considered necessary for the smooth and successful running of the company's activity.
The duty to have at least 3 non-executive or independent directors on their board of directors.
Finally, in order to make the real ownership of companies more transparent, the Bill provides for the creation of an Online Register to keep a record of domestic and foreign companies and private commercial corporations. This Register must be kept permanently up to date.


As I have been eagerly awaiting my hubby's return from a long business trip over in Europe and dreaming of one day going to Europe, just the two of us, I found myself thinking back to April. We were able to take a few days away, thanks to my sweet parents, and head to Vancouver, British Columbia! I've been to lots of different countries, but had never been to the one big country to our north! I know there are so many different beautiful areas of Canada, but I was thrilled to head to Vancouver since the Winter Olympics had just been there, and every shot taken from the venue was breathtaking!
I must say, while I thought Vancouver was pretty, I think the breathtaking parts were probably further out, near Queens Island and up in the mountains. We stayed right in the city---which was actually SO cool and SO much fun! We walked across the entire city--different parts on different days. It is quite easy to get around (though very hilly, which I chalked up to great exercise)! The food there is ah-MA-zing and we heard more than once that Vancouver prides itself on delicious food--indeed! We stayed at a bed and breakfast, the West End Guest House, and loved it.
The owners had everything decorated traditionally, a real vintage gem! They served sherry and snacks from 5-7 and encouraged guests to sit and chat with each other. They were all about forming relationships--which I appreciated! The owners also had wonderful recommendations about what to do and where to eat. It was so nice getting the inside scoop, instead of hitting up touristy type places!
So, Chad and I took off! We went to Granville Island, a must visit! We took a brewery tour, explored a huge farmers market (think Seattle's Pikes Place), had a blast trying on hats of all styles, window shopped in a HUGE kid's market, with tons of stores, while missing our kiddos, and ate at one of our now declared favorite restaurants ever, the Sand Bar. Yum, yum, yum with an awesome view of the harbor!
We also hiked around Stanley Park, went to visit the famous steam clock in Gastown, explored the English Bay side of Vancouver and the seawall, finding these purple shells all over and spent some time in Coal Harbor, enjoying the view of the mountains and even catching a Memphis Grizzlies NBA playoff game on tv!
I know Chad has seen some Swiss mountains over the past week, but if you get a chance to check out these mountains on your way to British Columbia, you won't be disappointed!
That is so funny that you just posted about your fun trip to Vancouver . . . we are headed there this weekend! Alex was awarded a trip through work and we chose Vancouver. Very excited, never been. Staying in downtown too and planning to do some of the things that you mentioned. So glad to hear you enjoyed it. Seems like its going to be a great weekend to celebrate our 10th the following week!


text:
VOTE +
Vote or Miss Out
#iSpeakElection
Alberta ELXN 2023
Table Topics
Youth Friendly
RISE Toronto
RISE Halifax
RISE Montreal
RISE Ottawa
#SKELXN2020
29th Provincial Election Results (projected)
Saskatchewan Party: 50
Saskatchewan NDP: 11
The 29th Provincial Election has been called in Saskatchewan!
Follow this guide to get yourself vote-ready.
Who are we electing?
In Saskatchewan, there are 61 different electoral districts (aka ridings). You are voting for a candidate to represent you and your riding as one of 61 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in Regina.
A little reminder that your provincial riding is not the same as your federal riding. To find your provincial riding, click here.
Where and when can I vote?
On Voting Day - October 26, 9:00 AM to 8:00 PM
Every voter is assigned a voting place depending on where you live. Check your voter information card for the location and address, or look it up at Elections SK.
Advance Polls - NOON to 8:00 PM
There are 5 days, or 40 hours, in total of advance voting to be held prior to October 26. Your voter information card will detail the recommended polling location for you. Advance voting polls are open from Noon to 8 p.m.
All voters can vote by mail, which is great for maintaining social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. You can apply to vote by mail here. The deadline to apply is October 15.
Am I eligible to vote?
To be eligible to vote in Saskatchewan, you must:
be at least 18 year old
be a Canadian citizen
have lived Saskatchewan for at least six months before the day the election is called (Sept. 29)
ordinarily be a resident of Saskatchewan
Do I need to register to vote?
Yes. Registration ensures only eligible voters vote and vote once. Goodbye fraud!
Getting your name on the voters list also means you can have all the information about where your polling station is and what ID you need delivered to you on a voter information card in the mail, by text or by email. Registration is quick and easy online. Head to this page to do it.
If you don't register online, you can still vote. All you need to do is bring ID with you to the polling station when you vote on Election Day, during advance voting, or at the district electoral office. They'll register you on the spot!
Do I need to bring ID to vote?
Yes. Before an election worker gives you a ballot, you have to prove who you are.
If you have a Saskatchewan Driver's License, or any government issued card that has your photo, address and signature, that's all you need!
If you don't have one of those, head to Elections SK to see their long list of what you can bring to prove your identity.
What's being done to reduce the risk of exposure to COVID-19 at polling stations?
At voting stations, you can expect physical distancing, capacity limits, election workers wearing PPE, protective barriers etc. Basically, all the things that's become part of your trip to the grocery store.
Single-use pencils will be provided to mark your ballots. And you are strongly recommended to wear a mask.
Check out this link for more info.
I'm working on Election Day?
Voters are entitled to three consecutive hours free from work to vote during advance voting or on General Voting Day.
Your boss can't dock your pay or penalize you for taking time to vote. You actually have to be paid your regular wage for the hours you're not working while you vote. They also can't give you a hard time with granting your request for time off to vote so have that conversation now!
I can't make it to a polling station on Election Day?
If you already know you're going to be busy or away on vacation (lucky you) on October 26, make a plan to vote early!
There will be 5 days of advance voting. Keep an eye out for updates!
I'm a student living away from home?
If you're a student who is eligible to vote in Saskatchewan, you can register and vote in either the electoral district where you reside while going to school or the electoral district you usually live in when you're not at school (like maybe with your parents). It really depends on what address is on the ID you're showing.
I live on a First Nations reserve? Where you vote depends on where your reserve is. Stay tuned for updates on where voting stations will be located.
I'm living abroad?
If you're away from Saskatchewan during the election, you can request a vote-by-mail package. Actually, you don't need any reason to vote-by-mail and it's a good option if you're also playing it safe with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Request your package here.
I'm currently without a home?
In order to vote, you have to register. But folks who are homeless don't have a permanent address or also often don't have ID. So what do you do? Another voter can vouch for you. The voucher must be an eligible voter who knows you and is assigned to the same voting location.
I'm not eligible to vote yet?
We're thrilled that you're already excited to vote even though you're not eligible this year.
Head over to Elections Saskatchewan to register as a future voter and be added to the voters list on your 18th birthday.
Otherwise, you can talk to eligible voters in your life about what you care about and why they should vote. Encourage them to use their voices to support you, themselves and your community!
Election Reading
CTV News: 2020 Election Promise Tracker
Global News: Riding Profiles and Candidates
Join us in activating communities across Canada!
Get monthly updates on our projects, programs and events.
Apathy is Boring runs programming and events across Canada but our head office is located in Tiohtiá:ke, the traditional unceded territory of the Kanien'kehá:ka Nation, who have been stewards of the land since time immemorial.
Charity Registration Number: 896568417RR0001
© Apathy is Boring. Built by Skyrocket.


text:
Judge Orders Monitoring for Joel Greenberg Amid Not-Guilty Plea in Child-Sex Case
By Kevin Connolly Seminole County
UPDATED 3:57 PM ET Aug. 27, 2020 PUBLISHED 8:59 PM ET Aug. 26, 2020 PUBLISHED 8:59 PM EDT Aug. 26, 2020
SEMINOLE COUNTY, Fla. — A federal judge Wednesday ordered electronic monitoring of Joel Greenberg following recent allegations Seminole County's former tax collector had a "sugar daddy" relationship with a teenage girl.
Child sex-trafficking charge filed last week against Joel Greenberg
Federal judge orders him to have no contact with alleged victim
The couple already have been evicted
Charge carries a penalty of 10 years to life in federal prison
Federal prosecutors hit Greenberg with an updated indictment on August 19, including a charge of sex trafficking of children or by force, fraud or coercion.
As a result of that charge, U.S. Magistrate Judge Embry J. Kidd modified the conditions of Greenberg's release, adding electronic monitoring, a curfew and an order to have no contact with the alleged victim.
Greenberg has pleaded not guilty to the sex-trafficking charge and all of the other charges filed against him since the first batch became public June 23. He quit the next day and later dropped his bid for re-election this year.
His permanent replacement will be decided November 3. That's when Republican Jeff "J.R." Kroll will face off against Democratic challenger Lynn Moira Dictor.
Federal court records say the alleged sex-trafficking victim was between 14 and 18 during the "sugar daddy" relationship, which allegedly ran from May 2017 and November 2017.
Federal prosecutors say Greenberg "recruited, enticed, obtained, maintained, and patronized" the teen, though records don't offer specifics.
Under Kidd's three-page order, Greenberg must stay home from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. every day.
"Defendant shall avoid all contact with any alleged victim of the charged offenses and with any potential witnesses who may testify concerning the offenses," the judge's order says.
The order says federal prosecutors requested the judge to impose the additional limits on Greenberg without a hearing. Greenberg did not oppose the request.
The judge also canceled a hearing scheduled for Thursday, August 27.
The judge was "obligated to impose upon Mr. Greenberg the mandatory conditions" because of the child sex-trafficking charge, Kidd wrote.
The charge carries a penalty of at least 10 years to as much as life in federal prison.
Greenberg also faces charges related to an alleged identity-theft scheme against a political foe.
While still in office, Greenberg left behind fingerprints and DNA on letters while posing as a student and falsely accusing the foe of sexually abusing a child, records allege.
Greenberg allegedly sent nine letters to the foe's employer posing as a fictitious "very concerned student" with false claims about his enemy's sexual relationship with a student, prosecutors said.
Spectrum News is not naming the political foe because the allegations are false.
Greenberg also allegedly fabricated a fake Facebook account that claimed to belong to a "very concerned teacher" at his enemy's school.
He is also responsible, prosecutors say, for a fake Twitter account set up under the name and with the photo of his enemy while falsely portraying him as a white supremacist.
Greenberg is also accused of using driver's licenses that should have been shredded to create false IDs with his photo and someone else's personal information.
Greenberg, whose duties as tax collector included renewing existing drivers licenses and making news one, allegedly failed to destroy old licenses and used those records to create fake IDs, prosecutors alleged.
He also had access to a secure database mostly used by law enforcement called The Florida Driver and Vehicle Information Database, or DAVID.
He improperly used discarded licenses that should have been shredded and illegally obtained DAVID info to create new IDs for individuals involved in Greenberg's alleged "sugar daddy" relationships, federal prosecutors allege.
He created a false identification document to facilitate his efforts to engage in commercial sex trafficking of a child, prosecutors say in court filings.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace SoundLibrary.Mathematics.Function
{
	using ValueType = System.Double;

	/// <summary>
	/// 関数を表すクラスの抽象基底。
	/// </summary>
	public abstract class Function : ICloneable
	{
		#region フィールド

		//ArrayList variables = new ArrayList();

		#endregion
		#region 内部クラス

		public class Parameter
		{
			public Variable  x;
			public ValueType val;

			public Parameter(Variable x, ValueType val)
			{
				this.x = x;
				this.val = val;
			}

			public override bool Equals(object obj)
			{
				Parameter v = (Parameter)obj;
				return this.x.Equals(v.x) && this.val.Equals(v.val);
			}

			public override int GetHashCode()
			{
				return this.x.GetHashCode() ^ this.val.GetHashCode();
			}
		}

		#endregion
		#region 値の計算

		public VariableTable GetVariableTable()
		{
			return new VariableTable(this.GetVariableList());
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// その関数に含まれている変数のリストを求める。
		/// 例えば、f(g(x, y), h(x)) + i(y, z) とか言うように、
		/// 関数の合成・四則演算を使って作った関数の場合、{x, y, z} というリストを返す。
		/// </summary>
		/// <returns></returns>
		public abstract System.Collections.ArrayList GetVariableList();

		/// <summary>
		/// 値の計算。
		/// </summary>
		public virtual ValueType this[VariableTable t]
		{
			get
			{
				return this.GetValue(t.GetParameterList());
			}
		}

		public abstract ValueType GetValue(params Parameter[] x);

		/// <summary>
		/// 値を固定する。
		/// 例えば、f(x, y) っていう関数があったとして、
		/// y = 1 で固定した関数 g(x) = f(x, 1) を求めたり。
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="x">固定したい値のリスト</param>
		/// <returns>値固定後の関数</returns>
		public abstract Function Bind(params Parameter[] x);

		#endregion
		#region 複素数対応

		/// <summary>
		/// 関数 f(z) を複素関数とみなしたとき、その実部と虚部
		/// Re[f](Re(z), Im(z)), Im[f](Re(z), Im(z) を求める。
		/// 例えば、Exp の場合、
		/// reY = Exp(reX) * Cos(imX),
		/// imY = Exp(reX) * Sin(imX)
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="reX">パラメータの実部</param>
		/// <param name="imX">パラメータの虚部</param>
		public virtual void GetComplexPart(out Function re, out Function im)
		{
			throw new InvalidOperationException("この関数は複素数未対応です。");
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// 複素関数のノルム関数 |f(z)|^2 を求める。
		/// </summary>
		/// <returns>ノルム</returns>
		public Function Norm()
		{
			Function re, im;
			this.GetComplexPart(out re, out im);
			return re * re + im * im;
		}

		#endregion
		#region 演算

		/// <summary>
		/// 正負反転。
		/// </summary>
		/// <returns>正負反転結果</returns>
		public virtual Function Negate()
		{
			return this.Multiply((Constant)(-1.0));
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// 加算。
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="f">オペランド</param>
		/// <returns>加算結果</returns>
		public virtual Function Add(Function f)
		{
			return new Sum(this, f);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// 減算。
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="f">オペランド</param>
		/// <returns>減算結果</returns>
		public virtual Function Subtract(Function f)
		{
			return this.Add(f.Negate());
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// 乗算。
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="f">オペランド</param>
		/// <returns>乗算結果</returns>
		public virtual Function Multiply(Function f)
		{
			Constant c = f as Constant;
			if(c != null)
			{
				return new Multiple(c.Value, this);
			}

			return new Product(this, f);
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// 除算。
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="f">オペランド</param>
		/// <returns>除算結果</returns>
		public virtual Function Divide(Function f)
		{
			Constant c = f as Constant;
			if(c != null)
			{
				return new Multiple(1 / c.Value, this);
			}

			return Fraction.Create(this, f);
		}

		#endregion
		#region 演算子

		public static Function operator+ (Function f)
		{
			return f.Clone();
		}

		public static Function operator- (Function f)
		{
			return f.Negate();
		}

		public static Function operator+ (Function f, Function g)
		{
			if(f.Equals((Constant)0))
				return g;
			if(g.Equals((Constant)0))
				return f;
			if(f.Equals(g))
				return new Multiple(2, f);

			return f.Add(g);
		}

		public static Function operator- (Function f, Function g)
		{
			if(f.Equals(g))
				return (Constant)0;
			return f.Subtract(g);
		}

		public static Function operator* (Function f, Function g)
		{
			if(f.Equals((Constant)0) || g.Equals((Constant)0))
				return (Constant)0;
			if(f.Equals((Constant)1))
				return g;
			if(g.Equals((Constant)1))
				return f;
//			if(f.Equals(g))
//				return Function.X(f, 2);

			return f.Multiply(g);
		}

		public static Function operator/ (Function f, Function g)
		{
			if(f.Equals(g))
				return (Constant)1;
			return f.Divide(g);
		}

		public static implicit operator Function (double x)
		{
			return (Constant)x;
		}

		#endregion
		#region 微分

		/// <summary>
		/// (x による偏)導関数を求める。
		/// 解析的に計算。
		/// 解析的に計算できない関数の場合、InvalidOperationException を throw する。
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="x">微分対象となる変数</param>
		/// <returns>導関数</returns>
		public virtual Function Differentiate(Variable x)
		{
			throw new InvalidOperationException("微分できません");
		}

		#endregion
		#region 内部構造の最適化

		/// <summary>
		/// 内部構造を最適化する。
		/// 例えば、1×f → f, 0×f → 0。
		/// </summary>
		/// <returns>最適化後の関数</returns>
		/// <remarks>
		/// 一発で100%完璧な最適化が掛かるわけではない。
		/// 2・3度繰り返すことで、より最適化がかかる場合もあり。
		/// </remarks>
		public virtual Function Optimize()
		{
			return this;
		}

		/// <summary>
		/// 内部構造を最適化する。
		/// </summary>
		/// <param name="n">反復回数</param>
		/// <returns>最適化後の関数</returns>
		/// <remarks>
		/// 一発で完全な最適化が出来ないので、何度か処理を繰り返す。
		/// </remarks>
		public Function Optimize(int n)
		{
			Function opt = this.Optimize();
			for(; n>0; --n) opt = opt.Optimize();
			return opt;
		}

		#endregion
		#region ICloneable メンバ

		public abstract Function Clone();

		object ICloneable.Clone()
		{
			return this.Clone();
		}

		#endregion
		#region 特殊な関数

		#region 単項関数

		public static Unary Exp(Function f)
		{
			return new Elementary.Exp(f);
		}

		public static Unary Log(Function f)
		{
			return new Elementary.LogE(f);
		}

		public static Unary Log10(Function f)
		{
			return new Elementary.Log10(f);
		}

		public static Unary Sin(Function f)
		{
			return new Elementary.Sin(f);
		}

		public static Unary Cos(Function f)
		{
			return new Elementary.Cos(f);
		}

		public static Unary Tan(Function f)
		{
			return new Elementary.Tan(f);
		}

		public static Unary Asin(Function f)
		{
			return new Unary(
				new UnaryFunction(Math.Asin),
				f);
		}

		public static Unary Acos(Function f)
		{
			return new Unary(
				new UnaryFunction(Math.Acos),
				f);
		}

		public static Unary Atan(Function f)
		{
			return new Unary(
				new UnaryFunction(Math.Atan),
				f);
		}

		public static Unary Sinh(Function f)
		{
			return new Elementary.Sinh(f);
		}

		public static Unary Cosh(Function f)
		{
			return new Elementary.Cosh(f);
		}

		public static Unary Tanh(Function f)
		{
			return new Elementary.Tanh(f);
		}

		public static Unary Abs(Function f)
		{
			return new Unary(
				new UnaryFunction(Math.Abs),
				f);
		}

		public static Unary Sqrt(Function f)
		{
			return new Elementary.Sqrt(f);
		}

		#endregion
		#region 二項関数

		public static Binary Pow(Function f, Function g)
		{
			return new Elementary.Pow(f, g);
		}

		public static Binary Log(Function f, Function g)
		{
			return new Elementary.Log(f, g);
		}

		public static Binary Atan2(Function f, Function g)
		{
			return new Binary(
				new BinaryFunction(Math.Atan2),
				f, g);
		}

		#endregion
		#region 多項式

		public static Unary X(Function f)
		{
			return X(f, 1, 1);
		}

		public static Unary X(Function f, int order)
		{
			return X(f, order, 1);
		}

		public static Unary X(Function f, int order, double coef)
		{
			return new Elementary.Polynomial(f, Mathematics.Expression.Polynomial.X(order, coef));
		}

		#endregion
		#region 虚数

		public static Function I(Function f)
		{
			return new Imaginary(f);
		}

		#endregion

		#endregion
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Voice Search – Is it the future of search?
Voice search is gaining momentum like never before in the digital marketing arena. Today, more and more people are using it to improve their search experience. Through various systems and technologies the concept of voice search has become much more apparent. Today, it has been noticed that the trend of voice command is increasing amongst people. Therefore, it is important for businesses to concentrate on such fast evolving technological trends to tap numerous opportunities.
Voice search is in its initial phase – According to some experts, full potential of voice search is yet to be seen. In fact, it is too early to say anything about how it will impact the SEO industry. No doubt, it will grow further and can impact business outcomes, so businesses need to embrace it.
Voice search has changed the scenario – It is true thatvoice search has certainly changed the way people interact with the search engines. Its growth will lead to more natural language queries, which may transform online business landscape.
Google continues to learn – Artificial Intelliganceand machine learning are improving the prevalence of voice-activated search systems. Therefore, businesses need to make their websites' content much more interactive rather than keyword focused.
Impact conversion rates – Of course,voice search will impact conversion rates, but how, it is quite difficult to predict. So to take advantage of voice search, businesses should look to embrace new technologies and be open to exploring new opportunities in the search industry.
Intent search – It is necessary for companies to design customer-oriented content for users. They should consider using long-tail keywords that highlight user intent.
Unquestionably, voice search has the ability to change the SEO industry. The only question is how businesses are going to handle this shift?


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How do I install my Epson product on a Windows RT tablet?
The software will automatically install when you plug your product into the tablet's USB port or you connect the tablet to the network where your product is connected.
Note: Limited printing and scanning functions will be available.
Published: Nov 18, 2013 Was this helpful? Thank you for the feedback!


text:
Q: Put players in spectator on death I want to put players into spectator mode when they die, at the location they died at.
My current attempt involves tracking player deaths using a scoreboard variable that increases on death. When said scoreboard value is positive, I reset it and set the player spawnpoint to their current location. I also set the player into spectator mode. I set the gamerule doImmediateRespawn to true.
Sadly, Minecraft often refuses to respawn the player since the location they died at is "invalid".
How do I make players respawn into spectator mode in the location they died at?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
http://standardspeaker.com/eedition
Latest National courts News
Jan. 22, 2020 8:43 AM EST
WASHINGTON (AP) — The U.S. Senate plunged into President Donald Trump's impeachment trial with Republicans abruptly abandoning plans to cram opening arguments into two days but solidly rejecting for now Democratic demands for more witnesses to expose what they deem Trump's...
NEW DELHI (AP) — India's top court on Wednesday began hearing dozens of petitions seeking the revocation of amendments to the citizenship law following nationwide protests and a security crackdown that led to more than 20 deaths. The Supreme Court would not grant a stay before hearing from the government,...
WASHINGTON (AP) — Chief Justice John Roberts drew little attention to himself in the beginning 12 hours of his first impeachment trial. But it was just before 1 a.m., as tempers on the floor had started to wear thin, that he reminded senators, House impeachment managers and President Donald Trump's defense...
AP EXPLAINS: How India ended up in turmoil over citizenship
NEW DELHI (AP) — India has been embroiled in protests since December, when Parliament passed a bill amending the country's citizenship law. The new law provides a fast track to naturalization for some migrants who entered the country illegally while fleeing religious persecution. But it excludes Muslims,...
SAO PAULO (AP) — Prosecutors accused U.S. journalist Glenn Greenwald on Tuesday of involvement in hacking the phones of Brazilian officials involved in a corruption investigation, though Brazil's high court had blocked investigations of the journalist or his Brazil-based news outlet in relation to the...
BOSTON (AP) — An Iranian student attending college in Boston was denied entry to the U.S. and ordered to immediately fly back to his native country, despite a court order temporarily staying his removal, immigration lawyers and civil rights groups said Tuesday. Shahab Dehghani, a 24-year-old economics...
PORTLAND, Maine (AP) — Planned Parenthood on Tuesday endorsed a Democratic challenger to Republican Sen. Susan Collins of Maine, saying Collins "turned her back" on women and citing her vote to confirm Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court as well as other judicial nominees who oppose...
WASHINGTON (AP) — The Supreme Court refused Tuesday to consider a fast-track review of a lawsuit that threatens the Obama-era health care law, making it highly unlikely that the justices would decide the case before the 2020 election. The court denied a request by 20 mainly Democratic states and the...
LA repeals requirements for contractors to reveal NRA ties
LOS ANGELES (AP) — The Los Angeles City Council is repealing a law requiring companies that want city contracts to disclose whether they have ties to the National Rifle Association, weeks after a federal judge blocked the city from enforcing the ordinance. Council members voted 12-0 without discussion...
Court ruling ends long legal fight in Chinese torture case
HARTFORD, Conn. (AP) — A federal appeals court ruling Tuesday ended a 15-year-old legal fight in the U.S. over whether a Chinese television official incited torture in his country against members of the banned Falun Gong spiritual movement. A three-judge panel of the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in...
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Group meets to detail lawsuit planned for White Haven Center residents
Cammisa seeks Cartwright's spot in Congress
Summit Hill man faces 50 counts of child pornography


BizTalk works on by saving all messages into MessageBox Database that resides on a SQL server. The SQL server is usually implemented as a SQL cluster with the data files saved on a SAN disk. This introduces some latency in the processing and if as some organizations do use the SQL Cluster for other systems beside BizTalk such as SharePoint, the stress on SQL cluster grows. Tuning the SQL cluster for multiple systems is not a trivial endeavor as there are some conflicts between the requirements of these systems.
BTS wants to handle the messages as quickly as possible to move them to the Archive. If a message lingers in the message box BTS raises an error. If too many messages lingers in the message box, it would degrade BizTalk performance if not bring the whole cluster down. So messages are cleared from the message box as soon as possible. Now, if a receiving system has an issue with a message, it has no way of asking for that message again from BTS, and resubmitting that message manually is a big hustle. Kafka on the other hand keeps messages for 168 hours by default. And you can configure how long you want to keep the messages. Receiving systems called consumers in Kafka ask for message from certain topics, partitions and starting at a certain point (called message offset in Kafka). This makes recovering from erroneous processing much less of a hustle.
BizTalk has many capabilities that allows the designer/developer to put logic in it. You got Orchestrations, Maps that transforms between different schemas, pipeline components, and you can inject custom code to all these components. This kind of seduces the designers and developers into putting integration logic in BTS. While this has its benefits, the Spaghetti integration shown in figure 4, where application A keeps the integration logic with all other applications integrating with.
Now when Application D is replace then all the applications integration with it has to be updated (Code change, QA, UAT, Deployment to production etc.). This has repel effect especially in large enterprises with many systems. Keeping the integration logic contained in BTS or ESB (HUB) would alleviate this situation as there would be only one system that needs to be updated and changed.
In Kafka all the integration logic is encapsulated in the Kafka producer and Kafka Consumer which are usually parts of the Applications. This might lead to the Spaghetti situation described in Figure 4. One might be tempted to create a hub that includes all the producers and consumers for Kafka, but really you will need to think this one through. Ok this is a big issue, I am working on a solution for it.
While BizTalk can scale horizontally and vertically no one can deny that Kafka can scale much better than BizTalk.
BizTalk comes with many adapters and integration accelerators for various systems that makes it quicker and easier to integrate different systems. Kafka lacks in that regard.


From Beach Rentals to Art Studios, Lincoln City Has It All!
When out-of-town visitors are getting ready to check into one of our beach rentals on the Central Oregon Coast, they often ask what there is to do in the surrounding areas of Lincoln City. And the answer is that the possibilities are virtually endless! It all depends on your interests, preferences, mood, budget and the time of year. Three of the first suggestions we usually make, however, are to hit the beach, head down to the recreation center, and have a hands-on experience at one of the local art studios. Once you're checked into one of our beach rentals, Oregon hospitality and the state's beautiful central coastline will do the rest!
The beaches in and around Lincoln City, Oregon are known as some of the most exquisite on the west coast of North America. Locals and visitors alike enjoy beachcombing for agave and Japanese fishing floats, or exploring the tide pools for treasures and seafood harvesting. Clamming and crabbing clinics are offered throughout the year. Surfing and other water sports are popular as well. Whale-watching is perhaps the most popular activity around Lincoln City, though, so make sure to keep your eye out for those majestic creatures passing through!
The Lincoln City Community Center is a great place to start your explorations around the city, or simply get a workout in between all your indulgent adventures and relaxation time. There is a fitness center with cardiovascular exercise and weight training machines, and a heated pool with classes offered year-round for all ages, among other amenities. The center also offers space for picnics and other events, so bring the whole gang and enjoy some family-friendly recreation!
If you want to have a hands-on experience with art, make sure to check out at least one of the local art studios while you're staying in one of our vacation rentals. Lincoln City, Oregon is known in particular for its glass blowing studios, but many types of arts and crafts by local artists are constantly being produced. You can check out the artists in action, see work on display, learn how it's done yourself, and purchase a beautiful piece of art to take home with you!
From the beach, recreation center and art studios, you'll begin to see that Lincoln City has quite a bit to offer any visitor. You might just find yourself planning another return trip soon to check out all the other cool things to do that you didn't get to the first time around.


Lawyers Mutual is excited to welcome Julie Beavers as the Director of Client Services. Julie Beavers is no stranger to Lawyers Mutual, as she has offered her expertise at various Lawyers Mutual seminars. Her career in the legal community spans over 20 years.
Julie received her B.A. from East Carolina University. She received her human resource certification from the Duke University department of continuing education.
Prior to joining Lawyers Mutual Julie worked as the Director of Attorney Recruiting and Professional development at Ward & Smith, P.A. Julie is active in the legal community, serving as a frequent CLE speaker. Julie is currently serving as the co-chair of the North Carolina Bar Association's Professional Wellness Committee. She is a founding member and third term president of the Triangle Association of Legal Recruitment Administrators (TALRA), a city group of law firm recruitment professionals and law school professionals based in the Raleigh-Durham area. She also held several national and regional leadership positions with the National Association of Legal Career Professionals (NALP), the organization that governs campus recruiting practices for accredited law schools in the US and Canada, and large private sector employers. Julie regularly contributes to career development programs with various legal organizations including the North Carolina Bar Association.


Have your child read the same text aloud multiple times until he or she can read it easily and without errors. Increase Comprehension Reading comprehension is a gauge of how well a child's able to understand and interpret texts that he or she reads.... And if your child is having more than the typical struggles with learning to read and you feel there may be a disability involved (or your child has been diagnosed as having a reading disability) I would encourage you to read this guest post by Tara Jenner: Neuroscience Meets Your Child With Disabilities – to find valuable resources that can help you with your struggling learner.
The praise and support you give your child as he learns to read will help him enjoy reading and learning even more. Learning to read in school Most children learn to read by 6 or 7 years of age.... The praise and support you give your child as he learns to read will help him enjoy reading and learning even more. Learning to read in school Most children learn to read by 6 or 7 years of age.
October 16, 2014. How to Help Your Child Read Fluently. Introducing our guest blogger:ABCmouse.com is a partner of Doodle Bugs! Children's Centers and offers a way for children to interact with technology while learning foundational skills, experimenting with cause and effect, and collaborating with classmates.... Make a habit of 'buddy' reading – The easiest and most effective way to help your child improve their fluency is by sitting down together and reading. Pair up as reading buddies every day, and take turns reading aloud. Your reading will provide a model of what fluent reading sounds like.
How to Help Your Child Read Fluently Doodle Bugs!
Fluency: How Can I Help My Child Become a Fluent Reader? Yeah! Your child is finally an independent reader! Now what? The first step in reading is figuring out the decoding process.
Have Your Child Read The Text Back To You: After you have read the text out loud to your child, have him read it back to you. Provide your child praise and help as they go along. Have your child continue to read the text repeatedly until he is quite fluent with it. This usually takes three or four readings. If it takes longer than that, your text is too hard and you should find something easier.


text:
Q: Use fewer if statements to test in which interval a given integer belongs m = int(input("How many marks on the test? (/100)"))
if m >= 10 and m < 20:
    print("Grade 1.")
elif m >= 20 and m < 30:
    print("Grade 2.")
elif m >= 30 and m < 40:
    print("Grade 3.")

The code above is for grading a test score out of 100, with grades 1 to 9, 9 being the highest at 90 or higher marks.
How could I do the same code but with less if/elif statements?

A: Assuming the grades are evenly spaced and directly proportional to the score, you can just do an integer division, a//b.
But if the scale isn't linear, I suggest doing it by looping through a list of thresholds:
grades = [
    30, # 1 (lowest passing grade)
    50, # 2
    60, # 3
    70, # 4
    75, # 5
    # more grades...
]

score = int(input("score"))

for grade, threshold in enumerate(grades):
    if score < threshold:
        print(f"grade: {grade}")
        break
else:
    # this happens if the score is
    # higher than the highest grade
    # threshold in the list (75 in
    # this case)
    print("Wow, very high score!")

A: Yevhen's solution is undoubtedly the best for this particular scenario with uniform boundary sizes. Although it does get 100/100 wrong (grade 10) if the upper limit is supposed to be grade 9.
If things were a little different (i.e. grade 3 spanned from 30 to 50) then you could look at an approach like below:
m = int(input("How many marks on the test? (/100)"))

grades = {0: {"lb": 0, "ub":10},
          1: {"lb": 10, "ub":20},
          2: {"lb": 20, "ub":30},
          3: {"lb": 30, "ub": 40},
          4: {"lb": 40, "ub": 50},
          5: {"lb": 50, "ub": 60},
          6: {"lb": 60, "ub": 70},
          7: {"lb": 70, "ub": 80},
          8: {"lb": 80, "ub": 90},
          9: {"lb": 90, "ub": 101},
          }

for grade, bounds in grades.items():
    if m >= bounds["lb"] and m < bounds["ub"]:
        print(f"Grade {grade}")
        break

In this instance, the dictionary as above could be auto-generated by:
grades = {}
for grade in range(0, 10):
    grades[grade] = {"lb": grade*10, "ub": (grade+1)*10}
grades[9]["ub"] = 101  # The correction to avoid grade 10 if mark is 100

edit: Should probably also point out the handy thing about this is you can name the main key whatever you want, grades A*, A, B+, B, B- etc? No problem.
For more complex use cases, you could even tack on additional key-val pairs to different things, even different method handles, for further processing.

A: I did it this way;
m = 56
# gradeDict = {'score':'grade'}
gradeDict = {10:1,
             20:2,
             30:3,
             40:4,
             50:5,
             60:6,
             70:7,
             80:8,
             90:9,
             100:9}

for k in gradeDict.items():
    if m<k[0]:
        print("score:", k[1]-1)
        break

This is the output;
score: 5

A: Why not simply use this nice property of range? One can actually check what's in it. If you have two zipped lists of ranges and grades, or two lists of tuples, you can check if the value is in one element of a tuple and return the other one.
points = 25
ranges = [range(10, 20), range(20, 30), range(30, 40), range(90, 101)]
grades = [1, 2, 3, 10]
zipped = zip(ranges, grades)
for item in zipped:
    if points in item[0]:
        result = f'Grade {item[1]}.'
        break
print(result)


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text:
A heaven for biodiversity
Hasan dabiruddin
Published at 05:14 pm November 18th, 2016
Last updated at 04:25 pm November 27th, 2016
It is exceptional for it's biodiversity. The landscape that hosts the university campus is a rare combination of a series of hillocks, abundant trees of all kinds, wild birds, free moving of wild animals and 12 lakes. It is also one of the destinations of migrant birds that travel literally thousands of miles to Bangladesh.
Approximately 18 species of mammals, 186 species of birds, 26 species of reptiles, 12 species of frogs, and 125 species of butterflies are native to the area. In addition, 3 hundreds species of trees (including some medicinal, endangered and rare) grow here. There are 12 lakes in this campus and various type of water lilies are bloom in the water.
In the winter 30 to 35 species of emigrant birds including Sarali, Khanina, Porchard, Jalpip, Chamotthuti can be seen found in the lakes. These birds come from Siberia, Kashmir, Himachal among other regions. The birds arrive at the beginning of November and stay till middle of March.
In the southern part of the campus there are a botanical garden, an insect rearing center, and a wild life rescue center. The botanical garden grows and nurture more than 300 indigenous and exotic trees including medicinal, ornamental, timber, edible fruit yielding, bamboo, and rattan plant species. Climate change is threatening different types of tree are some are near the brink of extinction.
At the wild life rescue center visitors can see free moving snakes, mongoose, squirrels and Monitor Lizards among other animals. The first butterfly park and research center was inaugurated recently in this campus and a different event named 'Butterfly Fair' is being held since 2010. A "Bird Fair" is also being held since 2001, aiming to raise consciousness towards butterflies and bird.
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Jahangirnagar University