text:
\section*{Introduction}

Quantum particles were long thought to fall into one of two classes: fermions or bosons.
The two classes are distinguished by the effect on the many-particle wavefunction of
exchanging any pair of such particles: for fermions, the wavefunction acquires a minus
sign, whereas for bosons it does not.  It was later understood~\cite{LeinaasMyrheim}
that, while these are indeed the only two possibilities in three or more spatial dimensions,
the 2D case admits a remarkable generalization of the concept of bosons
and fermions known as anyons~\cite{Wilczek1,Wilczek2}.
Mathematically, it is useful to think of anyons in (2+1)-dimensional spacetime, where their exchanges are
viewed as ``braids"~\cite{Frohlich,Witten,NayakReview} in which the particles' worldlines
are wound around one another. In general, exchanging two anyons (i.e. performing a single braid)
can yield any phase between 0 (bosons) and $\pi$ (fermions)~\cite{LeinaasMyrheim}.
Even more strikingly, in certain scenarios the phase acquired after performing a series of exchanges can depend
on the order in which the exchanges occurred~\cite{Frohlich,Witten}. Aside from its fundamental scientific
importance, this ``non-Abelian" braiding of anyons has attracted substantial interest in the condensed
matter physics and quantum information communities as it can be used as a basis
for robust quantum information processing~\cite{Freedman,KitaevComputation,NayakReview}.

Anyons have been theoretically predicted to arise in a variety
of topological phases of matter, for example in fractional quantum Hall systems~\cite{Halperin,Arovas},
where they can exist as deconfined quasiparticle excitations, and in topological superconductors,
where Majorana bound states nucleate at topological defects such as domain walls and vortices.
Despite substantial effort and progress~\cite{Camino,An,Willett,Nakamura,Aasen,Karzig}, as of yet there has been no conclusive experimental evidence of anyonic braiding, Abelian or non-Abelian.

Perhaps counterintuitively, the non-Abelian phases acquired upon
braiding Majorana bound states in superconductors can be understood
from the viewpoint of noninteracting particles, wherein the
single-particle Schr\"odinger equation describes particles as
waves. In this picture, the braiding phases are geometric
phases~\cite{Pancharatnam,Berry1,Berry2} arising from the
the adiabatic variation of the phase texture of the bound-state
wavefunctions as the vortices are wound around one another~\cite{Ivanov}.
Therefore, non-Abelian braiding in its simplest
incarnation can be viewed as a universal wave phenomenon accessible
beyond electronic systems.  This implies that it can be realized
experimentally in the context of photonics, where a wide range of
topological phenomena have been predicted and observed recently
\cite{HaldaneRaghu, Soljacic2009, RechtsmanFloquet, Hafezi2013, RevModPhys.91.015006}.  In fact, non-Abelian gauge fields have recently been observed in a photonic device~\cite{yang2019synthesis}, hinting at the possibility of photonic braiding.  In general, photonic topological devices (as well as those in other bosonic systems) are expected to have entirely complementary applications to
their condensed matter analogues.

In this paper we report on the first measurement of the geometric phase arising from braiding topological defects in an array of photonic waveguides, fabricated using the femtosecond direct laser-writing technique \cite{Davis,Szameit2010}. Following the theoretical proposal of Ref.~\cite{Iadecola2016}, we realize topological defects as vortices in a vector field that encodes the displacements of each waveguide in the array.  The vortices realized in our experiment bind localized topological modes whose single-particle wavefunctions are identical to those of Majorana bound states in a 2D topological superconductor.\footnote{Note however that the model we realize is in symmetry class BDI, while the topological superconductor is in class D~\cite{Chiu}; thus the two systems have important fundamental differences.} Consequently, at the noninteracting level the effect of braiding these vortices is the same as what is expected for Majorana bound states. We experimentally realize such vortices in the waveguide array and measure the effect of braiding one such vortex with a second that resides outside the array at an effectively infinite distance from the first. In order to eliminate the effect of dynamical phases, a 180$^\circ$ braiding operation is performed in two adjacent arrays, each with a vortex at its center. If the sense of rotation of the two arrays is the same (opposite), the relative phase at the core is found to be $0$ ($\pi$).  This observation matches the theoretically predicted geometric phase, providing a clear signature of braiding.

We arrange the waveguides in a near-honeycomb lattice, with each waveguide displaced from its honeycomb position $\b{r}=(x,y)$ by an $\b{r}$- and $z$-dependent amount $\b{u}_{\b{r}}(z)$.
The diffraction of light through this waveguide array is governed by the paraxial wave equation
\begin{equation}
i\partial_{z}\psi(\textbf{r},z)=-\frac{1}{2k_{0}}\nabla^{2}_{\textbf{r}}\psi(\textbf{r},z)-\frac{k_{0}\Delta n(\textbf{r})}{n_{0}}\psi(\textbf{r},z),
\label{eq:propagation}
\end{equation}
where $\psi(\textbf{r},z)$ is the envelope function of the electric field $\textbf{E}(\textbf{r},z)=\psi(\textbf{r},z)e^{i(k_{0}z-\omega t)}\hat{x}$, $k_{0}=2\pi n_{0}/\lambda$ is the wavenumber within the medium, $\lambda$ is the wavelength of light, $\nabla^{2}_{\textbf{r}}$ is the Laplacian in the transverse $(x,y)$ plane, and $\omega=2\pi c/\lambda$. Here $n_{0}$ is the refractive index of the
ambient glass and $\Delta n$ is the refractive index relative to $n_{0},$ which acts as the potential in Eq.~\eqref{eq:propagation}.
Since the displacements are small compared to the lattice spacing $a$ ($|\b{u}| \leq .25 a$) and vary slowly in the $z$-direction, the propagation of light through the waveguide array can also be described by a coupled-mode (i.e. tight-binding) equation:
\begin{equation}\label{eq_paraxial}
i \partial_z c_{\b{r}}(z) = \sum_{\langle \b{r}' \rangle} [ t + \delta t_{\b{r},\b{r}'}(z) ] c_{\b{r}'}(z)
\end{equation}
where $c_{\b{r}}(z)$ denotes the amplitude of light in waveguide $\b{r}$, and the $z$-dependent hopping modification $\delta t_{\b{r},\b{r}'}$ arises from the change in waveguide separation due to the displacements $\b{u}_{\b{r}}, \b{u}_{\b{r}'}$.
Identical to electrons in graphene, the two sublattices of the honeycomb lattice give rise to two energy bands in the spectrum, which touch at two gapless ``Dirac'' points at crystal momenta $\b{K}_{\pm} = (\pm 4\pi / (3\sqrt{3}a) , 0)$.

As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig1}, we choose the displacements $\b{u}_{\b{r}}=(u^x_{\b{r}},u^y_{\b{r}})$ corresponding to a Kekul\'e distortion~\cite{Hou,Iadecola2016} controlled by the complex order parameter $\Delta_\b{r}(z)$.
The magnitude of the order parameter determines the displacement amplitude, while its phase controls the displacement angle according to $\text{arg}(u^x_{\b{r}}+i u^y_{\b{r}}) = \b{K}_{+} \cdot \b{r} + \text{arg}(\Delta_\b{r})$.
When $\Delta_\b{r}(z)$ is constant in space, the Kekul\'e distortion couples the two Dirac cones, leading to a band gap proportional to $| \Delta |$ in the energy spectrum.

Our work concerns order parameters that vary both throughout the lattice and in the $z$-direction.
In particular, we focus on vortex configurations of the order parameter, $\Delta_{\b{r}} = | \Delta | \exp(i [\alpha + q_{v}\,\text{arg}(\b{r} - \b{r}_v)])$, where the phase of $\Delta_{\b{r}}$ winds by $2\pi q_{v}$ about the vortex center $\b{r}_v$ for a vortex of charge $q_{v}$.
For $q_{v}=\pm 1$, such vortices are known to bind a single mid-gap photonic mode, localized near the vortex core \cite{JackiwRossi,Hou,Iadecola2016}.
The presence of this mode is protected by the nontrivial topology of the vortex configuration, as well as the time-reversal and chiral symmetries\footnote{Here, chiral symmetry arises in the effective coupled mode equation due to the bipartite coupling between the two sublattices of the honeycomb lattice, similar to graphene \cite{Semenoff}.} of the system \cite{TeoKane}.
A system with multiple vortices carries a bound mode at each vortex.
Away from the vortex centers, the order parameter varies slowly compared to the lattice scale, and the system remains gapped.
This opens up the possibility of \emph{braiding} the vortex modes as functions of $z$: if braiding is executed adiabatically in $z$, light bound in a vortex mode will not disperse into the gapped bulk.

Braiding has two effects on a vortex: moving its center $\b{r}_v$, and altering the offset $\alpha$ in the local order-parameter phase.
The latter arises due to the inherent nonlocality of vortices---as two vortices braid, each one changes its location in the space-dependent phase field of the other.
The first vortex therefore experiences an effective offset $\alpha + q_{v,2}\,\text{arg}(\b{r}_{v,1} - \b{r}_{v,2})$, which increases or decreases depending on the handedness of the braid and the charge of the second vortex.
The effect of braiding on light trapped in the vortex mode is captured by the offset-dependence of the vortex-mode wavefunction $c^v_\b{r}(\b{r}_v,\alpha)$.
Specifically, the wavefunction is \emph{double-valued} in the offset,
\begin{equation}\label{eq_doublevalue}
c^v_\b{r}(\b{r}_v,\alpha + 2\pi) = -c^v_\b{r}(\b{r}_v,\alpha),
\end{equation}
signifying that light trapped in the vortex mode gains a geometric phase of $\pi$ (i.e. a minus sign) after a full $2\pi$ braid.

The double-valued form of the wavefunction is reminiscent of Majorana wavefunctions at vortices in $p + ip$ superconductors~\cite{Ivanov, ReadGreen} or at superconductor-TI interfaces~\cite{FuKane}.
Indeed, due to this double-valuedness, the photonic zero modes in our system will gain the \emph{same} non-Abelian geometric phases as Majorana zero modes in solid state systems upon braiding~\cite{Iadecola2016}.
Crucially, this phase is gained by the \emph{bosonic} wavefunction describing photons in our system---not the Majorana wavefunction describing electrons in a superconductor---leading to a distinct, reduced class of operations realizable via braiding~\cite{Iadecola2016}.

In this work, we provide a robust verification of the geometric phase $\pi$ gained by the photonic vortex modes under a $2\pi$ rotation of the order parameter $\alpha$.
We detect this phase by performing two `on-chip' interferometry experiments, in which we interfere light from two vortex modes that have undergone different rotations of $\alpha$.
In each experiment, we fabricate a waveguide array containing two disconnected Kekul\'e-distorted honeycomb lattices, which constitute the `left' and `right' arms of an interferometer [see Fig.~\ref{fig1}(A)].
The left and right lattices are initially identical and contain a single vortex in the Kekul\'e order parameter.
As $z$ increases, the offset $\alpha$ of each lattice's order parameter is monotonically increased, or decreased, by $\pi$.
The first experiment serves as a control, with $\alpha\to\alpha+\pi$ in an identical sense of rotation in both lattices.
In the language of braiding, this increase of $\alpha$ can be interpreted as braiding a vortex `at infinity' counterclockwise around each lattice by an angle $\pi$ [as indicated in Fig.~\ref{fig1}(B)].
Since the left and right lattices are identical throughout, light trapped in the left vortex mode should gain the same phase as light trapped in the right (both dynamical and geometric phases), and they should interfere constructively after braiding.

The second experiment serves to detect the geometric phase from a $2\pi$ rotation of $\alpha$.
Here the left lattice undergoes a rotation $\alpha\to\alpha+\pi$, while the right undergoes $\alpha\to\alpha-\pi$.
This is analogous to braiding a vortex at infinity $180^\circ$ counterclockwise about the left lattice, but clockwise about the right [\cite{Supplementary}, Movies S1 and S2].
Although the final left and right lattices are identical, the paths they have traversed differ by a $2\pi$ rotation of $\alpha$, and the relative phase gained by light propagating through the two vortex modes will differ according to the geometric phase of this process.
We note that chiral symmetry fixes the energy of the vortex mode to occur at precisely the middle of the band gap~\cite{JackiwRossi, Hou, Iadecola2016}, such that, despite their different $z$-evolutions, light in the left and right lattices is expected to gain the same dynamical phase during braiding.

The entire experimental waveguide array consists of three stages, occurring in succession as a function of $z$ [see Fig.~\ref{fig1}(A)].
The total length of the sample is 10 cm and the radii of the major and minor axes of the waveguides are 5.35 and 3.5 $\mu$m, respectively.
The first stage prepares the light to be coupled in-phase into the vortex modes of the left and right lattices.
This is done using an `on-chip' Y-junction beam-splitter~\cite{Izutsu}. We first precisely couple light from a tunable-wavelength laser through a lens-tipped fiber into a single waveguide at the input facet of the sample.
We then split this waveguide into two in a symmetric manner, such that both waveguides trap light of nearly equal amplitude and phase.
The two waveguides are subsequently guided to the center of the vortex cores of the left and right lattices.

The middle stage contains the braiding operation, and begins by abruptly initializing all other waveguides in each lattice.
Light traveling in the waveguides of the first stage enters each lattice through a single waveguide near each vortex core, setting the initial condition for the braiding process.
The portion of the input light that overlaps with the vortex mode remains localized in the mode, while the rest diffracts throughout the lattice.
After initialization, the waveguide displacements are smoothly varied in $z$ to produce the desired change in order parameter for the experiment being performed.
We emphasize that the individual waveguides move little during this process: each waveguide only undergoes rotation of its displacement angle from the undistorted honeycomb position.

In Fig.~\ref{fig2}, we show the experimental output of a waveguide array containing only these first two stages.
As expected, a high fraction of the light is localized near each vortex core, indicating that the initialization stage succeeded and the braiding process was performed sufficiently adiabatically.
We also observe a nonzero intensity in nearly all waveguides of both lattices, indicating that light not bound to the vortex modes has diffracted throughout each lattice.

To detect the phase of the vortex mode light after braiding, we add a third, interferometric stage to the waveguide array~\cite{Izutsu}, depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig1}(A).
The left and right lattices are abruptly terminated except for one waveguide each, chosen for its high overlap with the final vortex-mode wavefunction.
Light localized in the left and right vortex modes continues to propagate through the remaining two waveguides. The intensity and phase of these waveguides' light are proportional to those of the respective vortex modes after braiding.
In order to read out the waveguides' relative phase, we first split each waveguide symmetrically into two, similar to the first stage.
The two innermost waveguides of the left-right pair are then combined into a single waveguide, while the two outermost remain separate.
The waveguide combination performs the interferometry: if the two input arms are in phase, they will excite the symmetric bound mode of the combined waveguide; if they are out of phase, they will not overlap the bound mode and thus the light will diffract away.
The combined waveguide intensity $I_C$ thus indicates the intensity of in-phase light.
The outermost left and right waveguide intensities $I_L$ and $I_R$ measure the waveguide intensities before combination.

Results of both experiments including the final stage are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig3}.
As anticipated, braiding the left and right vortices in the same direction results in a combined waveguide with higher intensity than the individual left and right waveguides, indicating constructive interference.
On the other hand, braiding the left and right vortices in opposite directions results in nearly zero combined waveguide intensity, indicating near-complete destructive interference and therefore a relative phase of $\pi$ between the left and right vortex modes.
To quantify these results, we define the \emph{contrast} $\eta$ as the ratio between the combined waveguide intensity and the sum of the individual left and right waveguide intensities, $\eta = I_C / (I_L + I_R)$.
In the ideal case, the contrast achieves the upper bound $1$ for perfect constructive interference and the lower bound $|I_L - I_R|/(I_L + I_R)$ for perfect destructive interference.
As plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig3}(A), the experimentally observed contrast is indeed near $1$ when braiding is performed in the same direction for both lattices,
and is close to zero (the lower bound for symmetric intensities, $I_L = I_R$) when it is performed in opposite directions.

We verify that this phase difference arises as a geometric, rather than a dynamical, phase by demonstrating that the interference is insensitive to the wavelength of light used.
The wavelength sets the `time' scale in the paraxial equation, Eq.~(\ref{eq_paraxial}), so that different-wavelength light acquires different dynamical phases during propagation~\cite{Guglielmon2018}.
If the relative phase between the left and right waveguides arose as a dynamical phase, we would expect it to oscillate as the wavelength of light was varied rather than being quantized at $\pi$.
Instead, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig3}, we observe quite consistent, non-oscillatory values of $\eta$ for both experiments over a large range of wavelengths, 1450--1650 nm.  The principal sources of error/noise are interference from imperfectly in-coupled light in the braiding stage as well as diffracted light in the interferometric stage.  We note that the random error is significantly lower in the sample in which we observe the $\pi$ phase associated with braiding [red points in Fig.~\ref{fig3}(A)] compared to the `control' sample in which we do not [blue points in Fig.~\ref{fig3}(A)].
The measured $\eta$ values when the two vortices are braided in equal and opposite directions are 1.055$\,\pm\,$0.247 and 0.053$\,\pm\,$0.037, respectively.
This indicates that the relative phase is fixed to $\pi$ and supports its identification as a geometric phase.

In conclusion, we have used a photonic lattice of evanescently-coupled waveguides to directly measure the braiding of vortices.  The $\pi$ phase that we observe here directly implies that non-Abelian braiding operations can be carried out using similar ideas in this and many other platforms that are governed by classical wave equations.  We expect this work to motivate the exploration of braiding physics in interacting bosonic systems (via optical nonlinearity or mediation by Rydberg atoms, for example), as well as the search for applications beyond robust quantum information processing.

\bibliographystyle{Science}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Sunday night I will be joining over 200 people in the Julia Morgan Ballroom for the Night of Writing Dangerously for a writing, fundraising, fun-filled extravaganza! I raised some money last year and have raised a little bit more this year for the OLL which runs NaNoWriMo and the Young Writers' Program - as well as Script Frenzy.
An awesome organization for this incredible, seemingly impossible, riotous writing event for 30 days.
Consider donating even $5, $10 or what you can to this great cause.
Click my link below to add your funds. And thank you!


text:
The Wing adds Wieden + Kennedy's Colleen DeCourcy to its board
[Photo: courtesy of The Wing]
By Melissa Locker 1 minute Read
In its ongoing quest to bring together powerful, creative, and fascinating women, The Wing has brought Colleen DeCourcy on to its board of directors. DeCourcy is the co-president and chief creative officer of powerhouse advertising agency Wieden + Kennedy. As one of the most powerful women in advertising and, one of Fast Company's own Most Creative People, she is a natural fit to help guide The Wing as it continues its impressive growth.
DeCourcy joined The Wing well before she joined the board—she and her daughter were both members of The Wing, which is how she met the social club's cofounder and CEO Audrey Gelman. "We have been grateful to have her as a member and friend, and couldn't be prouder to welcome her to our board of directors," said Gelman. "I can't think of a better match for a company with such a big story to tell."
DeCourcy joins a board that already is stacked with impressive resumes, including Jen Berrent of WeWork, Tony Florence of NEA, and Jess Lee from Sequoia Capital who lead a $75 million Series C funding round for The Wing just this past winter.
DeCourcy is joining The Wing as it grows past a coworking space and social club. They have close to half a million followers across various social media platforms, an iOS app, a podcast, and a print magazine. It has also been expanding the brand through partnerships with household names like Nike, Chanel, Smartwater, HBO, and American Express Platinum. Undoubtedly DeCourcy's expertise will help them further that expansion. "The Wing is a special place," DeCourcy said. "And the mission close to my heart—community, inclusivity, empowerment and safety for women. The vision for this brand is bold and smart, and much needed. I am honored to be part of the squad."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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january 2020 temperature
On a whole, January 2020 finished near normal as an average temperature-wise across the area. * Reported Jan 1 12:00 am — Jan 31 11:45 pm, Vancouver. Fire Weather Support WHO's work to track the spread; to ensure patients get care and frontline workers get supplies; and to accelerate efforts to develop vaccines, tests, and treatments. Observations NWS Warmer than average lows in the South would generally mean temperatures averaging above freezing. Get the monthly weather forecast for Houston, TX, including daily high/low, historical averages, to help you plan ahead. Above average low temperatures will bring some relief from the bitter cold that is often synonymous with January in the Midwest and Northeast, where average lows range from the single digits to the 20s. The coldest day of the month for most, January 16th, featured lows of -10 to -30 F. While warmer air moved in to end the month, it came at the cost of widespread persistent cloud cover, as well as consecutive mornings of dense freezing fog and/or freezing drizzle which resulted in slick roads and vehicle accidents. The averages from 1981 to 2010 are the latest available data; these numbers are updated every 10 years. The most notable of these events occurred mostly on the morning of the 21st, when localized wind gusts of 60+ mph were recorded. For more information, please visit NCEI's Global Surface Temperature Anomalies page. A very strong polar vortex is expected to persist into the beginning of the new year and will likely lead to a mild January. Warmer than average temperatures will extend into the Midwest, Plains and mid-Atlantic. Skyscanner Newsletter Include a date for which you would like to see weather history. What's the Weather Like in Miami in January. However, there were swings, namely, above average temperatures were in place generally in the beginning and ending thirds of the month while below average temperatures prevailed in-between. January 2020 temperature outlook from The Weather Company, an IBM Business. Precipitation totals (left) and departures from normal (right) from January 2020 (note, erroneously high data in the Watertown area), from the Midwestern Regional Climate Center, Snowfall totals (left) and departures from normal (right) from January 2020, from the Midwestern Regional Climate Center. National Weather Service Mobile Alabama February 2, 2020 . EM Briefing Page, Weather Forecasts January 2020 Weather in Orlando — Graph °F. National Weather Service On a whole, January 2020 finished near normal as an average temperature-wise across the area. (CNN) It's not just you -- January was toastier than usual for many parts of the world. Red Flag Warning in effect until 7:00 PM EST. At night time, temperatures will drop, usually to an average low of approximately 20°C, which ensures anyone trying to get away from the cold weather back home will be more than satisfied. Temperature. Find historical weather by searching for a city, zip code, or airport code. January may well be one of the coldest months of the year to visit Miami in Florida, but the weather stays mild thanks to the warm climate in this part of the world. Though mild, the average highs and lows for January offer a welcome respite from the heat of the summer months. And with an average of eight hours of daily sunshine across the archipelago, Hawaii in January … In fact, all four sites had precipitation that fell in the top 10. This value was only 0.02°C (0.04°F) higher than the now second highest January temperature departure from average set in 2016. January 2020 temperature departures from 1981-2010 averages over all of Earth's land and ocean surfaces. Watertown tied a daily record for snow on January 3rd, of 3.5" (2009). The Version 6.0 global average lower tropospheric temperature (LT) anomaly for January, 2020 was +0.56 deg. This was the ninth consecutive January with temperatures at least nominally above the … Mother Nature's Light Show Stuns in Northern China, Crewed Chinese Sub Reaches Earth's Deepest Place: The Mariana Trench, China Tests Engine that Can Go Anyplace on Earth in 2 Hours, Cold or Flu? For January, the average contiguous U.S. temperature was 35.5°F, 5.4°F above the 20 th century average, ranking fifth warmest in the 126-year record. Average temperatures for the month of January in the largest US cities are listed below in degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius.. People walk in Moscow on January 13, 2020, with the air temperature at around 2 degrees Celcius. See Hour-by-hour Forecast for upcoming weather. © Copyright TWC Product and Technology LLC 2014, 2020. Parts of the Northeast, including New England, as well as most of the West can expect temperatures near or slightly above or below average in January. It might not feel like January in the South and parts of the Midwest and East, where temperatures will likely be well above average, according to the latest outlook from The Weather Company, an IBM Business. Social Media. The average low each day is 8°C or (around 46°F) and average high sits around 18°C (around 64°F). The coldest day of the month for most, January 16 th, featured lows of -10 to -30 F. Which City Is the Worst for Fall Allergies This Year? The only area where below average temperatures are anticipated in the first month of the year is from northern Montana into northern Idaho and far northeastern Washington. We recognize our responsibility to use data and technology for good. January 2020 was a month with above normal temperatures and well above normal precipitation. 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Shazwani Hamid's Blog: My Very First..
anonymous: hey there. the bag is actually in grey color not beige as u thot.. anyway, i got it from vincci+. not chanel dear.. i know, u must have thought that it was the camera version bag kan? tp this one lain sket..
anyways..it was not that expensive like u thot it was.. its only about 300+.. tak ingat the exact amount.. dlm 359 kot.. lupa dah.. u can check out their stores to see some other colors available!!
hanis: btw..hang bukan dah kayo ka? biznes hang kan gempaq!
aku tak sukak birkin. huhu.
how much u bought for this design..i bought it around 10k like tht.. but this is one is smaller..and its nice..thinking of buying that too..


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Q: Index was out of range error when I add a UserControl to a panel, Microsoft VS C# The behavior of code change between projects
For the first project it runs good
I have a string array s[] = ... and s.Count(); this function exist
 and when I add a control to my panel it goes fine.
On the other project
1) s.C  and click on (ctrl-space) it shows me only CopyTo and Clone methods

this part is solved as Tim, Ganesh, and Patrick said, by adding using System.Linq;

2) When I try to add a control to a panel with
   panel.Controls.Add( Custom Control );
   it shows me an error in a messagebox and it add the
   control and program continues without a problem

index was out of range. Must be non negative and
     less than the size of collection  Parameter name: index

The add code is not in a try-catch
I tried to change frameworks it didn't change anything
what could be the problem, thanks reading about my problem, and for any help.

A: Count() is an extension method and those are only available when the namespace they are defined in is referenced. That is because extension methods are not defined on the class you are calling, but somewhere external. (Hence the name 'extension' method)
You need to include this on top of your code file:
using System.Linq;

Although it is better to call s.Length since your variable is just an array.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The target of the BQ e-readers developers program is to allow to any user with the required knowledge the possibility to modify our ereaders firmware, create his own firmware versions and share them with the community. In order to do that we provide to you both kernel and application source code.
Our e-readers Developers edition firmware is the gate to our device and turns your e-reader in an open device for your free development. This firmware grants full access to the linux system that runs on the device and allow you to modify the firmware of the device and to create new applications. Even though you install this firmware in your device the default warranty service kept.
From "Settings" -> "Development" options you will be able to enable telnet to connect over wifi and usb networking.
Default root password is empty, so we strongly recommend you to setup a new password (if you plan to use telnet over Wi-Fi we also recommend you also to install ssh).
Format the first partition of your microSD as ext3.
Copy a kernel image with path /boot/uImage (base kernel is included in the base rootfs included in the link of previous step).
Insert the microSD on the device.
Power on while keeping pressed Power Key + Home Key until boot process is over (movingsquares dissapear from screen). If base rootfs proposed is used it is possible to confirm that system in microSD have been used thanks to an additional SD icon on booting image.
Warning: It is really important to keep both keys pressed on step 5, if only Home Key is kept pressed during the initial boot an upgrade will be attempted instead of SD boot.
All purchased ebooks from the associated shop are removed from the device per editorial requirements, however they are still available in any other of your linked devices or after restoring original stock firmware. Every file stored in the internal memory or microSD will be kept.
You just need to have an account for the shop associated to your device, nubico for the BQ devices. You can create your user using the device or at www.nubico.es.
You can install the developers and there is no need you contact us to do so, however we let you know that the update to hackers will be registered in our database in order to provide a better support if any maintenance issue is necessary later. Anyway, device original warranty is kept regardless you install developers firmware.
Copy to a microSD card (bqupdate folder directly on microSD card root).
Create a file with name I_WANT_TO_BE_A_HACKER and write on it the Serial Number of your device with the following format: SN-SERIALNUM (e.g: for S/N E606722CB03884 you must write SN-E606722CB03884 on the file). No extension must be set to the file, just plain text.
Copy I_WANT_TO_BE_A_HACKER file to the root of the microSD card.
Insert the microSD card in the device and a dialog must appear to proceed with device registration on the developers program. You will see a confirmation of the successful authorization in the device.
After successful activation, power off the device.
Press power on while keeping Home key pressed to perform installation.
Note: Do not pay attention to first warning if telling loss of warranty because of installation, it's a dialog error to be solved. Device warranty is kept.
The procedure to do so it's the usual one, copy the bqupdate on the root of your microSD, insert it in your device and keep the Home key pressed while switching the device on. Keep only Home Key pressed and make sure you release Power Key as soon as green led switches on, otherwise microSD boot would be tried instead of upgrade.
Notice that restoring process takes much longer than usual firmware update, around 40 minutes. It's a very critical operation and it's really important to wait until finishing without shutting down, green led at the bottom of the device will be blinking during the process. Make sure your device is connected to a charger to ensure battery does not get empty during the process.
Warning: The whole internal memory is erased when restoring standard firmware, all the files stored will be lost and the device will be reset to factory settings. Therefore, you may need to do a backup of your personal files before restoration.
Boot the device using a bootable system in your microSD (see how to do it below, at microSD boot instructions).
Extract manually the restore binary and original.img from the restore image file using the keyring.
Once you have installed the firmware for developers you can install easily the same firmware or later versions. Upgrade packages are available to be installed following the procedure described in previous section.
You can find all the info about how to build and emulate the application in the README included. To do so you need our pre-generated SDK.
The base system is a Debian Wheezy distribution for ARM, so you can easily install new software using apt-get.
We strongly recommend you to keep the internal firmware "as is" and do all your changes and modifications on a bootable external SD card having an copy of the original developers firmware. If you still plan to install software with apt on the internal firmware you may need to expand the root partition of mount /var as a separate partition with enough space for apt data.
System connectivity is provided by connman. If you don't want to use the stock reader application to connect to a wifi network you can use the connman command line tools or the dbus-interface.
You can find the source code of our kernel in https://github.com/bq/linux-e60622.
The kernel needs to be in uImage format for u-boot to recognize it.
To let u-boot start this new kernel, copy it to /boot on the first partition of your boot medium (for example the external card), overwriting the uImage file present in this location.
You can find the source code of our kernel in https://github.com/bq/linux-e60q22.
To let u-boot start this new kernel, copy it to /boot/uImage.e60q22 on the first partition of your boot medium (for example the external card), overwriting the uImage file present in this location. The kernel image needs to be renamed from uImage to uImage.e60q22 to be recognized by the bootloader.
You can find the source code of our kernel in https://github.com/bq/linux-e60qh2.
To let u-boot start this new kernel, copy it to /boot/uImage.e60qh2 on the first partition of your boot medium (for example the external card), overwriting the uImage file present in this location. The kernel image needs to be renamed from uImage to uImage.e60qh2 to be recognized by the bootloader.
You can find the source code of our kernel in https://github.com/bq/linux-e60qp2.
El kernel debe tener formato uImage para que el u-boot lo pueda reconocer.
Para que el u-boot arranque el nuevo kernel, cópialo a la ruta /boot/uImage.e60qp2 de la primera partición de tu sistema (por ejemplo en la uSD),sobrescribiendo el fichero uImage.e60qp2 que se encuentre allí.
uboot: The binary data required to boot the system, corruption of this info makes impossible to boot the device and needs a complex repair.
Individual data associated to screen properties: corruption of this info may lead to partial or total malfunctioning of eink screen. Sometimes impossible to recover 100%.
As the hardware-architecture of the device is ARM-based, for both kernel and application development a cross-compiler is needed that can create arm-executables on x86 hardware.
On Ubuntu-based systems a suitable cross-compiler can be found in the universe part of the Ubuntu-archives, so a simple sudo apt-get install g++-arm-linux-gnueabi gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi should suffice.
On Debian systems the needed cross-compiler is currently not part of the base distribution, but part of the Emdebian subproject. So, to install the necessary packages just follow the instructions on the official wiki page: http://wiki.debian.org/EmdebianToolchain#Get_the_binaries.
Use Qt with currently provided plugins. This is the easy and recommended way for starters.
To link your applications you may need the target libraries and headers. You can manually generate this using debian multistrap tool or copy it from the device root filesystem. However if you don't want to mess with multistrap stuff or copying it, the easiest way is to download the pre-generated SDK . This SDK also includes some utility libraries to make application development easier.
If you are a pro-developer and you create nice applications you can package them as a firmware image to share it with other developers and users.
Package the root filesystem on a tar.gz.
Use gpg to encrypt and sign this file using the hackers-keyring-host.tar.gz keyring.
Place encrypted image and the signature inside a folder called bqupdate with names update.img and update.asc respectively.
Tengo un bq acuaris x no se actualiza, sale "pausado,0% completado. " como se pude actualizar? Pegandolle unha patada!.
Hola, Xose. Para ayudarte, por favor, ponte en contacto con nuestros compañeros de soporte desde: https://www.bq.com/es/support/call-request/generic y ellos te llamarán. Un saludo.
Gracias BQ por vuestro programa para desarrolladores. Me encantaría hacerme con uno de vuestros lectores para probar la interfaz y portar algún que otro programa existente para otros lectores.
Considero que tener KOReader disponible para los ebooks BQ (así como un subforo en mobileread.com) ayudaría a establecer la compañía como pionera de los libros electronicos hacker-friendly.


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text:
Seven Months Later, Why Did Voters Choose Trump?
Economics and faith. Between a downtrodden middle class and "deplorable" Christians, Trump found enough support.
Robin Smith · Jun. 13, 2017
The reasons voters supported Donald Trump in November 2016 instead of Hillary Clinton are still the reasons President Trump's agenda remains supported. We'll focus here on two reasons — one economic, and the other religious.
Sure, there are myriad distractions, but Americans are seeing effective policy implemented by a guy who's on track to keep more campaign promises in 20 weeks than many in the GOP have kept in 20 years of starch-collared incumbency.
There remains an elevated level of incredulity among Democrats that their nominee was so terribly flawed. Clinton's reputation preceded her as an opportunist whose wealth was the result of "public service" and the clear pay-to-play philosophy of the entire corruption Clinton cabal. The collective disdain by the Democrat Party for the average working American was only surpassed by their nominee, whose volcanic spew scorched the "deplorables" and "irredeemables" who support legal immigration, strong national defense, actual health insurance versus Medicaid-for-all and an opportunity to work instead of fearing unemployment due to job elimination following burdensome regulation.
Yet results are funny things. After decades of promises to stop the flow of illegal immigrants, the abysmal standing in the world after the lead-from-behind approach of foreign policy, and an overregulated economy that killed jobs, pushed record numbers onto welfare and turned our health insurance plans into worthless policies with high premiums, Americans abandoned tradition and common thought related to politics. Voters rejected the policies and promises of the previous eight years. Americans want to work for their wealth and see their government serving their interests, not the bureaucracy itself.
A recent Wall Street Journal analysis took a large bank's annual report presented by M&T Bank CEO Robert Wilmers and validated the case. Without mentioning presidential politics or politicians, the report noted that a "declining share of households even consider themselves to be part of the middle class; 63% did so in 2001. By 2015, that number had fallen to just 51%." Citing stagnant wages that have only increased 13% since 1973, poor returns on more traditional investment tools such as savings accounts and other bank deposits, and the fact that only half of Americans invest in the stock market versus 72% in 2008, Wilmers makes a declaratory statement: "No wage growth. No investment earnings growth. No wonder families are stretched and stressed."
And no wonder they dumped the establishment candidate.
The full M&T Bank's Message to Shareholders bemoans flawed monetary policy and excessive regulatory burdens that have been the anchors for lending institutions. These same anchors indiscriminately weigh down any forward movement toward growth. And, again, that's where Trump's campaign promises turned into a presidential win.
Using the Congressional Review Act, President Trump has reversed 14 regulations that will save $3.7 billion in regulatory costs and $35 billion just in compliance costs. According to the conservative think tank American Action Forum, a total of $86 billion will be saved by Trump's repeal and elimination of just these few regulations.
Make no mistake: these costs are taxes. These regulatory costs kill jobs. And while leftists still erroneously believe that only dumb white people elected the 45th president, voters chose to pursue a much-needed economic turnaround — one that's already occurring. The Hill featured a story Sunday declaring the economy as a "bright spot" for Trump with the Standard & Poor's up more than 12%, the Dow Jones Industrial Average up 16%, unemployment at a 16-year low, and an expected 2.3% growth in GDP.
A second reason Trump upset Hillary and the status quo was faith-based issues. The promise of an originalist to fill the vacancy of deceased Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia was reason enough for many voters to look past the imperfections of a massive personality named The Donald. That promise has already been fulfilled with the brilliant appointment of Neil Gorsuch.
Leftists perpetually shame Christians for their supposedly intolerant, bigoted ways. The Rainbow Mafia is particularly ruthless in "correcting" this "wrong." But the reality is that Christians don't want a theocracy. Nor, however, do we want to be sued into oblivion by a tiny minority for not baking a wedding cake for a homosexual redefinition of marriage.
Understand that while Trump was the recipient of votes as the candidate for president, it was the full rejection of the open assault on those of the Christian faith by brazen leftists that moved Bible-believing Christians to support a very imperfect man. Just this weekend, the same leftist activists demanding free health care, free birth control, debt forgiveness and any other socialist agenda item marched in the streets with Sharia Law proponents who seek a parallel judicial system that places Islam's teachings as the basis of law, not our U.S. Constitution. Square that circle with the homosexual agenda.
Be advised that the hectoring of evangelicals for their support of Trump by those who obsess on the "right" to kill babies in the womb, to pick-a-gender-of-the-day and marry whomever, to enable Sharia compliance that permits so-called "honor killings" is transparently pitiful.
Conventional wisdom told us that the 2016 election was supposed to be another Bush-Clinton face-off. Conventional wisdom was rejected repeatedly because those entrusted with leadership to right the ship of state have failed to stand erect with an intact spine to fight against Democrats' efforts to "fundamentally transform America."
Despite the pigpen politics, Donald Trump won and, yes, America is winning.
Read the most current analysis listed below
How can you be forgiven for something that doesn't even exist? Brandon Tatum on "the notion of white privilege."
Media Editors
Opening Salvos in the Trump Impeachment Trial
Trump's legal team blasts impeachment, while Democrats continue to play games.
SCOTUS Case Could Derail Effort to Negate Electoral College
Considering the constitutional questions of how state electors' votes are cast.
Thomas Gallatin
A Nascent College Accountability System
Holding institutions of higher learning accountable for rising tuition and loan defaults.
Arnold Ahlert
Beyond King's Dreams
A more unified approach that reaches across party lines would be a perfection of King's dream.
Patrick Hampton


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