text:
Yummy Penang-Style Min Jiang Kueh From $1 By Cleaner-Turned-Hawker
The buff 72-year-old first sold the pancakes when he was just eight years old.
Alvin Lim
By Alvin Lim
Updated July 9, 2021
Kueh Pulau Pinang, a pancake stall in a quiet kopitiam at Buangkok Crescent, is an exercise in retro charm. Red-and-blue font spell out the shop's name and min jiang kueh-style fillings in Malay and Mandarin only. Stacked packets of Del Monte creamed corn count as makeshift decor.
A spry, impressively jacked Teo Ah Bee, 72, mans a pair of electric griddles while his 70-year-old wife, Lee Gay Lee, packs and doles out the pancakes (she delivers it to your seat if you're dining in). She helps him with order management as well – "they want two peanut [pancakes]," she says in Teochew while poking his elbow. They've been selling the pancakes for "one-year plus" while steadily building up a base of regular customers.
All photos cannot be reproduced without permission from 8days.sg
1 of 13 What's in a pancake?
Malaysian Kueh Pulau Pinang, which translates to Penang cake in Malay (also called ban chang kueh in Hokkien and apam balik in Malay up north), isn't super different from Singaporean min jiang kueh or Indonesian martabak manis. They're essentially the same thing – a wheat flour-based, yeasted pancake fried in an iron pan, typically filled with sweet fillings and folded. The breakfast fave is believed to have originated in Fujian province, China, which could explain its popularity in Penang, where there are many Hokkien Chinese immigrants.
Recipes and stuffings differ slightly from stall to stall, and region to region. So too each pancake's thickness. Teo's take calls for flour, vanilla essence and baking soda – no eggs or yeast, like some typical min jiang kueh recipes. His pancakes are also petite individual-sized ones, as opposed to places like Granny's Pancakes or The Pancake Garden's massive min jiang kuehs that have to be sliced up.
"Back in the day, we always called it kueh pulau pinang, not apam balik or min jiang kueh. So that's what I put on my stall's sign," Ah Bee, who is Singaporean, shares.
2 of 13 Used to sell it in pasar malams since he was eight years old
The on-and-off hawker first started selling the kueh "when [he] was only eight years old." He adds: "My father brought me along to pasar malams [to hawk it]. He'd tell me to sell peanut pancakes while he went off to play with fighting fish," Ah Bee says in a mix of Teochew and Mandarin. "If I couldn't sell it all, cannot go home!"
Once he got older, he took the recipe - which first came from his father's friend - and began selling the pancakes for 35 cents apiece from a pushcart, with kerosene-fired griddles, in Ang Mo Kio. This was in the early '80s, after street vendors were housed in hawker centres, he says, which also meant his roving operation wasn't exactly legal. "You had to find a good location – someone will tip you off that [enforcement officers] are coming, and you've got to quickly push your cart away," he says. He also sold his pancakes for a while at various kopitiams in Yishun. "But the rent always got too high [if your business did well]," he shares.
3 of 13 Fit for his age
Apart from being a hawker, Ah Bee's worked a number of jobs, which includes repeated stints as a welder. He also practiced kung fu in his younger days – up to a "yellow belt", he says. He certainly looks the part – the senior hawker's black singlet reveals a pair of lean, sinewy arms, complete with solid biceps most gym bros would be envious of.
Most recently, he worked as a cleaner before becoming a hawker again – at the very kopitiam his stall's currently at. "Whatever can earn [me some] money, I'd do it," he says. "By working here, I got to know some customers and the landlord – I could see that the [shop] space was suitable."
His schedule isn't too gruelling, but "not everyone can do it", he says. He opens his stall at 6.30am, before closing by 1pm. He then returns home to prepare the next day's ingredients: frying peanuts (before grinding them) and cooking grated coconut with gula melaka. "Nowadays, people like to buy it from the factory," he says.
We ask if retirement's on the cards. "My customers won't let me retire. If I take an extra day off, they'll ask me the next day where I went. I'll work until I cannot move, then I'll stop," he says.
4 of 13 On dine-in restrictions: "finding customers was like fishing"
Unfortunately, the dine-in restrictions amid Phase 2 (HA) from May 17 to June 21 led to "pretty bad" business. "Finding customers then was like fishing. You're just sitting there hoping something would bite," he says.
Getting on delivery platforms, Ah Bee adds, wasn't even an option. "We sell one [pancake] for one dollar. We can only make money if they buy [many pancakes at one go]."
Now that dining-in restrictions have been eased (up to 2 pax), business has improved "by quite a lot." "A lot of people come for breakfast, drink kopi, and buy two or three to snack on," the hawker says. True enough, during 8days.sg's hour-long visit at 10am on a weekday morning, there was a constant stream of patrons ordering peanut pancakes.
5 of 13 No succession plans
It's unlikely that the hawker will find a successor to his kueh biz – or at least, one he deems worthy. "I can teach you, but you can't replicate the taste exactly," Ah Bee says. He attributes the taste in his pancakes to certain nuances learnt over the years, like keeping flour for a month to dry out before using it for crispier pancakes.
He's given a griddle pan to his 40-year-old son, Jason Teo, who's a regular serviceman in the Singapore Armed Forces, to try out cooking the pancakes for himself. "I can't quite get the same taste – I feel like there's flavour built up in [my father's] pans," admits Teo junior. His dad offers another explanation: "Not enough experience, and not enough skill," he says. Talk about tough love.
6 of 13 The menu
Kueh Pulau Pinang's menu is pretty simple, with three main fillings – peanut, coconut and red bean paste – as well as off-menu offerings like cheese, ham, corn or egg. You can get the fillings in any combination you'd like – each pancake starts at a dollar each. Adding cheese or an egg will raise the price to $1.30, while the most atas cheese-and-ham option will cost you $1.50.
This sort of mix-and-match is a little unusual for most min jiang kueh joints, as you're usually restricted to a single filling. We suspect it's 'cos these are cooked as individual portions, so it's easier to personalise each mini pancake.
Upon order, Ah Bee slaps a healthy chunk of margarine with his trusty bread knife onto the griddle before pouring in his batter. The corner of said knife is used to adjust the stove's settings while the hawker talks to his customers. Being a smallish pancake, it takes under a minute to cook – he then releases it from the pan with his knife, and slathers on your filling of choice.
7 of 13 Peanut pancake, $1 (8 DAYS Pick!)
This pancake has found a happy middle ground between wafer-thin versions and thicker, more cakey min jiang kuehs. Its exterior, slick from margarine, is well-browned and crispy – especially those lacy edges stuck to the sides of the pan – while the inside remains softly chewy. While we found the margarine comforting, its rather strong flavour might not be for everyone.
There's a good filling-to-dough ratio - the finely ground roasted peanuts are less sweet than usual and just lightly mixed with sugar, which allows the fragrance of the roasted nuts to shine.
8 of 13 Peanut and coconut pancake, $1
The modestly applied grated coconut filling isn't too sweet either. It's not the neon variety that's been cooked with orange sugar – it's fried with tastier gula melaka instead. The coconut skews dry and crunchy rather than juicy, and the lemak aroma is a little drowned out by the stronger peanut. We'd get it on its own next time.
9 of 13 Peanut and red bean pancake, $1
Ah Bee's been getting his red bean paste from the same supplier since his hawker days in Yishun about 25 years ago. The thick mouthfeel of the red bean is satisfying, but a tad too sweet - it overwhelms the shiok fragrance of the accompanying light sprinkle of peanuts.
10 of 13 Egg and corn, $1.30
The tinned, creamed corn provides some lusciousness in this version – though that might be our bias (after eating countless apam baliks during our trips to Penang). However, the egg, cooked though-and-through, is a little rubbery.
11 of 13 Cheese, ham and corn, $1.50 (8 DAYS Pick!)
A square of processed cheese, a slice of ham and canned corn. Doesn't sound like it should work on a pancake, but it does – the tang of the cheese is mellowed by the creamed corn's sweetness, and there's a savoury hit from the ham. Think of it as an Asian-style breakfast taco for just $1.50.
12 of 13 Bottom line
Fans of thick, pillowy min jiang kueh, look away. Kueh Pulau Pinang's mini pancakes are lighter, crunchy affairs with a comforting old-school touch. Is it Penang in style? Perhaps the use of margarine and creamed corn in some of its fillings, but otherwise it is a thinner min jiang kueh in all but name. Worth a visit for both the affordable, tasty pancakes and to chat with the cute couple running the stall.
13 of 13 The details
Kueh Pulau Pinang is at Yi Jia Food House, #02-01 982 Buangkok Crescent, S530982. Tel: 86203754. Open daily except Tues, 6.30am – 1pm.
Photos: Alvin Teo
kueh pulau pinang kueh cakes hawker hawker food peanut pancakes min jiang kueh peanut pancake apam balik ban chang kueh pancakes
8days Explore now


text:
Q: angular Subscription.add Method vs takeUntil What the better way to unsubscribe observable in your opinion? (Subscription.add or takeUntil).I think what Subscription.add better because for takeUntil need excess observable

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Get your pen and pencil out and join us for a close look at plants from far and near, inspired by Abel Rodriguez's work in the exhibition Gäa: Holistic Science And Wisdom Tradition. With Felicity's fun and quick-fire drawing exercises you will soon get the hang of it!
Felicity is a former museum cataloguer and curator who retrained as an illustrator. She is currently illustrating her first children's book inspired by a Cornish garden.
This workshop is suitable for 7 – 13 year olds.
£6, please book via Eventbrite.


The world is changing around us!
This new city in South Korea has marveled many with it's modern architectural design and landmarks. One of the things that make it smart is it's innovative garbage tactics. Here, you will never spot a trash truck. All wastes from households are sucked directly from the apartment kitchens through an underground network of tunnels that transport the waste to processing centres. Other highlights in the city include sensors for monitoring temperature, energy use, and traffic flow, and charging stations for electric cars.
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These are just only but a few of the most amazing initiatives that are already taking place worldwide. Considering their massive energy and time savings, it is only imaginable how efficient the world will be if such programs are implemented in every city around the world.


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At the Resource Centre we have a community print room that groups in Sussex can use to produce printed materials at low cost.
general information about black & white and colour printing at the Resource Centre.
See our Beginner's Guide to Printing for step by step guidance on design and printing.


all lined up, the way he likes 'em.
we really need to get him a puppy.
What Landon likes to do with my shoes. (We need a mudroom).
dining room - complete. 3 down, 6 to go.
Your little man is such a cutie! Looking at theses photos makes me so excited to be a mama.


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For a look back at Kyga's relationship, check out the gallery below!


text:
\section{Introduction and Motivation \label{sec:intro}}

Naturalness reasoning strongly suggests that beyond the Standard Model (BSM) CP-odd phases should exist.
The 1964 experiment at BNL by Christenson et al~\cite{Christenson:1964fg} showed for the first time that CP is not a
symmetry of nature. Therefore, any interaction that we write down that can be complex, allowing for CP violation to occur,
simply has to be complex since there is no symmetry that requires it to be real.

But to discern the effects of
new physics (NP) from that of the Standard Model (SM) requires precision both in experimental measurements as well as in
theoretical predictions from the SM. More often than not the latter task can be very challenging because of the
influence of non-perturbative effects of QCD on the relevant channels for $K$, $D$ or $B$ decays involved in direct CP
violation studies.
This explicitly manifests itself in the well-known  examples of $\epsilon'$ for
$K \to \pi \pi$~\cite{Abbott:2020hxn, Aebischer:2020jto, Cirigliano:2019ani},
$A_{CP}$ measurements in the four $B \to K, \pi$ modes~\cite{Zyla:2020zbs,Aaij:2020wnj}, and the more relevant example to this work, $\Delta A_{CP}$ in $D^0$ decays, where~\cite{Amhis:2019ckw, Aaij:2019kcg, BaBar:2007tfw, CDF:2012ous, LHCb:2014kcb, LHCb:2016csn, LHCb:2019hro}
\begin{align}
\Delta A_{CP} \approx \Delta a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}} &\equiv a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow K^+K^-) - a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^+\pi^-) \label{eq:DeltaACP}\\
&=-0.00161 \pm 0.00028\,,
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(f) &\equiv \frac{
|\mathcal{A}(D^0\rightarrow f) |^2 - |\mathcal{A}(\overline{D}^0\rightarrow f)|^2
}{
|\mathcal{A}(D^0\rightarrow f) |^2 + |\mathcal{A}(\overline{D}^0\rightarrow f)|^2
}\,.
\end{align}
Note that for charm decays to CP eigenstates the indirect contributions to CP violation $a_{CP}^{\mathrm{ind}}$  are universal to a very good approximation, and we can write the time-integrated CP asymmetry as~\cite{Grossman:2006jg}
\begin{align}
A_{CP} &\approx a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}} + a_{CP}^{\mathrm{ind}}\,, \label{eq:indirect} \\
a_{CP}^{\mathrm{ind}} &\equiv -\eta_f^{CP}\frac{y}{2} \left( \left|\frac{q}{p}\right| - \left|\frac{p}{q}\right| \right) \cos\phi +
		      \eta_f^{CP}\frac{x}{2} \left( \left|\frac{q}{p}\right| + \left|\frac{p}{q}\right| \right) \sin\phi\,,
\end{align}
with the weak mixing phase $\phi$ and using the standard notation for the mixing parameters~\cite{Grossman:2006jg}.
It follows that $a_{CP}^{\mathrm{ind}}$ cancels in the difference of CP asymmetries in Eq.~(\ref{eq:DeltaACP}).

Recently, LHCb and Belle also improved the precision of the measurement of the CP asymmetry of charm decays into neutral kaons, leading to the new average~\cite{Amhis:2019ckw, LHCb:2021rdn, Dash:2017heu, LHCb:2015ope, CLEO:2000opx}
\begin{align}
a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow K_SK_S) &= -0.019\pm 0.010\,,
\end{align}
bringing the measurement closer to a possible second observation of CP violation in the charm system~\cite{Nierste:2015zra}.

For the case at hand of $\Delta A_{CP}$, there are theoretical frameworks~\cite{Chala:2019fdb, Khodjamirian:2017zdu} which seem to suggest that the SM Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM)
paradigm cannot account for the value measured by LHCb whereas others, such as ours, seem to model non-perturbative
effects in such a way that no significant difference exists at present between the experimental measurements and their estimated value based on the SM.
After the measurement presented in Ref.~\cite{Aaij:2019kcg}, different theoretical interpretations have been brought forward~\cite{Grossman:2019xcj,Chala:2019fdb, Li:2019hho, Soni:2019xko, Cheng:2019ggx, Buras:2021rdg, Acaroglu:2021qae} (see for earlier works Refs.~\cite{Einhorn:1975fw, Abbott:1979fw,Golden:1989qx,  Brod:2012ud, Bhattacharya:2012ah, Franco:2012ck, Hiller:2012xm, Nierste:2017cua, Nierste:2015zra, Muller:2015rna, Grossman:2018ptn, Buccella:1994nf, Grossman:2006jg, Artuso:2008vf, Khodjamirian:2017zdu, Buccella:2013tya, Cheng:2012wr, Feldmann:2012js, Li:2012cfa, Atwood:2012ac, Grossman:2012ry, Buccella:2019kpn, Yu:2017oky, Brod:2011re,Pirtskhalava:2011va}). It is an open question if the observed amount of CP violation is to be interpreted as new physics or not.

Making precise theoretical predictions for the case of charm decays is particularly challenging because of the presence of many nearby resonances. These require a reliable non-perturbative framework. In recent  years lattice methods have made some progress in this regard and are starting to show
limited success~\cite{Johnson:2020ilc, Rendon:2020rtw, Fischer:2020fvl, Bruno:2020kyl},
but are not quite ready yet to tackle $\Delta A_{CP}$ for charm decays. Therefore, we have to resort to phenomenological models.

As is well known, singly-Cabibbo suppressed charm decays are dominated by tree operators.
Through rescattering, penguin contractions of tree operators are formed, which have a relative weak and strong phase with respect
to the tree amplitude, leading to a non-vanishing CP asymmetry~\cite{Brod:2012ud, Grossman:2019xcj}.
An exception is the decay $D^0\rightarrow K_SK_S$, where the dominant contribution to CP violation comes from the interference of SU(3)$_F$-breaking and SU(3)$_F$-leading exchange diagrams,~\emph{i.e.},~CP violation is even present for
vanishing penguin annihilation~\cite{Nierste:2015zra, Nierste:2017cua, Hiller:2012xm, Atwood:2012ac}.

In this paper, we work out a specific dynamical mechanism of charm CP violation, namely the possible enhancement of rescattering through scalar resonances close to the $D^0$ mass. The possible role of the scalar resonances for charm CP violation has recently been pointed out in Ref.~\cite{Soni:2019xko}. In Ref.~\cite{Soni:2019xko} only the impact of the $f_0(1710)$ resonance has been studied. Here, we study the implications of the picture of Ref.~\cite{Soni:2019xko} in more detail and take also the implications of the $f_0(1790)$ resonance into account, which is even closer to $m_{D^0}$.\footnote{Thus this work supersedes Ref.~\cite{Soni:2019xko}.} Note that the $f_0(1790)$ is not yet fully established and so far not listed in Ref.~\cite{Zyla:2020zbs}.
It has first been seen by BESII~\cite{Ablikim:2004wn}, and has also been seen by LHCb~\cite{Aaij:2014emv}.\footnote{Note however, that the $f_0(1790)$ resonance has not been seen in the analysis of CLEO data in Ref.~\cite{Dobbs:2015dwa}.}

As the masses of these resonances are close to $m_{D^0}$, their effect might be significant. It is therefore reasonable to investigate their role for CP violation further. Unfortunately, available experimental information on the $f_0(1790)$ resonance is rather sparse and this will limit our ability to be precise.

The role of resonances for nonleptonic charm decays has been studied
for a long time~\cite{Donoghue:1979fp, Lipkin:1980es, Sorensen:1981vu, Kamal:1988ub, Buccella:1990sp, Buccella:1992ym, Buccella:1996uy, Fajfer:1999hh, Rosner:1999xd, Gronau:1999zt, Cheng:2010ry, Fusheng:2011tw, Biswas:2015aaa, Gronau:2015zga}, including also corresponding implications for
CP violation \cite{Eilam:1991yv, Atwood:1994zm, Li:2012cfa, Li:2013xsa, Buccella:1992sg, Buccella:2013tya, Buccella:2019kpn, Dery:2021mll}. The possible impact of scalar resonances on charm CP violation has also been mentioned in Ref.~\cite{Khodjamirian:2017zdu}.
Resonances play a role in the discussion of
charm mixing, too~\cite{Falk:1999ts,Golowich:1998pz, Bergmann:2000id, Falk:2001hx, Falk:2004wg}.

Note that with CP asymmetries measured in more channels in the future, the CPT theorem might have important implications for
the interplay of CP violation with final state interactions between different decay channels that share the same quantum numbers, i.e.~which can rescatter into each other, see Refs.~\cite{Gerard:1988jj, Wolfenstein:1990ks, Gerard:1990ni, Atwood:1997iw, Atwood:2000tu, Atwood:2012ac, Zwicky:2007vv, Bediaga:2020qxg}.

\section{Isospin decomposition \label{sec:isospin}}

Employing the notation of Refs.~\cite{Muller:2015lua, Muller:2015rna}, we write the amplitudes of
singly-Cabibbo suppressed (SCS) decays as
\begin{align}
\mathcal{A} &= \lambda_{sd} A_{sd} - \frac{\lambda_b}{2} A_b\,, \label{eq:general-decomposition}
\end{align}
where we use the CKM matrix element combinations
\begin{align}
\lambda_{sd} &= \frac{\lambda_s-\lambda_d}{2}\,, \quad
\lambda_q     = V_{cq}^* V_{uq}\,.
\end{align}
The amplitudes are related to the branching ratio as
\begin{align}
\mathcal{B}(D\rightarrow P_1P_2) &= \vert \mathcal{A}\vert^2 \, \mathcal{P}\,,
\end{align}
with the phase space factor
\begin{align}
\mathcal{P} &=  \frac{\tau_D}{16\pi m_D^3} \sqrt{(m_D^2 - (m_{P_1} - m_{P_2})^2 )  ( m_D^2 - (m_{P_1} + m_{P_2})^2)}\,.
\end{align}
Note that the phase space has mass dimension $[\text{GeV}^{-2}]$, such that the amplitudes have mass dimension $[\text{GeV}]$.

In this notation the direct CP asymmetries of SCS decays are given as
\begin{align}
a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}} &= \frac{\vert\mathcal{A}\vert^2  - \vert \overline{\mathcal{A}}\vert^2
				}{
				\vert\mathcal{A}\vert^2  + \vert \overline{\mathcal{A}}\vert^2
				}
	= \mathrm{Im}\left(\frac{\lambda_b}{\lambda_{sd}}\right) \mathrm{Im}\left( \frac{A_b}{A_{sd}}\right)\,,
\end{align}
where~\cite{Zyla:2020zbs}
\begin{align}
\mathrm{Im}\left(\frac{\lambda_b}{\lambda_{sd}}\right) &= -0.00059\pm 0.00003\,.
\end{align}
In the following, we consider the impact of resonances with definite isospin quantum numbers. Therefore, we parametrize the SCS charm decays in terms of isospin matrix elements.
We adapt the notation from Refs.~\cite{Atwood:2012ac, Franco:2012ck} in such a way as to make the dependence on the CKM matrix elements explicit. In this way, the hadronic matrix elements have no absorbed CKM matrix elements and carry a strong phase only:
\begin{align}
\mathcal{A}(D^+\rightarrow \pi^+\pi^0) &= \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \lambda_{sd} A^{\pi\pi}_{\frac{3}{2}, 2}\,, \label{eq:isospin-first} \\
\mathcal{A}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^+\pi^-) &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \lambda_{sd} A_{\frac{3}{2},2}^{\pi\pi} +
				\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \left( \lambda_{sd} A^{\pi\pi}_{\frac{1}{2},0} -\frac{\lambda_b}{2} B^{\pi\pi}_{\frac{1}{2},0}  \right) \,, \\
\mathcal{A}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^0\pi^0) &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \lambda_{sd} A_{\frac{3}{2},2}^{\pi\pi} -
				\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \left( \lambda_{sd} A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi} - \frac{\lambda_b}{2} B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi} \right) \,,
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
-\sqrt{2} \mathcal{A}(D^+\rightarrow K^+K_S) &= -\frac{1}{2} \lambda_{sd} A_{\frac{3}{2},1}^{KK} +
			    \left( \lambda_{sd} A_{\frac{1}{2},1}^{KK} -\frac{\lambda_b}{2} B_{\frac{1}{2},1}^{KK}  \right)\,, \\
\mathcal{A}(D^0\rightarrow K^+K^-) &= \frac{1}{2} \lambda_{sd} A_{\frac{3}{2},1}^{KK} +
			    \frac{1}{2} \left( \lambda_{sd} A_{\frac{1}{2},1}^{KK} - \frac{\lambda_b}{2} B_{\frac{1}{2},1}^{KK} \right) +
			    \frac{1}{2} \left( \lambda_{sd} A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK} - \frac{\lambda_b}{2} B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}\right)\,,\\
-\sqrt{2} \mathcal{A}(D^0\rightarrow K_SK_S) &= \frac{1}{2} \lambda_{sd} A_{\frac{3}{2},1}^{KK} +
			    \frac{1}{2} \left( \lambda_{sd} A_{\frac{1}{2},1}^{KK} - \frac{\lambda_b}{2} B_{\frac{1}{2},1}^{KK}  \right) -
			    \frac{1}{2} \left( \lambda_{sd} A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK} - \frac{\lambda_b}{2} B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}  \right)\,. \label{eq:isospin-last}
\end{align}
Here, the superscripts of the hadronic matrix elements indicate the final state, the first subscript corresponds to the isospin of the operator in the Hamiltonian, and the second subscript indicates the isospin of the final state.
Note that the contribution of the $\Delta I=3/2$ Hamiltonian to the CKM-subleading amplitude $A_b$ is negligible in the SM~\cite{Grossman:2012eb, Franco:2012ck}.

Working in the isospin limit, we have \cite{Buccella:1992sg,Grossman:2012eb}
\begin{align}
a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^+\pi^0) &= 0\,, \label{eq:pipi-isospin-1}
\end{align}
and the sum rule~\cite{Kwong:1993ri, Grossman:2012eb,Atwood:2012ac}
\begin{align}
- \mathcal{A}(D^+\rightarrow \pi^+\pi^0) +
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}  \mathcal{A}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^+\pi^-) +
\mathcal{A}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^0\pi^0) = 0\,. \label{eq:pipi-isospin-2}
\end{align}
For the $D\rightarrow KK$ system there are no isospin relations analogous to Eqs.~(\ref{eq:pipi-isospin-1}) and (\ref{eq:pipi-isospin-2}).

As we are only sensitive to relative phases, we choose $A_{\frac{3}{2},2}^{\pi\pi}$ to be real and positive.
We employ therefore as real theory parameters of $D\rightarrow \pi\pi$:
\begin{align}
A_{\frac{3}{2},2}^{\pi\pi}\,,
\vert A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi}\vert\,,
\mathrm{arg}\left( A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi}\right),
\vert B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi}\vert\,,
\mathrm{arg}\left( B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi}\right).
\end{align}
Regarding the $D\rightarrow KK$ decays, we choose $A_{\frac{3}{2},1}^{KK}$ to be real and positive and employ the
real theory parameters
\begin{align}
 A_{\frac{3}{2},1}^{KK},\,
\vert A_{\frac{1}{2},1}^{KK}\vert,\,
\vert A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}\vert,\,
\mathrm{arg} \left( A_{\frac{1}{2},1}^{KK}\right),\,
\mathrm{arg} \left( A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}\right),\, \nonumber\\
 \vert B_{\frac{1}{2},1}^{KK}\vert,\,
\vert B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}\vert,
\mathrm{arg} \left( B_{\frac{1}{2},1}^{KK}\right),\,
\mathrm{arg} \left( B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}\right).
\end{align}
In our numerical analysis, we vary all strong phases in their complete range.

\section{Resonance Model \label{sec:resonance}}

On top of the isospin decomposition Eqs.~(\ref{eq:isospin-first})--(\ref{eq:isospin-last}), we make the following assumptions:
\begin{itemize}
\item The decay amplitudes to $I=0$ states
$A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi}$, $B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi}$, $A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}$, $B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}$ are dominated by scalar resonances, namely $f_0(1710)$ and/or $f_0(1790)$,
with quantum numbers $I=0$ and $J^{PC} = 0^{++}$.
\item The $I=1$ amplitudes are relatively suppressed:
\begin{align}
\left|\frac{A_{\frac{1}{2},1}^K}{A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^K}\right| &\lesssim 40\%\,, &
\left|\frac{A_{\frac{3}{2},1}^K}{A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^K}\right| &\lesssim 40\%\,, &
\left|\frac{B_{\frac{1}{2},1}^K}{B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^K}\right| &\lesssim 40\%\,, \label{eq:iso1-suppression}
\end{align}
reflecting the dominance of the scalar resonances.
\end{itemize}
In our numerical study we implement Eq.~(\ref{eq:iso1-suppression}) with a Gaussian error.
With more data, in the future the assumptions of our resonance model can be revisited and improved.

Our ansatz employs the strong effective couplings $g_{f_0PP'}$ of the resonance and the pseudoscalars, which we define through the equation
\begin{align}
\mathcal{B}(f_0\rightarrow PP') &\equiv g_{f_0 PP'}^2 \mathcal{P}(f_0\rightarrow PP')\,.
\end{align}
Furthermore, we define the hadronic matrix elements
\begin{align}
M_{f_0}^{sd} &\equiv \bra{f_0} \mathcal{O}^{\Delta I=1/2}_{sd}\ket{D^0}\,, \qquad
M_{f_0}^{b}  \equiv \bra{f_0} \mathcal{O}^{\Delta I=1/2}_{b}\ket{D^0}\,, \label{eq:hadronic-MEs}
\end{align}
where $\mathcal{O}_{sd}^{\Delta I=1/2}$ is the $\Delta I=1/2$ operator contributing to $A_{sd}$ and
$\mathcal{O}_{b}^{\Delta I=1/2}$ is the $\Delta I=1/2$ operator contributing to $A_{b}$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:general-decomposition}).

Due to the lack of precise data on the scalar resonances, including the hadronic matrix elements
Eq.~(\ref{eq:hadronic-MEs}), we consider three simplified scenarios:
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(1)] Dominance of $f_0(1710)$ only.
\item[(2)] Dominance of $f_0(1790)$ only.
\item[(3)] Contribution of both $f_0(1710)$ and $f_0(1790)$, but with the same hadronic matrix elements for both scalar $f_0$ resonances $M_{f_0}^{sd}$ and $M_{f_0}^{b}$.
\end{enumerate}
Our implementation of these scenarios does not depend on the details of the functional shape of the resonance
amplitude $R( m_{f_0}, \Gamma_{f_0}, m_{D^0})$. Specific examples can be found in
Refs.~\cite{Choi:1998yx,Fajfer:1999hh, Cheng:2002wu, Li:2019hho, Soni:2019xko, Li:2012cfa, Gronau:1999zt, Colangelo:2010bg, Ropertz:2018stk,Kou:2018nap}.
For scenario (1) and (2) our simplified resonance model ansatz reads:
\begin{align}
A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi} &= g_{f_0\pi\pi} M_{f_0}^{sd} R( m_{f_0}, \Gamma_{f_0}, m_{D^0})\,,  \label{eq:res-model-1} \\
B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi} &= g_{f_0\pi\pi} M_{f_0}^{b} R( m_{f_0}, \Gamma_{f_0}, m_{D^0})\,,  \label{eq:res-model-2} \\
A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}     &= g_{f_0KK} M_{f_0}^{sd}R( m_{f_0}, \Gamma_{f_0}, m_{D^0})\,,  \label{eq:res-model-3}\\
B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}     &= g_{f_0KK} M_{f_0}^{b}R( m_{f_0}, \Gamma_{f_0}, m_{D^0})\,. \label{eq:res-model-4}
\end{align}
In Eqs.~(\ref{eq:res-model-1})--(\ref{eq:res-model-4}), $f_0$ is either $f_0(1710)$ or $f_0(1790)$.
In scenario (3), we have
\begin{align}
A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi} &= M_{f_0}^{sd} \, R( g_{f_0(1710)\pi\pi}, g_{f_0(1790)\pi\pi}, m_{f_0(1710)}, \Gamma_{f_0(1710)},  m_{f_0(1790)}, \Gamma_{f_0(1790)},  m_{D^0} )\,, \label{eq:res-model-5} \\
B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi} &= M_{f_0}^{b} \, R( g_{f_0(1710)\pi\pi}, g_{f_0(1790)\pi\pi}, m_{f_0(1710)}, \Gamma_{f_0(1710)},  m_{f_0(1790)}, \Gamma_{f_0(1790)},  m_{D^0} ) \,,  \label{eq:res-model-6} \\
A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}    &=  M_{f_0}^{sd}\, R( g_{f_0(1710)KK}, g_{f_0(1790)KK}, m_{f_0(1710)}, \Gamma_{f_0(1710)},  m_{f_0(1790)}, \Gamma_{f_0(1790)},  m_{D^0} ) \,,  \label{eq:res-model-7}\\
B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}    &=  M_{f_0}^{b}\, R( g_{f_0(1710)KK}, g_{f_0(1790)KK}, m_{f_0(1710)}, \Gamma_{f_0(1710)},  m_{f_0(1790)}, \Gamma_{f_0(1790)},  m_{D^0} )\,, \label{eq:res-model-8}
\end{align}
where the $R$-function denotes now the unknown interference of the $f_0(1710)$ and $f_0(1790)$ resonances including
possible mixing effects. The data in Table~\ref{tab:resonances} indicates that the resonances $f_0(1710)$ and $f_0(1790)$ are
overlapping and therefore, in general, mixing between the scalar resonances takes place.

In all three simplified scenarios, we express four isospin amplitudes by two hadronic matrix elements, which are
defined in Eq.~(\ref{eq:hadronic-MEs}). It follows
\begin{align}
\frac{ A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi} }{ A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK} } &=
\frac{ B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi} }{ B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK} } \equiv r_{f_0}\,, \label{eq:amplitude-ratio}
\end{align}
where $r_{f_0}$ does not depend anymore on $M_{f_0}^{sd}$ or $M_{f_0}^b$.

In scenarios (1) and (2), we have
\begin{align}
\vert r_{f_0}\vert  &=  \left|\frac{g_{f_0\pi\pi} }{ g_{f_0KK} }\right|  = \sqrt{
		\frac{\mathcal{B}(  f_0 \rightarrow \pi\pi   )}{\mathcal{B}( f_0\rightarrow KK )}
		\frac{\mathcal{P}( f_0 \rightarrow KK )}{\mathcal{P}( f_0\rightarrow \pi\pi  )}
	}\,. \label{eq:resonance-ratio}
\end{align}
Only in scenario (1) we have experimental information on $\vert r_{f_0}\vert$, namely~\cite{Zyla:2020zbs}
\begin{align}
\frac{\mathcal{B}(f_0(1710)\rightarrow \pi\pi)}{\mathcal{B}(f_0(1710)\rightarrow KK)} &= 0.23\pm 0.05\,. \label{eq:ratio-1710}
\end{align}
Absolute branching ratios of $f_0(1710)$ or $f_0(1790)$ are not quoted by the PDG~\cite{Zyla:2020zbs}.
Clearly, any further experimental information would improve our results considerably.

Due to lack of experimental information, in scenarios (2) and (3) we leave $\vert r_{f_0}\vert$ unconstrained and extract the corresponding value needed in order to explain the charm decay data from our fit. In scenario (2) this leads to a prediction for the ratios of branching ratios to pions and kaons, analogous to Eq.~(\ref{eq:ratio-1710}), see Sec.~\ref{sec:predictions} below. In scenario~(3), the result can be interpreted with more information on the scalar resonances in the future.

In all three considered scenarios, from Eq.~(\ref{eq:amplitude-ratio}) it follows furthermore the following relation between the relevant strong phases:
\begin{align}
\mathrm{arg}(A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi}) - \mathrm{arg}(B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi})
=  \mathrm{arg}(A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}) - \mathrm{arg}(B_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{KK}) \,. \label{eq:resonance-phase}
\end{align}
Consequently, Eq.~(\ref{eq:amplitude-ratio}) eliminates altogether two absolute values and one phase. It
introduces a correlation between the $D\rightarrow \pi\pi$ and $D\rightarrow KK$ systems of decays which is absent in the plain isospin parametrization.

We stress that for the implementation of the resonance models we employ
Eqs.~(\ref{eq:amplitude-ratio}, \ref{eq:resonance-phase}) only, i.e. we do not use a specific resonance shape.
However, we emphasize also that nevertheless we are considering simplified scenarios only,
which are most probably a rough approximation
of physical reality. The reason for considering the simplified scenarios is that, as long as the
hadronic matrix elements  $M_{f_0}^{sd}$ and $M_{f_0}^{b}$ are unknown, a complete general two-resonance model
would not lead to a reduction of complexity. The four $I=0$ amplitudes would then be merely replaced by four unknown hadronic matrix elements of the resonances and the $D^0$ meson, amounting to a fit that is equivalent to the plain isospin fit.

Since the mass region near the charm meson mass is known from lattice studies to be very rich in gluonic content~\cite{MP99} through non-perturbative
effects we should expect this to become a source for large breaking of SU(3)$_F$ or for that matter $U$-spin~\cite{CS84}.
Thus this should help us understand the large breaking of SU(3)$_F$ seen in experiments since a long time ago; for example in the ratio of branching ratios for $D^0 \to K^+K^-$ versus $D^0 \to \pi^+ \pi^-$~\cite{Zyla:2020zbs}. Moreover, this characteristic of large SU(3)$_F$ breaking is also displayed in the decays of the two scalar resonances under study in this work.

\section{Numerical Results \label{sec:predictions}}

\subsection{Input Data}

The employed numerical input is summarized in Tables~\ref{tab:resonances} and \ref{tab:numericalinput}.
We calculate the direct CP asymmetries from the time-integrated ones according to Eq.~(\ref{eq:indirect}),
using the HFLAV average of indirect charm CP violation~\cite{Amhis:2019ckw, BaBar:2012bho, CDF:2014wyb, LHCb:2015xyd, Belle:2015etc, LHCb:2017ejh, Aaij:2019kcg, BaBar:2007tfw, CDF:2012ous, LHCb:2014kcb, LHCb:2016csn, LHCb:2019hro}
\begin{align}
a_{CP}^{\mathrm{ind}} &= -0.00010\pm 0.00012\,. \label{eq:indirect-charm-CPV}
\end{align}
The current world average of time-integrated CP violation in $D^0\rightarrow K_SK_S$ is given as
$A_{CP}(D^0\rightarrow K_SK_S) = -0.019\pm 0.010$~\cite{LHCb:2021rdn, Dash:2017heu, LHCb:2015ope, CLEO:2000opx}.
Compared to that we neglect charm and kaon indirect CP violation and
use the approximation
$A_{CP}(D^0\rightarrow K_SK_S) \approx a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow K_SK_S)$.
The branching ratio input is taken from Ref.~\cite{Zyla:2020zbs}.
We do not take into account experimental correlations between CP asymmetries or branching ratios.
For example, once the LHCb~Run~1 measurement of $A_{CP}(D^0\rightarrow K^+K^-)$ provided in Ref.~\cite{LHCb:2016nxk} is updated in the future, it is desirable to include the corresponding correlation with the LHCb Run~1+2 result for $\Delta A_{CP}$~\cite{Aaij:2019kcg}.

\begin{table}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c|c|c}
\hline \hline
Resonance                       &  $I^G(J^{PC})$ & mass $m$ [MeV]      & $\Gamma$ [MeV]     & Ref.   \\\hline
$f_0(1710)$                     &  $0^+(0^{++})$ & $1704\pm 12$        & $123\pm 18$        & \cite{Zyla:2020zbs} \\
$f_0(1790)$                     &  $0^+(0^{++})$ & $1790^{+40}_{-30}$  & $270^{+60}_{-30}$  & \cite{Aaij:2014emv, Ablikim:2004wn} \\\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Employed experimental data for scalar unflavored resonances close to the $D^0$ mass.
\label{tab:resonances}}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c}
\hline \hline
Observable        &    Input       & Ref.  \\\hline
$\Delta a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}$   & $-0.00161\pm 0.00028$   & \cite{Amhis:2019ckw, Aaij:2019kcg, BaBar:2007tfw, CDF:2012ous, LHCb:2014kcb, LHCb:2016csn, LHCb:2019hro}  \\
$a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^+\pi^-)$ & $ 0.005\pm 0.005$  & \cite{Belle:2008ddg, CLEO:2001lgl, FOCUS:2000ejh, E791:1997txw} \\
$a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^0\pi^0)$ & $-0.0002 \pm 0.006$  &  \cite{Belle:2014evd, CLEO:2000opx}   \\
$a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow K^+K^-)$     & $0.000 \pm 0.001$  &  \cite{LHCb:2016nxk, Belle:2008ddg, CLEO:2001lgl, FOCUS:2000ejh, E791:1997txw}   \\
$a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^+\rightarrow K^+K_S)$     &  $-0.0001 \pm 0.0007$     &  \cite{LHCb:2019dwr, BaBar:2012wep, Belle:2012ygx}  \\
$a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow K_SK_S)$     &  $-0.019 \pm 0.010$    & \cite{LHCb:2021rdn, Dash:2017heu, LHCb:2015ope, CLEO:2000opx}   \\\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Numerical input for direct CP asymmetries from experiment.
In order to avoid double counting of data, we only use input for the single CP asymmetries
$a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^+\pi^-)$ and $a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow K^+K^-)$
which are not included in the HFLAV  average for $\Delta a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}$, or where the corresponding
correlation is small, namely for the LHCb Run~1 measurement of $A_{CP}(D^0\rightarrow K^+K^-)$ given in Ref.~\cite{LHCb:2016nxk}.
Note that for this reason we do not include the result of Ref.~\cite{LHCb:2016nxk} for $A_{CP}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^+\pi^-)$.
In these cases we calculate our own corresponding averages neglecting any correlations.
\label{tab:numericalinput}}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\subsection{Fit results}

\begin{table}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c|c|c}
\hline \hline
Scenario       &
Involved resonances &
dof &
$\Delta \chi^2$ &
Rejection/compatibility \\\hline
(1) & only $f_0(1710)$  & 3 & $\Delta \chi^2_{\mathrm{min}} = 62.5$ & $7.4\sigma$ \\
(2) & only $f_0(1790)$  & 2 & $\Delta \chi^2_{\mathrm{min}} = 3.6$ & $1.4\sigma$ \\
(3) & $f_0(1710)$ and $f_0(1790)$ & 2 & $\Delta \chi^2_{\mathrm{min}} = 3.6$ & $1.4\sigma$ \\\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Results of the likelihood ratio tests of the simplified scenarios of the resonance model compared to the null hypothesis, which is the plain isospin fit. Due to the lack of $f_0(1790)$ branching ratio data, scenarios (2) and (3) are equivalent and give identical results. Both scenarios (2) and (3) are compatible with the data at $1.4\sigma$, whereas scenario (1) is rejected at $7.4\sigma$.
\label{tab:scenario-tests}}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c}
\hline \hline
Observable        &
Isospin &
Scalar resonance model \\\hline
$\Delta a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}$
	& $ -0.0016\pm 0.0003$
	& $ -0.0016\pm 0.0003$
	\\
$a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^+\pi^-)$
	& $ 0.002 \pm 0.001$
	& $ 0.002 \pm 0.001$
	 \\
$a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow K^+K^-)$
	& $ 0.000\pm 0.001$
	& $ 0.0002^{+0.0009}_{-0.0010}$\\
$a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^0\pi^0)$
	&  $ 0.000\pm 0.006$
	&  $-0.005\pm 0.003$
	 \\
$a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^+\rightarrow K^+K_S)$
	& $ -0.0001\pm 0.0007$
	& $ -0.0001\pm 0.0007$
	 \\
$a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow K_SK_S)$
	& $ -0.019\pm 0.010$
	& $ -0.015^{+0.009}_{-0.010}$
	\\\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Theory results in the plain isospin fit as well as in the resonance model, for the simplified scenarios (2) and (3),  which give identical results. Scenario~(1) is excluded by experimental data and therefore not shown.
\label{tab:numericaloutput}}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{plot.pdf}
\caption{Comparison of input data (blue), see Table~\ref{tab:numericalinput}, plain isospin fit (green) and the resonance model (red) in case of the simplified scenarios (2) and (3), which give identical results. Shown are the central values and respective $1\sigma$ error bars.
The simplified scenario (1) is excluded and therefore not shown, because in this scenario Eqs.~(\ref{eq:amplitude-ratio})--(\ref{eq:ratio-1710}) are incompatible with the charm decay data.}
\label{fig:plot}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

For the model-independent plain isospin fit of Eqs.~(\ref{eq:isospin-first})--(\ref{eq:isospin-last}) we obtain the global minimum $\chi^2_{\mathrm{min}} = 0.4$.
We extract in this fit scenario the charm $\Delta I=1/2$ rule, i.e.~the ratio of
$\Delta I=1/2$ over $\Delta I=3/2$ matrix elements, as
\begin{align}
\left| \frac{
		A_{\frac{1}{2},0}^{\pi\pi}
	}{
		A_{\frac{3}{2},2}^{\pi\pi}
	} \right| = 2.44\pm 0.04\,, \label{eq:DeltaI12-rule}
\end{align}
in agreement with extractions in Refs.~\cite{Franco:2012ck, CLEO:2005mti}.

From the perspective of the resonance model, Eq.~(\ref{eq:DeltaI12-rule}) reflects the
dominance of charm decays by scalar resonances close to the $D^0$ mass.
The scalar resonance models are implemented by imposing Eqs.~(\ref{eq:amplitude-ratio}, \ref{eq:resonance-phase}) on the isospin fit. Thereby, the resonance models implicitly include an assumption about the mechanism of SU(3)$_F$ breaking.
The relative degrees of freedom of the resonance models compared to the plain isospin fit, \emph{i.e.},~the number of parameters fixed through Eqs.~(\ref{eq:amplitude-ratio}, \ref{eq:resonance-phase}), is $\nu=3$ in scenario (1), and $\nu=2$ for scenarios (2) and (3), as in these scenarios the ratio $r_{f_0}$ is left unconstrained.

The results of the likelihood ratio tests of the three scenarios compared to the null hypothesis, which is the
plain isospin fit, are shown in Table~\ref{tab:scenario-tests}.
The model based solely on the $f_0(1710)$ is excluded at $7.4\sigma$.
The scenarios including only the $f_0(1790)$ and both $f_0(1710)$ and $f_0(1790)$, are currently both a viable
description of the data.
Note however, that this is mainly because in case of the $f_0(1710)$ we have a measurement of the ratio of branching ratios
Eq.~(\ref{eq:ratio-1710}), which is not the case for the $f_0(1790)$ resonance.

In scenario (3), i.e.~when combining $f_0(1790)$ and $f_0(1710)$, we obtain
\begin{align}
\vert r_{f_0}\vert &= 0.74^{+0.06}_{-0.02}\,, \label{eq:rf0-sc3}
\end{align}
with $r_{f_0}$ defined in Eq.~(\ref{eq:amplitude-ratio}).
Note that the limit $\vert r_{f_0}\vert = 1$ corresponds to no SU(3)$_F$-breaking between the $I=0$ amplitudes.
Therefore, Eq.~(\ref{eq:rf0-sc3}) implies SU(3)$_F$-breaking of $\sim 30\%$, in agreement with
model-independent studies~\cite{Hiller:2012xm, Muller:2015lua}.
The further interpretation of Eq.~(\ref{eq:rf0-sc3}) depends on the details of the considered resonance model.

In scenario (2), i.e.~the model based on the $f_0(1790)$ resonance only, we can predict the ratio of branching ratios to pions and kaons needed in order to explain the charm decay data. We obtain
\begin{align}
\frac{\mathcal{B}(f_0(1790)\rightarrow \pi\pi)}{\mathcal{B}(f_0(1790)\rightarrow KK)} &=  0.65^{+0.12}_{-0.04}\,. \label{eq:ratio-prediction}
\end{align}
More branching ratio data for the $f_0(1790)$ resonance could in principle easily challenge scenario (2).
In the literature, we find only the qualitative observation, that $f_0(1790)\rightarrow  KK$ decays are relatively suppressed compared to $f_0(1790)\rightarrow \pi\pi$~\cite{Ablikim:2004wn}. If confirmed, this could possibly lead to the exclusion of scenario (2) and make more complicated scenarios necessary, such as scenario (3).
We encourage dedicated measurements of the branching ratios of the $f_0(1790)$ resonance in order to test our model.

In Table~\ref{tab:numericaloutput} and Fig.~\ref{fig:plot} we show our theory results for the CP asymmetries
obtained from the isospin fit and the resonance model in scenarios (2) and (3), compared to the input data.
The isospin fit basically just reproduces the data.
As in both scenarios (2) and (3) the ratio $r_{f_0}$ is unknown, these two scenarios give currently identical results.
We obtain nontrivial theory results especially
in case of the decays $D^0\rightarrow K_SK_S$ and $D^0\rightarrow \pi^0\pi^0$. Notably we predict
the sign of $a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^0\pi^0)$ to be negative.
Furthermore, the resonance model seems to indicate that out of the final states of $D$ decays (see Table~\ref{tab:numericaloutput}) that we are considering, $a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow K_SK_S)$ is the largest CP asymmetry, in agreement with the tendency seen in model-independent predictions~\cite{Atwood:2012ac,Nierste:2015zra}, followed by $a_{CP}^{\mathrm{dir}}(D^0\rightarrow \pi^0\pi^0)$.

Note that due to the presence of resonances, in our model deviations from the $U$-spin symmetry are possible.
Due to the large uncertainties regarding the information about the scalar resonances, the theoretical results are currently very broad.
Still, with more precise CP asymmetry measurements, as well as with branching ratio measurements of the scalar resonances, in the future it will become feasible to test the model directly from data, and to distinguish it from other approaches.

\section{Conclusions \label{sec:conclusions}}

Modelling the $KK$--$\pi\pi$ rescattering in charm decays with scalar resonances close to the neutral charm meson mass,
we can reasonably well account for the recently measured charm CP violation within the Standard Model.
Thus, from the perspective of this resonance model there does not seem to be a compelling need for new physics at this time.
Our theory results for further charm CP asymmetries make it possible to test our proposed dynamical mechanism with
future measurements. More experimental information on the scalar $f_0$ resonances will
improve the theoretical results for charm CP violation.
In particular, it is extremely important to measure their branching ratios to $KK$ and $\pi\pi$ modes as precisely as possible.
Lattice studies in the charm region should also help.
We strongly encourage experimentalists to measure all CP asymmetries of singly-Cabibbo suppressed charm decays in order to test
the different theoretical scenarios being proposed and to search for new physics.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank Avital Dery, Marco Gersabeck, Tim Gershon, Yuval Grossman, Alexander Lenz, Michael Morello, Ulrich Nierste, Tommaso Pajero, Aleksey Rusov and Sheldon Stone
for discussions. We also want to thank Sheldon Stone for pointing out the resonance $f_0(1790)$.
S.S. is supported by a Stephen Hawking Fellowship from UKRI under reference EP/T01623X/1 and the Lancaster-Manchester-Sheffield Consortium for Fundamental Physics, under STFC research grant ST/T001038/1.
The work of A.S.~is supported in part by the US DOE Contract No. DE-SC 0012704.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
<?php

namespace Pho\Framework;

/**
 * The Frame Particle
 *
 * At its core, Frame is a graph, or more specifically, a subgraph.
 * It extends the Pho\Lib\Graph\SubGraph class, which is a regular node,
 * as well as a Graph (by way of using the Pho\Lib\Graph\ClusterTrait)
 * both at the same time. It implements both Pho\Lib\Graph\GraphInterface
 * and Pho\Lib\Graph\NodeInterface. In order to prevent
 * any confusions with Pho\Lib\Graph's nomenclature, this class is called
 * Frame instead.
 *
 * In contrast to other particles, Frame doesn't contain edges but
 * its **"contains"** method acts similarly to an edge.
 *
 * @author Emre Sokullu <emre@phonetworks.org>
 */
class Graph extends \Pho\Lib\Graph\SubGraph implements ParticleInterface, ContextInterface
{

    use ParticleTrait;

    /**
     * ID generator is now Framework's own ID class
     *
     * @var string
     */
    protected $id_generator = ID::class;

    /**
     * Don't delete actors when the subgraph is deleted
     * Always!
     *
     * @var boolean
     */
    protected $no_member_deletion = true; // always

    public function __construct(Actor $creator, ContextInterface $context)
    {
        parent::__construct($context);
        $this->creator = $creator;
        $this->creator_id = (string) $creator->id();
        $this
            ->addEdges("incoming", ActorOut\Write::class)
            ->initializeParticle();
    }

     /**
      * {@inheritdoc}
      */
    public function in(ContextInterface $context): bool
    {
        /*
        // would speed up, but not good for testing.
        if($context instanceof Space)
            return true;
        */
        $members = $context->members();
        foreach($members as $member) {
            if($member instanceof Graph) {
                if($member->id() == $this->id()) {
                    return true;
                }
                else {
                    if($this->in($member)) {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home / Travel Guides - Columbus / Columbus Sports And Recreation
columbus sports and recreation
HotelsAttractionsRestaurantsCampgrounds
IntroductionIn DepthWhat to Do in ColumbusOne Day in ColumbusBest Restaurants in ColumbusBest Attractions in ColumbusColumbus in 3 DaysColumbus Travel with KidsGAMBLING ESTABLISHMENTSRecreational ActivitiesColumbus SightseeingColumbus Sports and RecreationShopping in ColumbusColumbus NightlifeColumbus Performing ArtsColumbus EventsA Knight in Khaki Armor
Columbus Sports and RecreationColumbus does not lack sports enthusiasts. The Ohio State University football commands the attention of the city on autumn Saturdays; tailgate parties, Buckeye banners and 100,000 fervent fans color horseshoe-shaped Ohio Stadium scarlet and gray with excitement. Ohio State also fields competitive basketball and ice hockey teams. For information contact the OSU ticket office in the Jerome Schottenstein Center at 555 Borror Dr.; phone (614) 292-2624 or (800) 462-8257.
The Columbus Blue Jackets, (614) 246-7825, play NHL hockey at the Nationwide Arena at 200 W. Nationwide Blvd. Two hours before each match, 250 $10 tickets are released to the public at the box office.
The Columbus Crew, (614) 447-2739, plays major league soccer at the MAPFRE Stadium at the Ohio State Expo Center. The Ohio Machine plays major league lacrosse at Panther Stadium at Ohio Dominican University.
Baseball is also a popular spectator sport in Columbus. The Columbus Clippers, the Cleveland Guardians Triple A minor league affiliate, is part of the International League. Games are held downtown at Huntington Park; phone (614) 462-5250 or (614) 462-2757 for ticket information.
Horse racing fans have a variety of tracks and styles from which to choose. Harness racing is held May to mid-September at Eldorado Scioto Downs, (614) 295-4700, 6000 S. High St. The biggest pacing event of the year, the Little Brown Jug, is held the third Thursday after Labor Day at the Delaware County Fairgrounds.
Note: Policies vary concerning admittance of children to pari-mutuel betting facilities. Phone for information.
For racing fans who demand more horsepower, stock car racing is held Saturday nights at 7 p.m. during the summer at the Columbus Motor Speedway, (614) 491-1047, at 1845 Williams Rd. Drag racing excitement revs engines May through October at National Trail Raceway, 2650 National Rd. S.W. in nearby Hebron; phone (740) 928-5706.
Columbus offers an abundance of public golf courses, including Blacklick Woods, (614) 861-3193, 7309 E. Livingston Ave. in Reynoldsburg; Raymond Memorial, (614) 645-3276, 3860 Trabue Rd.; and Thorn Apple Country Club, (614) 878-7703, 1051 Alton Darby Creek Rd. in Galloway.
The Memorial Tournament, a 4-day professional golf competition, is held at the end of May or early June at Muirfield Village, a course in Dublin designed by Columbus native Jack Nicklaus; phone (614) 889-6712.
Columbus operates an extensive park system with miles of trails for bicyclists and joggers. One of the most scenic routes takes bicyclists 8 miles along the Olentangy River. Columbus hosts the Columbus Marathon in October and other long-distance running events throughout the year.
The Scioto Mile, running along the riverfront between the Arena District and the Whittier Peninsula, offers more than 145 acres of park space. Visitors can walk along the promenade for great views. There also are fountains, gardens, swings and benches.
Tennis courts are abundant in Columbus, with more than 140 run by the city and numerous others at local colleges and high schools. Phone Columbus' Department of Recreation and Parks at (614) 645-3300 for details.
Despite its moderate climate, Columbus is within about an hour's drive of several popular skiing areas. Snow Trails, (419) 774-9818, is 60 miles northeast near Mansfield and is considered to be Ohio's first ski area. Mad River Mountain, (937) 599-1015, or (800) 231-7669 outside Ohio, about 40 miles northwest in Zanesfield, is a large resort with night skiing.
What to Do in Columbus
One Day in Columbus
Best Restaurants in Columbus
Best Attractions in Columbus
Columbus in 3 Days
Columbus Travel with Kids
GAMBLING ESTABLISHMENTS
Columbus Sightseeing
Shopping in Columbus
Columbus Nightlife
Columbus Performing Arts
Columbus Events
A Knight in Khaki Armor
ColumbusHotels
ColumbusAttractions
ColumbusRestaurants
ColumbusCampgrounds
Holiday Inn Express Ohio Expo Center
701 E Hudson St. Columbus, OH 43211
SpringHill Suites by Marriott Columbus Easton Area
4048 Morse Rd. Columbus, OH 43230
Hampton Inn & Suites New Albany Columbus
5220 Forest Dr. New Albany, OH 43054
Save 5% or more when booking AAA/CAA rates plus earn bonus points with the AAA Preferred™ BWR Program
Best Western Port Columbus
1450 Airpointe Dr. Columbus, OH 43219
Columbus has a sales tax of 7.5 percent and a lodging tax of 10 percent. There is an 11 percent concession fee on rental cars picked up at Port Columbus International Airport.
Fire (non-emergency)
Time and Temperature
Doctors Hospital, (614) 544-1000; Grant Medical Center, (614) 566-9000; Mount Carmel Medical Center (Mount Carmel West Hospital), (614) 234-5000; The Ohio State University Hospital East, (614) 257-3000; The Ohio State University Medical Center, (614) 293-8300; Riverside Methodist Hospital, (614) 566-5000.
277 W. Nationwide Blvd. Suite 125 Columbus, OH 43215. Phone:(614)221-6623 or (800)354-2657
Port Columbus International Airport
Hertz offers discounts to AAA members; phone (614) 239-1084 or (800) 654-3080.
Greyhound Lines Inc., (614) 228-2266 or (800) 231-2222, 111 E. Town St. between S. 3rd and S. 4th streets, serves Columbus.
Yellow Cab, (614) 444-4444, is the largest cab company. Fixed fares are $3 base rate, $4.50 for the first mile, 45c for each additional 2/9 mile and $2.25 for each mile outside Franklin County. A $3 surcharge is added for fares originating at the airport.
Central Ohio Transit Authority (COTA) provides bus transportation throughout the city and suburbs Mon.-Fri. 5:30 a.m.-11:45 p.m., Sat. 6 a.m.-10 p.m., Sun. 8-7. The basic fare is $2, express fare is $2.75 and transfers are free. Multiday passes and reduced rates for children and senior citizens are available. Passengers must have exact change.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I mentored Marti back in the day, and I get such a kick out of the fact that in this session she's teaching me. Don't you love it? Wait until you see what a delicious lesson it is!
Marti has unique gifts as an educator. Not only does she have a master's in Functional Nutrition, but she has an innate sense of how to be very creative about getting somebody to eat who can't. She has dedicated much of her career to working with people who, because of illness, need to be re-connected to food.
In this Soup Session video, she tells the story of a 11-year-old girl who due to illness was struggling with her appetite and getting nourishment into her body. Marti calculated she could eat soup, but it would have to be a blended soup, and that she'd need robust flavor to keep her interested.
Marti is extraordinarily creative about concocting things — the mark of a really great cook! Expect the unexpected as Marti walks us through her intuitive thought process and intriguing culinary solutions to the challenging puzzle of how to nourish this young girl. She infuses this soup with as much flavor as possible because she needs her to eat!
Like a musician creating a song, in cooking for this girl, Marti is conjuring something unique to nourish and heal her. It makes me want to cry, actually. Watch and listen to how she does it!
And, by the way, the soup was just addicting. I couldn't stop eating it!
What an honor to have her in my kitchen! She is a bright light in the world of food and healing.
Enjoy Marti's TED talk, Intuition in the kitchen.
SOUP CAN BE A VERY EFFECTIVE BRIDGE TO HELP SOMEONE EAT, EVEN WHEN CHALLENGED! USE YOUR CREATIVE LICENSE TO DIAL UP FLAVORS AND TEXTURES THAT WILL WORK BEST TO ENCHANT YOUR LOVED ONE TO CONNECT WITH FOOD. SOUP IS LOVE!
Older Post5 Ways to Make Your Favorite Soup Even Better — and 5 soups to try!


text:
Police Return To Club After Body Find
Detectives investigating the death of a young man say they have had a good response after returning to a nightclub where he was involved in a fight hours before he was found dead.
The body of Robert Fleming, 21, was discovered at his home in Lammermuir Road, Kilmarnock, at about 2pm on Sunday February 7.
Police have established he was involved in an altercation outside Baker's nightclub in John Finnie Street in the East Ayrshire town at about 1am that day.
He then made his way home, where he was later found dead.
Officers spoke to more than 50 people after returning to the scene one week on from Mr Fleming's death.
They were in John Finnie Street between 11pm on Saturday and 2am on Sunday to speak to revellers and passing motorists.
Detective Chief Inspector Allan Burton, from Police Scotland's major investigations team, said: "Officers spoke with over 50 people in an effort to identify potential witnesses.
"We are thankful to those members of the public who took the time to speak with officers to help us achieve the full picture of the circumstances surrounding his death.
"It is possible that as we follow up on the information provided to us by members of the public, officers will determine new lines of enquiry which will be of assistance in our investigation.
"We will continue to progress all lines of enquiry and we continue to seek the assistance of the public.''


text:
"One of theatre's most important voices." — Maclean's
George F. Walker is one of Canada's most prolific and popular playwrights.
Since beginning his theatre career in the early 1970s, Walker has written more than 30 plays and has created screenplays for several award-winning Canadian television series. Part Kafka, part Lewis Carroll, Walker's distinctive, gritty, fast-paced tragicomedies illuminate and satirize the selfishness, greed, and aggression of contemporary urban culture. Since the early 1980s he has directed most of the premieres of his own plays. Walker's plays have been presented in more than 700 productions across Canada, the United States, and around the world; they have been translated into French, German, Hebrew, Turkish, Polish, Hungarian, Romanian, Spanish, Portuguese, Czech, and Japanese.
For more information on rights etc. please contact Great North Artists at: renazimmerman@gnaminc.com
Publisher: Talon Press kevin@talonbooks.com
© George F. Walker, 2016


text:
De gerechtsdeskundige is in de rechtspraak en rechtsleer, door zijn kunde, in feite een getuige-deskundige. Hij is gespecialiseerd in een bepaald domein (bijvoorbeeld gerechtelijke geneeskunde, psychiatrie, ballistiek, informatica enz.) en de vaststellingen die hij tijdens zijn deskundigenonderzoek doet, hebben een authentieke bewijswaarde. De deskundige wordt gevraagd uitspraak te doen over een technisch aspect van de zaak, hij mag geen juridische gevolgtrekkingen maken uit zijn vaststellingen. Dit is het principe van techniciteit.

België
In België is de gerechtsdeskundige een door de minister van Justitie benoemde deskundige die is opgenomen in het nationaal register voor gerechtsdeskundigen. Derhalve zijn gerechtsdeskundigen gerechtigd de titel van gerechtsdeskundige te dragen en bevoegd om gerechtelijke deskundigenopdrachten te aanvaarden en uit te voeren.

Kandidatuur
De kandidaat die voldoet aan de in artikel 991quater van het Gerechtelijk Wetboek gestelde voorwaarden om opgenomen te worden in het nationaal register (het zijn er 8), legt een mondelinge eed af. Dit doet hij bij de eerste voorzitter van het hof van beroep van het rechtsgebied waar hij zijn gerechtsdeskundige beroepsactiviteit uitoefent. Wordt de beroepsactiviteit uitgeoefend binnen een vennootschap, dan wordt de eed afgelegd in het rechtsgebied van de maatschappelijke zetel of van de hoofdplaats van vestiging van de vennootschap. De eed geldt voor alle opdrachten die nadien aan de betrokkene in zijn hoedanigheid van gerechtsdeskundige zullen worden toevertrouwd en luidt respectievelijk in het Nederlands, Frans en Duits als volgt:
"Ik zweer dat ik mijn opdracht in eer en geweten, nauwgezet en eerlijk zal vervullen."
"Je jure que je remplirai ma mission en honneur et conscience, avec exactitude et probité"
"Ich schwöre, dass ich den mir erteilten Auftrag auf Ehre und Gewissen genau und ehrlich erfüllen werde".

Het afleggen van deze eed is voorgeschreven op straffe van nietigheid.

Strafzaken
In strafzaken wordt aangenomen dat de procureur des Konings, de onderzoeksrechter en de onderzoeksgerechten (raadkamer en kamer van inbeschuldigingstelling) bevoegd zijn een gerechtsdeskundige aan te stellen om een deskundigenonderzoek te voeren in een bepaalde zaak.

Artikel 646 (het laatste artikel) van het Wetboek van Strafvordering, ingevoerd bij de Wet van 10 april 2014 tot wijziging van verschillende bepalingen met het oog op de oprichting van het nationaal register voor gerechtsdeskundigen, bepaalt dat de artikelen 991ter tot en met 991undecies van het Gerechtelijk Wetboek van toepassing zijn op gerechtsdeskundigen in strafzaken.

De artikelen 962 en volgende van het Gerechtelijk Wetboek zijn echter niet van toepassing op het deskundigenonderzoek dat tijdens het vooronderzoek (gerechtelijk of opsporings) bevolen is.

Deskundigenverslag
Het deskundigenverslag is het document dat de vaststellingen van de gerechtsdeskundige tijdens zijn deskundigenonderzoek vastlegt. Het deskundigenonderzoek gevoerd tijdens het vooronderzoek is ontegensprekelijk uitgevoerd. Dit houdt evenwel geen schending van artikel 6.1 EVRM (recht op tegenspraak) in, aangezien de partijen het deskundigenonderzoek vrij kunnen bespreken tijdens de debatten ter terechtzitting voor de rechter. Het deskundigenonderzoek gevoerd tijdens het vooronderzoek is dus niet-tegensprekelijk uitgevoerd (het vooronderzoek is immers geheim), maar de partijen kunnen het wél tegenspreken.

Is het deskundigenonderzoek gevoerd tijdens de fase van de terechtzitting, dan is het wel tegensprekelijk uitgevoerd. Indien dit niet zo is, is art. 6.1 EVRM geschonden (volgens het Grondwettelijk Hof). Het Hof van Cassatie sluit zich aan bij deze redenering, in zoverre het gaat over burgerlijke belangen en niet uitsluitend over de strafvordering.

Het deskundigenverslag bestaat enerzijds uit de feitelijke vaststellingen van de gerechtsdeskundige en zijn advies (~conclusie) anderzijds. De feitelijke vaststellingen genieten van een authentieke bewijswaarde, het advies niet.

Burgerlijke zaken
In tegenstelling tot het deskundigenonderzoek in strafzaken, is het deskundigenonderzoek in burgerlijke zaken wél tegensprekelijk uitgevoerd. De partijen zijn aanwezig tijdens het deskundigenonderzoek.

Het onderscheid tussen burgerlijke en strafzaken is volgens het Grondwettelijk Hof gerechtvaardigd, daar het objectieve criteria hanteert en een legitiem doel nastreeft.

Nederland
In Nederland is de officiële term 'gerechtelijk deskundige'. Tot 2005 bestond er geen register van gerechtelijk deskundigen in Nederland, en was de rechter vrij om een deskundige te zoeken en zich te overtuigen van de daadwerkelijke deskundigheid van die persoon. In september 2000 hield professor Hans Crombag, rechtspsycholoog en voormalig hoogleraar aan de Universiteit Maastricht, een afscheidsrede genaamd 'Rechters en Deskundigen', waarin hij aankaartte dat het zeer wenselijk zou zijn als de rechterlijke macht zou kunnen putten uit een speciaal register van gerechtelijk deskundigen. Sinds 2004 is er aan de Universiteit Leiden een opleiding tot gerechtelijk deskundige, en in 2005 is de Stichting Landelijk Register van Gerechtelijke Deskundigen opgericht, die het register beheert en de toelating daartoe regelt. In het register zijn deskundigen opgenomen uit zeer uiteenlopende vakgebieden, met name binnen het domein van het civiel- en bestuursrecht.

In 2010 trad de De Wet deskundige in strafzaken in werking, en daarbij werd tegelijk door het ministerie van Veiligheid en Justitie het Nederlands Register Gerechtelijk Deskundigen (NRGD) ingesteld. Anno 2016 was dat register nog slechts zeer ten dele gevuld, en alleen nog op het gebied van het strafrecht.
Los van deze algemene registers bestaan er nog enkele deskundigenregisters, waaronder de DOBS (Stichting Deskundigen Onteigening en Bestuursrechtelijke Schadevergoeding): Deze stichting beheert sinds 2015 een register van deskundigen op het gebied van onteigening, planschade en aanverwante rechtsgebieden.

Externe links
 Belgisch nationaal register voor gerechtsdeskundigen
 Nederlands Register Gerechtelijk Deskundigen
 Landelijk Register van Gerechtelijke Deskundigen (Nederland)
 European expertise & expert institute

Recht

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Itchy, watery eyes, congestion and a runny nose are all-too-familiar realities for the vast number of Americans who suffer from allergies. Whether it's springtime pollen counts in your garden, ragweed in the fall, or dust mites in your comforter that dictate your level of misery, keeping allergens under control in your home environment is a necessity, not a luxury.
This issue is incredibly wide reaching, and if you don't suffer from allergies yourself, there's a good chance someone close to you does.
In fact, about 50 million Americans, or one in five, suffer from allergies, making it the fifth leading chronic disease among all ages, and the third most common among children under 18, the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA) reports.
Calling it one of America's "most common, yet often overlooked, diseases," AAFA points out that allergies result in close to 4 million missed workdays each year, which amounts to more than $700 million in lost productivity and nearly $7 billion in medical costs annually.
What Causes Allergies, and Who is Most at Risk?
All allergies are the result of an abnormal immune response, which prompts your immune system to overreact to an ordinarily harmless substance, such as dust, mold or animal dander.
When this happens, your body releases IgE, antibodies that normally help protect you from disease-causing organisms, which binds to the allergens. This, in turn, causes your body to release chemicals including histamine, which causes most allergy symptoms.
While anyone can develop allergies, you're more at risk if you have family members with allergies or asthma. Children with one allergic parent have a 50 percent chance of developing allergies themselves; if both parents have allergies, the risk increases to 75 percent.
If your allergies are present year-round, and appear regardless of pollen counts or seasonal fluctuations, it's likely indoor sources, such as mold or dust mites, are to blame.
No matter what your "poison," the good news is that there are simple steps you can take to keep your home as allergy-free, and therefore as comfortable and healthy, as possible for you and your family.
The simplest way to tackle allergens is to first identify your triggers. That way, you can focus on eliminating those specific sources in your home. To do this, keep a detailed journal listing your symptoms, times they occur and any related allergen exposures that could be causing them. By process of elimination, you may be able to determine your triggers.
You can also make a visit to your physician's office or allergy specialist. There they can give you a skin test, a blood test, or both, to help you pinpoint exactly which allergens you are sensitive to.
If you're sensitive to more than one allergen, which is common, if you have multiple family members with different allergies, or if you're not sure what is causing your allergic symptoms, you may want to try implementing the majority of the tips below. This will give you your best chance of eliminating allergic triggers at their source — before they cause uncomfortable symptoms.
1.Replace wall-to-wall carpeting with wood, tile or linoleum floors and throw rugs that can be washed regularly in hot water. If you choose to use carpeting, choose those with tight piles instead of shag or loose-pile carpeting. Floors should be wet mopped regularly.
2. Clean curtains regularly, or opt for more allergy-friendly shades instead.
3. Vacuum and dust your home regularly. Your vacuum should have a special filter, such as a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, designed to capture dust mites and other allergens. Use a damp cloth for dusting, and wear a filtering mask while cleaning, as the activity will stir allergens up into the air.
4. Keep upholstered furniture and other accessories to a minimum.
5. Use a humidifier or air conditioner (set to "recirculate") to keep the humidity levels in your home at 50 percent or less. The fluid reservoir of your humidifier must be cleaned often (at least twice a week) to prevent mold from growing.
6. Be diligent about keeping moist areas (such as your bathroom, kitchen and basement) as dry as possible.
7. Get rid of houseplants, or keep only a few, to reduce mold spores.
8. Keep cockroaches, rats, mice and other pests under control. Tips include using boric acid for elimination of cockroaches and keeping all food and garbage tightly covered.
9. If a pet allergy is the problem, bathing your pet once a week may help reduce airborne dander. A non-allergic family member should be in charge of regular brushing (do this outside) and any cleaning of the litter box or cage.
10. Consider using an air filter designed to catch allergens (keep in mind that this should not be your sole source of allergy-proofing, as many allergens exist on surfaces in your home, along with the air).
11. Wash your bedding (sheets, blankets, comforter, mattress pad, uncovered pillows, etc.) in hot water regularly (at least once a week) to help remove dust mites. Temperatures must be at least 130 degrees Fahrenheit to kill dust mites.
12. Use dust-proof covers for your mattress, box spring and pillows. These zippered cases enclose dust mites so they cannot irritate you.
13. Keep pets out of your bedroom and keep your door closed to help keep pet dander out.
14. Place a dense material, such as cheesecloth, over your heating and air-conditioning vents to help filter incoming allergens.
15. Use an exhaust fan or open a window to keep moisture levels under control.
16. Scrub your bathtub, shower and sink regularly, as fungi can live on soap scum and in grout.
17. Remove any carpeting or upholstered surfaces, which will help keep moisture to a minimum.
Wash stuffed animals in hot water on a regular basis.
19. Check daily pollen and mold counts, and spend as little time outdoors as possible when counts are high. You'll also want to avoid exercising outdoors during peak allergy seasons.
20. Keep windows and doors closed to keep pollen and other outdoor allergens from coming indoors.
21. Wash your clothing, shower, and wash your hair immediately after you've been outdoors to help remove pollen.
22. Get rid of piles of leaves or firewood, which promote mold growth.
23. Where a dust mask, long sleeves, gloves and protective glasses when mowing your lawn or gardening (or have a non-allergic family member do these tasks).
24. Keep grass trimmed to around two inches (this will help keep pollen from blowing around).
25. Be choosy about your outdoor plants. Plants that are pollinated by insects generally have heavier pollen, which will not travel through the air as easily and therefore are much better for people with allergies. Avoid those that "mate" by releasing pollen grains into the air. An expert at your local nursery should be able to help you find the more allergy-friendly plant varieties available.
While allergies typically do not go away, following the tips above can make a dramatic improvement in your symptoms. For times when you need some fast relief, try using a neti pot or bulb syringe along with a natural saline solution to flush irritants and mucus from your nose and sinuses.
Overall, however, eliminating allergens at their source, and avoiding triggers as much as possible, is really your best plan of attack.


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The Botanical Garden of Naples, Italy (in Italian: Orto botanico di Napoli, also Real Orto Botanico) is a research facility of the University of Naples Federico II.

The premises take up about 15 hectares and are located in via Foria, adjacent to the historical edifice Albergo dei Poveri, the Royal Hospice for the Poor under the Bourbon dynasty. The facility is part of the university's Department of Natural Science. It is one of Naples's many scientific and educational facilities established under French rule (1806–15). The garden opened in 1810.

Currently, the garden features around 25,000 samples of flora, representing approximately 10,000 plant species. Although accessible to the public, the garden is not strictly a public park. It is a distinct educational centre for the university and local high schools from the University of Naples's agriculture department. Additionally, the garden is involved in the protection of endangered plant species. There is also a section of the garden devoted to ethnobotany, where medicinally valuable plants for humans are examined. In addition to lesser structures, there are two larger ones on the property: the recently renovated "castle" from the 17th century and the 5,000 square metre Merola Greenhouse. The museum of Paleobotany and Ethnobotany is located in the lecture and display halls of the castle.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in Italy

External links
 The Botanical Garden of Naples (official website)

Botanical gardens in Italy
Parks in Naples
1810 establishments in Italy
Gardens in Campania
University of Naples Federico II