text:
Shell's plans to "withdraw" from Karoo shale gas is a "Trojan Horse"
17th March 2015 by Alec Hogg
The following article is taken from the South African Press Association
Reports that oil and gas multinational Shell is reviewing its plans for fracking outside the Americas could be a "Trojan horse", the Treasure Karoo Action Group (TKAG) said on Tuesday.
"Shell is a seasoned campaigner and what may at first blush appear to be a withdrawal from Karoo shale gas, may just be a Trojan horse," TKAG head Jonathan Deal said in a statement.
Business Day reported on Tuesday that Royal Dutch Shell had "critically reviewed the competitiveness" of its projects and plans internationally, including those relating to fracking.
TKAG said this could be a clever ploy to pressure government into speeding up shale gas exploration licences and regulations.
The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Bill was passed a year ago, but President Jacob Zuma sent it back to Parliament in January due to constitutional considerations.
Deal criticised Zuma's apparent enthusiasm for fracking in his state-of-the-nation address in February last year, where he stated that shale gas could be "a game changer for the Karoo region and the South African economy".
Deal said: "To state publicly before even the most cursory exploration that 'shale gas will be an economic game changer' is irresponsible of President Zuma.
"The government knows full well that it has to commit to a scientifically structured and holistic investigation in the form of a strategic environmental assessment."
Shell SA chairman Bonang Mohale told Business Day that the company needed clarity on the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Bill.
"Should attractive commercial terms be put in place, the Karoo project could compete favourably within Shell's global tight/shale gas and oil portfolio."
The company would continue holding talks with government, industry, and South Africans about the long-term prospects of shale gas.
Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, involves pumping a mixture of chemicals, sand, and water into the ground at high pressure, to free natural gas trapped between layers of shale rock.


text:
Hermanus Gabriel Loots
Gabriel "James Stuart"
Loots
Location of Birth:
Kat River Valley,Cape Town,South Africa
Location of Death:
Johannesburg,South Africa
Ban Information:
Act No. 44 of 1950 Sec. 9 (1)
Issued Period(s) [28 April 1967 to 31/3/1969]
Hermanus Gabriel Loots, also known as James Stuart, is most noted for his role in exposing brutality at African National Congress camps in 1984, which culminated into the 'Stuart Report.' [i] According to political journalist Martin Plaut, 'there would have been mass executions if Loots had not had the courage and integrity, in the face of considerable pressure, to report the truth'. [ii] However, beyond this significant event are layers of history that were pivotal to shaping the man through both time and place.
Loots' was born to Gabriel and 'Minnie' Loots [iii], in the Kat River Valley region of the Eastern Cape on 19 July 1936. [iv] His family roots in that region are tied to the expulsion of the Xhosa leader Maqoma [v] from the Kat River in 1828. [vi] The intention of the British Colonial Government was to use the settlement of indigenous Khoi and mixed Khoi / European people referred to by the British colonial government as 'bastards', as a buffer between the Xhosas and the 'white colonists'. [vii]
Kat River person of mixed Khoi and European descent, referred to as 'Bastard by the British colonial government.
Source: From the collections of the Library of the South African Parliament
To this end it was a settlement of contested ownership and much conflict, with major attacks by the dispossessed Ama-Xhosa, most notably in 1834–1835 and 1846–1847. [viii] These were wars in which Hermanus Loots' great, great grandfather Christian Jacobus Groepe was actively involved, serving as a Kommandant for the British, for which he was rewarded with a farm in the area. [ix]
However, Christian Jacobus Groepe displayed divided feelings during the Kat River Rebellion of 1851, urging the rebels not to attack the Fort Armstrong, but also refusing to fire on rebels. Conflicted loyalties were also evident in his own family, as his sons Marthinus Groepe and Hans Groepe were among the 'rebel' group who were imprisoned at Bain's Kloof . [x]
Fort Armstrong Kat River by Bowler 1864
Source: From the Collections of the South African Parliament
It is significant to note that ownership of the land received by the Kat River settlers was later taken away from them in what has been described as 'white exploitation, as joint ownership of land permitted the property of all to be seized for the debt of one' [xi]. In the 1980's this area would once again be the subject of forced removals, when the area was absorbed into an Apartheid era Bantustan, namely the Ciskei. [xii]
Hermanus Loots- profile of a freedom fighter
Hermanus Loots was born in the Kat River area to Gabriel and 'Minnie' Loots [xiii] on 19 July, 1936 [xiv]. Gabriel and Minnie were farm-workers in the Hertzog area of the Kat River (now re-named Mhlangeni). Raising a family of seven on farm-worker's wages was extremely challenging and as a child Loots experienced all the hardships associated with poverty.
In an environment where education was meant to benefit the privileged, schools were not accessibly located. Thus for Hermanus, his siblings and their contemporaries, getting to school meant walking extremely long distances either in the hot sun in summer or in the rain in winter. However, notwithstanding their poverty, they were blessed to live in a place of extreme beauty, surrounded by nature. It was a world where childhood moments were divided between chores around the farm, playing hide and seek around the bushes, swimming in the river, making toy cars out of wires, taking races around the farm and playing with the animals.
By the time he matriculated from John Bisseker High School in East London, Eastern Cape, a much more reflective Loots emerged, who was determined to make a difference, not only to his community, but to also to his country.
It was while he was studying for a degree in civil engineering at the University of Witwatersrand in Transvaal (now Gauteng) 1961, at the age of 25, that Loots was recruited into the ANC's military wing, uMkhonto we Sizwe's (MK) Luthuli detachment, under the code name 'James Stuart' [xv]
Loots had a special bond with his eldest sister, Margareth, in whom he would confide. According to the family, if anyone had known about his political activities, it would have been her. However, for the rest of his family, the path that Hermanus had taken, which would see him leave his family, home and country, came as a shock. [xvi]
When Hermanus informed his parents of his decision to join the struggle against Apartheid they were heartbroken, not because of his political stance, but because they knew that this meant he would in all likelihood disappear from their lives completely. The person most deeply affected by Loots disappearance was his mother. According to the family she would sit up at night worrying about her son.
Constant prayers for the safety of her son were interspersed with constant harassment of the Loots family, particularly the parents and their eldest daughter Margareth, by the security police. While on the one hand, for the protection of the organization, for their safety and also his safety; it was fortuitous that they did not know where their son was. On the other hand, not knowing was also a harrowing experience for the Loots family. [xvii]
In the meantime, Hermanus Loots became absorbed into the ANC under the nom de guerre 'James Stuart'. James Stuart's active role in the ANC against Apartheid saw him undertaking intermittent military training during the period 1964 to 1973 in Odessa, Kishinev and Moscow, in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). [xviii] According to a press release by the ANC on 25 January 2016, Loots was also responsible for 'political education at Alpha in Lusaka, Zambia, overseeing the library and classification of information and material'>[xix] A true intellectual who spoke no less than eight languages, namely English, Afrikaans, French, Xhosa, Zulu, Sotho, Russian and Malagasy, [xx] he is described as being a very approachable man who showed great humility. [xxi]
James Stuart (Hermanus Loots) was closely connected to the top hierarchy of the ANC, serving as secretary in the office of Oliver Tambo. He also spent some years in Madagascar, where he was the chief representative of the ANC from 1979 to 1983. [xxii] It was here that he met his Madagascan born wife, Nasolo Rasoharinasolo, an English translator for the ANC, whose code name within the ANC was Josephine. [xxiii] Nasolo completed her Baccalaureate in France, following which she studied at a Technical College for Home-Economics, in order to become a Matron of a boarding school. She then returned to Madagascar where she completed both a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts in Foreign Languages, English and French. The couple married in Zambia in 1984 where they settled. [xxiv]
In 1986 Stuart formed part of an ANC delegation that included Oliver Tambo, Mac Maharaj, Chris Hani and Thabo Mbeki, who met with White South African businessmen in Lusaka. [xxv] These meetings laid the groundwork for the changes that were to come in South Africa. [xxvi]
In 1991Stuart and Nasolo, the latter of whom was in the throes of doing a second Masters in African Literature at the University of Zambia, returned to South Africa, where he was elected to the National Elections Commission. He also served as a Member of Parliament in South Africa from 1994 to 1999. [xxvii] On his retirement in 1999 he 'provided advisory services to a number of government entities and sat on the boards of private sector organizations. [xxviii]
A highlight for Loots, on his return to South Africa, was re-establishing ties with the Kat River area where he built a home. [xxix] Pertinently too was reconnecting with his family to whom he was known simply as 'uncle Manie'. [xxx]
Hermanus Loots (James Stuart) passed away in Johannesburg on 25 January 2016. [xxxi] He was honoured by the state with a special official funeral held at the Johannesburg City Hall on 3 February 2016. This was followed by a service at the St Mungos United Church in Johannesburg on 6 February 2016. President Jacob Zuma delivered the eulogy, describing Loots as being 'a very quiet and very humble person'. He hailed Loots for sacrificing his tertiary education in order to join MK, thereby putting 'the nation before himself'. [xxxii] This sacrifice was extreme for a man who valued education.
In recent email correspondence Nasolo Loots described her husband as someone for whom family was important, saying:
He always believed in one thing: 'unity in the family'. He loved his family very much. He loved having his family around. He would always be the one calling everyone for a family gathering. He would also openly welcome anyone into his home and make you feel like family, even if they were not. He was very committed towards ensuring that all children in the family would receive a good education. He wouldn't think twice about contributing towards that. [xxxiii]
Other members of his family also had high praise for him, with his nephew describing him as someone who specialized in community development and ensured that all his family members received a good education.
Hermanus Loots' participation in the fight against Apartheid came at great personal cost, not least of which was being separated from the family he loved so much. In a recent interview Loots' niece described him as an 'unsung hero'. However, his legacy will live on through the many lives he touched in his courageous quest to dismantle Apartheid in South Africa. In doing so he also either knowingly or unwittingly reached beyond the historical chasm between Xhosa, Khoi and people of mixed Khoi/European descent, instigated by the British colonial government in the Kat River area nearly 200 years ago. [xxxiv]
[i] Martin Plaut, 'James Stewart – The ANC fighter who spoke the truth to power' , 01.02.2016, Url number www.sahistory.org.za/archive/james-stewart-anc-fighter-who-spoke-truth-power-martin-plaut-1-february-2016 (Date accessed 04.02.2016).↵
[ii] Ibid.↵
[iii] Information sourced from the Loots family via email correspondence with a representative of the family and the author, Joline Young, on 11 March 2016.↵
[iv] Ibid.↵
[v] Susan I. Blackbeard,' Power, Politics, and Performances of Longing in Kat River', Oral History Review Advance Access, July 21, 2015, p. 1.↵
[vi] Ibid. 2015, p. 1.↵
[vii] Ibid. pp.1-2.↵
[viii] Ibid. p. 4.↵
[ix] Ibid. pp.14-16.↵
[x] Ibid. p. 12.↵
[xi] Susan I. Blackbeard,' Power, Politics, and Performances of Longing in Kat River', Oral History Review Advance Access, July 21, 2015, p.4.↵
[xii] Susan I. Blackbeard,' Power, Politics, and Performances of Longing in Kat River', Oral History Review Advance Access, July 21, 2015, p. 1.↵
[xiii] You tube 'The funeral of Hermanus Loots' 6 February 2016. Url number https://www.Youtube.com/watch?v=SNx6qSpEKN4.↵
[xiv] Martin Plaut, 'James Stewart – The ANC fighter who spoke the truth to power', 01.02.2016, Url number www.sahistory.org.za/archive/james-stewart-anc-fighter-who-spoke-truth-power-martin-plaut-1-february-2016 (Date accessed 04.02.2016).↵
[xv] Martin Plaut, 'James Stewart – The ANC fighter who spoke the truth to power', 01.02.2016, Url number www.sahistory.org.za/archive/james-stewart-anc-fighter-who-spoke-truth-power-martin-plaut-1-february-2016 (Date accessed 04.02.2016).↵
[xvi] Information sourced from the Loots family through personal correspondence with the author, Joline Young, on 11 March 2016.↵
[xvii] Ibid.↵
[xviii]Martin Plaut, 'James Stewart – The ANC fighter who spoke the truth to power' , 01.02.2016, Url number www.sahistory.org.za/archive/james-stewart-anc-fighter-who-spoke-truth-power-martin-plaut-1-february-2016 (Date accessed 04.02.2016).↵
[xix] Anon. ANC African National Congress Press Release 'Passing Of Hermanus Loots (Aka) James Stuart' date 25.01.2016 Url number http://article.wn.com/view/2016/01/25/Passing_of_Hermanus_Loots_aka_James_Stuart_ANC_African_Natio/ (Date accessed 04.02.2016).↵
[xx] Martin Plaut, 'James Stewart – The ANC fighter who spoke the truth to power', 01.02.2016, Url number www.sahistory.org.za/archive/james-stewart-anc-fighter-who-spoke-truth-power-martin-plaut-1-february-2016 (Date accessed 04.02.2016).↵
[xxi] Personal conversation with Omar Badsha, CEO of SAHO 04.02.2016.↵
[xxii] Martin Plaut, 'James Stewart – The ANC fighter who spoke the truth to power', 01.02.2016, Url number www.sahistory.org.za/archive/james-stewart-anc-fighter-who-spoke-truth-power-martin-plaut-1-february-2016 (Date accessed 04.02.2016).↵
[xxiii] Anon. ANC African National Congress Press Release 'Passing Of Hermanus Loots (Aka) James Stuart' date 25.01.2016 Url number http://article.wn.com/view/2016/01/25/Passing_of_Hermanus_Loots_aka_James_Stuart_ANC_African_Natio/ (Date accessed 04.02.2016).↵
[xxiv] Information sourced from the Loots family via email correspondence with a representative of the family and the author, Joline Young, on 11 March 2016↵
[xxv] Anon. 'Zuma mourns passing of Hermanus Loots, MK veteran' in Times Live, 25 January 2016, url number ww.timeslive.co.za/politics/2016/01/25/Zuma-mourns-passing-of-Hermanus-Loots'-MK-veteran (Date accessed 02.04.2016).↵
[xxvi] Anon. South African History Online, 'Delegation and dialogue between ANC and internal non government groups' 1 March 2012. Url number
http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/delegations-and-dialogue-between-anc-a....↵
[xxvii]South African Government, 'In memoriam: Mr Hermanus Gabriel Loots, 3 February 2016, url number http://www.gov.za/speeches/memoriam-mr-hermanus-gabriel-loots-3-feb-2016-1125 (Date accessed 16.02.2016).↵
[xxviii] South African Government, 'In memoriam: Mr Hermanus Gabriel Loots, 3 February 2016, url number http://www.gov.za/speeches/memoriam-mr-hermanus-gabriel-loots-3-feb-2016-1125 (Date accessed 16.02.2016).↵
[xxix]Susan I. Blackbeard,' Power, Politics, and Performances of Longing in Kat River', Oral History Review Advance Access, July 21, 2015, p.15.↵
[xxx] You tube 'The funeral of Hermanus Loots' 6 February 2016. Url number https://www.Youtube.com/watch?v=SNx6qSpEKN4..↵
[xxxi] You tube 'The funeral of Hermanus Loots' 6 February 2016. Url number https://www.Youtube.com/watch?v=SNx6qSpEKN4.↵
[xxxii] South African Government, 'In memoriam: Mr Hermanus Gabriel Loots, 3 February 2016, url number http://www.gov.za/speeches/memoriam-mr-hermanus-gabriel-loots-3-feb-2016-1125 (Date accessed 16.02.2016).↵
[xxxiii] Information sourced from the Loots family via email correspondence with a representative of the family and the author, Joline Young, on 11 March 2016↵
[xxxiv] I deeply am grateful to the Loots family for supplying me with indepth insights into Hermanus Loots, the family man, via email correspondence. Special thanks go to Mrs Nasolo Loots for taking the time to share insights about her late husband. I would also like to thank Lila Komnick of the South African Parliamentary Libraries for her tireless assistance in accessing high quality images of the Kat River area. Finally and equally importantly, my grateful thanks go to Nokuzola Dunywa for facilitating permission for the use of the image of Hermanus Loots and Tanya Bezuidenhout for helping me to access to the Loots family.↵
Anon. ANC African National Congress Press Release 'Passing Of Hermanus Loots (Aka) James Stuart' date 25.01.2016 Url number https://article.wn.com/view/2016/01/25/Passing_of_Hermanus_Loots_aka_James_Stuart_ANC_African_Natio/ (Date accessed 04.02.2016).| Martin Plaut, 'James Stewart – The ANC fighter who spoke the truth to power', 01.02.2016, Url number www.sahistory.org.za/archive/james-stewart-anc-fighter-who-spoke-truth-power-martin-plaut-1-february-2016 (Date accessed 04.02.2016).| Susan I. Blackbeard,' Power, Politics, and Performances of Longing in Kat River', Oral History Review Advance Access, July 21, 2015.| South African Government, 'In memoriam: Mr Hermanus Gabriel Loots', 3 February 2016, url number https://www.gov.za/speeches/memoriam-mr-hermanus-gabriel-loots-3-feb-2016-1125 (Date accessed 16.02.2016).| You tube 'The funeral of Hermanus Loots' 6 February 2016. Url number https://www.Youtube.com/watch?v=SNx6qSpEKN4.| Anon. 'Zuma mourns passing of Hermanus Loots, MK veteran' in Times Live, 25 January 2016, Url number www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2016/01/25/Zuma-mourns-passing-of-Hermanus-... (Date accessed 02.04.2016).| Anon. South African History Online. 'Delegation and dialogue between ANC and internal non government groups' 1 March, 2012, | https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/delegations-and-dialogue-between-anc-and-internal-non-government-groups.
Sources in Our Archive
James Stewart - the ANC fighter who spoke truth to power by Martin Plaut, 1 February 2016
Hermanus Loots aka James Stuart Timeline
Produced 14 April 2016

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text:
Chiltern Hills
Celebrating the Quirky
Chilterns Churches
Claim your Chilterns
Reclaiming our Castles
Spring into the Chilterns
Spring slips into summer
A Year exploring the naturally outstanding Chiltern Hills
Tag: chalk stream
Beautiful Barton Hills
21st October 2019 22nd October 2019 Mary Tebje
Just when you think you've enjoyed most of the beauty that the Chilterns has to offer, two special locations come along in the same week. The Amaravati Buddhist monastery and Barton Hills National Nature Reserve (NNR).
My exploration of the northern Chilterns have thrown up some lovely surprises including; Someries Castle with its very own runway, adjacent Sharpenhoe Clappers anonymous initials and ghost of a Celtic tribal chief, the peaceful Amaravati Buddhist monastery and now, a NNR with some of the best views in the Chilterns – and the cheekiest ponies!
Often overlooked, the north at times takes a back seat to the central and southern Chilterns. Firmly on the tourist trail in what is perceived as more accessible and picture-postcard English countryside.
Time to challenge that!
Duck eggs and ferrets
The pretty village of Barton-Le-Clay is situated in the busy Bedfordshire triangle of Dunstable, Luton and Bedford and since the 11th century, has had its fair share of incidents and celebrations. In 1894 a row broke out between the Rector and the village over the rights to use Barton Hills which lay in the Rector's glebe. Freaks of nature saw a captured white sparrow with eyes resembling a ferret and a duck egg which when opened, contained another egg inside. To more pressing matters of a bountiful potato harvest in 1905, to when the King passed through the village in 1909, his car travelling at a walking pace, the 'High Street gaily decorated, reminding one of the Coronation festivities'.
The 1919 peace clock on the church tower
And then in 1949, the Chiltern Hills surrounding Barton were classified as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act. The site was recognised as an outstanding example of chalk downland and designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1985, recognising the outstanding habitat, wildlife and geology. The chalk grassland supports pasqueflowers, field fleawort and a small ancient beech woodland.
According to legend, pasqueflowers spring from the blood of Viking warriors and grow upon their graves.
Barton Hills National Nature Reserve
We were joining another ranger-led walk with Steph, reserve manager, volunteers and local farmer Brian Shaw and his daughter Whizz Middleton, producer of Mrs Middleton's Bedfordshire rapeseed oils and condiments.
My expectations were high: autumnal sunshine, a cold wind making the air clear and the light superb. The view across the valley to Sharpenhoe Clappers was just the start. The ascent up the steep, slippery path, opened up to reveal deep dry valleys and the typical rounded hills, a hallmark of the Chilterns. The countryside around dotted with wooded hilltops, a water tower and in the distance, wind turbines. Behind the NNR, a field of winter oilseed and barley shoots poking through the soil on Barton Hill Farm.
Steph skilfully guided us through 100 million years of evolution; from a warm tropical sea, dramatic climate events leading to the Ice Age, the wildwood and arrival of settlers more than 4,000 years ago during the Bronze Age. We had travelled from a time of giant marine lizards, sharks, woolly mammoths, wolves and bears to Dartmoor ponies. Yes, five inquisitive, friendly ponies, with burrs in their manes, spreading the wildflowers whilst keeping the grass in check.
Coming through!
Brian and Whizz explained how they are keeping Barton Hills Farm on a sustainable footing that encourages amongst others, nesting birds and wildlife corridors. The day job is supplying the two household food giants, Warburtons and Weetabix with vital ingredients for our tables.
Warmer winters and climate change are already impacting the crops that are grown
As we returned to the village, a dramatic rainstorm whipped up a gust and threatened to sweep in and drench us. It headed instead, north and off up the valley, leaving in its wake a beautiful rainbow!
We escaped the storm!
Those of you who follow this blog will know I make a point of including local craftspeople and food producers wherever possible. They are what makes the Chilterns so special. Once again, friend and colleague Annette came up trumps with a fabulous spread of that rare beast, the Bedfordshire Clanger with a side of crackers and Wobbly Bottom Cheese. There's a joke in there somewhere….
The Bedfordshire Clanger, or 'Trowley Dumpling' is similar to the Cornish pasty, baked for consumption by field workers, as the Cornish pasty was for the miners. Traditionally from boiled suet dumpling, modern alternatives use baked pastry thank goodness! Once common in Bedfordshire and adjoining counties, this 19th creation comes crimped at the edges to keep the contents in; at one end savoury and the other, sweet. The ends are told apart by two wee holes for savoury, and three for the sweet. Clangers are available from the local bakery and selected shops in the nearby towns, but outside the area, is not widely known. Enjoyable for being novel, the flavour needed lifting however, and that's what Mrs Middleton's mayonnaise could certainly do!
The Bedfordshire Clanger, or 'Trowley Dumpling'
Thank you the St Nicholas Church community group who baked all the delicious cakes, you knew we would be hungry!
Another fabulous day, another fabulous Chilterns Walking Festival concluded. Knowledgeable guides, superb autumnal scenery and sweeping views across the Bedfordshire Chiltern hills and valleys. The unexpected pleasure of Dartmoor ponies, insights into the devastating effects of climate change on arable farming, tasty heritage treats and a rainbow for dessert!
My exploration of the northern Chilterns have thrown up some lovely surprises including; Someries Castle with its very own runway, Sharpenhoe Clappers anonymous initials and ghost of a Celtic tribal chief, the peaceful Amaravati Buddhist monastery and now, a NNR with some of the best views in the Chilterns – and the cheekiest ponies!
For delicious recipes and rapeseed oil-inspired meals, check out Mrs Middleton's website.
Crafted next door in Hitchin, the delicious Wobbly Bottom artisan cheeses are available in deli's across the Chilterns.
Just in time for Christmas, another local producer is baking delicious homemade Christmas puddings.
For further ideas and Chilterns food inspiration, bookmark https://www.visitchilterns.co.uk/foodanddrink.html
The Chilterns Walking Festival takes place twice a year in May and October. Bookmark the page and be sure to check the website for future Bedfordshire walks and adventures.
Recycled paving slabs
Posted in Chiltern Hills, sense of place, The Chilterns, Travel and Tourism, Travel blogging, Visit EnglandTagged A Year in the Chilterns, Barton Hills National Nature Reserve, barton-le-clay, Bedfordshire, Chalk grassland, chalk stream, chilterns, Chilterns AONB, Chilterns countryside, Chilterns history, chilterns village, Chilterns Walking Festival, chilterns walks, climate change, landscape photography, natural england, nature, Photography, rural heritage, rural tourism, slow travel, The Chilterns, Travel, travel and leisure, Travel and Tourism, Travel blogging, travel guide, travel in England, travel photography, travel to england, travel to the chilterns
Of Buddhists' and Beechwoods
16th October 2019 17th January 2020 Mary Tebje
In my day job I say 'to expect the unexpected' when visiting the Chilterns, but this outing really is the unexpected! In this quiet corner of the northern Chilterns, in St Margarets, Great Gaddesden you will find the Amaravati Buddhist monastery.
The hamlet of Nettleden
I had joined a mindfulness walk during our Chilterns Walking Festival that would take us from the surprisingly peaceful Gade Valley behind Ashridge, along dappled woodland paths, past a manor house, down tiny sunken lanes, into a church yard with an impressive puddingstone and tombstones (one declaring the contents were once 'a gent' from 1740), and out again through a pretty hamlet. We stopped often to enjoy the views across the valley, discuss the dire condition of the chalk streams, realise there would never be a shortage of flint, search for berries and listen to the autumn birdsong.
So far, so typical of the Chilterns
I have walked past the Amaravati Buddhist monastery many times, enjoying the many routes from Frithsden and Ashridge, but have never gone in. I never thought to. To sit quietly in the gardens or even visit the temple for peaceful reflection.
The temple dominates the site
The Valley of Nettles
When Nettleden became a parish, the hamlet of St Margaret's, (weirdly, once belonging to the parish of Ivinghoe in Buckinghamshire), was connected to Nettleden. At this place Henry de Blois bishop of Winchester founded the nunnery St Margaret's de Bosco. After the Dissolution in 1539, St Margaret's came into private hands. During the Second World War the St Margaret's Camp was a London County Council Senior Boys School for evacuees from London. The school closed one week after the end of the war in Europe, when all the boys were returned back to their homes. Since 1984 it has been home to the Amaravati Buddhist Monastery.
Bonshō are are used to mark the passage of time and to call the monks to liturgical services
The configuration of several large huts has remained largely unchanged, and gives the site the look and feel of somewhere in Scandinavia . The addition of a purpose-built temple that was officially opened on 4 July 1999 by Princess Galyani Vadhana, sister of the King of Thailand is quite the feature. The monastery's founder and abbot was Ajahn Sumedho, Ajahn Chah's foremost disciple in the West. In Autumn 2010 he handed over to the English monk Ajahn Amaro, who for the past 15 years had been co-abbot of Abhayagiri Monastery in Redwood Valley, California. Its aims are the training and support of a resident monastic community, and the facilitation for monastic and lay people alike for the practice of the Buddha's teachings.
In the Pali language 'Amaravati' means 'deathless realm'
It is appropriate perhaps that we visited in the autumn, the month when life slows and foliage burns bright before falling to rot beneath the beechwoods.
An extract from a Dhamma article by Ajahn Amaro: "When the Buddha said that '… the mindful do not die', he did not mean that the body of a mindful person is never going to stop breathing and rot away. No. The Buddha's body died, just like anyone else's. When he said that the mindful never die, it meant that when the mind is awake it is not identified with the born and the dying….outside of the realm of time, individuality and space; not definable in terms of time, personality, location: 'There is neither a coming nor a going, nor a standing still. Neither progress, nor degeneration. Neither this world, nor the other world." Something to ponder? Although I think to truly understand mindfulness, I would need to book a weekend retreat at the monastery.
This is a special place. Join those who visit from all over the world, who come to spend a few hours or for a day, others staying for the weekend. You won't be disappointed!
Both the monastery and retreat centre are run entirely on donations. In accordance with the tradition established by the Buddha, the monastic community has relied for its material well-being on unsolicited offerings of food and other requisites from the lay community. To find out more about weekend retreats and events at the monastery.
Just like an antique rug, with unravelled threads, blemishes, bald patches and stains, once you begin to look, you see these Ashridge threads in fact link across the Chilterns, even the nation, presenting a tantalising picture of this wonderful place and its story. Growing Stones links to the nearby Ashridge House.
The Chilterns are full of fun, quirks and inspiration. Find yours here.
The Chilterns Walking Festival takes place twice a year, during May and October across the naturally outstanding Chilterns. Find your walk here
The unnavigable River Gade rises at nearby Dagnall and flows through Hemel Hempstead, Kings Langley, then along the west side of Watford through Cassiobury Park, passing Croxley Green until it reaches Rickmansworth, where it joins the River Colne.
Posted in Chiltern Hills, sense of place, The Chilterns, Travel and Tourism, Travel blogging, Visit EnglandTagged Ajahn Sumedho, Amaravati, ashridge forest, ashrige House, autumn, Buddism, chalk stream, Chiltern Hills, chilterns, Chilterns AONB, chilterns cycling, Chilterns history, chilterns walks, church heritage, churches, england, Frithsden, hertfordshire, River Gade, slow travel, temple, Thailand, The Chilterns, thechilterns, Travel and Tourism, Travel blogging, travel photography, travel to england, travel to the chilterns, visit britain, Visit England, weekend retreat
A is for Amersham
All around are signs of past lives; graves in the shape of wool sacks, an 18th water pump (although ale was preferable), window openings at unhelpful heights and a red lion above a lintel where a pub used to be.
16th April 2019 5th May 2019 Mary Tebje
Amersham is a modern Chilterns market town once again under pressure from the onward march of progress and development.
Renowned for its Christian martyrs burned for their beliefs, successful black lace industry and perhaps on a more frivolous note, a perfumery, this is a town of two halves: the modern town on the hill and its medieval twin in the valley below.
The Misbourne Valley in the central Chilterns is a delight. Dotted with woodlands, pretty villages and market towns, this once quiet corner of the Roman Empire is now a busy Metroland corridor, linking London highways with Chilterns byways. A mere 25 minutes from London on the Met line, Amersham offers train-to-trail countryside escapes, and space to breath.
Served by the Metropolitan Railway, Metroland was the name given to the suburban areas that were built to the north-west of London.
Once the centre for black lace production, 16th century craftswomen specialised in fine silk veils and wide flounces of black lace that were used to decorate white dresses. In fact the industry continued late into the 19th century because almost everyone, from kings to babies at one time, wore lace on their clothing! Another industry synonymous with the town was the Goya perfume factory, that supplied large qualities of fragrances and perfumes to women after the Second World War. I wonder what the town smelt like?
"In the shallow of depression at a spot 100 yards left of this monument, seven Protestants were burned to death at the stake. They died for principles of religious liberty and for the right to worship God according to their consciences."
The Amersham Martyrs were called Lollards, who demanded to read the bible in English.
In the face of protest
There are two parts to this pretty town; medieval Amersham with its unusually spacious high street, and the new town and railway station. This came about because the town fathers didn't want a railway mucking up their medieval streets in the 1890's, and insisted it be routed 20 minutes away up the hill. And now, 130 years later, the town is once again facing pressure and change from another huge railway project; this time from HS2, that will thunder right through this peaceful valley, changing it in ways we don't yet know. I have written about it in another article called Evolving Landscapes.
Little Missenden
On the poor side of the street
Go with a guide! You simply turn up at the museum to join a tour at 2.30pm on a Sunday. As I waited, numbers grew to include a couple from London on a weekend break, the leader of the Amersham Band and a couple who were mysteriously 'just passing through'. My companions on this town tour with Euan, volunteer guide and purveyor of intriguing Amersham insights and stories.
Dear HS2…
We began our tour in the museum garden, filled with herbs and plants our medieval ancestors would be familiar with, to help them get through life without a GP, or symptoms to Google. Being on the poor side of the high street, this garden would have been considered small. The houses to the other side of the high street in comparison, still have substantial plots. This garden is bordered on one side by typical knapped Chilterns flint and brick almshouses, and a discreet long-drop privy overhanging the river Misbourne.
The view from the museum garden
The museum itself is situated within a 15th century structure that has over the centuries, undergone many changes. It charts the towns story through the voices of past residents who lived and worked in the many industries and local trades, the great and the not-so, including those mentioned above. Thanks to a substantial restoration project, the beautiful medieval and Tudor floors and wobbly beams (made from green oak) are revealed. If I'd have had more time, I'd be trying on all those Tudor dresses!
A missing stream
A typical Chilterns chalk stream, the Misbourne (missing stream), meanders through the centre of town, behind houses, through a meadow and under a lot of bridges. The current low water level attests to the temperament of this stream, following as it does, the variations in the annual rainfall. It is still known to flood however, with memories fresh after the last sandbag event, despite the river being confined to a narrow channel.
The River Misbourne flows gently through the town
You may be familiar with the Kings Arms hotel, a former posting inn, made famous by the 1994 British romantic comedy 'Four Weddings and a Funeral'. It served as the place to change horses on the London to Oxford route, and perhaps give the weary travellers some respite after 25 bumpy miles from London, with quite possibly another 30 miles onwards to Oxford to endure. It looks quaint and olde-worlde, but the majority of the facade is in fact 'Brewery Tudor' added by the local brewery about 100 years ago to cover up an unsightly earlier facade. It seems there was a lot of this about with false frontages been added by successive owners to modernise their old fashioned structures. So common was the practice it's difficult to know where medieval stops and Georgian begins.
Brewery Tudor
It is the equivalent today of stripping out the kitchen to make way for 'open plan' living.
There are several notable examples of grand houses built with a former industry in mind, but now repurposed for other lives. Many of them have tell-tale features and locations, and the guess-work is fun.
The houses of the most important people in town: the coopers house, and to the right, the brewery managers house.
The Market Hall, a Grade II listed building that was built in 1682 by Sir William Drake as a gift for the town, is not hard to miss. Commanding the most prominent spot on the high street, it was intended for the upper floor to be used for meetings for traders' guilds, and the ground floor as a market and lock-up for miscreants.
The coldest room in the coldest corner of the market awaited those who fell foul of the law.
All around are signs of past lives; graves in the shape of wool sacks, despite this never being a wool town, St Mary's resplendent in excavated flints from the new railway, an 18th water pump (although ale was preferable), window openings at varying unhelpful heights in the building that was the water mill, a red lion above a lintel, where a pub used to be, the maltings, a stable for the brewery dray horses and a parapet blocking out light to the servants' rooms following some fashionable structural updates.
Wool sacks as gravestones in the local church
There is great hope in Amersham for facing down disruption and continued changes to their way of life. A thoroughly modern town doing things their way, which bodes well for residents and businesses to thrive and continue to be an example of how towns adapt, yet still retain their historical roots and proud Chilterns heritage.
Through the back gate and over the Misbourne
This article doesn't do the town justice; visit and enjoy the independent shops, restaurants and pubs along the high street with not a chain store in sight. But do start with a browse around the exhibits at the wonderful Amersham Museum, join a town or martyrs walking tour available on Sunday afternoons from April to September.
Amersham has a number of Alms Houses that add to the great variety across the Chilterns. Not least of all the Drake Houses on the high street, originally built to house six local widows.
You will find the martyrs memorial either along a footpath leading from St. Mary's Church, or from an overgrown footpath from Station Road.
You can explore the Misbourne Valley and the village of Little Missenden.
Discover more about Amersham, the surrounding countryside and other Chilterns market towns, take a look at VisitChilterns.co.uk
Posted in Chiltern Hills, sense of place, The Chilterns, Travel and Tourism, Travel bloggingTagged almshouses, amersham, Amersham martyrs, amersham musuem, Amersham society, chalk stream, Chiltern Hills, chilterns, chilterns cycling, Chilterns history, chilterns walks, English countryside, english history, heritage, high street, HS2, industrial heritage, London, market town, medieval tiles, Met line, metropolitan railway, Rural, rural tourism, slow travel, the lollards, Travel, Travel and Tourism, travel guide, travel in England, travel photography, travel to england, travel to the chilterns, Tube, Weller brewery
Evolving Landscapes
15th January 2019 16th April 2019 Mary Tebje
No previous Instagram nor Facebook posts have raised as many comments recently following a post that included the countryside around Little Missenden. The comments referred to the impending High Speed 2 (HS2) rail project will rip through this pretty Chilterns valley.
We tend to look at a landscape and imagine how things were, or to enjoy the temporary transformation through the year (the focus of this blog); less so perhaps on how things might be. The Chilterns are a living, evolving landscape, shaped by its people, industries and natural resources. After all, nothing stands still, or is set is aspic.
It is a moment for me to recognise the importance of capturing some of this huge change.
HS2 is something I have ignored.
This vast, expensive and disruptive engineering project is the brainchild of our government who think that spending upwards of £56b is worth the minutes shaved off the London to Birmingham rail journey is well worth it. Perhaps that should be the national priority, but it is above my pay grade to know for sure. There has been much written, much revised and many cross words exchanged however, but for me, HS2 is something I have ignored, until I walked in the Misbourne valley and appreciated the scale of what is about to happen.
The route through the Chilterns
I have included a web link below, but to briefly summarise the route through the Chilterns; from London Euston, the route will enter a tunnel until West Ruislip, where trains emerge to run on the surface. From here the line crosses the Colne Valley on a major viaduct, and passes through a 9.8-mile (15.8 km) tunnel under the Chiltern Hills to emerge near South Heath, north-west of Amersham. The route will run roughly parallel to the existing A413 (through the Misbourne Valley), passing to the west of Wendover in what HS2 call a 'green cut-and-cover tunnel'. After passing west of Aylesbury, the route will run north westwards through North Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, South Northamptonshire and Warwickshire and into the West Midlands.
Misbourne Valley
The River Misbourne rises above the lovely market town of Great Missenden and flows south east for 17 miles (27km) through the village of Little Missenden, onto Amersham and the Chalfonts to Denham, where it meets the River Colne.
Cottages in the Chilterns vernacular
This valley and its river are no stranger to controversy and has suffered damage to its natural and built resources; most recently the natural chalk stream was rescued by a successful campaign to stop the abstraction of valuable drinking water and further down the valley, Shardeloes mansion, ancestral home of the Tyrwhitt-Drake family was saved from demolition by the formidable Amersham Society.
I was drawn to the valley when I read a piece about rare medieval wall paintings uncovered by accident (aren't all the best things?), in 1931 that had been hidden behind lime wash and plaster and are now restored inside this wonderful 1,000 year-old church. Still a valuable community hub inside a building designed, built and tinkered with by the Romans, Saxons, Normans and Tudors. I expect the Victorians had a hand in there too.
It could almost be Roman
Along the walls, the paintings reveal a different view of the world
My walk took me from the parish church, through the village, up the hill to Mop End and down through the woods to Shardeloes, just outside Amersham and back to Little Missenden along the South Bucks Way. Details and maps are below.
A break in the boundary
Fighter-pilot blackbirds, skilfully navigated the twists and high speed turns
It was a beautiful still January morning, relatively quiet, with only bird chatter in the hedgerows for company. Leo and I crossed the field behind the village and joined the leaf-strewn sunken path, with helpful winter breaks along a familiar tree-lined boundary to enjoy far-reaching views back across the valley towards Great Missenden. Our guides, a couple of fighter-pilot blackbirds, skilfully navigating the twists and high speed turns upwards along the path. We passed an enormous pile of gently smoking, freshly dumped manure, ready to spread across these busy fields. There are a few isolated cottages with their lovely gardens, views and one sporting a tennis court! Not too many 'gerroff my land" signs tacked to the trees either, which is always reassuring.
Our way downhill towards Amersham is cleared by the squirrels, their grey tails catching the sunlight as they race across the woodland floor, over logs, along a decaying fence and up the nearest tree, as fast as their little legs will take them. The vista then opens up and you can appreciate the sense of space and place as the landscape turns from natural, to managed and designed.
Horses are king in this meadow
Enter landscape designer, Humphry Repton who was commissioned to lay out the grounds in the classical English landscape fashion, in the lee of the hill upon which the Shardeloes mansion stands, damming the River Misbourne to form a pretty lake.
Shardeloes is a sprawling 18th century country house, the current structure replacing an earlier building
Shardeloes was the ancestral home to the Tyrwhitt-Drake family until the Second World War, when the house was requisitioned as a maternity hospital for pregnant women from London, saw some 3,000 children born there. Amazing! Following the War the house seemed destined to become one of the thousands of country houses being demolished, until the formidable Amersham Society, assisted by the Council for the Protection of Rural England fought a prolonged battle to save the house. Subsequently purchased in the early 1970's by a local property developer who converted the house and outbuildings into a complex of private flats, with nearby equine centre and cricket club.
Shardeloes gatehouse
I am reminded of another great regional railway project that saw Victorian railway designers, who sought to build the London to Birmingham Railway directly through the Norman Berkhamsted castle, but was saved by strong local opposition. The Act of Parliament that authorised the construction of the railway also protected the castle, making it the first such property to be protected by law.
There is an expectation that the HS2 archaeology will be rich and varied; grasping at straws perhaps, but I am hoping there will be access and tours available so we can see for ourselves what is happening. From the conversations I have had, both professionally and in my personal capacity, the locals are now resigned to the railway, and will make every effort to minimise disruption to their businesses and lives.
What is the Misbourne Valley going to look and sound like in the next decades? I will be back to find out as I will seek to harness and record the passions that these projects evoke with many more Instagram, Facebook and blog posts that encourage discussions and comments. You are welcome to comment below.
This website has interesting plans and maps so you can see where the route is and where the tunnels are – not too technical either.
There are three lovely walks to be enjoyed along the Misbourne valley, information can be downloaded here.
"The best church I have ever seen (and I've seen a few!)" enthuses A Simms, from Paris who visited the lovely church of St John the Baptist Little Missenden. Their website and visitor interpretation are excellent, the wall paintings astonishing and is well worth your support. I believe they serve a mean cream tea in the summer!
Explore the neighbouring market town of Amersham, with its enviable history of black lace, perfume and beer.
Read about another fine Chilterns Doom painting that was saved by the Chilterns summer rain.
The local market towns of Great Missenden and Amersham are worth a visit, not least of all to see the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre and the Amersham museum.
Posted in Chiltern Hills, sense of place, The Chilterns, Travel and Tourism, Travel bloggingTagged A Year in the Chilterns, amersham, Amersham society, AONB, chalk stream, Chilterns AONB, chilterns cycling, chilterns walks, church heritage, english history, great missenden, heritage, HS2, Humphry Repton, landscape, landscape design, landscape photography, little missenden, Market towns, Misbourne river, Misbourne valley, Rural, rural heritage, rural tourism, shardeloes, slow travel, Travel, Travel blogging, travel guide, travel photography, travel to england, travel to the chilterns, visit britain, visit chilterns, Visit England
Previous Adventures
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text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Q: JSON.stringify is ignoring object properties See the jsfiddle example http://jsfiddle.net/frigon/H6ssq/
For some reason there are fields that JSON.stringify is ignoring.  Is there a way to force JSON.stringify to parse them?
As the jsfiddle shows... this code...

will output:
obj.dirty property exists: true
obj.uid property exists: b4af4dfc-9d94-4a2d-b286-d6f4cbc991d8
But they dont show in JSON.stringify():
{"ID":"","Name":"Johhny Foosball"}

A: When an object has its own toJSON() implementation, JSON.stringify() uses the object returned from that method and stringifies that. kendo.data.Model defines it's own toJSON() method which only returns the properties defined on the model, which is why you aren't seeing other values (e.g. dirty, id, uid) in the string result.
"If the stringify method sees an object that contains a toJSON method, it calls that method, and stringifies the value returned. This allows an object to determine its own JSON representation."
Here's an alternative if you must have all properties on the object:
var model = kendo.data.Model.define({
    id: "ID",
    fields: {
        "Name": { type: "string" }
    }
});
var obj = new model();
obj.set("Name","Johhny Foosball");
var newObj = $.extend({}, obj);
delete newObj.toJSON;
document.write(newObj.dirty);
document.write(JSON.stringify(newObj));

..and the updated fiddle.
Basically I used jQuery.extend to clone the object then deleted the toJSON function. Use at your own risk! :)

A: If you're working in NodeJS you can use:
import * as util from 'util';
util.inspect(obj)

instead of JSON.stringify

A: It is using its own JSON.stringify method. This has happened to me with Sequelize. I stringify the object before adding the new property like this:
objStringified = JSON.stringify(obj) // uses its own JSON.stringify method
obj = JSON.parse(objStringified) // only shows properties specified as columns in its model
obj.dirty = "whatever";
finalObj = JSON.stringify(objParsed); // now it doesn't have its own JSON.stringify method, so dirty property appears

A: Somewhat relevant, as I came here looking for a solution to a similar situation: For those looking for a way to get back their original object, before kendo added all sorts of weird hidden properties to it, do:
cleanObject = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(kendoDataItem));

I encountered this scenario when I needed to pass the selected item from the kendo tree to a json-formatter directive. But what do you know, kendo had allready messed up with my original object.

    {{dataItem.text}}

<json-formatter open="1" json="selectedItem"></json-formatter>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Swing by Jean-Honoré Fragonard
Where? The Oval Drawing Room of the Wallace Collection
What do you see? Golden light pours through the trees of a garden. A young woman in a brilliant pink dress sits on a large swing that is attached to the trees behind her. She kicks off one of her pink shoes (look above her raised foot) in the direction of the statue of a cupid on the left. As her skirt flares upwards, her young lover in the lower left is taken aback by the sight before him. He has his hat in his left hand.
Unaware of the scene in front of him, an older man smiles as he operates the swing in the lower right. Near his feet is a little white dog that perhaps symbolizes an ironic fidelity. The sculpture of the cupid on the left was created by Étienne-Maurice Falconet in 1757 and versions of this statue are in the British Museum, Louvre, and the Rijksmuseum. It is popularly known as Menacing Love, and shows cupid looking down on the scene while putting a finger to his lips saying: "this is a secret."
Menacing Love by Falconet
Backstory: This painting is also known under the more complete title "The Happy Accidents of the Swing." This title refers to the erotic references in this painting. The man that is hiding in the bushes on the left has a chance to look at the woman's legs under her skirt. The slipper that the woman kicks in the air and the hat of the man are a reference to their sexual availability. The statues of the cupids confirm the sexual intentions of the couple even more.
Fragonard's painting soon gained recognition, and he became popular with a small group of patrons with a taste for erotic works as well as history painting. As such, The Swing played an important role in boosting Fragonard's artistic career.
Who is Fragonard? Born in 1732, Jean-Honoré Fragonard was a French Rococo painter. As a boy, he had a passion for drawing and eventually became the student of François Boucher. In 1752, Boucher suggested Fragonard to apply to study under Carle Van Loo, the court painter to Louis XV. This involved studying at the French Academy in Rome. While there, Fragonard made many sketches of the countryside and copied many Baroque-style paintings by Hubert Robert. His good work in the Academy was admired by many, and even Louis XV purchased one of his artworks.
Fragonard soon gained more recognition and earned a studio in the Louvre Palace as well as the title of an Academician. Over time, Fragonard painted in many styles: Baroque, Romantic, and Rococo. In addition, he painted a variety of paintings, including landscapes, portraits, party scenes, and religious paintings. As his frivolous Rococo paintings were not also easy to sell, he also created some more traditional works on commission, such as the Education of the Virgin in the Legion of Honor Museum.
Education of the Virgin by Fragonard
What is Rococo? An art style popular between 1720 and 1780 in Europe. The style is relatively chaotic and theatrics, leading to artworks that are full of drama, emotion, and movement. The style is highly feminized and popularly used in the French salons run by women in the 18th century. Some of the most successful artists following this style include François Boucher, Jean-Honoré Fragonard, and Antoine Watteau.
Fun Fact: Fragonard was not the artist originally commissioned to paint the swing. At first, Gabriel-François Doyen was given the task by an anonymous man of the court. He had requested a painting of his mistress being pushed on a swing by a bishop as he admired her from below. However, Doyen turned him down. Instead, Fragonard took up the task.
Fragonard did not follow all the instructions of the commissioner and kept his own artistic freedom. For example, he decided against painting the man pushing the swing as a bishop. And he included some extra details to the painting such as the little dog, statues of cupids, and the lost slipper.
Lovers in a Park by François Boucher
Where? The French Gallery of the Timken Museum of Art
What do you see? Two lovers rest by a trail in a blooming garden. Their clothes are disheveled and unbuttoned. With one hand, the young man puts flowers into his lover's hair. In the other hand, he holds her hat, filled with pastel-colored blooms. Resting her arm on his knee, the young lady holds a wreath of blue flowers on her arm. As she looks off to her right, she doesn't seem to notice the shepherdess entering on the left side of the painting. This woman wears less lavish clothes than the couple, and she carries two baskets of flowers. She tilts her head as the young man flirts with her in an act of playful infidelity. And the young man's lover doesn't seem to mind. On the bottom right is a spaniel, which either is the dog of the couple or an ironic symbol of loyalty. Above the scene is a statue of two babies playing and watching the scene unfold.
Backstory: Boucher probably created this painting to decorate the salon of an aristocrat's country house. Focusing on the theme of love, Boucher sets the intimate and dreamy scene in a beautiful garden. Like most Rococo paintings, the colors and textures of the painting are delicate, soft, and feminine.
Besides romance and coquetry, this painting also shows a romanticization of the peasantry in France during this time. Many aristocrats of this time fantasized about life in the country, working as a farmer or milkmaid. The inclusion of the young shepherdess in this painting may be a nod to this trend. While very beautiful, rococo paintings like Lovers in a Park, were often criticized for their artificiality and unrealistic subject matter.
Who is François Boucher? François Boucher was born in Paris in 1703 where he would die in 1770. His father was a decorator who specialized in embroidery. Boucher studied under François Lemoyne and later under François Cars, an esteemed engraver. During this time, Boucher engraved many of Watteau's drawings and became familiar with his style very quickly.
In 1723, Boucher was awarded first place in the Academy competition. Afterwards, he traveled to Italy where he studied with Carle Vanloo. Though his style was not heavily influenced by this trip, when he returned to Paris, he became fascinated with fashion and sought to depict it in his works. After being admitted to the French Academy in 1734 for his work, Rinaldo and Armida, Boucher caught the attention of Madame Pompadour who essentially made him her personal painter. It was around this time that Boucher took a young Jean-Honoré Fragonard on as a student.
In 1755, Boucher began working on tapestries for the Gobelins tapestry works, producing pieces for operas and festivals. In 1765, he became the director of the French Academy and Madame Pompadour appointed him First Painter to the King.
Rinaldo and Armida by Boucher
The Swing by Fragonard
Fun fact: A leisure activity for many aristocrats of this time was to dress up in simpler clothes made out of cheaper materials and role play the idealized life of a peasant. The clothes they wore, though plainer than their usual outfits, would be higher quality than what peasants actually wore. The young shepherdess in Lovers in a Park wears clothing in this style.
The Third of May 1808 by Francisco Goya
Where? Room 64 of the Prado Museum
Commissioned by: The Spanish government
What do you see? A group of French soldiers on the right point their rifles at a Spanish peasant dressed in white. The French firing squad is about to execute the peasant who stands against a hill with his arms raised like a Christ figure in surrender. At his feet are some of his comrades who have been slaughtered by the firing squad, their blood still running on the dirt. And surrounding them are other people that are next in line to face the firing squad. Some of them cover their eyes as they do not want to witness the gruel scene in front of them.
Among the people surrounding the man in white is also a bold-headed monk. He is directly to the left (from our point of view) of the man in the center, and he has his hands clasped in prayer, avoiding the eyes of the soldiers.
Backstory: This painting is a commemoration of a true historical event, Napoleon's French army invading Spain. This painting shows a particular scene that occurred on May 3, 1808, when the French army decided to execute Spanish citizens that rebelled against them.
Francisco Goya was deeply affected by this series of events and decided to create this painting to show the injustice of the French army's actions. Goya has dramatized the moment. The square lantern in the center pours bright light onto the rebels on the left and the man dressed in white. Goya gives him a Christ-like aura with his arms raised in golden light. The man is made into a martyr while the French soldiers are left anonymous and thus soulless.
May 2, 1808: This was the day that many citizens of Madrid rebelled against the French occupation. Crowds assembled around the Royal Palace of Madrid protesting French occupation. The French soldiers opened fire on the crowds, triggering street fights and rebellion in other parts of the city. The French armed forces outnumbered the Spanish citizens.
Goya captured the events on this day in his painting The Second of May 1808, which is also in the Prado Museum. The painting depicts the Mamelukes (Napoleon's Turkish soldiers) in a street fight with Spanish rebels. When the conflict had subsided, hundreds of Spanish citizens had died. Many survivors were taken prisoner for execution the next day.
The Second of May 1808 by Goya
May 3, 1808: The day after the Spanish rebelled against the French army, the rebels were executed by French firing squads. Many surviving Spanish rebels were gathered and shot in several locations in Madrid. Supposedly, most of the executed rebels were peasants, artisans, and beggars. About one hundred deaths by firing squads were reported.
Who is Goya? Francisco Goya was born in 1746 in Fuendetodos in the Northeast of Spain and died in 1828 in Bordeaux, France. He studied drawing and painting in Zaragoza and joined the studio of José Luzán. Later, he studied under Francisco Bayeu Subías who led him to work on decorations for the royal palace. Goya married Subías's sister and traveled to Italy after failing in two drawing competitions at the Real Academia des Bellas Artes in San Fernando. Eventually, Goya was appointed painter to the Royal Tapestry Factory in Madrid.
Goya's work was reminiscent of Rococo art and focused on day-to-day events. As his work gained more attention, Goya rose to the position of court painter to King Charles III and Charles IV. Around this time, he began to travel Andalusia to study realism. When he returned from his trip, he had fallen ill and gone deaf.
Before the decline of his health, much of Goya's work had been cheerful and warm. After losing his hearing, Goya's work became dark and filled with monsters, darkness, and ghosts. Witches' Sabbath in the Prado Museum is an example of such a dark work. It is part of his series of fourteen Black Paintings.
Witches' Sabbath by Goya
Fun fact: Before painting The Third of May 1808, Goya had worked on a series called The Disasters of War. These gruesome prints showed the violence, gore, and fear that comes from war. Without taking a side in the conflict, Goya expressed great anti-war sentiment. The prints were not published until decades later.
Y No Hai Remedio by Goya
Education of the Virgin by Jean-Honoré Fragonard
Where? Gallery 7 of the Legion of Honor Museum
When? About 1773
What do you see? A young Mary comfortably leans back against her mother, Saint Anne, who teaches the Virgin Mary about the Bible. Mary has her finger on the Bible questioning her mother about a certain aspect. However, Mary seems confident as well and enjoys this activity with her mother. Fragonard included strong contrasts between mother and daughter. Mary is tiny and has a pale, doll-like face. Her oversized mother looks like a wise and experienced woman.
On the left, they are accompanied by two small angels hovering next to the Bible to give them divine inspiration. On the right, they are joined by a white cat. Fragonard paints a mysterious light source in the background giving this painting a magical feel. The bottom left of the painting probably has been damaged over time, but, interestingly, the vaguely applied pink and brown paints add to the magical feeling of this work.
Background: Fragonard got the inspiration for this painting from earlier works on this theme by Peter Paul Rubens and Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. Rubens painted the theme between 1630 and 1635 and this work is on display in The Royal Museums of Fine Arts in Antwerp. Between 1730 and 1732, Tiepolo painted the theme multiple times, including a version in the Santa Maria della Fava Church in Venice.
Fragonard first copied the works of these artists but then created his own, unique composition of this theme. However, when he finished the work, it was not received well by the art critics of that time. It inspired him to create some other versions of this work.
The Education of the Virgin by Rubens
The Education of the Virgin by Tiepolo
The youth of Mary: The youth of the Virgin Mary is described in the apocryphal Gospel of James. Mary is the daughter of Saints Anne and Joachim. They were wealthy people, but Anne was infertile. After a desperate prayer to God, an angel appeared to her promising a child that would become famous. Anne became pregnant without intercourse with her husband.
When Mary was three years old, her parents brought her to the Temple where she would be raised by the priests and received food from the hand of an angel. When she was 12 years old, God picked Joseph, a widower with older children, to be Mary's guardian and to become her husband when she was old enough.
And when Mary was 16 years old, she became pregnant without having intercourse. Joseph actually only discovered her pregnancy when he came back from a house-building trip when she was already six months pregnant.
The Education of the Virgin: The story of Saint Anne teaching her daughter Mary about the Bible only developed in the 11th century AD. It is not mentioned in the Gospel of James, which is the main source of information about Mary's youth. In contrast, the Gospel of James mentions that Mary lived with the priests at the Temple between her third and twelfth year.
The only skill of Mary mentioned in the gospel is that she was good at weaving. But 11th-century logic told priests and scholars that, as the Mother of Jesus, Mary also had to be able to read and be knowledgeable about the Bible. And so, artists in the next centuries started to depict Saint Anne teaching Mary about the Bible.
Multiple versions: Fragonard created multiple versions of The Education of the Virgin. The version in the Legion of Honor Museum was probably the first version and painted around 1773. After that, he made two drawings of the painting for which he used the same composition but experimented with different lighting effects.
During the second half of the 1770s, Fragonard created a second series on this topic. In these later paintings, Mary is no longer looking at the Bible but at her mother instead. The education of the virgin was a theme that multiple artists have used over time.
Besides Rubens and Tiepolo, Guido Reni painted between 1640 and 1642 a version in the Hermitage Museum. And between 1842 and 1852, Eugene Delacroix also painted a couple of versions of this theme, one in The National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo, and another one is owned by the Louvre.
Education of the Virgin by Reni
Education of the Virgin by Delacroix
Who is Fragonard? Jean-Honoré Fragonard was born in 1732 in Grasse in the Southeast of France and died in 1806 in Paris. He started his career as a fairly traditional artist, but during a trip to Italy in his late twenties, he started to become interested in more theatrical works. He got inspired by the works of artists like Hals, Rembrandt, Rubens, and Tiepolo, and decided to create colorful, chaotic paintings about love and happiness.Among these paintings is his best-known work, The Swing in the Wallace Collection in London.
However, his new style of painting was not well-received by everybody, and he still continued to paint some more traditional religious works on commission. After the French Revolution in 1789, Fragonard continued to paint, but his name was forgotten quickly.
Fun fact: The theme of the education of the virgin has contributed significantly to the development of female literacy. Whereas in the early Middle Ages only men were depicted holding a book, the increasing popularity of Saint Anne teaching Mary how to read the Bible was a sign to people that it was also important for women to learn how to read.
Images of Mary being able to read the Bible did not remain restricted to Saint Anne teaching her. The Annunciation by Leonardo da Vinci in the Uffizi Museum shows that Mary is reading the Bible when the Archangel Gabriel announces to her that she will be the Mother of Jesus.
Beer Street by William Hogarth
Where? Room 1730 of the Main Floor of Tate Britain. Several other museums like the British Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, and National Gallery of Art also own this work but do not have it on permanent display.
What do you see? Several groups of well-fed people engage in a variety of activities while drinking mugs of beer. It is the birthday of King George II, and that asks for a celebration. On the left, two corpulent men hold big mugs of beer and one of them holds a huge leg of beef in his left hand. In front of them sits a man holding a beer while sharing a romantic moment with a woman. To the right of them, a couple of women with overflowing baskets of fish pause while enjoying a beer. To their right, a young boy with mugs hanging on a rope slung over his back goes around selling mugs of beer. He stops at the pawnbroker to hand him a beer through the peek hole. The pawn shop is in some state of disrepair as people do not need to pawn off their belonging in this prosperous world where people drink beer.
The other buildings are well-maintained, and the church steeple on the top is a sign that people behave morally in this world full of beer. On the bottom right, a portly man enjoys his beer next to a pile of books in a basket. On the left, a painter in ragged clothes blissfully paints a cheery picture of men and women dancing around a mountain of barley.
On top of the roofs, construction workers take a break drinking to celebrate while another barrel of beer is being lifted up. Finally, in the center, a wealthy woman in a sedan chair waits as her chairmen have temporarily put her chair down to drink a beer. Laborers around them drink their beer while continuing their work in a timely manner.
Backstory: Beer Street takes place during a major movement in 18th-century England: The Age of Enlightenment. This was a philosophical and intellectual movement where people began to ponder major scientific and philosophical thoughts that were captured in paintings such as The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt. These ideas were published, and many people learned from them and developed them further.
Another idea behind the Age of Enlightenment is that people were trying to apply these new ideas to help other people. Before the Gin Craze, French brandy was popular and fashionable, however, during the Second Hundred Years' War between France and England, French products were considered unpatriotic and soon lost their following. This led to the Gin Craze where gin and other cheap spirits quickly became popular, and overconsumption of these drinks caused many problems among the lower-class people.
William Hogarth's print was, in essence, a piece of propaganda in favor of the British beer market. Similar to the popularity of Coca-Cola in the United States during modern times, Hogarth makes the argument that beer was not only a remedy to the unregulated gin trade but also a drink that is truly British and helps the country.
The Anatomy Lesson by Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt
Gin Lane: At the time Hogarth created Beer Street, he also created a companion piece called Gin Lane. Most museums that own Beer Street, also have a print from Gin Lane as they were created together. Museums owning Gin Lane include Tate Britain, the British Museum and the National Gallery of Art. However, most museums do not have the prints on permanent display as they are light sensitive. The original copperplates for both works are owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Gin Lane shows the perilous effects that excessive gin consumption can have on your life. It shows the opposite side of Beer Street where drinking gin leads to chaos, negligence, street brawls, and poverty. The only ones benefiting from the gin craze are the distillery, the pawn shop, and the undertaker.
Gin Lane by Hogarth
Who is Hogarth? William Hogarth was born in 1697 in London where he would die 66 years later. Hogarth carefully examined life in 18th-century London and detailed it in etchings and painted satires. He included many symbolic features in his works such that his pieces are not only entertaining but also contain several moral messages.
Hogarth created art both for the upper and lower class. He painted works for his richer clients but also created etchings and engravings of his works that could be mass-produced and sold at a lower price to a larger audience. Among his works is a series of satirical works about the British upper class. The first painting of that series is Marriage A-la-Mode: 1, The Marriage Settlement in the National Gallery in London.
Marriage A-la-Mode: 1, The Marriage Settlement by Hogarth
Fun fact: William Hogarth had a theory of aesthetics called the Analysis of Beauty. He depicts one of the ideas from that theory in the position of the artist standing on a ladder on the left side of the print.
The artist's body gracefully curves in a serpentine line representing one of Hogarth's theories called the Line of Beauty. That line, he claims, is seen throughout nature and ancient Greeks and Romans used it already in their statues creating a natural standing position called contrapposto. It was a position that was rediscovered during the Renaissance and can be seen, among others, in the statue of David by Michelangelo.
Gin Lane by William Hogarth
What do you see? People in various states of physical and mental decline amid a chaotic urban setting. In the center sits a woman with ragged clothes. Her shirt is open exposing her breasts, and she has sores on her legs. She neglects her baby who falls out of her arms and does not even notice what is happening. Just down the steps from her lies a malnourished soldier who looks like a skeleton. He has his head tilted back and holds on to an empty glass of gin. A dog with a saddened expression looks over him. The soldier has a basket tucked under the crook of his arm with a bottle and note that reads "The Downfall of Gin."
To the left of the central woman, two men fight with a dog over a bone signifying how far they have fallen because of their gin addiction. Standing above them, a couple of men try to pawn off possessions to buy more gin.
On the right side, more people lose themselves to the cheap spirits. People are feeding gin to each other, including children, and even a baby. In front of the distillery on the right middle, a fight breaks out and people hit each other with chairs and hammers. There is a strong contrast between the different buildings in this town. Most buildings in the background are in poor condition, except the distillery, the pawn shop, and the undertaker's building.
Backstory: Gin Lane is an etching and engraving printed on paper. Hogarth chose this technique to be able to produce multiple prints of his work that he could sell for low prices to lower-class people. Gin Lane showcases the vicious cycle of excessive drinking, pawning off your possessions to drink more, prostitution, and finally death.
Gin drinking was considered a large problem in England during the time that Hogarth created this work. It was cheap and accessible to the working class, and many people got addicted to gin with all the bad consequences that result from that.
Gin Craze: In the beginning of the 18th century, gin was not regulated in England, and distillers did not care much about the drink's quality. They mixed in harmful chemicals and did anything to increase their margins. The drink became very popular among the lower class in England, and especially in London. Many people consumed large quantities of gin, which made them even poorer and led to health problems.
The problems with gin led the government to take several measures between 1729 and 1751 to make gin more expensive and reduce its popularity. These measures only had a partial effect, and it was not until the 1750s that the gin consumption decreased mainly due to a series of poor grain harvests.
Beer Street: At the time Hogarth created Gin Lane, he also created a companion piece called Beer Street. Prints of this work are part of multiple collections, including the British Museum and the National Gallery of Art. The original copperplates for both works are owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Beer Street presents an alternative to the ails of gin drinking. It shows the opposite of the street where we see that beer drinking leads to prosperity. It shows a town that is flourishing with healthy individuals engaging in fun activities. For example, the pawnbroker that thrived in the chaos in Gin Lane is in disrepair as no one wants to pawn items to support their habit.
Beer Street by Hogarth
Who is Hogarth? William Hogarth was born in 1697 in London where he would die 66 years later. He enjoyed creating art which explains the social ills of 18th-century England through a combination of wit and symbols that would be easy to understand for his 18th-century audience. He created art both for the upper and lower class.
Hogarth painted works for his richer clients but also created etchings and engravings of his works that could be mass-produced and sold at a lower price to a larger audience. An example of a work for the upper class is A Scene from 'The Beggar's Opera' in the National Gallery of Art. Another version of this painting is in the same room as Gin Lane in Tate Britain.
A Scene from 'The Beggar's Opera' by Hogarth in the National Gallery of Art
A Scene from 'The Beggar's Opera' by Hogarth in Tate Britain
Fun Fact: In addition to being a political satirist, William Hogarth is known for his caricatures of people. Look, for example, at the man hanging from the rafters in the top right of Gin Lane or the man in the center walking down the street with a baby on a stake.
Other artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Eugene Delacroix also liked to create caricatures of people. One of Da Vinci's many caricatures is a drawing of a Grotesque Profile. An example of a caricature by Delacroix is A Lioness and a Caricature of Ingres in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Grotesque Profile by Da Vinci
A Lioness and a Caricature of Ingres by Delacroix


June 1, 2018 – JGKMW Attorneys Recognized as Super Lawyers and Rising Stars.
JGKMW would like to congratulate the seven attorneys named to the 2018 Super Lawyers and Rising Stars lists.
April 5, 2018 – Defense Verdict for Ketia Wick.
Congratulations to Ketia Wick and the rest of the JGKMW team for a defense verdict on behalf of an emergency room physician. The case alleged medical negligence and wrongful death for a failure to diagnose a pulmonary embolism.
March 1, 2018 – JGKMW welcomes Aida Babametovic to our firm.
Aida Babahmetovic joins JGKMW as an associate in the Seattle Office. Aida brings her skills and experience to the Pacific Northwest from Kentucky where she worked for a national healthcare system as a compliance manager. Aida has combined experience in civil litigation and corporate compliance. Prior to joining the corporate sector, Aida independently represented multi-national corporations and employers in labor and employment matters as well as insurance defense claims.
January 1, 2018 – Michael McDermott promotion to Partner.
Michael McDermott was promoted to Partner effective January 1, 2018. He has been with JGKMW since 2011 and is an experienced litigator. His practice focuses on the defense of health care providers in medical malpractice cases and assisting physicians in Department of Health regulatory matters. Congratulations Michael!
November 22, 2017 – Defense Verdict for Philip deMaine and Katherine Bozzo.
Congratulations to attorneys Philip deMaine and Katherine Bozzo and the rest of the JGKMW team for a unanimous defense verdict on behalf of a dentist after a two-week dental malpractice trial in King County Superior Court.
May 1, 2017 – JGKMW Attorneys Recognized as Super Lawyers and Rising Stars.
JGKMW would like to congratulate the seven attorneys named to the 2017 Super Lawyers and Rising Stars lists.
JGKMW Partner Rando Wick was inducted as a member of the American Board of Trial Advocates (ABOTA), becoming only the 20th attorney from Washington State to receive this honor. ABOTA is a prestigious invitation-only society for trial lawyers. Congratulations Rando!
Rando Wick was elected as a Fellow of the International Society of Barristers, becoming only the 20th attorney from Washington State to receive this honor.
Defense verdict for emergency room physician in medical malpractice lawsuit alleging failure to diagnose pulmonary embolism.
Defense verdict for dentist in dental malpractice lawsuit alleging negligent post-extraction dental care.
Defense verdict for dentist in dental malpractice lawsuit alleging trigeminal nerve injury and failure to obtain informed consent.
Defense verdict for large hospital in medical malpractice lawsuit alleging wrongful death following a complex cardiac procedure with post-surgical complications.
Defense verdict for primary care physician in medical malpractice lawsuit alleging wrongful death from failure to diagnose skin cancer.
Directed verdict for large hospital in medical malpractice lawsuit alleging failure to diagnose a median nerve injury and lost chance of a better outcome.
Defense verdict in medical malpractice lawsuit alleging wrongful life as the result of in utero exposure to an antiepileptic drug prescribed to control epilepsy.
Defense verdict for nurse midwife in medical malpractice lawsuit alleging significant nerve impairment following a brachial plexus injury in a newborn.
Defense verdict for large hospital in a case alleging discrimination against deaf plaintiffs for failure to timely provide an interpreter for health care services.
Defense verdict for nurse midwives in medical malpractice lawsuit alleging failure to document an obstetric patient's request for no male examiners or physicians during labor.
Defense verdict for gynecological surgeon in medical malpractice lawsuit alleging negligent care following a post-operative bleed.


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SHRI NEELAM SANJIVA REDDY
Shri Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was born on May 18, 1913 and died on June 1, 1996.
SHRI NEELAM SANJIVA REDDY, the sixth President of India, was a veteran statesman and administrator. He held many eminent positions in public life both before and after independence. Born in a peasant family at Illuri village in the Anantapur District (Andhra Pradesh) on May 19, 1913, Shri Sanjiva Reddy had his early education at the Theosophical High School at Adyar in Madras and later joined the Arts College at Anantapur.
In 1931, the young Sanjiva Reddy gave up his studies to take part in the freedom movement. His student days were marked by Youth League and other nationalist activities. In fact, he first came into limelight when he participated in a student satyagraha.
At the age of 25, Shri Reddy was elected Secretary of the Andhra Pradesh Provincial Congress Committee and remained in that office for 10 years. He was in prison for a greater part of the period 1940-1945. In March 1942,he was released for a while but in August, the same year he was re-arrested and kept in Amraoti jail in Madhya Pradesh along with Shri Prakasam, Shri Satyamurti, Shri Kamaraj, Shri Giri and others till 1945.
In 1946, Shri Reddy was elected to the Madras Legislaltive Assembly and became the Secretary of the Madras Congress Legislature Party the following year. In 1947, he became a Member of the Indian Constitutent Assembly.
From April 1949 to April 1951, he was Minister for Prohibition, Housing and Forests in the composite state of Madras. In 1951, he resigned this office to contest the Election for the Presidentship of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee which he won. It was during this period that Shri Reddy suffered a terrible tragedy in the death of his five year old son in a motor accident. This shocked him so deeply that he resigned the APCC Presidentship. Later, however, he was prevailed upon to withdraw his resignation.
In 1952, he was elected Member of the Rajya Sabha. In 1953, he accepted the post of Deputy Chief Minister in the Cabinet of the late Shri T. Prakasam, even though he was elected the Leader of the Congress Legislature Party. He was again elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1955 and became Deputy Chief Minister in Shri B. Gopala Reddi's cabinet.
Shri Reddy became the first Chief Minister to the new State of Andhra Pradesh which was formed following the reorganization of the States in October, 1956. In 1959, he resigned the Chief Ministership to take over the Presidentship of the Indian National Congress. On the expiry of his term of office in March, 1962, he again became the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. In February 1964, he voluntarily resigned the office of Chief Minister in order to set high standards of public life. He was, however, re-elected as the leader of the Congress Legislature Party but he recommended to the Governor to invite Shri K. Brahmananda Reddy, a colleague of his to form a new Ministry.
On June 9, 1964, Shri Reddy was appointed a Member of the Union Cabinet formed by Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri and took over the portfolio of Steel and Mines. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in November, 1964.
Shri Reddy was Union Minister of Transport, Civil Aviation, Shipping and Tourism from January 1966 to March 1967 in the Cabinet formed by Shrimati Indira Gandhi. In the General Elections in 1967, he was returned to the Lok Sabha from Hindupur constituency in Andhra Pradesh. He was elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on March 17, 1967, an office that won him unprecedented acclaim and admiration.
Shri Reddy resigned the Speakership of the Lok Sabha on the 19th July, 1969 to contest the Presidential election on the basis of his nomination as a nominee of the Congress filed by Shrimati Indira Gandhi. It is now common knowledge that after filing this nomination Shrimati Indira Gandhi subsequently organized his defeat in the elections by unethical means.
After 1969, Shri Reddy devoted his time to agriculture, which has always remained his first love. However, on May 1, 1975 he entered active politics again by addressing a public meeting at Hyderabad along with Shri Jayaprakash Narain. In March 1977, he fought the Lok Sabha election from Nandyal constituency in Andhra Pradesh as a Janata Party candidate. He was the only non-Congress candidate to get elected from Andhra Pradesh.
Shri Reddy was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on March 26, 1977. He relinquished this office on July 13, 1977 to file his nomination for the Presidentship of the Indian Union. He was unanimously sponsored as the consensus candidate for the Presidentship by all political parties, a reare even in recent political history. He was declared elected unopposed on July 21, 1977.
The degree of Honorary Doctor of Laws was conferred on Shri Sanjiva Reddy by the Sri Venkateshwara University in 1958.
Shri Sanjiva Reddy married Shrimati Nagarathnamma on June 8, 1935 and they had one son and three daughters.


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1hp pumps efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power imparted on the fluid by the pump in relation to the power supplied to drive the pump. Its value is not fixed for a given pump, efficiency is a function of the discharge and therefore also operating head. For centrifugal pumps, the efficiency tends to increase with flow rate up to a point midway through the operating range (peak efficiency) and then declines as flow rates rise further. Pump performance data such as this is usually supplied by the manufacturer before pump selection. Pump efficiencies tend to decline over time due to wear (e.g. increasing clearances as impellers reduce in size).


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