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Kissing Cousins: Marital Dispensations, Consanguinity, Affinity
12th August 2019 Lynn Serafinn	6 Comments
Genealogist Lynn Serafinn explains canon law regarding consanguinity and affinity, and how dispensations in marriage records can help us in our research.
When we think of our genealogical 'pedigree' we often imagine it to be an ever-expanding 'fan' of ancestors, multiplying by two at each generation. After all, we have two parents, four grandparents, eight great-grandparents, and so on, so it makes perfect sense that this doubling would continue ad infinitum, right?
Well… no. While it makes sense in theory, in reality this doubling at each generation is both a mathematical and practical impossibility.
The Mathematics of Why Our Ancestors Did Not Double Every Generation
If our ancestors had doubled at every generation, they would eventually exceed the total population of the earth. And I mean by a LOT. For example, if we allow for around 30 years per generation, by the time we get back to around the year 1,000 C.E. we would have gone back about 32 generations (more if you are younger than I am). If we double our ancestors at every generations, we would end up with over 4 billion ancestors. Well, the problem with that is that the entire human population of the earth for the year 1,000 is somewhere between 250-350 million people – roughly 93% LESS than the total number we would need if our ancestors actually doubled at every generation.
And the further back you go, the more our calculations contradict the actual figures. By the time we got back to time of Julius Caesar, for example, we would have reached an astronomical one quintillion ancestors (that's 1,000,000,000,000,000,000) – a figure so large it is doubtful our planet would be able to sustain us. In reality, there was an estimated total 200-400 million people alive on the planet at that time: only 0.000000000002% of the number of people needed if we were to double at every generation.
To understand these figures better, it is important to bear in mind that population growth in the past was not as linear as it is today. Infant mortality was high. Young women died in childbirth, and young men died in accidents and wars. Poor sanitation, infections and malnutrition claimed the lives of many others, sometimes before people were old enough to marry and have children. The plague and other epidemics were a recurring presence, often wiping out huge chunks of the human population. Overall, the population of the human species, although going up and down repeatedly through the centuries, didn't really 'explode' and rise consistently until around the beginning of the 19th century.
The Practical Reasons Why Our Ancestors Did Not Double at Every Generation
People in the pre-industrial era tended to stay – and marry – within a small geographic parameter. Those of us who have researched our families will probably have discovered that most of our ancestors married within their community of birth, or at least not far from it.
The reason for this is twofold:
Long-distance travel wasn't as easy or available as it is today.
Most people were subsistence farmers, whose survival was dependent on the land; thus, moving around was not usually a practical option.
In one genealogy course I took, the lecturer said the 'rule of thumb' was that, for countless millennia, until the introduction of the bicycle (and later the railway), people chose spouses who lived no further than a day's walk away from their own home. In my own research, I would estimate at least 90% of people married much closer than that, i.e. usually within their own parish, and often within their own tiny frazione (hamlet). I would bet most couples knew each other their whole lives before marrying.
Considering again the mathematical calculations, if I trace my father's Trentino ancestry back to the beginning of the parish records in 1565, it would reach back around 14 to 15 generations. If my ancestors had doubled at each generation, the figure would be somewhere between 8,000 to 16,000 people. The problem with this is that, at any given era in the past, there never were more than around 1,500 people alive in my father's parish, and of those, maybe only 25-35% would have been of child-bearing age. And while some people certainly married outside the parish, those marriages were in the minority.
Endogamy and Pedigree Collapses
So, what is the explanation for these anomalies between biology, practicality and mathematics?
Two terms are needed to answer this question: 'endogamy' and 'pedigree collapse'.
Endogamy is a term used to describe the tendency for people to marry within their own community. I have often seen writers use this term with reference to ethnic minority groups living within larger 'majority' societies. However, in my experience, the term really is applicable to ALL communities throughout history. Every one of us is the 'end product' of an endogamous ancestry because, until the past century or so, nearly all of our ancestors chose spouses within their own communities of origin.
Because people tended to marry within their own communities, it was inevitable that some (if not most) husbands and wives would end up being related by blood in some way. In other words, they would share a common ancestor (or pair of ancestors). When we have couples in our 'pedigree' (list of ancestors) who share a common ancestor, it creates what we call a 'pedigree collapse'. We call it a 'collapse' because our ancestors do NOT double at the point where the couple shares a common ancestor. For example, if your grandparents were 2nd cousins, it means they shared great-grandparents (your 3X great-grandparents). Thus, instead of having 32 great-great-great-grandparents, you would only have 30.
Due to the mathematical and practical reasons already discussed, pedigree collapses happen repeatedly in our family trees. If you dig deeply enough into your family history, you are likely to find that nearly all of your ancestors had common ancestors at some point in the past. In fact, once you get back to the beginning of the parish records in the mid-1500s, you are quite likely you are to discover you are related to virtually everyone who was alive in that parish at the time, and that most of these ancestors are related to you via multiple branches. Some of my ancestors from that era are related to me at least 10 different ways!
That is how 'pedigree collapses' reconcile the anomaly between theory and practice.
Consanguinity versus 'Inbreeding'
When my clients first find out they have 'pedigree collapses' in their trees, some become alarmed. Isn't this what people call 'inbreeding'? Doesn't that cause all kinds of genetic problems? And isn't 'inbreeding' forbidden by the church?
To address these concerns, we need to introduce another term: 'consanguinity'.
Consanguinity means two people are related by blood (in Italian, con = 'with' and 'sangue'= blood). We can also say they have a 'consanguineous relationship'.
'Inbreeding' is consanguinity in the extreme. It refers to when people who are very closely related marry generation after generation, usually within the same 'line'. For reasons I will touch upon later in this article, this happened more frequently in the upper classes than the 'peasantry'. And, yes, true inbreeding can cause serious genetic health issues.
But normally, the degree and frequency of consanguinity most of us have in our family trees do not create a significant genetic weakness. If that were the case, the entire human race would have died out long ago. Moreover, as we've seen, consanguinity was actually a practical necessity: without it, our ancestors wouldn't have been able to FIND any marriage partners.
That said, as we'll explore next, the Church (and more recently, civil governments) created many rules about the degrees of consanguinity permitted between a husband and wife, to ensure families did not become too 'inbred'.
Marriage and the Church
Something I find interesting is that the Christian sacrament of marriage as we think of it today wasn't clearly defined until the year 1215, at the Fourth Lateran Council. Before that, anyone could claim they were 'married' simply by cohabiting. In 'Canon 51' (a canon is a mandate or church law) from that council forbid the practice of 'clandestine marriages', even if witnessed by a priest. From this point, it became church law that all those who intended to marry were required to announce their intent publicly by publishing banns in their parish church.
One of the reasons for making marriage a public was to ensure there were no legal impediments to it. One obvious impediment would be if either party was already married or promised in marriage to someone else. But another impediment, defined more clearly in Canons 50 and 52, was the issue around consanguinity and affinity.
Canon Law Regarding Consanguineous Marriages
The Fourth Lateran Council decreed that a marriage between persons who had a consanguineous relationship at the 'fourth degree' or closer was prohibited.
'Fourth grade' grade means they shared a common ancestor (or pair of ancestors) four generations back, i.e. great-great-grandparents. To make this easier to understand, here is a table I've made showing 2nd, 3rd and 4th grade consanguinity:
CHART – Consanguineous Relationships According to Canon Law
Click on image to see it larger
Note that I have written 'common ancestor(s)' rather than 'common ancestors'. This is because a couple might share only one common ancestor. For example, if a woman died in childbirth and the husband remarried, the children of the second wife would be the half-siblings of those of the first. In this case, the husband might be the only common ancestor, as the bride and groom might be descended from a different mother.
Interestingly, prior to this ruling, marriages were actually prohibited back to the 7th degree (6th cousins!). Eventually, the church realised this rule was impossible to monitor (especially as there were no official records of births before the mid-1500s, and it was unlikely most people could trace their ancestry that far back), but it also made it virtually impossible for people to find an eligible marriage partner in their community who was not related to them in some way.
English Thinking Versus Italian Thinking
The 'grades' of consanguinity are sometimes confusing for an English speaker because a 'second grade' relationship in terms of canon law is what we would call '1st cousins'. Similarly, 'third grade' is what we would call '2nd cousins' and 'fourth grade' is what we would call '3rd cousins'. For this reason, I find it useful to shift my thinking to a more visual way of seeing the relationships (as in the chart above) rather than trying to think in English terminology.
Also, when you are communicating with Italian speakers, trying to translate from English doesn't always work. For example, some time back, before I fully understood how Italian speakers thought about cousin relationships, I used the term 'cugini di secondo grado' ('cousins of the second grade', which I took to mean '2nd cousins') when I was explaining to a parish priest how I shared great-grandparents with my Serafini cousins. The priest was quite insistent that I meant 'cugini di terzo grado' ('cousins of the third grade'), which confused me until I realised he was thinking in terms of canon law.
Canon Degrees Versus Civil Degrees
Something else that English speakers might find confusing is that the grades in canon law are substantially different from those defined by CIVIL law. In America, for example, the degrees of consanguinity are calculated by counting up and down the lines (rather than back to the nearest common ancestor), without including the two starting individuals.
For example, my grandparents, Pietro Luigi Serafini and Maria Giuseppa Onorati, shared common a pair of 3X great-grandparents: Click on image to see it larger
They were 4th cousins, in our English language way of thinking.
They were 'cugini di quinto grado' (cousins of the fifth degree) in Catholic church (canon) law.
They had a 10th degree relationship according to US civil law (i.e. there are 10 people between them if you count up and then down the tree).
No wonder the terminology is confusing for so many!
Affinity – A 'Spiritual' Relationship
Sometimes a couple were not related by blood but via a marriage in the family. This is referred to as 'affinity'. For example, if a man's first wife died and he wanted to marry his late wife's sister (i.e. his sister-in-law), they had a 'first grade affinity'; if he wanted to marry his late wife's first cousin, they had a 'second grade affinity'.
I have seen some genealogists refer to affinity relationships as 'spiritual' relationships'. In my view, they are, at least, 'emotional' or 'psychological' ones. A sister-in-law, for example, may be treated as and viewed as a 'sister'. As such, the same prohibitions regarding affinity marriages applied in the church.
This law of affinity was, in fact, the logic Henry VIII used (or abused) when he rationalised his divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Henry based his claim on the grounds that Catherine was the widow of his late brother (who died at age 16). Thus, Catherine was (in terms of canon law) Henry's 'spiritual sister', even if she was not his biological sibling.
Much to Henry's annoyance, the Pope refused his request to have the marriage annulled, reminding the King that he had granted the couple a DISPENSATION to marry in the first place, back in 1509 (more about dispensations in a minute). But Henry wasn't about to take no for an answer, and he went ahead and dissolved his marriage to Catherine, married Anne, split from the Roman pope, set himself up as the spiritual leader of the new Church of England, and forever changed the course of British (and European) history.
Marital Dispensations – The Legal Loophole
While canon law regarding consanguinity and affinity in marriage was the 'official' ruling of the church, in practice, couples were frequently given permission to marry despite such 'impediments', provided they obtained an official church dispensation, usually granted by the Bishop of the diocese or his representative.
When a priest records a marriage in the registry, he also provides details (or, at least, he's supposed to) about any dispensations that may have been granted to the couple. Mention of a dispensation is always of interest to a genealogist, as it can provide important clues as to how a tree will progress as you move backwards in time. Understanding what they mean can sometimes make work faster, and also help you break through barriers when records are ambiguous or missing.
The reasons why the church might grant a dispensation will vary according to circumstance. Occasionally, it is deemed a matter of moral necessity, such as when the couple are already known to have had an intimate relationship (and especially if the woman is already pregnant). More commonly, however, a dispensation may be granted because there simply wasn't another suitable (and available) partner within the parish. This is especially understandable when we consider how small and isolated many rural parishes were in the past.
Although I've never seen this discussed, one would assume that various other factors may have been taken into consideration, such as whether similar dispensations had occurred in the previous generation, within the same branch(es) of the family. But while that may have been the case, I am continually amazed at just how commonly marital dispensations were given in the past.
Moreover, while dispensations for affinity relationships were governed by the same guidelines as consanguineous ones, I have seen markedly fewer of these in marriage records, which makes me think that many of them sort of 'slipped through the cracks' as they were considered to be less important.
More Frequent Dispensations Among the Noble Classes
Many of my clients are surprised when I discover a line of noble ancestors in their tree; but, in my experience, you'd be hard pressed NOT to stumble upon a noble line or two if you go back far enough.
During the Holy Roman Empire (and later during the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Empires), there was a plethora of 'rural nobility' in the province of Trentino. Some of these families were ennobled by the Emperor himself (imperial nobility), while others were ennobled by the Prince-Bishop (ecclesiastical nobility).
In my research, I've often noticed more frequent marital dispensations noble families than for 'ordinary' contadini (farmers). In some noble families, you will find a dispensation at almost every generation, often at a close level of consanguinity (2nd and 3rd grade).
Funnily, some of those same clients who were first delighted to discover they had noble ancestors, later became alarmed to find out how much they had intermarried! To understand why we might see so many consanguineous marriages amongst nobility (and even more amongst royalty), we need to consider how society was organised in the past.
During the feudal era, the 'peasantry' constituted at least 90% of the population, with the church and nobility comprising the other 10%. When choosing a 'suitable' marriage partner, it was considered essential that you select someone within your own 'class'. Thus, nobles married other nobles (or at least someone who is descended from a noble, even if he/she no longer had the official title). As the noble families comprised a small minority of the local population, if they kept on marrying within the tiny geographic parameter of their local parish, the 'pickings' were going to get slim pretty quickly with each successive generation.
For this reason, rural nobility almost NEEDED to look beyond their own villages for spouses every now and then, lest they become too 'inbred' (which is what eventually happened to the royal Habsburgs). Being wealthier and less tied to the land for their survival than the poorer classes, they at least had greater means to do this.
Recognising and Understanding Dispensations in Marriage Records
As a family historian, it's important to:
Remember to LOOK for marital dispensations in marriage records
Be able to RECOGNISE a marital dispensation when you see one, and
Be able to UNDERSTAND what the dispensation means, and what it can tell you.
Looking for dispensations becomes a matter of habit the more you work with parish records.
Recognising them is not as hard as you might think, even if you don't understand Italian or Latin. Keep your eyes open for words that look like 'impediment' (impedimento) dispensation ('dispensa'), 'consanguinity' (consanguineità) or 'affinity' (affinità).
Understanding them will require you to look for key words like grade (grado), 'fourth' (quarto), 'third' (terzo) or 'second' (secondo) and then referring to the chart above called 'Consanguineous Relationships According to Canon Law'.
Below are a few examples illustrating a variety of dispensations in church marriage records, and how they reflect the relationship between the husband and wife.
EXAMPLE 1: 1836 – Third Grade Consanguinity
This marriage record, dated 17 Sept 1836, is from the parish of Santa Croce del Bleggio in Val Giudicarie. The groom is Giovanni Brocchetti of Cavrasto (age 20), son of Basilio Brochetti and Rosa Andreolli. The bride is Cattarina Grazia Bleggi (also age 20), daughter of Francesco Bleggi of Cavrasto and Grazia Armani of Fiavè (then part of the nearby parish of Vigo Lomaso).
Below the groom's entry, the priest has noted that the groom had obtained a dispensation from the Ordinario of Trento (i.e., the office of the Archbishop), as he had a third-grade consanguineous relationship with his intended bride. He also records the number (100) of the 'protocol', which refers to the registry in which the parish priest records permissions, dispensations, etc.
So, if we refer to our chart showing consanguineous relationships, we see that 'third-grade consanguinity' means they had a shared ancestor(s) three generations back, i.e. at the level of great-grandparent. In 'English language' thinking, this means they were 2nd cousins.
We can see this consanguineous relationship illustrated in the following relationship chart. Here, we see the paternal grandparents of Giovanni's father are also the maternal grandparents of Cattarina's father (Bartolomeo Brocchetti and Elisabetta Pellegrinati):
When I first obtained this marriage record, I hadn't yet traced the ancestry for both Giovanni and Cattarina back to their shared great-grandparents. The priest's notation about the dispensation provided me with valuable information that sped up my research considerably.
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EXAMPLE 2: 1883 – Second and Third Grade Consanguinity
Here's a really interesting record I found recently when doing research in Trento for a client. This record, dated 28 April 1883, is from the parish of Cavedago in Val di Non. The groom is Cesare Viola (age 24), son of Giacomo Viola and Angela, whose surname is also Viola. Perhaps a bit confusingly, the bride's name is ALSO Angela Viola (age 20), daughter of Bartolomeo Viola and Maria Melchiori (it says Merchiori in the record).
Now, with all those common surnames, you might guess the couple would have had a consanguineous relationship – and you'd be correct. If you at the fifth line in the section about the groom (on the left), you'll see the words:
'senza scoperta d'altro impedimento che dal dispensato di II e III grado di consanguineità'
This means, 'without discovering any impediment other than the (already) dispensed (i.e. having been granted a dispensation) 2nd and 3rd grade consanguinity'. The priest then goes on to cite the details of the dispensation, as well as the civil license.
Now, what do you supposed '2nd AND 3rd grade consanguinity' means here? Does it mean they were related in two ways? Well, I suppose it could, but more often than not it means the couple's common ancestor(s) was at two different generational levels.
In this case, Cesare's maternal great-grandparents, were the same people as his wife Angela's paternal grandparents. If you look at the following relationship chart visually, you can understand why they priest called their relationship '2nd and 3rd grade': the common ancestors are two generations before the bride, and three generations before the groom:
Now, in our English-language way of thinking, the couple were 1st cousins 1x removed, as Angela's father was the younger brother of Cesare's grandfather. Frankly, I find this way more confusing than thinking in 'canonical' terms.
I must confess, this particular family tree has a LOT of pedigree 'collapses' and so many recurring surnames it was really confusing at first. But the clarity with which the priests have notated the marital dispensations helped me a LOT when piecing it all together.
EXAMPLE 3: 1778 – Third and Fourth Grade Consanguinity
Another example of 'mixed' consanguinity is in this marriage record (now in Latin, rather than Italian) dated 6 May 1778, again from the parish of Santa Croce del Bleggio:
The couple here are Bonifacio Blasio Furlini (son of Antonio) and Maria Levri (daughter of the late Bartolomeo), both from the frazione of Balbido. In lines two and three, the priest alludes to a dispensation granted for 'third and fourth grade consanguinity'. Again, this refers to the fact that the couple shared a pair of common ancestors at different generational levels. In this case, Bonifacio's great-grandparents (three generations back) were the great-great-grandparents (four generations back) of his intended bride, Maria:
When I had entered this particular marriage into my Santa Croce tree, I had already pieced together a good deal of the Furlini line. The information I gleaned from the marriage record enabled me to place Maria Levri in the right place, despite the fact that over 30 years of 18th-century marriage records are missing for this parish.
EXAMPLE 4: 1873 – First Grade Affinity
This marriage record, dated 27 Jan 1873, comes from the parish of Saone in Val Giudicarie.
Here, the 29-year-old groom Giovanni Battista Speranza (son of Pietro Speranza and the late Maria Cappellari) is described as the 'widower of Giulia Scalfi'. After the information about the banns, the priest has said Giovanni Battista had obtained a dispensation for 1st grade affinity from the Curia of Trento on 23 Nov 1872, and for 2nd grade affinity on 28 Dec 1872.
I haven't yet identified the 2nd grade affinity relationship but let's have a look at the dispensation here for 1st grade affinity, as it's quite interesting.
I almost NEVER see the term '1st grade' in dispensations, because it would mean we were taking about siblings (who would never be permitted to marry in the Catholic church). But here, it clearly specifies 'AFFINITY' referring to a sibling relationship at an in-law level.
Well, as the 19-year-old bride's name here is Luigia Scalfi (daughter of the late Ignazio Scalfi and the living Elisabetta Battitori), it seemed pretty likely that Luigia was the sister of Giovanni Battista's late wife, Giulia Scalfi.
At the time I found this record, I hadn't yet traced all the siblings for Luigia (who was actually baptised 'Emma Luigia Perpetua Scalfi' on 25 Jan 1854); but, sure enough, using Nati in Trentino I found she had an older sister Giulia Virginia Scalfi, who was born 31 Jan 1850.
MORE READING: Searching Online for 19th & 20th Century Trentini Ancestors
Also using that site, I found Giulia and Giovanni Battista had two children in 1870 and 1872, meaning they most likely married around 1869 (I haven't looked for their marriage record yet). The birth date of their second child was heart-rending – 29 May 1872, just 8 months before Giovanni Battista married Giulia's sister. This means Giulia had to have died sometime during those 8 months, most likely shortly after giving birth (again, I haven't looked for her death record). She would have been only about 23 years old when she died. Such a tragedy!
These days, remarrying so quickly after the death of a spouse is difficult to imagine, as it would barely give the family a chance to grieve and recover. But back then, it was actually not an uncommon practice. And remarrying a sibling of the late spouse was also not uncommon; after all, it meant a blood-relation (an aunt or an uncle) would be the new 'step-parent' of the children left behind, if any. They were more likely to have an emotional connection to – and natural inclination to care for – their late sibling's children.
What is even more heart-rending about this family's story is that, after having two children together (one of whom died in infancy), GIOVANNI BATTISTA himself then dies on 7 Sept 1875, at the age of 32. Now, poor Luigia has become a widow at the age of 21! Four years later, she remarries a man named Luigi Buganza, with whom she has 8 more children. (Side note: they had no 'impediments' cited in their marriage record).
THIS couple (Luigi Buganza and Luigia Scalfi) were the great-grandparents of the client whose tree I was making when I 'met' this family. To me, I find it poignant to think of all the deaths that had to come before this couple finally got together. Had not BOTH Giulia and GB passed away at such young ages, my client would never have been born.
EXAMPLE 5: 1859 – Dispensation for Time of Year
There is another kind of marital dispensation that warrants mention, and this one has nothing to do with any kind of familial relationship. It is a dispensation to be married during one of the 'ferial times' (feria) in the Catholic calendar, namely during Advent (the four weeks leading up to Christmas, through to the Feast of the Epiphany) and the Lenten season (from Ash Wednesday through to the first Sunday after Easter).
The reason why couples needed a dispensation to marry during Lent or Advent is that these are supposed to be times of austerity and prayer. Because of this, they would have to have had a simple marriage, without any elaborate celebration. When I first learned about this, I reflected on how, when I was a child, we traditionally associated May and June as the most common wedding months.
But just because 'feria' was not the traditionally most desirable time for a wedding didn't mean nobody got married during those periods. Consider this marriage record from the parish of Moena in Val di Non, dated 2 March 1858:
Here, the groom, Fioravante Giacomuzzi, and his Margherita Damolin were granted a dispensation for marrying during 'ferial time', as the date fell during the season of Lent (it was the 2nd Tuesday of Lent, to be precise; Easter that year fell on Sunday 4 April).
When I see things like this, I've got to ask, what would compel a couple to marry during a period (which was probably a bit wet and chilly, too) when they could not have a nice big celebration?
Well, in this case, I am pretty sure I figured out the reason. Five months earlier, Margherita had given birth to their illegitimate son, whom she named Fioravante, after his father. The child was born in a maternity home in the city of Trento called 'Istituto delle Laste' (one day I'll write more about this interesting place). And while he was under the care of the Institute, there was a possibility he would be fostered out to another family.
In so many of these cases, the child's father is not cited in their birth records. But in this case, the elder Fioravante acknowledged he was the biological father of his son of the same name. For whatever reason, he and Margherita did not marry before the child was born, but not it seems they were making haste to legalise/sanctify their union, so they could legitimise their 5-month-old son as quickly as possible.
As a genealogist, I find the appearance of pedigree collapses in our trees to be of continual interest. Whenever I see a dispensation mentioned in a marriage record, not only do I get excited about trying to figure out the puzzle of how the couple is related, but I also know this valuable information may also help me verify other data that may be elusive. But most of all, I find it fascinating to see the ongoing relationships between specific families over time.
I hope this article has been useful to you as you progress in your research, and helped make it a little easier to understand the 'sea of words' you may feel like is in front of you when you open a new record. Although most of the records I have looked at in this article were from the 19th century, older records will contain pretty much the same degree of information (if you're lucky!). Knowing 'the basics', as I've aimed to demonstrate in this article, can really help to make advances in your family history.
If this article gave you any 'ah ha' moments, I'd love to hear about them. And, as always, do feel free to ask questions or share interesting discoveries about your own family in the comments box below.
Lynn Serafinn, genealogist at Trentino Genealogy
Warm wishes,
Lynn Serafinn
P.S. My next trip to Trento will be in November 2019. I am only just starting to compile my client roster for that trip, so if you are considering hiring a genealogist to do your Trentino family history, I invite you to read my 'Genealogy Services' page, and then drop me a line using the Contact form on this site. Then, we can set up a free 30-minute chat to discuss your project.
P.P.S.: I am still working on the edits for the PDF eBook on DNA tests, which I will be offering for FREE to my blog subscribers. I will send you a link to download it when it is done. Please be patient, as it will take a month or so to edit the articles and put them into the eBook format. If you are not yet subscribed, you can do so using the subscription form at the end of this article below.
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Videos of Trentino
La Chiesa di Santa Croce del Bleggio, Trentino, Italy
For at least 500 years, my father and his ancestors lived in the parish of Santa Croce del Bleggio, in Trentino, Italy. This is a video of the first time I ever visited the parish church where all my paternal ancestors were baptised, married and buried. In this video you will see the sacred wooden shepherd's cross after which the parish was named, which was discovered on top on nearby Monte San Martino around 1600, and brought to the church in 1624, as well as the 1,000 year old sub-terranean chapel with 800 year old frescos of angels on Romanesque pillars. You will also see the 1,000 year old square baptismal font in which all the babies of the parish were baptised for hundreds of years, and remnants of the even more ancient Longobard church dating from around 700 A.D. If you are descended from people of this region, I guarantee they would have been here! Hope you enjoy it.
Trento Cemetery - by Genealogist Lynn Serafinn, July 2008
A walk through the historical 'monumental' cemetery of the city of Trento, in Trentino-Alto Adige in northern Italy. I also offer some tips for how to combine what you find in Trentino cemeteries (not just this one) with the online database called 'Nati in Trentino' to bring depth to your genealogical research. P.S.: Apologies for it being vertical, as I shot it on my Android phone as I was walking through the cemetery. I hope you enjoy it nonetheless.
Via Freri – The Serafini Family Explore their 16th Century Roots
High in the Italian Alps is the Province of Trentino. My father was born here in 1919, before his family emigrated to the United States in 1923. With the help of Dott. (Dr.) Claudio Andreolli, the archivist for the Archdiocese of Trento, I had done some preliminary research on the Serafini family. But feeling the need to go deeper, in July 2014, I visited Trentino, hoping to discover more. In advance, I arranged to meet with Dott. Andreolli in the magnificent city of Trento. My dear friend Vanessa (who is from Rovigo, but lives not far from me here in England) came along with me to help translate. Dott. Andreolli was incredible. On my behalf, he had taken upon himself to research the Serafini family name as far back as he could. For this, he used the parish records of Santa Croce del Bleggio (a parish in the Giudicarie Valley). Through this, he discovered that my Serafini ancestors lived in the same tiny village of Duvredo al the way back to 1685. He scanned dozens of baptismal and marriage records and gave me copies, both in paper and in digital format. That was all very exciting to me, of course. But the crowning glory of the research was revealing the names of my 8x great-grandfather Antonio Serafini and his wife Cattarina, born around 1620. At the time this video was made, we also thought we had found the name of Antonio's father (Innocente), but I my later research revealed a different ancestry for Antonio, taking my research all the way back to about 1550. What was even more fascinating was the fact that these ancestors did not come from Duvredo, but from an entirely different part of the Giudicarie, in a village called Favrio, which is the original and most ancient 'zone' within the village of Ragoli. It was not until 1685 that their grandson, Marco Serafini, married a woman named Pasqua Painelli from Duvredo and left Favrio, effectively starting a new branch of the family in the Santa Croce parish. So now I became curious, and so many questions sprang to mind. I wanted to know about Favrio: Where is it? What kind of place was it in the 1500s? Why might my 7x great-grandfather Marco have left there? And finally, were there any Serafini families still there today? Later that week, I made a trip to Favrio, along with my newly-discovered second cousins Adelia Serafini and Luigina Serafini, as well as Luigina's daughter Elena Zambotti, who (thankfully!) translated for me. (Side note: the way I discovered my new cousins is itself an interesting story, but I'll leave that for another day). In this 23-minute video, I document our day in Favrio – called 'Freri' in local dialect – sharing the discoveries we made. You'll learn a local legend about the plague of 1630, see breath-taking views of La Chiesa the San Faustino, Monte Irone and Monte San Martino, discover the 'sorgente' (or source) of the mountain spring that gives life to this ancient village, learn about the practice of 'filò' and visit fascinating mountain houses – with their tiny wooden doors and rounded stone archways – built in 1571. You'll also hear me huffing and puffing, as this mountain village is just never stops going up, up, up! I've also used some beautiful traditional Trentini songs by the musical group Abies Alba as a soundtrack here and there throughout the video, to help set the mood. But most of all, I hope you'll be able to feel what I felt when I walked the same streets and visited the same houses my ancestors would have seen (and possibly lived in) over 400 years ago. This video was just the beginning of my exploration, and there is so much more I want to research about Favrio after this. But even though I have already learned a great deal since this video was made, there is nothing like the moment of first discovery. This video will always be a record of those precious moments for me.
Discovering Duvredo Frazione, Santa Croce del Bleggio
Duvredo is a tiny 'frazione' (even smaller than a village) in Trentino in northern Italy, with a current population of only 94 people. In 1919, my late father (Romeo Fedele Serafini) was born in Duvredo, which had been the ancestral home of the Serafini family since 1685 (we've actually traced the Serafini family back to 1590, but they were in a different village during that time). My father's family immigrated to the United States in 1923, and he never made the journey to see his ancestral home. But I was truly blessed to have been able to visit it in July 2014. Here's a short video I made where I show the town, the Serafini ancestral house (modernised) and a rare walk-through of an old-style mountain house that is very much the way it was 100 years ago (well...maybe a little messier!).
Remembering Romeo Serafini (Ralph Serafinn) on His 100th Birthday
I made this video for my grandsons Percy and Hadrian on 31 Oct 2019, in honour of what would have been the 100th birthday of my late father, Romeo Fedele Serafini (known as Ralph Serafinn in the US). Romeo was born 31 Oct 1919 in the village of Duvredo, in the parish of Santa Croce del Bleggio, Trentino, Italy, and died in Brick, New Jersey on 25 September 2001. When Romeo was not quite 3 years old, he, his mother, aunt and sisters, left their home to join Romeo's father in Brandy Camp, Pennsylvania in the United States. In this video, I describe what life was like in Romeo's home village, and the trials of crossing the ocean to a strange, new land. While I made this video for my grandsons, I welcome other family members, friends and descendants of Trentino families to view it as well. I hope it strikes a chord with you. Please leave a comment to let me know.
Finding Bono - Onorati Ancestral Village in Trentino, Italy
My grandmother Maria Onorati was born in Bono, Trentino, Italy in 1894. In 1922, she left her ancestral home, along with her 3 children (including my father), sister and brother, to join her husband Luigi Serafini (my grandfather from Duvredo, a nearby village in the same parish of Santa Croce) who had started a new life for them in the United States. For some reason, no one on either side of my father's family told our generation very much about our ancestral homeland, in spite of the fact that their families had lived in the same villages for many centuries. So you can see the majestic and breathtaking setting of incredible place, I've made this compilation of short video clips I took driving up from Riva on Lake Garda to Bono in Bleggio Superiore, and my meeting with my 2nd cousin Betty for the first time. It''s just a little introduction to the region.
Maso Pra Cavai, Bleggio Superiore, Trentino, Italy, July 2014
A brief view of the panorama around the farm B&B Maso Pra Cavai in Bleggio, Trentino. Bleggio lies in the Giudicarie Valley (specifically in 'Giudicarie Esteriore') in the Santa Croce del Bleggio parish
Musical Marmots from Trentino!
Mechanical, wind-up, singing and dancing marmots - an Italian, accordion playing marmot and a German beer-drinking marmot. Just a bit of fun at my cousins' house (a converted castle) near Rovereto in Trentino. Perhaps not as funny as the 'Marmot Scream' video, but I still think it's pretty funny.
Lynn Serafinn on Trentino Valleys, Parishes and People. A Guide for Genealogists.
Gary Asson on Trentino Valleys, Parishes and People. A Guide for Genealogists.
Lynn Serafinn on DNA Ethnicity Reports. Who You Are Vs. What They SAY You Are
Steve Funk on DNA Ethnicity Reports. Who You Are Vs. What They SAY You Are
Lynn Serafinn on Kissing Cousins: Marital Dispensations, Consanguinity, Affinity
Steve Hayes on Kissing Cousins: Marital Dispensations, Consanguinity, Affinity
Lynn Serafinn on Not Just a Nickname: Understanding Your Family Soprannome
Victor on Not Just a Nickname: Understanding Your Family Soprannome
Nate Scott on DNA Ethnicity Reports. Who You Are Vs. What They SAY You Are
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text:
Михаил Васильевич Захаров (1881 — 14 февраля 1928, либо 12 февраля 1928)— рабочий, депутат 3-й Государственной думы Российской империи от Московской губернии.

Биография
Захаров окончил сельское начальное училище — 4 класса. Русский. Крестьянин. Был женат. Имел троих детей: Михаил, Василий, Мария. Проживал в Павловском посаде. Сотрудничал с большевистскими газетами «Звезда» и «Правда». Был рабочим Павло-Посадской фабрики Лабзина и Грязнова.

Был избран в 3-ю Государственную думу от рабочих Московской губернии. В думе состоял в Социал-демократической фракции, являлся большевиком. В думе был избран в комиссию по борьбе с пожарами и разбору корреспонденции. Был самым молодым по возрасту депутатом Думы.

Участвовал в подписании законопроектов: «Об упразднении в Белоруссии остатков чиншевого владения» и «Об отмене смертной казни».

На заседании думы от имени Социал-демократической фракции сделал заявление, что фракция будет голосовать против законопроекта об увеличении числа урядников Московской уездной полицейской стражи.

За нарушения дважды устранялся от заседаний думы на основании статьи 38 Учреждения Государственной думы от 20.02.1906 года. Один раз на одно и другой — на пять заседаний.

Впоследствии уехал из Петрограда, купив дом в Кингисеппском районе, где работал директором магазина.

Умер в Кингисеппском районе от инфаркта.

Отзывы о личности М. В. Захарова
В 1910 году в Петербургском охранном отделении была составлена характеристика на М. И. Захарова:

Захаров большевик. Самый молодой из депутатов. Выступает по рабочему вопросу; о корпусе жандармов и полиции. Речи всегда заучивает. Охотно посещает всякие собрания рабочих. Во время думских каникул объезжает весь Московский район и собирает массу материала. Человек очень деятельный, но недалёкий. Во фракции всегда говорит много, но в Думе выступает лишь в крайнем случае, когда все заняты. Отличается чрезмерной скупостью; за время депутатства скопил более четырёх тысяч рублей.

Примечания

Литература
 Государственная дума Российской империи: 1906—1917. Б. Ю. Иванов, А. А. Комзолова, И. С. Ряховская. Москва. РОССПЭН. 2008. С. 207.
 Боиович М. М. Члены Государственной думы (Портреты и биографии). Третий созыв. М.: Тип. Товарищества И. Д. Сытина. 1909. С. 184.
 3-й созыв Государственной Думы: портреты, биографии, автографы. — Санкт-Петербург: издание Н. Н. Ольшанскаго, 1910. табл. 55.
 Российский государственный исторический архив. Фонд 1278. Опись 9. Дело 286
 Добротвор Н. Μ., Рабочие депутаты в III Гос. думе, Г., 1957, с. 225–26, 235.

Члены фракции социал-демократов
Члены Государственной думы Российской империи III созыва
Члены РСДРП
Большевики
Большевики — депутаты Государственной Думы Российской империи

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
#import "SDTestCase.h"
#import <SDWebImage/SDWebImageManager.h>

NSString *workingImageURL = @"http://s3.amazonaws.com/fast-image-cache/demo-images/FICDDemoImage001.jpg";

@interface SDWebImageManagerTests : SDTestCase

@end

@implementation SDWebImageManagerTests

- (void)test01ThatSharedManagerIsNotEqualToInitManager {
    SDWebImageManager *manager = [[SDWebImageManager alloc] init];
    expect(manager).toNot.equal([SDWebImageManager sharedManager]);
}

- (void)test02ThatDownloadInvokesCompletionBlockWithCorrectParamsAsync {
    __block XCTestExpectation *expectation = [self expectationWithDescription:@"Image download completes"];

    NSURL *originalImageURL = [NSURL URLWithString:workingImageURL];

    [[SDWebImageManager sharedManager] loadImageWithURL:originalImageURL
                                                options:SDWebImageRefreshCached
                                               progress:nil
                                              completed:^(UIImage *image, NSData *data, NSError *error, SDImageCacheType cacheType, BOOL finished, NSURL *imageURL) {
        expect(image).toNot.beNil();
        expect(error).to.beNil();
        expect(originalImageURL).to.equal(imageURL);

        [expectation fulfill];
        expectation = nil;
    }];
    expect([[SDWebImageManager sharedManager] isRunning]).to.equal(YES);

    [self waitForExpectationsWithCommonTimeout];
}

- (void)test03ThatDownloadWithIncorrectURLInvokesCompletionBlockWithAnErrorAsync {
    __block XCTestExpectation *expectation = [self expectationWithDescription:@"Image download completes"];

    NSURL *originalImageURL = [NSURL URLWithString:@"http://static2.dmcdn.net/static/video/656/177/44771656:jpeg_preview_small.png"];

    [[SDWebImageManager sharedManager] loadImageWithURL:originalImageURL
                                                options:SDWebImageRefreshCached
                                               progress:nil
                                              completed:^(UIImage *image, NSData *data, NSError *error, SDImageCacheType cacheType, BOOL finished, NSURL *imageURL) {
        expect(image).to.beNil();
        expect(error).toNot.beNil();
        expect(originalImageURL).to.equal(imageURL);

        [expectation fulfill];
        expectation = nil;
    }];

    [self waitForExpectationsWithCommonTimeout];
}

- (void)test04CachedImageExistsForURL {
    __block XCTestExpectation *expectation = [self expectationWithDescription:@"Image exists in cache"];
    NSURL *imageURL = [NSURL URLWithString:workingImageURL];
    [[SDWebImageManager sharedManager] cachedImageExistsForURL:imageURL completion:^(BOOL isInCache) {
        if (isInCache) {
            [expectation fulfill];
        } else {
            XCTFail(@"Image should be in cache");
        }
    }];
    [self waitForExpectationsWithCommonTimeout];
}

- (void)test05DiskImageExistsForURL {
    __block XCTestExpectation *expectation = [self expectationWithDescription:@"Image exists in disk cache"];
    NSURL *imageURL = [NSURL URLWithString:workingImageURL];
    [[SDWebImageManager sharedManager] diskImageExistsForURL:imageURL completion:^(BOOL isInCache) {
        if (isInCache) {
            [expectation fulfill];
        } else {
            XCTFail(@"Image should be in cache");
        }
    }];
    [self waitForExpectationsWithCommonTimeout];
}

- (void)test06CancellAll {
    XCTestExpectation *expectation = [self expectationWithDescription:@"Cancel"];

    NSURL *imageURL = [NSURL URLWithString:@"http://s3.amazonaws.com/fast-image-cache/demo-images/FICDDemoImage006.jpg"];
    [[SDWebImageManager sharedManager] loadImageWithURL:imageURL options:0 progress:nil completed:^(UIImage * _Nullable image, NSData * _Nullable data, NSError * _Nullable error, SDImageCacheType cacheType, BOOL finished, NSURL * _Nullable imageURL) {
        XCTFail(@"Should not get here");
    }];

    [[SDWebImageManager sharedManager] cancelAll];

    // doesn't cancel immediately - since it uses dispatch async
    dispatch_after(dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, (int64_t)(1 * NSEC_PER_SEC)), dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
        expect([[SDWebImageManager sharedManager] isRunning]).to.equal(NO);
        [expectation fulfill];
    });

    [self waitForExpectationsWithCommonTimeout];
}

- (void)test07ThatLoadImageWithSDWebImageRefreshCachedWorks {
    XCTestExpectation *expectation = [self expectationWithDescription:@"Image download twice with SDWebImageRefresh failed"];
    NSURL *originalImageURL = [NSURL URLWithString:@"http://s3.amazonaws.com/fast-image-cache/demo-images/FICDDemoImage007.jpg"];
    [[SDImageCache sharedImageCache] clearDiskOnCompletion:nil];

    [[SDWebImageManager sharedManager] loadImageWithURL:originalImageURL options:SDWebImageRefreshCached progress:nil completed:^(UIImage * _Nullable image, NSData * _Nullable data, NSError * _Nullable error, SDImageCacheType cacheType, BOOL finished, NSURL * _Nullable imageURL) {
        expect(image).toNot.beNil();
        expect(error).to.beNil();
        // #1993, load image with SDWebImageRefreshCached twice should not fail if the first time success.

        [[SDWebImageManager sharedManager] loadImageWithURL:originalImageURL options:SDWebImageRefreshCached progress:nil completed:^(UIImage * _Nullable image, NSData * _Nullable data, NSError * _Nullable error, SDImageCacheType cacheType, BOOL finished, NSURL * _Nullable imageURL) {
            expect(image).toNot.beNil();
            expect(error).to.beNil();
            [expectation fulfill];
        }];
    }];
    [self waitForExpectationsWithCommonTimeout];
}

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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The same as on Android devices, the Paddy Power Mobile App is also available to iOS devices. They have the same user interface and features as on the Android App as well.
The Paddy Power Mobile App can run on different versions of iPhone and iPad. However, many recommend playing this app on higher versions of iOS (6 to 7) to ensure its smoothness and speed.
There are some few distinctions that you can see on an iOS version of Paddy Power App. First, it can let you take a screenshot with your friends without exiting the app. Second, you can tap the top corner of the screen to return to the top of the page. Third, you can place multiples on various events with two or more selections from one event.
Moreover, the iOS Version of Paddy Power App also has the "Cash Card PPLus." This fund management scheme lets you get your profit directly from any ATMs. You can get this card by applying to the "My Account" setting of the Paddy Power mobile application.
In general, the Paddy Power App for iOS is a good as playing in the default Paddy Power website.
You have to go to your iTunes account to download this application. The process is much simpler than in Android devices.
The exact file size of Paddy Power App for iOS is 90.7 MB (version 3.14.0). Moreover, it is also available in different languages such as English, Czech, Danish, Dutch, French, Italian, and Japanese.
Players who are 17 years old and below are not given access to this app. This is a regulation from Apple to ensure that minors can't play any gambling or money-related applications. Specifically, the Paddy Power App is under the category of "Frequent/ Intense Simulated Gambling" and "Mature and Suggestive Themes."
Alternatively, you can still access the Paddy Power website without using any applications. The site of Paddy Power is highly responsive. Therefore, it can still function on mobile devices without losing any features.
However, a player cannot expect that the mobile site of Paddy Power is as fast and smooth as the application. Even if you have an high-end device, you can still experience lags and delays because you are accessing the website on a mobile platform.
The Paddy Power Mobile App was developed to simplify the user interface on the site. Moreover, the application diminished all those "heavy" elements and only kept those necessary functions. This setup improved the "user-friendliness" of this mobile application.
Overall, playing on the mobile site of Paddy Power is still plausible. However, if you are sensitive to lags and delays, then downloading the app is necessary.
If you are looking for more perks, then you should get the Paddy Power App - Top Paddy Power Apps & Other Available Mobile Offers.
Are There Any Specific Promotions for Mobile Users at Paddy Power?
Can Customers Deposit or Withdraw with Paddy Power App or Mobile Website?
Yes. They use a safety encryption to ensure that all transactions made private and free from scams. Specifically, you can deposit or withdraw using debit/ credit cards, bank transfer, Neteller, PayPal, PaySafeCard, Skrill/ Moneybookers, and Cash Cards.
Yes. However, you should remember that there are separate Paddy Power Apps for these games. As of now, the Paddy Power Sports is the main mobile application of this online bookmaker.
An Apk (Android Application Package) is a file extension for mobile applications on Android devices. Applications that have the file extension of Apk can only operate on Android platforms only. Meanwhile, an application means any generic mobile programs that can run on different operating systems (Android, iOS and more).
Can Customers Play for Real Money with Paddy Power Apk?
Yes. This application is the mobile counterpart of the default website of Paddy Power. Whatever profit or gains you can get while playing on the app will translate to "real money." It is scam-proof so you can safely withdraw your earnings without worries.
Overall, the Paddy Power Mobile App is an excellent alternative for players who are always on the go. It allows anyone to bet any sports events even they are travelling or working. It has a smooth user interface and features several necessary functions such as Betting Odds Display and Betting Calculator.


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Remembering some of Derek Acorah's best Facebook updates
How I will always remember him
To everyone who has expressed concern: Yes I'm fine. I'm not going to kill myself so that I can finally meet Derek Acorah.
There's nothing like a death to find out what people really think of you - and I'm not talking about your own.
Today I woke up to the sad news that Derek Acorah, my favourite Scouser and perma-tanned TV ghost botherer had died after a short illness. I also woke up to more than a dozen messages from my mum, former colleagues, close friends, people I've not seen for years, and other random 'internet friends' all asking me, "are you OK?"
People were quick to offer their condolences to me - and make sure I was OK
Like all great friendships, I can't precisely pin down when the spooky Wotsit-skinned medium first popped in to my life, but I can definitely tell you some of my favourite Acorah-moments, and most of them are from 'liking' him on Facebook.
I'm hideously addicted to Instagram these days, but 10 years ago I was all over Facebook... and so was Derek. He would post some incredible updates, and I would eagerly share them - it's actually no wonder so many people have me on long-distance suicide watch right now.
I know a lot of people didn't like Derek - people called him a fraud, claimed the controversial 'live Michael Jackson seance' was the most distasteful TV show ever made, said it was impossible that he could ever get possessed by a monkey... but I am sad he's gone. Least of all as now my social media feeds will be a lot less orange.
However, I'm excited to see how Derek gets in touch from the other side, as I'm sure it won't be long until fans are spotting 'orbs' around his favourite drinking spots in Spain, or there is some sort of 'weird disturbance' at his funeral.
In the style of his Big Brother best bits, here are some highlights from his Facebook page... (and speaking of Facebook, we have a cracking video of him in action over on ours, give it a watch and a like!)
You know when you've been...
This remains my favourite ever Derek Acorah post. I'm surprised people didn't think the walls were possessed every time he opened his eyes or mouth. Do ghosts have veneers? Only he can tell us that now...
Not stabbed to death in Blackpool
Still waiting for a better Facebook status TBH
Like all superstars, Del had to deny untrue death rumours.
Imagine being stabbed to death in Blackpool! What an ending that would have been. He could have haunted the Big Dipper, or the 'Hotel Miami' where my friend and I stayed in 2009 after watching East 17's 'comeback gig'.
Pot Noodle birthday cake
Daim AND Pot Noodle? Kindred spirit alert (excuse the pun)
Sometimes you get a sign from the universe that your favourite celebrity is your favourite for a reason. And this, dear reader, was mine.
A birthday cake featuring two of my favourite snacks - although after learning there are over 500 calories in one of those delicious, moreish, salty Pot Noodles, I won't be eating one any time soon.
Wheel of misfortune
Derek with his collection of number plates - which is how you show you're good at your job, apparently
Derek shared an interview he did about his love of personalised number plates, and how he hoped to one day have a car for each of the SEVEN he had registered to him.
He said: "I've always thought of private number plates as an extension of one's personality. To have your name or your profession displayed on a vehicle is the ultimate accolade and testament to the success or achievement of your work.
"I am proud and privileged to be the nominee of such fantastic individual number plates and look forward to eventually owning a fleet of vehicles with them all on display."
His death is good news for other people with the surname 'Acorah'.
Serious tanner
Sunbed, fake tan, Spain - the holy trinity of tanning
Think ghosts you think pale, almost translucent... Derek will be bucking that trend, I just know it!
Hopefully you can get a sunbed in the spirit world. I'd like to think his guide 'Sam' has loads ready for him.
Loved 'the services'
I was furious that in all the years I had been to these services I never even had a decent Burger King, let alone meet one of the most famous men in Britain having a coffee and a fag.
I hope that Oxford Services do the right thing and put a blue plaque up.
Well-connected... to spirits AND the living
Derek reveals his inner Jack Bauer
I particularly liked this update - he had spent two weeks in Spain, not been held as a hostage by ISIS or lost in the jungle.
Derek blends in to the background in Spain
Like we saw before, Derek had an ability to colour match his surroundings - and here he is doing it in broad daylight!
I'd love to know what he was looking at on his iPad - perhaps he was looking back over some of his best Facebook posts, or checking there were no rumours going round that he had been stabbed to death in Blackpool...
Scumthing to ponder
If only he was able to get the ghosts of dead fish to help him in this battle
'Waging war against the green algae'... Derek probably could have sorted out this whole WWIII situation brewing in Iran.
He was the Chuck Norris of mediumship.
Crimson ghost
Here he is colour changing again, this time to his puce-coloured T-shirt
I like to think that if he stayed close to that palm tree for long enough, he would have turned brown and green.
Now we'll never know.
Pharrell WHO?
For someone who made a living out of death, Derek sure did love life... and a boogie.
Here he is getting fans in a 'Happy' place with his own interpretation of the most annoying song ever released.
Fun fact: This is the only non-Ed Sheeran song that can trigger a blind rage when I hear it.
Richard Ramirez 'puked up green liquid' when he was arrested
Celebrating Courtney Love's Steve Coogan and crack shame
The Most Dangerous Book in the World: By super Occultist Basil Le Croix

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Search Results (26,935 titles)
Searched over 21.6 Million titles in 4.08 seconds
Science (X) Technology (X)
Records: 41 - 60 of 26,935 - Pages:
U.S. Government research reports; Volume: 37: Jan. -June 1962
United States. Dept. of Commerce. Office of Technical Services
Washington, D. C: United States Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services
Date: 1962, Volume: 37: Jan. -June 1962
Subjects: Science, Technology, Science
Collections: Technology, Government, Political Science, Commerce, American University Library Collection, Most Popular Books in China, American Libraries Collection
U.S. Government research reports; Volume: 36: July-Dec. 1961
Date: 1961, Volume: 36: July-Dec. 1961
U.S. Government research reports; Volume: 33-34: Jan. 15, 1960-Dec. 1960
Date: 1960, Volume: 33-34: Jan. 15, 1960-Dec. 1960
U.S. Government research reports; Volume: 30-32: July 1958-Dec. 1959
Date: 1959, Volume: 30-32: July 1958-Dec. 1959
U.S. Government research reports; Volume: 23-29: Jan. 1955-June 13, 1958
Date: 1958, Volume: 23-29: Jan. 1955-June 13, 1958
U.S. Government research reports; Volume: 13-22: Jan. 13, 1950-Dec. 17, 1954
Date: 1954, Volume: 13-22: Jan. 13, 1950-Dec. 17, 1954
Reports of the first, second, and third meetings of the Association of American geologists and naturalists, at Philadelphia in 1840 and 1841, and at Boston in 1842. Embracing its proceedings and transactions
Association of American Geologists and Naturalists
Boston, Gould, Kendall, and Lincoln
Collections: Technology, Literature, History, Historical Literature, Most Popular Books in China, American Libraries Collection
...log subcollection information: American Libraries Collection; Historical Literature; Illustrated; Plate IV is omitted; it may be found in Amer. jour. science, vol XLI plates VII and IX are printed on the same leaf...
Recreative science: a record and remembrancer of intellectual observation
London, Groombridge & Sons
Progress of science in the century; Volume: 25
Thomson, John Arthur, 1861-1933
London, W. & R. Chambers Publishers; Philadelphia; The Bradley-Garretson Co.
Date: 1903, Volume: 25
Progress of science; its origin, course, promoters, and results
Marmery, J. Villin
London, Chapman and Hall, Ltd.
Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science; Volume: 4-5 1908-1911
Delaware County Institute of Science (Delaware County, Pa. )
Media, P.A.; The Institute
Date: 1905, Volume: 4-5 1908-1911
Collections: Technology, Literature, Recreation, History, NY Botanical Garden, Most Popular Books in China, Biodiversity Heritage Library Collection
Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science; Volume: 6 1911
Date: 1905, Volume: 6 1911
Collections: Technology, Literature, History, NY Botanical Garden, Most Popular Books in China, Biodiversity Heritage Library Collection
Srpska Akademija Nauka I Umetnosti
Beograd; NaučNo Delo
Posebna izdanja; Volume: 25-27
Date: 1960, Volume: 25-27
To War on Tubing and Canvas : A Case Study in the Interrelationships between Technology, Training, Doctrine and Organization
Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan C. Noetzel, USAF
Subjects: Non Fiction, Military Science, Combat Glider, Military Science
Collections: Military Science, Technology, Literature, Bibliography, Naval Science, Education, History, Most Popular Books in China, Science Fiction and Fantasy Collection, Authors Community
Subjects: Non Fiction, Science, United States Air Force, Science
Collections: Engineering, Military Science, Technology, Math, Literature, Management, Naval Science, Finance, Economy, Business Strategy, Most Popular Books in China, Science Fiction and Fantasy Collection, Authors Community
...Technology Horizons is our vision for key Air Force science and technology investments over the next decade that will provide us with truly game-changing capabilities to meet our strategic and joint force responsibilities. The coming decades hold high promise for amazing new c...
...SCIENTIST OF THE AIR FORCE . . . . xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . xvii 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . 1 A Vision for Air Force Science and Technology 2010–30 . . . . 1 Lessons Learned from Prior Air Force Science and Technology Visions . . . . 5 Organization and Conduct of Technology Horizons . . . . . 8 Organization of Results from Technology Hor...
Improving the Management of an Air Campaign with Virtual Reality
Major James E. Haywood, USAF
Subjects: Non Fiction, Military Science, Virtual Reality Technology, Military Science
Collections: Military Science, Technology, Literature, Management, Naval Science, Finance, History, Economy, Most Popular Books in China, Science Fiction and Fantasy Collection, Authors Community
Vital Interests, Virtual Threats : Reconciling International Law with Information Warfare and United States Security
Major Karl J. Shawhan, USAF
Subjects: Non Fiction, Military Science, International Law, Military Science
Collections: Military Science, Technology, Literature, Law, Government, Naval Science, Social Sciences, History, Most Popular Books in China, Science Fiction and Fantasy Collection, Authors Community


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Travel tip: Visit Durango on your holidays!
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No One Likes Runner I.K.E.
My gorgeous husband has introduced me to many things throughout the eight years (!!!!!) we've been together. For example, one cupcake is NEVER enough. 2 people = 4 cupcakes.
Another, some men DO clean bathrooms. And my personal favorite, all of his acronyms and colloquialisms. I had never heard of some of these and they always make me laugh right out loud.
One of my favorites? I.K.E. = I Know Everything. Guess where that came from?
Marines have lots of fun acronyms. Most are not appropriate for this blog.
Runners, like Marines, are a special kind of people. Marines get the job done. Runners do the same.
By and large, runners are a supportive group of people. What really gets to me are the Runner I.K.E.s. Not the runners who are health professionals or coaches. I'm talking about the runners whose profession is neither running nor related to the physiology of the human body.
Oh, thems is fightin' words.
I am not a fan of runners judging other runners.
Are you a fitness/medical professional?
Did they ask for your opinion?
If the answer to even one of these is "NO" then keep your thoughts to yourself! Who, after someone tells you they ran a half-marathon yesterday, says ANYTHING except "That's awesome!"? Ummm…no one.
Let me lay a little science on you. Soreness happens because of a variety of physiological reasons. Diet, training, course, lactic threshold, speed, exertion levels during the race, recovery practices, and a whole host of other factors feed into why someone is sore after a race, PR or not.
You know what soreness tells me? That runner worked hard.
Who feels me on this one? Ouch!
So next time you feel the urge to critique another runner's performance, DON'T. Tell them they are Wonder Woman/Superman and give 'em a high five.
My money is on Wonder Woman. Hell hath no fury like a woman in a bustier.
Be nice. Don't be Runner I.K.E.


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Volvo Introduces 'Care By Volvo' Subscription Service For Its Cars
Posted on September 22, 2017 by Loknath Das
The Volvo XC40 has finally made its global debut and is set to hit the roads early next year. Volvo will get the XC40 to India by the end of the first half of 2018, at least that is what has been told to us. But along with the global debut of the all-new XC40, Volvo also introduced the first-of-its-kind subscription service for cars which is called 'Care By Volvo'. The root idea is to make Volvo cars more accessible to more and more people. A customer has to simply subscribe to 'Care By Volvo' and he/she can use the car for 24 months by paying a monthly subscription fee. Volvo says that the service is transparent and hassle free. There will be a pre-decided monthly fee that the customers will have to pay and can change their cars at the end of the subscription period or even buy the car.
Volvo says that there will be no payments such as down payments, insurance, service fees, taxes and so on. The company will also be providing a range of digital concierge services such as fuelling, cleaning, service pick-up, e-commerce and so on. Volvo will start offering this service first with the newly unveiled XC40 and then move on to other cars in its portfolio. At present, the 'Care By Volvo' service will be offered only in 10 countries which are Sweden, UK, Germany, Spain, Italy, Norway, Poland, USA, China and Japan. Volvo will offer the service in other markets at a later stage.
Hakan Samuelsson, President and CEO, said, "With Care by Volvo, we introduce a new car access for the modern age. In a time where consumers are used to transparent flat-fees for all sort of services, the traditional process of buying and owning a car can be perceived rather complicated. Care by Volvo changes all of that."
In light of the same, Volvo also announced the acquisition of the Luxe, a US-based premium valet and concierge service company. Volvo acquired the company along with its technology platform and some of the key staff members as well.
["source=auto.ndtv"]
Posted in Car News Tagged by, car's, care, for, introduces, its, service, subscription, Volvo
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Tips to the Customers of Software Development Services Or How to Turn the Cooperation into a Win-Win Game?
Every now and then it happens that customers and software development vendors stop understanding each other which leads to wasteful argues, mutual accusations and can even end with the complete project crash. By the nature of the profession I constantly work somewhere in between the client side and the programmers' one. Basing on this experience… Continue reading Tips to the Customers of Software Development Services Or How to Turn the Cooperation into a Win-Win Game?


The ocean that Maualaivao Albert Wendt writes about has many names. It is called Te Moana Nui a Kiwa here in Aotearoa New Zealand,2 the great ocean of Kiwa. Kiwa is also the name of the guardian of the ocean and son of Papat¯u¯anuku and Ranginui.3 It is known as Moan¯akea in Hawai'i, which acknowledges it as a great ocean where the energy 'cannot be harnessed'.4 Moana means ocean in the S¯amoa, Tonga, Niue and Tahiti languages. Scholars ¯Okusitino M¯ahina, Kolokesa M¯ahina-Tuai and T¯evita Ka'ili have picked up on how the term moana centres indigenous commonality, providing a way to discuss this part of the world.