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PITCHf/x
Noah Syndergaard's (sort of) new toy dazzled in its debut
Noah Syndergaard threw a slider last year, but not like the one he threw against the Royals.
By Matt Goldman Apr 10, 2016, 2:00pm EDT
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Noah Syndergaard is essentially a pitcher plucked right out of a video game. He's 6-6 and has a 100 MPH fastball and a knee-buckling curveball. In total, he has five pitches that are planted in the back of hitters' minds, which makes him even more terrifying, as he can break any one of them out at any given time. While he still has room to grow as a pitcher (which is scary), if his first start is any indication, he's already improved upon his 2016 repertoire.
Last year, while he technically had five pitches, he rarely used his slider. He threw his fastball 932 times, his sinker 556 times, his curveball 554 times, and his changeup 276 times, but he went to his slider on just 48 occasions (according to FanGraphs).
While Syndergaard didn't turn to a slider often, part of that may have had something to do with the fact that he was learning how to throw "the vaunted Warthen Slider."
"The Mets' Dan Warthen may not have the name value of legendary pitching coaches that have come before him, but he does have his own pitch. If you want to see what it looks like, you just have to notice how the Mets, as a team, are outliers when it comes to slider velocity and movement.
The Mets are throwing a different kind of slider.
'It's a different spin, it's a different grip. The whole idea is not to use your wrist to try and spin the ball, you want your fingers to spin the ball. You're thinking fastball and just kind of cutting through the ball...
He [Jacob deGrom] was trying to make it [his slider] break, and we don't want to make it break, we want to think about getting our fingers to the front of the ball and spinning the baseball.'"
Matt Harvey and deGrom are the prime examples of the Warthen slider. In 2015, they averaged a velocity of 89.4 and 89.6 MPH, respectively, while featuring little horizontal movement and mostly vertical movement. Syndergaard on the other hand had an average slider velocity of 85 MPH and a great deal of horizontal movement with little vertical movement.
However in his first start in 2016, all of that changed. Syndergaard is now throwing his slider with incredible velocity and has cut down on its horizontal movement and sink.
Noah Syndergaard
SL-X
SL-Z
SL Velo
2015 4.9 -0.1 85.0
2016 2.2 3.3 91.4
Over the course of a single offseason, and one spring training, Syndergaard has added roughly six MPH to his slider. While one start isn't much of a sample size, it's impossible to ignore the quantum leap on this pitch. In 2015, his hardest thrown slider was 92.99 MPH, but in his start against the Royals, Syndergaard threw one clocked at 95.25 MPH, of which Kendrys Morales was the unfortunate recipient.
Noah Syndergaard's 95 MPH Slider + The Nastiest Pitching GIFs From Yesterday's Games - https://t.co/1SjZpkWcey pic.twitter.com/VWwojpRmtf
— Pitcher List (@ThePitcherList) April 6, 2016
Before making any definitive statements, we'll need to see more of Syndergaard's new slider over the course of several games, if not a couple months, but it's hard not to get excited about this development. Syndergaard came into the league and produced an above average K/9 (9.96) and a pristine BB/9 (1.86). If his new slider is here to stay, and can become a consistent out pitch for Syndergaard, he should have very little trouble dispatching hitters throughout the season.
Matt Goldman is a Contributing Editor at Beyond the Box Score & MLB Daily Dish. You can follow him on Twitter at @TheOriginalBull.
More From Beyond the Box Score
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How much is Juan Soto worth? Let's try and guess what Soto's next contract will look like
Morning Mound Visit: MLBPA to make counteroffer Monday Plus, Stuart Sternberg's dumb idea is dead and robo umps are coming to AAA.


The hardest part, putting all the shapes together. At first I want it to have an Antarctic cold environment, that's why there is this blue hue.
I didn't do too much printscreens as you can see, but it still nice to see the first 10 minutes of a painting compared to the final image.
Original post of trained monkeys can be found here.


This website lists Open Data available at the University of Münster. Following its original mission LODUM aims to foster a change towards openness, transparency and interconnectedness of research data and metadata.
We have created a growing collection of datasets and interfaces in the spirit of the original LODUM project and we want to invite you to explore, reuse and contribute.
With an ever-growing amount of research results, new challenges arise for the management, retrieval and persistent storage of scientific artifacts. While these tasks have traditionally been fulfilled by academic publishers, today's research results are no longer limited to papers and books, but also include a variety of data, models, and software. Preserving these contents and making them accessible is a fundamental requirement to ensure the transparency and reproducibility of studies.
LODUM takes this approach to the next level by implementing a strategy that aims to improve the transparency and visibility of the university. The comprehensive LODUM approach includes an Open Access strategy for publishing any non-sensitive data online following the Linked Data principles. Both the Open Access and Open Data movements are currently gaining a lot of momentum and will shape the future of academic publishing and accessibility of public data.
LODUM is laid out as a long-term strategy that will open up and connect different data sources across the 15 faculties and departments step-by-step. While this requires a technical infrastructure to manage data and make them available online, a crucial aspect of LODUM is to foster a change in the openness and transparency of the University of Münster and its scientific community. By implementing Open Access and Linked Open Data principles throughout the university, LODUM aims to make the output of the university more visible and foster collaboration, both between the university's faculties and with partners.
For more information about the original LODUM project, take a look at the research page.


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Al-Arisza – miejscowość i gmina w Algierii
 Al-Arisza – miejscowość w Syrii

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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About HPQ Silicon Resources INC.
March 1, 2016 by support
Since 2015 HPQ Silicon Resources INC. has been working on developing a new process for producing high-grade Silicon metal (Si) for the manufacture of solar cells.
HPQ Silicon Resources Inc. is a TSX-V listed resource company that focuses on becoming a vertically integrated and diversified High Purity, Solar Grade Silicon Metal (SoG-Si) producer and a manufacturer of multi and monocrystalline solar cells of the P and N types, required for the production of high-performance photovoltaic conversion.
HPQ's goal is to develop, in collaboration with industry leaders, PyroGenesis (PYR.V) and Apollon Solar, that are experts in their fields of interest, the innovative PUREVAP™ "Quartz Reduction Reactors (QRR)", a truly 2.0 Carbothermic process (patent pending), which will permit the transformation and purification of quartz (SiO2) into high purity silicon metal (Si) in one step and reduce by a factor of at least two-thirds (2/3) the costs associated with the transformation of quartz (SiO2) into SoG Si.
The pilot plant equipment that will validate the commercial potential of the process is on schedule to start mid-2019.
Learn more about the PUREVAP™ Process
Bernard J Tourillon, BAA, MBA
Chairman, President, CEO and Director
For the last 20 years, Mr. Tourillon has held senior-level executive positions with extensive finance, marketing, administration and public accounting experience in diverse industries including exploration and mining companies. Since joining HPQ Silicon in 2006, he has participated in fundraising activities and financial transactions worth over $12 million.
Since 2010 he is participating in the transformation of HPQ Silicon from a simple exploration Corporation into High Purity Quartz and Gold exploration company focused on generating free cash flow.
Mr. Tourillon was also instrumental in securing a partnership with PYROGENESIS, a world leader in plasma technology, to develop the PUREVAP ™ QUARTZ VAPORIZATION REACTOR.
Patrick Levasseur
President and COO, Director
Noelle Drapeau, LLL, MBA, PMP
Corporate Secretary, Director
Francois Rivard
INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS (*)
Richard Mimeau, BSc
Peter H. Smith PhD, P.Eng.
Daryl Hodges
Robert Robitaille, MBA, and L. Ph.
TECHNICAL ADVISORS
Marcel Drapeau, B.A., B.Sc. Com., LLL
PyroGenesis Canada
Apollon Solar SA
Marc Richer-Lafleche, P, Geo, PhD
Raymond Chabot Grant Thornton

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Christmas tree with a yellow ribbon. ARCHIVE.
The Catalan writer and broadcaster Àngel Casas has just brought out a collection of anti-Christmas poems, which I haven't yet read but which I imagine echo the complaints about this annual festival that have been around for decades; namely, that it's too commercial (I've been hearing that one since I was about six); or that it's bad for us to eat so much turkey and drink so much wine, and so on and so forth. Well, I for one — and I can't be the only one — still love Christmas, and especially the way it's celebrated in Catalonia, what with the feeding of a log which is later beaten to make it defecate small toys; the traditional lunchtime fare of escudella i carn d'olla (a meat-heavy dish — pig's ear and lashings of animal fat included — which can give the most stoic vegetarian, and even a few casual carnivores, a bad case of the willies); the giving and receiving of presents (you would have to have the heartlessness of a dingo not to enjoy such giving and receiving); and the fact that the festivities continue unabated the day after (unlike in the UK, whose Boxing Day never fails to be uneventful). I should add that I celebrate Christmas despite being convinced that Christ (if he existed at all) was a peripatetic preacher as human as my children and that God is nothing but an abstract noun. This year, however, I shall be celebrating Christmas with nine uncomfortable thoughts in the back of my mind: one for each of the Catalan prisoners who will be spending Yuletide behind bars. Among the ones I have had the pleasure of knowing personally are Raül Romeva, the former Catalan minister for foreign affairs, and Oriol Junqueras, the former Catalan vice-president, who are being accused of violent rebellion for having held their posts before and during the independence referendum; Carme Forcadell, the former speaker of the Catalan parliament, accused of the same for the horrendous crime of having allowed a debate on the referendum in the Catalan parliament; and Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart, respectively the former head of the grass-roots Catalan National Assembly and the current president of the cultural association Òmnium Cultural, both also accused of armed insurgence for having climbed on to a patrol car (having obtained permission from the police) to make a short speech to a gathering of thousands of peaceful protesters before asking them to disperse. As they haven't yet been convicted of anything, these people and their fellow political prisoners could have been freed months and months ago and been obliged to either hand in their passports or wear monitoring bracelets to ensure they stood trial. But no. There is a Catalan saying: Per Nadal, cada ovella al seu corral. 'At Christmastime, every lamb should be back in its pen'. 'Pen', in this context, usually means 'home'. Not, of course, for the Catalonia Nine, which is why millions of Catalans will be raising a supportive toast to them this Christmas. At home.


All designs can be varied in colour and embellishment details.
Click on thumbnail image to see entire page detailing design, construction and fabrics..
Ready-to-wear variations of the made-to-measure designs are occasionally available. We can also provide details for the wedding photographers whose work is shown within these pages. Please contact for details.
As part of their promotion of the Waterhouse exhibition at the Royal Academy, and coinciding with the BBC's "Desperate Romantics", the Telegraph asked to use images of "Flaming Autumn" and "Ophelia".
Copyright © 2002 - 2013 Theresa Blake. All Rights Reserved.
Theresa of Rossetti is inspired by the sensuousness and flowing lines of Pre-Raphaelite paintings - especially those by Rossetti, Waterhouse, Kate Bunce, and Burne Jones. This, inevitably leads to an enthusiasm for ethereal and elvish Medieval styles. If you would love to wear the Pre-Raphaelite style for your Wedding you will probably find inspiration in such films as "Lord of the Rings" (Galadrial and Arwen's elven costumes), "Game of Thrones", "First Knight" and "The Lion in Winter". To explain the look they are trying to achieve, many of Rossetti brides have referenced or shown in "mood boards" the costumes in "Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves", "Legend", "First Knight" and "Merlin". The girl band "The Mediaeval Baebes" are often attired in fantasy style medieval gowns. Paintings by the Pre-Raphaelite artists Waterhouse ("The Lady of Shalott", "St Cecilia", "Ophelia", "The crystal Ball", "The Enchanted garden"), and Edmund Blair-Leighton ("The Accolade", "Godspeed" , "The Call to Arms"), all offer timeless inspiration.
A combination of fabric: a sumptuous silver and green damask, and model: a willowy figure and classic Pre-Raphaelite curls - came together as the original inspiration for this Medieval wedding dress design. It was one of the very first Rossetti designs, quickly proving popular for brides of large bust and small, wide hips and narrow, tall and short. I will not give away the cutting secrets (!), but this shape manages to suit all frames.
When two brides on opposite sides of the world (Canada and London) approached me in the same week to make a wedding dress using the design brief of "The Accolade" by Edmund Blair-Leighton, I started to suspect someone was pulling my leg! As the Pre-Raphaelite designs evolved, they turned out to be very different - one version in quantities of chiffon with a hand-beaded girdle belt; the other taking a beautifully embroidered indian sari as a starting point, and using an original antique (victorian!) punched metal belt. What both brides had in common was their wonderfully attired knights!
Two wedding dress designs in the Pre-Raphaelite/ Medieval style - inspired by this stunning Arts and Crafts-type gothic brocade.
I always enjoy this design because brides's seem to relish the challenge of finding toning/ matching fabrics amongst my vast choice of silks and trimmings. It is enjoyable to limit your choice of silks to eight rather than just one! The basic shape of the gown is quite streamlined (with an inner corset if wished) to balance the richness of the various textures: satin, dupion, taffeta and velvet can all be combined in one design. A classic fishtail shaped skirt at the front the Art Nouveau inspired wedding gown can graduate into the sumptuous folds and train of the original sample, or can be cut with a more modified train.
Inevitably, the "Lord of the Rings" trilogy inspired many brides to look for an "elveish", Celtic or Mediaeval wedding dress design. This is a style which manages to have the appeal and romance of a more traditional wedding dress, without straying into the territory of the classic "meringue". This fairytale style can be as suited to a handfasting ceremony in a woodland, as to a civil wedding service in a monumental castle. Both situations also give brides a great excuse to also order an ultimately romantic silk or crushed velvet hooded cloak just in case it is a little chilly!
"Artemis" was designed, but not constructed, before I was asked to make versions of "The Accolade" (above). It was intended, as a medieval bridal gown design, to be as different as possible to "Raffaella" (above). Where "Raffaella" always works best in an opaque, firm fabric with a quite stream-lined A-line skirt and minimal tailored hanging sleeves; "Artemis" is in a sheer, drapeable fabric - many more metres of fabric are used, and the sleeves are long and flowing. Basically, cut and tailoring, versus ethereal and fairytale. I tend to find that if brides suit one Mediaeval style, they will NOT suit the other; there are few exceptions - it is something to do with stature, hip shape and bust size.
Requests for different interpretations of the famous "Accolade" painting by Blair-Leighton led to a lot of consideration on how to represent the intricate embellishment shown around the hem of the gown in the original painting. Heavily embroidered and beaded saris are the perfect solution. It is possible to find ivory and pastel shaded saris, but if you are looking for vibrant colour, the traditional wedding shades for indian weddings are red and pink - usually combined with gold. If you wish to source your own sari for this design I can recommend where to visit, or you can choose from those I have in stock.
Rossetti link to www.fantaysia.co.uk - a specialist site for Medieval weddings.


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Wallingford Art Walk gets a mascot
Margaret April 29, 2011 Comments are off
Robot in progress
As soon as the clouds broke on Tuesday afternoon, artists Maggie Schneider and Siolo Thompson made a beeline to their latest project, a new mural for the Wallingford Art Walk. The mural, which is located on the side of the building that houses Bottleworks and City Cellars, features a 20′ tall robot, in mid-stride, amid a soon-to-be colorful backdrop. He'll be leaving a wake of flowers in his path when the mural's done, just in time for the May 4 Art Walk.
I found Maggie and Siolo sandwiched in between the wall and a temporary chain-link fence, separating them from the construction crew that's working on the new Key Bank. "Actually, they've been really great," Maggie says. "We don't mind having this fence here at all."
Back in October, Art Walk Chair Tara Shuttleworth put out a call to artists to develop a mural, and Maggie and Siolo took the project and ran with it, after getting approval from building owner Frank Walters and the Wallingford Chamber of Commerce. All of the paint was donated by Wallingford's Reed Painting Company.
"Our idea was to make something family-friendly and accessible to everyone," Maggie said. "So far, we've gotten a great response from people, and kids really love the robot."
We'll post a picture of the mural once it's complete, but you should come out and see it for yourself next Wednesday night, during the Art Walk.
Artists Maggie Schneider and Siolo Thompson
House fire on Thackeray
60 Second Interview! – Jay Farias


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Blanes ist eine Stadt mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der spanischen Provinz Girona der autonomen Region Katalonien am südlichen Ende der Costa Brava unmittelbar an der Mündung der Tordera, und rund 60 Kilometer nordöstlich von der Regionshauptstadt Barcelona gelegen. Blanes gilt als Tor zur Costa Brava.

Stadtbeschreibung
Blanes ist ein vielbesuchter Ferienort im typisch katalanischen Stil. Unzählige Restaurants, in denen Fisch-, Paella oder Hähnchengerichte zubereitet werden, Bars, zahlreiche Geschäfte und der besonders breite Sandstrand von vier Kilometern Länge sind einige Merkmale dieses Ortes. Blanes ist auch bekannt als das Wirtschaftszentrum der südlichen Costa Brava. Südlich an den alten Ortskern anschließend wurden riesige Wohnmobil-, Ferienhaus- und Campingplätze eingerichtet, die zu den größten saisonalen Feriensiedlungen im Mittelmeerraum gehören. So wächst die Stadt in der Sommersaison leicht auf über 100.000 Menschen an.

Die Altstadt mit ihren engen Gassen zeigt den Fischerort noch fast so, wie er vor der Touristeninvasion ab 1960 war. Jeden Werktag Montag bis Freitag findet gegen 16:00 Uhr die traditionelle Fischversteigerung im Hafen statt. Der Fischereihafen liegt geschützt zwischen den Felsen Sa Forcanera im Nordosten und Sa Palomera im Südwesten, die bis an die Küste reichen. Palomera gilt als Beginn der Costa Brava. Das Hotelviertel liegt am südlichen Rande des Zentrums, die anfangs eher einfachen Hotels wurden inzwischen mit Häusern der gehobenen Kategorien ergänzt. Hinter den Hotels reihen sich die Campingplätze.

Verkehrsanbindung
Blanes ist Endstation einer direkten an der Küste entlang führenden Bahnstrecke Barcelona–Mataró–Maçanet-Massanes, die dann ab Blanes ins Landesinnere führt und dort Anschluss an die Strecke nach Frankreich hat. Überörtliche Nationalstraßen oder die Regionalautobahn C 35 sind über Provinzialstraßen zu erreichen. Die nächstgelegenen Flugplätze sind Flughafen Barcelona-El Prat und der seltener angeflogene Flughafen Girona.

Botanische Gärten

In Blanes befinden sich zwei botanische Gärten.

Der Deutsche Karl Faust war der Gründer und Eigentümer des Jardí Botànic Marimurtra. Er schuf vor seinem Tod 1952 die Stiftung Jardí Botànic Marimurtra ('Botanischer Garten Meer und Myrte'), der er den Garten und sein beträchtliches Vermögen übertrug.

Die Stiftung hat wissenschaftlichen Charakter und dient dem internationalen Studium der Botanik. Daneben will sie den zahlreichen Besuchern aus vielen Ländern die Vielfalt und Schönheit der Pflanzen und die Weisheit im Walten der Natur näherbringen. Dieser botanische Garten wurde im Jahre 1921 gegründet und liegt am Südosthang des Sant-Joan-Berges über den in das Mittelmeer abfallenden Steilhängen. Der Garten mit schöner Aussicht aufs Meer ist 16,5 ha groß.

Im Jardí Botànic Marimurtra wurde durch kunstvolle Gartenarchitektur die zerklüftete natürliche Landschaft aufgewertet. Die ausgewachsenen Exemplare von Kakteen und anderen Pflanzen, die man hier gezüchtet hat, bestechen durch die Harmonie ihrer Farben und Formen. Aufgrund des gleichmäßigen Mittelmeerklimas gedeihen die Pflanzen prächtig, die ganze Sammlung befindet sich in Privatbesitz. Es gibt mehr als 3000 verschiedene Bäume, Büsche und Blumen zu entdecken. Viele Pflanzen lassen sich vor Ort auch käuflich erwerben.

Der zweite botanische Garten, Jardí Botànic Pinya de Rosa, mit zirka 7000 verschiedenen Pflanzenarten liegt etwas außerhalb von Blanes. Er wurde vom katalanischen Ingenieur Dr. Ferran Riviere de Caralt 1945 gegründet und später zur Naturlandschaft von nationalem Interesse erklärt.

Kultur und Tradition

Der jährlich stattfindende Wettbewerb von Feuerwerken ist einer der wichtigsten in Spanien und Europa. Er dauert sieben Tage und findet während der Festa Major zu Ehren des Schutzheiligen Sant Joaquim in der Woche vom 26. Juli statt.

Für die denkmalgeschützten Gebäude von Blanes siehe die Liste der Kulturdenkmäler in Blanes.

Persönlichkeiten
 Roberto Bolaño (1953–2003),  chilenischer Schriftsteller
 Quim Torra (* 1962), Anwalt, Verleger und Politiker
 Rubén Yáñez (* 1993), Fußballtorwart
 Adrián Guerrero (* 1998), Fußballspieler

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Offizielle Seite von Blanes (katalanisch, englisch, spanisch)
 Offizieller Touristenführer von Blanes (englisch und deutsch)
 Fotos und Objektbeschreibungen von Sehenswürdigkeiten in Blanes in poblesdecatalunya.cat

Ort in Katalonien


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Pessimism reigns at the Hawthorns as Middlesbrough look to continue their promising start
Published on: 26 Aug 2016 Author: Jon Want
Albion face a second newly-promoted side in a matter of days on Sunday as Middlesbrough visit the Hawthorns for the lunchtime televised fixture, with Tony Pulis looking for a better result than was achieved against Northampton on Tuesday evening.
Like the Cobblers, Middlesbrough's promotion and unbeaten start to the season means that the Teesiders are protecting an impressive unbeaten league run. It's not quite as impressive as Northampton's, who haven't lost a league game in 2016 (a 3-0 defeat to MK Dons in the FA Cup being their only defeat in this calendar year), but Boro have gone twelve league games since their last defeat, at Charlton in March, although like Albion, they crashed out of the EFL Cup this week at the hands of lower league opposition losing 2-1 at Championship Fulham.
Following the Baggies cup exit, the calls for Pulis to be sacked have become somewhat louder with #pulisout trending nationally on Twitter late on Tuesday evening, although one commentator, Graeme Brown from the Birmingham Mail, has offered a counter opinion although I'm not sure I entirely follow his logic. While I understand, if not completely agree with, his point that Pulis may be the only man who can keep Albion up at the moment, his comment that the new owner should "keep his hands in his pocket" seems to be suggesting that Albion don't try to spend any money in the next few days when it is clear that the squad is in desperate need of improvement.
The one comment from Mr Brown that I wholeheartedly agree with is that this summer's transfer activity has been a horror show. With just a few days to go, Albion have made just one permanent signing and, while there are plenty of rumours, nothing looks particularly close to happening. It's difficult to know why it has been such a frustrating window, and while the takeover cannot have helped, does Pulis's reputation also put players off? When players see good pros like Callum McManaman, Sébastien Pocognoli and Cristian Gamboa effectively frozen out of the team, and loan signings like Serge Gnabry and Alex Pritchard virtually unused, would they not think twice before coming to the Hawthorns? And that's before any concerns over the style of football are taken into consideration.
In reality, however, now is probably not the right time to get rid of Pulis as that would not help any deals that may well be in negotiation. Unless, of course, there are a string of players waiting in the wings who would sign for the club if Pulis wasn't there! As Graeme Brown said, we are probably stuck with the Welshman for the time being, but bar any dramatic improvement in results and entertainment, making a change ahead of the January window would seem prudent.
The fact remains that Albion have won just one of their last 12 games and were distinctly unimpressive in pre-season. The win at Palace did little to mask the deficiencies in the squad. The shots-on-goal statistics in the last two games are a little better than we became used to last season, but the manner of the four goals conceded so far is very worrying for a side that is supposed to put defence before anything else.
The one positive from Tuesday's debacle was the performance of the youngsters who got their chance, but I'm not expecting to see any of them in the starting line-up for a Premier League game anytime soon. Pulis rarely gives the youth a chance in the "important" games, with Jonathan Leko being a notable exception last season.
Boro may have lost at Fulham on Wednesday evening, but that was a much-changed side from the one that beat Sunderland at the weekend, and I can see the visitors being full of confidence from their unbeaten league start to the season. Unlike the hosts, they will feel no pressure at the Hawthorns and Albion will need to improve on all of their performances so far this season if they are to take maximum points.
I think there will be goals in this fixture and it could go either way. I certainly don't feel confident that Albion can defeat the Premier League new boys, and if Boro start the game well, the Hawthorns faithful will become restless. My gut feel is that this game will finish all square.
Stat Attack
L D D W L D
D D D D W L
All competitions; most recent game on the right
17 Apr 2010 – League Championship
West Brom 2 (Cox, Bednar)
Albion's Record against Middlesbrough
League 86 31 19 36 106 114 43 24 9 10 70 41
FA Cup 5 2 2 1 5 4 2 1 1 0 2 1
Total 91 33 21 37 111 118 45 25 10 10 72 42
Home 4 2 0 2 5 4 6
Away 4 1 1 2 3 9 4
Total 8 3 1 4 8 13 10
Post navigation ← Albion look to make it five out of five (at Northampton)	Albion's Premier League Season Comparison – 3 games →


Hunter and McCall are back!
Randall Skags: [to Hunter] I love my little brother and I have always loved you.
Following his extended break in San Diego, Hunter has accepted the offer of a move and now works robbery/homicide with Dee Dee McCall, who has switched roles following the loss of her fiancé. When Hunter learns that a murderer (Randall Skags) he thought had been given a death penalty, he is obviously pretty annoyed but, before he and McCall have time to launch on a rightwing rant about liberal parole boards they are called to a bank robbery. They lose the gang in the mall but get enough to find out they are dealing with a crew of four young women. While this investigation continues, Skags starts killing his way across San Diego in an attempt to draw out Hunter and take deadly revenge on him.
As if proof was needed that I have too much spare time on my hands, I decided to give Hunter another go on a wet Sunday evening even though the previous movie had been nothing special. Now that all the characters have been re-established from "Return to Justice" the plot has more of a freehand to carry on as if nothing happened so I had hoped this would make it flow a bit easier. In a way it does but this doesn't meant that the plots are that good. The main thrust is actually about the bank robberies and is dragged out for so long with the twist that one of the suspects is in jail already. This is so-so stuff that didn't really engage me that well. Without a strong and urgent narrative the toughness is very superficial and, although it distracts on this level, it doesn't do much else.
The other thread sees Skags sort of drifting in the background and his part doesn't mean a great deal. It gets tiresome after a while because you quickly realise that he is being kept for a strong finish. Neither plot is strong enough to fill the film but what surprised me was how half-baked the film was even with the two of them. Attempts to dove-tail one into the other towards the end is clumsy and too little too late. The action count is low and the bagginess of the plot means the inherent toughness of Hunter's approach is for naught.
In fact, apart from one early bit of a moan about Skags getting released there isn't much that makes Hunter Hunter in this film. Dryer continues to grimace and squint his way across San Diego but really he has no character to speak of. I'm not sure why they made such a personal aspect to the plot but then did nothing of interest with it in regards Hunter himself. Despite this Dryer is good enough for this level of material. Kramer is better than the last movie because she actually fits into the story this time round and she seems more natural leading on the "bank robbery" aspect. Cummins is a strange villain – I was never sure if I was suppose to hate him or sympathise with him. His late scenes suggests he was trying to find depth but he can't do it and, if he was, the film generally doesn't share his interest.
Overall this is a basic cop TV movie that is a bit of a mess but might satisfy those with very low expectations. Waste potential is all around the film as two plot threads are dumped on the screen and not a great deal is done with them. Serviceable but nothing more than that.


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Go Power! 3000-Watt Pure Sine Wave Inverter takes 12 volt DC battery power and converts it to an exact replica of AC houshold power. It is guarenteed to run any load within their wattage range and has a 2 year warranty. This inverter has two GFCI outlets and can use the GP-DC-KIT5 to connect to the batteries with ease. As long as the load is not greater then 3000 watt this inverter will run it and the GP-SW3000-12 can surge to 6000 watt as well as contains all instructions required.


AVAYA ENGAGE — IPC, Alliance Data, STL Communications, Windstream and ConvergeOne are the winners of Avaya Partner Awards at its Engage conference in Las Vegas.
The awards, presented to channel and vendor partners, are the first accolades to be presented at the five-day event and recognize partners across five categories, including: innovation, networking, midmarket, cloud and services; as well as an overall award for Partner of the Year.
Avaya is expected to emerge from chapter 11 bankruptcy by the end of the year.


Most of these COOL WRITING TIPS discuss some of the common pairs of words that people confuse, mainly because they're not sure of the correct usage. As writers whose work will potentially reach a wide audience, I believe we need to use language responsibly. In order to do so, we must understand the points of difference.
Here are some tips and examples to help improve your writing. All usage I refer to is British English, not American English. I don't attempt to give every possible example using the word pairs, only the most often used. I also refer to use in contemporary English, not to any obsolete use of words.
Some of the pairs below are misused so commonly that your immediate reaction might be to debate the point!
Use between when there are two people or things.
Use among when there are three or more people or things.
While we're on the subject of among, how about amongst? Take your pick! Both of these prepositions are grammatically correct, although among is the one that is more commonly used.
Yard is a noun. When used as two separate words – back yard – back is an adjective describing or qualifying yard. It makes it clear that it is the yard behind the house rather than the yard in front of the house.
Cool simple tip: If you can use the article 'the' or 'a/an' on its own before a word, then that word is a noun. Example, "The yard", "A yard".
Boring example: "Our backyard barbeque was a gift from Grandma." Here, backyard describes the barbeque, specifically, the location of the barbeque.
Effect is both a verb – meaning 'to bring about', 'to accomplish', and a noun – meaning 'result'.
Cool quote using effect: "Surrealism had a great effect [noun] on me because then I realised that the imagery in my mind wasn't insanity. Surrealism to me is reality" – John Lennon.
Cool simple tip: Bear in mind that English often is not logical and sometimes you have to memorise usage. If you are going to use 'the' before one of these words – the noun – then the right word to use is 'effect'!
Affect is a verb – meaning 'to influence'.
Cool quote using affect: "Nothing can affect my voice, it's so bad" – Bob Dylan.
A compliment is a kind or flattering statement, and can be used as a noun or as a verb. When Tony says to Claire, "You look stunning in that dress," he is paying her a compliment.
Let's break it down: "Fulberto lays the table." 'Fulberto' = subject; 'the table' = the object.
Make every word count when you are writing and avoid unnecessary wordiness with the overuse of such words as 'very' and 'certainly'. Be ruthless and when you read over a sentence that you have written, if a word does nothing to move the story along or advance the theme, remove it! Better still, think whether you can change the sentence around and make it a great one rather than a colourless one. Your writing will be the richer for it.
There is no point of comparison for the reader to know just how tall John is, or how others might perceive his looks.
If you need help finding the right word, and you know your writing could be more powerful, email the writing and editing professionals to tell us your story and ask how we can help you.


text:
Filtering by: Keyword Middle East Remove constraint Keyword: Middle East
1. The Correlation between Asymmetric Conflicts and Polarity: Are There More Insurgencies in Unipolar Systems? The Middle East 1948-1991
The rise of insurgencies that the United States faces parallels a worldwide phenomenon. This rise, occurring since World War II, has been attributed to many factors; however, there have been few studies that have tried to understand this rise. This study is the outcome of the examination of two...
Seider, Aaron D.
Balance of Power, Asymmetric Conflict, Insurgency, Middle East, and Unipolar System
Lebovic, James H
Williams, Paul D
2. Rising Revisionist? China's Relations with the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-Cold War Era
Is China a revisionist, aggressive rising power seeking world hegemony or is it a status-quo oriented, cooperative member of international society? Scholars of international relations and Chinese foreign policy produce diverse and contradictory responses to this question. Offensive realism and...
Murphy, Dawn C.
Power Transition, Foreign Policy, China, Rising Power, Middle East, and Africa
Shambaugh, David
Sell, Susan K., Sutter, Robert, Lebovic, James, and Shinn, David
3. The Soldier's Dilemma: Military Responses to Uprisings in Jordan, Iraq, Bahrain, and Syria
Why do some soldiers remain part of the military hierarchy during a domestic crisis, while others shirk orders, flee their positions, or defect to the opposition entirely? Existing literature on military institutionalization leads us to expect that the armed forces will either remain loyal or...
Ohl, Dorothy Smith
Cohesion, Military, Conflict, Revolution, Middle East, and Uprising
Lynch, Marc
Biddle, Stephen, Gallagher Cunningham, Kathleen, Talmadge, Caitlin, and Brown, Nathan J
4. Contemporary Turkish Politics, POMEPS Studies 22
Turkey has been in the news repeatedly in 2016, from the coup attempt of July to the subsequent government purges to its renewed fight against the PKK and crackdown on Kurdish populations. However surprising these developments may appear for an outside observer, they are deeply rooted in the...
Lynch, Marc and Project on Middle East Political Science (POMEPS)
North Africa, Political Science, POMEPS Studies, Turkey, Middle East, and International Relations
Project on Middle East Political Science (POMEPS)
5. The Arab Monarchy Debate, POMEPS Studies 3
It has been widely noted that monarchies have done better at surviving the Arab uprisings that began two years ago. Three Presidents (Ben Ali, Mubarak, and Saleh) have fallen, along with Muammar al-Qaddafi's unique Jamahiriaya, while Bashar al-Assad's Baathist presidential regime faces a mortal...
North Africa, Political Science, POMEPS Studies, Middle East, Islam, and International Relations
6. New Analysis of Shia Politics, POMEPS Studies 28
The study of Islamist movements has often implicitly meant the study of Sunni Islamist movements. An enormous amount of political science scholarship has dissected the ideology, organization, and political strategy of Sunni Islamist movements. However these academic communities that study Sunni...
North Africa, POMEPS Studies, Shi'a, International relations, Islamist, Middle East, Islam, Political science, and Gulf
7. Refugees and Migration Movements in the Middle East, POMEPS Studies 25
The Middle East has experienced a dramatic flood of refugees and forced migration over the last fifteen years. The UN High Commission on Refugees reports more than 16 million refugees and 60 million displaced persons around the world today, including asylum seekers and the internally...
North Africa, Refugees, Forced migration, POMEPS Studies, Political science, International relations, and Middle East
8. Evolving Methodologies in the Study of Islamism, POMEPS Studies 17
In recent years there have been dramatic changes in the Islamist landscape as Islamist political parties have drastically transformed, violent new groups have burst on the scene, and the proliferation of new media has changed access to information. But have political scientists and other scholars...
North Africa, Political Science, Islamism , Middle East, International Relations, and POMEPS Studies
9. New Islamic Media, POMEPS Studies 23
In years past, Islamist televangelists like Amr Khaled, Yusuf al-Qaradawi and Tareq Suwaidan seemed like the future of Arab media. Advancing a form of "soft Islam" focused on personal betterment and religiosity, these preachers were seen by some as a potential counterweight to extremist voices...
North Africa, POMEPS Studies, Political science, Islamic media, International relations, and Middle East
10. Iran and the Nuclear Deal, POMEPS Studies 13
The April 2 announcement in Lausanne of a framework for an agreement on the Iranian nuclear program has raised profound hopes and fears for the future of the Middle East. There are few developments with greater potential for fundamentally altering the political dynamics of the region – a prospect...
Iran, North Africa, Political Science, Nuclear, Middle East, and International Relations
Lynch, Marc32
Project on Middle East Political Science (POMEPS)32
Hanshaw, Ross1
Kavita, Oza1
Murphy, Dawn C.1
International Affairs Review1
more GW Units »
Lebovic, James H1
Lynch, Marc1
Shambaugh, David1
Biddle, Stephen1
Brown, Nathan J1
Gallagher Cunningham, Kathleen1
Lebovic, James1
Sell, Susan K.1
Middle East[remove]40
North Africa33
POMEPS Studies28
International Relations25
Political Science24


text:
Apple Alums Challenge AMD, Intel in Data Center With Phoenix Processor
By Lucian Armasu published 15 November 19
They promise their server chips will be highly-efficient, high-performance and secure.
(Image credit: Shutterstock)
Former Apple chip designers Gerard Williams III, Manu Gulati and John Bruno, have launched a new start-up called Nuvia Inc that plans to take on Intel and AMD in the data center with a new server-focused processor codenamed "Phoenix."
The company raised $53 million from Dell Technologies Capital and several other Silicon Valley investors, according to Reuters today. Nuvia plans to use the money to increase the number of employees from 60 to 100 by the end of the year.
Williams was Apple's chief architect for all Apple central processors and systems-on-a-chip (SoCs) for nine years until he quit earlier this spring. Gulati also worked on Apple's mobile SoCs for eight years, and Bruno worked on Apple's platform architecture group. Gulati and Bruno also worked for Google for a short period before joining Nuvia as co-founders.
Williams told Reuters that the three plan to use their experience and knowledge building highly efficient mobile chips for Apple and apply it to building highly efficient server processors that will also have high performance and security.
In the past few years, we've also seen Qualcomm, Marvell, as well as Ampere, another startup formed by Intel's former president, attempt to combat Intel and AMD in the data center market using mobile technology (in other words, the Arm instruction set architecture).
Patrick Moorhead, an analyst at Moor Insights & Strategies, told Reuters that if anyone has a chance against the Intel and AMD incumbents it might be Nuvia, due to their star chip architects. The Nuvia founders played a major role in pushing Apple's chips to gain significant performance improvements year after year, drastically outpacing other Arm chip competitors in the market, at least if we go by most benchmarks.
Scott Darling, president the Dell venture group, told Reuters that he can't comment on whether or not Dell will end-up using Nuvia chips in its servers. But he has high hopes for Nuvia regardless:
"The silicon industry is relentless. It pounds forward," he said. "You have to have a world-class team to do something disruptive enough that it will prevail despite the response of competitors. At Nuvia, we think we have found one."
Microsoft to Acquire Activision Blizzard in Blockbuster $69 Billion Deal
Nvidia Israel Is Hiring 100s for Its Next-Gen CPU Development Group
Raspberry Pi Zero W 2 Based Pocket Computer Nears Crowdfunding Launch
Intel To Unveil Bitcoin-mining 'Bonanza Mine' Chip at Upcoming Conference
Asus Rog Delta S Animate Headset Review: Lights It Up Like Dynamite


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Le xian autonome dai et va de Gengma (耿马傣族佤族自治县 ; pinyin : Gěngmǎ dǎizú wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn) est un district administratif de la province du Yunnan en Chine. Il est placé sous la juridiction de la ville-préfecture de Lincang.

Démographie
La population du district était de  en 1999.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Lien externe

Subdivision administrative dans la province du Yunnan
Dai
Wa


Third heart sound occurs early in diastole. In older patients it indicates the presence of congestive heart failure. It is normal in young people and athletes. The sudden deceleration of blood flow into the left ventricle from the left atrium produces the third heart sound. Our animation of the third heart sound depicts a thin-walled, dilated left ventricle with generalized decreased vigor of contraction. Use the 'Visual' tab above to view this video. When a third heart sound (S3) is present, the first heart sound is diminished and the second heart sound is increased in intensity. The third heart sound is a low frequency sound. Use the stethoscope's bell, pressing lightly on the patient's skin, to best hear this sound.


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When I returned this past autumn, the hair was a barely differentiated mass of gray, more like wool than human locks. Only the occasional braid signaled the remnants of something unprecedented and awful—the site where the Third Reich perpetrated the largest mass murder in human history. At least 1.1 million people were killed here, most within hours of their arrival.
Auschwitz originally was conceived as a concentration camp, to be used as a detention center for the many Polish citizens arrested after Germany annexed the country in 1939. These detainees included anti-Nazi activists, politicians, resistance members and luminaries from the cultural and scientific communities. Once Hitler's Final Solution became official Nazi policy, however, Auschwitz was deemed an ideal death camp locale. For one thing, it was situated near the center of all German-occupied countries on the European continent. For another, it was in close proximity to the string of rail lines used to transport detainees to the network of Nazi camps.
On 6 June 1944, American, British, and Canadian forces established a front in France with the D-Day landings in Normandy.[133] On 20 July 1944, Hitler survived an assassination attempt.[134] He ordered brutal reprisals, resulting in 7,000 arrests and the execution of more than 4,900 people.[135] The failed Ardennes Offensive (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) was the last major German offensive on the western front, and Soviet forces entered Germany on 27 January.[136] Hitler's refusal to admit defeat and his insistence that the war be fought to the last man led to unnecessary death and destruction in the war's closing months.[137] Through his Justice Minister Otto Georg Thierack, Hitler ordered that anyone who was not prepared to fight should be court-martialed, and thousands of people were put to death.[138] In many areas, people surrendered to the approaching Allies in spite of exhortations of local leaders to continue to fight. Hitler ordered the destruction of transport, bridges, industries, and other infrastructure—a scorched earth decree—but Armaments Minister Albert Speer prevented this order from being fully carried out.[137]
On October 7, 1944, several hundred prisoners assigned to Crematorium IV at Auschwitz-Birkenau rebelled after learning that they were going to be killed. During the uprising, the prisoners killed three guards and blew up the crematorium and adjacent gas chamber. The prisoners used explosives smuggled into the camp by Jewish women who had been assigned to forced labor in a nearby armaments factory.
Pseudo-scientific racist theories were central to Nazism, expressed in the idea of a "people's community" (Volksgemeinschaft). The party aimed to unite "racially desirable" Germans as national comrades, while excluding those deemed either to be political dissidents, physically or intellectually inferior, or of a foreign race (Fremdvölkische).[9] The Nazis sought to strengthen the Germanic people, the "Aryan master race", through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a collective subordination of individual rights, which could be sacrificed for the good of the state on behalf of the people.
Völkisch nationalism denounced soulless materialism, individualism and secularised urban industrial society, while advocating a "superior" society based on ethnic German "folk" culture and German "blood".[67] It denounced foreigners and foreign ideas and declared that Jews, Freemasons and others were "traitors to the nation" and unworthy of inclusion.[68] Völkisch nationalism saw the world in terms of natural law and romanticism and it viewed societies as organic, extolling the virtues of rural life, condemning the neglect of tradition and the decay of morals, denounced the destruction of the natural environment and condemned "cosmopolitan" cultures such as Jews and Romani.[69]
A survivor of Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen, Frank achieved a measure of fame that was hard won. In her 20s she struggled to find a publisher for her first book, "The House Behind." The two-part memoir consisted of a short first section detailing her family's life in hiding in Amsterdam, followed by a much longer and more gripping account of her experiences at Auschwitz, where her mother and others who had hidden with her family were murdered, and later at Bergen-Belsen, where she witnessed her sister Margot's horrific death.
Nazi flags: The Nazi Party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colours were said to represent Blut und Boden ("blood and soil"). Another definition of the flag describes the colours as representing the ideology of National Socialism, the swastika representing the Aryan race and the Aryan nationalist agenda of the movement; white representing Aryan racial purity; and red representing the socialist agenda of the movement. Black, white and red were in fact the colours of the old North German Confederation flag (invented by Otto von Bismarck, based on the Prussian colours black and white and the red used by northern German states). In 1871, with the foundation of the German Reich the flag of the North German Confederation became the German Reichsflagge ("Reich flag"). Black, white and red became the colours of the nationalists through the following history (for example World War I and the Weimar Republic).
Although he opposed communist ideology, Hitler publicly praised the Soviet Union's leader Joseph Stalin and Stalinism on numerous occasions.[57] Hitler commended Stalin for seeking to purify the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of Jewish influences, noting Stalin's purging of Jewish communists such as Leon Trotsky, Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev and Karl Radek.[58] While Hitler had always intended to bring Germany into conflict with the Soviet Union so he could gain Lebensraum ("living space"), he supported a temporary strategic alliance between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to form a common anti-liberal front so they could defeat liberal democracies, particularly France.[57]
From 1942, the SS reorganised the concentration camp administration to mobilise the millions of prisoners within the camps. The Nazis established hundreds of sub-camps across Europe. The Auschwitz camp complex contained over 40 sub-camps that housed thousands of Jewish prisoners to work as forced labour in the coalmines, various munitions factories and the I.G. Farben synthetic rubber plant at Buna Monovitz.
In 1896, William Jennings Bryan, a Democrat from Nebraska, ran for president on a fusion ticket with the Populist Party. This cartoonist from a Republican magazine thought the "Popocratic" ticket was too ideologically mismatched to win. Bryan did lose, but his campaign, the first of three he waged for the White House, transformed the Democrats into an anti-corporate, pro-labor party. Cartoon from Judge (1896) via Library of Congress
By mid-1942, the majority of those being sent by the Nazis to Auschwitz were Jews. Upon arriving at the camp, detainees were examined by Nazi doctors. Those detainees considered unfit for work, including young children, the elderly, pregnant women and the infirm, were immediately ordered to take showers. However, the bathhouses to which they marched were disguised gas chambers. Once inside, the prisoners were exposed to Zyklon-B poison gas. Individuals marked as unfit for work were never officially registered as Auschwitz inmates. For this reason, it is impossible to calculate the number of lives lost in the camp.
One evening at inspection, the camp commander gave us an address in which he said that we were responsible for the murder of Herr vom Rath and that therefore we had committed a crime against the nation and the state; that we were in a camp for protective custody, which was not a prison or a penitentiary at all, nor a sanitarium either, but solely an educational institution; that we should learn here how to behave in dealing with a 'guest nation' (he really said 'guest' nation instead of 'host' nation); that the main thing was unconditional obedience and that all S.S. men were our superior officers; that each attempt at disobedience would be punished, in some cases by corporal punishment, and that all S. S. men were entitled to use their arms in any attempt at resistance or escape.
The racialists were not capable of drawing the practical conclusions from correct theoretical judgements, especially in the Jewish Question. In this way, the German racialist movement developed a similar pattern to that of the 1880s and 1890s. As in those days, its leadership gradually fell into the hands of highly honourable, but fantastically naïve men of learning, professors, district counsellors, schoolmasters, and lawyers—in short a bourgeois, idealistic, and refined class. It lacked the warm breath of the nation's youthful vigour.[175]
The German Nazi Party supported German irredentist claims to Austria, Alsace-Lorraine, the region now known as the Czech Republic and the territory known since 1919 as the Polish Corridor. A major policy of the German Nazi Party was Lebensraum ("living space") for the German nation based on claims that Germany after World War I was facing an overpopulation crisis and that expansion was needed to end the country's overpopulation within existing confined territory, and provide resources necessary to its people's well-being.[130] Since the 1920s, the Nazi Party publicly promoted the expansion of Germany into territories held by the Soviet Union.[131]
A play by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett based upon the diary premiered in New York City on 5 October 1955, and later won a Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was followed by the film The Diary of Anne Frank (1959), which was a critical and commercial success. Biographer Melissa Müller later wrote that the dramatization had "contributed greatly to the romanticizing, sentimentalizing and universalizing of Anne's story."[73] Over the years the popularity of the diary grew, and in many schools, particularly in the United States, it was included as part of the curriculum, introducing Anne Frank to new generations of readers.[74]
The concentration camps make sense only if they are understood as products not of reason but of ideology, which is to say, of fantasy. Nazism taught the Germans to see themselves as a beleaguered nation, constantly set upon by enemies external and internal. Metaphors of infection and disease, of betrayal and stabs in the back, were central to Nazi discourse. The concentration camp became the place where those metaphorical evils could be rendered concrete and visible. Here, behind barbed wire, were the traitors, Bolsheviks, parasites, and Jews who were intent on destroying the Fatherland.
The prisoners' camp routine consisted of many duties. The daily schedule included waking at dawn, straightening one's sleep area, morning roll call, the trip to work, long hours of hard labor, standing in line for a pitiful meal, the return to camp, block inspection, and evening roll call. During roll call, prisoners were made to stand completely motionless and quiet for hours, in extremely thin clothing, irrespective of the weather. Whoever fell or even stumbled was killed. Prisoners had to focus all their energy merely on surviving the day's tortures.
Peterson, who is researching the long history of the Rivesaltes camp, also told me that the camp remained more or less in operation from 1939 through 1967 and then after 1985. Prisoners and refugees after the war included POWs, collaborators, Algerians and, in the 1980s, migrants waiting to be expelled from the country. The French government did little in the meantime to improve facilities from their wartime conditions.
The courtyard between blocks 10 and 11, known as the "death wall" served as an execution area for Poles not in Auschwitz who had been sentenced to death by a criminal court—presided over by German judges—including for petty crimes such as stealing food.[139] Several rooms in block 11 were deemed the Polizei-Ersatz-Gefängnis Myslowitz in Auschwitz ("Alternative jail of the police station at Mysłowice").[140] There were also Sonderbehandlung cases ("special treatment") for Poles and others regarded as dangerous to the Third Reich.[141] Members of the camp resistance were shot there, as were 200 of the Sonderkommandos who took part in the Sonderkommando revolt in October 1944.[142] Thousands of Poles were executed at the death wall; Höss wrote that "execution orders arrived in an unbroken stream".[143]
I had become aware of antisemitism from a young age, when my uncle had his head chopped in two when he was attacked by fascists while driving up to Novograd where he lived. While his attacker was convicted, he was hardly punished, and continued to live opposite my uncle's wife and child. But as a child you don't think about these things all that much. My family had a wood and coal business and, like most people in those days, my father was self-employed. As they started to restrict us, he lost his licence to operate and then he faced the enormous task of trying to find work. Meanwhile, my mother was at home trying to keep the family together, with all of us all involved in domestic life.
By the end of the war, the number of people who had died in the concentration camps, from all causes—starvation, sickness, exhaustion, beating, shooting, gassing—was more than eight hundred thousand. The figure does not include the hundreds of thousands of Jews gassed on arrival at Auschwitz. If the K.L. were indeed a battlefront, as the Death's-Head S.S. liked to believe, the deaths, in the course of twelve years, roughly equalled the casualties sustained by the Axis during the Battle of Stalingrad, among the deadliest actual engagements of the war. But in the camps the Nazis fought against helpless enemies. Considered as prisons, too, the K.L. were paradoxical: it was impossible to correct or rehabilitate people whose very nature, according to Nazi propaganda, was criminal or sick. And as economic institutions they were utterly counterproductive, wasting huge numbers of lives even as the need for workers in Germany became more and more acute.
I do not understand, however, the attitude of Hitler and his followers in this matter. To atone for the Paris murder, the Nazis imposed a collective punishment upon all German subjects of Jewish origin. First they organized a 'spontaneous' outburst of popular rage on the eve of November 10, 1938, throughout Germany at almost the same hour, and everywhere by the same methods. Abuses and tortures, even manslaughter, destruction of Jewish shops and apartments, arson of synagogues with gasoline brought for the purpose—such was the program.
Spengler's book The Decline of the West (1918), written during the final months of World War I, addressed the supposed decadence of modern European civilization, which he claimed was caused by atomising and irreligious individualisation and cosmopolitanism.[109] Spengler's major thesis was that a law of historical development of cultures existed involving a cycle of birth, maturity, ageing and death when it reaches its final form of civilisation.[109] Upon reaching the point of civilisation, a culture will lose its creative capacity and succumb to decadence until the emergence of "barbarians" creates a new epoch.[109] Spengler considered the Western world as having succumbed to decadence of intellect, money, cosmopolitan urban life, irreligious life, atomised individualisation and believed that it was at the end of its biological and "spiritual" fertility.[109] He believed that the "young" German nation as an imperial power would inherit the legacy of Ancient Rome, lead a restoration of value in "blood" and instinct, while the ideals of rationalism would be revealed as absurd.[109]
The crisis led to war preparations by Britain, Czechoslovakia, and France (Czechoslovakia's ally). Attempting to avoid war, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain arranged a series of meetings, the result of which was the Munich Agreement, signed on 29 September 1938. The Czechoslovak government was forced to accept the Sudetenland's annexation into Germany. Chamberlain was greeted with cheers when he landed in London, saying the agreement brought "peace for our time".[70] The agreement lasted six months before Hitler seized the rest of Czech territory in March 1939.[71]
There is no more forceful advocate for the preservation of Auschwitz than Wladyslaw Bartoszewski. Born in Warsaw in 1922, Bartoszewski, 87, was a Red Cross stretcher-bearer when the German Army invaded the capital city in September 1939. Plucked off the street by German soldiers a year later, he was sent to Auschwitz. He'd been there seven months when the Red Cross arranged for his release in April 1941—one of the few inmates ever set free.
In her introduction to the diary's first American edition, Eleanor Roosevelt described it as "one of the wisest and most moving commentaries on war and its impact on human beings that I have ever read."[81] John F. Kennedy discussed Anne Frank in a 1961 speech, and said, "Of all the multitudes who throughout history have spoken for human dignity in times of great suffering and loss, no voice is more compelling than that of Anne Frank."[82][83] In the same year, the Soviet writer Ilya Ehrenburg wrote of her: "one voice speaks for six million—the voice not of a sage or a poet but of an ordinary little girl."[84]
Umbreit, Hans (2003). "Hitler's Europe: The German Sphere of Power". In Kroener, Bernhard; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans. Germany and the Second World War, Vol. 5. Organization and Mobilization in the German Sphere of Power. Part 2: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1942–1944/5. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820873-0.
How many men have become the victims of medical treatment—or rather of the lack of it—it is hard to say. I at least have learned about a case where an inmate of our category, about fifty years old, was rejected by the infirmary, treated unprofessionally in the first-aid station, and died the next day. I am not in a position to give statistical data as to whether, and to what extent, suicides of desperate prisoners have taken place. I had occasion only twice to see how prisoners tried to run into the charged wires of the fence in order to commit suicide. They were stopped at the last moment. One morning the corpse of a man who had succeeded in his undertaking was hanging in the meshes. It was said that it was the prisoner whose punishment we had witnessed on the day of our arrival at the camp.
Prisoners received half a liter of coffee substitute or a herbal "tea" in the morning, but no food.[109] A second gong heralded roll call, when inmates had to line up outside in rows of ten to be counted. No matter how cold the weather, prisoners had to wait for the SS to arrive for the count. How long they stood there depended on the officers' mood, and whether there had been escapes or other events attracting punishment.[110] Guards might force the prisoners to squat for an hour with their hands above their heads, or hand out beatings or detention for infractions such as having a missing button or an improperly cleaned food bowl. The inmates were counted and re-counted.[111]
Los recintos, las alambradas, las torretas de vigilancia, las casamatas, las horcas, las cámaras de gas y los hornos crematorios de este campo de concentración y exterminio, que fue el más vasto de los creados por el Tercer Reich, dan fe de las condiciones en que se perpetró el genocidio nazi. Según los trabajos de investigación histórica, entre 1.100.000 y 1.500.000 prisioneros –en gran parte judíos– fueron sistemáticamente privados de alimentación, torturados y asesinados en este campo, símbolo de la crueldad ejercida por el hombre contra sus semejantes en el siglo XX.
During the first half of July, Anne and her family hid in an apartment that would eventually hide four Dutch Jews as well—Hermann, Auguste, and Peter van Pels, and Fritz Pfeffer. For two years, they lived in a secret attic apartment behind the office of the family-owned business at 263 Prinsengracht Street, which Anne referred to in her diary as the Secret Annex. Otto Frank's friends and colleagues, Johannes Kleiman, Victor Kugler, Jan Gies, and Miep Gies, had helped to prepare the hiding place and smuggled food and clothing to the Franks at great risk to their own lives.
Nazi eugenics were Nazi Germany's racially-based social policies that placed the improvement of the race through eugenics at the center of their concerns and targeted those humans they identified as "life unworthy of life" (Lebensunwertes Leben), including but not limited to the criminal, degenerate, dissident, feeble-minded, homosexual, idle, insane, religious, and weak, for elimination from the chain of heredity. More than 400,000 people were sterilized against their will. Adolf Hitler (Führer and Chancellor of Germany unitl 1945) believed the nation had become weak, corrupted by the infusion of degenerate elements into its bloodstream which had to be removed as quickly as possible. He also believed that the strong and the racially pure had to be encouraged to have more children, and the weak and the racially impure had to be neutralized by one means or another.
When the stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929, the effect in Germany was dire.[11] Millions were thrown out of work and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the NSDAP prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to strengthen the economy and provide jobs.[12] Many voters decided the NSDAP was capable of restoring order, quelling civil unrest, and improving Germany's international reputation. After the federal election of 1932, the NSDAP was the largest party in the Reichstag, holding 230 seats with 37.4 percent of the popular vote.[13]
Army photographers and cameramen, along with leading war correspondents, recorded the aftermath of Bergen-Belsen's liberation. This photograph was taken by Sergeant Harry Oakes of the Army Film and Photographic Unit. It shows prisoners sitting by a wire fence which divided two sections of the camp. They are eating their first meal after the liberation of the camp.
Modern Germany fundamentally rejects, and assumes complete responsibility for, the heinous crimes committed under the Third Reich. The Nazis occupy a uniquely menacing place in the Western imagination, the embodiment of humanity's darkest instincts for racial hatred and barbarism—what Hannah Arendt called "radical evil" in The Origins of Totalitarianism. Whitman uses the word Nefandum, "an abyss of unexampled modern horror against which we can define ourselves." It is appropriate to be wary of invoking the Nazis, especially in an online environment that has turned the words "Hitler" and "Nazi" into clichés, devaluing their meaning and cheapening the historical lessons to be learned.
Hitler sent military supplies and assistance to the Nationalist forces of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War, which began in July 1936. The German Condor Legion included a range of aircraft and their crews, as well as a tank contingent. The aircraft of the Legion destroyed the city of Guernica in 1937.[63] The Nationalists were victorious in 1939 and became an informal ally of Nazi Germany.[64]
The 1930 elections changed the German political landscape by weakening the traditional nationalist parties, the DNVP and the DVP, leaving the Nazis as the chief alternative to the discredited Social Democrats and the Zentrum, whose leader, Heinrich Brüning, headed a weak minority government. The inability of the democratic parties to form a united front, the self-imposed isolation of the Communists and the continued decline of the economy, all played into Hitler's hands. He now came to be seen as de facto leader of the opposition and donations poured into the Nazi Party's coffers. Some major business figures, such as Fritz Thyssen, were Nazi supporters and gave generously[71] and some Wall Street figures were allegedly involved,[72] but many other businessmen were suspicious of the extreme nationalist tendencies of the Nazis and preferred to support the traditional conservative parties instead.[73]
The Nazis seized from the French thousands of locomotives and rolling stock, stockpiles of weapons, and raw materials such as copper, tin, oil, and nickel.[103] Payments for occupation costs were levied upon France, Belgium, and Norway.[104] Barriers to trade led to hoarding, black markets, and uncertainty about the future.[105] Food supplies were precarious; production dropped in most of Europe.[106] Famine was experienced in many occupied countries.[106]
In January 1945, as the Soviet army entered Krakow, the Germans ordered that Auschwitz be abandoned. Before the end of the month, in what came to be known as the Auschwitz death marches, an estimated 60,000 detainees, accompanied by Nazi guards, departed the camp and were forced to march to the Polish towns of Gliwice or Wodzislaw, some 30 miles away. Countless prisoners died during this process; those who made it to the sites were sent on trains to concentration camps in Germany.
The Polish government-in-exile in London first reported the gassing of prisoners in Auschwitz on 21 July 1942,[210] and reported the gassing of Soviet POWs and Jews on 4 September 1942.[211] In 1943, the Kampfgruppe Auschwitz (Combat Group Auschwitz) was organized within the camp with the aim of sending out information about what was happening.[212] Sonderkommandos buried notes in the ground, hoping they would be found by the camp's liberators.[213] The group also smuggled out photographs; the Sonderkommando photographs, of events around the gas chambers in Auschwitz II, were smuggled out of the camp in September 1944 in a toothpaste tube.[214] According to Fleming, the British press responded, in 1943 and the first half of 1944, either by not publishing reports about Auschwitz or by burying them on the inside pages. The exception was the Polish Jewish Observer, published as a supplement to the City and East London Observer and edited by Joel Cang, a former Warsaw correspondent for the Manchester Guardian. The British reticence stemmed from a Foreign Office concern that the public might pressure the government to respond or provide refuge for the Jews, and that British actions on behalf of the Jews might affect its relationships in the Middle East. There was similar reticence in the United States, and indeed within the Polish government-in-exile and the Polish resistance. According to Fleming, the scholarship suggests that the Polish resistance distributed information about the Holocaust in Auschwitz without challenging the Allies' reluctance to highlight it.[215]
تشهد الاسوار والاسلاك الشائكة والمَراقب والمعسكرات والمنصبات وغرف الغاز ومحرقات معسكر الاعتقال والابادة اوشفيتز بيركينو القديم، كلّها على الظروف التي كانت تجري في ظلّها الابادة الجماعية الهتليرية. وتفيد بحوث تاريخية ان 1،1 مليون الى 5،1 مليون شخص، معظمهم من اليهود، جُوِّعوا بصورة منظّمة وتعرّضوا للتعذيب وقُتلوا في هذا المخيّم، رمز وحشية الانسان مع أخيه الانسان في القرن العشرين.
During the Battle of Berlin (16 April 1945 – 2 May 1945), Hitler and his staff lived in the underground Führerbunker while the Red Army approached.[139] On 30 April, when Soviet troops were within two blocks of the Reich Chancellery, Hitler, along with his girlfriend and by then wife Eva Braun committed suicide.[140] On 2 May, General Helmuth Weidling unconditionally surrendered Berlin to Soviet General Vasily Chuikov.[141] Hitler was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as Reich President and Goebbels as Reich Chancellor.[142] Goebbels and his wife Magda committed suicide the next day after murdering their six children.[143] Between 4 and 8 May 1945, most of the remaining German armed forces unconditionally surrendered. The German Instrument of Surrender was signed 8 May, marking the end of the Nazi regime and the end of World War II in Europe.[144]
Nazi in the extended sense of "a fanatical or domineering person" has existed at least since 1980 and parallels the use of the word police in the language police/the grammar police . Though this usage of Nazi is usually intended as jocular, it implies being intolerant of other people's views and practices. And many people consider any extended use of the word Nazi to be offensive, in that it trivializes the terrible crimes of the German Nazis.
Lt.-Col. Anatoly Shapiro, Ukrainian Jew, commanded the Red Army's 1085th 'Tarnopol' Rifle Regiment that liberated Auschwitz on January 27, 1945. The soldiers found about 650 corpses inside the barracks and near them — mostly women who died of exhaustion or were shot by the SS the night before. Altogether, the Soviet troops found at least 1,200 emaciated survivors in Auschwitz and another 5,800 at Birkenau. They fed them but most could not eat because they were too malnourished. Ultimately, another soldier said the Red Army managed to save 2,819 inmates in Red Army Military Hospital 2962.
Hitler primarily viewed the German economy as an instrument of power and believed the economy was not about creating wealth and technical progress so as to improve the quality of life for a nation's citizenry, but rather that economic success was paramount for providing the means and material foundations necessary for military conquest.[243] While economic progress generated by National Socialist programs had its role in appeasing the German people, the Nazis and Hitler in particular did not believe that economic solutions alone were sufficient to thrust Germany onto the stage as a world power. The Nazis thus sought to secure a general economic revival accompanied by massive military spending for rearmament, especially later through the implementation of the Four Year Plan, which consolidated their rule and firmly secured a command relationship between the German arms industry and the National Socialist government.[244] Between 1933 and 1939, military expenditures were upwards of 82 billion Reichsmarks and represented 23 percent of Germany's gross national product as the Nazis mobilised their people and economy for war.[245]
The Reichskulturkammer (Reich Chamber of Culture) was organised under the control of the Propaganda Ministry in September 1933. Sub-chambers were set up to control aspects of cultural life such as film, radio, newspapers, fine arts, music, theatre and literature. Members of these professions were required to join their respective organisation. Jews and people considered politically unreliable were prevented from working in the arts, and many emigrated. Books and scripts had to be approved by the Propaganda Ministry prior to publication. Standards deteriorated as the regime sought to use cultural outlets exclusively as propaganda media.[455]
I was taken into protective custody in connection with the murder of the German attaché in Paris, Ernst vom Rath, by the seventeen-year-old Polish subject, Grynszpan, who had been expelled from Germany first and then had been ordered to leave France. I do not want to justify this political murder in any way, but I can understand it as the act of a hopelessly desperate person.
Iraq: In 1986–89, Saddam Hussein conducted a genocidal campaign in which tens of thousands were murdered and thousands of Kurdish villages destroyed, including by bombing and chemical warfare. After the first Gulf War, the UN sought to establish a safe haven in parts of Kurdistan, and the United States and UK set up a no-fly zone. In 2003, the Kurdish peshmerga sided with the U.S.-led coalition against Saddam Hussein. In 2005, after a long struggle with Baghdad, the Iraqi Kurds won constitutional recognition of their autonomous region, and the Kurdistan Regional Government has since signed oil contracts with a number of Western oil companies as well as with Turkey. Iraqi Kurdistan has two main political parties, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), both clan-based and patriarchal.
SS formations committed many war crimes against civilians and allied servicemen.[238] From 1935 onward, the SS spearheaded the persecution of Jews, who were rounded up into ghettos and concentration camps.[239] With the outbreak of World War II, the SS Einsatzgruppen units followed the army into Poland and the Soviet Union, where from 1941 to 1945 they killed more than two million people, including 1.3 million Jews.[240] A third of the Einsatzgruppen members were recruited from Waffen-SS personnel.[241][242] The SS-Totenkopfverbände (death's head units) ran the concentration camps and extermination camps, where millions more were killed.[243][244] Up to 60,000 Waffen-SS men served in the camps.[245]
After the war, the Allies occupied Germany, outlawed the Nazi Party and worked to purge its influence from every aspect of German life. The party's swastika flag quickly became a symbol of evil in modern postwar culture. Although Hitler killed himself before he could be brought to justice, a number of Nazi officials were convicted of war crimes in the Nuremberg trials, which took place in Nuremberg, Germany, from 1945 to 1949.
Whitman's study covers the earliest period of the Nazi regime, before it arrived at its monstrous endpoint. The Nazis' ideas were still being debated, discussed, and put into practice at this point. Since their beginnings on the fringes of German politics, the Nazis had advocated a program of racist nationalism; they were consumed by what Whitman calls Rassenwahn—"race madness." It was this hysteria over race, and the single-minded focus on it, that distinguished Hitler and his party from other fascists and authoritarians. It was also why the Nazis looked to the United States for inspiration.
We lived in a white-painted brick house on Kodur Street in Dej, which had a population of about 15,000, around a quarter of whom were Jewish. I was the youngest of five, and we spoke Yiddish within the community and Hungarian and Romanian outside. We had a garden and backyard, full of plums, peaches, cherries and apples. Among the smells of my childhood were my mother's goulash and the scent of Shabbat candles. My father was a merchant, a travelling salesman. My mother had the full-time job of keeping the house and family. I remember the lullaby she used to sing me, Schaefeleh, schluf mein tier kind (Sleep well, my precious little child). The synagogue or shul was the centre of communal life, and the centre of my life from three years upwards. I don't remember any overt antisemitism, just my parents warning me to be inside before dark: "Lest some Christian kids decide they don't like the look of your sidelocks and pick on you." I just thought my parents were being overprotective.
In Birkenau, which was built anew on the site of a displaced village, only a small number of historic buildings have survived. Due to the method used in constructing those buildings, planned as temporary structures and erected in a hurry using demolition materials, the natural degradation processes have been accelerating. All efforts are nevertheless being taken to preserve them, strengthen their original fabric and protect them from decay.
From the end of March 1942, Jewish transports from Nazi-ruled countries flowed into Auschwitz. Jews from Slovakia and France were deported there first, followed by Dutch Jews from July 1942, and from August, Jews from Belgium and Yugoslavia. Between October 1942 and October 1944, over 46 000 prisoners were deported from Terezín to Auschwitz. Some of them were put in the "Terezín family camp" for a temporary period. Throughout 1943, transports were sent to Auschwitz from Germany and other countries in the Nazi sphere of power. The victims of the last great wave of deportations to Auschwitz were the Jews of Hungary, who were deported between May and July 1944.
Medical experiments, many of them pseudoscientific, were performed on concentration camp inmates beginning in 1941.[395] The most notorious doctor to perform medical experiments was SS-Hauptsturmführer Dr. Josef Mengele, camp doctor at Auschwitz.[396] Many of his victims died or were intentionally killed.[397] Concentration camp inmates were made available for purchase by pharmaceutical companies for drug testing and other experiments.[398]
In April 1940, Rudolph Höss, who become the first commandant of Auschwitz, identified the Silesian town of Oswiecim in Poland as a possible site for a concentration camp. Initially, the camp was meant to intimidate Poles to prevent them from protesting German rule and to serve as a prison for those who did resist. It was also perceived as a cornerstone of the policy to re-colonize Upper Silesia, which had once been a German region, with "pure Aryans." When the plans for the camp were approved, the Nazi's changed the name of the area to Auschwitz.
Racism and antisemitism were basic tenets of the NSDAP and the Nazi regime. Nazi Germany's racial policy was based on their belief in the existence of a superior master race. The Nazis postulated the existence of a racial conflict between the Aryan master race and inferior races, particularly Jews, who were viewed as a mixed race that had infiltrated society and were responsible for the exploitation and repression of the Aryan race.[298]
Witnesses later testified Margot fell from her bunk in her weakened state and was killed by the shock. Anne died a few days after Margot. The exact dates of Margot's and Anne's deaths were not recorded. It was long thought that their deaths occurred only a few weeks before British soldiers liberated the camp on 15 April 1945,[59] but research in 2015 indicated that they may have died as early as February.[60] Among other evidence, witnesses recalled that the Franks displayed typhus symptoms by 7 February,[3][61] and Dutch health authorities reported that most untreated typhus victims died within 12 days of their first symptoms.[60] After liberation, the camp was burned in an effort to prevent further spread of disease; the sisters were buried in a mass grave at an unknown location.
I won't be going back to Auschwitz again after this visit. So it's my last chance to make sure this tragedy is not forgotten. I found out only about a week before I was due to leave that I will be one of two survivors who will be part of the US presidential delegation, headed by the secretary of the treasury, Jack Lew, and I feel very honoured, but it has much to do with the fact that many others who could go are ill and unable to travel.
In her writing, Frank examined her relationships with the members of her family, and the strong differences in each of their personalities. She considered herself to be closest emotionally to her father, who later commented, "I got on better with Anne than with Margot, who was more attached to her mother. The reason for that may have been that Margot rarely showed her feelings and didn't need as much support because she didn't suffer from mood swings as much as Anne did."[30] The Frank sisters formed a closer relationship than had existed before they went into hiding, although Anne sometimes expressed jealousy towards Margot, particularly when members of the household criticized Anne for lacking Margot's gentle and placid nature. As Anne began to mature, the sisters were able to confide in each other. In her entry of 12 January 1944, Frank wrote, "Margot's much nicer ... She's not nearly so catty these days and is becoming a real friend. She no longer thinks of me as a little baby who doesn't count."[31]
Many of the horrors associated with Auschwitz—gas chambers, medical experiments, working prisoners to death—had been pioneered in earlier concentration camps. In the late thirties, driven largely by Himmler's ambition to make the S.S. an independent economic and military power within the state, the K.L. began a transformation from a site of punishment to a site of production. The two missions were connected: the "work-shy" and other unproductive elements were seen as "useless mouths," and forced labor was a way of making them contribute to the community. Oswald Pohl, the S.S. bureaucrat in charge of economic affairs, had gained control of the camps by 1938, and began a series of grandiose building projects. The most ambitious was the construction of a brick factory near Sachsenhausen, which was intended to produce a hundred and fifty million bricks a year, using cutting-edge equipment and camp labor.
When the Italian invasion of Ethiopia led to only mild protests by the British and French governments, on 7 March 1936 Hitler used the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance as a pretext to order the army to march 3,000 troops into the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in violation of the Versailles Treaty.[60] As the territory was part of Germany, the British and French governments did not feel that attempting to enforce the treaty was worth the risk of war.[61] In the one-party election held on 29 March, the NSDAP received 98.9 percent support.[61] In 1936, Hitler signed an Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan and a non-aggression agreement with Mussolini, who was soon referring to a "Rome-Berlin Axis".[62]
Auschwitz, also known as Auschwitz-Birkenau, opened in 1940 and was the largest of the Nazi concentration and death camps. Located in southern Poland, Auschwitz initially served as a detention center for political prisoners. However, it evolved into a network of camps where Jewish people and other perceived enemies of the Nazi state were exterminated, often in gas chambers, or used as slave labor. Some prisoners were also subjected to barbaric medical experiments led by Josef Mengele (1911-79). During World War II (1939-45), more than 1 million people, by some accounts, lost their lives at Auschwitz. In January 1945, with the Soviet army approaching, Nazi officials ordered the camp abandoned and sent an estimated 60,000 prisoners on a forced march to other locations. When the Soviets entered Auschwitz, they found thousands of emaciated detainees and piles of corpses left behind.
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Council has five advisory committees that deal with specific areas of Council operations.
Using the following links to view the minutes.
The Audit Committee meets once a year, a date to be determined after the annual audit has been completed.
The Bushfire Advisory Committee meets 3 times a year.
The Local Emergency Management Advisory Committee meets at least once a year.
The Risk Management Committee meets 3 times a year.


text:
A banker, and much more besides : Henri Cernuschi (1821-1896)
SRI Award given to BNP Paribas Investment Partners at the 2014 Investor Awards
BNP Paribas Cardif launches new institutional website
Henri Cernuschi was one of the men who in 1869 founded the Banque de Paris, which in turn gave birth in 1872 to the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas. He was however also a revolutionary, an economist and a great collector and patron of the arts.
An Italian revolutionary…
Enrico (before later adopting the French equivalent of his first name) Cernuschi was born in Milan in 1821. After studying in Milan and Pavia, he obtained a licence to practice law in 1846. A man of fiery temperament and true heart, as some of his economist colleagues would later describe him, he took part in an uprising in Milan against the Austrian overlords in 1848. He then left for Rome, where he was elected in 1849 to the Assembly of the new-born – and short-lived – Roman Republic. He was arrested, tried and twice acquitted in 1850, before leaving for exile in France.
…who became a financier and economist
At first Cernuschi survived in Paris by giving Italian lessons and working as a copyist, while at the same time learning languages and studying economic and banking subjects. In 1852, he joined Crédit mobilier, a highly-reputed real estate specialist bank set up by the Pereire brothers. There he rose rapidly, eventually obtaining a seat on the Board of Directors. Then in 1858, when regulations on the meat trade had just been relaxed, Cernuschi went into the butchery business, a venture which unfortunately turned out to be a fiasco.
In 1865, he published a major work entitled "Mécanique de l'échange" ("Mechanism of Exchange"), in which he set out his arguments against what he called "presumptive gold" – i.e. fiduciary currency. He was a passionate supporter of bimetallism (i.e. a monetary standard based on both gold and silver). His links with economists and businessmen led to him becoming one of the founding directors, alongside Adrien Delahante and Edmond Joubert, of the Banque de Paris, which set up shop at 3 rue d'Antin in Paris in 1869. This bank merged in 1872 with the Amsterdam-based Nederlandsche Credit- en Deposito Bank to form Banque de Paris et des Pays Bas, later known as Paribas. However, Henri Cernuschi had already left the bank in 1870 to fight on an entirely different front.
The Republican struggle in France
In 1870, Cernuschi bought a majority stake in the Republican journal "Le Siècle" and financially supported the committee working to defeat the motion in favour of Napoleonic-style imperial rule in France, which was put to a national referendum that year. For this political activity he was forced into exile in April by the Emperor Napoleon III. However, the Second French Empire collapsed not long afterwards and Cernuschi was recalled from his short exile, just in time to attend the official proclamation of the Third Republic at the Paris City Hall on 4 September. He was an active member of the Commission for Essential Provisions during the 1870-71 siege of Paris by the Prussian army, and was made a French citizen on 29 January 1871.
Collector and patron of the arts
However, Cernuschi had been profoundly affected by the tragic events of the Paris Commune, not least the death of the "Le Siècle" Editor-in-Chief, Gustave Chaudey. He set off on an extended trip around the world with his friend Théodore Duret, an art critic, from September 1871 to January 1873 and their sojourn in the Far East was to prove highly influential in deciding the course of the rest of his life. In Japan and China, drawing on the fortune he had built up under the Second Empire, he acquired some four thousand works of art – not always of the finest quality, it must be said – which came to form the core of his collection. On his return, he lent all his acquisitions to the Oriental Exhibition which ran from autumn 1873 to January at the Palais de l'Industrie in Paris. Through the Pereire brothers, Cernuschi then bought the last free plot on avenue Vélasquez, commissioning the architect William Bouwens van der Boijen, who had designed the Crédit Lyonnais headquarters, to build a small mansion which would serve as a museum to house his collections and also as his private residence, where he held sumptuous parties. Towards the end of his life, he retired to Menton, where he died in 1896, having bequeathed his Paris mansion with its collections to the City of Paris, which turned the house into the magnificent Cernuschi Museum that we know today.
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