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Can India's Urban Poor Ever Hope For A Better Future?
By India Spend
|27 Aug 2012 3:37 PM GMT
Cities like Mumbai are widely known to have failed in controlling the rapid growth of slums, often to a scale – like Dharavi – where they acquire near cult status. Unfortunately, despite all the fame and infamy, the solutions to the dark side of urbanisation have been few and far in between.
IndiaSpend's Prachi Salve revisits the Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) that was launched in 2005 to tackle these very issues of urbanisation. More specifically, she focuses on the Mission's two sub-missions: Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) targeting 65 mission cities and Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP).
Let's understand the scale of the problem first. An estimated 26% of urban India still subsists on income below the poverty line. More than 80% of their income is spent on food and energy, leaving little for anything else. An estimated 93 million people (in 2011) were living in slums that lack civic and social amenities like clean drinking water and security.
A quarter of India's urban population lives in notified and non-notified slums –as high as 54% in Mumbai, 46% in Faridabad, 45% in Aligarh and 44% in Meerut (2001 Slum Census data). This shows the failure of the urban planning system and urban land management practices that have not been able to adapt and accommodate the urban poor.
Although BSUP and IHSDP managed to stir some interest, they could not facilitate the granting of legal property rights to the urban poor. Property or ownership rights, most economists and social scientists would argue, are important steps in empowerment and urban poverty alleviation. A new programme - Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) - hopes to address this gap.
RAY, launched in June 2011, plans to tackle the slum problem in a holistic manner. It proposes to use a multi-pronged approach that brings existing slums within the formal system and enables them to avail of the same basic amenities as the rest of the city or town.
The scheme is expected to cover 250 cities by the end of the Planning Commission's 12thPlan (2012-2017). In the first or the preparatory phase of the scheme, nearly Rs 100 crore has been released among 162 cities. Uttar Pradesh (UP) has the highest number of cities (19) and a total of Rs.7.33 crorereleased under the scheme followed by Maharashtra (18 cities, Rs.9.45crore).
The selection of the cities will be done by consultation, and the states have been asked to include mission cities of JNNURM in the scheme. Cities with a population of more than 0.3 million and other smaller cities with due consideration to the pace of growth of slums, pre-dominance of minority population and areas where property rights are assigned will also be considered for the scheme.
Table 1: Towards slum-free India
Name of the state
Amount released (in Rs crore)
(Source: Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation)
Services For The Poor
The BSUP was planned to ensure provision of basic infrastructure services to the urban poor at affordable rates. The duration of the mission is 7 years and was launched in 2005. The mission is being carried out in 65 selected mission cities.
The central assistance has been given in the form of additional conditional assistance (ACA). The beneficiaries have to contribute 12% for houses while SC/ST/BC/OBC/PH and other weaker sections will have to contribute 10%.
An Integrated Approach
The IHSDP is designed for slum improvement and rehabilitation for smaller town /cities. The central assistance, in general, under the programme is 80% while special category states will receive 90% of central assistance. The beneficiaries will have to contribute 12% for houses while SC/ST/BC/OBC/PH and other weaker sections will have to contribute 10%.
Progress of BSUP and IHSDP
Over 1 million housing projects have been sanctioned under BSUP out of which over 0.36 million have been completed i.e. a completion rate of only 36%. There are 2.24 lakh dwelling projects under progress. The highest numbers of dwelling projects have been allotted to West Bengal with 0.16 million followed by Maharashtra (0.15 million) and Andhra Pradesh (0.14 million).
Fund allocation for BSUP is Rs. 16,356 crore out of which the central assistance is Rs. 14,805 crore. Additional central assistance of Rs. 22,116.28 crore has been released out of which Rs11, 448 crore has been utilised.
The best performers (in terms of project completion) within BSUP are Tripura with 100% completion followed by Gujarat (72.5%) and Haryana (87.5%). While under IHDSP, the best performers are Daman & Diu (87.5% with 14 out 16 projects completed), followed by Karnataka (84% with 14,647out of 17,237 projects completed).
Total funds allocated for IHSDP is Rs 6,828 crore. While the additional central assistance released is Rs 4,320 crore, Rs 1,225 crore has been utilised. The number of IHSDP projects completed are 0.43 million units out of the total approved 0.57 million units i.e., a completion rate of 75.6%.
Table 2: Housing For the Poor
Sanctioned dwelling projects under BSUP
Completed dwelling projects under BSUP
Sanctioned dwelling projects under IHSDP
Completed dwelling projects under IHSDP
Key Concerns
A key reason for the weak performance of the two programs - BSUP and IHDSP- is land acquisition, especially in cities. Another issue is that detailed project reports and identification of beneficiaries is very difficult. This leads to resistance from beneficiaries at the time of the execution.
Even though BSUP and IHSDP have been moderate success stories and have managed to address some problems of the urban poor, these schemes, like other JNNURM projects, have also suffered from delays in execution, leading to resistance from beneficiaries.
So, the point is not lack of resources but lack of in-house capacity of urban local bodies. And if the new programme, Rajiv Awas Yojana, has to succeed, it has to focus on the key area of in-house capacity building.
India Spend
Completely scale adaptive channels through value-added deliverables. Monotonectally network intermandated partnerships before interactive meta-services. Energistically provide access to one-to-one e-services before holistic synergy. Assertively create an expanded array of web-readiness whereas goal-oriented potentialities. Authoritatively grow multimedia based users through granular outsourcing.


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LLok Sabha Polls 2019NNationalNNews
Lok Sabha Polls 2019 / All set for Phase 3 of LS polls; 116 constituencies go to polls on April 23
All set for Phase 3 of LS polls; 116 constituencies go to polls on April 23
12:25 PM, 22 Apr 2019
Birbhum: Poll officials demonstrate the functioning of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) and Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) during a training programme for the Lok Sabha Elections 2019, in Birbhum, Sunday, April 21, 2019. (PTI Photo)
The election authorities are fully geared up for conducting free and fair polls on Tuesday for the third phase of polling for Lok Sabha Elections 2019.
The third phase of Lok Sabha Elections 2019 will be held on April 23, 2019. Campaigning for the third phase of Lok Sabha polls ended on Sunday evening.
116 seats spread across 15 states and Union Territories will go to polls in the third phase.
Single phase elections will take place for all 26 seats in Gujarat, all 20 seats in Kerala, 2 seats in Goa, one seat each in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
14 seats each of Maharashtra and Karnataka, 10 seats in Uttar Pradesh, 7 seats in Chhattisgarh, 6 seats in Odisha, 5 seats each in West Bengal and Bihar, 4 seats in Assam, 1 seat in Jammu and Kashmir will go to polls on April 29.
Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency will also vote in the fourth phase. This Lok Sabha seat was slated to go to polls in the second phase but voting was postponed due to law and order situation.
Many prominent names are in the fray in the third phase. All eyes are on BJP chief Amit Shah contesting from Gandhinagar in Gujarat, Congress president Rahul Gandhi from Wayanad, Sambit Patra from Puri Lok Sabha seat in Odisha, Jaya Prada, BJP candidate from from Rampur, BJP's Varun Gandhi from Pilibhit, Congress party's Abhijit Mukherjee from Jangipur Lok Sabha seat in West Bengal and SP's Mulayam Singh Yadav from Mainpuri.
Third phase polling for 42 seats of Odisha Assembly will also take place on 23rd April.
(With inputs from Agencies)
campaign ends, Lok sabha elections 2019, Third Phase polls

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Experts are appalled at Theresa May's first address to the UN for one very good reason
Sophia Akram
Prime Minister Theresa May has delivered her first speech to the UN. But she has come under fire for applying the same divisive politics she uses at home to vilify migrants and justify her controversial border policies.
Migration as an apparent threat to security
On 18 September 2016, May delivered her maiden speech to the UN General Assembly. It took place amid a two-day summit where world leaders discussed how they plan to deal with migration figures and the so-called refugee crisis.
May started her speech with her signature issue: security. She said that security at home could only be achieved when countries cooperate "as a community of nations, to deliver security across the globe".
She emphasised the many outward activities that the UK had undertaken, along with the country's continuing commitments. For example, the UK will continue to commit 0.7% of its GDP to tackling poverty and the root causes of migration. It will also champion the rights of women and girls, she said, and take action to mitigate climate change.
But May was quick to state that it was what many people at home in the UK wanted that was most important – plain and simple, that they didn't want more immigration.
Framing the refugee crisis in terms of a security threat, May said:
Just as we need the United Nations to modernise to meet the challenges of terrorism in the 21st century, so we also need to adapt if we are to fashion a truly global response to the mass movements of people across the world and the implications this brings for security and human rights.
Refugee describes 'unbearable' conditions at Kent military barracks
Health checks for refugees at Bosnia camp after days in cold
She went on to stress the importance of the 1951 and 1967 Refugee Conventions, but also suggested that the context in which they apply has changed. Distinguishing between people fleeing from war and economic migrants, May suggested three courses of action:
"First, we must help ensure that refugees claim asylum in the first safe country they reach"
May used Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey as examples of countries that successfully provide adequate protection and assistance. But human rights organisations have highlighted the insecurity migrants will face in these countries. 75,000 people, for example, were recently discovered stranded between the Syria-Jordan border. Lebanon, meanwhile, is really struggling – as 25% of its population are now refugees. And Turkey has also been slammed consistently for its abuses against Syrians trying to flee the conflict.
"Second, we need to improve the ways we distinguish between refugees fleeing persecution and economic migrants"
May used the Refugee Conventions of 1951 and 1967 to make her point, which was criticised by Bill Frellick, Director of the refugee programme at Human Rights Watch:
May's call for 'properly applying' the Refugee Convention appears to suggest that it should be used as a tool of exclusion, particularly for people caught up in the large-scale movements of refugees and migrants that the summit was intended to address.
Africa and Latin America sought to fill the gap in the convention with regional declarations that included a wider refugee definition. The European Union's individualized asylum system has also managed to include wider grounds for protection beyond the limitations of the Refugee Convention.
"Third, we need a better overall approach to managing economic migration which recognises that all countries have the right to control their borders"
May insisted here that those who had no right to remain should unapologetically be sent back. But the way her own former department (the Home Office) did that was found to be in breach of the Human Rights Act 1998 by an independent inquiry.
But this didn't stop May from emphasising the founding declaration of the UN and, in particular, that "no one shall be held in slavery". This was the perfect segue to highlight the government's work on modern-day slavery, a relatively apolitical issue which is popular in the international community.
May's speech attracted further criticism, particularly for her eagerness to distinguish between those who migrate to escape danger and those who migrate to try and achieve a better life.
Rob Williams, CEO of War Child, said:
We welcome the Prime Minister's strong commitment to eradicate modern slavery.
But he also insisted that:
a major driver of modern slavery within Europe is the relative absence of any safe and legal routes for displaced and refugee children to be reunited with their families in European countries. As a result, children end up at the mercy of criminal networks for merely trying to get to their loved ones.
Therefore, a sincere commitment to eradicate modern-day slavery would be demonstrated by offering more legal pathways for displaced people.
But it seems that May simply used her slot at the UN not to unite with other nations and improve the situation for refugees (and migrants everywhere), but to tout the divisive policies she's so fond of at home.
– Read more about the Summit for Refugees and Migrants.
– Support the Refugees Welcome campaign.
– Read more Canary articles on immigration.
– Support The Canary if you appreciate the work we do.
Featured image via Flikr/DFID – UK Department for International Development
The Labour coup is over, thanks to Angela Lansbury [VIDEO]
European countries are wasting billions on 'security' measures that make the 'migrant crisis' worse [VIDEO]
British PM


Without a set of rules to govern how projects are versioned, it's difficult to figure out what a particular version change implies. Semantic Versioning sets a solid standard for versioning that most Packagist-based projects support. Here we walk through the details.
Nearly all of the packages on packages use this version system; it's called Semantic Versioning. The first number indicates the API version of the package. Theoretically if you stick with the same version your code should never have to adapt at all and you should really be able to use an asterisk for the second number as well.
This second number indicates the addition of functionality, so there may be some additional methods that you might be able to use. There might be enhancements on existing methods, but the API should remain the same. Your code ideally shouldn't break.


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text:
A robust methodology for the quantitative assessment of the rat jawbone microstructure Academic research paper on "Medical engineering"
International Journal of Oral Science
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Similar topics of scientific paper in Medical engineering , author of scholarly article — Marissa Chatterjee, Fernanda Faot, Cassia Correa, Joke Duyck, Ignace Naert, et al.
Micro-CT analysis of the rodent jaw bone micro-architecture: A systematic review
2015 / F. Faot, M. Chatterjee, G.V. de Camargos, Joke Duyck, K. Vandamme
Effect of dietary calcium deficiency and altered diet hardness on the jawbone growth: A micro-CT and bone histomorphometric study in rats
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2014 / Yan Huang, Jeroen Van Dessel, Maarten Depypere, Mostafa EzEldeen, Alexandru Andrei Iliescu, et al.
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2013 / Tina Chugh, Sanjay V Ganeshkar, Ameet V Revankar, Abhay K Jain
Academic research paper on topic "A robust methodology for the quantitative assessment of the rat jawbone microstructure"
OPEN
International Journal of Oral Science (2017), 1-8
www.nature.com/ijos
A robust methodology for the quantitative assessment of the rat jawbone microstructure
Marissa Chatterjee1, Fernanda Faot1'2, Cassia Correa1'3, Joke Duyck1, Ignace Naert1 and Katleen Vandamme1
Micro-computed tomography can be applied for the assessment of the micro-architectural characteristics of the cortical and trabecular bones in either physiological or disease conditions. However, reports often lack a detailed description of the methodological steps used to analyse these images, such as the volumes of interest, the algorithms used for image filtration, the approach used for image segmentation, and the bone parameters quantified, thereby making it difficult to compare or reproduce the studies. This study addresses this critical need and aims to provide standardized assessment and consistent parameter reporting related to quantitative jawbone image analysis. Various regions of the rat jawbones were screened for their potential for standardized micro-computed tomography analysis. Furthermore, the volumes of interest that were anticipated to be most susceptible to bone structural changes in response to experimental interventions were defined. In the mandible, two volumes of interest were selected, namely, the condyle and the trabecular bone surrounding the three molars. In the maxilla, the maxillary tuberosity region and the inter-radicular septum of the second molar were considered as volumes of interest. The presented protocol provides a standardized and reproducible methodology for the analysis of relevant jawbone volumes of interest and is intended to ensure global, accurate, and consistent reporting of its morphometry. Furthermore, the proposed methodology has potential, as a variety of rodent animal models would benefit from its implementation. International Journal of Oral Science advance online publication, 16 June 2017; doi:10.1038/ijos.2017.11
Keywords: bone microarchitecture; jawbone; methodology; micro-computed tomography; rat
Conventionally, quantitative histology is the standard technique for assessing the trabecular and cortical bone architecture. Although histology yields conclusive information on cellularity and tissue in a specific analysed volume, it has limitations with regard to the assessment of the bone microarchitecture because all of the structural parameters are from the stereological analysis of two-dimensional (2D) sections, assuming that the structure is usually plate like.1-2 Moreover, high-cost and labour-intensive analysis has brought about the need for the development of imaging techniques that can overcome the disadvantages posed by histology.3 In this context, the appearance of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) has made it possible for clinicians and researchers to analyse the three-dimensional (3D) structure of bone, both in human biopsies and experimental models.4-5 Furthermore, micro-CT enables the direct measurement of the bone microarchitecture without depending on stereological models. This advanced micro-imaging method is now being widely used to determine the volume of bone mass and the microarchitecture indices of native and newly formed bone by means of morphometric parameters (2D and 3D) and mineral density.1,6 Introduced in the late 1980s by Feldkamp et al.,7 micro-CT has now become the "gold
standard" for estimating bone morphology and microstructure in mice and other small animal models ex vivo and in vivo.
By enabling the quantitative assessment of the bone's macrostructural and microstructural characteristics, such as geometry, bone volume (BV), bone thickness, and connectivity, micro-CT improves our ability to estimate the quality of bone.8 However, for animal experiments, the outcome varies and more often than not depends on the experimental rationale and the applied protocol. With regard to the jawbones, micro-CT has been widely used to study alveolar bone remodelling,8-10 dynamic changes that occur in the periodontal ligament thickness,11 and specific osseous sites in both the cortical and trabecular compartments.12-18 However, related to protocols for rodent jawbones (maxilla and mandible), the literature is particularly scarce and the methodology for a comprehensive and reproducible quantitative analysis is not informative or detailed enough. Only one report published by Kallai et al.8 has detailed the steps for micro-CT analysis in a mouse model. However, focus was given to the following three specific models of bone tissue regeneration: ectopic bone formation model, segmental defect in a long bone model, and critical-size mandibular bone defect model. Furthermore, Bagi et al.14 evaluated the cortical and cancellous bone parameters for the
department of Oral Health Sciences& Dental Clinic, Biomaterials—BIOMAT, KU Leuven & University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; 2Federal University of Pelotas—School of Dentistry, Pelotas, Brazil and 3University of Campinas—UNICAMP/Piracicaba Dental School, Piracicaba, Brazil
Correspondence: Professor K Vandamme, Department of Oral Health Sciences & Dental Clinic, Biomaterials—BIOMAT, KU Leuven & University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7 Blok A Box 7001, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium E-mail: Katleen.Vandamme@kuleuven.be Accepted 14 February 2017
mandible in different animal models (mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and nonhuman primates) using micro-CT imaging. In addition to the above-mentioned papers, other animal studies have described morphological measurements by micro-CT in rodent jawbones under varied conditions, including the evaluation of the effect of mechanical loading and of the hormonal status, such as osteoporosis12,19 and diabetes,20 on the bone morphology.
When attempting to compare the trabecular structure of jawbones among different rodent species in the anatomical areas of the jawbone surrounding the molars, it was found that these areas are challenging to quantify, as the trabecular bone is less homogenous than that seen in long bones.21 This has highlighted important methodological challenges that need to be addressed.22 One of the issues deals with the size of the volume of interest (VOI). Trabecular structure and number are site-dependent; thus, it is important to note that the size of the VOI should be such that the trabeculae included in the VOI are connected primarily to other trabeculae and do not connect to cortical bone. In rodent species, this should be taken care of primarily as the size of the VOI is comparatively smaller than other species. The second issue concerns the use of a standardized VOI. Equally sized VOIs applied to the images of different samples are critical in avoiding biased results. Indeed, the study by Lazenby et al.23 suggest that changes in trabecular parameters were observed when using inappropriately sized VOIs; the outcome of the parameters' trabecular connectivity and structure appeared to be particularly sensitive to changes in the VOI size. The third issue is the variation in the VOI positioning within the jawbone to be analysed. As observed by Whitehouse et al.,24 the percentage of BV varied between 12% and 37% depending on the position of the VOI, and even a slight shift (that is, a few micrometres) can result in a change of 1%-13% in the BV value. Therefore, it is crucial to identify appropriate VOI locations in determining anatomically homogenous VOIs across the specimens for meaningful comparisons of the bone microarchitecture. This is particularly true when analysing the trabecular structure of bones with a complex anatomy, such as the jawbone and its teeth. Moreover, many of the studies that have applied micro-CT analysis for rodent jawbones are lacking details on the methodological procedure and parameters adopted. Thus, it has become impossible to directly compare the qualitative and quantitative results of the rodent jawbone microarchitecture with regard to bone type evaluated, volumes of interest selected, algorithms used for image filtration, the approach used for image segmentation, and the measurement of the outcome variables.
Therefore, the objective of this methodological paper is to provide a detailed protocol for reproducible quantitative analysis by micro-CT of the rat mandible and maxilla. We examined the trabecular structure in four anatomical areas of the jawbone, namely, the condyle, the alveolar bone surrounding the molars in the mandible, the alveolar bone surrounding the second molar in the maxilla, and the tuberosity region of the maxilla. For this analysis, we used both manual and semi-automatic delineation of different regions of interest (ROIs) composing the VOI. We addressed methodological issues concerning the positioning of the ROI by using well-defined landmarks as references, image filtration, and image segmentation algorithms, along with robust and reproducible quantification of the trabecular structure of the rat jawbone.
According to the ARRIVE guidelines for the reporting of animal experiments,25-26 all experimental protocols were approved by the
ethical committee of KU Leuven (P130/2010). To describe a new methodology to extract and quantify the trabecular bone structure in the rat jawbone using micro-CT imaging, a total of 16 female adult Wistar rats at 12 weeks of age were used. Animals were fed a standard laboratory diet (or chow) comprising 0.7% phosphorous and 1% calcium (SSNIFF, Soest, Germany) and tap water.
The animals were killed by cervical displacement under isoflurane-induced anaesthesia. The jawbones were excised. The mandible and maxilla were split into two symmetrical parts (hemi-mandible and hemi-maxilla) and fixated in 10% CaCO3-buffered formalin solution (pH 7.4) at 4 °C for 48 h. They were further kept in 70% ethanol at 4 °C until the day of micro-CT scanning.
Micro-computed tomographic imaging
This protocol was designed for use with Skyscan 1172, a highresolution micro-CT scanner (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium). While scanning, the right hemi-maxilla or hemi-mandible was placed in a polyethylene tube fixed onto a support by means of soft modelling clay. The samples were scanned along the sagittal plane from the condyle all the way to the molars, excluding the mandibular incisors, and from the dorsal tuberosity to the molars, excluding the maxillary incisors. The scanning parameters were 7.8 pm pixel size, 50 kV X-ray voltage, 200 pA electric current, and 0.5 mm Al filter. The data sets were reconstructed with NRecon software (SkyScan, Aartselaar, Belgium). Beam hardening and ring reduction were applied. The evaluation of the 2D-scanned data was handled by the software provided with the scanner: Data viewer and CtAn (Image Processing Language). The images were further segmented into binary images using a Gaussian filter and a fixed threshold (lower and upper grey threshold values of 70 and 224, respectively) in order to extract the mineralized tissues. The protocol was set up for micro-CT image analysis using Skyscan micro-CT software version 1.13. Adjustments may be needed if another company's software is used.
Definition of jawbone ROIs
The ROIs of the rat jawbone were selected based on their potential to be susceptible to bone structural changes in response to experimental interventions and because they enable robust and reproducible quantification of the trabecular bone. For the maxilla, the following ROIs were selected: (i) the inter-radicular septum of the second molar (Max. ROI. M2) and (ii) the tuberosity region (Max. ROI. Tub). These regions were selected mainly because of ease of visualization of the tooth root when compared to the first molar. The first molar is quite large and possesses five roots; the third molar is the smallest, leaving too small of a volume of bone to quantify. For the aforementioned reasons, the trabecular bone surrounding the second molar was chosen as one of the ROIs of the maxilla. The maxillary tuberosity (Max. ROI. Tub) is composed mostly of trabecular bone and is the load-bearing region due to mastication. Therefore, it is interesting to observe changes in the microstructure of the bone in these two regions of the maxilla. The ROIs quantified in the mandible included: (i) the bone surrounding the molar region for each individual molar (M1, M2, and M3) and (ii) the mandibular condylar head (Mand. ROI. Cond). For the bone surrounding the individual molars in the mandible, both semi-automatic and manual delineation of the ROIs was applied. For M1, three ROIs were defined: (i) manual ROI (Mand. ROI. M1), (ii) standardized ellipsoid ROI containing the trabecular bone close to the lingual surface of the mandible (Mand. ROI. M1. Lingual) and (iii) standardized ellipsoid ROI covering the trabecular
bone region close to the buccal surface of the mandible (Mand. ROI. M1. Buccal).The ROIs for M2 were (i) manual ROI (Mand. ROI. M2) and ellipsoid ROI for the inter-radicular septum of the roots of the molar (Mand. ROI. M2. InterRad). For M3, there was only one ROI selected, namely, (i) ellipsoid ROI for the inter-radicular septum of the roots of the molar (Mand. ROI. M3. InterRad) (Table 1). The rationale for selecting these mandibular ROIs is that compared to the maxilla, the mandible is more susceptible to microstructural changes (for example, in response to ovariectomy) in rodents27-31 due to its simpler geometry than the maxilla, which is characterized by irregular and more complicated roots and the presence of the nasal and sinus cavities. Therefore, unlike the ROIs measured in the maxilla, the entire molar region of the mandible was taken into consideration. By doing so, this also provides insight into which among the three molars experience the most bone structural changes in response to ovariectomy. This in turn leads to the second ROI, measured in the condyle, which is the load-bearing region in the mandible. Depending on the bone structural changes in the molar region, it can collectively alter the load-bearing pattern in the mandibular condylar head, thereby leading to bone microstructural changes that should be quantified.
Table 1 ROIs
Inter-radicular septum of molar 2 Maxillary Tuber
Mandible Manual ROI of molar X Ellipsoid ROI close to the lingual surface Ellipsoid ROI close to the buccal surface Inter-radicular septum of molar 2 Inter-radicular septum of molar 3 Mandibular condylar head
Max. ROI. M2 Max. ROI. Tub
Mand. ROI. M1/Mand. ROI. M2 Mand. ROI. M1. Lingual Mand. ROI. M1. Buccal Mand. ROI. M2. InterRad Mand. ROI. M3. InterRad Mand. ROI. Cond
ROI, regions of interest.
Analysis of the maxilla
The first VOI analysed was the volume covering the trabecular bone within the inter-radicular septum of the distal roots of the second maxillary molar (Max. ROI. M2) (Figure 1a, al and a2).To do so, a data set containing exclusively the second molar region was created by defining the top slice (that is, the slice where the crown of M2 first appears) and the bottom slice (the slice where the crown of M3 first appears). This data set contained an average of 280-350 slices. Using the Data Viewer software (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium), the sample was subsequently re-oriented and positioned in such way that the occlusal surface of the maxillary molar was facing upwards. Further on, the trans-axial data set was used for analysis, as this plane provides optimal visualization of the M2 anatomy. The analysis started by determining a reference point, which in this case was the middle slice of the data set. The drawing of the ROI was performed on 50 slices downwards from the reference point. For each slice within the defined VOI, the ROI was delineated by manually matching with the area occupied by the trabecular bone (region with porosities and voids) by freehand drawing. The ROIs were then interpolated for all slices (Figure 2a, a1 and a2).
The second maxillary VOI was the tuberosity region (Max. ROI. Tub) (Figure 1b, b1 and b2). As mentioned above, a subset of images containing exclusively the maxillary tuberosity was first created. The region started at the level where the tooth roots of M3 disappeared. The total number of slices analysed were 50 slices downwards from the top slice. Using Data Viewer, the sample was then re-oriented such that the tuberosity facing the maxillary sinus was oriented downwards. The trans-axial plane was used for the actual analysis. With the maxillary tuberosity visualized as a triangle with the base facing the maxillary sinus and the vertex facing the buccal surface, a standard ellipsoid area measuring 0.6 mmx 0.7 mm was positioned on each slice at a distance of 0.4 mm vertically from the vertex of the tuberosity. The ROIs were then interpolated for all slices. In this way, the ellipsoid area delineated and quantified the trabecular bone within this region (Figure 2b, b1 and b2).
Analysis of the mandible
For the analysis of the trabecular bone in the mandibular first molar region, a subset of slices containing only M1 data was created by
Figure 1 Micro-CT of the rat maxilla showing the selected volume of interest (VOI) data sets. (a) Definition of the top (al) and bottom (a2) slices of the second maxillary molar in CtAn. (b) Definition of the top (bl) and bottom (b2) slices (100 slices) of the maxillary tuberosity in CtAn.
defining the top (that is, the slice where the crown of M2 first appears) and bottom slice (that is, the slice where the crown of Ml disappears). The data set contained an average of 370-400 slices. The reference slice selected was the middle slice of the data set containing Ml (Figure 3a, al and a2). The VOI defined for analysis was set at 100 slices downwards from the reference point. A total of 50 slices was investigated. On each of these slices, the ROI was delineated manually by freehand drawing (Mand. ROI. Ml) (Figure 4a, al) as well as via
ellipsoid areas with standard dimensions (0.9 mm x 0.5 mm) positioned 0.6 mm horizontally from the midpoint of the incisor (Mand. ROI. Ml. Lingual) and l.0mm vertically from the midpoint of the incisor (Mand. ROI. Ml. Buccal), respectively (Figure 4a, a2 and a3).
In the same manner, for the analysis of M2, the subset was created containing solely the M2 region by defining the top (that is, the slice where the crown of molar three appears) and bottom slice (that is, the slice where the crown of M2 appears). The data set on average
Trabecular bone in the interradicular septum of M2
Trabecular bone of maxillary tuber
Figure 2 Micro-CT of the rat maxilla showing the selected ROI. (a: a1, a2) Inter-radicular septum of M2 (manually drawn ROI delineating the trabecular bone). (b: b1, b2) Tuberosity (ellipsoid-shaped ROI). M, molar teeth; ROI, region of interest.
£ (M2)
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1	C I (M3)
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Figure 3 Micro-CT of the rat mandible showing the selected VOI data sets. (a) Definition of the top (a1) and bottom (a2) slices of M1 in CtAn. (b) Definition of the top (b1) and bottom (b2) slices of M2 in CtAn. (c) Definition of the top (c1) and bottom (c2) slices of M3 in CtAn. (d: d1, d2) VOI measured in the condyle (cond) using CtAn. Cond, condyle; M, molar teeth; VOI, volume of interest.
Figure 4 Micro-CT of the rat mandible showing the selected ROI. (a, al) Trabecular bone of Ml (manually drawn ROI delineating the trabecular bone). (a, a2) Trabecular bone of Ml close to the lingual surface (standard ellipsoid-shaped ROI). (a, a3) Trabecular bone of Ml close to the buccal surface (standard ellipsoid-shaped ROI). (b, bl) Trabecular bone of M2 (manually drawn ROI delineating the trabecular bone). (b, b2) Trabecular bone of M2 within the inter-radicular septum (standard ellipsoid-shaped ROI). (c, cl) Trabecular bone of M3 within the inter-radicular septum (standard ellipsoid-shaped ROI). (d, dl) Condyle (rectangular-shaped ROI). Cond, condyle; M, molar teeth; ROI, region of interest.
contained between 218 and 230 slices (Figure 3b, b1 and b2). The reference slice was set at the middle slice of the data set. Likewise, as performed for M1, the ROI was delineated manually (Mand. ROI. M2) (Figure 4b, b1) as well as by means of an ellipsoid area, both over a volume of 50 slices. The ellipsoid area (Mand. ROI. M2. InterRad) (Figure 4b, b2) here was positioned in between the roots of the molar, such that the edges were not in contact with the periodontal space of the tooth tissues.
Finally, for M3, a data subset was created containing exclusively the M3 region and defined by the top (that is, the slice where the crown of M3 appears) and bottom slice (that is, the slice where the crown of M3 disappears). The data set contained an average of 373-400 slices (Figure 3c, c1 and c2). The reference slice was defined here as the middle slice of the data set. The VOI analysed consisted of 20 slices downwards from the reference slice. For each of these slices, an ellipsoid area (Mand. ROI. M3. InterRad) measuring 0.4 mm x 0.4 mm was positioned in between the roots of M3 as for M2 (Figure 4c, c1).
In addition to the molar region, the condyle of the mandible was also considered for the analysis of its microarchitecture. Likewise, for the other VOIs, a data subset containing the condyle was created. Using Data Viewer, the sample was re-oriented such that the ramus was positioned vertically. All the analyses were performed on the trans-axial images. The reference slice used for the condyle analysis was the slice where the condyle started appearing. The VOI selected for measurement started at the 50th slice from the reference point over a volume containing 100 slices. Two rectangular ROIs (Mand. ROI. Cond) were used within this VOI to assess the trabecular bone microarchitecture, including the porosities of the condylar head (Figure 3d, d1 and d2). The ROIs were then interpolated for all slices. Two separate analyses were performed with the aim of including all of the trabecular bone in the condylar head, as the shape of the condyle differs from the proximal towards the distal region. The first rectangular ROI with dimensions of 0.5 mmx 0.4 mm was projected onto the slices containing the smaller (distal) part of the condyle, while the other rectangular ROI measuring 0.8 mm x 0.5 mm was drawn onto the slices with the larger (proximal) condyle part. The ROIs were
positioned in a vertical direction centrally in the condyle, below the subchondral region (Figure 4d, d1).
Trabecular bone quantification
The quantitative evaluation of the trabecular bone tissue was carried out on the microtomographic data sets generated by direct 3D morphometry. The measurement and reporting of morphometric parameters were performed following the guidelines put forth by Bouxsein et al.1 The BV fraction (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), and trabecular number (Tb.N) were calculated as 3D measurements of trabecular bone mass and its distribution. Furthermore, the trabecular architecture was evaluated by calculating the connectivity of the trabecular network (trabecular bone pattern formation, Tb.Pf), the structure model index (SMI) and total porosity. Low Tb.Pf values reflected better connected trabeculae, whereas high Tb.Pf values indicated disconnected trabecular structures. The SMI values provided information regarding the trabecular shape, which was either rod- (SMI = 3) or plate-like (SMI = 0). It must be noted that SMI must be interpreted carefully, especially in trabecular bone, as it is unavoidably influenced by aberrations due to negative values and in such cases cannot differentiate between distinctive trabecular geometries.32
The method described in the present study resulted in defining procedures for the manual delineation of ROIs as well as for predefined areas (ellipsoid/rectangle) of ROIs with appropriate localization based on well-defined landmarks and known bone morpho-metric parameters.1 As a case study, the developed micro-CT protocol was applied to analyse the jawbone microarchitecture of female Wistar rats (Table 2). From the values reported in Table 2, one can observe that there is a significant difference in the BV/TV measured by a fixed ellipsoid (inter-radicular septum region of mandibular M2) versus the manually contoured region. The reason for this could be that the inter-radicular septum is a region close to the tooth root. Since tooth roots are surrounded by the periodontal
Table 2 Case study: morphometric indices corresponding to the specific samples (n = 16)
Sample	BV/TV/%	Tb.Th/mm	Tb.Sp/mm	Tb.N/(1 mm-1) Tb.Pf/(1 mm-1)	SMI	Porosity/%
Max. 1	ROI.	M2	69.31 ± 1.85	0.133 ± 0.005	0.085 ± 0.009	5.26 ± 0.17	- 7.84 ± 1.72	0.15±0.18	n/a
Max.	ROI. '	Tub	43.79 ± 1.73	0.12 ± 0.004	0.13 ± 0.002	3.41 ± 0.14	2.01 ± 1.94	1.01 ± 0.22	n/a
Mand.	ROI	. M1	24.82 ± 0.75	0.101±0.003	0.3 ± 0.002	2.45 ± 0.06	- 13.06 ± 1.03	- 1.53 ± 0.15	n/a
Mand.	ROI	. M1.	Lingual	46.87 ± 1.51	0.14±0.006	0.147 ± 0.005	3.33 ± 0.11	-4.35±0.97	- 0.39 ± 0.24	n/a
Mand.	ROI	. M1.	Buccal	42.76 ± 2.34	0.14±0.007	0.15 ± 0.006	3.06 ± 0.08	-2.64±1.15	-0.09±0.21	n/a
Mand.	ROI	. M2	29.35 ± 0.73	0.11 ± 0.003	0.23 ± 0.005	2.60 ± 0.08	- 9.08 ± 1.34	-0.79±0.14	n/a
Mand.	ROI	. M2.	InterRad	82.02±1.9	0.114 ± 0.003	0.063±0.005	7.24±0.24	- 8.64 ± 2	-0.1±0.18	n/a
Mand.	ROI	. M3.	InterRad	81.4 ± 2.46	0.15 ± 0.004	0.05 ± 0.003	7.91 ± 0.2	- 4.72 ± 1.82	0.32±0.16	n/a
Mand.	ROI	. Cond	87.39 ± 1.02	0.122 ± 0.005	0.041 ±0.001	7.15 ± 0.21	- 18.08 ± 1.29	- 1.68 ± 0.18	12.60±1.02
BV/TV, bone volume fraction; Cond, condyle; InterRad, inter-radicular; M, molar; Mand, mandible; Max, maxilla; ROI, region of interest; SMI, structure model index; Tb. N, trabecular number; Tb.Pf, trabecular bone pattern formation; Tb.Sp, trabecular separation; Tb.Th, trabecular thickness.
ligament, the different mastication forces experienced here could lead to different bone remodelling rates and outcomes.33
Previously, the analysis of bone morphology and density was performed by conventional histomorphometry. It then paved the way for analysis by DEXA. However, due to the low resolution and the limitation it offers via 2D imaging, it was not possible to determine the microstructural parameters of the bone.34 However, the emergence of micro-CT methods offering the potential to capitalize on the 3D evaluation of the bone structural parameters holds promise. It also avoids variability by observers and accounts for the variation of bone parameters within a particular sample. The use of micro-CT imaging to assess the trabecular and cortical bone structure in animals and humans has increased exponentially. There are several commercially available micro-CT systems leading to various image acquisition approaches, image evaluation, and reporting of outcomes. However, the majority of the experimental reports lack details of the protocol applied for micro-CT image analysis. In particular, protocols aimed at quantifying the rodent jawbone have been poorly described and lack information, thereby impeding or even excluding the generation of the replicate data.21 Currently, there are 17 different micro-CT software programmes that are used for the quantification of the rodent jawbone architecture21 leading to a large variability of analytical methods between the studies. Image acquisition and processing, especially segmentation and filtration due to the different software programmes, were often not clearly explained.1 The size and location of ROIs also differed between the groups and were not standardized. In some studies, the ROIs used were not scaled to the dimensions of the bone size, causing inaccurate measurements of the trabecular bone and resulting in over-sampling between the compared studies.23 This eventually leads to discrepancies and inconsistency in reporting the results. This lack of consistency makes it very difficult to interpret the reported outcomes and to compare the findings across the different studies. Thus, there is a need to use standardized terminologies and report the parameters evaluated, particularly with respect to micro-CT analysis of rodent specimens.1,21 Precise protocols are in particularly mandatory for analysing the significance of the outcome of the results. Moreover, the results can be biased if the procedures are not standardized, as the system is extremely user-sensitive. Thus, the present paper proposes a methodology for standardized, accurate, and reproducible quantitative analysis of the rat jawbone microarchitecture using micro-CT imaging. It primarily focuses on the standardization of the procedures for evaluating trabecular bone in the rat jaw using both manual and semi-automatic delineation as well as the appropriate positioning of the volumes of interest to be analysed.
The main purpose was to define a robust protocol for the rodent jawbone based on the guidelines established by Bouxsein et al.1 Although in general, specific experiments and research questions dictate the protocol, it is important to follow a uniform system of reporting of all the steps involved in the micro-CT measurements right from the steps of image acquisition up to the quantitative analysis and reporting of results.
Some important considerations to keep in mind while quantifying rodent jawbones are summarized as follows. (i) With regard to image acquisition, as the rat jawbone is particularly challenging in terms of the small size of the bones and structures of interest, such as the trabecular bone, it is important to produce high-quality images. The choice of voxel size is critical in order to make reliable measurements. Ideally, the smallest voxel size (highest scan resolution) is used for scanning; however, this results in longer acquisition times, as they need to collect more projections and create large data sets. Thus, an appropriate trade-off between voxel size and scanning time should be taken into account. Differences between 10 and 20 pm will not have a huge impact on the structures that have large thicknesses (100200 pm). However, when evaluating smaller trabecular structures in the mouse and rat with approximate dimensions between 20 and 60 pm, such differences can have a huge impact due to underestimation of the bone mineral density (due to partial volume effects) and overestimation of the object thickness. In such scenarios, the ratio of the voxels to object size is important, as the higher the ratio, the more accurate the morphologic measurements.1 It is also very important to maintain an optimal ratio between the pixel size and the size of the sample visualized. This ensures that high-resolution imaging can be achieved through higher photon counts, thereby reducing time costs, which should not exceed the ratio of 1:4. The ex vivo micro-CT applied in the present study has a voxel size of 7.69 pm3, which is high enough to achieve accurate measurements quite comfortably. (ii) With regard to imaging analysis, the scanned images should be visually inspected for significant artefacts, such as ring or motion artefacts, before applying 3D algorithms to quantify the trabecular bone structure. In the current protocol, the ring reduction was set at 15 to remove artefacts caused by the scanning. (iii) Image filtration should be applied to reduce signal noise and maintain sharp contrast between the bone and the marrow areas. Gaussian filtering using appropriate thresholding should be adopted to remove image noise. (iv) Image segmentation is critical in separating the mineralized and non-mineralized tissues for quantitative analysis. It is of utmost importance to compare the images of the original with the segmented ones to ensure that the extracted bone is representative of the original structure, as any error will systematically impact the results. The protocol applied in the present case study made use of global
thresholding, which employs a fixed range of greyscales (lower and upper scales set at 70 and 224) for both foreground (white) and the pixels outside of the range area, which are set as the background (black). There are also other thresholding options available, such as adaptive, automatic, and multilevel thresholding; however, in the current protocol, since the region of interest comprises trabecular bone, the global thresholding option is able to achieve the desired image filtration. Finally, (v) selecting the appropriate VOI at a particular site is essential. The contouring method used for the delineation of the bone can either be automatic (as proposed in upgrades of the Skyscan software), a self-defined fixed ellipsoid or rectangular area that captures the bone of interest or an ROI with an irregular contour drawn manually on a slice-by-slice method. Applying a regular, uniformly shaped ROI could include spaces devoid of bone, thereby reducing the values of BV/TV at that region and leading to the masking of relevant differences between the experimental groups. For example, in the current methodology, the suture-forming elements between the maxilla and sphenoid as well as the mandibular canal (the regular circular opening in the ROI of most jawed species) is omitted during the analysis of the trabecular bone. This is because the sutures of the maxilla are not connected by bone and the mandibular canal contains a neuro-vascular bundle enclosed around a compact bone shell, which is devoid of trabecular bone. Such considerations are very valuable to keep in mind during analysis, as it demonstrates the importance of the VOI selection and the risk of sampling across several adjacent bones. Thus, depending on the anatomic skeletal site of interest, the appropriate type of contouring method can be selected. Since some of the trabecular parameters are influenced by changes in VOI size and location, caution must be taken when interpreting the significant differences between the different trabecular parameters. Thus, it is recommended that researchers try to understand the existing biases in their studies by testing the effect of different VOI sizes and location to accurately interpret the functional differences of trabecular parameters. The choice of VOI size and location should be guided by an understanding of the function of the bone (for example, loading) and the anatomical region in different species. Trabecular analyses of irregularly shaped bones are often constricted by anatomy, and in these cases, it is often better to determine biomechanically rather than anatomically homologous VOIs.35 The choice of VOI size and location should be guided by an understanding of the function of the bone (for example, loading) and the anatomical region in different species.
A limitation encountered while formulating the protocol involved the extraction of the cortical bone in the rodent jaw. The cortical bone was difficult to visualize due to its similarity in grey values with the dentin and enamel in the jawbone. One way to measure the cortical bone was to include the whole mandible or maxilla, subsequently exclude the teeth, and then deduct the trabecular region that was measured earlier in the molar region. However, this proved to be difficult to implement due to the extraction of the teeth and roots in the molar region and the presence of the sinus and nasal cavities in the maxilla. The excision of irregularly shaped bones of the teeth and their roots from the image of interest proved to be arduous. It made it very challenging to acquire a standard and reproducibly shaped VOI for all specimens to be analysed and to obtain a consistent shape between the different animals. These difficulties in measurements may explain the lack of studies that consistently quantify cortical bone changes in the rodent jaw.36 Opting for higher resolution of images with nano-computed tomography (nano-CT) with the use of contrast agents could help in providing the necessary contrast in visualization between bone and dentin and the quantification of cortical bone in an
accurate manner. Nevertheless, micro-CT and nano-CT cannot be used in a clinical setting to measure the structural parameters of the bone, and this is where cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can help. However, it must be duly noted that CBCT has a lower spatial resolution and can only measure structures that lie within the voxel size of 76 and 300 pm.37 Since in our current protocol, the visualized trabecular structures are much below the resolution range of the CBCT, micro-CT is a better option. Another preferred choice for image quantification is in vivo micro-CT. It can monitor bone changes that occur in real time over a period of several months. It also has the possibility to employ radiopaque contrast agents, which can enhance image visibility in different conditions, such as micro damage,38 vascular morphology,39-42 and cartilage degradation.43-44 Nonetheless, this type of CT also has its own issues with regard to the dosage of radiation supplied, which can prove to be harmful if the specimen is monitored over a long period of time, along with movement artefacts that the images encounter during image acquisition.1 Thus, depending on the research question and the experiment performed, any of the above imaging techniques can be used.
Even though the current study focuses mainly on the ex vivo evaluation of the rodent jawbone using desktop micro-CT systems, these guidelines can be adjusted and applied to a wide range of protocols in other species' jawbones as well. Moreover, the key outcome of this study is the establishment of a method that is able to define the VOI in the rodent jawbone in a standardized and reproducible manner for the evaluation of trabecular bone morphology.
Ultimately, the protocol developed in this work provides a robust and reproducible methodology for micro-CT analysis of relevant rat jawbone ROIs and is intended to ensure the global, accurate, and consistent reporting of micro-CT-derived jawbone morphometry. By including various ROIs most susceptible to bone changes as a result of experimental interventions within the jawbone, one can have a wide range of ROIs to choose from, depending on the experimental study. The protocol is straightforward and can be adapted to any micro-CT software associated with the different commercial systems available. Finally, the proposed methodology has potential, as a variety of rodent animal models would benefit from its implementation.
This study was funded by the Fund for Scientific Research—Flanders (FWO) (G.0726.09). This work was further supported by postdoctoral researcher C Correa (2014/0892-1), University of Campinas, Brazil and (245450/2012-2) postdoctoral researcher F Faot, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil.
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OV®®® This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-gw^wu'i.d NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
© The Author(s) 2017


I selected a topic, in this case Business Process Management, and then developed an initial outline of talking points for the webinar. I then iteratively build a slide deck with text that explains the ideas and images that stimulate the imagination on the concepts. With the slides done, I develop formal text on each slide along with estimated delivery time. This is what I called my baseline deck for the presentation.
Many business analysts focus their full attention on tasks related to specifying, modeling, verifying, and validating requirements. And in doing so, they often forget about a critically important aspect of the BA work:requirements prioritization... Since good prioritizing skills help teams deliver business value faster, it's a key competency for business analysts to develop. An effective to get better at prioritizing requirements is to follow this 3-step approach during the requirements discovery process.
This article briefly summarizes the CBAP and CCBA programs, and how eligible business analysts can create a "foolproof" plan to obtain their certification. Bear in mind that any certification plan is only foolproof if you personalize it, commit to it, and follow it. The majority of the article covers the crucial steps for your plan and several tips to help you execute it to become certified.
Do You Know Why This CIO Was Fired?
This is the story of an outsourced contract for development involving a Financial Services Company (BigNameCo) and an Outsourcing company (ServCo). It appeared to be a simple development project, but in the process, the CIO was fired!
The Top 10 Trends in Business Analysis for 2016 examines the evolving ways in which BA practitioners can help organizations realize better business value and the shifts needed within the BA discipline to achieve it. The 2016 trends highlight BAs evolution from "order taker and liaison" between stakeholders to an increased focus on being an "agent of change", and communicating and collaborating about much more than requirements.


We believe in collaboration and to make it easy for customers, we are excited to launch another integration on LambdaTest platform. We have taken another leap towards establishing a testing ecosystem through our new LambdaTest integration with Hive.
Howdy everyone! LambdaTest is out with another integration on one more highly popular and highly requested project management tool for speeding your test cycles. This time we are live with monday.com + LambdaTest Integration.


text:
set -euxo pipefail

xcodebuild -version
xcodebuild -showsdks

CONFIG="Debug"
ACTION="test"

# Runs xcodebuild retrying up to 3 times on failure to start testing (exit code 65).
# The following arguments specified in the order below:
#  $1 : .xcodeproj file
#  $2 : scheme to run
#
# The output is formatted using xcpretty and redirected to xcodebuild.log for failure analysis.
execute_xcodebuild() {
  if [ -z ${1+x} ]; then
    echo "first argument must be a valid .xcodeproj file"
    exit 1
  elif [ -z ${2+x} ]; then
    echo "second argument must be a valid scheme"
    exit 1
  fi

  local retval_command=0
  # Are we running a test?
  [[ "${ACTION}" == *"test"* ]] && is_running_test=1 || is_running_test=0

  # Are we running a workspace or a project?
  [[ "${1}" == *".xcodeproj"* ]] && file_type="-project" || file_type="-workspace"

  for retry_attempts in {1..3}; do
    # As we are attempting retries, disable exiting when command below fails.
    set +e
    env NSUnbufferedIO=YES xcodebuild ${file_type} ${1} -scheme ${2} -sdk "$SDK" -destination "$DESTINATION" -configuration "$CONFIG" ONLY_ACTIVE_ARCH=NO $ACTION | tee xcodebuild.log | xcpretty -sc;
    retval_command=$?

    # Retry condition 1: Tests haven't started.
    # We achieve that by looking for keyword "Test Suite" in xcodebuild.log.
    # FIXME: This is a brittle check and may break in future versions of Xcode. Come up with a better fix?
    $(grep -q -m 1 "Test Suite" xcodebuild.log)
    retval_test_started=$?

    # Re-enable exiting on command failures.
    set -e

    if [[ ${is_running_test} -ne 1 ]]; then
      break
    fi

    # Should we retry?
    if [[ ${retval_command} -eq 65 ]] && [[ ${retval_test_started} -ne 0 ]]; then
      continue
    else
      break
    fi
  done

  set +e
  # In case of failure in test's +setUp or +tearDown, Xcode doesn't exit with an error code but logs it.
  # Add another check to make sure no unexpected failure occured.
  $(grep -q -m 1 -ie ".*[1-9]\d* unexpected" xcodebuild.log)
  retval_expected_test_failures=$?
  set -e

  if [[ ${retval_command} -ne 0 ]]; then
    exit ${retval_command}
  elif [[ ${is_running_test} -eq 1 ]] && [[ ${retval_expected_test_failures} -eq 0 ]]; then
    exit 1
  fi
}

if [ "${TYPE}" == "RUBY" ]; then
  rvm use 2.2.2;
  cd gem;
  bundle install --retry=3;
  rake;
elif [ "${TYPE}" == "UNIT" ]; then
  execute_xcodebuild Tests/UnitTests/UnitTests.xcodeproj EarlGreyUnitTests
elif [ "${TYPE}" == "FUNCTIONAL_SWIFT" ]; then
  execute_xcodebuild Tests/FunctionalTests/FunctionalTests.xcodeproj EarlGreyFunctionalSwiftTests
elif [ "${TYPE}" == "FUNCTIONAL" ]; then
  execute_xcodebuild Tests/FunctionalTests/FunctionalTests.xcodeproj EarlGreyFunctionalTests
elif [ "${TYPE}" == "CONTRIB" ]; then
  execute_xcodebuild Demo/EarlGreyContribs/EarlGreyContribs.xcodeproj EarlGreyContribsTests
elif [ "${TYPE}" == "CONTRIB_SWIFT" ]; then
  execute_xcodebuild Demo/EarlGreyContribs/EarlGreyContribs.xcodeproj EarlGreyContribsSwiftTests
elif [ "${TYPE}" == "EXAMPLE_PODS" ]; then
  pod install --project-directory=Demo/EarlGreyExample
  execute_xcodebuild Demo/EarlGreyExample/EarlGreyExample.xcworkspace EarlGreyExampleTests
elif [ "${TYPE}" == "EXAMPLE_PODS_SWIFT" ]; then
  gem uninstall -aIx nanaimo
  cd gem/
  bundle install
  rake install
  cd ../Demo/EarlGreyExample
  pod update
  cd ../../
  pod install --project-directory=Demo/EarlGreyExample
  execute_xcodebuild Demo/EarlGreyExample/EarlGreyExample.xcworkspace EarlGreyExampleSwiftTests
elif [ "${TYPE}" == "CARTHAGE" ]; then
  CONFIG="Release"
  ACTION="clean build"
  execute_xcodebuild EarlGrey.xcodeproj EarlGrey
elif [ "${TYPE}" == "PACKAGE" ]; then
  Scripts/package.sh
else
  echo "Unrecognized Type: ${TYPE}"
  exit 1
fi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How to call a local function from another function? function A {

      *// Inside function A We have below lines of code to do debouncing*

const debounce = (func, delay) => {
    let debounceTimer
    return function() {
        const context = this
        const args = arguments
            clearTimeout(debounceTimer)
                debounceTimer
            = setTimeout(() => func.apply(context, args), delay)
    }
}
button.addEventListener('click', debounce(function() {

      *// Some Code Will be Ecexuted here after 3000 ms*

                        }, 3000));

      *// function A ends here*
}

Now I want to call "clearTimeout(debounceTimer)" or any other possible code to clear time out of that debouncing in a another function (function B)
function B {

        *// How To Call "clearTimeout(debounceTimer)"???*

}

A: Maybe this could help:
function A(func) {
   const obs$ = Observable.fromEvent(button, 'click')
                   .pipe(delay(debounceTime), map(args => func(args)));
   return obs$;
}

// Now you are free to use observable in function B.
function B() {
   const obs$ = A(/*your function*/);
   obs$.subscribe(res => /*use result*/)
       // Doing this will clear everything.
       .unsubscribe(() => {});
}

A: Let function A return an object that gives you a handle on clearing that timeout.
For instance like this:

const button = document.getElementById("btn");
const cancel = document.getElementById("can");
const log = document.getElementById("log");

function A() {
    const state = {
        clear: () => null
    }

    const debounce = (func, delay) =>
        (...args) => {
            state.clear();
            state.clear = clearTimeout.bind(null,
                    setTimeout(func.bind(null, ...args), delay));
        };

    button.addEventListener('click', debounce(function() {
        log.textContent = "Message arrived at " + Date().match(/\d+:\d+:\d+/)
                          + "\n" + log.textContent;
    }, 3000));

    return state;
}

function B(state) {
    state.clear();
}

const state = A();
cancel.addEventListener('click', B.bind(null, state));
<button id="btn">Send Message</button>
<button id="can">Abort Message</button>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This program will be withdrawn for commencing (new) students after Trimester 1-2020.
New students are referred to the Bachelor of Physiotherapy (1579) at Nathan or Bachelor of Physiotherapy (1589) at the Gold Coast.
You will build on your existing knowledge of exercise science. Through coursework and clinical learning in the core areas of physiotherapy practice, you will develop the advanced clinical science and physiotherapy skills and knowledge needed for entry-level clinical physiotherapy practice. You will also develop an understanding of research principles and methods applicable to professional physiotherapy practice. You will learn how to use current research findings and your clinical reasoning and decision making skills to apply creativity and initiative to new situations in professional practice.


The internationally acclaimed and multiaward winning Nuart Aberdeen Street Art Festival was back for year two in the Granite City!
Nuart Aberdeen 2018 played host to 12 national, UK and international street artists and an extended Nuart Plus program of artist talks, panel debates, workshops, film screenings, walking tours and events that all provided an insight into contemporary debates surrounding the Street Art movement and foreground the site-specific paintings, installations and interventions across the city.
What mechanisms and values turn the ordinary into the 'extra' ordinary, how and who does it benefit the most?
new dialogues and narratives between artist and audience in public space, where people can engage with art freely and on their own terms. Ordinary in this sense does not mean unreflective, conventional, common sense but rather the archetypal, the public, and the shared.
Street Art's call is to reclaim and broaden the terms 'Art' and 'Artist'; to remove the shame that those not privileged with an arts education often feel when employing these terms; a call to reconnect art, as well as language, with the everyday. Street Art is rooted in, and a direct response to, an urban milieu of zero-hours contracts, pound shops, benefit cuts and foodbanks. Whilst the demonization of the working poor is all but complete and the gentrification of pop culture continues apace, it is the street that acts as the grit in the oyster that eventually makes the pearl. Street Art is the vandal with a PhD.


text:
Items Falls of Pigeon River, the plunge.
Falls of Pigeon River, the plunge.
Stereographs
Childs, B. F. (Brainard F.) (ca. 1841-1921)
Brubaker, C. B.
Image ID G90F397_013F
Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views
Gems of Lake Superior scenery
Additional title: Gems of Lake Superior scenery, No. 257.
Childs, B. F. (Brainard F.) (ca. 1841-1921) (Photographer)
Brubaker, C. B. (Photographer)
Place: Marquette, Mich.
Publisher: Brubaker, Brubaker and Whitesides
Date Created: 1870 - 1879 (Approximate)
Shelf locator: MFY Dennis Coll 90-F397
Superior, Lake
Rock formations -- Michigan
Statement of responsibility: photographed by B.F. Childs.
RLIN/OCLC: NYPG90-F397
Universal Unique Identifier (UUID): 2bbff120-c548-012f-f16b-58d385a7bc34
: Place
The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Photography Collection, The New York Public Library. "Falls of Pigeon River, the plunge." The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1870 - 1879. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-1334-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Photography Collection, The New York Public Library. "Falls of Pigeon River, the plunge." New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed January 21, 2021. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-1334-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Photography Collection, The New York Public Library. (1870 - 1879). Falls of Pigeon River, the plunge. Retrieved from https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-1334-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
<ref name=NYPL>{{cite web | url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-1334-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 | title= (still image) Falls of Pigeon River, the plunge., (1870 - 1879)|author=Digital Collections, The New York Public Library |accessdate=January 21, 2021 |publisher=The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations}}</ref>


Our bestselling galvanised steel sheet is now available in a perforated version. Combining form and function, these patterned panels are a big hit with architects, interior designers, engineers and more. With perforated steel plate, you get all the brilliant qualities of galvanised steel (durability, weatherproofing, versatility) along with a fresh aesthetic which can also double up as a useful design.
Please contact us for prices on (0191) 2646464 or email us at sales@buymetalonline.co.uk.
What are Perforated Galvanised Steel Sheets?
Our bestselling galvanised steel sheet is now available in a perforated version. Combining form and function, these patterned panels are a big hit with architects, interior designers, engineers and more. With perforated steel plate, you get all the brilliant qualities of galvanised steel (durability, weatherproofing, versatility) along with a fresh aesthetic which can also double up as a useful design. Maybe you're looking for a stylish screen to keep out the sun, or perhaps you need a permeable surface for ventilation. From acoustics to air conditioning, this specialist sheet steel has a multitude of uses. Choose from a circle or a square design, depending on your needs (or simply which design you prefer). Like all the metal we sell, we custom-cut our perforated galvanised steel to size for you, so nothing goes to waste. There's no minimum order, either, so no job is too small.
Good for: Architecture (interior and exterior cladding), air conditioning grilles, sun screens, fencing, security barriers, balustrade and railing infill panels, interior design, set design, exhibitions, shop fittings, suspended ceilings, lighting, ventilation, outdoor advertising filtration, food services, sorting auto engineering, glass reinforcing. The pattern is the main draw with this sheet metal, but as it's made from good old galvanised steel, it's suitable for most outdoor projects.
Painting: Make your perforated panels look even better by adding a splash of colour, but do your research and use a good primer and specialist paint.
Steel sheet is galvanised with the addition of zinc carbonate. It all starts with a sheet of steel being bathed in molten zinc. Zinc reacts with oxygen to make zinc oxide, and zinc oxide reacts with carbon dioxide to make zinc carbonate. It's this zinc oxide that galvanises the steel and makes it a winner when it comes to weatherproofing. Zinc carbonate is grey and dull in appearance, but it protects the steel from the elements. In the factory, huge sheets of galvanised steel are punched with the staggered circle and square patterns, converting the metal into perforated steel sheets.
"The whole experience – website, choice, price, delivery time – was excellent."- Roger, Trustpilot, October 2016.
The concept of perforated sheet metal stems from the mining industry, where metal with holes was needed for the filtration of coal. Back then, the process of perforation was way more laborious than it is now, with workers having to manually put the holes in the metal whilst trying to keep to a reasonably regular pattern. Thankfully, advancements in manufacturing mean a machine now takes care of the pattern-making – and regular perforations are guaranteed.
2000mm x 1000mm – approx 80" x 40", 2500mm x 1250mm – approx 100" x 50"


Requirements for comprehensive plans in Florida, including Rule 9J-5, Florida Administrative Code, have been amended periodically and we're in that cycle again. Many of us planners "of a certain age" and our plans have evolved too. As young and idealistic planners in Lee County in the 1970's, our department and the county's first comprehensive plan and future land use map went down in flames after community leaders came to the public hearings with guns, demanding that county commissioners "get that green off my land". The next round faired somewhat better, resulting in the adoption of comprehensive plan text, but no map. After even more time passed, a third round was adopted with a future land use map. Preserve and conservation areas were colored brown, not green. Compared to today, submittal requirements were minimal but the impact of those plans was significant. For the first time, the county and its residents looked beyond the day to day to twenty years ahead. Many speakers warned at those early comprehensive plan hearings that the planning department was full of carpetbaggers with no stake in the community. All these years later, many of us are still here, still planning for Florida's future.
The anticipated changes in Rule 9J-5, Florida Administrative Code this coming year, implement the requirements established by House Bill 697 regarding "... the discouragement of urban sprawl; energy efficient land use patterns accounting for existing and future electric power generation and transmission systems; greenhouse gas reduction strategies; ...". This bill was passed on May 2, 2008 after Florida's growth curve had bent down but long before the bottom. House Bill 697 addressed the potential calamities of global warming, but didn't anticipate the catastrophes of the state's economic meltdown. Now when local governments are strapped financially and planning staff has been cut considerably, these increased requirements, particularly when coupled with the expected residential needs analysis, could prove to be onerous unfunded mandates.
The Department has held two rule development workshops already regarding on potential revisions to Rule 9J-5, Florida Administrative Code. There is no timeframe yet for adoption of the Rule 9J-5 amendments, but DCA has prepared an initial text draft. The state could have responded to House Bill 697 with comprehensive plan language and incentives encouraging reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and vehicle miles traveled, but instead they seem to focus on increasing land use analysis requirements. The initial draft requires that the following strategies and actions be analyzed: redevelopment of "energy conservation areas" (areas with inefficient land use patterns and transportation systems); compact development; jobs-to-housing balance; mixed-use development in areas planned for urban development; minimum density and intensity standards in those same areas; higher gross densities and gross intensities in those same areas; transit oriented development; centers of concentrated development supported by multi-modal transportation systems; urban design and urban form standards which support the development of safe and attractive places, neighborhoods, and transportation corridors; green infrastructure; restricting the expansion of urban uses into surrounding rural areas without a demonstrated need (this refers to a residential needs analysis which in itself can be onerous); and the removal of regulatory barriers and establishment of incentives to promote energy efficiency and conservation, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
There's an opportunity for DCA to support House Bill 697 through an alternative approach. Rule 9J-5, Florida Administrative Code could require, where applicable, that Requirements for Future Land Use Goals, Objectives and Policies address issues included in the list above and let local governments determine which specific studies they need or want. Submittal requirements for local government comprehensive plans have evolved considerably over the years. Today's future requirements for a comprehensive plan amendment are staggering and increasing again. As a consulting planner, it's probably against my self-interest to argue against more requirements for a comprehensive plan or plan amendment submittals, but I care more about wasting my time and my clients' money on worthless exercises. Over the years my clients have spent enormous amounts of money on required studies that were not even considered. Increasing submittal requirements may be a vehicle to make approvals more difficult, but a more straight-forward approach is to set higher standards through the Future Land Use Goals, Objectives and Policies.
DCA could revise the draft Requirements for Future Land Use Goals, Objectives and Policies to give guidance to local government on rewarding complete streets, infill, compact and/or mixed use development; encouraging non-residential development where only residential exists today, requiring connectivity and giving priority to reducing vehicle miles traveled. In a June 2009 presentation, DCA provided policy examples; more of that would be helpful. Changes to Rule 9J-5, Florida Administrative Code could also support local governments challenged with citizens who equate higher density with other NIMBYs. The EAR process would be the logical vehicle for implementation of these policies. In my opinion, the state should provide funding and/or technical assistance to local governments to address these new requirements.
In many previous cycles, uncertainty regarding DCA's priorities has been challenging. As a consultant, I've often relied on my colleagues' experience with comprehensive plan reviews in other parts of the state to know what to anticipate locally. The focus on affordable housing was unveiled that way. Today, having months of notice and a clear focus regarding the implementation of House Bill 697, is a definite improvement. On its website DCA has requested that ideas and suggestions regarding amendments to Rule 9J-5, Florida Administrative Code to implement the new requirements established by House Bill 697 to robert.pennock@dca.state.fl.us This request was repeated at the recent workshop in Lakeland.
As a planning consultant, Carron Day, AICP has submitted about 300 square miles of future land use map amendments and many significant text amendments in Florida; most have been adopted. Ms Day is founder and principal of Planning Associates LLC (planning-associates.com), a collaborative land planning firm based in Tampa Florida. Her planning practice focuses on strategic planning and due diligence reviews, master planning, entitlement including Developments of Regional Impact, and crafting land use, land development and zoning codes. Under its umbrella, the firm supports two non-profits: CodeGreen USA and Lots2Green. Ms Day earned a Masters in City and Regional Planning from the Illinois Institute of Technology and is certified by the American Institute of Certified Planners. Prior to establishing Planning Associates LLC, she held positions Lee County; the Southwest Florida Regional Planning Council; Florida Land Planning, another firm she founded; and other consulting firm.


More new students! This morning I had the pleasure of meeting a wonderful couple of ladies from Montreal, they came all the way here to talk to me about my passion pattern drafting! They are very interested in it because they have fit issues, sound familiar? I explained a few things to them on how to adjust the patterns not the garment but the paper before anything is even cut out. They were so thrilled to see how easy it is to fix fit issues they promptly purchased a kit each and are going to start Skyping with me when the get back home. I know they will be so happy with how their clothes are going to fit they will want to learn more and more!
Anyway a big welcome to Janet and Miriam to the Le Grand Chic family of well dressed people!


text:
Q: React To Do list not updating I am currently working on a react.js to do list. The code below is what i've done so far which are relevant to the question
Main File (App.js)

import './App.css';

import Navbar from './components/Header'
import Container from './components/Container.js';
import Input from './components/Input';
import { useState } from 'react';
function App() {

  let todo =[
   {id:Math.random()*10000,
    title: "Walk the dog",
    completed:false},

    {id:Math.random()*10000,
      title: "Wash Dishes",
      completed:false},
  ]

  const [list,setList] = useState(todo)
  function addTodo(e) {
    let value = e.target.previousElementSibling.value;
    let newtodo = [...todo,{id: Math.random()*10000, title: value, completed:false}]
    setList(newtodo)
    console.log(todo)
  }

  return (

       <Navbar className="Navbar"/>
       <Input method = {addTodo} />
       <Container list={newtodo}/>

  );
}

export default App;

Container Component

const Container =({list , method})=> {

    return(

            {list.map(element => {
                return(
                    <TodoComponent className="todo-list" data={element}/>

                )
        })}

    )
}

export default Container

Todo List Component

import React from "react";

const TodoComponent = ({data})=> {

   return(

{data.title}

   )
}

export default TodoComponent

Form Input

import React from "react"
const Input = ({method}) => {
    return (

            <input placeholder="add task.."></input>

            <button onClick= {method}>
                Add
            </button>

    )
}

export default Input

The problem is, whenever I click the button next to the input field, the "todo" array updates, but the updates do not get rendered in the to do list. How do i fix this? Thanks in advance. If this was too confusing, please let me know.

A: Your addTodo function is incorrect. instead ..todo it should be ...list. try this
function addTodo(e) {
    let value = e.target.previousElementSibling.value;
    let newtodo = [...list,{id: Math.random()*10000, title: value, completed:false}]
    setList(newtodo)
    console.log(todo)
  }

and you are not passing list state to <Container/> component
insted of
<Container list={newtodo}/>

it should be
<Container list={list}/>

A: First verify if you have the desired value in your addTodo function. The problem is you are updating the todo array which doesn't change because it is not a state variable. Try:
  function addTodo(e) {
    let value = e.target.previousElementSibling.value;
    setList(list => [...list, {id: Math.random()*10000, title: value, completed:false})
  }


(4) "District" means the Travis County Municipal Utility District No. 8.
Sec. 8400.002. NATURE OF DISTRICT. The district is a conservation and reclamation district in Travis County created under Section 59, Article XVI, Texas Constitution.
Sec. 8400.003. FINDINGS OF BENEFIT AND PUBLIC PURPOSE. (a) The district is created to serve a public use and benefit.
Sec. 8400.051. COMPOSITION OF BOARD; TERMS. (a) The district is governed by a board of five directors.
Sec. 8400.101. MUNICIPAL UTILITY DISTRICT POWERS AND DUTIES. The district has the rights, powers, privileges, functions, and duties provided by general law applicable to a municipal utility district created under Section 59, Article XVI, Texas Constitution, including Chapters 49, 50, and 54, Water Code.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., 1st C.S., Ch. 6 (S.B. 6), Sec. 49, eff. December 1, 2017.