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Humus status of typical black soil under different intensity of arable land usage
A. P. Karabutov 1 *, S. I. Tyutyunov 1, V. D. Solovichenko 1
1 Candidate of Agricultural Sciences (Ph.D.), Research Officer, Belgorod Federal Agricultural Research Center of RAS, RUSSIA
Reference: Karabutov AP, Tyutyunov SI, Solovichenko VD. Humus status of typical black soil under different intensity of arable land usage. Eurasia J Biosci. 2019;13(2), 1317-1321.
In-text citation: (Karabutov et al., 2019)
Reference: Karabutov, A. P., Tyutyunov, S. I., & Solovichenko, V. D. (2019). Humus status of typical black soil under different intensity of arable land usage. Eurasian Journal of Biosciences, 13(2), 1317-1321.
Reference: Karabutov, A. P., S. I. Tyutyunov, and V. D. Solovichenko. "Humus status of typical black soil under different intensity of arable land usage". Eurasian Journal of Biosciences 2019 13 no. 2 (2019): 1317-1321.
Reference: Karabutov, A. P., Tyutyunov, S. I., and Solovichenko, V. D. (2019). Humus status of typical black soil under different intensity of arable land usage. Eurasian Journal of Biosciences, 13(2), pp. 1317-1321.
Reference: Karabutov, A. P. et al. "Humus status of typical black soil under different intensity of arable land usage". Eurasian Journal of Biosciences, vol. 13, no. 2, 2019, pp. 1317-1321.
Reference: Karabutov AP, Tyutyunov SI, Solovichenko VD. Humus status of typical black soil under different intensity of arable land usage. Eurasia J Biosci. 2019;13(2):1317-21.
In the absence of perennial grasses in the structure of crop rotation and without manure usage, the humus content in the layer of 0-30 cm of typical black soil decreased by 0.19-0.33% over 25 years, and with their presence it increased by 0.10-0.61%. Mineral fertilizers, which are the main method of intensification of agriculture, contributed to the increase in humus content in the crop rotation with perennial grasses and the presence of 20% of row crops in its structure, led to a decrease in the rate of dehumification in the crop rotation with 40% of row crops and led to an increase in dehumification in the crop rotation with 60% of row and fallow in its structure. Methods of increasing humus content, such as the cultivation of perennial grasses and introduction of manure, created the preconditions for the strengthening of fulvic acid content in humus in half-meter layer of the soil and the presence of humin, however, the type of humus remained fulvic. With depth, these techniques caused a decrease in saturation of humus with nitrogen, and thus provided better conditions for humification in the layer 30-50 cm than in the layer 0-30 cm. Methods of soil treatment changed only the quantitative redistribution of humus on the soil profile, but did not affect its content and quality.
humus typical black soil crop rotation soil treatment fertilizers
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Dubovik EV, Dubovik DV (2019) Relationships between the Organic Carbon Content and the Structural State of Typical Chernozem. Eurasian Soil Science, 2: 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229319020042
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« Guess who was left unpardoned! | The beauty of peaceful transitions »
MSM reporter falsely claimed that Trump had MLK bust removed from Oval Office
By Thomas Lifson
Sure everybody makes mistakes, but making a sensational false charge against a new president at the very first opportunity he allowed reporters into his Oval Office on Day One of his presidency sure looks like one of those narrative-confirming, "too-good-to-check" stories of journalistic lore that just happens to portray Trump as a racist "white nationalist" in the eyes of progressives. Zeke Miller of Time was allowed into the Oval Office as a pool reporter and tweeted out reports that the Churchill bust was back (true) and the MLK bust was gone (false). He was quickly corrected:
Thanks to White House Chief of Staff for this wonderful picture of the MLK bust in the oval pic.twitter.com/Lzgj6RljvI
And apologized, explaining that it was obscured from his view.
Correction: The MLK bust is still in the Oval Office. It was obscured by an agent and door.
— Zeke Miller (@ZekeJMiller) January 21, 2017
Tweeting again: wh aide confirms the MLK bust is still there. I looked for it in the oval 2x & didn't see it. My apologies to my colleagues
While I credit him for acknowledging his mistake and apologizing, he certainly was ready to believe what he tweeted out without bothering to do a thorough examination of the evidence. It was news that was fake, so I guess it is #fakenews, even if a semi-honest mistake.
This is a perfect anecdote for president Trump to resurrect whenever he feels like it. The very first moment the media got access to him, they tried to portray him as an enemy of our national hero of racial equality.
— Sean Spicer (@PressSec) January 21, 2017

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਕੀ ਬੋਰਡ
ਪੱਤਰਕਾਰ
ਸੰਪਰਕ
ਖਬਰਾਂ
ਤਸਵੀਰਾਂ
ਪੁਰਾਣੇ ਅੰਕ
ਈ-ਪੇਪਰ
ਹਰਵਿੰਦਰ ਰਿਆੜ
ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰ ਕੋਰੀਡੋਰ ਭਾਰਤ-ਪਾਕਿ ਰਿਸ਼ਤਿਆਂ ਲਈ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਣ : ਮੋਰਗਨ Indo-USA ਹੈਰੀਟੇਜ ਐਸੋਸੀਏਸ਼ਨ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਪੱਤਰਕਾਰ ਬਲਤੇਜ ਪੰਨੂੰ ਦਾ ਸਨਮਾਨ ਰੰਧਾਵਾ ਤੇ ਚੰਨੀ ਨੇ 550ਵੇਂ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਪੁਰਬ ਸਬੰਧੀ ਤਿਆਰੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਲਿਆ ਜਾਇਜ਼ਾ ਸ਼ਹੀਦ ਊਧਮ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੇ ਬੁੱਤ ਦੇ ਹੱਥ ਚ ਫੜਿਆ ਪਿਸਤੌਲ ਚੋਰੀ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਪੁਰਬ ਸਮਾਗਮਾਂ ਮਗਰੋਂ ਲਾਏ ਜਾ ਸਕਦੇ ਨੇ ਤਖ਼ਤਾਂ ਦੇ ਪੱਕੇ ਜਥੇਦਾਰ
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Settling down is a vague term. When we refer to the notion of settling down, we're talking about getting engaged or married, not just being in a relationship. Now, more than ever, marriage is happening later in life. Here at Orange County Singles, we know the hookup culture and dating apps are probably to blame for that. Certain men believe in engagement and marriage, but there are some who simply don't see a point in it nowadays. We like to call them "commitment phobes." Ugh, yes, the guys who refuse to settle down, the ones you should avoid like the plague.
So how do you know you're dating a commitment phobe? How do you know he's merely stringing you along? There are certain behaviors that a man will display when he's not ready to settle down. Today, our Irvine dating service will show you the top three telltale signs you won't be getting a ring in the future.
He's holding on to his bachelor pad until the day he dies. No matter how many time you ask him to move in with you, the answer is always NO. For some unknown reason, he's unwilling to give up his bachelor pad. He makes excuse after excuse and puts it off every time you ask. One minute he tells you he can't break the lease, and the next he tells you he's in love with his place.
Whatever the lame excuse he might give you, he always has one lined up and ready to fire. If he's not willing to give up his bachelor pad it's because he's afraid of giving up his own space and personal freedom. Of course this is a huge step for anyone, and it can be scary for many people. But if he wants to share his life with you, then he should have no problem living together.
He has never mentioned the word engagement in his life. Every time you mention it to him, he gets very uncomfortable. He doesn't care about his friends getting engaged on social media, nor does he pay attention to your Pinterest board filled with engagement pictures. Why? Because you won't be getting a ring anytime soon. He doesn't care about the whole marriage process, not even the wedding itself. When one of his boys gets married, he doesn't even care to show up to the wedding.
A guy who hates weddings and everything about them isn't going to settle down anytime soon. A man who is ready to settle down will have no problem talking about engagements and attending weddings. If your guy avoids everything "weddings," then you know he's not ready to settle down.
You two are engaged and are happier than ever. However, your man keeps putting off the wedding date. First it was "next year," and now it's "two or three years from now." Why? You expected for him to want to get married soon; otherwise, why propose to begin with him?
Sometimes men simply propose to keep a woman happy, while they have no intentions of going through with the wedding. If he refuses to join you for cake shopping, checking out wedding planners, picking venues, and anything else to do with the wedding, then he's definitely not ready to settle down. It's better to accept the truth and leave him now instead of waiting forever to be married. If he proposed to you just to shut you up, then you have a bigger problem at hand. Save yourself the stress and heartache and leave him now.
Do you get the sense that your man doesn't want to settle down? Is he guilty of the three telling behaviors above? Then your man is a commitment phobe. Walk away now and find yourself a man who isn't afraid of settling down.
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Medjugorje: Sister Emanuel Reminds us that the demon is active among us – She Explains what happened at Mirjana's apparition; "But on this day people in large numbers began to howl blasphemies and yell like animals as soon as the Blessed Mother appeared."
September 17, 2019 September 17, 2019 stephen ryan	3342 Views
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From Sr. Emmanuel
Strange events! During this apparition, a rather common phenomenon occurred once again. But on this day, it was on a scale I had never seen before. People in large numbers began to howl blasphemies and yell like animals as soon as the Blessed Mother appeared. This went on for some time, and then everything gradually calmed down. When people who are tormented by demons are in the presence of Our Lady these demons sometimes manifest their anger in this way.
Apparition with Mirjana – December 2, 2018
A priest who was there with us told me at the end of the apparition that he had perceived the coming of the Mother of God within his soul, and the luminous cloud on which she stands. This cloud slowly moved downward, pushing the demons down into the abyss, which unleashed their revolt and even prompted them to fight against each other. This priest belongs to a team that works with an exorcist every week, and he has the gift of seeing in spirit what is happening in the invisible realm. These realities are not new; the Gospel reveals a number of them to us. However in our days, with the growing number of harmful practices and the serious sins that are being committed, many people are opening their doors to Satan and his angels without being aware of it. Let us therefore pray a great deal to the Mother of God, because she was chosen by God to crush the head of the serpent. She is the best exorcist after Jesus! The Rosary prayer is a very powerful weapon against the forces of evil. However in our days, with the growing number of harmful practices and the serious sins that are being committed, many people are opening their doors to Satan and his angels without being aware of it. Let us therefore pray a great deal to the Mother of God, because she was chosen by God to crush the head of the serpent. She is the best exorcist after Jesus! The Rosary prayer is a very powerful weapon against the forces of evil. An exorcist from the diocese of Milano, Don Ambrogio Villa, reported what Satan said during a recent exorcism. Summoned to answer the questions which the priest asked him, Satan said: "For us (demons), Medjugorje is our hell on earth!" (See PS 1). No surprise there! Given the intensity of prayers surrounding the daily visits of Our Lady, given the evenings of adoration with people in their thousands, given the many sincere confessions, conversions and reconciliations, it isn't surprising that the enemy of humankind feels awful there. But we must keep watch! He is doing everything he can to oppose the plan of the Mother of God and to destroy it. This is why our Heavenly Mother is counting on us today more than ever. She asked us again this month at the Blue Cross with Ivan, to pray for the plans she has for Medjugorje and for her projects. "I need your prayers to help the world," she said at the very beginning of the apparitions. Let's not let her down, because a lot of what will happen depends on our prayers and our fasting! It actually depends on our good will to live her messages or to ignore them.
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Medjugorje: Our Lady says Open your eyes — "Go on the streets of the city, count those who glorify God and those who offend Him. God can no longer endure that … it is not possible to avoid entirely the chastisements"
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GOD IS GIVING THE WORLD WARNING SIGNS | WE ALL NEED TO BE READY
Super Pink Moon linked to 'end of days' omen, a 'rebirth' and nightmares appears tonight.
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Mystery Boom Shakes New Hampshire. What Caused the Boom Is Has People Looking For Source.
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Medjugorje February 11, 2021 Virgin Mary reveals what happens to your body and to your soul at the Exact Moment of Death. "The beginning of forever"
30th Youth Festival in Medjugorje: "Breathtaking Stuff!… In front of the eyes of 800 priests, an oceanic crowd gathered in a contemplative silence that touched the deepest strings of our soul." August 8, 2019
"The Diablos" – Signs of America's demon-infested, divided society."….Is American becoming possessed? – "The level of discord in this country is through the roof"…"An invisible war rages all around us, Satan divides and confuses us." Our Lady at Medjugorje warns.


text:
Third Rialto educator charged with failing to…
Third Rialto educator charged with failing to report suspected sexual abuse
The prosecutions mark the first time in San Bernardino County history that public school officials have been charged with violating their obligations under state law
David Shenhan Yang, 39, and Natasha Harris-Dawson, 37, were arrested on Wednesday, Feb. 23 at Wilmer Amina Carter High School in Rialto on suspicion of failing to report to police complaints of sexual assault by two students in September and November, 2021. (Courtesy of Rialto school district)
By Joe Nelson | jnelson@scng.com | San Bernardino Sun
PUBLISHED: May 23, 2022 at 6:26 p.m. | UPDATED: May 23, 2022 at 6:26 p.m.
A counselor at Wilmer Amina Carter High School in Rialto has been criminally charged for failing to alert police to allegations of sexual assault against a student, making her the third defendant charged in the case.
Counselor Lindsay Morton now faces charges along with Assistant Principals David Shenhan Yang and Natasha Harris, who were arrested in February by Rialto police for allegedly violating the state's mandated reporter law, which requires educators and others to report suspected child abuse to police or child welfare authorities.
Authorities allege all three failed to report sexual abuse allegations against a 17-year-old male student at the school, who now faces criminal charges for the alleged offenses in Juvenile Court.
The misdemeanor prosecutions mark the first time in San Bernardino County history that public school officials have been criminally charged for mandated reporter violations, District Attorney Jason Anderson said.
Wilmer Amina Carter High School in Rialto is seen here in this file photo from Dec. 8, 2015. (Micah Escamilla/The Sun)
Additionally, Harris, who also goes by the surname Harris-Dawson, and Yang were each charged with a felony count of child abuse under circumstances or conditions likely to cause great bodily injury or death.
Yang and Harris are charged with failing to report the allegations made by three female students, which authorities said allowed the abuse to continue.
About a week after the arrests of Yang and Harris, police learned that one of the alleged victims had initially reported the offending student to Morton, claiming he had touched her inappropriately. Morton also failed to report it to police, Rialto Police Chief Mark Kling said in a statement.
The San Bernardino County District Attorney's Office charged Morton, 42, with one misdemeanor count of failure of a mandated reporter to report child abuse or neglect on March 7, court records show. Kling said Morton was neither arrested nor cited. Instead, detectives referred the additional details of their investigation to the District Attorney's Office, which filed the charge.
Morton, Yang and Harris are scheduled to next appear in Rancho Cucamonga Superior Court on June 23 for a pretrial hearing before Judge Michael R. Libutti.
Kling said the charges against Morton concluded his department's investigation. "There is no further investigation at this time by Rialto PD," he said in his statement.
Reached by telephone Monday, Morton's attorney, Brady Clay Schwartz, declined to comment.
Rialto Unified School District hired Morton in 2018, and she has served as a counselor at Carter High School since then, district spokeswoman Syeda Jafri said. She said Morton remains on paid administrative leave but would not comment further, citing the ongoing administrative investigation.
On Thursday, May 19, attorney Michael Alder filed a lawsuit in San Bernardino Superior Court on behalf of one of the alleged victims, now 16, alleging the girl was "sexually, physically and verbally assaulted and attacked" at the school by a 17-year-old male student on Nov. 5, 2021, when the girl was 15 years old.
The girl reported the incident to Yang on Nov. 8, according to the lawsuit. After making the student fill out a formal written statement, Yang called Harris into his office and asked the girl to wait outside a moment.
"As defendant Natasha Harris walked out of defendant David Shenhan Yang's office, she stated 'they are just boys' and she 'can't know more, (she's) not going to do this,' " according to the lawsuit.
Harris, the lawsuit states, asked the girl if she said "no" loudly enough to her alleged assailant, how many times she said "no" and asked the girl if "she was seeking attention."
Yang told the girl they would speak to the boy. But for months afterward, the problems continued.
From Nov 8 to Feb. 16, 2022, the 17-year-old student "continued to make lewd and suggestive sexual comments to and towards plaintiff," the lawsuit alleges.
Things came to a head on Feb. 16, when the boy walked into a class he had with the girl and said something to her that made her cry. When the teacher pulled the girl outside to see what was wrong, she recounted what had occurred in the months prior. The teacher then instructed her to report it again, this time to Assistant Principal Johanna Cuellar, the lawsuit states.
Cuellar called the girl's mother and informed her what happened. Furious, the girl's mother reported it to Rialto police, which launched the criminal investigation leading to the arrests of Harris and Yang, and the subsequent charges against Morton.
Rialto Unified School District
Joe Nelson | reporter
Joe Nelson is an award-winning investigative reporter who has worked for The Sun since November 1999. He started as a crime reporter and went on to cover a variety of beats including courts and the cities of Colton, Highland and Grand Terrace. He has covered San Bernardino County since 2009. Nelson is a graduate of California State University Fullerton. In 2014, he completed a fellowship at Loyola Law School's Journalist Law School program.
jnelson@scng.com
Follow Joe Nelson @GumshoeJoe


Learn Arabic language.. Basic phrases. Saying hello and goodbye. Getting someone's attention and apologising. Making yourself understood. Other basic phrases. Things you might see.
Total tests completed: 3072797 pcs.
The most popular Arabic language phrases.
Start learning the most popular Arabic phrases on your own pace step by step every day.


If you live in an area that gets yearly snow, it is likely that you will end up with some calcium stains and buildup on your car by the end of winter. While most calcium stains in households are a result of hard water, calcium stains on cars are usually caused by the salt (calcium chloride) that is put on the road to prevent the surface from icing. You can remove these stains fairly easily and without damaging your paint using a gentle household cleaner that you make yourself.
Pour the vinegar into the spray bottle. This will make it easier to apply to the deposits. There is no need to dilute the vinegar.
Treat the deposits with the vinegar. Spray them heavily with the vinegar, then cover the entire area with cellophane for 15 minutes. The vinegar will soften the calcium and make it easier to remove.
Scrub the calcium deposits with a damp cleaning rag. The rag should be wet, but not sodden. Use heavy pressure and firm, circular motions. As the calcium starts to come up, be sure to rinse out your rag regularly so that you do not scrape up your car with the chunks of calcium. You can also add more vinegar each time you rinse out the rag. Once you are unable to get any more calcium off the car paint, you can retreat with the vinegar and try again.
Wipe down the car with a clean, damp cloth. This will remove any remaining calcium residue and the vinegar. Now your car is ready for a good cleaning and polish after its long winter.
You can add lemon juice to the mix if your calcium stains prove stubborn.
Do not use abrasives to get the calcium off. However, you can scrub with salt, which should melt rather than scratch the paint.
Test all cleaning methods on a small, unnoticeable spot on your car before you use them on a wide scale.


"She's just not someone I choose to have in my life. It's just how I feel."
Tami Roman and Evelyn Lozada finally came face to face after nearly five years of not speaking on tonight's Basketball Wives. For Tami, the crux of the beef was from an interview Evelyn had given to GlobalGrind where she felt Ev was disrespectful towards their friendship.
Now, Ev definitely didn't say anything negative about Tami, per se, but saying you don't want someone in your life also isn't exactly like, nothing. So maybe Tami has a reason to feel irked by Evelyn's return. Will friend-in-the-middle Shaunie O'Neal be able to assuage the conflict for all involved?
Watch Tami and Shaunie's convo about the beef origins below and don't miss a brand new Basketball Wives next Monday at 9/8c.


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Q: Testing an api through a GUI for client My boss wants a GUI based api request sender - He initially asked for something already out there (so I don't have to build anything)
Anyone know of an online resource or tool that will allow you to, say, send 1000 requests over 10 minutes?

A: If you're talking about a web based API, take a look at Apache JMeter (http://jmeter.apache.org/)

A: soundcloud has a nice api console using apigee. http://developers.soundcloud.com/console

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
	xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
	xmlns:jms="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jms"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jms http://www.springframework.org/schema/jms/spring-jms-3.1.xsd
		http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.1.xsd
		http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.1.xsd
		http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-2.5.xsd">

	<bean id="lab" class="il.co.topq.difido.automation.infra.Lab">

	</bean>

</beans>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Can "REST without PUT" support optimistic locking using ETags? Rest without PUT models immutable, append-only (event-sourced) state changes by favouring POST-ing new reified change resources over PUT-ing updates to original. Example: making and then changing a coffee order...
Traditional REST:

*

*POST /order {type: latte} → 201 Created /order/1234

*PUT /order/1234 {type: mocha} → 200 OK

REST without PUT:

*

*POST /order {type: latte} → 201 Created /order/1234

*POST /order/1234/change-req {type: mocha} → 201 Created /order/1234/change-req/5678

Question: Can this work with optimistic locking using Etags and If-Match?
Traditional REST:

*

*POST /order {type: latte} → 201 Created /order/1234, ETag: "1111"

*PUT /order/1234 {status: delivered} If-Match "1111" → 200 OK ETag "2222" (barista is quick!)

*PUT /order/1234 {type: mocha} If-Match "1111" → 412 Precondition failed

REST without PUT:

*

*POST /order {type: latte} → 201 Created /order/1234, ETag: "1111"

*POST /order/1234/deliver-req {} If-Match "1111" → 201 Created /order/1234/deliver-req/9012

*POST /order/1234/change-req {type: mocha} If-Match "1111" → 412 Precondition failed

Does it make sense to allow the Etags sent and matched to refer to the original order resource, and not to the state of the reified changes resources (deliver-req, change-req) themselves?

A: Update: Can etags + If-Match work? Yes, I'm sure it can be made to work. Your client will have to interpret the 412 error as an optimistic concurrency failure. As far as using it with POST, the spec does not restrict which methods it is allowed on.

The If-Match request-header field is used with a method to make it conditional.

I would also return 412 (with a different message) if there is no entity (and therefore no etag) found in the database. In other words, they are requesting modification for an entity that was never created.
The question remains as to whether you should use If-Match for optimistic concurrency. The main problem with it is that semantically, it allows the client to specify whether or not the resource should be updated. It is very possible that the business will want some optimistic concurrency failures to be allowed to continue anyway. F.ex. if CancelOrder is received, regardless of version mismatch, it should be processed. (It could be that the order is already shipped and cancellation fails, but at least we can respond with that information instead of just a version mismatch error!) This is not a decision you usually want on the client. However, you could subvert the spec and just use If-Match to send your version (e-tag), and ultimately let the business rules decide whether the operation should continue if the tags don't match and return the 412 otherwise.
Should you send the etag to the reified URI? Yes. In fact as part of modeling what is essentially messaging over HTTP, there should be no POST URI for an "original order resource". What you are really doing with that order URI is sending the "create order" command message. If you changed its name to fit that, then that would make it much more clear that POSTing to an Order resource doesn't make sense. In this type of API the POST URIs are message types, not resources.
By the way, I wholeheartedly disagree with the linked article at making these nouns instead of verbs. REST tries to represent operations (actions) as HTTP verbs, which fits fine for the 4 CRUD operations, but is far too limited for domain operations. Realizing this, the article's author moves the domain operation to be part of the URI, but tries to retain the REST principle of noun URIs (I assume) to stick to the REST spec in letter, even though it is not followed in spirit. Sometimes you just have to acknowledge that something doesn't fit and don't force it. Verbs definitionally include actions, and actions more closely represent business operations. Therefore, use POST /create-customer instead of POST /create-customer-req. Do you really want to add a superfluous -req on the end of every URI?
The read side
It makes complete sense to have a GET URI for Order. Actually, it makes sense to have multiple GET URIs for Order, one for each different perspective (view) on the order. F.ex. a customer is likely to want different information when looking at their orders than the sales manager. (This may actually lead to different bounded contexts, but that is a different discussion.)
Update
I see your edit changed the URIs to the form POST order/123/action instead of including the ID in the JSON body. Either way, this does not make sense in the context of REST. The URI is supposed to represent a resource, but here is a message type. The fact that you are communicating an ID via URI doesn't make it a resource. The same way that changing an action to a noun form doesn't make it a resource. Sticking to REST naming conventions without actually implementing a uniform interface is in no way helpful. The idea of following REST is to use HTTP in a standard and consistent way so that clients have a reasonable expectation for how it works.
In the case of a CRUD resource conforming to REST, if you gave the client a URI and object shape, it would already know how to perform all operations. In your case, the clients don't have knowledge of your custom operations until you tell them (via hypermedia perhaps, or hard-coding in the client).
Let me re-emphasize: It's okay that your use case doesn't fit in the REST box! It's okay to use HTTP in a different way that makes sense for your system!


Since 1999 the infamous Megavalanche race, which starts from the highest point on Pic Blanc (3300m) above the village of Alpe D'Huez has been synonymous with All Mountain riding and the highest level of true Mountain Bike racing.
Conceived originally in 2009 by the development team at Nukeproof in an attempt to build the perfect bike for this exact style of racing, the Mega was born. Now in its 4th evolution, the new Mega is podium proven. It has tasted success with numerous national and international race wins to its name.
Designed to Excel on the toughest Enduro tracks; the gravity focused specification is designed to descend fast but maintain the pedalling efficiency for all day epics.
For 2018 we have focussed on the smallest details in order to improve an already podium proven chassis. Making the decision to commit to a dedicated 1x drivetrain configuration across all models, this enabled our engineers to utilise the space required for a front derailleur to increase the main pivot bearing placement ensuring that maximum stiffness is achieved. This additional stiffness prevents tortional flex under pedalling and helps the chassis track through high speed, rough terrain without compromise.
With stiffness in mind, we took the time to incorporate the very latest Boost 148 rear axle spacing allowing us to spec much stiffer and stronger wheels both front and rear. All 2018 Nukeproof Mega models will come with new wider spaced Boost wheels and forks enabling the rider to feel even more confident on the increased capability of the bike.
With the demands of Enduro World Series racers progressing at a rapid rate, we looked again at our geometry and saw an opportunity to tailor the frames to suit not only the fastest racers, but the growing tribe of riders that utilise our bikes every weekend whether that be shuttling runs at their favourite bike park, or heading off for an all day epic in the local hills.
Slightly taller head tube lengths help tailor the cockpit feel to increase rider confidence, and a lengthened top tube on Large and X-Large frames should help even the tallest of riders feel at home on the new Mega.
The product development team work extremely closely with our suspension partners and spent endless hours working on the perfect shock configuration for the new Mega. The perfect partnership between rear shock technology and frame kinematics has always been in the very root of our thought process when developing bikes and the new Mega with its brand new 'metric' shock standard is no different. Designed to work perfectly with both Air and Coil sprung rear shocks, we have addressed some of the areas that we felt could be improved on over the previous design such as hardware improvements and higher spec shocks across the board.
The new Mega utilises the brand new Rockshox Super Deluxe rear shock and hardware now comprises of a wider spaced 25mmx8mm front mount, with a rocker link mounted bearing system to improve shock sensitivity and reduce the amount of wear through heavy usage. This combination adds even more stiffness to the chassis through these more secure fixtures and the 'Metric' rear shock system with increased bushing overlap.


All flights for United Airlines grounded due to a mysterious computer glitch.
All stock trading on the New York Stock Exchange stopped, also due to a mysterious computer glitch.
The entire world troubled by the troubles in Europe and Greece's potential exit from the European Union.
China in the midst of a stock market crash that is unprecedented.
These developing stories and countless others weave a tapestry of unease, panic, and crisis around the world.
I'm thinking of the words of Jesus when he warned that in the last days men's hearts would fail them for fear.
Buckle up dear one I suspect it is going to be a rough ride ahead.
The ONE THING for today: Think in terms of renting a hotel room as it relates to this life. Pay your bill, don't trash your room, and be respectful of those in the other rooms, but don't get too comfortable—this is not your home, soon you will be checking out.
28 Now when these things begin to happen, look up and lift up your heads, because your redemption draws near.
Tags: Prophecy, The Last Days, The rapture. Bookmark the permalink.


Thoracic Aortic Dissection. In: Simel DL, Rennie D. Simel D.L., Rennie D Eds. David L. Simel, and Drummond Rennie.eds. The Rational Clinical Examination: Evidence-Based Clinical Diagnosis New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009. http://jamaevidence.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=845&sectionid=61357595. Accessed April 25, 2019.
. "Thoracic Aortic Dissection." The Rational Clinical Examination: Evidence-Based Clinical Diagnosis Simel DL, Rennie D. Simel D.L., Rennie D Eds. David L. Simel, and Drummond Rennie. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2009, http://jamaevidence.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=845&sectionid=61357595.
Original Article: Does This Patient Have an Acute Thoracic Aortic Dissection?
Although clinical history, physical examination, and chest radiography can be suggestive of aortic dissection, none of these elements alone is sufficiently sensitive or specific to independently rule in or rule out this high-stakes diagnosis. Nonetheless, certain findings on the clinical evaluation can be helpful in suggesting the diagnosis and the need to perform a reference standard investigation such as CT angiography or TEE (Table 50-9). Almost all patients have severe pain (pooled sensitivity, 90%) of sudden onset (pooled sensitivity, 84%). The presence of a pulse or blood pressure differential from one side of the body to the other in a patient with severe chest pain is not often found in patients with dissection (sensitivity, 31%), but the finding increases the likelihood of aortic dissection when discovered (positive likelihood ratio [LR], 5.7). Similarly, a new focal neurologic deficit occurs infrequently (sensitivity, 17%) but also increases the likelihood of an aortic dissection when it is present (positive LR, 6.6-33.0). A widened mediastinum on chest radiograph is neither reliably present (pooled sensitivity, 64%) nor diagnostic of aortic dissection (positive LR, 2.0). However, almost all chest radiographs from patients with dissection will have some abnormality (pooled sensitivity, 90%), so a completely normal chest radiograph result decreases the probability of dissection being present (LR, 0.3).


We are a non-profit, non-partisan organisation aimed at targeting the needs of the Youth in our vicinity. Any issues young people feel strong about or any ideas they may have can be voiced through the parliament.
Councilor Timmy Conway founded the Youth Parliament in 1997. He came up with the idea based on the youth parliaments he was introduced to upon his stay in America. The parliaments there are; allowed pass legislation that is applicable to the youth thus giving them an interest in politics and a means by which they can have their say in issues that effect them. Timmy thought the idea so good he adopted it himself.
The Parliament meets every Monday in the local town hall. The secretary based on the minutes from the last meeting documents the agenda of the meeting. A copy of both the minutes of the last meeting and the current agenda is passed to each member. The meeting normally based on the agenda. Once the agenda has been dealt with members of the parliament are asked to suggest new ideas and report on issues they feel the youth of the town would be most concerned with.


text:
You are here: Home / News / Facebook Messenger Could be Coming Back to the Main Facebook App
Facebook Messenger Could be Coming Back to the Main Facebook App
April 13, 2019 by Faiza Iftikhar Leave a Comment
In front of integrating with Facebook's other messaging services
Facebook may return Messenger's chats back into its main social media application. The feature is at present in testing and was spotted by application researcher Jane Manchun Wong, and would mean that you could use a solitary app to get both the social media platform and elements of the messaging service. The change uses the current Messenger button in the Facebook application, yet it takes you to a new "Chats" segment instead of opening the different Messenger app.
Messenger was first released as an independent application back in 2011, and in 2014 Facebook expelled its functionality from its eponymous application. Half a decade later, as Facebook prepares to coordinate its messaging services across Messenger, Instagram, and WhatsApp, the functionality seems to be returning.
In a given below tweet, Wong notes that this Chats segment only contains a limited choice of Messenger's features. In spite of the fact that you can use it to send and receive messages, you'll still need to open the independent Messenger app to make calls, send photos, or send message responses.
As a component of its messaging integration plans, Facebook apparently intends for each service's individual app to keep to exist. Wong speculates that the same is valid for the Messenger app, which she believes will be kept around to serve an unexpected audience than the main Facebook application.
Wong also captures the screenshots of the functionality show Facebook's proposed white redesign for the application, which was first spotted at the start of January 2019, and which we got a better look at in March 2019. The interface closely reflects Facebook messenger's white redesign, which was made broadly available at the start of this year. It's hazy when the new Messaging combination or interface might become accessible.
Facebook Exposed up to 600 million User Passwords to its Employees
Facebook Still Tracks You After You Deactivate Your Account
Video Downloader for Facebook For PC (Windows & MAC)
a Facebook spokesperson said that "We are testing approaches to improve the messaging experience for people within the Facebook app, Messenger remains a feature-rich, independent messaging app with over a billion people using it monthly to interact with the people and businesses they care about most. We do not have any extra details to share at this time."
Filed Under: News Tagged With: Facebook, Facebook Messenger, Facebook messenger back to main Facebook App, news


text:
Q: C++ Convert char array to int representation What is the best way to convert a char array (containing bytes from a file) into an decimal representation so that it can be converted back later?
E.g "test" -> 18951210 -> "test".
EDITED

A: It can't be done without a bignum class, since there's more letter combinations possible than integer combinations in an unsigned long long. (unsigned long long will hold about 7-8 characters)
If you have some sort of bignum class:
biguint string_to_biguint(const std::string& s) {
    biguint result(0);
    for(int i=0; i<s.length(); ++i) {
        result *= UCHAR_MAX;
        result += (unsigned char)s[i];
    }
    return result;
}
std::string biguint_to_string(const biguint u) {
    std::string result;
    do {
        result.append(u % UCHAR_MAX)
        u /= UCHAR_MAX;
    } while (u>0);
    return result;
}

Note: the string to uint conversion will lose leading NULLs, and the uint to string conversion will lose trailing NULLs.

A: I'm not sure what exactly you mean, but characters are stored in memory as their "representation", so you don't need to convert anything. If you still want to, you have to be more specific.
EDIT: You can

*

*Try to read byte by byte shifting the result 8 bits left and oring it
with the next byte.

*Try to use mpz_inp_raw

A: You can use a tree similar to Huffman compression algorithm, and then represent the path in the tree as numbers.
You'll have to keep the dictionary somewhere, but you can just create a constant dictionary that covers the whole ASCII table, since the compression is not the goal here.

A: There is no conversion needed. You can just use pointers.
Example:
char array[4 * NUMBER];
int *pointer;

Keep in mind that the "length" of pointer is NUMBER.

A: As mentioned, character strings are already ranges of bytes (and hence easily rendered as decimal numbers) to start with.  Number your bytes from 000 to 255 and string them together and you've got a decimal number, for whatever that is worth.  It would help if you explained exactly why you would want to be using decimal numbers, specifically, as hex would be easier.
If you care about compression of the underlying arrays forming these numbers for Unicode Strings, you might be interested in:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode
If you want some benefits of compression but still want fast random-access reads and writes within a "packed" number, you might find my "NSTATE" library to be interesting:
http://hostilefork.com/nstate/
For instance, if you just wanted a representation that only acommodated 26 english letters...you could store "test" in:
NstateArray<26> myString (4);

You could read and write the letters without going through a compression or decompression process, in a smaller range of numbers than a conventional string.  Works with any radix.

A: Assuming you want to store the integers(I'm reading as ascii codes) in a string. This will add the leading zeros you will need to get it back into original string. character is a byte with a max value of 255 so it will need three digits in numeric form. It can be done without STL fairly easily too. But why not use tools you have?
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>

using namespace std;

char array[] = "test";

int main()
{

   stringstream out;
   string s=array;

   out.fill('0');
   out.width(3);
   for (int i = 0; i < s.size(); ++i)
   {
      out << (int)s[i];
   }
   cout << s << " -> " << out.str();
   return 0;
}

output:
test -> 116101115116

Added:
change line to
out << (int)s[i] << ",";

output
test -> 116,101,115,116,


Serviced Apartment Him Lam urban residence, District 7 where we can reach Ben Thanh market only 15 mintuese by drive away. Whether you desire to catch up on business, achieve a fit lifestyle, or simply relax.
Convenient shopping, award-winning schools, local museums and parks are all close at hand, with sponsored activities to develop new hobbies while getting to know your neighbors.
It offers easy access to downtown Ho Chi Minh City in a clean, modern, smoke-free apartment building. With select amenities and high-end finishes.
Hello, I'm interested in Nice Studio Apartment For Rent in District 7, HCM City - 1701. Please send me current availability and additional details. Thanks!
Hello, I'm interested in Nice Studio Apartment For Rent in District 7, HCM City. Please send me current availability and additional details. Thanks!


StyleControls is a powerfull package!
Stylecontrols is a powerfull package of components, which uses classic drawing, system themes and vcl styles. This package contains the unique solutions to extend standard vcl controls and also have many unique, advanced controls.
StyleControls is an utility that works under windows xp, windows vista and windows 7. It supports both 32-bit & 64-bit windows editions, therefore it could run faster on 64-bit computers. Estimated download time for StyleControls on a common adsl connection is less than a minute. Version 4.31 is brand new and was released seventeen days ago by Almediadev. Click the green download button to download it now.


the service provider in your current location is restricting access to the internet. you need to log on with the service provider before you can establish a vpn session. you cantry this by visiting any website with your browser.
ocserv: main: initialized ocserv 0.8.8 ocserv: sec-mod: error loading file '/etc/ssl/private/server-key.pem ' ocserv: GnuTLS error (at sec-mod.c:547): Error while reading file. ocserv: main: tlslib.c:613: error loading file '/etc/ssl/certs/server-cert.pem ' ocserv: main: tlslib.c:692: error loading the certificate or key file 我怎么都解决不了这个问题,请问大神帮忙!


A little bird told us that White Oak is putting out a no age statement bottling at the end of the month: a vatting of a young bourbon and slightly older sherry cask.
The bird, who is partial to the odd dram and is not associated with the distillery or a retailer, said it was a simple but approachable whisky and will retail for just over ¥2,000. It will be non-chill filtered, non coloured and 46 percent alcohol.
The idea is for this whisky to become a core official bottling, replacing White Oak's 5-year-old at the bottom end of its range.


text:
Toronto Pearson welcomes Ontario's announcement to study feasibility of high speed rail on Windsor-Toronto corridor.
TORONTO, CANADA – The Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA) welcomes today's announcement by Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne and Ontario Minister of Transportation Steven Del Duca that the Province is moving forward with feasibility studies for a high-speed rail link connecting Windsor to Toronto. The announcement follows the release of the Ontario High Speed Rail Study by special advisor David Collenette, published earlier today.
The GTAA is encouraged by the announcement and looks forward to working with the Province to review how this proposed high-speed rail service can be integrated in to the Airport's planned regional transportation centre. Today's announcement follows yesterday's release of an updated Growth Plan, which allows the Government to identify areas like the large employment zone around the airport for coordinated planning.
"The GTAA is very pleased to see the government moving ahead with this important initiative given the benefits that a link to Toronto Pearson would bring," said Howard Eng, Greater Toronto Airports Authority President and CEO. "A high-speed rail service along this corridor would provide vital regional connections and help to relieve the congestion that today is stifling our economy and impacting the quality of life for all Ontarians. It could also be a key building block in support of Toronto Pearson's mega hub vision and would move us one step closer to making an integrated regional transit centre at Toronto Pearson a reality."
In early 2016, the GTAA announced plans to develop a regional transit centre to connect the airport area to key employment and residential areas throughout the Greater Golden Horseshoe. In addition to serving as a connector for airport passengers to surrounding regions, the transit centre at Toronto Pearson would provide crucial connectivity to the 300,000 workers in the Airport Employment Zone, the second-largest employment area in the country. An integrated transit centre at Toronto Pearson also benefits the region by reducing congestion on area roads, enabling more efficient movement of goods on some of Canada's most congested highways and lowering regional greenhouse gas emissions.
About Toronto Pearson
Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA) is the operator of Toronto Pearson International Airport. Toronto Pearson is focused on becoming the best airport in the world; enhancing the passenger experience, safety, security, supports the success of our airline partners. With more than 44 million passengers in 2016, Toronto Pearson is Canada's largest airport and second busiest North American international airport.
The area around Toronto Pearson is the second-largest employment zone in Canada; it facilitates more than 6 per cent of Ontario's GDP and directly employs 49,000 people. Toronto Pearson believes being a good neighbour means balancing operations by engaging with communities that surround the airport. It strives to have a positive impact by investing in social good and community-building initiatives through its community investment program, The Propeller Project.
For more information please visit Toronto Pearson on Twitter, Facebook or Instagram.
Contact: GTAA Media Office | media.relations@gtaa.com | (416) 776-3709
On-site filming


text:
Die Graswurzelbewegung The Green Belt Movement (GBM; ) ist eine internationale Nichtregierungsorganisation, die sich vor allem auf Umweltschutz und die Entwicklung von sozialen Gemeinschaften konzentriert. Sie wurde im Jahr 1977 von der Kenianerin Wangari Maathai gegründet.

Die Bewegung führte in den ersten Jahrzehnten ihres Bestehens Baumpflanzungsaktionen zur Aufforstung durch, um der Entwaldung und somit auch der Bodenerosion in Kenia entgegenzuwirken und um die Verfügbarkeit von Holz, der Hauptenergiequelle zum Kochen, sicherzustellen. Daneben steht die Entwicklung eines umweltbewussten Umgangs mit der Natur im Mittelpunkt der Aktivitäten. Seit 1977 wurden von der GBM über 30 Millionen Bäume gepflanzt und über 30.000 Frauen in Forstwirtschaft, Imkerei, Nahrungsmittelverarbeitung und anderen Möglichkeiten der Einkommenssicherung ausgebildet. Maathai etablierte in der Bewegung auch den Einsatz für die Stärkung der Frauen in der Gesellschaft, Ökotourismus und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung. Für ihre Arbeit in der Grüngürtel-Bewegung wurde sie 2004 mit dem Friedensnobelpreis ausgezeichnet.

Grundproblematik
Die Entwaldung, gegen die die Grüngürtel-Bewegung kämpft, führt zu einer Vielzahl von Problemen. Durch die fehlenden Bäume kommt es zur Bodenerosion, die zu einer Desertifikation (Wüstenbildung) führt. Diese macht den Anbau von Obst und Gemüse sehr aufwändig bis unmöglich. Die großflächige Abholzung der Wälder verursacht außerdem einen Mangel an Feuerholz. Der Zwang, Brennholz zu sparen, führt zu einer Verstärkung der Mangelernährung, da die betroffenen Menschen sehr oft auf das Herdfeuer verzichten und nicht kochen. Dadurch werden Hauptnahrungsmittel wie Maniok, Yams und Süßkartoffeln vom Speiseplan gestrichen, da sie roh nicht verzehrt werden können. Durch die fehlende Wiederaufforstung werden die Frauen in den Dörfern gezwungen, immer weitere, zeitraubende Wege zurückzulegen, um Brennholz für die Familie zu besorgen. Die ersatzlose Abholzung der Wälder übt außerdem großen Druck auf die Tierwelt aus, deren Lebensraum sich immer weiter verkleinert. Die Entwaldung nimmt ebenfalls negativen Einfluss auf die Regenmenge: Die kühle Luft, die aus einem Wald aufsteigt, prallt mit warmen Luftmassen zusammen. Dadurch bilden sich regelmäßige Regenfälle. Die radikale Abholzung führt zu weniger Bäumen, weniger kühler Luft und dadurch zu insgesamt weniger Regen. Die daraus folgende Trockenheit begünstigt wiederum die Wüstenbildung und führt zu Missernten.

Geschichte

Vor der Gründung des Green Belt Movements

In den 1920er Jahren gründete der britische Forstwissenschaftler Richard St. Barbe Baker mit Unterstützung des afrikanischen Chiefs Josiah Njonjo in Zentralkenia die "Men of the Trees" (, heute "International Tree Foundation"), eine später international tätige Gemeinschaft zur Wiederaufforstung Kenias. Die Bewegung geriet jedoch nach dem Tod Njonjos in Kenia in Vergessenheit. Nach der Gründung des Umweltprogrammes der Vereinten Nationen (UNEP) im Jahr 1972 und der Einrichtung des UNEP-Hauptquartieres in Nairobi engagierten sich einige europäische Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGO) in Nairobi, um die Umsetzung der getroffenen Vereinbarungen zu überwachen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde das Environment Liaison Centre (heute: Environment Liaison Center International (ELCI)) gegründet, dem Wangari Maathai beitrat, und dessen Vorsitzende sie einige Jahre später wurde. 1974 wurde das Environment Liaison Centre von der UNEP anerkannt und Maathai eröffnete im Karura Forest eine erste, kleine Baumschule. Diese diente vor allem auch dazu, um die im Wahlkampf ihres Mannes, des Parlamentsabgeordneten Mwangi Maathai, versprochenen Arbeitsplätze im Wahlkreis Lang'ata zu schaffen. Kurze Zeit darauf gründete Maathai die Envirocare Ltd., eine Firma, deren Tätigkeitsschwerpunkte die Säuberung und Entrümpelung von Lang'ata und das Pflanzen von Bäumen waren. Dem Unternehmen, das seinen Sitz in Maathais Wohnhaus hatte, war kein großer Erfolg beschieden. 1976 starben während einer Dürre, in der die Stadt Nairobi die Bewässerung von Blumen und Bäumen verboten hatte, alle Setzlinge in der Baumschule ab.

Gründung der Bewegung und erste Aktionen
1977 hielt Maathai einen Vortrag über ihr Anliegen beim Nationalen Frauenrat Kenias (Maendeleo Ya Wanawake). Wenige Monate später wurde Maathai Mitglied der Umweltkommission des Frauenrates und schlug bei einer Sitzung eine Kampagne zur Aufforstung vor. Nach anfänglichem Zögern entschied man sich für das Projekt, das man Save the Land – Harambee () nannte. Ziel war es, die Kenianerinnen dazu zu bringen, aktiv an der Aufforstung und Wiederaufforstung mitzuwirken und so der drohenden Wüstenbildung zu begegnen.

Die erste Pflanzzeremonie fand im Juni 1977, am Weltumwelttag, in Nairobi statt. Die Teilnehmerinnen liefen zunächst vom Kenyatta International Conference Centre zum außerhalb der Stadt gelegenen Kamukunji-Park, und pflanzten dort sieben Bäume. Im September folgte anlässlich der United-Nations-Wüstenkonferenz, unter Mitwirkung von Richard St. Barbe Baker, die nächste Baumpflanzaktion in Naivasha. Die Kampagne erregte großes Medieninteresse und wurde schnell ausgeweitet, so dass der Frauenrat die Nachfrage nach Baumsetzlingen bald nicht mehr befriedigen konnte. Ziel war es, 15 Millionen Bäume zu pflanzen, was der damaligen Bevölkerungszahl Kenias entsprach. Das Motto lautete dementsprechend "Ein Baum pro Person". Als es für den Frauenrat immer schwieriger wurde, die Baumsetzlinge in der nachgefragten Anzahl selbst zu ziehen, und die Beschaffung über staatliche Baumschulen kompliziert und teuer war, begann man, Frauengruppen zur Gründung eigener Baumschulen zu motivieren. Save the Land - Harambee hielt Seminare mit Forstwissenschaftlern ab, um den interessierten Frauen die Grundlagen der Forstwirtschaft nahezubringen. Bald wurde jedoch auf die Mitwirkung der Fachleute verzichtet und Methoden des Gemüse- und Getreideanbaus auf die Baumzucht übertragen. Die interessierten Frauen zeigten viel Initiative und Ideenreichtum. Die Bewegung, die inzwischen als Green Belt Movement bezeichnet wurde, wuchs schnell. Mittlerweile zeigten auch viele ländliche Gemeindeverwaltungen großes Interesse an den Baumpflanzungsaktionen. Es wurden örtliche Baumpflanzstrategien entwickelt und auf öffentlichem Grund grüne Gürtel von mehr als 1000 Bäumen angelegt. Zum Erfolg bei den Gemeindeverwaltungen trug bei, dass die Setzlinge weiterhin kostenlos ausgegeben wurden und die leeren Kassen der Gemeindeverwaltungen nicht belasteten.

Erfolg und Ausweitung

1990 hatte das Green Belt Movement bereits mehr als 39.000 Mitglieder und mehr als sieben Millionen Bäume gepflanzt. Im Jahr 2002 war die Mitgliederzahl auf mehr als eine Million gewachsen, acht Jahre später vermeldete der Jahresbericht der GBM, in Kenia seien seit 1977 knapp 47 Millionen Bäume gepflanzt worden.

1986 wurde Pan African Green Belt Movement gegründet. Mittlerweile ist die Grüngürtel-Bewegung in 13 afrikanischen Ländern aktiv, so unter anderem in Tansania, Uganda, Malawi, Lesotho, Äthiopien und Simbabwe, und hat mehr als 30 Millionen Bäume gepflanzt.

Seit dem Jahr 2004 arbeitet die Grüngürtel-Bewegung auch mit den kenianischen Streitkräften zusammen, ebenso engagiert sie sich in Gefängnissen. Die kenianischen Streitkräfte beteiligen sich an Baumpflanzaktionen, in den Gefängnissen werden gemeinsam mit den Häftlingen unter anderem die Innenhöfe begrünt. Im Jahr 2006 übernahm Maathai gemeinsam mit Albert von Monaco die Schirmherrschaft über die One Billion Trees Campaign der UNEP. Die Kampagne gilt als großer Erfolg, bis Ende 2009 wurden über 7,4 Milliarden Bäume in 170 Ländern gepflanzt, im April 2012 vermeldete die UNEP 12,5 Milliarden Pflanzungen weltweit.

Im Jahresbericht 2011 meldete die Grüngürtelbewegung 4034 lokale Baumschulen und 3,9 Millionen gepflanzte Bäume bei insgesamt mehr als 51 Millionen Pflanzungen seit der Gründung der Bewegung.

Die Grüngürtel-Bewegung ist seit Ende 2015 Partner bei der African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative, die anstrebt bis 2030 eine Fläche von 100 Mio. Hektar in Afrika aufzuforsten.

Ziele

Aufbau nachhaltiger Brennholzressourcen und Vermeidung von Mangelernährung
Die Green Belt Movement setzt sich für die Anpflanzung verschiedener Baumsorten in unmittelbarer Umgebung der Wohnorte ein und fördert den Anbau von Obstbäumen, um eine energiesparende und gleichzeitig vitaminreiche Ernährung der Familien zu gewährleisten. Neben dem Feuerholz liefern Bäume auch düngendes Laub, Honig und Rohstoffe für den Hausbau, für Zäune und Gebrauchswaren. Weiterhin werden Kurse über ökologische und nachhaltige Landwirtschaft, Fruchtfolge und landwirtschaftliche Techniken gehalten und diese in Versuchsgärten demonstriert. Die Kleinbäuerinnen sollen sich so das nötige Wissen aneignen, um den Lebensmittelbedarf ihres Haushaltes selbst herzustellen und damit Ernährungssicherheit für ihre Familie zu erreichen.

Verbesserung des Haushaltseinkommens und Förderung der Selbstbestimmung
Um das Einkommen der Frauen zu verbessern, die in Baumschulen mitgearbeitet und landwirtschaftliche Fortbildungen für andere Frauen gegeben haben, kaufte GBM alle noch nicht ausgepflanzten Setzlinge, die älter als drei Monate waren, von den Frauengruppen auf. Damit verdienten sich die Frauen ein Zubrot und profitierten gleichzeitig von den wieder wachsenden Brennholzressourcen. Die Bewegung vergibt Führungsaufgaben an Mitglieder der Baumschulen und überträgt die Verantwortung für die Dokumentation, die Buchführung, die Organisation von Versammlungen und die Leitung der Baumschulen an Frauen vor Ort. Die so erlernten Fähigkeiten können die Frauen später in anderen Bereichen einsetzen und zum Beispiel Verwaltungs- oder Führungsaufgaben in ihrer Gemeinde übernehmen.

Förderung des Umweltbewusstseins und Bekämpfung der Bodenerosion
Um die nächste Generation Kenianer für die Themen des Green Belt Movements zu sensibilisieren, gründet die Bewegung Baumschulen an öffentlichen Schulen und unterrichtet die Schüler in Umweltschutzthemen. Die Schüler werden zur Beteiligung an den Baumpflanzungsaktionen motiviert. Ergänzend dazu werden Seminare und Konferenzen für alle Interessierten durchgeführt, in denen die Zusammenhänge zwischen Abholzung und Hunger, Mangelernährung, Armut, Bodenerosion, dem Absinken des Grundwasserspiegels und dem damit verbundenen Mangel an Trinkwasser erklärt werden. Die Bekämpfung der Bodenerosion ist Thema weiterer Seminare, in denen das Green Belt Movement kostengünstige Maßnahmen erklärt, um die Abtragung von Böden durch Wind oder Wasser zu vermeiden. Die GBM leitet dabei zum Beispiel zur Auswahl der richtigen Baumsorten an und erklärt die Schaffung von Windschutzstreifen und Terrassen und die Errichtung von Drainagen.

Politische Bildung
Im Hauptsitz der Grüngürtel-Bewegung in Nairobi und auf den Dörfern werden Vorträge und Seminare zur politischen Bildung gehalten. Referenten sprechen über die Regierung Kenias, die Umweltpolitik und die fortschreitende Umweltzerstörung durch Misswirtschaft mit nationalen Ressourcen. Weitere Themen sind Kultur und Spiritualität, die Entwicklungskrise in Afrika und die daraus folgende Problematik der Überbevölkerung, der Arbeitslosigkeit und Armut. Die Grüngürtel-Bewegung organisiert und veranstaltet außerdem Seminare über Menschenrechte, mit dem Schwerpunkt auf Frauenrechte. Die Teilnehmerinnen sollen lernen, ihr Recht auf Selbstbestimmung und Selbstverwirklichung wahrzunehmen, die Familienplanung nicht fremdbestimmen zu lassen, Ausbeutung und Unterdrückung zu erkennen und sich dagegen zu wehren.

Aktivitäten

Pflanzungen
Die Grüngürtel-Bewegung achtet bei der Auswahl der Bäume auf deren größtmöglichen Nutzen für die Bevölkerung. Zu den sehr häufig gepflanzten Bäumen zählen Leberwurstbäume, Olivenbäume, Cordia africana und Tamarindenbäume. Die Pflanzungen fanden bisher unter anderem in den Distrikten Kwale, Meru Central, Trans-Nzoia, Nakuru, Nyeri, Bungoma, Uasin Gishu sowie um und in Nairobi statt. 2006 ging GBM mit der Agence française de développement eine Partnerschaft ein, um 4.000 Hektar Wald in der Aberdare Range wieder aufzuforsten. Die französische Regierung bezahlte dafür 1,3 Millionen Euro.

Schulungen
Mitarbeiter der Grüngürtel-Bewegung führen auf Gemeindeebene Schulungen zu den Themen Lebensmittelproduktion, Ernährung und Wasserversorgung durch. Dabei wird besonders auf einheimische Feldfrüchte und deren Anbau, Kultivierung und Zubereitung eingegangen. Auch Kurse über Bienenzucht werden angeboten. Zu den von GBM geförderten Feldfrüchten gehören Maniok, Yams, Süßkartoffeln und Erdnüsse, Limabohnen, Sorghum, Sesam und Bananen. In den Seminaren zum Thema Wasserversorgung werden unter anderem Themen wie Dammbau, Mulchen, Drainagen, Feldwaldbau und der Anbau von Bodendeckern unterrichtet. Diese Techniken dienen dazu, die Oberflächenverdunstung zu reduzieren, so dass mehr Wasser in den Boden einsickern kann.

GBM stellt außerdem Gartenwerkzeuge, Materialien für den Zaunbau, Wassertanks, Rohre und Dünger zur Verfügung. Damit wird der in der Gemeinde vorhandene Bestand an Hilfsmitteln ergänzt. Durch das gegenseitige Ausleihen von Hilfsmitteln und Werkzeugen profitieren nicht nur Gruppenmitglieder, sondern die gesamte Gemeinschaft.

Politisches Engagement
In den späten 1980er Jahren begannen die Mitglieder der GBM aktiv gegen die Verstöße gegen Umwelt- und Menschenrechte vorzugehen. 1989 gelang es Maathai und ihren Mitstreitern, die Errichtung eines 62-stöckigen Gebäudes im Uhuru-Park in Nairobi zu verhindern. 1992 unterstützten die Mitglieder der GBM die Mütter politischer Gefangener bei Demonstrationen für die Freilassung ihrer Kinder. Im Rahmen der Erlassjahr.de-Kampagne für die Entschuldung der Entwicklungsländer gab die Grüngürtel-Bewegung Seminare zum Thema Entschuldung und rief den Klerus dazu auf, die Kampagne zu unterstützen.

Im Kampf gegen die Korruption ging es der GBM immer besonders um öffentliche Grundstücke und Freiflächen, die von der Regierung illegalerweise an private Unternehmen verkauft wurden. Die Rettung des Kararu-Waldes, des Kafiru-ini-Waldes und der Wälder am Mount Kenya konnte die Bewegung als großen Erfolg verbuchen. Maathai setzte sich im Rahmen der Bewegung für nachhaltiges Wirtschaften, für Demokratie und Menschenrechte, die Rechte der Frauen im Besonderen, für Ausbildung, Ernährung und Familienplanung ein.

GBM veröffentlichte mehrere Berichte zum Thema Globale Erwärmung, die u. a. auf verschiedenen UN-Klimakonferenzen präsentiert wurden.

Organisation und Finanzierung
1999 gab es vier Abteilungen: Projektmanagement, Administration, Finanzen und Koordination.

Im Projektmanagement wurden neue Baumpflanzprojekte von einem Projektbearbeiter betreut, der gemeinsam mit regionalen Aufsehern und der zuständigen Baumschulengruppe die Baumpflanzungen organisierte und durchführte. Die Baumschulengruppen beschäftigten sogenannte Promoter, die für die Ziele der GBM warben. Bei Interesse verwiesen die Promoter an den lokalen Berater, der bei der Gründung einer neuen Baumschule behilflich war. Für die täglichen Arbeiten in einer Baumschule wurden sogenannte Baumschulenbetreuer engagiert. Die Administration umfasste Board, Exekutivkomitee und Sekretariat. Die Angestellten waren für die Verwaltung des Hauptbüros und der Projekte verantwortlich. Außerdem kümmerte sich die Administration um den Kontakt zu Gemeinden und Spendern. Die Finanzabteilung war für die Geld- und Sachverwaltung zuständig und erstellte die jährlichen Prüfberichte. Die Angestellten in der Koordinationsabteilung kümmerten sich unter anderem um die Pflege der internationalen Kontakte, um Personalverwaltung und die Ausarbeitung neuer Projekte.

In der Hochphase beschäftigte die GBM circa 2600 Mitarbeiter, zumeist Frauen in Teilzeit. Im Jahr 2004 zählte man 40 hauptamtliche Angestellte und 100.000 Mitstreiter in ganz Kenia. Green Belt Movement unterhält je ein Büro in Washington, D.C. und London. Im Jahr 2012 beschäftigte die Bewegung 140 Mitarbeiter in Kenia, fünf Angestellte in Washington und weitere vier im Europabüro in London.

Die Organisation finanzierte sich hauptsächlich über Spenden, zum Beispiel durch Zuwendungen von Hilfsorganisationen in Skandinavien, den Niederlanden und den USA, außerdem durch Gelder der Vereinten Nationen. Um unabhängiger von Spenden zu werden, wurde der Ökotourismus-Anbieter Green Belt Safaris gegründet, um der Bewegung ein eigenes Einkommen sichern. Green Belt Safaris bietet Studienreisen, Projektbesuche, Tagesseminare, Kulturreisen und die Möglichkeit zur Mitarbeit an einem der Baumpflanzprojekte an.

Nach dem Tod Wangari Maathais im September 2011 übernahm Pauline Kamau als Exekutive Director die Führung der Grüngürtelbewegung.

Auszeichnungen
Wangari Maathai erhielt für ihre Arbeit mit GBM bereits 1984 den auch als Alternativer Nobelpreis bezeichneten Right Livelihood Award, 1987 den Global 500 Award sowie 2004 den Friedensnobelpreis. 2006 wurde Maathai in die französische Ehrenlegion aufgenommen, 2009 erhielt sie den Orden der Aufgehenden Sonne.

Rezeption
Neben den Dokumentarfilmen The Naked Earth von 1985, Women at Work von 1986 und The Green Belt Movement - Kenya aus dem Jahr 1999 gibt es die 2008 gedrehte französische Dokumentation Taking Root von Lisa Merton und Alan Dater. Taking Root wurde 2008 unter anderem auf dem Durban International Film Festival, auf dem Vermont International Film Festival und dem Asheville International Filmfestival ausgezeichnet. Weiterhin gibt es verschiedene Kinderbücher, die sich mit der Idee der Grüngürtel-Bewegung und ihrer Gründerin befassen, so zum Beispiel ein von Jeannette Winter veröffentlichtes Buch mit dem Titel Wangari's Trees of Peace: A True Story from Africa. Von der Kinderbuchautorin Donna Jo Napoli erschien im Jahr 2010 Mama Miti: Wangari Maathai and the Trees of Kenya.

Literatur
 Wangari Maathai: Die Grüngürtel-Bewegung. Ansatz und Erfahrungen. ("The Green Belt Movement"). Ennsthaler, Steyr 2008, ISBN 978-3-85068-700-3.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website (englisch)
 Ermutigung für Menschen überall in Afrika. auf: Spiegel Online. 10. Dezember 2004.

Einzelnachweise

Entwicklungshilfeorganisation
Umweltschutzorganisation
Organisation (Nairobi)
Gegründet 1977

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Takenoko, designed by Antoine Bauza and published in 2011, has some very cute artwork and well-crafted bits. However, beyond the great looks, there hides excellent brain massage. Each turn, two to four players take limited actions to lay tiles representing one of three different types of flora (pink, green, and yellow); irrigate, enrich, or protect these areas; move a gardener around to grow stalks of colored bamboo; or move a panda around to eat segments of the grown bamboo. Different actions earn points and by game end, the player with the most points wins.
The game comes with a stack of brightly colored hexagonal tiles representing the terrain types in three colors. Three types of cards represent the various goals the player is trying to meet to earn points. The game also comes with wooden bamboo segments that are stacked to represent the growing bamboo, blue wooden irrigation channels, as well as small hexagonal terrain enrichment tiles that modify the result of other actions on that tile. A player card describes the actions a player may take, small markers for each player to mark the actions they wish to perform, a wooden die, and two nicely crafted sculpts representing the farmer and the panda.
During the game, players obtain goal cards in three flavors and attempt to meet those goals to score points. One type of card depicts a pattern of bamboo growth that must be depicted on the board in some area during a players turn (e.g. four green bamboo shoots of height exactly three). By moving the farmer, players attempt to grow bamboo to meet these goals. Another type of card represents a pattern of tile orientation on the ever-growing board. As players place tiles, they attempt to create these pattern and irrigate those tiles (so that bamboo will grow) to meet these goal cards. And finally, the third type of card represents the bamboo segments that must be obtained by moving the ravenous panda around the board who eats segments of the growing bamboo. Once you collect segments of the appropriate colors, you can turn them in for the points depicted on the card.
Move the farmer (he can move in a straight line in any of the six directions from the tile he's currently on and may stop anywhere). When he stops on an irrigated tile, bamboo grows there as well as on any adjacent tile of the same color.
Move the panda (he also moves in a straight line like the farmer and he can stop anywhere along the line). If he stops on a tile that contains bamboo (and he's not prevented from eating it by the "no eating!" enrichment tile) he eats one segment.
Take a single card from one of the three available types. You're never allowed to have more than five cards in your hand.
At any point during your turn you can lay one or more irrigation sticks or enrichment tiles in conjunction with your normal actions.
The game ends when a number of goal cards has been met by one of the players (differs depending on the number of players) and once met, the remaining players take one more turn and the player with the most points wins. The player that triggers the end game is granted a 2-point bonus.
Takenoko is a simple game of tactics. It's easy to learn and quick to play. It's not a strategic masterpiece of brain-burning goodness and it won't represent the prized game in your collection but it is great for a short, light game for a small group to begin or end the night. With such nice bits it's hard to not like it, at least a little bit.


S33°00'00" - S24°40'00", E16°25'00" - E25°30'00"
The first 2 b.y. of Earth's history was an important time for life when microbes evolved and diversified into essentially all of the metabolic forms that now exist. Because of feedbacks between biology and the surface environment, understanding Earth's biological history can help us understand the evolution of Earth itself. The morphological and geochemical evidence for this ancient biological history is sparse but is increasing. Here we report evidence for 2.52 Ga exceptionally large, organic, smooth-walled, coccoidal microfossils preserved in a deep-water black chert in the Gamohaan Formation of the Kaapvaal craton of South Africa. These fossils occur mainly as compressed solitary coccoids that range in size from 20 to 265 mu m but occasionally occur in short chains of cells. Morphologically these fossils are similar to Proterozoic and Phanerozoic acritarchs and to certain Archean fossils interpreted as possible cyanobacteria. However, their exceptionally large size, simple cell wall microstructure, and paleoecological setting, as well as multiple sulfur isotope systematics of pyrite within the unit, suggest that the Gamohaan Formation fossils were sulfur-oxidizing bacteria similar to those of the modern genus Thiomargarita, organisms that live in anoxic and sulfidic deep-water settings. These are the oldest reported fossil sulfur bacteria and reveal a diversity of life and ecosystems, previously only interpreted from geochemical proxies, just prior to the Great Oxidation Event, a time of major atmospheric evolution.
Author(s): Czaja, Andrew D.Beukes, Nicolas J.Osterhout, Jeffrey T.