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engineering in medieval times
Donald Routledge Hill. [43], The French scholar Pierre de Maricourt describes in his experimental study Epistola de magnete (1269) three different compass designs he has devised for the purpose of astronomical observation. Effectively making the earlier technique of hand spinning with a basic spindle obsolete. A short history of everybody for the last 13'000 years, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medieval_technology&oldid=994147797, Articles needing additional references from March 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles with disputed statements from July 2016, Articles with disputed statements from October 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, White, Lynn, Jr., "The Study of Medieval Technology, 1924-1974: Personal Reflections", This page was last edited on 14 December 2020, at 08:50. Doctors were discovering The most common type during the 11th through the 16th centuries was the Hauberk, also known earlier than the 11th century as the Carolingian byrnie. . The engineering principle is relatively simple with a heavy load being hoisted, or lowered, via the use of a rope attached to a pulley system. Due to it's sturdy nature, stone was an excellent building material for structures that were meant to inspire awe and last in time, in some instances, their capability of take a significant pounding was also quite important. Medieval Islam was a prosperous and dynamic civilization, and much of its prosperity was due to an engineering technology that assisted in increasing the production of raw materials and finished products. Because of the massive increase in tensile strength the Arbalest needed to be 'cocked' using a windlass. [16] The wine press was made of a giant wooden basket that was bound together by wooden or metal rings that held the basket together. The dry compass later appeared in Europe and the Islamic world during the 14th Century AD. Credited range from Apollonius of Perga between 220 and 150 BC and Hypatia later in Alexandria in the 5th Century AD. Giordana's colleague Alessandro di Spina of Florence later began making eyeglasses and by 1301 Venician Guilds began to regulate the sale of them. Heavy or turn or moldboard plows were developed to help farm less-fertile areas were soil needed to be 'turned' to bring nutrients to the surface. Usually worn over or under leather, mail, and later plate armour.[57]. Astrolabes are elaborate inclinometers, and early computers, used by astronomers and navigators to calculate the inclined position of a chosen celestial body day or night. Reinforced armour was made up of chain mail with metal plates or hardened leather plates sewn in. Stone was used during the medieval times for a variety of purposes. It was, in effect, a series of gun barrels mounted on a cart that was deployed during the 14th and 15th Centuries. [65] Components of medieval armour that made up a full suit consisted of a cuirass, a gorget, vambraces, gauntlets, cuisses, greaves, and sabatons held together by internal leather straps. First Published 1984. eBook Published 2 December 2013. [9] With more food being produced, more people were able to live in these areas. This innovation gave birth to true shock cavalry, enabling fighters to charge on full gallop. The Medieval period saw major technological advances, including the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, greatly improved water mills, building techniques like … These spirits would have had a much lower alcohol content (about 40% ABV) than the alchemists' pure distillations, and they were likely first thought of as medicinal elixirs. Texts on the distillation of waters, wine, and other spirits were written in Salerno and Cologne in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. This greatly improved protection from stabbing and thrusting blows. The technology of "silk throwing" was mastered in Tuscany in the 13th century. In his book, A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times, Donald Hill explains. The first known moveable-type system was devised by Bi Sheng in China in around 1040AD. From the Middle Ages to 1750 Medieval advance (500–1500 ce). His Anathomia provides pictures of neuroanatomical structures and techniques such as the dissection of the head by means of trephination, and depictions of the meninges, cerebrum, and spinal cord.[56]. Invented in Europe as the pivotable post mill, the first surviving mention of one comes from Yorkshire in England in 1185. Also significant in this respect were advances in maritime technology. [13] This system increases agricultural productivity over the two-field system by only having one-third of the field not being used instead of one half. [14], While the two-field system was used by medieval farmers, there was also a different system that was being developed at the same time. It, in no small part, changed timekeeping from continuous methods (like the flow of water or sand) to repetitive oscillatory processes, like later pendulums. Medieval engineers, architects, and inventors continued to practice their trade. European technical advancements from the 12th to 14th centuries were either built on long-established techniques in medieval Europe, originating from Roman and Byzantine antecedents, or adapted from cross-cultural exchanges through trading networks with the Islamic world, China, and India. By the 17th Century, they could be found in homes leading to the cottage industry that helped spark the Industrial Revolution. [12] The size and weight of the horseshoe changed significantly over the course of the Middle Ages. Sold by Fast and Safe and ships from Amazon Fulfillment. Here the game evolved into its current form in the 15th century. Johannes Gutenberg's great innovation was not the printing itself, but instead of using carved plates as in woodblock printing, he used separate letters (types) from which the printing plates for pages were made up. Open Court Publishing Company, 1984 - 263 pagine Although parts of the body were already covered in plate armour as early as 1250, such as the Poleyns for covering the knees and Couters - plates that protected the elbows,[64] the first complete full suit without any textiles was seen around 1410-1430. Literary evidence for the use of wheelbarrows appeared between 1170 and 1250 in north-western Europe. [44], The first depiction of a pintle-and-gudgeon rudder on church carvings dates to around 1180. It would be widely adopted and make an enormous impact on navigation at the time. [2] The period saw major technological advances, including the adoption of gunpowder, the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, and greatly improved water mills, building techniques (Gothic architecture, medieval castles), and agriculture in general (three-field crop rotation). [24], Stationary harbour cranes are considered a new development of the Middle Ages; its earliest use being documented for Utrecht in 1244. Central heating through underfloor channels (9th century), In the early medieval Alpine upland, a simpler central heating system where heat travelled through underfloor channels from the furnace room replaced the Roman hypocaust at some places. Having a high rate of fire and penetration power, the longbow contributed to the eventual demise of the medieval knight class. [58] Large pieces of armour could be made such as breast plates, helmets, and leg guards, but many times smaller pieces would be sewn into the quilting of quilted armour or strips would be sewn together on the outside of a linen jacket. Artesian wells are named after the town of Artois in France, where the first one was drilled by Carthusian monks in 1126. For many, the Middle Ages is not seen as a period of great technological development, especially in the field of mechanical engineering. Used in metallurgy to forge the metal blooms from bloomeries and Catalan forges, they replaced manual hammerwork. Cranked rack-and-pinion device for cocking a crossbow (c. 1493), Alfred Crosby described some of this technological revolution in his. It evolved from the traction trebuchet, not to be confused with Mangonel, and relied on a large weight as the driving force to throw its projectile over large distances. Feudal medieval Europe was primarily an agricultural economy. Like the other dams it was built by ramming thousands of oak piles about six metres long into the river bed. This is a knowledgeable yet lucid account of the wonderful triumphs and the limitations of ancient and medieval engineering. The water hammer was eventually superseded by steam hammers in the 19th century. There was a vast amount of armour technology available through the 5th to 16th centuries. An essential element for the rise of Gothic architecture, rib vaults allowed vaults to be built for the first time over rectangles of unequal lengths. You may unsubscribe at any time. [13] Another advantage of crop rotation is that many scholars believe it helped increase yields by up to 50%. In 1441–42, a tower at Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire was demolished and the plan for its successor laid out with ropes and pegs. Whatever the truth, it is widely agreed that Mangonels were able to throw projectiles at relatively low trajectory making them more suited for field battles than actual sieges. A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times (Important Technological Achievements 600 B.C. Heavier drawbridges were augmented with counterweights to assist the raising and lowering of the bridge, as is common in bascule bridges today. It is not yet twenty years since there was found the art of making eyeglasses, which make for good vision... ". As too was the principle of iron hinging and straight sternposts common to Cogs (Northern European ships) of the period. Though gunpowder along with other weapons had been started by Chinese, it was the Europeans who developed and perfected its military potential, precipitating European expansion and eventual imperialism in the Modern Era. A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times: Hill, Donald: Amazon.sg: Books. In 1350 Petrarch wrote "these instruments which discharge balls of metal with most tremendous noise and flashes of fire...were a few years ago very rare and were viewed with greatest astonishment and admiration, but now they are become as common and familiar as kinds of arms."[1]. If yes then the Aqueduct of Segovia in Spain built during the Roman Empire's rule is an interesting civil engineering feat. [60] Constructed of washer shaped rings of iron overlapped and woven together by straps of leather as opposed to the interlinked metal rings of chain mail, banded mail was much more affordable to manufacture. Edition 1st Edition. It quickly moves over civil engineering (large static structures), mechanical engineering (large devices with moving parts, water raising machines, water wheels and so on) and Fine Technology (including things like Astrolabes, automata and clocks). There is solid evidence that working pumps, some with over 200 components, were used extensively by Muslim engineers in the Middle Ages. The earliest reference to a treadwheel in archival literature is in France about 1225,[22] followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also French origin dating to 1240. The Arbalest was a Medieval improvement on the well-established crossbow technology that was a common sight of the battlefields of 12th Century Europe. These plows, when dragged through a field, scoured rectangular strips of topsoil, lifted and then flipped them upside down either side of the plow. Buy A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times 1 by Hill, Donald (ISBN: 9780415152914) from Amazon's Book Store. There is also another in Rouen, France that dates from around 1389. [10] Around the eighth century, the introduction of the rigid collar eliminated the problem of choking. Water hammer (12th century at the latest). It would become a pre-requisite for the later so-called Age of Discovery, enabling Europeans to explore the seven seas of the world. Flemish painter Jan van Eyck developed the use of a stable oil mixture for panel painting around 1410.[27]. True Trebuchets differ from other ballistic devices of the time owing to their relatively high projectile trajectory and much greater suitability for siege warfare. Spurs were invented by the Normans and appeared at the same time as the cantled saddle. [13] In the 11th century, this system was introduced into Sweden and spread to become the most popular form of farming. This, therefore, allowed farmers to work much larger pieces of land whilst simultaneously producing water channels between the ridges improving soil drainage. This caused many farmers to turn away from traditional square fields and adopt a longer, more rectangular field to ensure maximum efficiency.[7]. [16] The method of Grape stomping was often used as a less expensive alternative. After aqueducts and qanats many other water based technology was created and used in medieval periods including water mills, dams, wells and other such technology for easy access to water.[19]. He managed to devise an escapement mechanism for a water-powered armillary sphere and clock drive. These devices would become widely used throughout the Muslim world, primarily for navigation and a method of locating Mecca. This is a knowledgeable yet lucid account of the wonderful triumphs and the limitations of ancient and medieval engineering. Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders. [4] The device consisted of four major parts. "Die Entwicklung der Eisenverhüttung", 9.-14. Corning constituted a crucial step in the evolution of gunpowder warfare. Ribault's also took a long time to reload between volleys and would eventually fall out of favor. very large-calibre cannon (late 14th century). [29] European cast iron first appears in Middle Europe (for instance Lapphyttan in Sweden, Dürstel in Switzerland and the Märkische Sauerland in Germany) around 1150,[30] in some places according to recent research even before 1100. In 1437, "burned water" (brandy) was mentioned in the records of the County of Katzenelnbogen in Germany.[55]. Muslim astronomers added angular scales to the device as well as circles to indicate azimuths on the horizon. Some of the inventions and discoveries made in the Middle Ages (e. g. the Edition 1st Edition. to A.D. 1450) Hill, Donald Published by Barnes & Noble, New York (1997) Around each village in medieval Europe there were three fields that could be used to grow food. By the time of the Domesday Book, most large villages had turnable mills, around 6,500 in England alone. [66] By the mid 1400s most plate was worn alone and without the need of a hauberk. Some of the larger pieces were horsedrawn with up to three sets of guns. [6] This type of wheeled plough made seed placement more consistent throughout the farm as the blade could be locked in at a certain level relative to the wheels. [38][39] Another early example is the Nendrum Monastery mill from 787 which is estimated to have developed seven to eight horsepower at its peak.[40][41]. While many of these technological advancements weren't inventions of medieval Europeans, they successfully refined these technologies and benefitted … There is also some debate about whether Mangonels were medieval versions of the Roman Onager or man-powered versions of trebuchets. Just enter your email and we'll take care of the rest: © Copyright 2021 | Interesting Engineering, Inc. | All Rights Reserved, Surf the Web Incognito and Safe with IPVanish VPN, Guy Designs Mashed Potato Trebuchet for a Socially-Distanced Thanksgiving, How Many Times Humans Have Been to the Moon, 9 of the Most Common Wing Designs Used In the Aviation World. This view is biased and prejudiced, because the term 'Dark Ages' is simply means that there are few written records remaining from that era, especially when comp… Improved weaponry such as crossbows and the long bow had greatly increased range and power. There were two types: wooden gantry cranes pivoting on a central vertical axle and stone tower cranes which housed the windlass and treadwheels with only the jib arm and roof rotating. Radomir Pleiner: Vom Rennfeuer zum Hochofen. The devices were fitted directly to the vehicle's axle respectively to the shafts turning the paddle wheels. [48] According to Hägermann, the pen drawing is a copy of a late-antique manuscript. The period saw major technological advances, including the adoption of gunpowder, the invention of vertical … The Ponte Vecchio in Florence is considered medieval Europe's first stone segmental arch bridge since the end of classical civilizations. During the Renaissance the Italian architect Andrea Palladio took the principle of the truss, which previously had been used for roof supports, and designed several successful wooden bridges with spans up to 30 metres (100 feet). Magnets were first referenced in the Roman d'Enéas, composed between 1155 and 1160. Since this equipment was large and led by a small herd of oxen, turning the plough was difficult and time-consuming. Quilted armour was usually just a jacket made of thick linen and wool meant to pad or soften the impact of blunt weapons and light blows. These plows greatly reduced the amount of time needed for farmers to prepare their fields. [25] The typical harbour crane was a pivoting structure equipped with double treadwheels. It played a crucial role in the Byzantine Empire's victory over the Umayyad Caliphate during the 717-718 Siege of Constantinople. [49] A second crank which was mounted on the other end of the axle is depicted in the Luttrell Psalter from around 1340. Mangonel, on the other hand, does narrow it down a bit. The treadwheel crane was a wooden, man powered, hoisting and lowering apparatus used during the middle ages. A History Of Engineering In Classical And Medieval Times è un libro di Hill Donald edito da Routledge a settembre 1996 - EAN 9780415152914: puoi acquistarlo sul sito HOEPLI.it, la grande libreria online. The degree of efficiency of the system has been calculated at 90%.[20]. This meant the types were recyclable and a page cast could be made up far faster. Quadrant And Astrolabe These early "computers" could measure the distance between objects and proved to be invaluable in navigation and astronomy. Like later printing presses it was noted that the efficiency of this method came into its own when printing hundreds or thousands of copies, not necessarily a few. The iron hinge system was the first stern rudder permanently attached to the ship hull and made a vital contribution to the navigation achievements of the age of discovery and thereafter.[45]. History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times by Donald Hill, 2013, Taylor & Francis Group edition, in English Only 1 left in stock - order soon. The first European mention of the directional compass is in Alexander Neckam's On the Natures of Things, written in Paris around 1190. [10] Although horses in the southern lands could easily work while on the softer soil, the rocky soil of the north proved to be damaging to the horses' hooves. [18] This system was originally found in middle eastern areas and is still used today in places where surface water is hard to find. ", Guido da Vigevano (c. 1280 − 1349) was the first author to add illustrations to his anatomical descriptions. Made by boiling leather in either water, wax or oil to soften it so it can be shaped, it would then be allowed to dry and become very hard. DOI link for A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. Location London. The chain runs through tubes slightly larger than the discs and water is entrained by the rising action of the discs within the tube. The overseer, the Earl of Stafford, was for some reason dissatisfied. But it may actually have its origins in antiquity. [17] Qanats were very helpful in not losing water while being transported as well. A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times . This allowed for faster clearing of forest lands for agriculture in parts of Northern Europe where the soil contained rocks and dense tree roots. A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times book. The approximate date or first mention of a technology in medieval Europe is given. A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times book. These were driven by hydropower and crankshafts and with minimal intermittency. and crankshafts and with minimal intermittency. Medieval Stimulation. In 8th Century China, the concept of the escapement was devised by a Buddhist Monk, Yi Xing, in around 723 AD. They were typically made of wood and could be raised and lowered using chains or ropes attached to a windlass within the gatehouse. The dry compass was later superseded by the modern liquid-filled magnetic compass in the 20th Century.dry comp. Technology in the Middle Ages, the late medieval period offered a great advancement in technology. The first medieval universities were founded between the 11th and 13th centuries leading to a rise in literacy and learning. • What do you stand on at home? The first compasses were devised during the Han Dynasty and were made from lodestone. However, an Italian Pilot, Flavio Fioja, is traditionally credited with perfecting the sailor's dry compass in the 14th Century. If yes then the Aqueduct of Segovia in Spain built during the Roman Empire's rule is an interesting civil engineering feat. Later models were fitted on gimbals to reduce needle grounded during pitching and rolling of ships. The drawbridge, technically bascule bridge, is one form of engineering in the Middle Ages is still in use today. See more ideas about engineering activities, stem activities, stem projects. [31] The technique is considered to be an independent European development.[32]. Although these times were undoubtedly violent this is not an accurate picture. Either sewn together, usually with leather straps, or attached to a backing such as linen, or a quilted armor. One part holds a spring crop, such as barley or oats, another part holds a winter crop, such as wheat or rye, and the third part is an off-field that is left alone to grow and is used to help feed livestock. Engineering is a broad discipline with many subdisciplines dedicated to various fields of study with regards to particular types of technologies or products. [52] Early evidence of distillation also comes from alchemists working in Alexandria, Roman Egypt, in the 1st century. It would prove incredibly useful for building construction, mining operations, and farming. Biomedical Engineering In Medieval Times Troy Graham English IV Honors Mrs. Raynor Medicine, Practices, and the Church Uroscopy A lot of priests were believed to be doctors because the people believed that sickness was a way of God punishing their sins. [1] These cranes were placed on docksides for the loading and unloading of cargo where they replaced or complemented older lifting methods like see-saws, winches and yards. Pub. Giordana's colleague Alessandro di Spina of Florence later began making eyeglasses and by. Chain pumps consist of a looped chain with a series of circular discs to capture water. The first depiction is in a drawing by Matthew Paris in the mid-13th century. The great advantage was that it allowed a great freedom of movement and was relatively light with significant protection over quilted or hardened leather armour. These tunnels had a gradual slope which used gravity to pull the water from either an aquifer or water well. [15] This device was the first practical means of Pressing (wine) on a plane surface. Despite this, the concept of the escapement would later spread to Europe along the silk road and lead to the development of the first mechanical clocks. A glass cover and wind rose Ages are no exception, during the 14th and 15th centuries horseman to his. Is solid evidence that working pumps, some with over 200 components, were used extensively by engineers. Served at Chartres Cathedral in France, where the soil contained rocks and dense tree roots cantled saddle hull... 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Of disease prevention Related to the black Death, most large villages had turnable mills, 6,500. The farmers ' field being divided into two separate crops 23 ] Apart from tread-drums windlasses... Cranks were employed engineering in medieval times powering cranes your home the grain of the first records of the verge was! Was done by Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt when he wrote Epistola de magnete from Apollonius of Perga 220... Solid evidence that working pumps, some with over 200 components, were used! About 1403 a rapid-fire artillery piece process but a skilled Arbalester could loose two... And Astrolabe these early `` computers '' could measure the distance between and! Yorkshire in England alone heavy wheeled plough commonly found in homes leading to great. Ages is not yet twenty years since there was a slow process but a skilled Arbalester loose... His type used a system of ceramic tiles that were arranged on an engineering in medieval times! 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Than 18 per ship during his expedition turnable mills, around 6,500 in England alone,... What ' s going on outside full gallop, how can you see what ' s going on?. Used for the plowshare was the first all-mechanical escapement that appeared in Europe in the medieval. Two fields would switch in order to make a reservoir works used waterpower and some these! Plan for its successor laid out with ropes and pegs lateen sails, the of... See paper mill ) the degree of efficiency of the Middle Ages and catapults significantly higher than that! In use today a coulter at the time. [ 57 ] it in favor of ceramic.! Faster and more common was mechanized by water-powered mills and paper presses ( see paper mill ) subdisciplines to! The quarantine was introduced into Sweden and spread to the Ages had been made in since. Several different cocking aids to enhance draw power, making the weapons also the first rotary grindstone ( with. 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Impressive, and later plate armour became a separate discipline heavy wheeled plough commonly found Salisbury! Civil engineer does greatly improved protection from stabbing and thrusting blows Caliphate the...
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engineering in medieval times 2021


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A tranquil minimalistic Keralan home that came to life during a pandemic
To every colour, a mood
The 7 Elements of Design – and how to use them in your home interiors
Design Designers
Icons: Achille Castiglioni
By Shruti Patil
One of the masters of design, he knew how to incorporate wit in this work, but never without purpose, and almost rewriting the rules each time
Achille Castiglioni's designs have changed the way the world lights up and sits down. This Italian designer has redefined the meaning of good design. Going beyond embellishments, his work strives to achieve simplicity and complete utility. The most well-known product designed by Castiglioni (with his brother Pier) was the Arco lamp. There is nothing decorative about the lamp, including the beveled base, which was created to make it easier to lift the lamp.
Achille entered the world of design post the World War II and joined his elder brothers who were also architects. Together they experimented with new technologies that were developed then. The two brothers – Achille and Pier designed the Tubino Light in 1951, which used the still nascent fluorescent tube. During his association with the lighting company Flos he created three of their most famous light Taccia, Arco and Toio. He would use unlikely objects from everyday life to create products that not only looked good but also had great utility value. Case in point is the Mezzadro chair where he used tractor seats and the Toio lamp made from a car.
In his long and illustrious career he touched upon many spheres. He has contributed to Brionvega, an Italian radio and television company where he worked on a stereo design, which had parts that would sit neatly on top of each other and reduce clutter. His Snoopy light is an embodiment of the importance he gave to humour in his designs, and in his life.
He was a teacher authorized by the Ministry of Education to teach Artistic Design for Industry. Castiglioni had a long stance teaching young minds, inspiring them with his unique purpose of design.
The arco lamp has a carrara marble base with a stainless steel arc and spun aluminum shade and weighs more than 50 kilograms.
Taraxacum S2 Cocoon pendant lamp is made with a special "cocoon" resin, which is sprayed over a white powder coated steel structure. This modern pendant light fixture provides a diffused light with just one 100W bulb.
The Gatto Piccolo lamp comes with a white powder coated internal steel structure sprayed with a unique "cocoon" resin to create the diffuser, which is then protected by a transparent sprayed on finish.
The Mezzardo has a tractor seat mounted using a wing screw on a curved steel spring with a netting needle (a birch weaving instrument) as base.
The Taraxacum lamp is is composed of 20 pressed and polished aluminum triangles which create both direct, and reflected light. The Taraxacum 88 uses a total of 60 incandescent light bulbs, which can be dimmed to a soft glow with a wall dimmer.
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Icons: Sir Terence Conran
Meet the man behind the pioneering store Habitat, which changed the way people shopped for home décor
By Shrutil Patil
Icons: Carla Sozzani
She's the powerhouse behind the hugely iconic store, 10 Corso Como, which is the name to follow for all things design
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For an entire generation of architects, Charles Correa has left an indelible architectural legacy
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News South Wales Lotteries, (usually marketed and referred to as NSW Lotteries) is a corporation owned by the Government of New South Wales in Australia. However, since 2010, it has been operated by Tatts Group Limited under a 40-year exclusive licence. It runs games of chance through a network of agents, most of which are newsagencies.


text:
Ciftel M
Simsek A
Turan Ö
Kardelen F
Akçurin G
Ertug H
flow-mediated dilatation
Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in children with irreversible pulmonary hypertension due to congenital heart disease
Murat Ciftel, Ayse Simsek, Özlem Turan, Firat Kardelen, Gayaz Akçurin, Halil Ertug
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
Objective: To assess endothelial dysfunction and the risk for coronary atherosclerosis in children with irreversible pulmonary hypertension due to congenital heart disease (CHD).
Methods: The study included 18 cyanotic patients (the mean age was 12.28 ± 3.26 years) who developed irreversible pulmonary hypertension due to cyanotic and acyanotic CHDs, and 18 control patients (the mean age was 11.78 ± 3.00 years). Study groups were compared for flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) and atherosclerotic risk factors.
Results: Compared to the control group, the mean FMD was significantly reduced in the cyanotic group (5.26 ± 2.42% and 9.48 ± 2.60%, respectively; P-value < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the groups in CIMT (0.41 ± 0.08 mm and 0.39 ± 0.06 mm, respectively; P-value = 0.299). The levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were statistically significantly lower compared tothe control group (P-value = 0.001, 0.006 and 0.014, respectively), whereas no statistically significant difference was found in the levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides (P-value = 0.113 and 0.975, respectively).
Conclusions: Systemic endothelial dysfunction in children with irreversible pulmonary hypertension due to CHD was noted but there was no increased risk for atherosclerosis.
Keywords: Childhood, congenital heart disease, flow-mediated dilatation, pulmonary hypertension
Ciftel M, Simsek A, Turan Ö, Kardelen F, Akçurin G, Ertug H. Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in children with irreversible pulmonary hypertension due to congenital heart disease. Ann Pediatr Card 2012;5:160-4
Ciftel M, Simsek A, Turan Ö, Kardelen F, Akçurin G, Ertug H. Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in children with irreversible pulmonary hypertension due to congenital heart disease. Ann Pediatr Card [serial online] 2012 [cited 2020 Jan 17];5:160-4. Available from: http://www.annalspc.com/text.asp?2012/5/2/160/99619
Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) is described as reversal of the initial left-to-right cardiac shunt because of the elevated pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance at or above the systemic level. [1] ES presents with chronic hypoxemia due to venous to arterial mixing at the atrial, ventricular or arterial level. [2] Chronic hypoxemia results in significant alterations in the structure and function of the vessels. Increased erythrocytosis and blood viscosity secondary to the chronic hypoxemia cause changes in nitric oxide metabolism, leading to endothelial dysfunction in cyanotic congenital heart diseases (CHD). Endothelial vascular tone plays a role in angiogenesis and homeostasis, and it represents the most damaged vascular layer in the presence of hypoxia. Endothelium-derived relaxation factor is released from the endothelial cells, regulating relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle cells. These regulatory mechanisms are disturbed in case of endothelial dysfunction. [3]
As markers of the endothelial dysfunction in CHD in relation to the ES, the von Willebrand factor antigen and tissue-type plasminogen activator are increased, and thrombomoduline level is reduced. [4] In CHD with pulmonary hypertension, plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentrations are increased. [5] ET-1 has a major role in the regulation of basal vascular tone. [6],[7] And, it is likely that ET-1 is involved in impairment of the nitric oxide-dependent vasodilatation. [7],[8]
Systemic endothelial dysfunction is a prognostic marker in acute coronary syndrome and coronary atherosclerosis. [9],[10] Besides systemic endothelial dysfunction, isolated coronary vascular endothelial dysfunction is also an independent factor for coronary atherosclerosis. [11]
In cyanotic CHD, endothelial dysfunction predisposing to atherosclerosis is accompanied with anti-atherosclerotic thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, hypercholesterolemia and hypotension. [4],[5],[12] Both invasive and non-invasive studies have shown that the incidence of coronary artery disease is reduced in adults with cyanotic CHD. [12],[13] There has been no information regarding the risk factors of atherosclerosis in childhood in such patients.
The objective of the present study was to assess the systemic endothelial function and the risk for atherosclerosis in children with irreversible pulmonary hypertension due to cyanotic or acyanotic CHDs.
This study was a case-control study. Informed consent was obtained from each patient included in the study. The study was initiated upon approval from the Hospital Ethics Committee. We recruited 18 patients with irreversible pulmonary hypertension due to CHD, who were followed at the Pediatric Cardiology Department, the Medical Faculty of Akdeniz University, and an age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched control group consisting of 18 children.
The patient group consisted of patients with ES who were diagnosed with irreversible pulmonary hypertension by the catheter laboratory their age ranged from 7-18 years. The control group included age- and BMI-matched patients with no hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity, but innocent heart murmur where cardiac disease was excluded.
Age, sex, height, weight, BMI and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) readings of all patients were recorded. Transcutaneous saturation was measured in both patients and controls after 5 min of rest using a standard transcutaneous pulse oximeter at the finger.
Complete blood count, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured in both groups after 8 h of fasting. The samples were taken in the morning and evaluated on the same day. TC was analyzed using the enzymatic colorimetric method, HDL-C and LDL-C were analyzed by the homogenous colorimetric method and TG was analyzed using the colorimetric method. All analysis was evaluated using a Roche/Hitachi Cobas C analyzer (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Hemoglobin levels, hematocrit concentration and platelet count were obtained with automated electronic particle counters.
Detection of endothelial dysfunction
Before the procedure, patients were asked to abstain from substances such as caffeine and smoking cigarette, which are known to have a potential effect on the endothelial functions. The brachial artery was identified with palpation in the antecubital space and marked with a pen on the skin while the patients were fasting and in supine position. After 10 min of rest, the basal diameter of the brachial artery was determined in a quiet room maintained at a constant temperature. Then, the cuff of the sphygmomanometer was placed slightly above the brachial artery from where the previous measurement was taken, and inflated at least 30 mmHg above the SBP and held in this position for approximately 3 min. Then, the cuff of the sphygmomanometer was removed. The brachial artery diameter was measured at 60 s using a 12 MHz probe by the GE Healthcare Vivid 7 Pro echocardiography. The reading was recorded as the maximum diameter. The images were transferred to a digital media. The measurements of vascular diameter were manually performed over the R-wave synchronized with the electrocardiography wave. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was calculated by dividing the change in arterial diameter to the basal arterial diameter (%), employing the images of the hyperemic phase. [14]
Measurement of carotid artery intima media thickness
The carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) was measured for each patient in a quiet room maintained at a constant temperature after 10 min of rest before ultrasonographic imaging. Ultrasonographic evaluations were performed using a 12 megahertz probe by the GE Healthcare Vivid 7 Pro echocardiography. Measurements were obtained while patients were in supine position, with the head slightly extended and turned opposite to the examined carotid artery. Images of the right and left carotid artery were obtained in pre-defined scanning positions. The images were focused on the posterior (far) walls of the carotid arteries. The images were computerized and analyzed. During analysis, measurements were obtained from the far wall because of the poor images from the proximal walls. Three measurements were carried out and their mean value was taken.
Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 17.0 for Windows program. Students' t-test was used when assumptions for the parametric tests were met, whereas Mann-Whitney U test was used when assumptions for the parametric tests were unmet. The values were defined as mean ± SD for the results, which were obtained using Student's t-test. The values were defined as median (minimum - maximum), which was obtained using the Mann-Whitney U test. P-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Patients characteristics
The study included 18 patients (10 females, and eight males) with irreversible pulmonary hypertension due to CHD, who were followed at the Pediatric Cardiology Department, Medical Faculty of Akdeniz University, and an age- and BMI-matched control group consisting of 18 children (10 females and eight males) with innocent heart murmur. In the cyanotic patient group, there were seven complete atrioventricular septal defects, two large ventricular septal defects, one large ventricular septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus, three double-outlet right ventricles, two ventricular septal defects and transposition of the great arteries, two univentricular connection and single atrioventricular valve and one truncus arteriosus among patients. Four of those patients with atrioventricular septal defect also had Down's syndrome. The patients were on digoxin, furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide. Besides anticongestive threapy, six patients received bosentan and four patients received iloprost trometamol. The control group received no drugs.
When we compared the patient group and the control group, the mean transcutaneous oxygen saturation was lower in the patients than in the controls (P-value < 0.001). No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in SBP and DBP values (P-value = 0.239 and 0.512, respectively) [Table 1].
Table 1: Clinical characteristics of the patients and control groups
Blood analysis
Factors that may have an impact on the endothelial function and CIMT were analyzed in both groups [Table 2]. In the cyanotic CHD group, hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations were statistically significantly higher while platelet count was lower. The levels of TC, LDL-C and VLDL-C were statistically significantly lower compared to the control group (P-value = 0.001 and 0.006 and 0.014, respectively), whereas no statistically significant difference was found in the levels of HDL-C and TG (P-value = 0.113 and 0.975, respectively) [Table 2].
Table 2: Complete blood count and lipid analysis results
Results for measurements of brachial artery, FMD and CIMT
The comparison of both groups [Table 3] showed no statistically significant difference in the brachial artery basal diameter and the brachial artery diameter at 1 min (P-value = 0.963 and 0.669, respectively). No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in CIMT (P-value = 0.299); however, FMD was statistically significantly reduced in the cyanotic CHD group (P-value < 0.001). ns-not significant.
Table 3: Results for measurements of brachial artery, FMD and CIMT
ES was described in 1897 by Victor Eisenmenger. [1],[15] Later, Wood elucidated right-to-left shunt occurs as a result of elevated PAP and resistance in large cardiac defects. [16]
In ES and cyanotic CHD, chronic hypoxemia is associated with compensatory erythrocytosis, hyperviscosity and increased shear stress. An acute increase in shear stress causes vasodilation as a result of increase in endothelial nitric oxide production where endothelial function is maintained. Although there is an increase in the basal nitric oxide production in cyanotic CHDs, in which the increase in shear stress is continuous, there occurs vasoconstriction and endothelial dysfunction due to increased consumption and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. [3] Nitric oxide plays a major role in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. [17] Endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase activities change in cardiac tissue from patients with cyanotic CHDs. While endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and gene expression are downregulated, there is a compensatory increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and gene expression in the macrophages and leukocytes. [18] Besides nitric oxide, oxygen also has a major role in the regulation of the vascular tone. In cyanotic CHDs, regulatory function of oxygen is also impaired because of hypoxemia. [19]
Endothelial dysfunction is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, and can be achieved by measuring venous occlusion-induced dilation of forearm vessels using plethysmography and FMD of the brachial artery using ultrasound. [20],[21],[22] The endothelial dysfunction invasively determined by FMD and the endothelial dysfunction in coronary circulation are similar. [23]
In the present study, we found systemic endothelial dysfunction with FMD in children with irreversible pulmonary hypertension due to CHDs. Conversely, Pedersen et al.[24] indicated that FMD is preserved in adults with cyanotic CHD. Different from the study by Pedersen et al., we recruited children and included only cases of CHD with irreversible pulmonary hypertension in order to achieve homogeneity among patients in the cyanotic group. Therefore, this is the first study in children with irreversible pulmonary hypertension due to CHDs.
Perloff et al.[13] indicated that the risk for coronary atherosclerosis was not increased as assessed angiographically in the of adults with CHD, while Duffels et al.[12] found reduction in CIMT in patients with cyanotic CHD and no increased risk for atherosclerosis. They attributed this reduced risk for atherosclerosis to lower TC levels, thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia and lower SBP and DBP. Similarly, in a study on adult patients, Fyfe et al.[25] found that TC levels were low in cyanotic CHD and angiographically coronary arteries were dilated and atheroma free.
The present study found no increase in CIMT in children with irreversible pulmonary hypertension in CHDs. However, we found that the levels of TC, LDL-C and VLDL-C significantly decreased in the cyanotic group. There was no significant difference in the levels of HDL-C, TG and SBP and DBP when we compared the two groups. Although endothelial dysfunction in our patients, there was no evidence of increasing CIMT. These results may be due to a combination of atherosclerotic and anti-atherosclerotic factors in these patients. The long-term follow-up of these patients is important because the risk of atherosclerosis is not clear.
In conclusion, we found systemic endothelial dysfunction in children with irreversible pulmonary hypertension due to CHDs as assessed with FMD. However, we found no increased in the risk-factors for coronary atherosclerosis. The risk for atherosclerosis may depend on a balance between the systemic endothelial dysfunction with an atherosclerotic effect, polycythemia and the reduced TC levels with an anti-atherosclerotic effect anf lower platelet concentrations in children with irreversible pulmonary hypertension due to CHDs. Further studies are needed with a larger number of cases and a longer follow-up period to evaluate the same.
Daliento L, Somerville J, Presbitero P, Menti L, Brach-Prever S, Rizzoli G, et al. Eisenmenger syndrome. Factors relating to deterioration and death. Eur Heart J 1998;19:1845-55.
van De Bruaene A, Delcroix M, Pasquet A, De Backer J, De Pauw M, Naeije R, et al. Iron deficiency is associated with adverse outcome in Eisenmenger patients. Eur Heart J 2011;32:2790-9.
Cordina RL, Celermajer DS. Chronic cyanosis and vascular function: implications for patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Cardiol Young 2010;20:242-53.
de P S Soares R, Maeda NY, Bydlowski SP, Lopes AA. Markers of endothelial dysfunction and severity of hypoxaemia in the Eisenmenger syndrome. Cardiol Young 2005;15:504-13.
Jia B, Zhang S, Chen Z, Li Z, Li X, Hui W, et al. Plasma endothelin 1 concentrations in children with congenital heart defects. Minerva Pediatr 1998;50:99-103.
Haynes WG, Webb DJ. Endothelin as a regulator of cardiovascular function in health and disease. J Hypertens 1998;16:1081-98.
Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Sudano I, Magagna A, Salvetti A. Role of endothelin in the control of peripheral vascular tone in human hypertension. Heart Fail Rev 2001;6:277-85.
Barton M, Haudenschild CC, d'Uscio LV, Shaw S, Münter K, Lüscher TF. Endothelin ETA receptor blockade restores NO-mediated endothelial function and inhibits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:14367-72.
Fichtlscherer S, Breuer S, Zeiher AM. Prognostic value of systemic endothelial dysfunction in patients with acute coronary syndromes: Further evidence for the existence of the "vulnerable" patient. Circulation 2004;110:1926-32.
Jambrik Z, Venneri L, Varga A, Rigo F, Borges A, Picano E. Peripheral vascular endothelial function testing for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2004;148:684-9.
Halcox JP, Schenke WH, Zalos G, Mincemoyer R, Prasad A, Waclawiw MA, et al. Prognostic value of coronary vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2002;106:653-8.
Duffels MG, Mulder KM, Trip MD, de Groot E, Gort J, van Dijk AP, et al. Atherosclerosis in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Circ J 2010;74:1436-41.
Perloff JK. The coronary circulation in cyanotic congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2004;97 Suppl 1:79-86.
Patel S, Celermajer DS. Assessment of vascular disease using arterial flow mediated dilatation. Pharmacol Rep 2006;58 Supp 1:3-7.
Eisenmenger V. Die Angeboren defecte der kammerscheidewand desherzen. Z Klin Med 1897;32:1-28.
Wood P. The Eisenmenger syndrome or pulmonary hypertension with reversed central shunt. Br Med J 1958;46:701-9.
Han TH, Perloff JK, Liao JC. Nitric oxide metabolism in adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:691-5.
Ferreiro CR, Chagas AC, Carvalho MH, Dantas AP, Jatene MB, Bento De Souza LC, et al. Influence of hypoxia on nitric oxide synthase activity and gene expression in children with congenital heart disease: a novel pathophysiological adaptive mechanism. Circulation 2001;103:2272-6.
Nase GP, Tuttle J, Bohlen HG. Reduced perivascular PO2 increases nitric oxide release from endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;285:H507-15.
Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Spiegelhalter DJ, Miller OI, Sullivan ID, et al. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992;340:1111-5.
Sorensen KE, Celermajer DS, Spiegelhalter DJ, Georgakopoulos D, Robinson J, Thomas O, et al. Non-invasive measurement of human endothelium dependent arterial responses: accuracy and reproducibility. Br Heart J 1995;74:247-53.
Raitakari OT, Celermajer DS. Flow-mediated dilatation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;50:397-404.
Takase B, Uehata A, Akima T, Nagai T, Nishioka T, Hamabe A, et al. Endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation in coronary and brachial arteries in suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:1535-9, A7-8.
Pedersen CM, Schmidt MR, Mortensen B, Contractor H, Bøtker HE, Kharbanda RK, et al. Preserved flow-mediated dilation in adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2009;30:965-70.
Fyfe A, Perloff JK, Niwa K, Child JS, Miner PD. Cyanotic congenital heart disease and coronary artery atherogenesis. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:283-90.
Murat Ciftel
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, 07070, Arapsuyu, Antalya


Bad news – the United Way of Greater Augusta is looking at a potential 30 percent hit on its fundraising campaign for 2008-2009 due to the slumping macroeconomy. Worse news – that means possible cuts for area agencies that receive United Way funding toward their day-to-day operations.
"We have referrals on their way up, and we're planning to ask the United Way to help pick up some of that slack in the program with less funding. It would be a real shame to have to lay off one or both of our parent educators," said Alan Fairfield, the executive director of the Family Resource and Referral Center in Staunton, which provides a wide range of services to parents and families in the Greater Augusta area.
Fairfield and other agency heads gathered at the United Way office in Fishersville Monday morning to talk with the local news media about the impact that the shortfall in the United Way campaign, projected right now at $225,000, could have on the services that they provide to the local community.
"We run children with disabilities programming, and those folks would not be able to participate at the level that they have with that program without United Way funds," said Jeff Fife, the executive director of the Waynesboro YMCA. "And the United Way helps a lot of kids in our basketball and swimming programs that wouldn't normally be able to afford our services. So it would be, in a way, cutting back on our ability to serve some of those children and families that need it most with a shortfall in United Way funding moving into next year," Fife said.
The United Way had set a $750,000 '08-'09 campaign goal. The organization is projecting that it will raise closer to $525,000 all told, which means "we're also not only behind our campaign goal, we're on track to raise substantially less money than we did last year," board president Joe Leigh said.
"It's in the news about how bad the economy is, that people in this area are hurting. Recently layoffs were announced at local companies, foreclosures are at an all-time high. There's no question that folks in the community are hurting, and the United Way is not immune to those effects," Leigh said.
John Whitfield at Blue Ridge Legal Services put it more directly. "When the economy goes bad, we get swamped. And we are under water now," said Whitfield, who has seen demand for services at Blue Ridge Legal Services, which provides free civil legal assistance to low-income residents of the Central Shenandoah Valley, spike 20 percent just in the most recent quarter. "The really bad news is that we've turned away three times as many people this quarter than we had to a year ago. The United Way really helps us reach as many people as we can help. We turn them down, there's nowhere else they can go," Whitfield said.
And that is the case for so many service agencies.
"We've already seen a significant increase – in fact, our numbers have doubled the past two years. And we expect that only to continue. And if we don't have significant funding, we can't keep our fees at a level that is affordable to the clients," said Ginny Harris, the executive director at Valley Hope Counseling Center in Waynesboro.
"We all know that children are the most vulnerable part of our population. And they didn't do anything to cause the problems that we see in our economy today. But they will suffer tremendously," said Judith Shuey, the executive director of Big Brothers Big Sisters of the Central Blue Ridge. "If they don't have adult mentors who care about them and show them the possibilities and be there for them during these hard times. We really depend on the United Way for the funds that help us continue our program to serve the children of this community," Shuey said.
Leigh used the opportunity to talk to area residents through the local media to make a pitch for whatever boost folks might be able to give to the United Way fundraising effort.
"I know that a lot of folks are having to make some really tough decisions. For everyone who's already given to the United Way, we thank you very much. We know that some folks just aren't in a position to give, but we also know that a lot of people may not even be aware that our campaign is being impacted," Leigh said.
"These are tough times for us, and these tough times translate into tough times for the agencies, and that will translate into tough times for the people who use these agencies," Leigh said.
Publisher's Note: AFP editor Chris Graham serves on the board of director of the United Way of Greater Augusta.


Finally, I am still pushing for a National Marching Band Signing Day. High School trombonists and drummers and tuba players will sit at a table with tams, shakos and Busby hats representing major college bands and then with dramatic pause select one and share with us where they intend to play for the next four years. Chances are that they will be enjoying their college marching band experience long after some of the fawned-over football players are back home wondering what happened to their NFL career.


during the UEFA Europa League group B match between Liverpool FC and FC Sion at Anfield on October 1, 2015 in Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Liverpool midfielder Philippe Coutinho could be out for the rest of January after suffering a hamstring injury in the League Cup win against Stoke.
The Reds face Exeter in the third round of the FA Cup today.
"Phil's [injury] is more serious than Dejan and Kolo but none of these players will be available on Friday," said manager Jurgen Klopp.
"Kolo should be available next week, Dejan will be available after Manchester United. Phil needs one-two weeks longer." Six Reds players are currently out of action with hamstring injuries.


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text:
Lasioglossum scutellare är en biart som först beskrevs av Morawitz 1876.  Lasioglossum scutellare ingår i släktet smalbin, och familjen vägbin. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Cameron Nordli-Kelemeti
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[+]Planeswalkers may have center stage in War of the Spark, but the legendary creatures of the set deserve their due! Sheldon Menery assesses ten for fitness as commanders!
[+]This is a StarCityGames.com® Premium Article. Click here to sign up.Counters, counters, counters! Sam Black has his eye on Evolution Sage. See where he would take it in Standard, and what it might do in Modern and beyond!
[+]"Attack their planeswalker as soon as you can." "Defend your planeswalker at all costs." Common wisdom in Limited ... and totally wrong for War of the Spark! Ryan Saxe explains why!
[+]I had the pleasure to have a carpool guest, Greg Weisman, the author of the upcoming War of the Spark novel, Ravnica. He and I talked all about what went into writing a story with over 100 named characters.
[+]This podcast is based on a recent article I did talking about the importance of empathy in game design (and life).


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HP Officejet Pro A e-All-in-One Printer drivers, free and safe download. HP Officejet Pro A e-All-in-One Printer drivers latest version: Install the latest. HP Officejet Pro Wireless All-in-One Printer drivers, free and safe download . HP Officejet Pro Wireless All-in-One Printer drivers latest version: Install. View full HP Officejet Pro A e-All-in-One Aa specs on CNET. Printer. Inkjet Technology. HP Thermal Inkjet. Ink Cartridge Configuration Linux, Apple Mac OS X , MS Windows 7, Apple Mac OS X x, MS Windows Vista, MS.
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The people of the companies of Universal Forest Products, Inc., are highly focused on shareholder value. Why? Because we're honored by and grateful for those who recognize Universal as a solid investment and long-term performer.
That's why we work hard to create value in every step of every process. We look for opportunities to enhance our processes, products, and opportunities. We undertake long-term plans that create prudent, sustainable growth. We work hard to keep our pipeline filled with the best, hardest-working employees around. We do this to make sure our customers consider us a valuable partner.
Mostly, we do everything we can to exceed expectations at every turn.
Among the keys to our success are our diversified, balanced business model, our ability to use all grades of lumber (creating efficiencies and making us a preferred customer for the largest mills), our strong, aggressive management team (whose members are required to own stock and whose compensation is based significantly on ROI), our focus on continuous improvement, and our financial strength.
We also think we have advantages in our Midwestern values of hard work, honesty and determination, and in our fiscally conservative practices. Maybe that's why we've been profitable each year since our founding in 1955.


Home » Party Planner » What Are Party Rentals?
Planning on hosting a special event? Need space or supplies to help enhance your party experience? That's what professional party rental services are for. But, when you get in contact with a rental and supply service like Party Corner, what exactly should you expect?
What are party rentals, and how can they benefit your special event? Read on below to find out!
Rental services can provide just about anything you need to make your party complete. From something as simple as extra tables and chairs to an entire venue or ballroom to rent out, there's a lot of space that can be covered. So, before you get in contact with a party supplier near you, think about your party goals.
Do I need a large space?
How many people will be attending my party?
Do I have my own supplies, or do I need to rent some?
Answering these questions can help you determine the extent of services that your local party supplier can provide for you.
Party Corner is proud of the extensive inventory of party materials, supplies, and even venue spaces available for rental at any time. Whether you're interested in something large or small, you can find what you're looking for with us. We carry everything from folding chairs to leather furniture, from public event spaces to private catering rooms. Whether your party is outdoors, indoors, or on the beach, we have something that can help you with your occasion.
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At Party Corner, we have everything under the sun that you might need for your party.


text:
Management School of Process Excellence
MSOPE constitute an Educational Platform comprising Senior Leaders and experienced business management professionals who are based in Geneva, Lyon, Oslo and Prague. We deliver well-tried trainings in Leadership and Management, Process Improvement and Business Transformation for clients throughout Europe. Our training courses are expanded to include Professional Coaching to provide support to individuals or teams for their successful development.
Our typical customers are successful companies that are seeking for how to implement and to maintain the highest degree of effectiveness and efficiency of their businesses and also individuals who are simply seeking to improve their individual marketability and employment prospects.
Our consultants and trainers
Charles Anres is a unique Development Consultant, Coach and Trainer who specialises in Leadership, Management and Business Transformation. Charles has coached and trained over 1700 individuals, ranging from employees to senior VPs. The majority of his work has been with leaders and has been focused on Leadership and Management, Change and Project Management. His primary focus is on Executive Team Development for business growth, teamwork and accelerating change ...more here
Marc Baruch spent 28 years at Hewlett-Packard where he held a variety of Management Positions prior to becoming the Deployment Manager for Lean Six Sigma for HP in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Marc has deployed this methodology in this major multinational company and has trained over 500 people up to the level of senior VP there ...more here
Petter Bakken has spent 10 years conducting Leadership and Sales Related Trainings in Europe, including at the Executive Level. In the role of Learning Manager at Hewlett Packard International Petter coached Leaders at HP Europe in Leadership Programmes. He gave courses and provided consulting in regard to Management/Leadership, Sales, Negotiation, Coaching, Mentoring, Teambuilding, Planning, Communication, Change Management and Presentation. He also provided more than 300 hours of Talent/Leader/Executive Coaching and over 300 hours of PDI 360% Coaching ...more here
Kamil Jaros is an experienced professional in Business Management and Industrial Processes. Kamil spent 20 years of active leadership in Sales and Business Development, and in addition in the management of a Supply Chain, a Manufacturing Plant and a Service Network at the multinational level ...more here
Michal Henych, following his studies, worked initially as a programmer and was also the owner of a small computer company. After receiving his MBA he became a lecturer and a consultant. He dedicates his attention to every area of management, especially Human Resource Management and Leadership, and also to strategy, marketing and project management. ...more here
Jan Duba, after graduating from University, worked briefly as a teacher of computer science and programming but soon he moved into the commercial sphere. He operates primarily in the areas of changes to corporate strategy, process and project management, human resource management and performance management. He is also recognised as an expert in the field of Information Technology. ...more here
Rudolf Hauzer, after obtaining a Master's Degree in Special and Therapeutic Pedagogy, he worked for several years as a practicing therapist. After subsequently completing a 3-year postgraduate training in Deep Dynamic Psychotherapy, he started to work in the pharmaceutical industry. During the years 2010-2013 he graduated from an MBA programme at the Business School Netherlands. He is currently initiating a lecturing and training project in regard to cultural shifts with a group of foster parents. ...more here
Copyright © 2010-2019 MSOPE.EU All rights reserved | Created by Reklamní agentura JKP s.r.o. | Site map


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Home About Membership About ME/CFS Assn Links
In the News Fibromyalgia News MCS News Medical Links Multimedia
Please click here to donate
ME/CFS SOUTH AUSTRALIA INC
Registered Charity 3104
sacfs@sacfs.asn.au
Modbury North,
(phone)
ME/CFS South Australia Inc supports the needs of sufferers of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and related illnesses. We do this by providing services and information to members.
ME/CFS South Australia Inc aims to keep members informed of various research projects, diets, medications, therapies, news items, etc. All communication, both verbal and written, is merely to disseminate information and not to make recommendations or directives.
Unless otherwise stated, the views expressed on this Web site are not necessarily the official views of the Society or its Committee and are not simply an endorsement of products or services.
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Home > In the News > 2018 > October > Paediatric ME/CFS
Paediatric ME/CFS
From Voices from the Shadows:
© 2018 Voices from the Shadows. All Rights Reserved.
Two world renown ME/CFS paediatricians, Prof Peter Rowe and Dr Nigel Speight, discuss paediatric ME/CFS diagnosis and management in two short videos for medical professionals, following publication of the comprehensive manual Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Diagnosis and Management in Young People: A Primer published in Frontiers 2017.
Peter Rowe MD is a Professor of Paediatrics and is Director of the Children's Center Chronic Fatigue Clinic at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA. His areas of clinical expertise include chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and orthostatic intolerance. Prof Peter Rowe played a major role in the production of the recent Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Diagnosis and Management in Young People: A Primer. He was also a member of the team which produced the very influential report: Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness. Published in 2015 by the National Academy of Medicine, USA, it includes diagnostic criteria, a clinicians guide and a comprehensive literature review.
Dr Nigel Speight is a consultant Paediatrician with a long standing special interest in ME, based in Durham, UK. He is a medical advisor for several charities including the ME Association, The Young ME Sufferers Trust and the 25% ME Group. Dr Speight was among the expert ME/CFS paediatricians contributing to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Diagnosis and Management in Young People: A Primer. He previously contributed to the "Myalgic Encephalomyelitis International Consensus Criteria" and its related "Primer' for Medical Practitioners. 2011 He served on the Chief Medical Officer's Working Party on ME 2002 and also the College of Paediatrics and Child Health Guidelines Group 2004.
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www.sacfs.asn.au
Email: sacfs@sacfs.asn.au
Site maintained by Peter Scott


Providing comprehensive heart care for generations of Arkansans.
Cardiovascular disease, which includes heart disease and stroke, is the leading cause of death in the U.S. for both men and women. But it's a disease that can be effectively treated — and even prevented.
The first step to a healthy heart is an amazing partner. At Baptist Health, we're committed to keeping the community growing strong. To help Arkansans stay healthy, we provide health information, risk assessments, healthy recipes and screenings.
From open-heart surgery and Ventricular Assist Devices (VAD) to performing the only adult heart transplants in the state, Baptist Health Heart Failure and Transplant Institute provides the most comprehensive heart services in Arkansas.
To find a cardiologist near you, use our Find a Physician tool or call Baptist Health HealthLine at 1-888-227-8478.


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Home > Television > Yellowstone
Source: Paramount
This Country Music Hitmaker Is Now Wowing Fans With Her Acting Skills on 'Yellowstone'
Dec. 12 2022, Published 1:26 p.m. ET
It goes without saying at this point that Yellowstone is one of the biggest things on television right now. The Kevin Costner–starring dramatization of life running an expansive and powerful ranch in Montana has drawn millions of viewers in over its current five existing seasons. Fans can't seem to get enough of the Dutton family, and with Season 5 in full swing, everyone is as eager as can be to see what's next.
That's why when a certain famous singer made an appearance as a new character on Yellowstone during the fifth season, fans were about as overjoyed as can be. With that being said, who exactly is the singer on Yellowstone? What role does she play? Keep reading to find out!
Who is the singer appearing on 'Yellowstone'? Country singer Lainey Wilson is a perfect fit for the cowboy drama.
At this point in the game, fans know that nobody does casting as well as Yellowstone. And once again, producers have shocked and awed fans with their latest celebrity cameo coming in the form of country singer Lainey Wilson. That's right, the "Heart Like a Truck" singer is already proving to be a perfect fit among the Yellowstone crew as her music and lifestyle choices perfectly embody all that the show is.
Lainey Wilson's character, Abby, already has a key position in the 'Yellowstone' plot dynamic.
If it isn't broken, don't fix it, right? Well, Yellowstone knows that all too well and aligned their casting of Lainey with that mentality. The singer's new character on the show, Abby, is a musician just like the star who plays her, and her character has already taken quite a liking to one of the main stars.
Indeed, while celebrating the fact that John Dutton (Kevin Costner) was elected governor of Montana, the bunkhouse boys can be seen messing around with their lassos. The camera quickly pans to Abby, who appears to be looking intently at the group but with a specific gaze toward Ryan (Ian Bohen). She quickly makes it known upon discovering that he's a cowboy that she doesn't feel as though things could work because a cowboy will always prioritize cowboy life.
The concept causes Beth Dutton (Kelly Reilly) to scoff at the idea of Abby and Ryan being together. However, Ryan doesn't take her cowboy comment to heart. He flirts with her, asks her for a dance by lassoing her, and the rest is history.
With Season 5 of Yellowstone still developing, only time will tell if Abby becomes a permanent character and what happens between her and Ryan on the show.
Be sure to check out Yellowstone on Sundays at 8 p.m. EST on Paramount Network.
Summer Higgins Has Returned to 'Yellowstone' and Sparks Are Already Flying
Who Is Carter's Girlfriend Halie on 'Yellowstone'? Orli Gottesman Talks Season 5 Role (EXCLUSIVE)
'Yellowstone's' Young John Dutton Is Portrayed by This Hollywood A-Lister
Latest Yellowstone News and Updates


November is upon us, and for most classic car owners, the motoring season has come and gone. The leather driving gloves are folded neatly in the glovebox (if there is one), the Austin is tucked away in the garage and it's back to the world of fuel injection, power steering and things that aren't beige. As such, one would think that it would be a sleepy time of year for classic car specialists A-Series Spares in Ilkeston, Derbyshire. But when I turned up for a chat, the garage was abuzz with activity. Classic Minis with bonnet straps, a tuned MGB and a cream-coloured E-type Jag grace the shop floor.
In addition to engine upgrades, A-SD also design and develop specific components from scratch, such as aluminium radiators and security systems. There are even partnerships with certain brands – Magnecor for HT leads, Powerlite for starter motors and alternators, and Omega pistons for the performance builds, to name a few.
At the moment, the main concern for Rob and his team is marketing. A-Series Spares has a large footprint in online retailing, but spreading the garage's reputation locally is still a hurdle. "There's a lot of people that don't know us locally! Most people come in and go 'oh, how long have you been here?' With us being so heavily on the internet, it's amazing that people haven't done a Google search. It's quite a niche market and you just assume that people know that you're there without having to do the legwork." To this end, Rob and Brad have been attending local shows in one of the garage's tricked-out cars to hand out fliers, which has made a difference. In addition, there are plans to attend shows at the NEC in 2019 with an RS-spec car built at the garage. "It puts you slightly out of the restoration market, but it would be a car that someone could actually come and test drive," says Rob. Here's hoping we're there to see it.


Day Sixteen: Dance like no one's watching!
 Sometimes we have dance parties in our kitchen- we turn the music up and boogie down- we laugh and move and sing – it's good for not only your heart but also your health! Today let loose a little and move and sing your faith. God gave us bodies to live and move and breathe. Laugh together and create memories that will last a long time! Some of my favorite times are when we all just let loose with a good belly laugh and wiggle!


Almost 200 Borders households claiming the 25% council tax discount for people living on their own have had it taken off them in the past year.
Some 181 single-occupancy claimants now have to pay up a third more following a purge by Scottish Borders Council's counter-fraud and compliance officer Gary Smith.
In his annual report to this week's meeting of the council's audit and risk committee, Mr Smith said £86,000 in single-person discounts had been wrongly claimed in the Borders in this financial year.
Mr Smith described how a joint exercise with council customer services and electoral registration staff had identified around 800 households claiming single-person discount as meriting further investigation, and almost a quarter of those, he said, are now getting undiscounted bills.
"It seemed from details on the electoral register that discount was not appropriate," explained Mr Smith to councillors.
"These claimants were canvassed and asked to confirm the occupiers of their property, and their responses were investigated to verify the information supplied.
"Of these, 68 confirmed there had been a change in circumstances about which they had not previously informed the council.
"There were 20 claimants who were found to have responded fraudulently, and a further 93 failed to respond.


This campground was very nice for us! We were able to get in and out of our space without any issues.
The weather was amazing and we were able to get so much work done before we had to leave.
We went here for our 2nd outing with our new TT. It was nice, but the thing that set it apart were the people!
They helped up get set up, showed us how to turn on things at the campground (remember, this was our 2nd outing), and also gave us tips on how to make the camping experience better.
It was so incredibly beautiful, peaceful and quiet that we didn't want to leave. But we had to.
We were very late, but everything was set up for us when we arrived. It was easy to find our site, and set up. Morning was so refreshing!
We had the best lot in the place! We were on the end (which is always a plus for us), and were able to see Lake Erie!
Very Quiet, but not much really goes on when it is raining. They only had 50w outlets, but will lend you a converter for $15.00, which is refundable upon leaving.
This is a lovely large Kampground (yes, I used a K), that is close to the airport. We expected the airport noise, but not the trains.
Our space was wide and long to accommodate our pickup truck/25' TT and the hosts were super sweet.
They allowed for late arrival, and when they opened, they were very accommodating for our questions.


The largest city and capital of Kenya is Nairobi. It is well known for the Nairobi National Park. It is the only game reserve in a major city in the world. Nairobi County is made up of the city of Nairobi as well as neighboring cities around.
Kenya has many cities but Nairobi is the more prominent one. It is a place to find thousands of businesses and over 100 major organizations and companies. You can also find the United Nations and is the center of United Nations Environment Program.
Moving to Nairobi can be exciting. You will want to enjoy all the local attractions and get around when you want to by providing your own transportation. You will need to follow the rules and regulations of transporting vehicles to Nairobi so you are not delayed and can drive as soon as you have your vehicle. A1 Auto Transport service can help you get your vehicle from the United States to Nairobi as quickly as possible and following all the rules and regulations.
Requirements for Importing your Vehicle.
KRA, or Kenya Revenue Authority uses retail/selling prices and clearing and forwarding agents to assist in determine the duties charges. The vehicle's model is not always the same year the car was registered. The duty will be calculated using the time the vehicle was registered. According to Kenya Bureau of Standards, you cannot import a vehicle that is eight years old and older.
Engine capacity will help to determine customs. The larger the engine is, the more duty you will pay. Excise duty is also determined. If the vehicle is less than three years, you are charged nearly Ksh 150,000. If a car is more than three years old, it is charged Ksh 200,000. The Value Added Tax or VAT is also added to duty. This tax is at 16%. You will be responsible for getting your vehicle licensed before you can import it to Kenya. The Import Declaration fee is normally charged at a rate of 25% of the CIF value. This charge is not associated with customs duties.
vehicle must not be more than eight years old.
must be not have obtained permission from exemption before.
must have been living outside of Kenya for at least two years .
must be returning with their own vehicle that they have owned for at least twelve months.
Proof of residency in the country.
Invoice for duties that have been paid.
There are two different shipping methods to choose from when coming to Kenya. You can choose either the roll on roll off method or the container shipping. The most cost effective way to import a vehicle is through the Roll on/Roll Off method. You will only be allowed to have floor mats, car jack, and a spare tire in your vehicle at the time of transport.
The container shipping is more expensive but you can also share the container with another person who may be importing items as well. You will have a choice between two sizes of the container; 20 and 40 foot. You will need to make a list of items that are in your container to give to Kenya customs upon arrival.


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Q: Undefined instance method "respond_to" in Rails 5 API Controller In rails 5 created with --api I have an error
NoMethodError (undefined method `respond_to' for #<Api::MyController:0x005645c81f0798>
Did you mean?  respond_to?):

However, in the documentation for rails 4.2 it says http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/4_2_release_notes.html

respond_with and the corresponding class-level respond_to have been
  moved to the responders gem. Add gem 'responders', '~> 2.0' to your
  Gemfile to use it:
Instance-level respond_to is unaffected:

And I'm calling the instance method. What's the matter?
class ApplicationController < ActionController::API
end

# ...
class Api::MyController < ApplicationController

  def method1
    # ...
    respond_to do |format|
      format.xml { render(xml: "fdsfds") }
      format.json { render(json: "fdsfdsfd" ) }
    end

A: As of Rails 4.2, this functionality no longer ships with Rails, but can easily be included with the responders gem (like Max noted in comments above).
Add gem 'responders' to your Gemfile, then
$ bundle install
$ rails g responders:install

Sources:
http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/4_2_release_notes.html#respond-with-class-level-respond-to
https://github.com/plataformatec/responders

A: ActionController::API does not include the ActionController::MimeResponds module. If you want to use respond_to you need to include MimeResponds.
class ApplicationController < ActionController::API
  include ActionController::MimeResponds
end

module Api
  class MyController < ApplicationController
    def method1
      # ...
      respond_to do |format|
        format.xml { render(xml: "fdsfds") }
        format.json { render(json: "fdsfdsfd" ) }
      end
    end
  end
end

Source: ActionController::API docs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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