Transcript of BriefingsDirect[TM] podcast with Dana Gardner, recorded Aug. 23, 2006.
Dana Gardner: Hi, this is Dana Gardner, principal analyst at Interarbor Solutions, and you're listening to BriefingsDirect. Today, a podcast discussion on a mega convergence point, the intersection of advanced intelligent network services and applications as services, otherwise known as Services Oriented Architecture (SOA). And joining us to discuss this rather weighty topic is Bill Ruh, the vice president of Advanced Services at Cisco Systems. Welcome to the show, Bill.
Bill Ruh: Dana, thank you very much.
Gardner: Let me provide some more background on you and what you do at Cisco. You've been 20 years plus working in enterprise middleware and integration, and you are currently leading the Services Oriented Network Architecture (SONA), as well as the Application Oriented Networking (AON) services teams worldwide at Cisco. Previous to that, you were a senior vice president and CTO at Software AG, and you've worked at Mitre and IBM.
Furthermore, you're an author, and in July of 2004 published a book called, "Enterprise Integration: the Essential Guide to Integrations and Solutions." Previous to that came, "Enterprise Application Integration, " as well as "Inside CORBA" and previous to that, "IIOP Complete. " So it sounds like you've got a pretty good handle on integration, Bill.
Ruh: I've seen a lot of the trends and a lot of the technologies come and go over the last 25 years to help us solve this problem.
Gardner: Based on some of the presentations I've seen you deliver, we are at this mega-tipping point -- not something that is just a continuum of what's happened in the past, but something that seems quite different. This is largely due to SOA, virtualization, network convergence, intelligent network services, a higher level of standardization and open source. This all seems to imply a bit more than the typical roadmap, something that is quite new. I think you called it "integration for everyone." I wonder if you could start our discussion by sort of explaining what you mean by "integration for everyone."
Ruh: It certainly does feel like we're about ready to enter and move up to another plateau in technology. In my experience it's like client-server, or certainly like the Internet age. Then, we went up to a new plateau with the technology, and this has that same feel. I call it "integration for everyone" in that previously when we have talked about integration, it has been very much technical, the very technical integration of tying together systems.
But, when we start to look at where we're going now -- in both the number of things and the kinds of things -- what we're trying to do with those things in tying them together now is very different. In fact, we've got a movement from where we used to just have a few devices to where we have the Internet. We're tying together RFID tags. We're tying together sensors. So we've got a real change in the kinds of things that we're tying together, where it's not just technology things. It's things that are going to be more business-oriented.
The idea of sensors, the idea of tags, the idea of "what is the device on the network" -- that is changing. We also see that the kind of things we want to do with integration is changing. It used to be that integration was really about taking information from one system and integrating it with information from another system. The kinds of integration we're talking about now is also fundamentally changing, because what people want to do now is more about interactions than about production and transactions.
Now that I know that a temperature gauge in a refrigeration unit has gone off, well, what do I want to do with that? I want to not only sense it, but I want to respond to it. I want to tell somebody about it. This idea of collaboration means that I'm not just integrating applications in a technology sense. I'm integrating people and processes into this. So, when you look about "integration for everyone," what we're really talking about is not just technology integration. We're now integrating all these devices and all these sensors and all these people and all these cell phones.
We're now taking those integrations and its not just transferring information. We want to collaborate. We want to bring in this idea of communication. When I talk about "integration for everyone," it means that it's integration for me. It's integration for my son or daughter. It's integration for everyone so that they get all the services and capabilities they need through whatever device or channel or whatever they're interacting through. And that's a fundamental re-definition of what integration is about.
Gardner: Okay, it sounds like this portends a great deal of opportunity, albeit with quite a bit of complexity. So, if I'm a CIO in a corporation and I'm trying to be strategic, work with the business side of the house in formulating how we're going to take advantage of these trends and this new plateau of integration, how do we manage the complexity? What are some of the priorities that you see facing today's CIO?
Ruh: I think you hit on the major challenge here. Software is always complex, and systems are complex, so it's great for me to say, "Wow, we're going to take all these sensors and plug them in, and you're going to be told when some sensor goes off in your house or some sensor goes off in your business, and your business processes are going to be suddenly kicked off and you're going to respond to things much quicker." But the fact is that we all know that trying to do that in real time is difficult.
The CIO is the one who is going to bear the brunt of why we can't do this. The last time I remember, "Why can't I do this," was in the PC era. You remember everybody had dumb terminals, and suddenly it was easy for people to go buy PCs through the finance department, etc. The CIOs suddenly had all this complexity and they had to tie it all together. Suddenly, they had networks showing up everywhere, all different flavors of networks, all different kinds of protocols -- and that became a nightmare to manage. Cisco was actually born out of that era in solving the problem of how to integrate and network together all these different PCs into different applications.
We've moved up that stack and the CIO is going to see that people are going to be building sensors and cell phones, and people are going to be saying in their businesses, "Why can't you do this? I can go buy this capability." This will happen in the same way we saw the PC coming in the back door 20 years ago. Fortunately -- and maybe it's really driven by this complexity -- the dialogue has turned to SOA.
SOA isn't really new. I was involved in Smalltalk and CORBA and the object-oriented movement back in the mid-1980s. A lot of these techniques and approaches have been talked about for a long time. What makes it different is that we're now starting to get where the protocols are being made that allow standardization to occur. This idea of protocols is the same thing we saw with Internet protocol (IP). What we're seeing is a movement up the stack to things that ride on top of IP that allow services to actually communicate, coordinate, and collaborate better -- in the same way it used to be hard to connect two things together and send data from one device to another, which is less of a problem today.
We're going to see that protocols and services in the network are really going to allow us to communicate easier and reduce some of the complexity. So, the network's going to tie into this movement of SOA. It's going to provide services, infrastructure-level services, to take some of the complexity away from CIOs in terms of the infrastructure and allow them to focus on the business processes.
Gardner: We've discussed some of the technical integration issues, but it seems to me that in a typical enterprise today, there also is going to be the need for a cultural or organizational integration. For example, the application development and deployment folks are in one group or one culture. Network services and administration in another, and then voice telephony (VOIP) and communications in another. It seems to me that that won't stand, that disintermediation between these different groups is not conducive to this larger integration proposition that we're discussing. How do we bring application and network services together? How do Cisco's AON, the Application Oriented Networking, and SOA relate, both technically and organizationally?
Ruh: You know, I think you hit the nail on the head. I don't think this is necessarily being driven by Cisco. This is being driven by this larger services-oriented trend. When you look at it, we've organized our IT and our businesses that integrate with IT around the Internet model and the client-server model.
When you move to a service-oriented model and you start to move more intelligence in the network, certainly you've got the need for the networking person to become more cognizant of how they play and support the applications -- and it's no longer a black box. We see the need for the networking folks to take on a larger responsibility in that intelligence, and provide services that may have been more traditionally built into our applications -- duplicated in many instances -- so people have multiple identity services, instead of one that logically probably fits in the network.
What we see is that the networking folks have to come up and deal with some of the complexity of the services being put in the network. At the same time, the applications folks within an IT organization have to think of the network not as plumbing. They can't just say: "I've opened up a socket," or "I open up some communication mechanism and the network takes care of getting the bits from here to there." They have to realize that there are services inside the network. We're going to see that the organizational dynamics that you suggest are going to change because of that.
I'd add one other thing. As we get to more services or other organizational dynamics, we're going to see that the end users are going to want the tools that they have on their desktops to allow them to quickly and easily utilize those services in the network as well as on our servers, so that they can apply them and connect them into their desktop applications. We see this in the case of Google, which has done mash ups and other things out there.
It's not just the networking administrator or the networking person. It's not just the applications person. The end user is going to start taking advantage of services and that changes the dynamics entirely. So, we're going to see a real change in the dynamics between these organizations. And that's why the network is so important. It's the one thing that connects them all -- and those services have to be there to reduce that complexity.
Gardner: Another trend that's afoot today that we haven't mentioned, but has an impact, is the social networking phenomena, characterized often as Web 2.0, where we're seeing communities and collaboration and particularly interactivity. This back-and-forth nature of a discussion, of sharing of knowledge, is growing prominent, not only in blogging, but more mainstream in enterprises and in how people do business. Given that interactivity is a buzzword, and I don't think just a short-term one, how does the network play in a modern, advanced sense in supporting interactivity solutions?
Ruh: Within Cisco, we talk about unified communications -- all the different mechanisms that people use to communicate and collaborate, and that communication is certainly changing. You just outlined that. We go from Voice-over-IP (VOIP), to instant messaging, to collaborative applications, sharing documents, and then we get into blogging.
This whole idea of communication is fundamentally being re-written overnight. Unified communications is going to be the focus for these next-generation applications that are going to support that environment. When you really look at the vision for where unified communications will go in the next five years, it includes the idea: "Why can't I take my blogs, and why can't I take something like Google Earth and then plot where the blogs are?" Maybe I want to look at blogs that are from a certain part of the world, or that talk about a certain part of the world.
Communication is fundamentally changing to be IP-based. So, the network has provided services to allow those individuals to integrate with everybody. If I'm on a blog and I want to talk to someone and I want to collaborate with someone, I can bring up my collaboration tools. I can bring up my VOIP capability -- all of these things that are integrated. Those services allow me to take all of the services like Google Earth and start to use those tools as a part of the collaboration.
The idea that services can get integrated to the communications is important, and the network becomes the focal point for the services that support that infrastructure, as well as IP being the basis for all these different tools working together.
Gardner: It sounds like what we're gaining here is the opportunity to not just view communications, applications, and data as separate, but that we need to pull together with our own brains -- with our wet-ware. How do we take this intelligent information network and manage it? It sounds like we have this opportunity, but I think people are still stuck thinking about these things as separate and unrelated.
Ruh: That's obviously going to take some time, in the same way the Internet took time. I remember in 1994 and 1995 putting up Web sites. At the time I was with the Mitre Corp., and we did a lot of early work there. A lot of folks looked at this and asked, "What use was it?" and, "Who is going to manage it?"
Between 1994 or 1995 and 2000, organizations suddenly had a change, and now they have Web administrators and Web servers and everything else coming in. The organization had to morph to support that, so there's always this chicken-and-egg relationship. What do you do first?
The important thing is that you don't decide to put the organization in place and then the technology. What happens is that the business begins to be driven by some of these external forces. So, external forces -- sensors, unified communications, and moving to VOIP -- and all these IP services -- are starting to come together, and they're coming into the organization. With the PC, the user said, "Well, I've got this spreadsheet, and this is how I want to interact with things." People start to focus on what the application is.
"If I can go home and do all the things I'm doing at home, well, when I go to work, I want to have exactly the same thing." That's the thinking that drove the PC. That's what drove the Internet, and that's what's going to drive this whole era. People can do this at home, and they're going to say, "Well, why can't I do that at work, and why can't I have that same capability?" And they start bringing it in the back door. What happens then, of course, is that the IT world has to respond to that.
What we'll see is that organizations are going to have to decide whether they want to get a little ahead of the power curve here. They know this is all happening, and that means they have to look at their network, look at their systems and say, "I'm going to do services-oriented here. I'm going to do SOA, and I'm going to do services-oriented infrastructure. Let me figure out a few of the core elements I need to put in. Security is a network service. That's great, and I've got to put that in there. I've got to start looking at what kind of services go where."
You get a few core elements in and from that what is going to happen is that IT organizations are going to learn what they need to do to really fit into this wave or this trend. Number two, is that they are going to be viewed as being responsive to the business side of things. This is the approach that people have to look at. "What are some of these core services that I can put in the network? What are some of the core services that I've got within my servers and how can take advantage of this trend and support what is certainly going to be a wave that is going to hit?"
Gardner: We've had quite a few acronyms in our discussion, and we could probably come up with a couple of hundred more. Help me out with Services Oriented Network Architecture (SONA). I've got a pretty good handle on SOA, and I've got a pretty good handle on AON, but I'm a little bit less clear on SONA. What do you all mean by that?
Ruh: SONA is a Cisco-defined architecture. We recognize that we have a very diverse product set, and those products fit together. So part of SONA is to show how all of our products that we bring to market fit together into an overall network. And rather than the network as just the transport, it's the network as a platform.
With that you can understand how unified communications fits with mobility, data center, networking, and security. How does all this fit on top of your network infrastructure and work together? One piece of this is to show how the entirety of what we're doing in terms of our products fits together as a single, integrated platform.
In addition, what SONA is about is for us to show how these are not only just products with features and functions, but that they provide specific services in the network -- identity services, VPN services, presence services from mobility -- so that the applications people can begin to understand it. If they're going to use a presence service within the SONA architecture, when the networking people provide those mobility services, and there is a presence service in there, they can take advantage of that presence service for their application.
SONA is about how the entire Cisco product line fits together. It's also about how those products then provide services and how those services fit with the application. Finally, it really lays out the vision for how we're taking our portfolio going forward and how these things are going to continue to evolve, how they're going to continue to work together. As an architecture, we show how we can create an infrastructure that can improve your overall SOA investment.
As you invest in SOA, the infrastructure through SONA is there to allow you to scale. How are you going to do bandwidth and manage bandwidth and quality of service? How are you going to provide a converged network? How are security and mobility going to fit in? Which standards and protocols are going to be used? How do you get the ability to virtualize your storage and your compute environments and other devices? SONA really is an architecture, and it's a way for the customer to see how the network plays in their overall service-oriented architecture and what services we believe really belong in the network going forward.
Gardner: Help me understand, if I put myself in the role of the developer. Traditionally as a developer I probably haven't been too concerned with the network and I probably feel that's up to the operations people to deal with. I'm focused on the logic, on the presentation, on the access and integration. But it sounds to me as a developer that I may have a palette of different objects and services to choose from as I'm crafting my application. And increasingly I'm going to have more on that palette in the form of network services.
Is that the way I should be thinking as a developer -- that I should be looking toward network services as part of my typical library of resources when I'm putting together an application? Or is there some other intercept where these network services as you described them will come into play with applications?
Ruh: We don't want developers to look and say, "Oh, I'm programming the network." Obviously that's not the intent here. In fact, to them, these services should just exist and be available to them as part of their overall palette, as you described.
The issue that we're trying to educate people on is that some of these services do belong in the network. From a developer's perspective today they may think about identity services or mobility services. They need to be aware that decisions need to be made about it. Maybe this ought to be in the network, and they need to work with networking folks and architecture folks. If we need these as common services, hopefully they'll also say, "Yeah, we know that they should be in the network."
And this has happened before. VPN used to be in application code -- and it has migrated down to the network. Multi-cast is another great example: Programmers used to build multi-cast and now they know it's in the network, and they expect it to be there. Firewalls used to be at the application layer. It's the same with quality of service, replication, back-up, and encryption -- all these things. We're really continuing down the path of educating developers that these services belong in the network.
From a programmer's standpoint, it either just happens, which is the best case, or they can configure it as a service. The way we're moving is to open up and provide some of our functionality to services that a system's architect or an application person can take advantage of as they build out their applications.
Gardner: Perhaps I had it a little bit backward. Instead of my seeing more items on my palette, perhaps I should expect to see fewer, as components that have perhaps traditionally been part of an application or middleware layer, migrate to the network layer. Then, I really don't have to worry about them, and so perhaps the reuse and integration of these services into a platform reduces my options as a developer. Do you think that's right?
Ruh: I think it's absolutely right, and I think you've got the point there, which is: Should every application implement virus detection and virus management? No. Should it be implemented for them? Yes. Should there be some ability for the applications to control other set policies? Those are things that should happen, but the fact is that there are a lot of things that are infrastructure that should just happen, where programmers don't have to worry about them as they do today.
Gardner: In wrapping up, why don't we try to get into some more of the reality side of this in terms of implementation? If I'm a CIO, or if I'm a developer, or architect beginning to see the logic of bringing services from middleware and from a siloed basis onto a more ubiquitous platform for reuse, how do I get started, where do I put the pencil on the paper first to start in this direction?
Ruh: What we've been doing in working with customers down this path is, and -- as strange as this is going to sound -- it really does start with a strategy and roadmap. The IT organization really needs to make sure that they have their strategy for their IT environment laid out, as well as the kind of roadmap they have to get there. That's what allows the dialogue to take place at the next level.
What you don't want to do is to say, "Okay, I need services. Let me go buy services, put them in;" to do the Field of Dreams thing ... and they will come. In the past, as we've learned from object oriented, building common services, and having the Field of Dreams approach doesn't work.
What does work is if you've got your strategy and your roadmap for your IT organization, such as where your investments are going to be made, what applications you're going to be building. The best strategy is to come in and say, "Okay what is the best approach -- architectural approach -- to get there?" Now you can begin to integrate with the architectural group to say, "We know that we want to start to put in place certain B-to-B capabilities or certain other applications."
Maybe the best place to start is with identity services within the network or maybe the best place to start is with mobility services in the network. Or maybe really, I want to improve the data center. If I take a retail operation, if my strategy and roadmap is really that, I'm going to invest in the store operations in the stores. I may really focus on identity management and wireless services in the network. Maybe I'm going to move to wireless POS (point of sales).
Maybe I'm going to do e-learning. Maybe I'm just going to just change the nature of the store. If I've already invested in the stores, what I really want to do is I want to save money in my back-ends and I want to improve my data center operations. Then, it may be that putting in storage networking services, putting in a compute services in the network to virtualized storage and servers, maybe those are much better approaches.
The fact is you want to tie bringing in new services to the investments you plan to make that will be tied to the business problems that are out there. Then, very naturally, over the course of three years, as you execute that strategy and roadmap, you end up with these services being built in and being paid for as a part of that natural investment. Where we have been coming in, interestingly enough, is we are now getting involved with those strategies and roadmaps by doing a lot of workshops and planning with them, and then bringing in what SONA can provide in tying down to a real ROI analysis. Then, you get into the architecture and the technology and how it fits in. And, the part everybody really loves-- you finally get down to buying specific products that implement that capability.
Gardner: So I guess two takeaways from that would be: The good news is that I can do this incrementally; that I don't have to build it all and then throw a switch one day. It can start on a crawl-walk-run basis. But, in order to make that plausible, there also has to be a top-down mandate for these cultural silos. And all of these different parts need to act in some concert toward an iterative build-out and adoption. There has to be some word from on high that this is our strategy, this is the roadmap, and this is what we're going to do. Does that sound about right?
Ruh: That sounds about right, and it's getting people to realize that this can be done incrementally. It makes the most sense to have the discussion around a business problem that you're going to invest in anyway. And then very naturally the network folks, the app folks, and the architecture folks are sitting around the table and having the right discussions -- which is: which services really belong in the network, which services are going to give us the biggest bang for the buck, and which services quite naturally belong in the other parts of the IT infrastructure? So, it really starts the dialogue down the right path.
Gardner: Well, thanks very much. We've been discussing mega-trends and convergence, network services, application services, and SOA. Joining us has been Bill Ruh, the vice president of Advanced Services at Cisco Systems. This is Dana Gardner, principal analyst at Interarbor Solutions for BriefingsDirect. Thanks for joining us.
Transcript of Dana Gardner's BriefingsDirect podcast on network services and SOA convergence. Copyright Interarbor Solutions, LLC, 2005-2006. All rights reserved.


text:
Q: How can I format a block of text that includes line breaks using HAML? Let's say I have a block of text that looks like this:
First line\nSecond line\nThird line

I want to take this text and display it (using a jQuery template) in HAML like this:
%li ${TEXT}

Unfortunately, I haven't found any good way to have those line breaks actually display as line breaks. When displayed as-is, they end up being formatted (on the actual web page) like this:
First line Second line Third line

When doing your standard replace(/\n/g, "
") in JavaScript, the formatted result (post-HAML) becomes:
First line
Second line
Third line

In other words, the literal string
 actually displays to the user.
I'm sure there's a simple solution to this problem; I'm just not finding it quickly.

A: With jQuery templates, instead of ${TEXT} where the TEXT property contains html, you should use {{html TEXT}}. This will prevent the jQuery template engine from html encoding your string.replace(/\n/g, "") before inserting it into the template.

A: Something like this?
- lines = text.split("\n")
- unless lines.empty?
  %ul
    - lines.each do |line|
      %li= line
      - unless lines.last == line
        %br

No doubt it can be improved.

A: you have to escape the \n by doubling the escape (\\n)
replace(/\n/g, "\\n")

A: Improved form of this answer:
- text = "Hello \nWorld"
%p= find_and_preserve text.split("\n").join('
')

(Although the question seemed to be more about $.text vs S.html, as noted here.)

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Take a Deeper Dive into Langston Hughes' Impact with LRC and LCO
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Categories AcademicTags academic libraries, Artemis: Literary Sources, black history month, history, Langston Hughes, Literature Criticism Online, Literature Resource Center, Poetry	Post navigation
Archives Unbound and African-American History and Life
Bridging the Gap Between High School & College: Part 12

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text:
Die Ruinenstadt Tazicheng () im Kreis Tailai der chinesischen Provinz Heilongjiang ist eine Stadt aus der Zeit der Liao-Dynastie, Jin-Dynastie und Yuan-Dynastie. Sie war die Stadt von Dschingis Khans jüngerem Bruder.

Sie befindet sich 45 km im Nordwesten des Kreises in der Großgemeinde Tazicheng 塔子城镇. Weil es außerhalb der Stadt eine Ziegelpagode (zhuanta 砖塔) gibt, heißt sie "Pagoden-Stadt" 塔子城. Es ist die größte alte Stadt im Westen Heilongjiangs.

Die Tazicheng-Stätte steht seit 2006 auf der Liste der Denkmäler der Volksrepublik China (6-65).

Einzelnachweise

Archäologischer Fundplatz in Heilongjiang
Nationales Kulturdenkmal der Volksrepublik China
Ruinenstadt
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Asien

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text:
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Trading Skills
Swap Definition & How to Calculate Gains
James Chen, CMT is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist.
Timothy Li
Fact checked by Timothy Li
Timothy Li is a consultant, accountant, and finance manager with an MBA from USC and over 15 years of corporate finance experience. Timothy has helped provide CEOs and CFOs with deep-dive analytics, providing beautiful stories behind the numbers, graphs, and financial models.
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What Is a Swap?
A swap is a derivative contract through which two parties exchange the cash flows or liabilities from two different financial instruments. Most swaps involve cash flows based on a notional principal amount such as a loan or bond, although the instrument can be almost anything. Usually, the principal does not change hands. Each cash flow comprises one leg of the swap. One cash flow is generally fixed, while the other is variable and based on a benchmark interest rate, floating currency exchange rate, or index price.
The most common kind of swap is an interest rate swap. Swaps do not trade on exchanges, and retail investors do not generally engage in swaps. Rather, swaps are over-the-counter (OTC) contracts primarily between businesses or financial institutions that are customized to the needs of both parties.
Swaps Explained
Interest Rate Swaps
In an interest rate swap, the parties exchange cash flows based on a notional principal amount (this amount is not actually exchanged) in order to hedge against interest rate risk or to speculate. For example, imagine ABC Co. has just issued $1 million in five-year bonds with a variable annual interest rate defined as the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) plus 1.3% (or 130 basis points). Also, assume that LIBOR is at 2.5% and ABC management is anxious about an interest rate rise.
The management team finds another company, XYZ Inc., that is willing to pay ABC an annual rate of LIBOR plus 1.3% on a notional principal of $1 million for five years. In other words, XYZ will fund ABC's interest payments on its latest bond issue. In exchange, ABC pays XYZ a fixed annual rate of 5% on a notional value of $1 million for five years. ABC benefits from the swap if rates rise significantly over the next five years. XYZ benefits if rates fall, stay flat, or rise only gradually.
According to an announcement by the Federal Reserve, banks should stop writing contracts using LIBOR by the end of 2021. The Intercontinental Exchange, the authority responsible for LIBOR, will stop publishing one week and two month LIBOR after December 31, 2021. All LIBOR contracts must be wrapped up by June 30, 2023.
Below are two scenarios for this interest rate swap: LIBOR rises 0.75% per year and LIBOR rises 0.25% per year.
If LIBOR rises by 0.75% per year, Company ABC's total interest payments to its bondholders over the five-year period amount to $225,000. Let's break down the calculation:
Libor + 1.30% Variable Interest Paid by XYZ to ABC 5% Interest Paid by ABC to XYZ ABC's Gain XYZ's Loss
Year 1 3.80% $38,000 $50,000 -$12,000 $12,000
Year 2 4.55% $45,500 $50,000 -$4,500 $4,500
Year 3 5.30% $53,000 $50,000 $3,000 -$3,000
Year 4 6.05% $60,500 $50,000 $10,500 -$10,500
Total $15,000 ($15,000)
In this scenario, ABC did well because its interest rate was fixed at 5% through the swap. ABC paid $15,000 less than it would have with the variable rate. XYZ's forecast was incorrect, and the company lost $15,000 through the swap because rates rose faster than it had expected.
In the second scenario, LIBOR rises by 0.25% per year:
Year 1 3.80% $38,000 $50,000 ($12,000) $12,000
Year 2 4.05% $40,500 $50,000 ($9,500) $9,500
Total ($35,000) $35,000
In this case, ABC would have been better off by not engaging in the swap because interest rates rose slowly. XYZ profited $35,000 by engaging in the swap because its forecast was correct.
This example does not account for the other benefits ABC might have received by engaging in the swap. For example, perhaps the company needed another loan, but lenders were unwilling to do that unless the interest obligations on its other bonds were fixed.
In most cases, the two parties would act through a bank or other intermediary, which would take a cut of the swap. Whether it is advantageous for two entities to enter into an interest rate swap depends on their comparative advantage in fixed or floating-rate lending markets.
Other Swaps
The instruments exchanged in a swap do not have to be interest payments. Countless varieties of exotic swap agreements exist, but relatively common arrangements include commodity swaps, currency swaps, debt swaps, and total return swaps.
Commodity Swaps
Commodity swaps involve the exchange of a floating commodity price, such as the Brent Crude oil spot price, for a set price over an agreed-upon period. As this example suggests, commodity swaps most commonly involve crude oil.
Currency Swaps
In a currency swap, the parties exchange interest and principal payments on debt denominated in different currencies. Unlike an interest rate swap, the principal is not a notional amount, but it is exchanged along with interest obligations. Currency swaps can take place between countries. For example, China has used swaps with Argentina, helping the latter stabilize its foreign reserves. The U.S. Federal Reserve engaged in an aggressive swap strategy with European central banks during the 2010 European financial crisis to stabilize the euro, which was falling in value due to the Greek debt crisis.
Debt-Equity Swaps
A debt-equity swap involves the exchange of debt for equity—in the case of a publicly-traded company, this would mean bonds for stocks. It is a way for companies to refinance their debt or reallocate their capital structure.
Total Return Swaps
In a total return swap, the total return from an asset is exchanged for a fixed interest rate. This gives the party paying the fixed-rate exposure to the underlying asset—a stock or an index. For example, an investor could pay a fixed rate to one party in return for the capital appreciation plus dividend payments of a pool of stocks.
Credit Default Swap (CDS)
A credit default swap (CDS) consists of an agreement by one party to pay the lost principal and interest of a loan to the CDS buyer if a borrower defaults on a loan. Excessive leverage and poor risk management in the CDS market were contributing causes of the 2008 financial crisis.
Swaps Summary
A financial swap is a derivative contract where one party exchanges or "swaps" the cash flows or value of one asset for another. For example, a company paying a variable rate of interest may swap its interest payments with another company that will then pay the first company a fixed rate. Swaps can also be used to exchange other kinds of value or risk like the potential for a credit default in a bond.
Intercontinental Exchange Inc. "LIBOR®."
The State Council of the People's Republic of China. "China Extends Currency Swap Deal with Argentina."
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. "FOMC Statement: Federal Reserve, European Central Bank, Bank of Canada, Bank of England, and Swiss National Bank Announce Reestablishment of Temporary U.S. Dollar Liquidity Swap Facilities."
Stulz, René M. "Credit Default Swaps and the Credit Crisis." Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 24, no. 1, Winter 2010. pp. 73-92.
Liability Swap
A liability swap is a financial derivative in which two parties exchange debt-related interest rates, usually a fixed rate for a floating rate.
What Is an Amortizing Swap?
An amortizing swap is an interest rate swap where the notional principal amount is reduced at the underlying fixed and floating rates.
Asset Swap: Definition, How It Works, Calculating the Spread
An asset swap is a derivative contract through which fixed and floating investments are being exchanged.
Index Amortizing Swap (IAS)
An index amortizing swap (IAS) is a type of interest rate swap agreement in which the principal is gradually reduced over the life of the agreement.
Foreign Currency (FX) Swap: Definition, How It Works, and Types
A foreign currency swap is an agreement to exchange currency between two foreign parties, often employed to obtain loans at more favorable interest rates.
Commodity Swap: Definition, How It Works, Example
A commodity swap is a contract where two sides of the deal agree to exchange cash flows, which are dependent on the price of an underlying commodity.
The Power of the Plan in an Uncertain Market
An Introduction to Swaps
Advanced Strategies & Instruments
How to Value Interest Rate Swaps
An In-Depth Look at the Swap Market
Options and Derivatives
Currency Swap vs. Interest Rate Swap: What's the Difference?
Different Types of Swaps


Many of us say that we would like to use more green energy, but in practice many of us do not use a renewable home energy supplier. Why is this and how can you switch easily to green energy that's truely renewable?
What Is Green Or Renewable Energy?
Let's start with what we mean by green or renewable energy. This is essentially energy that's sourced from renewables such as sunlight, wind, water, plants and geothermal heat as opposed to energy generated from fossil fuels. And we know that it is very effective. Renewable UK quote that a single 2.5MW wind turbine can generate enough electricity for the grid to power 1400 homes in the UK or, to really bring it home, to make 230,000 cups of tea!
Many people do this for a variety of reasons. Many people want to end their reliance on fossil fuels, reduce their carbon footprint and simply be kinder to the environment.
How does the National Grid come into this? One key fact to point out when you are considering going greener is that all electricity is supplied by the National Grid, regardless of how that electricity came to be made. So as a consumer it can be hard to really verify exactly how green your energy really is.
What Do Energy Companies Mean By 'Green'?
You will find that some energy companies source all or some of their energy from renewable sources or some suppliers use 'normal' energy but then invest heavily in the renewable market. Some suppliers also for example plant trees or invest their profits into solar energy. So when shopping around do look clearly at what your preferred supplier means by being green.
It appears that many of us think that renewable will not be efficient and it will also be more expensive. The truth is that whilst renewable energy may not be the cheapest it is also not the most expensive.
One company involved in this industry, Bulb.co.uk, say that for every unit of electricity you use they will produce and place a unit of renewable energy on the grid from wind, hydro and solar.
The key point here is that as public interest rises and it is estimated that 81% of UK residents approve and support the use of renewable energy (Department of energy and climate change) then these specialist suppliers will look at their tariffs to make themselves more attractive.
Could Renewable Energy Run Out?
One concern from many is that if demand for renewable increases we will simply run out. But that is disputed from those companies involved in home renewable energy. The view is that as demand grows then so will the supply chain. A simple supply and demand equation will follow suit.
How Easy To Switch To Renewable?
It is still shocking to note that still only a small percentage of people switch their energy supplier each year. To help encourage this companies like Bulb are trying to make this easier. So they are looking at customer service and ensuring that they continue to score well on sites like Trust pilot.
To help those switch Bulb also say that all you have to do is send them a picture of a recent bill. From this they will do the rest for you. Another initiative from Bulb is to provide customers with bills that they can really understand. With this in mind they are also looking at introducing smart meters to help customers really understand their usage in more details.
In all cases we would advise that you consult a comparison website. On these you can search for green credentials and in most cases all you need to do is to decide who you want to change to and then your new supplier will do most of the work for you. All you need to have in front of you is your postcode and a recent energy bill. Knowing your energy usage can also be helpful when on comparison websites.
How Else Can You Be Greener?
Once you have switched to a more green energy provider you will have gone a long way to helping the environment. You may also want to consider paperless billing. But there are other things you can do around the home to be more energy efficient.
Some tips here include only filling a kettle with exactly the amount of water you want, using kettles to boil water and not cold water in a pan, only putting the dishwasher on when it is completely full and washing laundry on 30 degrees rather than 40.
When I Switch Will My Energy Be Cut Off?
Many people fear this the most and it stops them switching. Let's be clear when you switch your energy will not be cut off, the same pipes and wires are used. Your new supplier should kick in in a few weeks, you then usually have 14 days to change your mind.
With energy costs going up now has never been a better time to see if you can get a better deal. We take you through the process of changing your energy supplier.
How Bad Are Energy Drinks For Children?
Energy drinks have been in the news a lot lately. But how bad are they for us and is there a place for them if you play a lot of sport and need an energy boost?
uSwitch.com helps customers compare prices and switch services on a wide range of services including gas, electricity, home phone, loans, insurance and broadband.
Through the combined strength of MEB, CALORTEX and National Power, offer unrivalled choice and excellent service for all your gas and electricity needs.
Offering gas and electricity from 100% renewable sources, Bulb is not one of the big six providers and consistently provides great value energy. Switch your energy provider now.


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Martial Law & Civil Emergency
All 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003
Displaying 1-10 of 96 Articles
Additional budget still needed for military operation in Aceh
Aceh Kita – August 4, 2005
AK-25, Jakarta – The defense department is still pursuing its plan for budget increases for the security operation in Aceh.
Non-organic troops will soon be withdrawn from Aceh
Kompas – July 6, 2005
Jakarta – The last of a series of informal negotiations between the Indonesian government and members of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) will be held on July 11-18 with a focus on drafting an agreemen
Government not serious about resolving Aceh question peacefully: FPDRA
Fpdra.org – July 1, 2005
Alisa P, Jakarta – The operation to restore security in Aceh is continuing. In order to support the operation the Defense Department has submitted a budget request for 530.27 billion rupiah.
Parliament questions budget submission for Aceh military operation
Kompas – June 29, 2005
Sutta Dharmasaputra/Wisnu Dewabrata, Jakarta – The operation to restore security in Aceh continues.
TNI chief neglects to mention Acehnese civilian casualties in report
Fpdra.org – June 9, 2005
Alisa P, Jakarta – In a report on the results of the military operation over the two years that Aceh was under a state of emergency to members of the People's Representative Assembly's (DPR) Commis
Parliament calls on government to end negotiations with GAM
Media Indonesia – May 24, 2005
Astrini D Anindita, Jakarta – The People's Representative Assembly (DPR) is calling on the government to end negotiations with Free Aceh Movement (GAM) leaders in Helsinki because they believe that
Aceh's new status an opportunity to involve society in peace process
Kompas – May 17, 2005
Jakarta – The reduction of Aceh's status from a state of civil emergency to one of a civil authority must be seized as an opportunity to further increase the involvement of civil society.
Aceh reverts to civil authority but troop numbers increased
Tempo Interactive – May 17, 2005
Agus Supriyanto, Jakarta – Non-government organisations from the Aceh Working Group (AWG) have welcomed the reduction of the state of civil emergency in Aceh to one of a civil authority that will b
Non-combat military operations in Aceh are not an answer
PRD Statement – January 5, 2005
The real reason why the imperialist government does not pay attention to the human rights violations in Aceh is due to the importance of international capital, such as Exxon-Mobil International, wh
Civil emergency in Aceh cannot yet be reduced to civil authority
Tempo Interactive – December 24, 2004
Jakarta – The head of the Aceh desk at the ministry of politics, legal and security affairs, Police Inspector General Demak Lubis, says that the operation to restore security in Aceh is going well.


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Report: Amazon to name New York and Virginia as HQ2 winners as early as Tuesday; other cities may get 'major sites'
by Todd Bishop on November 12, 2018 at 6:36 pm November 12, 2018 at 7:08 pm
Amazon will announce New York City and Northern Virginia as the winners of its year-long search for a second headquarters as early as Tuesday, the Wall Street Journal reported Monday night, citing unnamed people familiar with the matter.
In addition, other cities "may also receive major sites," the newspaper reported.
The report, not yet confirmed by Amazon, is the latest sign that the company will split the $5 billion project and its promised 50,000 jobs among multiple sites. Earlier reports of the plan to split the project prompted criticism of the company, given the massive response from cities around the country to its original request for proposals for the massive new headquarters.
"It never was about a second headquarters," said urbanist Richard Florida in a recent interview with GeekWire. "I think this was always about sourcing, siting much more than just a single headquarters," added Florida, who has criticized Amazon's quest for tax incentives as part of the search. He said he believed "Amazon played this perfectly."
"The people who played this poorly were the mayors and governors and economic developers across America who got down on their hands and knees and gave Amazon reams of data, reams of information, crowdsourced them the richest site selection database and economic development database in history and offered them incentives," he said. "Amazon played this right. I've been saying this for a long time. These mayors know one another. They should've stood together. They should have said, 'We're not having this,' but they caved, and so they were played like a fiddle. These communities all across America were played like a fiddle."
GeekWire's Monica Nickelsburg filed this report today from Crystal City, the Arlington, Va., neighborhood believed to be Amazon's likely home in Virginia. Even before the official announcement, demand for office space and homes in the city has started to rise in response to the rumors of Amazon's decision, according to developers and real estate agents in the city.
In the Seattle region, the company's first hometown, the news of the likely split has been welcomed by leaders who were previously concerned about the HQ2 plan.
"I'd call those branch offices," said Seattle Mayor Jenny Durkan last week. "That would be good news."
The field was narrowed to 20 cities earlier this year from the original group of 238 applicants. Amazon will announce that it's splitting HQ2 evenly between Crystal City and Long Island City in New York City, the WSJ reported, saying executives concluded that multiple sites would provide access to different talent pools while reducing the impact on housing and transit.
Developing story, more to come.
More: Amazon HQ2 revealed
Todd Bishop is GeekWire's co-founder and editor, a longtime technology journalist who covers subjects including cloud tech, e-commerce, virtual reality, devices, apps and tech giants such as Amazon.com, Apple, Microsoft and Google. Follow him @toddbishop, email todd@geekwire.com, or call (206) 294-6255.
Seattle Mariners' data guru Lorena Martin rips team's leadership after being fired from unique job
Microsoft connection: Capria fund, backed by Bill Gates, gets $20M from Paul Allen's Vulcan
Filed Under: Amazon Tagged With: Amazon • Crystal City • HQ2 • New York City • richard florida
Urbanist Richard Florida on what splitting Amazon HQ2 means for cities: 'It never was about a second headquarters'
Amazon hiring 800 in HQ2 runner-up Austin
Seattle mayor celebrates reports that Amazon may split HQ2: 'I'd call those branch offices'
Amazon is doubling its Denver workforce, continuing to grow in HQ2 runner-up cities
Computer Science InstructorRenton Technical College
Software Development Engineer – Front End WebOfferUp


Congratulations! Your little bundle of joy is on the way and life is about to change in a myriad of ways. Studies show that new parents lose an average of 200 hours of sleep the first year of their baby's life. That's five weeks less of shut-eye and means it is time to streamline your lifestyle so that you can live simply while maintaining your health, standard of living and sanity. Setting up for easy meal prep before your baby arrives is a great way to ease your family's growing pains and relish this time with your little one.
You are likely already purchasing baby supplies; while you are at it, consider adding a crock pot to your list if you don't have one already. Simple kitchen items such as freezer bags of gallon and quart sizes, a permanent marker or Sharpie, foil and cling wrap should be well-stocked while setting up for easy meal prep. Be prepared, too, with well-organized and matching storage containers for freezing and leftovers.
Many grocery stores now offer grocery pick up or delivery. You need only an internet connection and a little foresight and you can have fresh ingredients delivered to your door, or be able to pick-up your selected, bagged groceries within a matter of hours. Research the options available in your area so that you have a plan for those times you may be homebound with a newborn or have minimal time to get shopping done.
Here are a few headache-free meal options you can prepare with a newborn in the house, or prepare them ahead of time, in your last couple weeks at home before your little bundle of joy arrives. Simply cook these dishes up and enjoy them right away or freeze them into separate containers. When you're ready for a meal, take them out to defrost the morning of or the day before and prepare them a variety of ways.
Directions: Add chicken breast to the bottom of the crock pot and empty the entire jar of salsa on top of the chicken. Cook on HIGH for four hours, no stirring needed. After the chicken is fork tender, use two forks to shred the chicken and stir the chicken and salsa combination.
When ready to use, add the chicken to a tortilla and top with cheddar for a quick quesadilla. Add taco ingredients and chicken to a bed of lettuce for lighter fare. Or for a different take that tastes delicious, spread the chicken out on a bed of rice.
Directions: Add pork loin to crock pot, cover with root beer and cook on HIGH for four hours. Barbecue is ready when pork can be shredded with two forks.
Add shredded pork to small rolls for BBQ sliders. Included a can of baked beans and mashed potatoes or coleslaw for a southern-inspired BBQ meal. Top off a baked potato or sweet potato with shredded pork and additional toppings for a loaded BBQ potato option.
Directions: Add all items except cream cheese to your crock pot and combine. Cook on HIGH for two hours, no stirring required. After the second hour, add the package of cream cheese and continue cooking for an additional hour. When the potato chunks are fork softened, the soup is ready. Consider adding bacon bits or sour cream garnishes for loaded baked potato soup.
Directions: Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Spray 12 muffin cups with cooking spray.
Sauté veggies in olive oil until softened.
Whisk eggs, milk, salt and pepper together in a bowl. Add cooked vegetables and cheddar cheese into egg mixture. Use a 1/4 cup to scoop mixture into each muffin cup.
Bake in the preheated oven until frittatas are set in the middle and lightly browned, about 20 minutes. Cool enough to remove and make a second batch, one for enjoying now and one for freezing.
Directions: Whisk together all ingredients in a medium-sized mixing bowl. Spoon into a storage container with a tight-fitting lid.
Close and refrigerate overnight before eating.
A new addition to the family means an abundance of joy, but also can be overwhelming and takes some adjustment. By setting yourself up now for easy meal prep later, you will find that your waking hours can be spent gazing at your little one, not staring blankly at the open refrigerator.


1 Strand Stabilised Turquoise Pointed Drop Beads mid drilled beads just imagine using these for earrings or even as a bracelet or as a necklace perhaps strung with some coral or black onyx fabulous. These beads measure approx. 21x8mm (some larger some smaller) the strand measures approx. 40cm (approx. 15.5 inches). A lot of beads to the strand.
A blue greenish opaque stone which often has brown stains which are the result of the stains of iron compounds which sit in the seams where the stone is mined and adds to its charm. It was first mined over 6000 years ago, and Native American Indians have used it as a protective stone and used it to bring rain (no need of that here in the UK then). The stone is believed to enhance creative expression, peace of mind, communication, friendship and loyalty. Turquoise is one of the birthstones of December, along with lapis lazuli, and symbolises Prosperity. Turquoise is normally stabilised or reconstitured with resin - this is a common practice since Turquoise in its natural state is very soft, and otherwise it would crumble to pieces. Reconstituted turquoise is the remanufacture of the stone from crushed aggregate with epoxy resin. Sometimes the natural colours are dye enhanced which gives continuity of colour within a strand).
Because Turquoise is so soft, you should avoid exposing it to hot water and household chemicals as this will damage your stone. Please note, regardless of grade and treatments, this is a natural stone and like all other natural stones, will have natural flaws and inclusions/ matrix, no two strands will be alike and each strand will exhibit natural imperfections.


The Nora Madelyn Fund for Infant and Child Loss provides support and resources to bereaved families who have experienced pregnancy loss or the death of a child.
The fund was created under the auspices of the Providence Newberg Health Foundation by bereaved parents, Jeff and Raina, after the death of their newborn daughter, Nora Madelyn, in July 2002.
"Nora's Fund is not only a way to honor our daughter's memory, but a way to give back to the community for the kind and respectful care we received at Providence Newberg Hospital both during and after Nora's short life," says Nora's parents.
Nora's Fund provides support and resources to bereaved families to assist them in dealing with the loss of a child at any age or stage of pregnancy. If your child has died, we are very sorry for your loss. We know we can't take away your pain, but we can offer understanding, resources and referrals to support.
A founding goal of the Nora Madelyn Fund for Infant and Child Loss is to provide funding for the resources and comfort items used by the Providence Newberg Hospital Birth Center staff in caring for bereaved parents. The hospital's Perinatal Loss Committee oversees these resources.
The fund also provides resources and education to medical staff and care providers who support and care for bereaved families in the hospital or clinic setting as well as in the community at large. This includes training for caregivers in pregnancy loss and the grieving process, as well as self care tools for their own issues that may arise from their work.
In addition, another founding goal of the Nora Madelyn Fund was to install a memorial in the Providence Newberg Medical Center's Healing Garden, providing a place of reflection, comfort and hope for patients and families. A glass butterfly sculpture memorial was installed in the Healing Garden in spring 2006.
The first annual Remembrance Ceremony for families was held in summer 2009. The ceremony and butterfly release is held each year in July. Families whose loss occurred at PNMC in the year prior are personally invited to attend; the event is also open to any family in the community who has experienced the loss of a child.
To meet the needs of more families, especially those further along in their grief journey, we now hold a Remembrance Walk in October, which is Pregnancy & Infant Loss Awareness month.
We appreciate your support of the Nora Madelyn Fund through a donation or participation in a fundraising event, such as the Remembrance Walk.


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Q: Why does WiFi Signal strength increases as I touch the Wifi Receiver I have a cheap WiFi USB receiver connected via a USB Extender. I get good strength but poor link speed specially when the device gets hot. Like sometimes hot to touch. The link speed drops dramatically when the device is heated but as soon as I touch it, the link speed gets back to normal and better (to an extent).
ADDED LATER For both the tests, I am buffering a YouTube video at 480p.
Before I touch:

After I touch (more like hold it between my fingers):

PS: It was quiet warm.
Now the question is why does this happen?
I have a few theories:

*

*My Skin's capacitance increases the WiFi range by acting as an antenna

*My (or anyone's for that matter) body is 70% water, which means it absorbs microwaves effectively, that could help the device gain signal/link strength.

*I act as a heat sink for the USB device which helps it to regain its effective working (my bets are on this).

So why does this happen, is it any of the reasons I have mentioned or something different.
Regards
PS: My tags are aweful, if a mod/anyone want to change/correct them you are more than welcome.
EDIT
I just noticed something. Tighter my grip, better the link speed. So I guess it has to do with something that increases with surface area.

A: Contrary to what you would like to believe, microwave signals bounce around a lot between you and the wireless gateway.  Each time you move into a deadspot due to Rician fading of carrier cancellation from echoes out of phase, that are similar amplitude, the modem has to re-train and often has to accept a lower bit rate.  If your data transfer is < 50% of the bit rate, chances are this is happening to you.

You finger obviously is connected to a you as a large dielectric that can conduct RF signals and alter the paths your antenna may be locked onto and also changes its beam pattern in unobvious ways.
When the signal is below -80dBm , you are most often affected by this.  -70dBm and above is needed for the fastest N speed and -85~-80dBm is needed for B speeds (11Mbps)   Using an App called WiFiInspector-Setup-1.2.1.4.exe for Windows or similar,, it allows you to translate the RSSI voltage on your WiFi chip and convert it into dBm where 0dBm= 1mW.
What can you do?
Move the yourself or Router antenna in the open in a central location away from floor or walls.  Use this App to tune your signal level and look at the stripchart graph for sudden periodic dips or dropouts every half wavelength.
Move or rotate very slowly as this affects the reflection point quickly.  Decide what fails and use what works best.
There are a few setup tweaks to optimize settings when marginal signal levels are unavoidable like using B speed only in your laptop modem hardware settings, because sometimes the churn of down-shifting gears to get reliable communication in N mode speed can be slower than sticking with B mode only in your laptop when near -80dBm in device hardware settings.  You can search web how to do this for your device and always create a system restore in case of goof-ups.


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Is it normal to work 10 days in a row?
Is it legal to work 10 days in a row UK?
Can an employee work 9 days in a row?
Can an employee work 7 days a week?
Can you work 9 days in a row?
Is it normal to work 10 hours a day?
Can I be forced to work 9 days in a row?
What are the symptoms of overwork?
Does a 10-hour work day include lunch?
Can you work 10 days in a row in California? – Quora. Short answer: Yes. Longer answer: California has a "day of rest" law that requires employers to give their employees at least one day off in every workweek.
The Law. Under the EC Working Time Directive (2003/88) (the WTD) a worker is entitled to a 24-hour uninterrupted rest period "per each 7-day work period". Accordingly, all workers in the UK are entitled to a 24-hour rest period every 7 day period or a 48 hour rest period every 14 day period.
No. An employer can legally require you to work 9 days in a row. You are entitled to double the employee's regular rate of pay for all hours worked in excess of eight on the seventh consecutive day of work in a workweek.
California law provides that employees are entitled to one day's rest in seven and that no employer shall "cause" an employee to work more than six days in seven. Employees who do not work more than 30 hours per week, or who do not work more than six hours in "any" day of the week, are exempt from these requirements.
How Many Days Straight Can You Work in California? You can work up to 12 days in a row in California without a day off. Here's how it breaks down: California employees are entitled to one day of rest in one workweek. The workweek can start on any day of the week.
Working more than 10 hours a day is associated with a 60 percent jump in risk of cardiovascular issues. In companies with an 8.7 percent overtime rate, researchers found no fatigue-related problems. When the overtime rate was 12.4 percent, however, fatigue-related problems were minor.
Signs of overworkLack of energy.Constant stress at work.Anxiety before beginning work, such as the Sunday scaries.Difficulty disconnecting from work.Feeling like you can't keep up with your regular life because of work related stress.Feeling disconnected from friends and family.
California Meal Breaks In California, employers must provide 30-minute unpaid breaks to nonexempt employees who work at least 5 hours per day. When an employee works 10 hours in a day, the employer must provide a second 30-minute unpaid meal break.


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Caribbean Climate Hub About Topics Climate Impacts Actions & Resources Drought
Dr. Nora Alvarez-Berríos, Caribbean Climate Hub Fellow
Welcome to the USDA Caribbean Climate Hub
Dr. Nora Álvarez-Berríos is an environmental scientist with research interests in human and environment interactions in tropical forests, and land use and land cover changes. She has expertise in natural resource management, spatial analysis, climate change, geographic information systems and remote sensing, and vulnerability to extreme events in tropical agricultural systems. She currently serves as a Research Fellow with the USDA Caribbean Climate Hub. Her current research involves examining how drought and hurricanes affect forest and farmlands, and developing adaptability scenarios for climate change mitigation in the Caribbean.
Dr. Nora Álvarez-Berríos received a Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences from the University of Puerto Rico in 2016 and a M.S. in Geography and a M.S. in Land Resources from the University of Wisconsin-Madison 2001. Dr. Álvarez-Berríos joined the USDA Caribbean Climate Hub in 2016.
Current and Ongoing Projects
Drought vulnerability and impacts on tropical agriculture
Hurricane effects on agriculture, forestry, and rural communities in the U.S. Caribbean
Participant in the project Soil Health and Socio-Ecological Feedback Systems
Selected Media Coverage
Cambridge Core blog. Confronting Drought Impacts in Puerto Rico. By Nora Álvarez-Berríos. Published online July 3 2018.
Nature. Gold-rush threat to tropical forests. Published online January 22 2015.
Contributed Assessment
Gould, W.A.; Díaz, E.L.; Álvarez-Berríos, N.L.; Aponte-González, F.; Archibald, W.; Bowden, J.H.; Carrubba, L.; Crespo, W.; Fain, S.J.; González, G.; Goulbourne, A.; Harmsen, E.; Holupchinski, E.; Khalyani, A.H.; Kossin, J.; Leinberger, A.J.; Marrero-Santiago, V.I.; Martínez-Sánchez, O.; McGinley, K.; Méndez-Lázaro, P.; Morell, J. ; Oyola, M.M.; I.K. Parés-Ramos, I.K.; Pulwarty, R.; Sweet, W.V.; Terando, A.; Torres-González, S. 2018: U.S. Caribbean. In Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II. Reidmiller, D.R.; Avery, C.W.; Easterling, D.R.; Kunkel, K.E.; Lewis, K.L.M.; Maycock, T.K.; Stewart, B.C. eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 809–871. DOI: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH20
Selected Peer-Reviewed Publications
Van Beusekom, Ashley; Álvarez-Berríos, Nora; Gould, William; Quiñones, Maya; González, Grizelle. 2018. Hurricane Maria in the U.S. Caribbean: Disturbance Forces, Variation of Effects, and Implications for Future Storms. Remote Sensing. 10(9): 1386. DOI: 10.3390/rs10091386
Álvarez-Berríos, Nora L.; Soto-Bayó, Sandra; Holupchinski, Eva; Fain, Stephen J.; Gould, William A. 2018. Correlating drought conservation practices and drought vulnerability in a tropical agricultural system. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 33(03): 279-291. DOI: 10.1017/S174217051800011X
Fain, Stephen J.; Quiñones, Maya; Álvarez-Berríos, Nora L.; Parés-Ramos, Isabel K.; Gould, William A. 2017. Climate change and coffee: assessing vulnerability by modeling future climate suitability in the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico. Climatic Change. 43(1): 141. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-017-1949-5
Gould, W.A., Wadsworth, F.H., Quiñones, M., Fain, S.J. and Álvarez-Berríos, N.L., 2017. Land Use, Conservation, Forestry, and Agriculture in Puerto Rico. Forests, 8(7), p.242. DOI: 10.3390/f8070242
Álvarez-Berríos, N. L., & Mitchell Aide, T. (2015). Global demand for gold is another threat for tropical forests. Environmental Research Letters, 10(1), 014006. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014006
Álvarez, N. L., & Naughton-Treves, L. (2003). Linking National Agrarian Policy to Deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon: A Case Study of Tambopata, 1986–1997. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 32(4), 269–274. DOI: 10.1579/0044-7447-32.4.269
Tools and Infographics
Agricultural Statistics Tool - Lead (in review)
Farm Planning Tool - Contributor (in review)
Climate Connection Infographic: Agricultural Conservation Practices for Climate Risk Reduction | Spanish version Prácticas de Conservación Agrícola para la Reducción de Riesgos Climáticos
Research Mentoring
Land cover change in agricultural landscapes of the Rio Añasco watershed following Hurricanes Irma and María
Droughts of the 21st Century in Puerto Rico - Research Map | Spanish version Sequías en el siglo XXI en Puerto Rico
Dr. Nora L Álvarez-Berríos ResearchGate Profile
MOU with the Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture Departamento de Agricultura firma un acuerdo con el Servicio Forestal


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I develop websites on the side for some spare cash. I have built some sites with amazing functionality in the past. Things like GD drawings with code, log ins, user profiles, news portals, RSS feeds, shopping carts and other awesomeness are possible with PHP and I have built those widgets and incorporated them into websites.
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Car manufacturers are forever banging on about innovation and groundbreaking technology, but most of the time, these innovations only push the needle by a fraction. The i8 however pushes the needle on to another dial entirely. BMWs plug-in hybrid supercar is nothing short of a motoring landmark. A car of the future that you can buy today.
Now, we record their very alignment, that the looks automatic, as any color of the future should most of what you see before you is made of plastic, reinforced with carbon fiber and that has a number of benefits. It helps keep weight down, but maintain strength the versatility of the material, also allows the designers to throw some pretty cool shapes. Just look at this air duct, which runs over the rear wheel arch and pretty much bus through the backlight. You will not see that anywhere else and that is just one example. There are mind-bending curves increases simply all over this car and the two-tone color scheme and super cool doors, just add to the theater.
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Explaining all the complexities about how the i8's plug-in hybrid drive train works would take us all day and we're going to go a couple of minutes. All you really need to know is that it uses a combination of electric motors lift your mind batteries and a 1.5 liter turbocharged petrol engine to deliver supercar performance along with city car running costs. The other thing you really need to know, is what it feels like to drive and the answer is this simply said station.
Select the cars sports is driving mode like so and you get the full force of all the various power sources amounting to a total 357 brake horse power. It doesn't have quite the same organ bashing, all of once performance you get from intervention house. But with 0-62 mph in just 4.4-seconds it's still easily fast enough to put a big stupid smile on your face.
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Search engine giant Google is now on the move to create a newsfeed for its website and additionally its application as well. Yes, you're right! This means the official end of Google Now as all the elements of Google Now such as the news cards, Google assistant etc. are part of the native Google application. The feature will reportedly start ruling out soon to both iOS and Android devices. In addition, the newsfeed feature will also be available on the web. This means we might be saying goodbye to the plain and classic Google homepage with just the search bar.
The good side? You will finally be able to see newsfeed cards that are the customized to the searches that you perform. What this means is, you'll be getting weather updates, music, news, match scores and much more depending on your preference. Google is additionally considering this Google feature to somehow become the homepage for chrome.
Also read: Lyft Announces 1 Million Rides In Competition With Uber
Apparently, there will also be an additional feature for the user to tap on the follow button and add interests to the newsfeed. This option was additionally available in the Google Now application where users can add their interests in the backend. Additionally, sources say that Google is aware of the attention being given to rival Facebook and its newsfeed mainly why this step is being taken. Google's main mode of business and revenue is studying human analytics and serving ample targeted advertisement to them. However, with Facebook providing great means of content and advertisement, Google is lacing up its strategies. This new feature will allow Google to go in depth with the results being provided and the advertisements being served. Will Google and Facebook once again be neck and neck in this competition? With the new features that both companies are introducing, this certainly looks like a tough fight to win over the customer.
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To discuss the mechanisms of iron regulation in the brain and the pathophysiological role of deregulation of iron homeostasis following a stroke, and to review existing evidence supporting the potential role of iron chelators in the treatment of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
In recent years, accumulating evidence has highlighted the role of neuroinflammation in neurological injury after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and that free iron is central to this process. Via the Fenton reaction, free iron catalyzes the conversion of superoxide ion and hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl radicals, which promote oxidative stress.
Advances in our understanding of changes in brain iron metabolism and its relationship to neuronal injury in stroke could provide new therapeutic strategies to improve the outcome of stroke patients. Pharmacological agents targeting brain iron regulation hold promise as potentially effective treatments in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
Dr. Hanafy receives support from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R21NS099606) and the American Heart Association Grant in Aid (17GRNT33670058). Dr. Selim is partly supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS 074425).
Khalid A. Hanafy, Joao A. Gomes, and Magdy Selim declare that they have no conflict of interest.
This is a review article so we have referenced studies done in humans and animals, but these studies were not done as part of this article, and they are just referenced here. For those studies performed by the authors, all procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. And all applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.


Fighting the blaze has proven challenging for the more than 1,000 emergency personnel working to contain it as weather conditions thwarted their firefighting efforts over the weekend and into early this week.
"There was some growth on the northwest side, but the fire is still in areas of thinner fuel, so it is not moving quickly at this time," officials said. "The fire will likely gain intensity as it moves into denser fuel."
More than 2,100 people were ordered to evacuate the area over the weekend. However, officials announced that the evacuation orders for San Juan County residents will be lifted by 8 a.m. local time on Wednesday.
Air quality in Durango is considered at "hazardous" levels, which is the poorest level on the air quality index. Air quality advisories are in place as significant ash blows eastward from the fire, according to officials. People in the area are being advised to take steps to protect their respiratory health.
San Juan County homes will remain on pre-evacuation notice, according to officials. No structures have been destroyed as of Wednesday morning. The 416 Fire's cause is still unknown.
A handful of other wildfires, including the 95-percent-contained Ute Park Fire in New Mexico, continue to burn in the Four Corners region. A 100-acre wildfire in Colorado's Buffalo Mountain ignited Tuesday morning 2 miles west of Silverthorne, prompting hundreds of evacuations in that area.
Editor's note: This story previously reported that the 416 Fire was the fifth largest wildfire in Colorado history. The information has been updated to reflect larger wildfires that have occurred.


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