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Q: How to create a TypeScript @enumerable(false) decorator for a property I want to create a decorator in TypeScript in order to be able to make a class property not enumerable.
I found an example of @enumerable here:
https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/decorators.html#method-decorators
but that only seems to work for methods, not properties:
https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/decorators.html#property-decorators

NOTE  A Property Descriptor is not provided as an argument to a
property decorator due to how property decorators are initialized in
TypeScript. This is because there is currently no mechanism to
describe an instance property when defining members of a prototype,
and no way to observe or modify the initializer for a property. As
such, a property decorator can only be used to observe that a property
of a specific name has been declared for a class.

Is there a way to create a @enumerable decorator for a class property?
Thanks

A: This solution doesn't actually work, or doesn't work with modern typescript. The following does however:
const enumerable: {
    (target: any, name: string): void;
    (target: any, name: string, desc: PropertyDescriptor): PropertyDescriptor;
} = (target: any, name: string, desc?: any) => {
    if(desc) {
        desc.enumerable = true;
        return desc;
    }
    Object.defineProperty(target, name,  {
        set(value) {
            Object.defineProperty(this, name, {
                value, enumerable: true, writable: true, configurable: true,
            });
        },
        enumerable: true,
        configurable: true,
    });
};

const nonenumerable: {
    (target: any, name: string): void;
    (target: any, name: string, desc: PropertyDescriptor): PropertyDescriptor;
} = (target: any, name: string, desc?: any) => {
    if(desc) {
        desc.enumerable = false;
        return desc;
    }
    Object.defineProperty(target, name,  {
        set(value) {
            Object.defineProperty(this, name, {
                value, writable: true, configurable: true,
            });
        },
        configurable: true,
    });
};

A: I ended up with this solution:
/**
 * @enumerable decorator that sets the enumerable property of a class field to false.
 * @param value true|false
 */
function enumerable(value: boolean) {
    return function (target: any, propertyKey: string) {
        let descriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, propertyKey) || {};
        if (descriptor.enumerable != value) {
            descriptor.enumerable = value;
            descriptor.writable= true;
            Object.defineProperty(target, propertyKey, descriptor)
        }
    };
}

Usage:
class User {
    id:string;

    @enumerable(false)
    name: string;
}

Testing:
   var user = new User();
   user.id = 1;
   user.name = 'John Doe';
   for (key in user){ console.log(key, user[key]);}

Output
id 1

Same test without the use of the decorator
id 1
name John Doe

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This article was written by Michael Lawson and Ben Bradstreet.
International interest in Iran's reform of foreign investment in the oil and gas sector has grown during the last nine months, as was no doubt hoped for when the principles underpinning the reforms were first announced in November 2015. Details about the reforms are scarce. However, the wait might soon be over and some expect the first post-reform projects to be awarded before the end of 2016.
In this article, we look at what is known about the terms of the new Iranian Petroleum Contract, discuss how it will differ from the incumbent 'third generation' buyback contract and consider some key implications for IOCs.
The oil and gas sector is significant for Iran; economic activity and Government revenues depend on it. And Iran's hydrocarbon reserves are significant for the world; its reserves are fourth for oil and second for natural gas. However, to achieve its potential on a global scale, Iran's oil and gas sector needs two things – foreign investment and foreign technical expertise.
Iran hopes to attract around USD 200 billion of foreign investment over the next 5 years. That's USD 40 billion per year, an eye-watering amount given most IOCs have slashed their capital budgets in response to low oil prices in an oversupplied global market. Of the USD 200 billion, USD 130 billion is needed to meet upstream capital demands with USD 70 billion going to downstream sectors, including petrochemicals.
Iran also hopes to make the sector more efficient by deploying technologies not already used domestically, particularly improved oil (and gas) recovery ("IOR") and enhanced oil (and gas) recovery ("EOR") techniques. These technologies are critical for Iran to maximise the economic function of its oil and gas resources.
Iran has been using various iterations of the buyback contract for around 25 years. However, this model is regarded by many as being uncommercial. Participating IOCs did not usually commit significant resources to the sector or undertake riskier developments. Many that did endured losses or broke even. As a result, the buyback contract could not be relied on to attract the level of capital inflows and technology transfer required to expand the sector.
The need for these concerns to be addressed has been recognised and a new model has been developed – the Iranian Petroleum Contract ("IPC"). The Iranian Government, the National Iranian Oil Company ("NIOC") and key stakeholders (including downstream and related industries) will be relying on the IPC to herald a new age of growth.
The IPC was announced during the "Oil Show" in Tehran at the end of November 2015. The general terms received approval from a government economic advisory body on 12 July 2016, followed by Cabinet approval (by Council of Ministers resolution) on 3 August 2016. A model form of the IPC is expected to be finally approved and released imminently.
The word 'new' should be used with some restraint when describing the IPC, however, as both the buyback contract and the IPC are both "risk service contracts". In the oil and gas industry, a risk service contract is understood to principally involve: a contractor funding exploration and development capex in return for the right (if it is successful) to recover its costs and to earn a fee, either in cash from production revenues or in-kind.
Even once the IPC is released, the precise terms of the IPC will require negotiation on a case by case basis. However, the principles on which those terms will be based are now relatively well understood.
if widely implemented on existing projects, they will broaden Iran's reform of a critical domestic industry.
Whether or not the IPC achieves Iran's objectives by attracting foreign participation, the IPC will almost certainly improve the investment conditions for IOCs in many areas. We have summarised these improvements in the following table.
What won't we know until the IPC is released?
Scope for negotiation: Certain parts of the IPC will need to be negotiated, which is principally good. However, the degree to which this is good will depend on the nature of these parts and whether there is scope for genuine commercial negotiation. An efficient tendering environment will be important for getting the most out of negotiations. For example, a requirement for negotiated parts of an IPC to be subject to a further layer of government approval could frustrate the reform process and encourage suspicion during tendering and documentation of the project. However, an IOC with clear and well-defined objectives will likely get the most out of whatever room there is to negotiate with the NIOC, even where the ability to propose deviations is limited to the tender process, before bilateral discussions with a preferred IOC have begun.
Local partnerships: By requiring a local partnership, the Cabinet approval makes it clear that arrangements with a local partner will be required prior to the conclusion of the tender process. IOCs may only partner with local companies approved by the NIOC. Although some have already been named, it is unlikely that any final list of approved companies would be a significantly long one. It is also unlikely that the NIOC's approval criteria will include any consideration of the stance taken by various sanctioning authorities. Each IOC proponent will need to carefully asses the suitability of any local company, not just for sanctions risk, but also for its financial and technical capacities and synergistic appropriateness.
The oilfields: The IPC is expected to apply to between 34 and 74 oilfields, with 10 to 15 expected to be included in the first round of IPC tenders. This number includes fields in existing blocks that would not have been commercially practicable to develop under the buyback model. Some of these fields will be better than others – and others may be excluded altogether. In fact, the Government has said that it will prioritise joint development projects with neighbouring NOCs. Although arguably geopolitically correct, this could mean that priority projects are excluded from the pool of IPC-eligible fields or that the first 'public' IPC tender round will only occur after bilateral arrangements for these priority projects are sufficiently in place.
Tender process and requirements: Not much is known about the tender process design and substantive bidding requirements. Of these, most interest will be on the commercial, legal and technical variables that IOCs can bid and how those variables will be evaluated.
We know from the Cabinet approval that a tender for IPC category 1 (exploration) will contain a common regime where IOCs will be invited to bid to perform a set of minimum obligations that the NIOC has defined. Predictably, the Cabinet approval also provides the fee payable under the IPC to perform those obligations will be one of the core evaluation criteria. This means that IOCs will need to be capable of influencing the amount of the fee in their tender submissions.
Sizing the fee amount: The mechanism that IOCs will use to size the fee is not clear. It may follow Iraq's 'Technical Services Contract' model, where contractors bid the fee element to which the 'R' factor will be applied. However, this approach would put additional pressure on the adequacy of the incentive regime, as (for example) more expensive technologies or riskier projects will distort the relationship between costs and production revenues.
A number of additional or alternative elements could be adjusted by IOCs to appropriately size the fee, but these will make comparing bid submissions more difficult for the NIOC. We expect that the NIOC will prefer a tender design that produces a single 'comparator' – one that is easy for pricing (and therefore cost) to be compared across different bids.
IP transfer: IP transfer is at the core of the reforms. However, the extent of the commitment for IOCs is unclear. On what terms will an IOC satisfy its obligation to transfer and develop technology? Will this obligation extend beyond local oil and gas companies, and also apply in respect of local subcontractors of the joint operating company? Critically, upon a sanctions 'snapback', will IOCs subject to those sanctions be effectively required to abandon its IP or be exposed to significant financial liability for breach?
'Iranianisation': Iran expects a transfer of managerial responsibility to Iranian nationals. However, the pace at which executive management roles are to transferred from IOC nominees to local oil and gas companies remains unclear. The potential consequences of local company management making key decisions about, for example, the use and application of an IOC's technology, could be significant (especially given IOCs are liable for the joint operating company's actions).
Survival of the buyback? Although the buyback contract will effectively be replaced by the IPC, article 12 of the Cabinet approval provides that the NIOC is still authorised to enter into a modified form of buyback contract for identified but undeveloped resources "if necessary" with the prior approval of the Ministry of Oil. The modifications relate to cost recovery and remuneration. The scope of this authorisation is unclear, but it would seem to be intended to facilitate a transition away from the buyback model rather than to preserve the model to be used in the future.
Neighbouring and not-so neighbouring – the preliminary arrangements between the NIOC and Indonesia's Pertamina in respect of two blocks (believed to be premium assets) are a recent example.
For IPC categories 2 and 3 (existing operations and IOR/EOR), the tender requirements will be more flexible. IOCs will be able to bid on an indicative plan broken into phases (based on the NOIC's reservoir engineering study) or on an alternative basis depending on the characteristics of the reservoir.


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Depending on where you live, it's officially Girl Scout cookie season. That means you're doing a good thing when you buy those boxes of Tagalongs or S'mores. Did you know that Thin Mints are vegan? It may be a bit of a stretch to say that the cookies are good for you nutrition-wise, but the annual sale helps support the Girl Scouts in your area in numerous ways. Juliette Gordon Low always envisioned preparing girls with the skills they'd need for their future world, and today that includes providing girls with STEM opportunities.
Cybersecurity curriculum and online game: Navigating safely online and through social media channels is definitely a skill today's children need to acquire. A new interactive cybersecurity program aims to help Junior Girl Scouts (ages 9–11) learn how to safely and defensively navigate the Internet, covering four domains: personal information and digital footprints; online safety; privacy and security; and cyberbullying.
To make security fun, Cyber Squad is an interactive online game, designed by Romero Games, where players and their avatars face real-life digital social situations such as phishing and cyberbullying, make decisions, and learn the consequences of their actions. The cybersecurity skills program was developed by Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) in partnership with Girl Scouts Nation's Capital.
Think Like a Programmer: Funded by Raytheon, middle school and high school girls can learn key concepts of computer science, participate in computational-thinking activities, and team up to complete a Take Action project.
Robotics badges: Girls in grades K–5 can learn how to program, design, and build robots.
Not sure when and where Girl Scouts will be selling in your area? There's a free mobile Girl Scout Cookie Finder app for your iOS or Android devices.


Chris Cariaso vs. Henry Cejudo: In the first fight of this Main Card we will watch as Henry Cejudo looks to advance his record to 8-0. Now this is only his second fight in the UFC and his first on a UFC main card. In his previous fight Cejudo won by decision, but don't let that fool you, before the UFC he finished four of his opponents with knockouts and not one of those four were able to escape the first round. Not only is he brutal on offense, but he has a strike defense of 84% and hasn't let in a single takedown in all seven fights. His other three wins were by decision so he has shown he has the lungs for the fight ahead of him. Standing across from Henry Cejudo is a veteran of the flyweight division in the number 10 ranked Chris Cariaso. Cariaso won nine fights by decision and lost two by decision so he is definitely experienced in the long hull. Coming off a second round loss from the Champ, Demetrious "Mighty Mouse" Johnson, he is ready to get back on a win streak starting with Henry Cejudo. Chris Cariaso is probably going to look to pepper on the shots and let the judges declare him the victor while Henry Cejudo will look to break the distance, land hard punches and continue his win streak with another knockout. I think Cariaso will survive the first round, but Henry Cejudo will show in the second round that he is the newest flyweight to look out for.
Roy Nelson vs. Alistair Overeem: Next we see the heavyweights take the cage with two of my favorites to watch, "Big Country" and "The Reem". First up, is the jacked Alistair Overeem. Since 2002 this monster has gone to war with the best. He is known for brutal matchups against cage royalty including knockout losses by the likes of Antonio Nogueira, Chuck Liddell, Fabricio Werdum and Mauricio "Shogun" Rua. Some noteworthy fighters he has knocked out include Todd Duffee, Brock Lesnar and Stefan Struve although knockouts aren't the only way his fights end. Overeem has won 18 fights by KO, and has also won almost as many by submission, 17. On the other side of the cage, Alistair Overeem will face off against another violent heavyweight known as Roy "Big Country" Nelson. Now if you have seen Big Country you already know the name couldn't be more fitting and if you have seen him fight you may have noticed he isn't the best at blocking shots to the chin. Lucky for him, it seems he doesn't have to because whether it's an iron jaw or maybe just "beard magic" this man has one of the best chins in the business. It would take me forever to go over all the shots that should have put Nelson on the mat, but not only does he take them, he welcomes them. Roy Nelson isn't as experienced as his next opponent in submissions, but his record shows he can dish out shots even heavier than the ones he takes with all 14 UFC wins by knockout. This is the kind of fight fans live for and if we are lucky it will be a contender for fight of the night. These two both have reasons they should be crowned victor at the end of the night. Overeem is well-rounded and athletic and Nelson will continue to take shots all night long. Unfortunately I can't choose a decisive prediction, but I will provide two alternatives. If Overeem wins, I believe he will have to take it to the mat and gain a submission victory. If Nelson wins, it will be because he had the stronger chin and was able to capitalize on a KO/TKO victory.
Johny Hendricks vs. Matt Brown: Coming off a loss in a title matchup, number one contender Johny Hendricks is squaring off against number five Matt Brown. Before the UFC, Hendricks was an amazing wrestler being a four time Division 1 All-American and a two time Division 1 National Champion. With only three losses in his UFC career and recent Welterweight Champion status, Hendricks is probably expecting to blow through his opponent. With a slight hold up due to a loss to Robbie Lawler, Matt Brown is rising the ranks taking on anyone put in front of him. Before his loss to Lawler, Matt Brown was on a seven fight win streak with all but one being a knockout or TKO. Known for his intensity he will work to add Johny Hendricks to his list of wins. Matt Brown's work will be cut out for him in this difficult opponent, but I predict that he will beat Johny Hendricks in the second round.
Carla Esparza vs. Joanna Jedrzejczyk: The co-main event will show title fight number one of the night, being for the Strawweight Title. Carla Esparza became the first ever Strawweight Champion by winning season 20 of The Ultimate Fighter and this will be her first title defense. Esparza was also the first ever Invicta FC Strawweight Champ before joining the UFC so it's not her first championship status. Joanna Jedrzejczyk is coming into this fight at 8-0 with five wins by decision. I predict that this fight will go the distance and Carla Esparza will retain the title by split decision.
Anthony Pettis vs. Rafael dos Anjos: Now we move to the final fight of the evening, the Lightweight title fight. The well-rounded Rafael dos Anjos is riding a three fight win streak and has won eight out of his last ten fights. Dos Anjos has won eight fights by submission, seven fights by decision and four by knockout in his UFC career so he will be ready to take this fight wherever it goes. He also has a good defense with a 65% takedown defense and a 70% striking defense. The champion in this fight is Anthony "Showtime" Pettis. Anthony Pettis is the number five ranked pound-for-pound fighter in the UFC and has won nine of his last ten fights. He has won five of his fights by submission and ten of his fights by knockout. Pettis is also known for the "Showtime" kick off the cage against Benson Henderson. Pettis has a better takedown defense with 69%, but his striking defense is slightly worse at 64%. I think this fight will be an even matchup for the first couple rounds and then in the third Anthony Pettis will retain his title with a KO/TKO victory.
I am going to do all the Main Card and the fights worth mentioning in the Undercards.
Sergio Pettis vs. Ryan Benoit: Can we get this kid Sergio Pettis in the Main card or at least the regular Prelims? This kid is a freak he is a monster of a fighter and one day I believe he will be equally as good as his extremely talented brother Anthony Pettis, but I will talk about him later. Sergio is 12-1 and his only loss comes to a good Alex Caceras. Sergio is a very good well rounded young fighter and has an extremely solid standing game and in improving ground game. Ryan Benoit is a new comer to the UFC and his only fight comes from the TUF 18 finale. His professional record is 7-3 and is looking to pick up his first win at the biggest level of MMA. He lost his first and only other attempt. He is a very strong ground fighter with a weakness of capability of fighting on his feet. I am going to easily without hesitation take Sergio to win this fight and call it a first round knockout.
Ross Pearson vs. Sam Stout: The Main event of the prelims. This fight could be a main card fight in a lot of other fight nights. I think both of these fighters bring a lot of awesome talent and high quality entertainment for the fans. Truthfully I think this fight could be more entertaining then the Co-Main event. Ross Pearson is an incredibly gifted striker and strong fighter. He lands about 42% of his strikes and packs one hell of a punch with each one. He doesn't submit other fighters but he knows how to wrestle and avoid being submitted with only 2 of his 8 losses coming from submission. In the other corner opposite of Pearson is the man we call "Hands of Stone" Sam Stout. Sam is a striking machine. He will be happy to turn this into a complete brawl and it most likely will result in such. Stout has 9 of his 21 wins by KO/TKO and 10 wins by decision meaning he only has 2 wins by submission in his 21-10 record. So in other words neither of these fighters will be headed to the mat by choice. I am having a hard time taking a favorite in this fight but my gut says to go with Pearson. I am going to follow suit and go with Ross Pearson a 3rd round KO.
Chris Cariaso vs. Henry Cejudo: Let the Main card begin with a bang is what I always ask for and I believe Dana White picked a great kickoff to the event. I am excited for this fight and all true UFC fans should be. Let me start with Henry Cejudo. He is 7-0 but saying this is only 1-0 in the UFC and his win came from a decision. I am not even sure he will make weight but if he does I won't take anything away from him and his amazing talent in this sport. Cejudo is a fast paced fighter who will be most likely controlling the octagon in this one and putting the pressure on Cariaso. His 7 professional wins are split with 3 KO/TKO, 1 Submission, and 3 decision. He is obviously very capable standing and will prove to be so again. Now on the other side of the cage is Chris "kamikazie" Cariaso. He is a veteran of the Octagon and holds a 17-6 professional record. His nickname to me would scream of someone who comes at you and throws a lot of fists. This isn't truly the case he is a slower paced fighter and goes to decision often to do so. The proof is in the pudding 12 of his wins were by decision. He is a very solid technical fighter. He is going to have his hands completely full here with the newcomer Cejudo is going to give him a true run for his money. I haven't seen the vegas odds or favorites but I am going to say the underdog here is probably Henry Cejudo because of his lack of octagon experience. That being said I am going to take Cejudo in this fight with a second round KO/TKO.
"Big Country" Roy Nelson vs. "the Reem" Allistar Overeem: So this is my personal co-main event. I love this fight. Without knowing this fight was coming last fight Mike W and I were talking and I told him I wanted to see the Reem take on Big Country. Then we decided to look up the next fight for them and found out it was the next fight card and was against each other. I have been excitedly waiting for this one for 2 weeks; These two fighters are just two juggernauts ready to throw some heavy hands. Roy Nelson is the biggest heavyweight by this I mean waistband size and beard size. He isn't to be taken lightly though due to his large size he still is very athletic and extremely lethal in the octagon. Roy has arguably one of the toughest chins in the UFC meaning its nearly impossible to knock him out which is impressive due to the fact that he gets hid by the hardest hitters in the business for a living. He is known for his ability to take a punch and deliver a punch as well. Don't look to much into the fact that he likes to stand up though because he might be 20-10 but 5 of his wins are by submission while only 2 are by decision. He also in 10 losses has never been submitted and only knocked out twice. He will be facing though arguably one of the heaviest hitters in the UFC, Alistair Overeem. The man is freakishly strong and very agile. He is known for his power in his fists but please don't just know him for that. The man can wrestle well and fights intelligently. "The Reem" is 38-14 with 16 wins by KO/TKO and 19 wins by submission with only 3 going to the judges scorecard. Overeem is going to be smart to take this one to the mat because he is the far superior fighter on the ground. His last win was well won with Stevan Struve and will look to continue that here. I am going to take "the Reem" I think he just is the better all around fighter and will dominate Roy all over the Octagon. 2nd round Submission by Kamura.
Johny "Big Rigg" Hendricks vs. "The Immortal" Matt Brown: Johny is off his loss to Robbie Lawler, I know a lot of people say Hendricks should have won decision but I entirely disagree. I think Lawler was pushing more at the end and Hendricks was just hiding to stay in and hope for the judges help. Anyway, back to this fight Johny has to come into this fight 100% focused. He needs to entirely forget about the last fight and take Matt seriously. Johny is a good fighter and has a 16-3 record to back that, even more impressive his 3 loses are all by decision. He isn't a very good fighter on the mat and will most likely try and keep this thing standing and exchange with Matt. "the Immortal" Matt Brown is hot as of late winning 8 of his last 10 one of those loses being to the now champ Robbie Lawler. He is 21-12 entering this fight with 9 of his loses coming to submission which is a good thing for him really because Johny isn't going to beat him on the mat. This being said he has never been knocked out and that is not a good sign either for Johny even worse 6 of Matt's last 8 wins have been by KO/TKO. I got Matt Brown winning this one second round KO/TKO.
Carla Esparza vs Joanna Jedrzejczynk: This is the first title defense for the strawweight title fight. This fight is going to be a good fight but I don't see it being co-main event worthy. Carla Esparza is the first UFC strawweight title holder and this is her first defense of this title. Joanna is coming in 8-0 in her professional record. I think she is a good fighter but I don't know if she is better the Carla. Carla is a more experienced fighter and will most likely be the more solid fighter in this one. I am going to take Carla to win by unanimous decision and successfully defend her title for the first time.
Anthony "showtime" Pettis vs. Rafael dos Anjos: AND ITS TIME!!!!!! I am beyond excited for this main event. Anthony Pettis is honestly to me the most athletic fighter in the UFC. He is a freak and his nickname "showtime" is definitely deserved as his biggest highlight is the showtime kick, a kick running off the side of the cage to the opponents head or chest, which he landed on Benson Henderson. Pettis is to me the next face of the UFC with Jon Jones and McGregor. He is 18-2 entering this fight his 2 loses being by decision, one of those loses to Clay Guida. He has 7 wins by KO/TKO, 8 by submission, and 3 by decision. He is a monster and will be the fan favorite and in my opinion the better all around fighter but that doesn't mean his opponent can't win this one, because his opponent staring back at him is a top 4 fighter in the lightweight division. By that I mean the Pettis, Khabib, Dos Anjos, and Cerrone being the hands down top four of the weight class. He is a good stand up fighter but on the mat he is arguably the best fighter in the lightweight class. He will entirely look to take this fight to the mat and work his game the best that he can. He claims he sees a "flaw" in Pettis' game. I think he and a lot of people are underestimating Pettis' ability to fight on the mat. I am going to take this fight as a very close one but I think Pettis puts away Dos Anjos and wins this thing in the 4th round with a TKO. BRING ON PETTIS VS. Khabib Nurmagomedov.


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Thursday, October 22, 2020 | History
4 edition of Almost there found in the catalog.
Nuala O"Faolain
the onward journey of a Dublin woman
by Nuala O"Faolain
Published 2003 by Michael Joseph in London .
O"Faolain, Nuala.,
Journalists -- Ireland -- Biography.,
Women journalists -- Ireland -- Biography.
Statement Nuala O"Faolain.
Genre Biography.
The song "Almost There" from Disney's "The Princess and the Frog" All content in this video belongs to Disney. In 'Almost There', Nuala O'Faolain begins her story from the moment her life began to change, in all manners of ways - subtle, radical, predictable and unforseen. Rating: (not yet rated) 0 with reviews - .
O'Faolain may be "almost there"—free of turbulence and waste, out of the wild hills and onto calm water—but she may also be constitutionally incapable of such a condition: there's too much grit in her keen eye to let it rest easy upon the : Nuala O'Faolain. Advanced financial planning – different than you ever imagined. Unlock the peace of mind that comes from knowing, with certainty, that you finally understand the wealth game inside and out.
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Nuala O'Faolain is a memoir writer. Her book Almost There is a heartbreaking and heartwarming story about the soul of a writer. I use this book in all my writing workshops to teach the power of memoir. Nuala O'Faolain is philosophical and brutal in her honesty about her low points in life, moments we would all rather not remember/5.
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"Almost There" explores the life of a mother in her thirties and her relationships with her best friend, husband, children, and herself, and considers the different levels of.
Almost There is a descent contemporary Christian fiction novel about a teenage girl who wants nothing more than to get her mother away from the hustle and bustle and pain and terror of their life and take a trip to Paris which, she is sure, will heal all her mothers old wounds/5.
Buy MercyMe's album titled Almost There to enjoy in your home or car, or gift it to. Due to COVID, orders may be delayed.
Thank you for your patience. Book Annex Membership Educators Almost there book Cards Stores & Events Help Auto Suggestions are available once you type at least 3 letters. Books, Toys, Games and much : Sony Special Product. Along the way, he rediscovers personal growth that had lain dormant since his teenage years and what it really means to be "Almost There." --DP Turner Buy online now.
Almost There is an SATB Christmas musical from creators Michael W. Smith, Wes King, Bradley Knight, and Luke Gambill. Arranged and orchestrated by Bradley Knight.
Moderate difficulty, 47 minute runtime. From Brentwood-Benson. Almost There, Choral Book Brand: Brentwood-Benson Publishing. Almost There. by Nuala O'Faolain.
Michael Joseph £, pp When she was in her mid-fifties, Nuala O'Faolain explains, she felt that middle-age was too bleak to talk about.
She had no child, no lover 'and no other creation'; she believed passionately that her life had been a : Geraldine Bedell. Almost There is the first studio album by the American Christian rock band MercyMe. Produced by Pete Kipley, it was released on Aug by INO Records.
After releasing six albums as an unsigned band, they decided to pursue a record contract because it became too difficult to sell albums, book shows, and manage : Worship, pop rock.
In chapter 2, page 8, of his book "We Are Almost There" () Mr. Camping writes, "As we carefully study the Bible, we discover that the world was created ab years ago.*. The conclusion of her acclaimed memoir "Are You Somebody" () found her believing that she was, indeed, somebody despite the scars of an unhappy childhood and the effects of a male dominated society.
Now, with the writing of "Almost There," a second memoir, she relapses to nobody status again. Click here to see the rest of this review. Look at this video, isn't it neat. Watch and learn the words to The Princess and the Frog's "Almost There." Come #readalong with us. "Almost There".
Almost There invites your community to experience the awe and wonder of Christmas as Mary did many years ago. May this unique take on a familiar story draw your heart closer to the expectation of Christ's coming and finally the angel's joyful song of His miraculous arrival.
Almost There invites your community to experience the awe and wonder of Christmas as Mary did many years ago. May this unique take on a familiar story draw your heart closer to the expectation of Christ's coming and finally the angel's joyful song of His miraculous g: Paperback.
But as a book, it became the catalyst for her reconstruction. Its success allowed her to move away from Ireland and journalism to a new career, a new country and the possibility, however fragile, of a new love. As she candidly shows in Almost There, O'Faolain's re-invention hasn't been a.
Almost there, congratulations. You've done most of the work, but there are a couple of things you're not sure about, or don't have the skillset for. Maybe you just want an experienced eye cast over it, to make sure everything's in place. Almost There by Nuala O'Faolain - Ina small Irish press approached Nuala O'Faolain to publish a collection of her opinion columns from the Irish Edition: Unabridged.
Almost There [Music Download] by Michael W. Smith. Buy a cheap copy of Almost There book by Barbara L. Murphy. Ina small Irish press approached Nuala O'Faolain, then a writer for The Irish Times, to publish a collection of her opinion columns.
She offered to compose Free shipping over $/5(5).Almost There made me fall in love with the YA genre all over again.
This is the kind of teen fiction I enjoy: An authentic and inspirational novel that accurately portrays the teen life.
Throw in a romance thread, family drama, teen angst, beautiful wordsmithing, an artistic element, and weave them together to create an original, page-turning 5/5(4).Almost There begins at that moment when O'Faolain's life began to change.
It tells the story of a life in subtle, radical, and unforeseen renewal. It tells the story of .
ducklakebooks.com - Almost there book © 2020

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More Weirdness
Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center
Thursday, 7th April 2005 by
Remember the super secret bunker they always use in Stargate, Deep Impact and various other films? Well, here it is. It's official name is the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center and is designed "to ensure 70 percent probability of continuing to function against a five megaton weapon with a three mile circular error probability".
The Half-Scale World Trade Center Tower
E³ at the Los Angeles Convention Center
14 comments Comments are closed
Kevin Myrick says:
Thursday, 7th April 2005 at 12:20 pm
Did You see the size of the parking lot? Wow. It has to be at least twice the size of a Wal-Mart parking lot. And we're talking Super Center, not one of the good ol' fashioned Wal-Marts.
misc says:
Friday, 8th April 2005 at 12:34 am
any pics of area 51
1bigdork says:
Friday, 8th April 2005 at 8:13 pm
If you scroll down in that image, you can see the secondary opening. The design is intended to funnel blast forces through the outer tunnels, and away from the inner complex. It also serves as an emergency exit.
Chong says:
Notice the black hole to the southwest caused by experimenting with alien technology.
Daniel Jackson says:
Sunday, 24th April 2005 at 5:59 pm
I brought that image into Photoshop and zoomed in a little more. I can't be 100% certain, but I think I saw Jack O'Neal's pickup truck in the parking lot. All the fishing gear in the back gave it away.
dduck says:
Saturday, 14th May 2005 at 8:24 pm
View Placemark
The place where it gets all its information from: Buckley Airforce Base.
Friday, 27th May 2005 at 5:06 pm
we call it NORAD here
Koos van den Hout says:
Thursday, 9th June 2005 at 1:55 pm
The first movie I remember this complex from is Wargames. The movie that got me hooked to computers and modems.
No se says:
Tuesday, 9th August 2005 at 2:54 am
alguien conoce las coordenatas? the cordinates please?
Sunday, 9th October 2005 at 3:04 pm
lol, yes, cheyeenne mountain does indeed house norad
EliteTech says:
Thursday, 2nd February 2006 at 10:09 am
Anyone know where I could get the complex design from? I would like to develop a map for a game that will be the Cheyenne Mountain Complex.
Wednesday, 6th February 2008 at 12:18 am
Elite Tech: I found the floor plans you were looking for at (http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/cmc.htm) this url. I was looking for the same information (creating an Undermountain type local for the Shadowrun RPG campaign I'm running). Hope it's as much help to you as it was to me.
Too bad the complex has all but closed it's doors. It was kind of cool to think that we had a military local built into a mountain.
WebStalkers says:
Cheyenne Mountain or Norad arent in use anymore?…except for moveies and TV shows of course.
C_G_Hearn says:
Thursday, 14th May 2009 at 12:47 am
I beg to differ. Cheyenne Mountain is most definitely very active still. It simply has changed it's priorities and allows less visitors now..
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HVAC Breaking News
Both GE and Honeywell Appeal Merger Decision
By Greg Mazurkiewicz
FAIRFIELD, CT and MORRIS TOWNSHIP, NJ - General Electric Co. and Honeywell International Inc. have both filed appeals regarding their proposed merger, which was rejected by the European Commission on July 3 (seeThe News, July 9, 2001).
According to the European Court of Justice, the two companies filed separately with its appeals division. The court allows appeals only on procedural matters.
Tom Crane, Honeywell spokesman, said, "The appeals argue that the European Commission's findings are without merit." He added, "It's important to note that the appeals have no effect on our merger agreement," they just deal with possible errors of procedure.
The Court of Justice has never reversed a merger decision made by the commission. Six companies have tried appeals of their merger rejections over the past decade and all have lost. In addition, since the appeals process can be lengthy, companies typically decline to appeal.
It is believed that General Electric is concerned about the European Commission's language in turning down the merger. The combination of two major companies in the aviation business was a major concern of the commission and Mario Monti, competition commissioner. He and his colleagues cited a possible dominant market position as a problem area. Letting stand a finding of a dominant position, experts attest, could possibly block GE from future mergers.
A representative of the European Commission expects the decision to hold up against any court challenge, calling it "legally sound." The commission is now required to file a response. A public hearing then will follow. The appeals court decision can then also be appealed.
It is believed that this slow process makes it highly unlikely that the merger can be saved.
Greg Mazurkiewicz is Web Editor. He can be contacted at 248-244-6459 or gregmazurkiewicz@achrnews.com. Greg handles the day-to-day operations of The NEWS' website, www.achrnews.com, including the Extra Edition page, which offers additional online-exclusive articles. He has 40 years of experience as a writer and editor. He holds a bachelor's degree in Journalism and a master's degree in Business Management.


text:
IMRAN SHAYKH, JAN 2016
According to this principle and the aforementioned statements from Abdul Baha, if a religion causes enmity and hatred, its non-existence is better than its existence. Thus, it logically follows that if Babism and Bahaism caused enmity and hatred, they are subject to Abdul Baha's decree and their non-existence is preferred over their existence.
We will now proceed to show the many instances in which the Babi and Bahai creeds became a cause of enmity, hatred, and divisions.
1- Internal Disputes in the Babi and Bahai creeds
The history of Babism and Bahaism is filled with various enmities and conflicts between their leaders and followers. Much can be said about each conflict, but we will only refer to a small number of them below:
The conflicts among the Babis over the title of Him Whom God Shall Make Manifest .
The conflicts, feuds, and bloodshed between Bahaullah and his brother Mirza Yahya Subh Azal and their followers that resulted in the exile of the Azalis (the supporters of Mirza Yahya Subh Azal) to Cyprus and the Bahais to Palestine.
The conflicts and clashes between Abdul Baha and his brother Mohammad `Ali Effendi.
The disputes and arguments between Shoghi and those who opposed his successorship.
The dispute between Ruhiyyih Maxwell (Shoghi's widow) and the Hands of the Cause with Mason Remey, the then president of the International Bahai Council.
Read about the Divisions in Bahais
2- Wars During the Bab's Era
When the Bab was imprisoned in Chihriq, Mohammad Shah of Qajar passed away and the princes and nobles of the court became preoccupied with the issues of succession. This put the country in a state of chaos and turmoil. The Babis took advantage of this situation and began to riot under the orders of the Bab. These riots eventually lead to three bloody wars in three different regions of Persia.
The first war began in the first days of the reign of Nasir al-Din Shah in the Fort of Sheikh Tabarsi in Mazandaran and was led by Mulla Husayn-i-Bushru'i and after his death by Mirza `Ali Barfurushi. These clashes have been described in detail in The Dawn Breakers:
The day had not yet broken when at the signal, "Mount your steeds, O heroes of God!" . . . Mulla Husayn and two hundred and two of his companions ran to their horses and followed Quddus . . . He forced his way through the gate and rushed into the private apartments of the prince.
Mulla Husayn . . . mounting his charger, gave the signal that the gate of the fort be opened. As he rode out at the head of three hundred and thirteen of his companions to meet the enemy, the cry of "Ya Sahibu'z-Zaman!" again broke forth. Mulla Husayn first charged the barricade which was defended by Zakariyyay-i-Qadi-Kala'i, one of the enemy's most valiant officers. Within a short space of time, he had broken through that barrier, disposed of its commander, and scattered his men. Dashing forward with the same swiftness and intrepidity, he overcame the resistance of both the second and third barricades, diffusing, as he advanced, despair and consternation among his foes. Undeterred by the bullets which rained continually upon him and his companions, they pressed forward until the remaining barricades had all been captured and overthrown.
The second clash occurred in the city of Nayriz with the uprising of Sayyid Yahya Darabi and this clash also left behind a large number of casualties.
The third clash occurred in Zanjan between the Babis and the government forces. The casualties in this conflict were at least 1800 from the Babi side:
I have heard it stated that one of the companions of Hujjat who undertook to record the names of those who had suffered martyrdom, had left a written statement in which he had computed the number of those who had fallen prior to the death of Hujjat to be a thousand, five hundred and ninety-eight, whilst those who had suffered martyrdom afterwards were thought to have been in all two hundred and two persons.
Was the cause of these wars and massacres, anything other than the religion of the Bab and the beliefs of a group of Babis? Did these individuals not cause their own destruction, as well as that of many others, because they rioted and fought for their faith and the love they had for the Bab?
Babism, which is the root of Bahaism, openly ordered its followers to start wars and cause bloodshed.
Read about the Violence of Babis
In contrary to what Bahais claim in their history books and want non-Bahais to believe, the Babis were not a group of oppressed and peace-loving people who were merely protecting their women and children from the Persian government:
That humiliating episode was soon followed by a number of similar attempts on the part of the supporters of the governor, all of which utterly failed to achieve their purpose. Every time they rushed to attack the fort, Hujjat would order a few of his companions, who were three thousand in number, to emerge from their retreat and scatter their forces. He never failed, every time he gave them such orders, to caution his fellow-disciples against shedding unnecessarily the blood of their assailants. He constantly reminded them that their action was of a purely defensive character, and that their sole purpose was to preserve inviolate the security of their women and children. "We are commanded," he was frequently heard to observe, "not to wage holy war under any circumstances against the unbelievers, whatever be their attitude towards us."
The peaceful and oppressed face of the Babis and Bahais, as well as the historical narratives presented in the books authored by Nabil Zarandi (many of which were later used by Shoghi Effendi) should be taken with a grain of salt. Nabil Zarandi was one of the many people who had falsely claimed to be "the One Whom God Shall Make Manifest." The words of someone who tries to falsely attribute such a supposedly high station to himself should be met with healthy skepticism.
Furthermore, contrary to Nabil Zarandi's historical accounts, the orders of the Bab clearly advocated all forms of violence and blood shedding. The wars that the Babis were fighting were the direct result of the Bab's orders to burn non-Babi books, behead and massacre those who did not believe in him, and to destroy all monuments. Most of these wars were not the result of government oppression against the Babis, and what has been narrated about them in Bahai books carry with them a high amount of distortions and exaggerations.
Abdul Baha clearly announces: The utterance of the [book or religion] of Bayan in the day of the appearance of his Highness A`la (meaning the Bab) was to behead, burn the books, destroy the monuments, and massacre [everyone] but those who believed [in the Bab's religion] and verified it.
The savagery in the Bab's laws can clearly be seen in Bahaullah's words too:
The unbelievers and the faithless have set their minds on four things: first, the shedding of blood [beheading] ; second, the burning of books; third, the shunning of the followers of other religions; fourth, the extermination of other communities and groups. Now however, through the strengthening grace and potency of the Word of God these four barriers have been demolished, these clear injunctions have been obliterated from the Tablet and brutal dispositions have been transmuted into spiritual attributes.
Since the Babis denied Bahaullah's station, he refers to them as: "unbelievers and the faithless." Regarding killing and savagery, Abdul Baha says:
If religion causes killing and savagery it is not religion and having no religion is better than that. For religion is meant to be a cure. If a cure causes sickness then of course, no cure is better than it. Thus, if religion causes war and slaughter, then of course, it is better to have no religion.
According to these words, since the Bab gave orders for war, massacres, and plunder, then Babism is not a religion. But then the question arises, if Babism is not a religion, then what is Bahaism? Did Bahaism not arise as a continuation of Babism and as a result of the tidings of the Bab to Him Whom God Shall Make Manifest? Does Bahaism not proudly present itself as the spritiual successor to Babism? If Babism is not a valid religion-which according to the current principle is not-then neither is Bahaism.
3- Conflicts During Bahaullah's Era
After Bahaullah put forth his claim of being the Bab's successor, he claimed the title of Him Whom God Shall Make Manifest and attracted a number of followers, disagreements arose between him and his brother Subh Azal, and their respective followers clashed and shed blood.
Bahaullah was forced to flee Baghdad and take refuge in the mountains of Sulaymaniyah near Mosul to escape his brother's followers. Under the alias Dervish Mohammad, he lived with the lifestyle of a dervish there for two years. Bahaullah uttered the following statements about this journey:
By the Righteousness of God! Our withdrawal contemplated no return, and Our separation hoped for no reunion. The one object of Our retirement was to avoid becoming a subject of discord among the faithful, a source of disturbance unto Our companions, the means of injury to any soul, or the cause of sorrow to any heart. Beyond these, We cherished no other intention, and apart from them, We had no end in view.
Bahaullah confesses that the proclamation of his authority had caused conflict among his friends and followers of his creed. Thus, he had no choice but to go into hiding to prevent this and for two years there was no news of him or his claims. Some might claim that these actions were justified and in accordance with the principle that is under consideration, for Bahaullah, in order to prevent hatred and enmity, refrained from preaching his religion altogether.
This argument is unacceptable, for, even though Bahaullah himself knew that proclaiming his authority would cause conflicts among his followers, he still returned after two years, even though he had said "Our withdrawal contemplated no return, and Our separation hoped for no reunion." Why did he once again put forth his claims of being the successor to the Bab and claimant to the title of Him Whom God Shall Make Manifest? Why did he engage in conflicts and quarrels with his brother, until the situation reached the point that they exchanged all sorts of profanities? Didn't Bahaullah himself not admit that
In these days, however, such odours of jealousy are diffused, that-I swear by the Educator of all beings, visible and invisible-from the beginning of the foundation of the world-though it hath no beginning-until the present day, such malice, envy, and hate have in no wise appeared, nor will they ever be witnessed in the future. For a number of people who have never inhaled the fragrance of justice, have raised the standard of sedition, and have leagued themselves against Us. On every side We witness the menace of their spears, and in all directions We recognize the shafts of their arrows.
According to Bahaullah's own statements, his claims-instead of bringing about unity and fellowship-brought about such a degree of hatred and jealousy that was unprecedented and will never occur again. Thus according to Bahaullah and Abdu'l-Baha that, "if religion is a cause of enmity and a cause of war, its absence is better, and a lack of religion is better than religion," it is obvious that having no religion is better than being a Bahai.
4- Clashes After Bahaullah's Death
If we analyze the issues of fellowship and hatred among Bahai's, we will see that even among the followers of Bahaullah there were many instances where there was no peace or love.
After Bahaullah's death, disputes arose among his children over the succession of their father. Even though he had ordered them to refrain from conflicts and disagreements, to respect each other and the other family members, and to refrain from saying obscenities to one another, his sons became engrossed in conflicts and accusations.
It is natural for normal people to have differences amongst each other after someone's death. What is difficult to understand is why should differences arise amongst individuals that preach the slogan of the Oneness of Humanity and those that claim they possess divine stations.
If religion must be a cause of fellowship and unity, then why did Abdul Baha refer to his brother with rude and impolite words like calf, dung beetle, the Devil, and Satan?
5- Bahai Attitude Toward Non-Bahais
We showed Bahai orders regarding non-Bahais and covenant-breakers in the previous chapter. Was there even a speck of unity and fellowship in those words? Why is it that Abdul Baha insists that his father caused unity and fellowship while all facts show the contrary:
We consider Bahaullah to be the highest mentor of the human world. At a time that the darkness of division had overwhelmed the East and the nations of the East were in utter enmity and hatred, the religions were in utter avoidance with each other and thought of each other as impure and were always busy with war and quarrels, it was as this time that Bahaullah rose like the sun from the Eastern horizon. He invited all to kindness and socialization and commenced on advising and nurturing them, and guided [people] from all nations and faiths. He healed the different nations and faiths and made them reach utter unity and harmony, such that when you enter their communities you wouldn't know which is an Israelite and which a Muslim.
What do Bahais really believe in: interacting with followers of other faiths with kindness and affection or refraining from having any relations with non-Bahais?
How is it that the same Bahais that declare in their proselytization materials that the religion of every person is a personal matter, and our duty is to be kind to everyone, regardless of their religion or creed have their Prophet declare that:
Know that God has forbidden his friends from meeting with the polytheists (deniers of Bahaism) and hypocrites.
How is it that Bahaullah orders his followers to be kind to all in one place, but in another orders them to seek distance from non-Bahais and to be certain torment for them:
And you, oh friends of God, be clouds of grace for those who believe in God and his signs, and be certain torment for those who do not believe in God and are polytheists (deniers of Bahaism).
Why does Bahaullah-who claims religion must be a source of unity and fellowship-openly incite hatred in non-Bahais' hearts:
We did not want to meet you except to complete God's proof upon you and those who are around you so that the fire of hatred would dwell in your chest and the chest of those who do not believe in the Lord of the Lords.
And finally, why do Bahais treat covenant breakers in such a harsh manner?
6- Bahaullah and Peace
In contrast to what Bahais claim, Bahaullah had a violent history. Bahaullah had claimed to be a manifestation of Husayn the grandson of the Prophet Mohammad. Husayn was ruthlessly murdered by Yazid in cold blood. Bahaullah's actions were so violent while he was in Baghdad that according to his aunt, the people would recite the following verse of poetry when referring to him:
If Husayn Ali (Bahaullah) is the manifestation of Husayn the son of Ali (Prophet Muhammad's grandson), then a thousand blessings be upon the pure soul of Yazid [for killing him].
This attitude can clearly be seen in a letter that Abdul Baha wrote to his aunt. He unintentionally reveals his father's violent actions in the midst of praising him:
He threw an earthquake upon the pillars of Iraq and always left the people of discord (the Shia) in fear and apprehension. His grandeur had infiltrated the arteries and nerves to such an extent that not a single person dared to disapprove of him nor had the audacity to speak bad of him in the middle of the night in Karbala and Najaf (two cities in Iraq).
As his aunt explains, the reaction shown by the people was not due to Bahaullah's grandeur, but because of him and his followers' violent acts:
They gathered a group of hooligans from different provinces of Iran and from the same places fugitives who had never believed in any religion and had no faith in any prophet and had no work but manslaughter and had no occupation but stealing peoples' property. Even though they claimed they were following [the customs] of Husayn (the grandson of the Prophet Mohammad who was ruthlessly murdered by Shimr on the orders of Yazid) they summoned a group of Shimr-like people around themselves. The breath of any soul who uttered anything but what they were satisfied with was suffocated. They beat any head which made the slightest sound other than accepting their guardianship. They cut every throat which showed other than humbleness towards them. They pierced every heart which had love toward other than them . . .
Religion Must be the Source of Unity: Introduction
Is This a New Principle
Did the Founders of Bahaism Act Upon These Principles?
Contradictions in Bahai Faith?


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News Oct. 30, 2021, 12:01 PM
Bill Gates celebrated his 66th birthday with Jeff Bezos at an intimate party in a secluded Turkish cove, reports say
Guests were reportedly helicoptered from Bill Gates's megayacht, Lana, to the secluded, picturesque cove in Fethiye, Turkey, on Wednesday.
News May. 5, 2021, 2:36 PM
Jeff Bezos is building a gigantic luxury yacht that's expected to be one of the best in the world – and he's adding a 'support yacht' with its own helipad
Bezos hasn't previously had a boat of his own, but he's often spotted on mega-yachts belonging to the likes of David Geffen and Diane von Furstenberg.
News Dec. 20, 2020, 11:52 PM
This $600 million concept yacht was inspired by ancient Roman architecture but designed to look like a shark — see inside the Prodigium
Rome-based Lazzarini Design Studio has unveiled another megayacht design inspired by an animal: the Prodigium. The concept yacht was designed to look like a shark, but has interior elements inspired by ancient Roman architecture. If constructed, the ship could take about 28 months and almost $US364.5 million to build, designer […]
Lifestyle Oct. 29, 2019, 6:31 AM
The 7 biggest yacht debuts at the Fort Lauderdale International Boat Show
The Fort Lauderdale International Boat Show (FLIBS), which bills itself as the largest in-water boat show in the world, will be held October 30 through November 3. Celebrating its 60th anniversary this year, the show expects 110,000 attendees, 1,200 exhibitors, and 1,500 boats on display, according to a press release. […]


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Over time AcZon has developed a blocking solution, composed exclusively of polymers and polyanions, that can block the Fc binding site on the monocyte-macrophage line. This solution does not contain immunoglobulins and can be used with any kind of antibody.
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This annual lecture is named in honor of Professor Josef A. Mestenhauser. It provides an academic forum in which scholars from around the world present innovative and thought-provoking scholarship on the internationalization of higher education.
Please click the tabs below to watch recordings of previous lectures and to download the lecture papers.
Stay tuned for information about the next Mestenhauser Lecture!
Click on year to learn more about the speaker, view a video of the lecture, and download lecture publications.
2011: "Cultural Diplomacy and International Understanding" by Dr. Richard Arndt, author of "The First Resort of Kings: American Cultural Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century"
Papers have been produced from each Mestenhauser Lecture.
This book is a substantially expanded version of a presentation of the same title at the inaugural Josef A. Mestenhauser Lecture Series on Internationalizing Higher Education on October 28, 2009. Available as an e-book or print book through amazon.com. All proceeds will support the lecture series and related activities.
Print copy available for $50.00.


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Clinics Enrollment Policy
Timing of Enrollment. In accordance with the North Carolina State Bar rules governing the practical training of students, a student may enroll in any of the Law school's clinics as early as the fall semester of their second year.
Ethics and Graduation Requirement. The legal ethics graduation requirement is a pre- or co-requisite to enroll in several of the clinics (see below for list of the clinics that do not have this requirement). Where required, a student may fulfill this by completing an ethics class that satisfies the legal ethics graduation requirement. Those classes include:
Ethics & the Law of Lawyering (LAW 238)
Criminal Justice Ethics (LAW 317)
Ethics in Action (LAW 539), and,
Any other class identified as fulfilling the ethics & professionalism graduation requirement in a particular semester.
Priority for Single Clinic Enrollment. In general, students are permitted to enroll in only one clinic per semester. A student seeking to enroll in two clinics in a semester must obtain written permission from the professor of each clinic and written approval from the Director of Clinics. Written permission and approval must be obtained prior to enrolling in the clinics on Duke Hub or the student will be removed from the class roll of both clinics. The written permission and approval must be submitted to the Office of the Registrar. Absent unusual circumstances, written approval for enrollment in multiple clinics will not be permitted, or will be rescinded, if either or both of the clinics in which the student wishes to enroll have or are expected to have wait lists.
Advanced Clinical Studies. Students interested in extending their work in a clinic beyond one semester may enroll in the clinic for a second semester though the law school's advanced clinical course opportunities. To enroll in an advanced clinic, the student must obtain written permission from the appropriate clinic professor prior to enrolling in the advanced clinic. The written permission must be submitted to the Office of the Registrar, and the Registrar will subsequently register the student for the advanced clinic. Requests for permission will be reviewed on a case by case basis and will be granted at the discretion of the clinic professor.
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Why Inbound Marketing Is Effective For Businesses.
Inbound marketing starts with developing quality content relevant to your business, but in order to be effective, it must be consistent, ongoing, and measurable. Committing to a comprehensive inbound marketing strategy is a full-time job.
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The Great Hunt of the late 1800s nearly drove bison to extinction. Now, a new kind of hunt may be the only way to save them.
March 24, 2009, 12:58 p.m.
On a cold, sunny day on the treeless plains of north-central Montana, hunters close in on their prey. Several bison and their calves watch nervously as a pickup truck slowly circles them, a rifle pointed out of the passenger window. A shot rings out, and a few minutes later, a young bison calf plops down on the ground, grunting and squirming. The hunting party — a team of biologists — moves in, warily eyeing the larger bison, eager to get a blood sample and move away from the agitated creatures. Once they fill a giant plastic syringe, they give the calf a shot, and it stands up on wobbly legs and staggers back to the herd.
Welcome to the American Prairie Foundation preserve, the front lines of the efforts to save America's bison and restore a large swath of the North American Great Plains. The bison is often heralded as the nation's first and greatest conservation victory — in the last century the population grew from fewer than 1,000 to half a million — but the story is not that simple.
In the late 1990s, James Derr, a geneticist at Texas A&M, discovered that most of the roughly 500,000 bison in North America have a tiny amount of cattle DNA mixed into their genome — the consequence of ranchers crossbreeding bison and cattle a century ago. The revelation that all but 10,000 bison are hybrids shook the conservation community. In 2004, the American Prairie Foundation learned that their bison, which today number 45, are among the few that are pure. Others haven't been as lucky. When Derr's discovery came to light, scientists realized that conservation efforts then underway wouldn't ensure the survival of genetically pure bison. Extinction is still a threat. Now conservationists like those in Montana are hunting bison in a benign but urgent sense because saving them goes hand in hand with saving the prairie, the world's least protected terrestrial ecosystem. So while the species was almost decimated by the Great Hunt, their survival depends on this Next Great Hunt.
Scientists say that only the purest bison — those most similar to the ones that made up the massive, rambling herds of yesterday — should be used to repopulate the Plains. (Though biologists are reluctant to use the word pure because genetic markers might be present at levels current technology can't detect, today's tests find some bison to have no cattle genes.) Maintaining the bison's genetic purity will help ensure the survival of the species and pave the way for the animals to reassume their historical ecological role. These herds are critical to rehabilitating large, landscape-scale prairie habitat because other species rely on their grazing for survival. Cattle genes, which make up less than one percent of the genome of most affected bison herds, could influence a multitude of traits, including the bison's ability to resist disease, withstand cold weather, and migrate. The truth is no one knows what the effects of hybridization will be. But when it comes to the future of the bison, no one wants to be surprised.
The Great Plains is now considered one of the most degraded ecosystems on the continent. Cattle grazing under fence, irrigation systems converting grasslands into croplands—a century of these and other agricultural practices has taken a serious toll, depleting soil and aquifers. The wildlife hasn't fared much better. Species such as wolves and grizzlies were completely pushed off the Plains and into the Rocky Mountains, and many of those that remain are dwindling: Approximately 128 Plains species are listed as endangered.
The idea of restoring the Great Plains surfaced two decades ago. In 1987, academics Frank and Deborah Popper argued that the best use of the region was turning it into a vast Buffalo Commons, bringing back the great bison herds that once swarmed the prairie. This, they said, would reestablish biodiversity and create a sustainable economy, attracting tourists and hunters.
In 2004, the American Prairie Foundation, which is affiliated with the World Wildlife Fund, bought its first ranch near Malta, Montana; it now owns five. So far the group has blocked up more than 70,000 acres of deeded and leased land. The Foundation hopes to connect the acreage they control to protected federal land, creating a refuge of several million acres (larger than Yellowstone National Park). This contiguous stretch of land would allow bison to roam freely as they did in the days before the Great Hunt.
When settlers came to America's Great Plains, the grass was crawling with wildlife: bison, birds, antelope, deer, elk, wolves, grizzlies, prairie dogs. Bison, the most emblematic of prairie species, were present in numbers so great, they looked like a vast, brown inland ocean.
Bison are more than symbols of the Plains: They're a keystone species, critical to biodiversity. Herds of the wild, free-roaming animals mow the grass low in some places and leave it longer in others, benefiting a range of birds with different habitat needs. Prairie dogs follow the herds and graze the grass further to build elaborate, socially complex towns of thousands of individuals. By digging and aerating the soil—and creating habitat for burrowing owls, snakes, and insects—prairie dogs extend the ecosystem underground. The creatures also fill most of the shelves in the Great Plains grocery—eagles, coyote, and swift fox hunt them. The highly endangered black-footed ferret depends on prairie dogs for shelter and food: the ferrets live in prairie dog burrows and attack them while they sleep.
"We need to let the bison graze on the landscape to create these complexities, this mosaic of grazing intensity," says Freese.
Bison also helped shape the landscape and cycle nutrients throughout the ecosystem. For instance, the animals created wallows — saucer-like depressions — by rolling on the ground. "These became mini-wetlands and had a diversity of species within them," Freese says. When wild bison died, they became food for scavengers that then scattered a nitrogen-rich deposit, fertilizing the land and nurturing a diverse habitat.
But the U.S. government viewed the enormous herbivores, a staple for many Native American tribes, as a barrier to western colonization. So it launched the Great Hunt. Bison were hunted out of existence all across the southern Plains by the 1870s.
By 1880, railroads had pushed into the Northwest, and the hunters set to work wiping out bison in Montana, Wyoming, and the western Dakotas. In 1882, Montana and the Dakotas shipped 200,000 hides to tanneries in the East. By 1884, just 300 hides were collected.
Tens of millions of bison had been reduced to fewer than 1,000, and the species teetered on the precipice of extinction. About two dozen were hanging on in Yellowstone National Park, and another 250 survived in Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada.
Some of the cattle ranchers who owned the rest hypothesized that a cross between native bison and Asian cattle would make a more disease-resistant animal. They began breeding the two species to produce a cross they called cattalo, which has proven over time to be a less robust animal than either of its ancestors.
Today, many U.S. bison are descendents of the original cattalo, which agencies and individuals used to restore herds across the country. As a result, the vast majority of bison have a smattering of cattle in the family tree. The few remnant populations of pure bison are scattered, from Ted Turner's Vermejo ranch in New Mexico to Wind Cave National Park, where the American Prairie Foundation's bison originated. But the extent of the phenomenon was unknown until efforts got underway to restore the Great Plains.
While some might argue that it's a question of semantics, the missing bison genes in the hybrids could have a real impact on the species. "You can't see any difference visually" between bison that have the cattle genes and those that don't, says Kyran Kunkel, a World Wildlife Fund biologist who works with the American Prairie Foundation. "But we don't know what the long-term ecological or biological impacts would be." Scientists do have a few guesses, though. They know that crossbreeding has led to less fit animals, rather than the desired "hybrid vigor." The missing genes could affect the ability to digest certain plants or resist a disease, says Freese. "If cow genes became too common in the mitochondria of the cell, which affects metabolism, they could affect the adaptation to cold weather," said Freese.
Bison are threatened in other ways. Biologists say bison are in effect "ecologically extinct" because they no longer act in their former ecological role—migrating long distances, for example, or gathering in huge herds. That means that even if large numbers of the purest bison are restored to giant swaths of prairie, old behaviors might be absent, lost through generations. If restored bison don't roam in massive herds, nourishing the ecosystem, it could make the restoration of the Plains incomplete.
The Next Great Hunt—this time to save the bison species—is well underway. Across the country, biologists are testing bison and gaining a clearer understanding of which herds have polluted genomes. The challenges now involve separating hybridized bison from those with no detectable levels of cattle genes—and making sure they remain separate.
Isolation is the best way to assure purity, but it doesn't necessarily guarantee the bison genome will remain cattle-free. Yellowstone National Park has the largest of the near-pure herds, with more than 3,000 animals, an invaluable genetic reservoir. Officials there had a scare when a lone bull from a nearby bison ranch wandered into the park, mixing with the herd. They removed him from the population before he could pass on his heritage.
Now the American Prairie Foundation is working to ensure the bison and their offspring remain pure, as they are seed stock for what they hope will become a free-ranging herd tens of thousands strong. That massive herd may well one day roam the hundreds of thousands—or even millions—of acres the Foundation is buying and rehabilitating. It might be a pipe dream to think that the far-flung refuges currently being developed will connect, allowing the great herds to return. But scientists know the best bet for the future of the Plains lies in the tiniest of things—the genome of the purest bison.
Story by Jim Robbins. This article originally appeared in "Plenty" in January 2008.