What kind of literature should be referenced?
I began this document in 1978, when I was teaching undergraduate classes in electrical engineering and found that my students needed some guidance on grammar and style. I enlarged this document frequently during my ten years as a professor. During 1990-95, I shared this document with my colleagues in Germany who wanted to know more about style in American English. The favorable reaction of my former students and my German colleagues has encouraged me to post this document on the Internet, in the hope that it might be useful to a wider audience.
Because I do not intend this document to be a comprehensive list of everything that one needs to know about grammar and style, I begin with an annotated list of my favorite reference and textbooks in this area. There are many good books — I have deliberately made this list short, because most scientists and engineers are not interested in technical writing.
originally published by Ginn in 1913, reprinted by AMS Press in New York City in 1972.
Teaching formal grammar became unfashionable in many schools in the USA in the 1970s, which has had disastrous consequences for the ability of professionals in the USA to produce erudite prose. The lack of modern reference books means that one must rely on old grammar books, like this one. This old book even contains conjugation of the verb to be for four tenses of the subjunctive mood. There are still some judges that use subjunctive mood for contrary-to-fact statements in writing their opinions, but use of the subjunctive seems to be rare in most other writings by American authors.
One should avoid constructions that are likely to be misunderstood, even if they are arguably "correct" according to a style manual or dictionary. It is not enough to make a document easy to read, it should also be difficult to misunderstand.
Strunk and White's rule 15 about putting statements in positive form is just a special case of my fundamental rule.
Say "flammable" instead of "inflammable", because the latter word is likely to be misunderstood by someone who thinks the in- prefix always means not.
When writing for an international audience, which includes non-native speakers of English, make all sentences literally true (i.e., avoid idioms and colloquial phrases).
"Assuming a << 1 and substituting in Eq. 12, the relation becomes Eq. 14."
"When a << 1, Eq. 12 can be simplified to become Eq. 14."
"None of these integers were non-negative."
"All of these integers were negative."
This book, which is published by the University of Chicago Press, is a good general reference book on style in student papers and scholarly publications in the USA.
Mathematics Into Type from the American Mathematical Society.
Everyone doing technical writing should have a copy of an authoritative style manual for units that lists all of the metric prefixes, abbreviations for units, etc. This information is available online from NIST or BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures).
One of the distressing features of modern academic life in the USA is the fragmentation of disciplines, so that style manuals for scholarly publications diverge in what they consider correct form for citation to books and journals.
For example, consider a bibliographic citation for an article that is found in volume 23 of the Journal of Stuff, beginning on page 438.
It makes no sense to me that physicists, engineers, physicians, and attorneys should use such radically different styles. Not only are the styles different, but editors often regard their preferred style as holy dogma that may be neither doubted nor disobeyed. Editors often treat anyone who disagrees with their style as an illiterate ignoramus. In contrast to editors, I regard many matters of style as the prerogative of authors. What is important is the information (i.e., volume number and page number), not whether the volume number is boldface or "vol. 23".
"The voltage across a forward-biased silicon diode is small." What does "small" mean? It is much clearer to say "The voltage across a forward-biased silicon diode is about 0.7 V." If the word "small" is really essential, try "...is small (about 0.7 V)."
The CVT's highway mileage is slightly less than a manual's, but not much.
A car with a CVT consumes 102% of the gasoline per mile on the highway compared to the same car with a manual transmission.
The improved sentence is longer because words were added to make the consumption of gasoline refer, properly, to the automobile and not to the transmission; also "mileage" was expanded to the proper "gasoline per mile".
The voltage across the diode is smaller.
Varistors are the best transient protection component.
Cobblewinkle's TV and Appliance Shop has the lowest prices.
Sudso gets your clothes cleaner.
The voltage across the diode is smaller than the voltage across resistor R1.
In this design R was chosen to be larger than C.
Since R is a resistance and C is a capacitance, their dimensions are not the same, and the sentence is rubbish. The writer probably intended to compare R to the capacitive reactance.
The current through the zener diode must be less than its power rating.
The student who wrote this probably intended to say that the power rating of the zener diode should not be exceeded.
Watch out for phrases like "400 volts of alternating current". Current does not have units of volts.
As a related matter, use the same measure consistently. For example, do not compare costs per year with costs per month.
Be careful to distinguish among objects, properties of objects, and units that the property may have. For example: a resistor is soldered, a resistance is measured, the value of the resistance is 470 ohms.
Do not insert commas into numbers of more than three digits. (e.g., "1,000" is wrong). This is a violation of international scientific and engineering practice, as specified, for example, in the International Organization for Standardization, Recommendation R1000, p. 6 of Feb 1969 edition. This rule is important because a comma is used as a decimal point in some countries (e.g., Germany). Instead of commas, numbers with at least five digits on either side of the decimal point may have a nonbreaking space inserted between groups of three digits.
For numbers between -1 and +1, insert a zero to the left of the decimal point in order to avoid a "naked decimal point". For example, use 0.47, not .47 The intent of this rule is to make it more difficult for the reader to overlook the decimal point.
improper addition of numbers In 1996, Delta Airlines and Finnair announced a new partnership "with 145 years of experience". They based the number 145 on the fact that Delta had 72 years of experience and Finnair had 73 years of experience. The problem is that experience is not additive. It is not possible than any person at the combined Delta/Finnair firm has 145 years of experience with these airlines, even if people had lifetimes longer than 200 years. One might also ask if even 72 years of experience is meaningful: experience gained in the 1920s and 1930s with short-range propeller aircraft is not relevant to modern long-range jet aircraft.
Another example along the same lines as the Delta/Finnair error is having four pots of boiling water on the stove, each pot with a temperature of 100°C. If one poured all of the water into one container, then the water would not have a temperature of 400°C of water, but only 100°C. Note that temperature is not additive: one liter of water at 100°C when mixed with one liter of water at 0°C produces two liters of water at 50°C.
There is no such thing as zero or infinity in laboratory measurements. When tempted to claim that some value is "zero" or "unmeasurably small", give an estimate of the smallest nonzero magnitude that could be detected. A concise way to phrase this is to write, e.g., "Vout was less than 5 mV", instead of a long-winded discussion of least significant digits, resolution, accuracy, and precision. If special care was taken to measure a small voltage (e.g., use of preamplifier, modulate noise with a signal of a much different frequency, etc.), then these techniques should be mentioned. When using "unmeasurably small" in an analysis and discussion, compute an upper or lower bound. Do not avoid a calculation just because a signal could not be detected.
Use figures for all numbers when there are numbers of two or more digits for related quantities in the same sentence , such as "6 of 23 physicians recommend".
Always use figures when a unit of measurement follows (e.g., "5 A").
Always spell approximate values, "round numbers", (see The Chicago Manual of Style, p. 233 of the 1982 edition). If the approximate value is followed by a unit, then the unit is not abbreviated.
When a number is at the beginning of a sentence it is always spelled-out. If this rule produces a result that looks awkward, it may be better to rewrite the sentence to avoid starting with a number.
All numerical values that have dimensions must have their units specified. In general, the units must follow the numerical value every time. However, in a table of numbers, the units may be specified at the top of the column, provided all of the values have the same units. If there are two numbers in a phrase with the same units (e.g., "frequency between 4 and 5 kHz"), then put the units only after the second number.
All units, including those that are named for a person, have a lower-case first letter when written out (not abbreviated). Thus, write "ohm, farad, coulomb, volt, ampere, hertz" for units.
Units that are named for a person have an upper-case first letter when abbreviated; all other units have a lower-case first letter.
Only metric prefixes for 10+6 or more have an upper-case abbreviation (e.g., M = 10+6, G = 10+9, etc.). In particular, note that the prefix m indicates 10-3 and M indicates 10+6. The difference between an upper-case M and a lower-case m is nine orders of magnitude! One should be warned that American manufacturers of capacitors often use "mF" or "MF" to indicate microfarads, a practice that is both incorrect and misleading.
The proper abbreviation for "kilohertz" is "kHz": only the "H" is upper case.
Note that the proper abbreviation for "second" is "s", not "sec".
The same abbreviation is used for the singular and plural form of a unit.
A period is not placed after an abbreviated unit, unless it is at the end of the sentence.
In modern wordprocessors, the space between number and unit should be a nonbreaking space, so the number will always appear on the same line as its unit.
There is no space between the metric prefix and the base unit.
The signal generator had a 15 kHz frequency.
The signal generator had a frequency of 15 kHz.
This is ambiguous: are the numbers to be multiplied by the reader, or has the multiplication already been done?
Maybe the number 3 on the axis of the graph or in a column of text means 3000 V, which times 10-3 is just 3. In such a case, the author should have written 3 kV.
Maybe the number 3 on the axis of the graph or in a column of text means 0.003 V, which is 3 x 10-3. In such a case, the author should have written 3 mV.
In general, choose a metric prefix that will make the numerical value between 0.1 and 1000. However, the value of a parameter or a variable over the range of a few paragraphs or in a table should have the same metric prefix to allow easy comparison of different values.
"4 x 105 m/s", not "4 x 102 km/s".
Never use a double metric prefix. For example, in older American literature, one will find small capacitances expressed in "µµF" (or, worse, "mmF"), for "micro-micro-farad", instead of the modern preferred unit, "pF" for picofarad.
instead of "megaohm" use "megohm"
instead of "kiloohm" use "kilohm"
instead of "hectaare" use "hectare"
The proper abbreviations for "alternating current, direct current, and root-mean-square" are lower case "ac, dc, rms". However, if the term appears in a title or as the first letter in a sentence, then the entire abbreviation is upper case: "AC, DC, RMS".
Some scientists, physicians, and engineers use the word "micron" to denote what is properly called a "micrometer", which is abbreviated µm. Avoid using the word "micron", as it is technical slang.
Computer memory, both semiconductor memory and hard disk memory, is arranged in integer powers of 2. A binary digit, which as a value of either 0 or 1, is called a bit. A group of eight bits is called a byte. A hard disk drive that can store 1.0737 × 1010 bytes is commonly (but erroneously) specified to have a capacity of 10 Gbyte. The metric prefix Giga indicates 109, so one would expect that a 10 Gbyte drive could hold exactly 1010 bytes. The difficulty arises because the computer industry commonly refers to a factor of 210 or 1024 as "k", 220 or (1024)2 as "M", and 230 or (1024)3 as "G". This practice of the computer industry is acceptable only if one does not call their k, M, and G "kilo-, mega-, and giga-". In December 1998, the International Electrotechnical Commission decided to call the computer industry's k, M, and G, "kibi-, mebi-, and gibi-".
I note in passing that some manufacturers of hard drives specified capacity properly in megabytes (i.e., 106 bytes), probably because that practice would give them a 4.8% larger number — thus making their disk drives appear larger than they actually were. Hence, the ambiguity in the M could be exploited to confuse consumers.
Technical writing often contains equations, however the use of equations is not commonly discussed in books on style and composition. Mermin (Physics Today, pp. 9-11, Oct 1989) pleads that equations are not a "grammatically irrelevant blob". There are several simple rules that gracefully include equations in text.
Equations are prose and should be punctuated as such. It is common for an equation to function as a clause or sentence: variables and parameters are nouns; the equal sign is equivalent to the verb "is". Operators serve as conjunctions.
Do not embed equations in a line of text: every equation goes on its own line.
Number each equation at the right-hand margin (use the "flush right" command in WordPerfect). Even if it is not necessary to refer to the equation by number in the text, someone may want to refer to the equation in a letter or future publication.
D(t) is a damped oscillation that is superposed on a sinusoidal oscillation to give the total voltage, V(t).
One normally uses parameters, not numbers, in equations. I used numbers in the above example, only because HTML 3.2 does not include Greek letters.
The voltage, V, and current, I, in a resistor are related by Eq. 3.
Notice the period at the end of Eq. 5, since it is the end of a sentence.
Will bad grammar affect my grade?
If the singular is required, use "datum", or say "this measurement".
It is important to distinguish data, which are always measured, from results of computer simulations or calculations. One is not necessarily more trustworthy than another, although many scientists and engineers seem to have more confidence in measurements than in computer calculations. The computer work may be described as a "model", "calculation", or a "simulation". Do not refer to results of a computer simulation as either "observation(s)" or data.
avoid saying "He authored ...", instead say "He wrote ...".
avoid using "obsoleted", instead say "made obsolete".
use which, which is always preceded by a comma, when introducing nonessential information.
use that, never preceded by a comma, when introducing essential information.
Resistors, which often have pretty color bands, are common elements in electronic circuits.
In this example, "pretty color bands" are irrelevant to the functioning of the circuit or whether resistors are commonly used.
A resistor that has smoke rising from it is in danger of failing.
Here, "that has smoke rising from it" identifies specific resistor(s) that are essential to the meaning of the sentence.
John Coale says he would like to introduce those who insist that citizen gun-ownership is a guarantee against overmighty government to the 101st Airborne Division.
... he would like to introduce to the 101st Airborne Division those who insist that citizen gun-ownership is a guarantee against overmighty government.
• The word "factor", when properly used, usually describes an algebraic term or number that is multiplied by other terms or numbers. The word "factor" is often used in other contexts that are properly considered as engineering slang.
• Avoid using "differentiate" as a synonym for "distinguish". The word "differentiate" has a special meaning in mathematical analysis.
• To insure means that money is paid by the insurance company if the event that is insured against occurs. To assure is to convince or promise someone. To ensure is to do something that will cause a particular result or outcome. Avoid confusing them. In U.S. industry, product inspectors are part of a "quality assurance" team. This is a misuse of assurance, the word ensurance should have been used. (But I have known some literate engineers who claimed that "quality assurance" was a sarcastic comment about the worth of the inspectors' efforts. <grin>) These distinctions only apply to American English.
• Many engineers like to say that they have found the "optimum" value(s). The word "optimum" properly means "best possible" or "most favorable". Optimum values can be found by the calculus of variations and other sophisticated techniques. To use the word "optimum" to describe lesser efforts is an inflated use of the word, rather like calling a garbageman a "sanitation engineer".
Instead of hook up, used as a verb, say: connect.
Instead of set up, used as a noun, say either: apparatus, system, circuit.
Instead of burn out, say either: damage, destroy.
Instead of write up, used as a noun, say either: report, essay, document.
• In precise writing, one should distinguish between academic degrees and occupations. For example, it is common to use doctor as a synonym for physician. This carelessness probably arose because physicians are the only people with an earned doctoral degree who are personally known to most people. However, senior people in many occupations (e.g., science, medicine, psychology, history, engineering, religion, etc.) have earned a doctoral degree.
• Journalists often write with hyperbole, in an attempt to make the news appear more significant than it really is, or in an attempt to make their writing more lively and more interesting. For example, one often reads that the value of stock in some company, or the value of some index of the stock market, "plummeted", when the actual decrease was only 2%. If one plotted the value on a scale from zero to its all-time high, a change of 2% would be barely discernable. If one routinely engages in hyperbole, then there is little force left in one's words for a truly remarkable or big event.
• It is bad form to use "secondly" and "thirdly" to introduce multiple items in series. It is better to follow parallel structure and use "first", "second", and "third". Alternatively, one could use (1), (2), and (3), perhaps in an indented list, as in an outline.
Use a if the first letter of the following word begins with a consonant when pronounced.
Use an if the first letter of the following word begins with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u) when pronounced.
Most legal style manuals devote at least one page of diatribe to the meaning of and, or, and/or. I can only conclude that the intensity of these attorneys' argumentation must compensate for their ignorance!
"any one or more of the following: A, B, C, or D"
"either A or B, or both", "A and/or B"
"one, and only one, of the following: A, B, C, or D"
"either A or B, but not both"
Regardless of the ambiguity in the English language, there is no ambiguity in the use of the word or as a mathematical term in symbolic logic, where or is always the inclusive or. Symbolic logic is the basis for digital computers and computer programming, which have revolutionized our way of working. For example, whenever an attorney does a search of a computer data base (e.g, search engine on the Internet, Dialog, Westlaw or Lexis), the OR command is always the inclusive or.
It is my impression that most physicists and mathematicians generally use or in the inclusive sense, and most attorneys in the USA generally use or in the exclusive sense.
does this sign mean that it is acceptable to simultaneously eat and drink in the library? Of course not!
The situation is different in Latin, where "vel" is the inclusive or and "aut" is the exclusive or. The or operation in symbolic logic is often a "v", from the corresponding Latin word, although electrical engineers generally use a + sign for the or operation.
A U.S. Supreme Court opinion, Posadas De Peuerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. 478 U.S. 328 (1986), contains an example of faulty writing: "... is not misleading or fraudulent."
not (misleading or fraudulent) ?
Nor (i.e., "not or") does not appear to have the ambiguity associated with inclusive or and exclusive or in English.
Suppose we want to write a sign for the library door to prohibit any combination of drinking or eating.
Sentences (1) and (2) are equivalent if the or is the inclusive or and if we understand "prohibited" in (2) to mean "no (drinking and eating)". These sentences are not a correct expression of the desired meaning, as they allow a person to either (drink and not eat) or (eat and not drink).
Sentences (3) and (4) are equivalent if the or is the inclusive or and if we understand "prohibited" in (4) to mean "no (drinking or eating)". Sentences (3) and (4) are logically correct. However, some attorneys will read sentence (4) and tell you that it is ok to both drink and eat in the library, following their erroneous interpretation that or is exclusive. Given the ambiguity of or in English, sentence (4) is vague.
5. You may not eat or drink in this library.
Sentence (5) is logically correct if the not is distributed, to mean "not (eat or drink)". This sentence suffers from ambiguity about the scope of not, in addition to ambiguity about whether or is the exclusive or.
6. Neither eating nor drinking is permitted.
Sentence (6) is my preferred way of expressing the thought. It is both logically correct and difficult to misunderstand.
Other synonyms for this usage of "you" include "a person", "people", etc.
An engineer should recognize that he represents his profession to the public.
Engineers represent their profession to the public.
We represent our profession to the public.
There are several schools of thought about the use of hyphens. One can strictly follow elaborate rules for usage of hyphens, which tends to produce more hyphens than many good writers will accept. One can use hyphens only when they are necessary to avoid ambiguity, which tends to produce fewer hyphens than most copy editors will accept. My favorite reference for guidance on use of hyphens is The Chicago Manual of Style, although this manual recommends more hyphens than some technical writers will accept. The American Institute of Physics Style Manual says to "avoid the hyphen when it does not serve a useful purpose."
There was high voltage on the wires that were supposed to carry low voltage.
Adverbs ending in "-ly" do not form hyphenated compounds.
For example, "nonoscillatory" looks like "no no scillatory" when read quickly.
In addition to the normal features of good writing (e.g., correct grammar, good style, punctuation, spelling, etc.), scholarly writing imposes an additional obligation on the author: citing relevant published literature. To educated people who engage in critical thinking, an unsupported assertion is worthless, no matter how authoritative the author or speaker is. References provide support for statements and add credibility to writing.
All direct quotations from another author must be cited. The writer has no discretion in this matter: the rule is absolute. Failure to cite quotations is known as plagiarism, a serious academic offense that is equivalent to fraudulent representation of someone else's property as the writer's. It is highly recommended that authors always include the indicia of a quotation [i.e., both (1) a citation to the original source and (2) enclose all quoted material within quotation marks or set it in a block of indented, single-spaced text] immediately after typing or inserting the quoted text into the author's document. It is not an acceptable defense to plagiarism to claim that the author forgot to include the indicia of a quotation.
to give the reader a sense of the historical evolution of ideas in the field.
The meaning of "substantial information" in (2) is deduced on a case-by-case basis by considering the four reasons. If at least one of the reasons is appropriate or desirable, then a reference should be used.
However, one does not give a reference for well-known facts (e.g., Newton's Three Laws of Motion, Maxwell's Equations for Electromagnetism), except in history papers. The appropriate test is whether any person with an undergraduate education in the appropriate specialty would immediately recognize the fact: if yes, then no reference is needed.
Let us take a moment to expand on item 2b above. If the writer doubts the truth of the information, then the writer should indicate to the reader the basis for those doubts. This can be accomplished diplomatically by making a "on the one hand...on the other hand" argument by citing two different authorities who disagree. Doubts can also be raised and at least partly resolved by discussing alternative interpretations. The point is that the writer can not just serve the reader some cited material and then walk away from the mess: the writer has a responsibility to guide the reader to an informed decision in a coherent way. If a complete resolution of the facts is not possible, then the writer has an obligation to say so.
These assertions need a citation of at least one (I prefer three) references that support the assertion. These references may be to textbooks, which are rarely cited in professional literature in other contexts. There are two reasons for requiring a reference to this type of statement: (1) the reader may disagree with the assertion and need to be convinced that it is a commonly held belief, or (2) the reader may not be an expert in the area and may need a source of more information in order to understand what is being discussed.
It is preferred that all references be archival material: books, scholarly journals, and certain other publications. There is one test for "archival": Is it retained permanently by many major technical libraries? In general, any paper that is listed in standard databases (e.g., INSPEC's Physics and Electrical Engineering Abstracts) certainly qualifies as archival. In addition, patents and government reports qualify as archival materials, although they are often not considered scholarly materials.
Engineering standards, although they are important, are not archival: most university libraries have few standards, and libraries that do have standards typically only keep the current edition of the standard. It is almost impossible to locate a copy of an obsolete or withdrawn standard, unless one knows an old engineer who has a copy in the filing cabinet! For these reasons, standards are not archival documents. However, if one needs to cite to conventional good engineering practice or to cite to a performance specification, then one can cite engineering standards.
In general, one should avoid citing proprietary literature (manufacturer's application notes, specification sheets for products, etc.) or trade magazines. These materials are of an ephemeral nature and definitely not archival: most libraries have few of these publications and what they do have is nearly always discarded when a new edition becomes available. A trade magazine is a periodical that is characterized by an abundance of (1) advertisements and (2) articles written by a employee of manufacturer X about a specific product of manufacturer X. Such material is commonly not objective, and is often blatantly self-serving. Trade magazines are often distributed free to readers who are engaged in purchasing and specifying the products that are described in the magazine. Trade magazines are distinguished from a journal that is published by a professional society. Journals usually have two or three recognized experts review each prospective article for accuracy (a process called "peer review") before the article is published, while trade magazines publish anything that the editor wishes. Journals are supported by fees paid by the readers, while trade magazines are supported by advertising revenue. This suggests that journals are responsible to their professional readers, while magazines are responsible to their advertisers.
The Internet is not an archival source. One of the nice things about the Internet is that authors may make frequent revisions and additions to their works, which is one source of instability. Another source of instability is that people remove their web site from a local Internet Service Provider or university when they move. Webmasters sometimes rearrange directories or rename files, so only the domain name in the URL remains stable. In addition to these problems of instability, information on the Internet is only as trustworthy as its source: unlike books and scholarly journals, there is no peer review of material on the Internet.
There are many different styles of references. The "proper" style is determined by each technical journal and is specified in its style manual. A writer should obtain a copy of the appropriate style manual before beginning writing. In the absence of specific advice in a style manual, here is the style that I prefer. To distinguish from conventional style, I call it preferred style.
A general survey of overvoltage protection techniques has been published (Standler, 1989).
Standler (1989) wrote a general survey of overvoltage protection techniques.
One should avoid using a neon indicator lamp as a surge-protective device (Standler, 1989, p. 130).
Standler, R.B. Protection of Electronic Circuits from Overvoltages, Wiley-Interscience, 434 pp., 1989.
If an author publishes two or more items in one year (for example: 1989) that are cited, then, the earliest one is identified as 1989a, the second as 1989b, the third is 1989c, .... The same letters are used after the year of publication in the bibliography.
Doe, J., Title of Book, publisher, total number of pages, year of publication.
If the book is a second — or later — edition, then the edition number (e.g., "2nd ed." or "3rd ed.") must also appear in the reference list.
Doe, J., "Title of Paper", Title of Journal, volume number: first page-last page, month and year of publication.
Doe, J., Title of Document, URL, date of last revision.
The URL should include "http://", "ftp://", or "telnet://".
The MLA style requires the URL to be inside angular brackets (e.g., <http://www.rbs0.com/tw.htm>) which seems unnecessary to me, as the prefix "http://" clearly identifies the URL. Further, angular brackets are used to enclose commands in HTML, which could cause problems if the reference list is written in HTML and either posted on the Internet or sent via e-mail. If one wants to distinguish the URL from text, the URL could be set in a monospaced font.
The reference list has similar formats for other items. The author's name, title of item, and year of publication should always be given. For difficult-to-find items, other information that is useful in locating the item in a library, or in purchasing a copy, should also be included.
Titles are set in either italics or underlined. The modern form is to use italics. When I was a student in 1960s and 1970s, underlining was common, because one could underline (but not italicize) on a typewriter.
In the case of both books and journal articles, a specific page can be cited in the text, for example: (Doe, 1978, p. 132), but not in the reference list at the end of the scholarly article.
The preferred style is also recommended by the Modern Language Association (MLA). At my urging, the IEEE Editorial Office accepted this style of references in the revision of ANSI/IEEE Standard C62.41-1991. I also persuaded Wiley-Interscience Press to allow me to use this style in my book that was published in 1989.
The conventional style demands that the reader turn to the end of the paper to decode the reference numbers, so the reader needs to be looking at two pages simultaneously. Moreover, a reader who is familiar with the literature can recognize some of the classic papers by author and date of publication, whereas a citation to item 6 in the bibliography is meaningless until the reader looks at the bibliography.
This style makes it easier for the author to prepare the paper because the citation is independent of its location in the paper. If paragraphs are rearranged or material is inserted in a draft, conventional reference numbers may need to be revised from the location of the change to the end of the paper, but references in this style do not need to be changed. I favor making it easy to rearrange, insert, or otherwise modify a draft without having to simultaneously revise the order of references.
This style makes it easy for the author of the article, who is familiar with the references to the literature, to verify that the citations are accurate.
An editor may not care about making life easier for authors, but the real benefit of making life easier for authors is that there will be fewer errors in citations. Errors make citations worthless. Furthermore, it is commonly known that extensive revisions produce a better final product. We should encourage writers to revise their writing, and not punish them by making them also revise their reference numbers with each revision.
When an author cites a source in a footnote or reference in the text, that citation is conventionally understood to indicate that the author has personally seen and read that source. The cliché "Never cite sight unseen" comes to mind.
Sometimes a book or scholarly paper mentions a fact or opinion, with a citation to some obscure source that is not available locally or is in an obscure foreign language. How does one cite this fact or opinion?
For example, suppose that you read a book by Richard Smith, A General Theory of Stuff, and on page 328, Smith mentions a fact and cites the source: Theodore Grobolink, "Stuff is Good," Transactions of the Mississippi Academy of Stuffology, Vol. 48, p. 547, published in the year 1878. For some reason, you can not obtain Grobolink's paper.
Theodore Grobolink, "Stuff is Good," Transactions of the Mississippi Academy of Stuffology, Vol. 48, p. 547, (1878). Cited in Richard Smith, A General Theory of Stuff, at p. 328, Oxford University Press (1997).
Richard Smith, A General Theory of Stuff, at p. 328, Oxford University Press, 1997. Citing Theodore Grobolink, "Stuff is Good," Transactions of the Mississippi Academy of Stuffology, Vol. 48, p. 547, 1878.
Grobolink, Theodore, "Stuff is Good," Transactions of the Mississippi Academy of Stuffology, Vol. 48, p. 547, 1878. Cited in Richard Smith, A General Theory of Stuff, at p. 328, Oxford University Press, 1997.
I prefer to use first person, active voice in writing, because such writing is both easier to write and to read. This is contrary to the advice found in some other sources, that would have one write "the voltage was measured by the author" rather than "I measured the voltage." If a reference is needed to convince someone else to let you write in first person, active voice, try the American Institute of Physics Style Manual, p. 14, third edition, 1978.
Many engineers believe that all formal technical writing should use the past tense. However, it is appropriate to use present tense for things that are true when the author writes about them and will still be true in the future when the text is read.
I write dates in the format of day-month-year, for example, 8 Mar 1999. In the USA, this is commonly known as the "military form" of dates. Actually, the military adopted this form to harmonize with our European allies in NATO. One of the leading organizations of scientists in the USA, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, uses the day-month-year format in its journal, Science. The journals of the American Institute of Physics also use the day-month-year format. Aside from harmonizing with international practice, there is a consistent order from small units (days) to large units (years), unlike the conventional American practice. Note that a date written 8-3-1999 is ambiguous to an international audience: is it the eighth day of the third month (German form) or the third day of the eighth month (American form)? Therefore, I recommend using a three-letter abbreviation for the month, instead of a number, to avoid this ambiguity.
Arnold said "No," but I did not believe him.
The URL of my web site is "www.rbs2.com."
The URL of my web site is "www.rbs2.com".
in the URL window of your browser.
may not is properly written as two words, while conventional practice is to write cannot as one word, although these two examples are grammatically identical.
The conventional English abbreviation for number is "No." There is no o in the word number, the abbreviation actually comes from the Latin word for number. I use the German abbreviation for number, "Nr.", when writing English text.


A fair enough question for this latest of '365 Days of Writing Prompts', but the problem is that it's based on a joke and if you have to explain a joke then somehow it's just not funny any more. Assuming it ever was, of course.
Of course there are subtle but important differences between the catchphrase and the blog name. For a start, this is a hameau, not a village.
Oh, and have I happened to mention that I'm rather fond of the Grateful Dead?
So you are now in possession of three salient facts: I'm a deadhead, I live in a hameau and there's this catchphrase, see.
But how, you may ask, did all this get put together to create the title of this blog? Well, I'll tell you.
A few months before we moved in to Brokedown Palace, we had come for an inspection of how the renovation work was coming along. Finished, we set off in the car back to civilisation. About 500 yards out of the hameau we rounded a bend and had to brake because, walking down the middle of the road was a shabbily dressed man with, as we saw when he turned around and gave us an accusing glare, long – as in pony-tailed – grey hair and a luxuriant beard of similar hue (or absence thereof).
'I don't know' I replied, 'but I'm the only deadhead in the hameau'.
Subsequently, we have learned more about our mystery man. His name is Hervé and he is generally known in the vicinity as 'the goat man'. That's because he makes a living – which to judge from his general appearance and the ramshackle wood cabin he lives in, no more than a modest one – by selling the cheese he makes from the milk of his small flock of goats.
Since his cabin is no more than half a mile away from our house, we see him about quite often, usually on foot, although sometimes on his ancient bicycle should he venture further afield – like to the nearest village, three miles away. We have never actually spoken to him, but we have by now been promoted to receiving a curt nod in response to the wave we give him whenever we pass him on the road. Progress of a sort.
I'm not at all sure that I want to take matters much further, though. Apparently, while he speaks surprisingly good English and is very well-read, basically he thinks we're all a bunch of townies here in the eighteen-house teeming metropolis that is Tranquility Base. Although this hasn't stopped him from turning up on a neighbour's doorstep at eleven o'clock at night and not leaving until after two – and only then because the alcohol supply was exhausted.
On that basis, if he came round to our place he'd be here for a week.
And what if he actually did turn out to be a deadhead? Quite frankly, one is more than enough to be going on with round here.


Buzzwords aside, the smart office is something real and getting better year after year. Tools like slack integrate with a variety of hardware and software solutions so you can open a door by sending a bot a simple message. A more down to earth example would be our very own Door App (which allows you to check into a meeting) or the myriad of appointment schedulers we've covered a while back. Then, there are the smart energy meters that can optimise your electric bill.
However, one of the best things you can add to your office space to make it instantly more user-friendly and improve someone's job satisfaction is The Receptionist, one of the first visitor management systems out there and the first iPad-based VMS product. Its main purpose is to help your Reception Desk do away with time-consuming, boring tasks like generating badges for your visitors and showing them around. Especially if it's not their first time visiting you and they just want to get to their pre-assigned meeting room. Anyone can write down names and check-in/ check-out dates in a ledger - and let's be honest, that's not what you want your receptionists to do. They're there to represent you as a brand and make a good first impression with your visitors.
We reached out to The Receptionist a while back because we were really curious as to what their visitor management workflow looks like. And then things got complicated. We were hoping to find a simple, 4-step process - visitor comes in, visitor checks in on the iPad app, someone gets a notification to come get them and everything gets recorded. While that's possible, it's barely scratching the surface of what their system can do - their button-based scheme allows you to really make it your own. Want to have visitors sign an NDA and answer a couple of questions after watching a video before being onboarded? Check! Want to snap their picture and generate name tags? Check! Want to get notified when a package got delivered for you? Check. You can even add some of your staff's contact details on there to allow visitors to contact them.
Many things happened since then and, long story short, The Receptionist was born.
We'll be writing about them again, in the near future - but in the meantime, give them a try.


text:
Q: laravel wire : Call two different routes by passing different parameters with same component in livewire i have a component in which i created 2 methods ADD(customer id) and Update(customeAddress id).
In customer model, customer can have more than one addresses.(Has many relationship)
I am getting error when i am trying to call both these methods from one gui page and same components.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Melo Trimble Staying Out Of Draft
April 1st 2015 at 10:42am CST by Chuck Myron
Maryland freshman point guard Melo Trimble has decided to remain in school for another year and won't enter the 2015 draft, the school announced. The 20-year-old was in line to become a mid-second-round pick, as Chad Ford of ESPN.com ranked him as the 44th-best prospect. Jonathan Givony of DraftExpress already projects him as a 2016 draftee, listing him 32nd in his mock for that year.
The 6'3″ Trimble led a strong Maryland team in scoring with 16.2 points on just 9.7 shots in 33.5 minutes per game. He nailed 41.2% of his three-pointers, though ball distribution wasn't his forte, as he averaged just 3.0 assists against 2.5 turnovers per outing.
The Terrapins entered the NCAA Tournament as a No. 4 seed but fell to No. 5 seed West Virginia in the round of 32. Trimble had a strong tournament, with a triple-double against Valparaiso in Maryland's opening game and 15 points, seven assists and seven rebounds versus the Mountaineers. He's set to play next season with Maryland recruit Diamond Stone, currently a high school senior and the projected No. 4 pick in Givony's 2016 mock.
Melo Trimble

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Media Systems AD-Stara Zagora plans to invest a total of 3 mln euro during the period 2007-2008 to increase its production capacity and expand its market share, the company's prospect published on the website of BSE-Sofia shows.
Currently the company works at 95% of its production capacity. The newly purchased equipment will increase the annual production capacity by an average of 40% over the next two years.
Media Systems AD expects to gain 1.446 mln leva from its public offering (calculated as a difference between the issue value of all 1.5 mln new shares and the costs for their public offering and registration).
The company expects its revenues to grow 14% in 2007 and another 29% in 2008. Media Systems expects to post a net profit of 361,000 leva in the end of this year and 1.955 mln leva in 2008.
676 shares on this position changed hands yesterday at 5.70 and 6.00 leva/share.


text:
Q: how to create foreign key unique to one of 2 tables in postgres I have got 2 tables A, B
I have order id belonging to only one of them.
How to create a foreign key in postgres table to point to either tableA or tableB
CREATE TABLE tableC(
        orderId INT,
        clientName varchar(50),
        clientAge integer,
        CONSTRAINT fk_const
        FOREIGN KEY(orderId)
        REFERENCES tableA(orderId));

Can someone please help how to modify if the orderId is in another table ie tableB? I am working on postgres.
Thanks a lot

A: Direct answer
You can't create foreign key that points to several tables.
Not in postgresql and not in any other RDBMS that supports SQL 2003 (IIRC).
Possible workarounds
It's possible to a dissect order_id into a separate table and point all other tables to this table with foreign keys.
It's possible to create a function that checks existence of value of order_id and use it in a check constraint.
If those tables are same in structure, and  if they could be defined as partitions of  partitioned table - starting from PostgreSQL 12 it should be possible to define FK.
So, workarounds exists, not of them hard to recommend without knowing circumstances.


Human Resources Consultant Biographies – Young & Associates, Inc.
Sharon Jeffries brings to Young & Associates, Inc. over 20 years of experience and expertise in the area of Human Resources Management. Her experience and expertise is broad and covers the following areas: employment law, employee relations and problem resolution, recruitment and hiring, labor relations, compensation and benefits, onboarding, employee satisfaction and retention, policy development, and employee communications. She has developed, communicated, and administered human resources policies, served as a resource and counseled employees and management on human relations issues, including ADA, FMLA, harassment, EEO, performance, and termination. She has also developed and managed human resource programs designed to help companies attract, motivate, and retain a highly skilled workforce.
Sharon is currently involved in the oversight and administration of the human resources efforts for Young & Associates, Inc. In addition, she can provide expertise to financial institutions in all areas of human resources management, including offering solutions related to balancing the business needs of the financial institution with the needs of the employees. She also assists clients with executive searches and interim management staffing needs.
Mike Lehr brings to Young & Associates, Inc. over 27 years of practical application of HR principles by integrating his extensive sales and sales management experience into the discipline. In addition to the more compliance and defense-oriented aspects of human resources, Mike provides tremendous assistance in offensive areas such as revenue growth, profitability, marketing, and community outreach. Mike's financial experience includes five years with a national insurance/investment firm and 13 with a large regional bank, which tapped into his sales experience by having him serve as an internal advisor of sales management to bank executives, a trainer of management and revenue growth techniques to bank employees, and a subject manager expert to technology integrations and product rollouts.


Here is Michele Camporeale's obituary. Please accept Everhere's sincere condolences.
It is with deep sorrow that we announce the death of Michele Camporeale (Five Dock, New South Wales), leaving to mourn family and friends. You can send your sympathy in the guestbook provided and share it with the family. You may also light a candle in honor of Michele Camporeale or send a beautiful flower arrangement to the funeral service.
A funeral service will be held on Monday, March 4th 2019 at 7:30 PM at the Chapel of the Resurrection (177 First Ave, Five Dock NSW).
Here are the tributes to Michele Camporeale who passed away in Five Dock, New South Wales.
Would you like to offer Michele Camporeale's loved ones a condolence message? Write your message of sympathy today.
There are no additional memories for Michele Camporeale at this time. You can add a memory to pay tribute to Michele Camporeale at any time.


text:
A New Parliament Convenes And Elects Its President
Members of the new parliament will convene today in a session called by the President of the Republic. The first orded of business will be to elect the Commission for public office and elections, which oversees the nominations and formally vets all candidates for parliamentary positions. After the Commision is elected, terms of MPs will be confirmed by which the new parliament will be fully empowered to perform its duties. But it will become fully operational only after its president is elected.
According to the constitution the President of the Parliament is second only to the President of the Republic. He or she can act with presidential authority when the President is unable to be it because he is abroad, incapacitated, or otherwise unable to perform his duties. Being president of the parliament is no small matter.
So it did come as a bit of a surprise when Zares, the second largest coalition party did not nominate its president Gregor Golobič for the post, but chose Pavel Gantar, a long-serving MP to do the job. While Gantar does have the benefit of in-depth knowledge of parliamentary twists and turns, he seems to lack charisma which I imagine can be very helpful when re-establishing the legislative branch as an equal partner in the system of checks and balances. In case you forgot, under Janša's rule, the balance was tilted heavily in favour of the executive branch, reducing the parliament to rubber-stamp duties. But since outgping President of the Parlimanet France Cukjat dropped the bar pretty low in the charisma departement, Gantar should do OK.
I still thing, however, that having Gregor Golobič as parliamentary chief would provide for some agonisingly beautiful Kodak moments, when the Blut-und-Boden approach of the right-wing parties would clash with his proverbial wit and – some would say – cynicysm.
In any case, Pavel Gantar will be flanked by three vice-presidents, two of which are already known: Vasja Klavora of DeSUS, who served as vice-president in the last term as well and Miran Potrč of Pahor's Social Democrats. Incidently, Klavora is also the oldest member of the Parliament and will preside over the session until President of the Parliament is elected. Choosing him as vice-president is a very strong signal that DeSUS will be a member of Pahor's coalition. Giving DeSUS a vice-presidential spot also puts this party ahead of LDS in terms of political influence, which is what DeSUS president Karl Erjavec instist upon – namely that a party's political power in the coalition must reflect its election result.
The second vice-president will be Miran Potrč of Social Democrats, a Slovene political legend in his own right. He was the president of the last socialist Slovene parliament (The Assembly, from 1988 to 1990) and in that capacity he overwas and helped bring about constitutional changes which provided legal grounds for holding the first democratic elections. Potrč is an old parliamentarian cat and know rules and procedures inside out.
And finally, Borut Pahor, the new PM-apparent said the other day that he will present his cabinet by Sunday. This would enable him to hold a vote on his government almost immediately after he will (assuming that he will) get the mandate to form the government. He will be given that mandate by the parliament, but he will be nominated for the post of PM by the President of the republic.
And speaking of The Prez – he will address the parliament today. It wil be interesting to se what he has to say. There are thing on his mind, but I'd venture to say that he will call for a more independent parliament, to finally enact all rulings of the Constitutional court (including the Erased) and some pointers for the future as he sees it.
Psychodelictual Sausage Fest (Local Elections)
Flat Is The New Up
Broadcasting since 2002 and still going strong…
Pahor Gets Nod As Obama, McCain Wait For One
Posted on October 15, 2008 October 15, 2008 Author pengovskyCategories Elections '08, Slovenia
One thought on "A New Parliament Convenes And Elects Its President"
dr. filomena says:
Golobič's disinterest in the position of the President of the National Assembly does not really come as much as a surprise to me. While it is true that the office is an important one and does give its holder some power and public exposure, it is a rather bureaucratic one that does
not call for all that much creativity. With Miran Potrč up there I think the team that right now bears somewhat of a resemblance to a Council of Tribe Elders will do just fine in restoring respect for the Parliament as a whole in Slovenian politics and society.
The skills of Zares leader can, in my opinion, be much better applied in a position that may not be as publicy exposed and requires planning, designing policies and negotiations. Nevertheless, I'm sure you will not be let down in terms of sparkly exchange of arguments with some of the more vocal if not eloquent representatives of the
second most powerful party in the country.
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text:
Topic: Reading
If You Loved Choose Your Own Adventure Books as a Kid, You'll Flip For These Series, Too
And so will your students!
Elizabeth Mulvahill on March 7, 2019
If you're an '80s or '90s kid, chances are you remember the thrill of reading Choose Your Own Adventure books. The original series sold more than 250 million copies, which is pretty unbelievable.
And here's the good news! Choose Your Own Adventure books are still around to share with your students—and there are several more books like Choose Your Own Adventure that they will love, too.
The original series: Choose Your Own Adventure
The rights to the original series have been traded back and forth a bit, but if you have a couple hundred bucks and a whole lotta love for the series, you can still buy the Whole Enchilada Collection, which includes the first 40 books written by notable authors such as R.A. Montgomery, Edward Packard, Julius Goodman, Richard Brightfield and more. Best for grades 2-8.
Best for younger kids: The Dragonlark Collection
Did you know that Choose Your Own Adventure has a series just for kids in the primary grades? The playful stories are less serious and have gentler endings but still give readers lots of adventurous options. Best for grades K-2.
For scary story lovers: Give Yourself Goosebumps
This series of middle grade books features author R.L. Stine's trademark thrills and chills…with a twist. Readers get to choose their own spooky plot twists. As the covers warn: Reader beware…You choose the scare! Favorite titles include Attack of the Beastly Babysitter, Ship of Ghouls, Zapped in Space and Beware of the Purple Peanut Butter. Best for grades 4-6.
The 2019 take: Pick Your Own Quest
This new adventure series by Connor Hoover features fast-paced adventures with surprising twists. The humorous tales tackle topics from mythology to Minecraft and will engage even your most reluctant readers. Best for grades 1-6.
Best for fantasy fans: You Say Which Way
Interactive stories that allow the reader to play the part of the main character. Written for middle grade readers, these stories take readers on a wild adventure with dinosaurs, sorcerers, magicians and mystic portals. Written by a team of talented writers and beautifully illustrated. Best for grades 3-6.
If you've always wanted a Choose Your Own Harry Potter or Star Wars: Choose Your Own Story
Author John Diary's collection of fanciful 'choose your own' stories range from the adventures of brave revolutionary star fighters and clever magic school students to grumbly Minecraft zombies. Best for grades 3-8.
Best for non-fiction aficionados: You Choose: Survival
Whether your students are interested in nature, adventure or real life stories, they'll love putting themselves in the shoes of a survivalist. Best for grades 3-6.
Best for young historians: You Choose: History
Students get a front row view of life during some of the most notable historical events in human history. As they weigh options and make decisions that determine the course of the story, they build empathy and understanding around these events. Best for grades 3-6.
Were you crazy for Choose Your Own Adventure books as a kid? Have you tried any of these new series? Come and share in our WeAreTeachers HELPLINE group on Facebook.
Plus, our favorite STEM books for the classroom.
How Encouraging Students to "Say Something" Transformed My School
Here's What Happens When You Give Kids a Pile of Cardboard and a STEM Cart


text:
County Governor of Møre og Romsdal
Norsk (bokmål) Norsk (nynorsk) Davvisámegiella Åarjelsaemiengiele
Troms and Finnmark
Vestfold and Telemark
Climate and the environment
Water is a vital resource for everyone. We have a great deal of clean water in Norway, but not all water is of equally good quality.
The most important causes of poor water quality are:
pollution such as acid rain, eutrophication and the spread of environmental contaminants
physical changes such as watercourse regulation, the building of obstacles such as roads and railways, and trench work and other activities which direct the water flow into channels
biological influences such as non-native fish species, escaped fish from fish farms and salmon lice
Co-operation to manage water resources
Water flows wherever it chooses. Most water sources stretch across several municipalities or counties, and some of these are shared with our neighbouring nations. For this reason, water resources must be managed in co-operation with local, regional and central government authorities. In this, we must also work with our neighbours, Sweden, Finland and Russia.
Norway can be split into 11 water regions. One county authority in each region has been nominated as the regional water authority.
The County Governor's responsibilities:
The Ministry of Climate and Environment is the authority responsible for the implementation of the EU's Water Framework Directive. The County Governor is the ministry's representative at regional level, and must:
collect data about the status of water resources and assess their environmental status
monitor and identify problems
act as an environmental advisor to other authorities involved in water management
Our water is affected in many different ways. Our need for clean water now and in the future must be borne into consideration in assessments relating to all spheres of activity.
County Governor Agder Innlandet Nordland Møre og Romsdal Oslo og Viken Rogaland Troms and Finnmark Trøndelag Vestfold and Telemark Vestland


text:
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/******/ 			return installedModules[moduleId].e;

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/******/ 		var module = installedModules[moduleId] = {
/******/ 			e: {},
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	function _classCallCheck(instance, Constructor) { if (!(instance instanceof Constructor)) { throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function"); } }

	var HiThere = function HiThere(a, b) {
	    _classCallCheck(this, HiThere);

	    var t = a + b;
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Given 2 one dimensional arrays which are sorted in ascending order.Write a program to merge them into a single sorted array in ascending order I would like to know how i can make this code better. I cant get it to sort the joint array in ascending order without manipulating the other 2 arrays. Kindly assist
Solution:
Module Module1
Sub Main()
    Dim a() As Integer = {2, 4, 1, 5, 0, 3}
    Dim B() As Integer = {10, 8, 6, 9, 7}
    Dim value = A.Union(B)

    Console.WriteLine("Set A")
    Array.Sort(A)
    For Each srt As Integer In a
        Console.WriteLine("{0}", srt)
    Next
    Console.WriteLine("set B")
    Array.Sort(B)
    For Each srt As Integer In B
        Console.WriteLine("{0}", srt)

    Next
    Console.WriteLine("Joining")
    For Each c As Integer In value
        Console.WriteLine(c)
    Next c
    Console.ReadKey()
End Sub

End Module

A: To my understanding, the task of merging two sorted arrays in linear time can be done by iteratively deciding from which array the value is to be taken. I have no experience wit Visual Basic, but can explain the idea as follows with some C#-ish pseudocode.
int[] A; // first sorted array
int[] B; // second sorted array
int[] C = new int[A.length + B.length]; // will contain the result;

int ia = 0; // index for A
int ib = 0; // index for B
int ic = 0; // index for C

while (ic < c.length) // iterate while C is not filled
{
    if (ia == A.length) // A is consumed, must take from B
    {
        C[ic] = B[ib];
        ib = ib + 1;
    }
    else if (ib == B.length) // B is consumed, must take from A
    {
        C[ic] = A[ia];
        ia = ia + 1;
    }
    else // neither A nor B is consumed, must make real comparison
    {
        if (A[ia] < B[ib]) // take from A
        {
            C[ic] = A[ia];
            ia = ia + 1;
        }
        else // take from B
        {
            C[ic] = B[ib];
            ib = ib + 1;
        }
    }
    ic = ic + 1; // step forward in C
}


text:
Berlin Express(1948)
FOR Berlin Express (1948) YOU CAN
Berlin Express Allied agents fight an... MORE > $14.36 Regularly $17.99 Buy Now
Read TCM's article on Berlin Express
Berlin Express (1948)
"Berlin Express (1948) is really two movies - one in the background, the other in the foreground," proclaimed a May 3, 1948 Timemagazine review. The movie in the foreground is a fairly typical Hollywood plot about Nazis and a kidnapped international leader. It stars Robert Ryan as an American officer who's teamed up with a Brit (played by Robert Coote), a Russian Lieutenant (Roman Toporow) and a French secretary (Merle Oberon) to rescue peace movement champion Paul Lukas from the Nazis. The second movie serves primarily as a backdrop, but stands more importantly as a historical document. Interspersed in the post-war intrigue, is actual post-war footage of Berlin and Frankfurt, making Berlin Express the first Hollywood production allowed into Germany after the war. And Lucien Ballard's stark cinematography of urban ruin is often as fascinating as the story it supports.
The idea for Berlin Express came from a Life article about an army train moving through the Russian Sector of the city. Producer Bert Granet worked with writers Curt Siodmak and Harold Medford to develop the story. On the surface a simple rescue yarn, the movie also serves as an allegory for Allied cooperation. The choice of the characters' nationalities is obviously symbolic. Each player represents one arm of the Allied forces. The Big Four, whose combined efforts won the war, must work together in this movie to free Paul Lukas and thus further the peace process.
Once the script was finished, Granet applied to the U.S. Army for assistance. The Berlin Express crew was not only the first allowed into Germany, but it was the first American feature to be shot in post-war Europe. And it certainly was no easy task. Film equipment was very hard to come by on the continent. Billy Wilder reportedly had to wait for Berlin Express to finish filming so he could borrow what he needed for A Foreign Affair (1948). The European leg of the Berlin Express shoot lasted seven weeks with location filming in Paris, Frankfurt and Berlin. Footage was shipped back to Hollywood for processing as they went along. The experience was said to have made Robert Ryan a strong anti-war advocate as he finally saw the horrible aftermath of the war close-up while filming the movie.
Granet later remarked on the film's look (which has been called a noir-documentary), "we could never have made the picture if we'd had to duplicate the ruin and devastation of Germany. I figure we got about $65 billion worth of free sets." Perhaps it was the wartime reliance on newsreels, but audiences had developed a taste for movies shot on location. The trend was most apparent in Italy, where lack of money played a big part in the emergence of the Neorealist movement (which used a documentary style, real life settings and often non-actors). But Hollywood too, began the move out of the studio to real and natural locations. Cinematographer Ballard was careful in his approach in Berlin Express, realizing the importance of what they were shooting and the film's schedule was even revised "to take full advantage of cross-lighting by the sun" on the bombed out remains of Frankfurt.
Ballard had been hired for the project against Granet's wishes, at the insistence of his wife, Merle Oberon. But Granet had hand picked Jacques Tourneur to direct, based on his previous work in films like Cat People (1942) and Out of the Past (1947). And the partnership was a happy one. Tourneur remembered Berlin Express as one of his longest scheduled film shoots, but one that he liked. And years later, Granet would give Tourneur work again, on two television series he was producing -- The Walter Winchell File and The Twilight Zone.
Producer: Bert Granet
Director: Jacques Tourneur
Screenplay: Harold Medford, Curt Siodmak
Art Direction: Albert S. D'Agostino, Alfred H. Herman
Cinematography: Lucien Ballard
Editing: Sherman Todd
Music: Frederick Hollander
Cast: Merle Oberon (Lucienne), Robert Ryan (Robert Lindley), Charles Korvin (Perrot), Paul Lukas (Dr. H. Bernhardt), Robert Coote (Sterling), Reinhold Schunzel (Walther), Roman Toporow (Lt. Maxim).
BW-87m. Closed captioning.
By Stephanie Thames


New England Biolabs will provide all high school division iGEM teams (includes international teams) with the four materials listed below at no cost. You must be registered as an iGEM team.
Contact Lori Tonello: Tonello AT neb DOT com to request a kit or Rebecca Schini: rebecca AT igem DOT org for more information.


Join the Constitution Party of Minnesota as we gather with citizens from across the Midwest to celebrate the "Great Minnesota Get Together" from opening day, August 24 through Labor Day, Sept. 4 2107. Advanced ticket sales and other information are available at MNStateFair.org.
In addition, sponsorship opportunities for organizations and businesses are available. Contact Bruce for more information.
Because the Constitution Party does not run deficits, donations are appreciated to cover costs of our booth, Click Here to make a donation . Also consider joining our party , or volunteer for CPMN at our booth.
The Constitution Party of Minnesota booth is located across from the Horticulture building on the West side of Underwood Street.Visit the MNStateFair.org for complete State Fair information.


text:
IMF boosts lending to Argentina to $57 billion in bid to halt peso slide
Published Wed, Sep 26 2018 8:54 PM EDT
IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde said that Argentina's central bank had agreed as part of the deal to allow the peso currency to float freely and would only intervene in the foreign exchange market in extreme circumstances.
Investor fears that Argentina would not be able to service its foreign debt in 2019 have made the peso one of the world's worst performing currencies this year.
Argentina has been at the center of emerging market turmoil this year after a drought plunged Latin America's third-largest economy into recession.
International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde (L) meets with Argentina's Economy Minister Nicolas Dujovne (R) at IMF Headquarters, on September 4, 2018, in Washington, DC.
Jose Luis Magana | AFP | Getty Images
The International Monetary Fund on Wednesday increased its three-year lending program with Argentina by $7 billion to $57 billion, on the condition that the central bank halted full-scale interventions to support the ailing peso.
IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde, speaking at a news conference in New York alongside Argentine Economy Minister Nicolas Dujovne, said the Fund was "significantly frontloading" disbursements under the program. It will boost the financing available through the end of next year by $19 billion, she said.
Investor fears that Argentina would not be able to service its foreign debt in 2019 have made the peso one of the world's worst performing currencies this year. It has lost more than 50 percent of its value in 2018.
Lagarde said that Argentina's central bank had agreed as part of the deal to allow the peso currency to float freely and would only intervene in the foreign exchange market in extreme circumstances.
The central bank has spent nearly $16 billion in reserves this year in a failed attempt to prop up the peso, using a large share of the dollars disbursed by the IMF so far.
"In the event of extreme overshooting of the exchange rate the central bank may conduct a limited intervention to prevent disorderly market conditions," Lagarde told reporters.
Subject to IMF board approval, financing under the new deal would no longer be discretionary, but would be readily available to the government for budget support, she said.
Speaking at a later news conference in Buenos Aires, Argentina's new central bank governor, Guido Sandleris, said the bank would establish a trading band for the peso and only intervene in the market if it fell outside that range.
Sandleris, appointed on Tuesday after his predecessor unexpectedly resigned, said the range will initially be set at 34 to 44 pesos to the U.S. dollar. It will depreciate daily at a rate equivalent to 3.0 percent per month, he said.
Any intervention in the market outside that range would be capped at $150 million a day, Sandleris said, far less than the bank spent on many days in recent months.
The peso closed at 38.5 to the U.S. dollar on Wednesday.
In a far-reaching overhaul of monetary policy, Sandleris also said the central bank would abandon its inflation target of 27 percent for this year and instead set an objective of limiting money supply. The bank will target zero growth in the monetary base from now until June 2019, he said.
The central bank has already hiked benchmark interest rates to 60 percent in an effort to curb inflation, which is now predicted to top 40 percent this year.
However, with credit accounting for a small share of economic activity in Argentina after decades of financial crises, interest rates have a limited impact on price rises.
"At this time, Argentina needs a simple anchor. Our anchor will be a very strict control of the amount of money in the economy," Sandleris said, adding that it would require months for the new policies to have an impact on prices.
But the monetary base has been growing at a brisk 2 percent a month and the policy could have a negative economic impact, said Santiago Lopez Alfaro, an economist and associate at Delphos Investments.
"That is very restrictive in an economy that is in recession and with high rates, with economic activity hit hard," he said.
Mnuchin: Call on trade with China counterparts set for Thursday, 'complicated issues' remain


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It's been a big year for craft beer in D.C. Though a late bloomer in craft beer, the city welcomed Atlas Brew Works into the mix, which rolled out in September. Other breweries, including D.C. Brau and, very recently, 3 Stars Brewing, expanded their space and operations. The latter plans to unleash a bottle program for loyal customers, which will offer exclusive releases.


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Boeing news release: Boeing To Implement Plan For Strong Security
The leader of Boeing Commercial Airplanes strongly endorsed the steps announced today by Transportation Secretary Norman Mineta to strengthen aviation security.
"There is no higher priority at the moment for Boeing than making commercial aviation as strong as it needs to be to protect passengers and crews against the threat of terrorism," said Alan Mulally, Boeing Commercial Airplanes president and chief executive officer. "Moving people, goods and ideas freely around the world is essential to the world economy. We are committed to maintaining a safe and efficient global air transportation system."
Mulally said Boeing engineers and executives had been working around the clock since the tragic events of Sept. 11 to identify the best steps to take to ensure the near-term safety of flight crews and passengers. A team to support airline customers in the follow-on airplane security enhancements has been formed, he added. It is designing an improved door and bulkhead, and is developing avionics and video improvements responsive to the secretary's recommendations.
"We are 100 percent committed to this effort," Mulally said. "We will use all of the resources of The Boeing Company to help the airlines and the government make our aviation system safe and secure."
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NPHS Wolfpack Lacrosse Valentine's 5K & Fun Run
North Paulding High School • 300 North Paulding Drive Dallas, GA 30132
The Inaugural NPHS Wolfpack Lacrosse Valentine's 5K & Fun Run will take place on Saturday, February 16th at North Paulding High School. The race will start and end on the Campus of North Paulding High School in Dallas, GA. Enjoy an exhilarating 5K run through the campus of North Paulding High School! Walk, jog or run, participants of all ages and abilities are WELCOME! Volunteers will staff the course to provide directions, encouragement and support to runners and walkers.
Race will begin and end at North Paulding High School
Packet Pick-up begins at 7:00 AM on raceday
5K starts at 8:00 AM
Fun Run starts at 8:10 AM
Course will be marked with cones and volunteers
Refreshments available after race
Each 5K race participant will receive a long sleeve t-shirt, must register by 2/6 to guarantee t-shirt size
Awards given to top overall Male and Female and top 3 Male and Female in each age group
Age Groups 0-9; 10-14; 15-19; 20-29; 30-39; 40-49; 50-59; 60-69;70 & over
North Paulding Lacrosse Booster Club
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Browse Distance running


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Funds to support Ukraine
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Ukraine has been subjected to military aggression by the Russian Federation.
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Russian aggression deprived thousands of Ukrainians of their home,…
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Razom was born out of the Revolution of Dignity…
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Army SOS Citizen's Initiative coordinates people's efforts to help…
United help Ukraine
United Help Ukraine is a charitable non-profit organization. It…
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Suppose that N is the number of candidates.
of pairwise defeats (whether you use a computer or not).


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Gregory P. Josefowicz '70
Greg is a 1970 graduate of St. Pat's, and during his high school years – and for many years thereafter – he was employed at Jewel-Osco, where he worked his way up through positions in merchandising, marketing and operations before being named the President of the company in 1997. In 1999 the Illinois Retail Merchants Association named him "Retailer of the Year."
As a direct result of his success at Jewel-Osco, Greg has served – along with his other professional associates – on the board of directors of Wynn-Dixie Stores, Inc., one of the nation's largest food retailers.
From 1999 through 2006, Greg served as Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officers of Borders Group, Inc., a $4 billion global retailer of books, music, and movies. In January 2006, Greg announced his retirement from the Borders Group but was asked to remain on as an advisor to the Board of Directors through the end of 2007.
A graduate of Michigan State University, Greg also holds a master's degree from Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management and serves on the school's Management Advisory Board.
Greg is a member of the Institutional Advancement Committee of the Board, and he agreed to complete the term of Vice Chairman when Mr. Christopoulos retired from the Board. He and his wife, Carol, currently live in Fennville, MI, and they have three daughters: Leslie, Lauren, and Lynne.
« Board of Trustees


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The actor Hanagiri Toyomatsu III held the name of Hanagiri Tomimatsu I from the 11th lunar month of 1781 to the 10th lunar month of 1789.
Dates of birth and death unknown. Elder son of Hanagiri Toyomatsu III, his first stage name was Hanagiri Motokichi. His father Hanagiri Tomimatsu I took back the name of Hanagiri Toyomatsu III in the 1st lunar month of 1789 in Kyôto at the Nishi no Shibai and gave his son the name of Hanagiri Tomimatsu II. They performed together in the new year drama "Keisei Kogane no Shachihoko". He became zamoto in Ôsaka and produced at the Naka no Shibai in the 11th lunar month of 1791 the kaomise drama "Furisode Shuten Dôji", which welcomed in Ôsaka the Edo star Sawamura Sôjûrô III. He played in the 5th lunar month of 1793 the role of Princess Tamaori in the drama "Ichi-no-Tani Futaba Gunki", which was staged at the Kado no Shibai (the role of Atsumori was played by Asao Okujirô I). This wakaonnagata actor was active in Ôsaka up to the end of 1796 or the beginning of 1797. After the death of his father, he received the support of Yoshizawa Iroha I. His rank in the 1st lunar month of 1797 Ôsaka hyôbanki, wakaonnagata section, was jô-(shiro)jô (superior - (white) superior). Then, he disappeared from the records.


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Man City targeting Bayern Munich's Thiago
March 21, 2016 20:52 GMT (UK), by Ryan Baldi
City are chasing former Barcelona midfielder Thiago
Manchester City want to reunite their new manager Pep Guardiola with Bayern Munich midfielder Thiago Alcântara next season, according to The Guardian.
Guardiola gave Thiago his professional debut with FC Barcelona in 2009, and the Catalan tactician was insistent on bringing the midfielder with him when he joined Bayern Munich in 2013.
Thiago has gone on to become an integral part of the German champion's midfield, offering creativity and stability.
Despite Guardiola previously stating that he does not intend to take any Bayern players with him to City, The Guardian are today reporting that the Mancunians are keen to make Thiago one of their first major signings under their new boss.
Born in Italy to Brazilian parents -- his father Mazinho played for Fiorentina and was a World Cup winner in 1994 -- Thiago chose to represent Spain and has gone on to collect six senior caps for the 2010 world champions. It is believed that negotiations for the 24-year-old's signature would begin at around £25m.
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