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Why 'Green Zone' failed
March 15, 2010 | 5:36 pm
It's dispiriting to sit back today and soak in just how poorly "Green Zone" performed over the weekend, earning a meager $14.3 million. Depression sets in because the Paul Greengrass movie is legitimately great, a potent thriller and action picture that entertains no matter your politics (we're not the only ones who feel this way -- the movie is the second best-reviewed wide release of the year according to meta-review site Movie Review Intelligence).
But what's even more discouraging about the results is that they offer definitive proof that even the highest-quality filmmaking and the most palatable marketing hook can't save a movie set in a tumultuous Middle East. This was a movie retailed as a Jason Bourne-like thriller made by the director and the star of same, with all the double-crosses, chases and explosions one would want from such a union. And yet no matter how deftly it was executed, audiences didn't see past the topicality. The simple presence of Iraq kept people home, as it has before for films of so many different stripes, tones and budgets.
What's less clear -- and, indeed, what gets under our skin -- is the debate over how specific politics are responsible for the film's failure. "Did politics sink Matt Damon's 'The Green Zone'?" an Atlantic blog asks. Andrew Breitbart's Big Hollywood compares the opening of "Green Zone," unfavorably, to the Damon-Greengrass collaborations "The Bourne Supremacy" and "The Bourne Ultimatum" and implies that politics did this one in. "Gee, I wonder what the difference was [compared to those films]?" the piece asks sarcastically. (Never mind that those two movies were sequels based on a huge Robert Ludlum franchise.)
And in a New York Times op-ed column today, Ross Douthat faults "Green Zone" for "refus[ing] to stare real tragedy in the face, preferring the comforts of a 'Bush lied, people died' reductionism." (Incidentally that's not true -- sure, there's a one-note Paul Bremer-Douglas Feith character played by Greg Kinnear. But the movie is rolling in nuance and is particularly adept at showing internecine Iraqi tribal politics, something no scripted feature has previously done well.)
But even accepting Douthat's one-dimensionality argument, it's hard to see how that played a role in the picture's dismal box office. Douthat draws a contrast to a little Iraq movie that just swept the Oscars. " 'The Hurt Locker,' of course, was largely apolitical," he writes. "Throw politics into the mix, and there seems to be no escaping the clichés and simplifications that mar Greengrass's movie."
But "Hurt Locker," for all of its character study of one outlaw type, was hardly apolitical -- it just showed the effects of politics (a battle whose enemy we don't understand and can't fight) instead of the causes. Yes, Damon speechifies in "Green Zone." But there's an argument to be made that by showing the toll politics has taken, "Hurt Locker" is far more ideological. Besides, it's not like "Hurt Locker" lighted up the box office either, just as Iraq-set movies that are decidedly less political, like "Body of Lies" or "Brothers," underwhelmed too.
"Green Zone" does plenty of things that are policy-neutral. The film traffics in the slipperiness of intelligence-gathering and the shadowy nature of foreign enemies -- a staple of thrillers long before the current Middle East conflict. Even the film's main message -- that the U.S. government bungled the immediate post-war operation -- is a fact that can be tossed off by pretty much any high schooler. Sure, there's a cardboard character and some wooden moments. But the film is not, by most measures, an ideological provocation.
What the film does achieve lies with its formal rigor. Greengrass' masterful editing and neo-verite camera work make us feels like we're in Iraq, for perhaps the first time in a studio feature. And that may be the true problem: It wasn't the ideology that was the issue for filmgoers, it was that it all just felt so real. And American moviegoers -- as one look at the receipts for "Avatar" and "Alice in Wonderland" show -- aren't much in the mood for real these days.
It can take months or even years for a movie with difficult subject matter to catch on with the public. This seems like a syndrome that particularly afflicts Greengrass, who's been the victim of his own success before. The director's "United 93" was condemned by many for some of the same reasons as "Green Zone." "I don't want to feel like I'm on that plane," people said. "Why would I pay money to see that?"
Of course putting us on the plane, just as he puts us in Iraq, is exactly what makes Greengrass so skilled and his movies so great. "United 93" went on to land two major Oscar nominations and do nicely on DVD. Here's hoping "Green Zone's" battle is also far from over.
-- Steven Zeitchik
Photo: Amy Ryan and Matt Damon in "Green Zone." Credit: Universal Pictures.
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More in: Green Zone, Matt Damon, Paul Greengrass, Steven Zeitchik
Comments () | Archives (75)
Left-wing nuts like Damon, Obama, and now Hanks do not succeed with our dollars. Tom, you are now a loon! You will lose millions based on your stance, and by the way, episode one of the Pacific sucked!
Posted by: mike | 03/15/2010 at 05:58 PM
It failed because it has a weak story and Greengrass overused shaky cam. Making it look too much like Bourne in Iraq didn't help. And I don't know how it can be the 2nd best reviewed movie when it is scoring rotten in RT. Obviously some people liked it, like your writer. But more people didn't.
Posted by: Jamie | 03/15/2010 at 06:07 PM
Although a right winger, I still gave the movie a 6. The action was not bad and production values (except the fakey looking CG helos) good. The scenes between the Special Forces soldiers and Miller were poorly directed and looked forced. Damon delivered a solid performance overall, but the actor playing Eddie nearly stole the show. Greengrass's shakey cam was not as bad as expected, but he'll not the get tripod award anytime soon.
The movie is failing because the theme is anti-US and word of mouth, having gone viral last week, clearly conveys that message. Anti-US movies fail among normal people. The Hollywood left acts as though this theme does not exist in this film. Are they blind or stupid or both?
Posted by: Joseph L Cooke | 03/15/2010 at 06:51 PM
If anyone wants a successful movie about soldiers in Iraq, have Michael Mann write and direct it. His tech advisors are 80%, or better, on target. That number is one of the best in the business.
Though you don't flesh out what outside 'politics' may have tainted the opening of this film, yes -- Damon shot himself in the foot with his tirade against Palin and blind support of Obama. Stars need to be stars again -- not people with opinions.... in my opinion.
But HURT LOCKER wasn't about Iraq. It was about bombs. There's a big difference -- though it didn't do gangbusters at the box office, either.
Posted by: Jay Floyd | 03/15/2010 at 06:57 PM
It doesn't matter if the movie is apolitical or not. The marketing made it look like a right wing conspiracy film and the vast majority of movie goers are not interested.
Posted by: JC | 03/15/2010 at 07:48 PM
this review is filled with double talk. all the reviews I saw and heard did focus on "bush lied - people died".
the real story is that even though bush was mistaken about WMD, he was correct in his belief that the effort to establish democracy in the heart of the Arab Muslim world, as imperfect as Iraq is now, would be worth the effort. (yes, this was one of the reasons he gave for the war)
it is very likely that history will in the end praise bush for his foresight. a movie about how we won in Iraq would have brought in millions of people and millions and millions of dollars
Posted by: Mo Statnick | 03/15/2010 at 08:11 PM
I left United 93, and won't be watching Green Zone for a long time. The reason for my reaction to the latter is clear enough: I don't need yet another anti-US government diatribe. I see enough Matt Damon, Danny Glover and Sean Penn in the print media, thank you.
Barely related: the camera-shake that Greengrass insists on using makes me nauseous.
P.s. I'm not another "right wing loony from flyover country". I don't live in the US.
Posted by: Philip | 03/15/2010 at 08:25 PM
Consider that Green Zone failed because it doesn't come across as something that needs to be seen in a movie theater, as is the case with a great number of films being released in today's climate of online streaming, On-Demand, Netflix, pay cable, DVDs being released six months after a film's debut in the theaters, etc. Going to see a movie today is a very expensive endeavor. Studios need to convince me why I should shell out money not only for a ticket (average price is about $12 in Los Angeles) but for parking, concession stand snacks, a potential meal before or after and possibly a babysitter. Add all that up and a trip to see a movie ain't cheap, especially in today's trying economic times. Avatar I knew I had to see in the theater because I wouldn't get the same experience at home. Same with Alice in Wonderland or the Harry Potter films. These are movies that are made for the (public) Big Screen as opposed to the increasingly sophisticated, high-tech home theater set ups that can almost mimic a movie-going experience, at least where basic dramas are concerned. Comedies are typically better when seen with others so they still have a draw for bringing people to the theaters. But My Sister's Keeper? Or Revolutionary Road? I can just as easily wait for these stories to appear in my NetFlix que and save my pennies for the sequel to Star Trek.
Posted by: Tracy | 03/15/2010 at 08:41 PM
i think all that talk about the politics of green zone sinking it are bull. most people do not know the politics of the movie without seeing it; the trailer doesn't give any of it away.
the reasons why i think it bombed are:
its a ripoff of the bourne series (in style and action) ironically,, maybe if it didn't have the same director and actor, it wouldnt seem like it.
on that note, the bourne series is already showing signs of wear and to have a fascmile of it deterioriates its appeal further
its an iraq war movie. i have no idea why hollywood keeps making these. people can hear about iraq anytime and i mean anytime they turn on the news. iraq is part of the reality people go to the movies to forget. guess hollywood didn't get the memo which is a shame since there are a ton of great unproduced scripts out there that could've filled the slot
and finally, and ironically, i think its because of the success on DVD of the hurt locker. people were probably getting their fix of the hurt locker when green zone opened. why go to the movie when theres a best picture nominee and then winner - and is proven to be good, and is fresh and new and not a bourne rip off - as close as the local video store?
50% of the critics on Rotten Tomatoes didn't like the film. How does that make it the second best reviewed film this year?
Posted by: Dirk | 03/15/2010 at 09:16 PM
I can't believe you don't see your own lack of integrity in your defense of this piece of scat. I dare you to right another positive film review that includes "one-note" to describe one actor's performance and tells me how the lead actor's character "speechifies". You cede the intellectual high ground to the NYT by offering such a weak argument against their rather insightful one word review: reductionism. I have another one word review to describe "Green Zone" and much of Damon's "work": derivative. That's because "Green Zone" will be in the DVD bargain bin before "Hurt Locker" finishes its second run in theaters.
Posted by: James | 03/15/2010 at 09:20 PM
Joseph Cooke makes some good points. Most of all, if you talk to soldiers coming back from Iraq you will find that THEY aren't politicizing what they do. This film lacks the same heart and soul that was lacking in all the other mentioned below.
The movie was junk because the enemy was our own government and military. You're supposed to cheer when the Iraqi terrorists shoot down US military helicopters. Even in the age of Obama, that is a bridge too far.
People trying to kill Americans are not Douglas Feith or someone at the CIA (who are too busy covering their behinds or indulging in PC protective cover). It's guys from Nigeria wanting to blow up their crotches and the plane they are on. Or guys preaching Jihad in the military who go on to kill 14 fellow soldiers at Fort Hood.
Shaky cam did not help, neither did a cliched script. But no one believed the villain or the plot-line (the insurgents were "created" by the US government who failed to make a deal with one Big Man and tried to kill its own people). In reality, PC and Multi-culti propaganda let jihadis run amok and kill lots of Americans. Just like last time.
Posted by: Whiskey | 03/15/2010 at 09:24 PM
I just don't see why anyone would want to watch a movie about any war in progress, but especially this one. The newspapers and web remind me every day that we're killing so called terrorists and their wives and children by remote control driven by some obscure theory that by killing them over there they won't come over here. A false premise since Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. I tell you what.....if there were foreign troops roaming the streets of my neighborhood, killing my neighbors, I'd pick up a gun and make bombs to defend my home. That's what I see in the Middle East - people fighting the American infidel oppressors. Nope...don't wanna see that movie no matter who the star.
Posted by: Bernie in Studio City | 03/15/2010 at 09:39 PM
Why 'Green Zone' failed?
Because Matt Damon is a SISSY-BOY and never was in the military!
Posted by: August | 03/15/2010 at 10:07 PM
The problem with the American People is that they refuse to accept the fact that all wars are "political". Though war really is an extension of diplomacy when negotiations have failed, they believe there is still some nobility to be found in fighting for one's country.
So, when Hollywood tries to simplify any Iraq War movie with "Bush lied" or try to inflict their personal politics on the audience, the public will decide to spend their money on another movie or stay home and watch "American Idol".
The exception was, "The Hurt Locker". Despite the reviewer's lame assertation that the movie was political also, the movie going audience did not perceive it as one. Despite it's many flaws and the false depiction of how it really is on the ground in Iraq, it accuarately portrayed the tension, danger and attitudes you would find in any war .
As for comments from "August" about Matt Damon's manhood - Right on brother! You pegged it!
Posted by: JR | 03/15/2010 at 10:39 PM
Matt, don't spend six years bad mouthing a war-effort and then expect people to throng to the theater as you try to make a buck off of it....Come on....are you kidding me? The people...are really getting sick of the Hollywood Elite saying and doing one thing and then trying to make a buck off of the things that they so ferociously will rail against.....
Posted by: Jeff | 03/15/2010 at 10:40 PM
The reason I won't watch green zone or any other Bourne movie?
Shaky cam!
From fight scenes and car chases in movies, to music videos, and to halftime shows at sporting events, can we please just see the whole big picture, and not the perspective of some maniac waving a handheld camera in the performers face?
Posted by: gregory fitch | 03/15/2010 at 11:01 PM
It bombed because Americans are sickened by, and do not want to be reminded of, the worst and stupidest mistake the US has ever made. Repubs see the Iraq war as the main cause of the destruction of their party, and Dems and Independents already know all this stuff and don't find it entertaining. Our economy is in shambles as a direct result of this misguided effort - who needs to go to the movies to be reminded of that?
Posted by: jghedge | 03/15/2010 at 11:27 PM
I largely agree with this commentary. However, is NO ONE bothering to proofread at the LA Times anymore?
"And yet no matter deftly it was executed"
"as one look at the receipts..."
Posted by: Robin Russin | 03/15/2010 at 11:53 PM
If it's Matt Damon starring in a film about the CIA, the Army or any American agency, it will be ANTI-AMERICAN and I wouldn't bother ever going no matter how great it is.
Too bad Matt! I hope your films always bomb.
Posted by: batgirl | 03/16/2010 at 12:50 AM
Actually, it failed because it was a war movie billed as a spy/action movie like the Bourne series. I went to see it and felt that I was misled. I would not recommend it to people who don't like war movies.
Posted by: John Paul | 03/16/2010 at 01:03 AM
I'm fascinated by the number of people complaining about Paul Greengrass's shaky-cam style and hyperkinetic editing. I think Michael Bay and a few other filmmakers should also be added to that list.
The hyperactive, wobbly camera has become such a cliche. I wish directors would rediscover the pleasures of well-composed, steady shots, and precise editing that doesn't cut and move just for the sake of seeming "edgy."
I would love to know how much the style really deterred the general public from seeing "Green Zone." At the end of the day, I don't think many people want to watch a movie about Iraq/Afghanistan regardless of how well made it is. (By the way "Brothers" is about Afghanistan.)
That said, I think the reflexive right-wing backlash is also a little too predictible and unjustified. The Bush Administration made a lot of epic mistakes in Iraq, and I say this as a registered Republican. It's not just lefties like Matt Damon who didn't sip the Bush Kool-Aid. My cousin, who served as a Marine scout in Fallujah and was wounded by an IED, came back thinking the there wasn't a whole lot of a point to us being there.
Hollywood making a movie that points out the Bush Administration's mistakes is not unAmerican unless you think being American requires blind loyalaty to the administration in charge. I certainly don't believe I'm unAmerican because I'm not blindly supporting Obama.
When a you sees a movie that touches upon controversial events and themes, you have a choice. You can see the movie as first and foremost as a movie, and then think about the politics, second. Or, you can walk around like some oversensitive PC activist and see politics in everything, and never even get to the point of enjoying the movie.
For me, I really enjoyed the movie as a action-suspense thriller. I'll watch Glenn Beck if I want to think about politics, first.
Posted by: Stump Barnes | 03/16/2010 at 01:09 AM
The author misses a big reason why the film failed.... It's over reliance on a movie star and action formula. I personally think Matt's a great guy, but c'mon, he hangs out in Hollywood. Americans are quite sophisticated today, and nobody buys it any longer when they see a movie star fighting in Iraq... especially since almost every american knows someone who really served.
For the last eight years we've all turned on the t.v. and seen it live. To see a wealthy star running around with a m-4, karate chopping bad guys, especially right after the oscars, well, it all looks so fake and predictable. Get some unknown actors, make it look real and gritty and you get... surprise....the Hurt Locker.
Posted by: masterpuff theater | 03/16/2010 at 02:26 AM
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Hey bub. I'm in Warren PA. Looks like you are still semi-active here.
I am on Facebook. Name is David Becker.
Either that or the transfer case are whining badly at a speed about 45, and that worries me. At this point, it's a puzzle putting together when stuff can get done.
That's cool.. I don't think this'll be a wheeling M&G,, Unless we do a few dirt backroads..I just want to meet people and see what their mind sets are.. If you're on FB, go to WNY Overland.. Its another group of local peeps..Thats who I want to get together with mainly..
Hi, I saw you're from Jamestown! I up "north" in Fredonia.
Eric? This is Kevin..I haven't been very active here as of late. IF you haven't noticed..
I am never" lost".. I am always "here"..


The 16th Local Workshop on Materials Conservation was held on Nov. 16th and 17th at the Contemporary Art Museum, Kumamoto The workshop had 68 attendees.
The workshop seeks to send Institute personnel into local communities to teach basic knowledge about materials conservation to curators and administrators of cultural heritage. Seminars are conducted on topics such as general theory, temperature and humidity, lighting, climate control, and pest control. In addition, this session of the workshop was the first to feature a lecture on materials conservation in a "contemporary art museum." Contemporary art museums are often designed based on concepts unlike those used in facilities dealing with works prior to the modern era. That said, contemporary art museums sometimes handle classical works, including national treasures , so persons in charge of cultural properties need to be aware of the characteristics of their individual facilities in order to safely conserve and exhibit those pieces. Such persons also need to handle those pieces appropriately. In addition, such persons are aware that the time has come for them to seriously consider the conservation of contemporary artworks with potential historical and artistic value. The fact is that we as curators are lacking in experience with and study of both works of contemporary art and the facilities curating them. Thus, the Institute hopes to actively ascertain the needs of current curators and highlight those issues.


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Congratulations to Associate Professor of Art and Area Chair for Jewelry and Metals, Mary Hallam Pearse, who has been awarded a research fellowship from the Willson Center for Arts and Humanities. Pearse received a Willson Center Research Fellowship for the 2021-2022 academic year which will allow Pearse time dedicated to her creative practice. Specifically, Pearse will expand upon her current body of work entitled, "Following the Matter".
Pearse will spend her time traveling to battlefields with intentions of collecting civil-war era lead artifacts, which she will melt down to use to construct a necklace comprised of lead. This necklace and other, related objects, will form the basis of her one-person exhibition to be held in July 2022 at Stove Works Gallery in Chattanooga, Tennessee, which is a new, contemporary art venue whose mission is to serve the Chattanooga community by providing local, national, and international artists a venue for the production of, exhibition of and education through contemporary works of art.
Pearse noted the following in her proposal about her research and body of work,
"Following the Matter continues to explore the connotative and associative dimensions of jewelry. In particular, this body of work focuses on the shared humanity of sensory experience, desire and the dark side of human experience. I am particularly interested in the capacity of the object to link experiences that are not often associated with one another, such as desire and grief. Because of these, each of the three pieces I'm constructing draws from the forms of familiar cultural artifacts associated with significant interpersonal moments such as the bouquet, the pearl necklace and the charm. Cutting against these associations is the material in which such forms are cast. As noted, these objects are all comprised at least partially of lead, a dangerous material not typically associated with adornment."
Mary Hallam Pearse received her M.F.A in Metal from SUNY New Paltz and a B.F.A in Jewelry+Metals from Kent State University. Recent and upcoming exhibitions include Wordsmith/Metalsmith: Text in Contemporary Jewelry at Rhode Island College in Providence, Rhode Island and Sieraad: International Contemporary Jewellery Fair in Amsterdam. Mary has taught workshops at Anderson Ranch, 92nd Street Y, Kent State University, Humboldt State, East Carolina University and University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. Pearse serves as the Area Chair of Jewelry+Metals. Her work is represented by J. Cotter gallery in Vail and Beaver Creek Colorado.
Mary Hallam Pearse

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


At Saint Pius X Catholic Church, we are taking action to ensure that each person is kept safe in our parish community and to empower and support victims of sexual abuse in the Church.
On this page you will find diocesan and national policy and guidelines for the protection of young people, as well as current news and information.
To the right, you will find pages dedicated to supporting all: Pray, Take Action, and Parent Resources. Please visit these pages and join us.
"We pledge most solemnly to one another and to you, God's people, that we will work to our utmost for the protection of children and youth.
We pledge that we will devote to this goal the resources and personnel necessary to accomplish it."
It is the policy of the Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend that all diocesan priests, deacons and other personnel, lay and religious, paid and volunteer, must adhere to the diocese's Guideline for Conduct When Interacting With a Child or Young Person . All must report any suspected incident of the physical, mental, or sexual abuse or neglect of a child or young person to appropriate civil and diocesan authorities consistent with the Policy on Reporting Incidents of Child Abuse or Neglect. All priests, deacons and other personnel, employee and volunteer, are subject to and obligated by this policy.
For more information on the Diocesan Policy for the Protection of Children and Young People, please contact Julianne Dougall at 574-272-8462, ext. 139 or jdougall@stpius.net.
Below: Audio Recording of the September 18, 2018 Question and Answer Session Regarding the Crisis in the Church with Father Bill Schooler and Donald Schmid.


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Bill Quigley, Contributor
Law Professor, Loyola University New Orleans
13 Steps For Louisiana To Reverse Incarceration: How To Stop Being First In Being Last
Louisiana was recently named "Worst State" in the nation, again. One of the reasons was the state's 50th ranking in crime and corrections. Being the incarceration capital of the county is obviously not helping our reputation.
Here are a dozen plus ways for Louisiana to stop jailing many more of its citizens than Iran or China.
1. Decriminalize victimless crimes - don't arrest people for stupid non-violent crimes in the first place.
2. Stop racial profiling. African American people are two to three times as likely to be arrested as whites. Even though marijuana use is roughly similar in all communities, Blacks are much more likely than whites to be arrested and convicted of marijuana crimes. Overall, African Americans and Latinos are incarcerated at rates two to four times higher than their population. Black prisoners make up 91 percent of the people sentenced to life without parole for non-violent offenses and are 23 times more likely than whites to be sentenced to life without parole for a non-violent crime.
3. Let people out of jail while they are waiting for trial unless they are a danger to society or a flight risk and don't put people in jail if they are too poor to pay a fine. As the Civil Rights Corps has documented, people held in jail awaiting trial, or sent to jail if they are too poor to pay court fines and fees lose their jobs, kids, apartments and their ability to support themselves.
4. Expand pre-trial diversion for non-violent offenders and keep them out of the criminal legal system as the American Bar Association suggests.
5. Prohibit local sheriffs from holding arrested or convicted prisoners from outside their parish, thus removing the cash incentives for keeping high numbers of people in jail.
6. Give equal resources to public defenders and prosecutors. Nationwide, public defense gets less than half the amount given to prosecutors. When people get constitutional defense they usually are less likely to be convicted and if convicted receive less harsh sentences.
7. Like the other 48 states, require Louisiana juries to come to unanimous decisions. Non-unanimous juries allow many more people to be convicted and they arise from a serious racist history.
8. Reform sentencing laws. The Louisiana Pelican Institute for Public Policy called for eliminating mandatory minimums for non-violent offenses as other states have already done. This could save the state $100 million. Prohibit the use of habitual offender laws against non-violent offenders as suggested by the Louisiana Legislative Auditor.
9. Offer rehabilitation programs inside every jail and allow every prisoner to participate.
10. Let older prisoners out of jail, they are much less likely to commit crimes. The Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections reported there are 7,492 prisoners in Louisiana who are already over the age of 50.
11. Invest in re-entry release support programs for every person released from prison. These programs save money, reduce the number of people returning to jail and help people become self-sufficient members of society.
12. Make it easier to expunge criminal convictions so people who made mistakes can start rebuilding their lives.
13. Return the maximum prison sentence in Louisiana to 10 years and 6 months if the prisoner maintains a good conduct record. Louisiana has 4,860 offenders incarcerated for life, the highest rate in the nation. Louisiana also has the highest number of prisoners serving life without parole for non-violent offenses.
Why don't legislators take these steps? Many say they fear voters might think they are soft on crime. As international politician Jean-Claude Juncker said wisely "We all know what to do, we just don't know how to get re-elected after we've done it."
But if Louisiana would take even half of these steps, maybe we wouldn't always be first in being last.
Louisiana Criminal Punishment Louisiana Department Of Public Safety & Corrections


"Science can't explain the complexity and order of life; God must have designed it to be this way." "God's existence is proven by scripture." "There's no evidence that God doesn't exist." "God has helped me so much. How could none of it be true?" "Atheism has killed more people than religion, so it must be wrong!" How many times have you heard arguments like these for why God exists? Why There Is No God provides simple, easy-to-understand counterpoints to the most popular arguments made for the existence of God. Each chapter presents a concise explanation of the argument, followed by a response illustrating the problems and fallacies inherent in it. Whether you're an atheist, a believer, or undecided, this book offers a solid foundation for building your own inquiry about the concept of God.


Sconces are just one example of accent lights.
Accent lights are directional lights whose main purpose is to provide visual separation in a room. They're secondary lights in a room, and as a rule of thumb, they should be three to five times brighter than the ambient light level [source: Light Bulbs]. Wall-mounted fixtures, such as sconces, are a good example of accent lights, as are table and floor lamps. For example, a chandelier in your dining room would provide ambient light, and one or more wall sconces would be the accent lights. Another use of accent lighting is to showcase a feature in a room, such as a painting or a collection. You've probably seen this in art museums. The ambient light is usually dim, which evokes peace and quiet, and the accent lights highlight the paintings, keeping you focused on the art. You can do this in your home as well, and it doesn't have to be fine art. If you have a big, beautiful plant you want to highlight, you can put a spotlight on the floor behind it and let the light bounce off its leaves, creating shadows and drama. Typically, a spotlight or floodlight is used to accent an object, though tracklights also work in certain applications. Higher wattage incandescent bulbs are often used in table lamps and wall lights for accent lighting, and halogen lamps are primarily used in spotlights.


The wonderful interior design blog Bungalow5.dk made a X-Mas Advent Calendar packed with all sorts of good stuff that you win. For instance a gift card to the ferm LIVING Webshop. The only thing you should do is to go to this site on Bungalow5 and make a comment.


This article lists the heads of state of Panama since the short-lived first independence from the Republic of New Granada in 1840 and the final separation from Colombia in 1903.
(1845–1910) 1 October 1908 1 March 1910 National Liberal Party 1908 Died in office.
(1856–1916) 1 March 1910 1 October 1910 National Liberal Party — Acting President.
(1851–1924) 1 October 1910 5 October 1910 National Liberal Party — Acting President.
(1836–1920) 5 October 1910 1 October 1912 National Liberal Party — Acting President.
(1856–1942) 1 October 1912 1 October 1916 National Liberal Party 1912 First tenure.
(1867–1918) 1 October 1916 3 June 1918 National Liberal Party 1916 Died in office.
(1863–1922) 3 June 1918 1 October 1918 National Liberal Party — Acting President.
(1852–1919) 1 October 1918 12 October 1918 Conservative Party — Acting President.
(1856–1942) 12 October 1918 30 January 1920 National Liberal Party 1918 Second tenure.
(1876–1922) 30 January 1920 1 October 1920 National Liberal Party — Acting President.
(1856–1942) 1 October 1920 1 October 1924 National Liberal Party 1920 Third tenure.
(1872–1945) 1 October 1928 3 January 1931 National Liberal Party 1928 Deposed in a coup d'état.
(1886–1963) 3 January 1931 16 January 1931 Independent — Acting President.
(1879–1939) 1 October 1936 16 December 1939 National Liberal Party 1936 Died in office.
(1886–1946) 16 December 1939 18 December 1939 National Revolutionary Party — Acting President.
(1879–1957) 18 December 1939 1 October 1940 National Revolutionary Party — Acting President.
(1901–1988) 1 October 1940 9 October 1941 National Revolutionary Party 1940 First tenure.
Deposed in a coup d'état.
(1888–1970) 15 June 1945 7 August 1948 National Liberal Party 1945 Provisional President.
(1875–1949) 7 August 1948 28 July 1949 National Liberal Party 1948 Resigned after a heart attack, and died less than a month later.
(1905–1981) 20 November 1949 24 November 1949 National Liberal Party — First tenure.
(1901–1988) 24 November 1949 9 May 1951 Panameñista Party — Second tenure.
(1908–1955) 1 October 1952 2 January 1955 National Patriotic Coalition 1952 Assassinated.
(1905–1981) 1 October 1960 1 October 1964 National Liberal Party 1960 Second tenure.
(1901–1988) 1 October 1968 11 October 1968 Panameñista Party 1968 Third tenure.
(1919–1979) 12 October 1968 18 December 1969 National Guard — Chairman of the Provisional Junta.
(1925–1999) 19 December 1969 11 October 1978 Independent 1972 Chairman of the Provisional Junta to 11 October 1972.
(1937–2015) 28 September 1985 26 February 1988 Republican Party — Acting President.
(1917–2009) 26 February 1988 1 September 1989 Democratic Revolutionary Party — Acting President.
(born 1938) 1 September 1989 20 December 1989 Democratic Revolutionary Party — Provisional President.
Deposed in the US invasion.
(born 1946) 1 September 1999 1 September 2004 Panameñista Party 1999 Widow of Arnulfo Arias.
(born 1963) 1 September 2004 1 July 2009 Democratic Revolutionary Party 2004 Son of Omar Torrijos.
Panama was from 1968–1989 de facto controlled by a military junta which appointed the nominal president, who himself had little power, while the junta and its leaders, while not official heads of state, exerted actual control over the country. Leaders of the junta were styled "Maximum Leader of the Panamanian Revolution".
(1929–1981) 11 October 1968 31 July 1981 National Guard Styled as Maximum Leader of the Panamanian Revolution from 1972.
Killed in an air crash.
(until 29 September 1983.) Styled as Maximum Leader of the National Liberation from 15 December 1983.
^ a b c d ".:: SomosPanama.com ::". archive.org. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
This page was last edited on 16 April 2019, at 06:47 (UTC).


Online businesses dealing with customer's bills, transaction details, e-broachers, etc.
Banking, to protect customer's account details, e-statements, transaction details, etc.
The Document Signer Certificates are issued to organizational software applications for operating automatically to authenticate documents/information attributed to the organization by using Digital Signature applied on the document, documents/Information. Document Signer Certificates' purpose is mainly for mainly for automated signing and also to reflect organizational accountability.
Document Signer Certificate can be issued for 1,2 & 3 Years Validity. Signing ONLY, Signing & Encryption(Combo) certificates are varient under Document Signer Certificates. It can be issued in P12/PFX /HSM. Class 3 Can be downloaded in HSM Only. Purpose of Document Signer is Purpose is mainly for automated signing and also to reflect organizational accountability. Organization need to confirm issuance mode (File, USB or HSM) before issuance of Certificate.


text:
Уметност староседелаца Аустралије (термин абориџинска уметност аустралијски домороци сматрају увредљивим) састоји се од слика и резбарија на стенама, резбарија на украсима за тело и култним предметима као што су чуринга () и чегртаљке, и слика на кори дрвета.

Присутни су и апстрактни (нпр. спирални облици) и натуралистички стилови. Приказују се људске и животињске фигуре. Од приказа животињских фигура најзаступљенији су прикази риба, корњача и кенгура. Приказане животиње могу бити повезане са ловом или са тотемским веровањима.

Меланезијски утицај преко Нове Гвинеје може објаснити мотиве чучећих фигура, богат колорит и остале аспекте слика са подручја Северне Арнхемове Земље и северозападне Аустралије.

Огромне вондџина () слике лобања предака приказују главе без уста окружене тамним ореолом. Животиње су приказане реалистички, а такође и у "рендгенском" стилу, јер су костур и органи од интереса за ловца схематски предочени унутар телесних обриса.

Присутна је богата усмена митска традиција која повезује доба предака, "Сањање", са садашњошћу, у непрекинутом континууму.

Види још

Аустралијски староседеоци

Уметност домородачких народа Аустралије

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Jamaica. Facilitated by Sandals Whitehouse European Village and Spa.
Twenty-eight youngsters from Westmoreland and St Elizabeth recently participated in the first-ever Poetry and Presentation Summer Camp facilitated by Sandals Whitehouse European Village and Spa.
The camp, driven by the slogan 'play with your words: Create your poetic masterpiece', ran from July 27 to August 2 at the Whitehouse Branch Library. Youngsters between the ages of 8 and 16 were given the opportunity to work with writers, English teachers, actors from the Tight Theatre Company, and representatives from the Jamaica Cultural and Development Commission's St Elizabeth office. The week culminated with a Grand Poetry Show where participants took to the stage on Sunday, August 2 to showcase their poetic talents to colleagues, family members and the wider community.
The camp, which was conceptualised by Sandals Whitehouse's General Manager Courtney Miller and hosted by the resort's public relations department, represented the resort chain's commitment to the holistic development of youths.
"The results of the camp were exactly what we hoped for; not only were the campers' writing skills developed, but also their confidence and poise. Many of them recognised their talent there and we saw them grow in confidence throughout the week," Miller said.


text:
The Dining Rooms
Our Dishes
Apicella's Artwork
We've been a team for almost 10 years: Danilo Frisone and Saverio Crescente.
Chef and Patron; flavours and the meaning of things. We met through a shared career path and a desire to create something of our own. And an unmissable opportunity: a restaurant in the centre of Rome, just a short walk from the Pantheon. This is how a project on paper became a reality, our reality: the Ristorante Grano.
A restaurant that perfectly represents our desire to play the perfect host. Loyal to the Southern roots we share, we have strived from the very start to create a high-class restaurant, without losing the feeling of warmth and familiarity in the décor and Menu choices.
Our decision to use the Wheat symbol, the shades of white on the Restaurant walls, the Menu full of Mediterranean flavours. All of our choices are born of the same desire: to find the perfect balance between quality, taste and creativity.
In the kitchen, Danilo is dedicated to creating dishes that bring joy to both the palate and the heart: carefully selected ingredients, original recipes, clean flavours. In short, creativity, but with taste.
In the dining room, Saverio will put paid to any prejudices about the professionalism and courtesy of the restaurants of central Rome. And he will do so absolutely naturally, because playing host is his true passion.
On the walls, a gift to ourselves and to whoever comes to visit us: the works of Enzo Apicella, a painter and designer known throughout the world and, above all, a friend.
"Dishes created using simple cooking ingredients that bring to mind childhood memories of fragrances, flavours and feelings that I am able to relive only through working in the kitchen. Traditions that make up our cultural fabric and that inspire me to revisit and recall old flavours with new awareness and sensitivity".
Danilo Frisone
Visit us >
Open Daily from 12:30 to 15 and from 19:30 to 24
Piazza Rondanini, 53, 00186 Roma	+ 39 06 68192096
© 2019 Grano Restaurant - VAT N. 09297091002
Credits: Idearia.it


The first "real" Navigator was released in 1987. This first version basically looked like an upgrade of PC-Plus. The biggest change was that it was a able to run as a client/server application over a LAN. It was one of the first multi-user accounting systems to use the new PC networking ca. PC-Plus was a single-user system.
When the first IBM PC came on the market with PC-DOS in 1981 it was like having a smartphone, but no apps. There were not many multi-user business applications available. Besides word processors and Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheets, then there were not many reasons why Denmark's many smaller companies would ever buy an IBM PC. Their own multi-user accounting package would change that. And their were right.
The partnership between PC&C and IBM Denmark meant that IBM took care of sales, marketing and support. PC&C was all about product development.
The previous distributor had been a general software distributor. Basically everyone could be come a PC-Plus reseller. There were no requirements toward sales or training.
Like the IBM PC's, then Navigator was only sold by IBM-ErhvervsCenters (business centers). Anyone who wanted to sell the real IBM PC's, also needed to establish a Navigator department, with certified specialists capable of implementing the system. IBM took care of training and certifications.
The practice where Navision was only sold via IBM continued in Denmark until 1994, where IBM soon after announced a partnership with Damgaard Data (the company behind Navigator competitor XAL - the later Axapta).
From left the founders Jesper Balser and Peter Bang. The right is the third found Torben Wind. In the middle IBM Denmark's CEO Hans Christian Ægidius and Ole Anker Larsen.
Was Navision just an upgrade of PC-Plus?
The former distributor of PC-Plus Berendsen Data was not happy to see the distribution of Navision being changed to IBM. Especially not when they saw how quickly IBM-Navigator became among the top accounting systems for small-midsize companies. They made a legal claim to the distribution. Navision was according to their claim, just a multi-user version of PC-Plus. The court did not agree, their could also see that, despite much of the look and feel was the same, then Navision was much more.


German police arrested seven Afghan asylum seekers in raids on refugee shelters today on suspicion the men repeatedly raped an Iranian teenager and filmed the sexual assault. More than 30 police joined the raids on 10 rooms in several accommodation facilities in the towns of Nagold and Wildberg in the southwestern state of Baden-Wurttemberg, said police. "The Afghan asylum seekers are suspected of having raped a 17-year-old Iranian asylum seeker several times and of having filmed the acts," police and prosecutors said in a brief joint statement.


text:
Собо́р во и́мя Свято́й Тро́ицы, Де́вы Мари́и и св. Берна́рда — вместе с Аббатским дворцом являлся частью монастыря цистерцианцев, располагавшегося в Оливе.

Трехнефная базилика с многогранным пресвитерием и трансептом исполнен в готическом стиле с элементами барочных украшений. Исторически он служил главным храмом Померании, усыпальницей местных князей и герцогов.

Фасад фланкируют две башни высотой 46 м с маковицами в стиле барокко. В центре фасада портал 1688 года.

На пересечении среднего нефа с трансептом находится колокольная башенка.

Оливский кафедральный костёл имеет длину 107 м, ширину 19 м и высоту 17,7 м является самым длинным цистерцианским костёлом в мире.

История
 2 июля 1186 года — основан цистерцианский монастырь.
 1224 год и 1234 или 1236 год — романский монастырь был двукратно сожжён Пруссами.
 1350 год — после третьего пожара костёл и монастырь снова восстановлены в готическом стиле.
 1831 год — указом прусского правительства монастырь был упразднён, часть зданий передана католическому приходу.
 1925 год — костёл возвышен до статуса кафедрального.
 1992 год — кафедральный костёл стал резиденцией гданьской архиепархии.

Интерьер
Внутри костёла находятся 23 мраморных алтаря в стилях барокко и рококо.
Первый главный алтарь был создан в 1605 году и имел стиль нидерландского ренессанса. В 1688 году, заменён новым.

Самым ценным объектом внутри костёла является орган, который был построен в 1763—1788 годах монахом Иоганом Вильгельмом Вульфом.

Литература
 Franciszek Mamuszka Oliwa: Okruchy z dziejów, zabytki. Gdańsk: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1985.
 Maria i Andrzej Szypowscy Oliwa: Muzyka wieków. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Interpress, 1987. ISBN 83-223-2441-3.
 Bazylika archikatedralna Świętej Trójcy (Oliwa) Gdańsk (pomorskie)

Здания и сооружения Гданьска
Цистерцианские монастыри
Готические соборы Польши
Католические соборы Польши
Кафедральные католические соборы


Last night I came home from dinner and saw a tweet that left me perplexed: apparently I'd won a Society of American Travel Writers Foundation 2015 Lowell Thomas Award, surgery a gold for the category of Personal Comment. I had no idea how that came about or how I was nominated, but I was beyond ecstatic — especially when I realized I won it for an article that's particularly close to my heart, Returning to Hyderabad, Once a Land of Princes and Palaces. Thank you SATW for the honor, and thank you to my New York Times editors for letting me write this piece in the first place, and for nominating me for it! You can read a bit about all the winners here.


text:
Essays | Philly Fringe 2019: The Franklin Institute presents Paul Taylor's 'Tesla's Dream'
An electric mind
Philly Fringe 2019: The Franklin Institute presents Paul Taylor's 'Tesla's Dream'
Gary L. Day
A complicated dreamer: David Wrigley as Nikola Tesla in 'Tesla's Dream.' (Photo by Lendl Tellington; edited by John Brown.)
Nikola Tesla was one of the seminal scientific geniuses of the early 20th century. His technological breakthroughs literally changed the course of modern industrial civilization. But he was also a troubled soul, living with what today might be diagnosed as obsessive-compulsive disorder, which seriously complicated his life and career. Paul Taylor's Tesla's Dream brings the man back to life for the Fringe.
The Franklin Institute presents this world premiere, a mixed-media performance that examines both Tesla's scientific breakthroughs and his troubled mental state.
Fundamental competition
Tesla's Dream is adapted by director Paul Taylor and co-creator and star David Henry Wrigley mostly from various contemporaneous sources, writings, and speeches by Tesla. Tesla's early years were a struggle of competing influences between his father, a clergyman, and his mother, an inventor. But the lure of science and invention won him over.
The struggle with competing parental figures would plague Tesla later in his career, as he was caught in a tug-of-war between competing industrialists Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse.
Taylor's script focuses on Tesla's dreams about the future of technology, and his intense dreams spurred by his obsession with electricity, its mysteries and potentials. These dreams are rendered by the director in a series of clunky choreographed sequences that were hampered by an ensemble of non-dancers.
Theater or education?
Since this is a Franklin Institute production, the educational aspects of Tesla's scientific work must be given a high priority. The result is a script that is not as structured or focused as it could be. One sequence that recreates a lecture by Tesla at the Franklin Institute, while educational, brings the story to a grinding halt. It shows the difficulties encountered by a playwright trying to serve more than one creative agenda. Fortunately, sequences like that are often saved from utter dullness by the charm and wit of Wrigley's portrayal of Tesla.
While the production is uneven, at best, one aspect of it works very well. The story is accompanied/illustrated by a film designed by Matt Lorenz. Lorenz has taken segments of Edison-era silent films and paired them with new sequences designed to mimic the appearance and style of those antique silent films. The result is both impressive and artful.
As an educational project, Tesla's Dream is credible, but as a theatrical presentation, it needs more work to find focus, and to clarify the story it's trying to tell.
Tesla's Dream. Co-created by Paul Taylor and David Henry Wrigley, directed by Paul Taylor. Through September 15, 2019 at the Franklin Institute, 222 North 20th Street, Philadelphia. (215) 413-1318 or fringearts.com.
The Franklin is a wheelchair-accessible venue.


text:
require 'test_helper'

class TestingFourteensControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
  setup do
    @testing_fourteen = testing_fourteens(:one)
  end

  test "should get index" do
    get :index
    assert_response :success
    assert_not_nil assigns(:testing_fourteens)
  end

  test "should get new" do
    get :new
    assert_response :success
  end

  test "should create testing_fourteen" do
    assert_difference('TestingFourteen.count') do
      post :create, testing_fourteen: { account_id: @testing_fourteen.account_id, one: @testing_fourteen.one, status: @testing_fourteen.status, three: @testing_fourteen.three, two: @testing_fourteen.two }
    end

    assert_redirected_to testing_fourteen_path(assigns(:testing_fourteen))
  end

  test "should show testing_fourteen" do
    get :show, id: @testing_fourteen
    assert_response :success
  end

  test "should get edit" do
    get :edit, id: @testing_fourteen
    assert_response :success
  end

  test "should update testing_fourteen" do
    patch :update, id: @testing_fourteen, testing_fourteen: { account_id: @testing_fourteen.account_id, one: @testing_fourteen.one, status: @testing_fourteen.status, three: @testing_fourteen.three, two: @testing_fourteen.two }
    assert_redirected_to testing_fourteen_path(assigns(:testing_fourteen))
  end

  test "should destroy testing_fourteen" do
    assert_difference('TestingFourteen.count', -1) do
      delete :destroy, id: @testing_fourteen
    end

    assert_redirected_to testing_fourteens_path
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Sugar Free and Keto Snacks for Right Now!
You may be happy to know that there are some great Sugar Free and Keto Snacks for Right Now!
Finding the right snacks can be hard to do, as you may already know!
These snack ideas are also good for other lifestyles.
If you are following a low carb lifestyle, these snacks will probably work for you as well.
Also, Keto Snacks People Love.
A milk chocolate hazelnut bark with no added sugar, no sugar alcohols, and no artificial sweeteners. Sweetened exclusively with monk fruit.
Low net carb: only 3g net carbs per serving (1 ounce).
All natural, non-GMO, soy free and gluten free. Made proudly in the USA..
LAKANTO, BAR, MONKFRUIT, SF, CHOCOLATE W/CACAO .
Dairy Free Gluten Free Vega Wheat Free Yeast Free, Enjoy this gourmet chocolate bar and satisfy your taste buds without the guilt of sugar.
CANDY BARS/ GUM/ COUGH DROPS, This chocolate is exclusively sweetened with Lakanto Monk Fruit Sweetener, which has zero glycemic index.
Arriba Nacional has a rich chocolate flavor with light, fruity overtones. Monkfruit sweetened. Stone ground. Bean to bar. Vegan. Dairy free. Gluten free.
Lakanto Sugar Free Chocolate is lovingly handcrafted from heirloom Arriba Nacional cocao beans,.
Kiss My Keto Snacks Keto Bars – Keto Chocolate Cookie Dough, Nutritional Keto Food Bars, Paleo, Low Carb/Glycemic Keto Friendly..
UNBEATABLE MACROS! Keto snacks just got easier. With just the right macros for a ketogenic diet or low-carb lifestyle, Kiss My Keto food bars will satisfy your sweet tooth while killing carb cravings. 19g Fat, 9g Protein, 3g Net Carbs.
ALL NATURAL, SIMPLE, & DELICIOUS KETO BARS! This Chocolate Cookie Dough flavor keto food bar will spare you the unnecessary mess and hassle during your lunch breaks or when you're traveling. They're the highest in fat, moderate in protein, and have only 3g net carbs. NO ADDED SUGAR!
MULTIPLE FLAVOR OPTIONS: Keto friendly foods are pretty hard to come by. That's why we're offering three great tasting keto bars: Chocolate Cookie Dough, Chocolate Peanut Butter, and Chocolate Coconut.
Tom & Jenny's Sugar Free Soft Caramels – Keto Diet – Sweetened with Xylitol and Maltitol.
INDULGENT CARAMELS | Rich soft sugar free spiced rum caramels that taste exactly the way caramels should taste.
NATURALLY SUGAR FREE | Our sugar free spiced rum caramel candy is sweetened with natural plant-derived maltitol and non-gmo xylitol. We never use artificial colors, sweeteners, preservatives, or flavors..
Tom & Jenny's Sugar Free Soft Caramels – Keto Diet – Sweetened with Xylitol and Maltitol .
ChocZero's Keto Bark, Dark Chocolate Almonds with Sea Salt.
This is the perfect snack for at home, in the office, and on the go. Enjoy TWIZZLERS Strawberry Twists without the sugar.


Copyright © 2015 Hwa-seon Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This study implemented a mobile diagnosing system that provides user-centered interfaces for more precisely estimating and diagnosing engine conditions through communications with the self-developed ECU only for industrial CRDI engine use. For the implemented system, a new protocol was designed and applied based on OBD-II standard to receive engine data values of the developed ECU. The designed protocol consists of a message structure to request data transmission from a smartphone to ECU and a response message structure for ECU to send data to a smartphone. It transmits 31 pieces of engine condition information simultaneously and sends the trouble diagnostic code. Because the diagnostic system enables real-time communication through modules, the engine condition information can be checked at any time. Thus, because when troubles take place on the engine, users can check them right away, quick response and resolution are possible, and stable system management can be expected.
ECU in CRDI system enables an engine to operate under optimal conditions by analyzing sensor information. The program and data parts of this ECU can be changed only by the manufacturer. Therefore, with respect to a diagnostic device for engines, it is not easy to use or understand the content without an expert. In order to solve these problems, this study independently developed ECU dedicated for an industrial CRDI engine. This study suggested an appropriate protocol for the developed ECU with the application of OBD-II standard in order to collect data values of the developed ECU and developed user-centered diagnostic devices for a mobile by receiving an input of data through communication after application.
The diagnostic devices provide user-centered diagnostic services and prevents accidents caused due to the engine malfunction by providing real-time communications with the use of wired system and Bluetooth module as a wireless system [1, 2] to transmit and receive engine fault diagnosis signals and sensor output signals and air pollution such as excessive gas exhaust and emission of incomplete combustion gas by controlling to operate an engine under the optimal conditions through the knocking diagnosis. Therefore, it is expected to contribute to eco industry which has received attention recently.
This study developed a mobile diagnostic system based on OBD-II for the industrial CRDI engine. Figure 1 shows that this system is able to verify engine information and existence of malfunction therein by Bluetooth communication between the ECUs using OBD-II protocol.
Figure 1: Diagnosis schematic diagram.
With creation of the mobile application for engine diagnostic system, an administrator may confirm automotive information in real time without other devices. Drivers may always check the status of engine with smartphone which they always carry and may promptly respond to the malfunction in engine if any occurs.
For this experiment, an automotive simulator with which communication test could be conducted in the same way as an actual car was developed and tested.
This study developed a mobile diagnostic system based on OBD-II for the industrial CRDI engine. This system is able to verify engine information and existence of malfunction therein by Bluetooth communication between the ECUs using OBD-II protocol.
For this experiment, an automotive simulator with which communication test could be conducted in the same way as an actual car was developed and tested. Figure 2 shows the OBD-II simulator which was personally manufactured. This consists of dongles for Bluetooth communication and OBD-II connector. Figure 3 is the screen which the developed ECU is equipped in the actual engine.
Figure 3: Apply the actual engine test.
The OBD-II is a standard that visualizes the information on main system of vehicles or on failure transmitted from sensors attached to a vehicle to ECU from a center console or external device by using the serial communication function .
The OBD-II message format consists of 1-byte priority, target address, source address header, 7-byte data, and checksum and is basically used as a protocol for SAE-J1850 and ISO [4–6]. The CAN OBD message format consists of ID bits (11 or 29), DLC, 7 data bytes, and checksum (CRC-15 processing method) [7–9]. Table 1 shows OBD-II message format [10–12].
Table 1: OBD-II message format.
The developed OBD-II protocol has been manufactured based on the existing OBD-II standard. This differs from the existing OBD-II standard protocol structure. In case of the OBD-II protocol standard, automotive information of only one PID which was requested and can be read and responded. However, the developed industrial automotive OBD-II protocol read all the automotive information and transmits such information at once.
The OBD-II message may be obtained from the automotive ECU by using automotive diagnostic tools. Figures 4 and 5 are proposed OBD-II protocol for this study. As seen in Table 2, the message consists of header, data, and checksum and saves 12 bytes of data in total and uses HEX codes.
Table 2: Proposed OBD-II protocol request message structure.
Figure 4: Flowchart of engine status information collection algorithm.
Figure 5: Flowchart of diagnostic trouble code collection algorithm.
In case of the proposed OBD-II protocol, it is designed to read the whole sensor information of vehicle by a response message at once when automotive information is requested to ECU. ECU provides 31 types of sensor information which actual service centers practically use. Table 3 shows the proposed OBD-II protocol response message structure.
Table 3: Proposed OBD-II protocol response message structure.
Table 4 is detailed code of OBD-II protocol status information request message.
Table 4: Detailed code of OBD-II protocol status information request message.
There is a function to inform drivers that there is malfunction in the electronic control engine by lighting up the malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) and to set diagnostic trouble code (DTC) according to the details of malfunction and to automatically record such codes in the RAM of ECU if there is malfunction in electronic control engine or in exhaust gas related parts [13, 14]. This function was originally to set the OBD in order to easily verify the location to be inspected if automotive malfunction occurs but, thanks to speedy development of computers, it came to play a role of conducting ready-test (monitoring of exhaust gas equipment) as well as making freeze frame (function to record DTC on ECU) when malfunction occurs in input and output of ECU (computer) [15–17].
Therefore, a self-diagnosis function is the priority to be inspected when malfunction occurs in the car equipped with electronic control engine.
If disconnection or short circuit occurs in a sensor or actuator, ECU makes a comparison with preset voltage value and judges existence of malfunction and memorizes the preset DTC on the RAM. Such DTC information is memorized on the RAM of ECU (computer), so unless power provided for ECU is cut, such information is not deleted.
Table 5 shows the structure of DTC response message of ECU and Table 6 shows detailed code of OBD-II protocol DTC response message.
Table 5: ECU DTC response message structure.
Table 6: Detailed code of OBD-II protocol DTC reponse message.
In order to collect the information of ECU, data are transmitted through the process as described in Figure 4.
First of all, if Bluetooth communication is connected, a data request message is transmitted to ECU. If the input request message is identical to 023134303030303030454303, ECU transmits OBD-II response message of 130 bytes to temporary buffers. All the data between STX and ETX are converted into HEX codes and sent. The calculation of checksum is of longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) and the lower byte of the sum of data between STX and ETX and checksum should be zero. If the response message is ACK(0x06) and the checksum value is 0x00, 31 automotive data of 130 bytes are finally saved.
In order to collect DTC of ECU, such codes are transmitted through the process as described in Figure 5.
Collection process of ECU diagnostic trouble codes is similar to the automotive information collection algorithm as explained above. First of all, if Bluetooth communication is connected, data request message is sent to ECU. If the input request message is identical to 023135303030303030454203, ECU transmits OBD-II response message of 14 bytes to temporary buffers. Then, if response message is ACK(0x06) and the checksum is 0x00, automotive information of 14 bytes becomes finally saved.
The following shows a screen used for communication between devices. If clicking the button named "Data Request" in order for application to request the connected device for automotive status information, the connected device transmits the status information to the application. Figure 6 shows status information communication between devices. If phone orders ECU to read status information through communication protocol, ECU sends out a data response. In order to disconnect the communication between devices for a while, if clicking the "Stop" button, such intercommunication becomes suspended. If clicking the "Clear" button, the screen showing transmission of codes becomes wiped out. In order to reconnect the communication, if clicking the "Request" button, the communication between devices restarts. The communication between devices is made with HEX codes, so it is difficult for a user to verify the information instinctively. In order to make a user promptly understand the status information, such information was made through parsing process so that it may be shown on the screen as in Figure 7.
Figure 6: Status information communication between devices.
Figure 8 is a screen showing DTC information transmission between devices. When malfunction occurs in ECU, the concerned trouble codes are searched and if the data which are identical to codes saved in DB exist, information related to such codes are notified. If DTC is found, such found DTC is shown on the screen as in Figure 9. If clicking DTC, the concerned DTC information is shown on the screen.
Figure 8: DTC information transmission between devices.
In this study, with OBD-II protocol, a smart phone engine diagnostic system using Bluetooth communication was developed. In this study, instead of handling information that can be controlled only by manufacturing companies, it was made possible to select necessary information only and take control at first hand.
It is unnecessary to passively receive and deal with all the data including even needless one, so the administrator may handle information satisfying his needs only. Therefore, with this system it was made possible that information of engine condition may be identified in real time and that if engine has malfunction, by notifying diagnostic trouble codes and information, the user and administrator may promptly respond to such malfunction. In other words, the diagnostic devices provide user-centered diagnostic services and prevents accidents caused due to the engine malfunction by providing real-time communications with the use of wired system and Bluetooth module as a wireless system to transmit and receive engine fault diagnosis signals and sensor output signals and air pollution such as excessive exhaust gas emission and emission of incomplete combustion gas by controlling to operate an engine under the optimal conditions through the knocking diagnosis. Therefore, it is expected to contribute to eco industry which has received attention recently.
This research was supported by the Brain Busan 21 Project in 2014 and Dong-eui University Grant (no. 2014AA324).
D. J. Oliver, "Implementing the J1850 protocol," http://smartdata.usbid.com/datasheets/usbid/2000/2000-q4/j1850_wp.pdf.
Bosch, "CAN Specification Version 2.0," Bosch, 1991.
Open source project using OBD-II, http://www.opendiag.org/.
ISO-14230, Road vehicless-Diagnostics systems-Keyword Protocol 2000.
ISO-15765, Road vehicles-Diagnostics on Controller Area Network.
B. Lee, "OBD-II(exhaust)," Kyung Young sa, 2005.
A. I. Santini, OBD-II: Function, Monitors and Diagnostic Techniques, Cengage Learning, 2010.
ISO 14230-4, Road Vehicles-Diagnostic Systems, https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/004/iso.14230-4.2000.pdf.


text:
Chaplin: Living or Dead?
Which cast members of 1992 film by Richard Attenborough Chaplin have died?
1992 film by Richard Attenborough
Release date 18 Dec 1992
Released 29 years ago
Duration 138 minutes
Actress Nancy Travis on the set of ABC's Last Man Standing in 2012.
About Chaplin
Chaplin is a 1992 British-American biographical comedy-drama film about the life of British comedian Charlie Chaplin. It was produced and directed by Richard Attenborough and stars Robert Downey Jr., Marisa Tomei, Dan Aykroyd, Penelope Ann Miller, and Kevin Kline. It also features Geraldine Chaplin in the role of her own paternal grandmother, Hannah Chaplin. The film was adapted by William Boyd, Bryan Forbes and William Goldman from the books My Autobiography by Chaplin and Chaplin: His Life and Art by film critic David Robinson. Associate producer Diana Hawkins got a story credit. The original music score was composed by John Barry.
The following people were involved in the making of Chaplin:
Ukrainian-born American model and actress
Welsh actor
Canadian film actor and comedian
American film, stage and television actor
British-American actress
American actor, writer, producer, director, novelist, and singer-songwriter
Penelope Ann Miller
Nancy Travis
John Thaw
actor from England
Deborah Moore
David Gant
Scottish actor and model
Bill Paterson
Scottish actor
Paul Rhys
English actor
Sean O'Bryan
John Standing
Norbert Weisser
German actor
Benjamin Whitrow
Bradley Pierce
Charles Howerton
British actor
Malcolm Terris


Stinson Leonard Street's Payment Systems and Operations practice represents regional, national and international participants in the financial services industry. Our clients include financial institutions, such as banks, thrifts and credit unions, payment processors, factoring companies, specialty finance companies, program managers, and companies that provide services to them. We assist these clients in connection with legal and strategic issues relating to payment systems, consumer credit, licensing, commercial law and many other matters. In addition, we work with our clients on preventive planning to avoid disputes as well as identifying efficient methods of resolving disputes with regulators and private litigants when they do arise.
Stinson Leonard Street has extensive experience working with financial institutions of all sizes to develop and document the full range of treasury management products they offer to customers. We also have experience in assisting financial institutions in negotiating and documenting the outsourcing arrangements that are becoming increasingly common in connection with their treasury management and other products. In addition, we represent customers of financial institutions with respect to their use of treasury management products.
The attorneys at Stinson Leonard Street include former in-house financial institution counsel. This real-world experience, coupled with a detailed understanding of the operational aspects of the financial services industry, enables us to easily understand terms and jargon used in the operational area. We also have extensive experience managing the regulatory risks of developing and documenting products and the outsourced services supporting those products.
The Payment Systems and Operations practice is part of the firm's nationally recognized Banking and Financial Services practice area, which consists of attorneys with substantive knowledge in virtually any subject matter relevant to banks and financial institutions. In addition, our attorneys are nationally recognized authors and frequently speak at local, regional and national programs and conferences on these topics.


In the event you individually experience any work related injuries and find it difficult to get compensation rewards, the perfect individual who can help you is a worker's compensation attorney. Several conditions occur when your insurance or company declines your claim despite producing healthcare expenses and legitimate health-related documents. A workers compensation lawyer understands the complexities that are legal and may assist you to learn all your rights and obligations under the law.
Here is an easy manual to find a very good workers compensation lawyers to assist you. Record down two or three attorneys you know, talk to them and arrange an immediate visit. Usually, workers compensation attorneys don't need a payment for the initial consultation. During your meeting, the attorney examines your situation and if you desire the lawyer's service to take up your case, you have to make the choice after evaluation.
In your discussion, consider the following matters in mind and implement them to help if you want to employ the attorney evaluate or better get yet another one. Do a bit of investigation on advice about the qualifications of the lawyer in workers compensation regulation. The personal site and your state's certificate Bureau of the lawyer are excellent assets. Notice whether the lawyer and their legislation office represent the employer's insurance provider or employees. Employees' compensation attorneys commonly work as either one of the two. A personal contact to the office of the lawyer is a fast approach to learn. Learn the degree of the understanding of the attorney in handling employees compensation cases and how long that individual has labored in this field of law.
It is possible to seek advice from the attorney about her or his knowledge about your boss's compensation insurance business and their legal specialists. Once you socialize with the attorney, concentrate on whether she or he is a terrific listener, understands the difficulties in your case and is in control of how the regulation implements. You have to feel assured with the lawyer and have the confidence that he or she may provide your workers payment claim with a solution. Observe the office employees. In case you employ the lawyer, you will likely communicate with them frequently. These people must be courteous, expert and helpful. On your conference, the lawyer for a retainer contract and ask tips which include customers or other lawyers.
Workers compensation lawyers' fees usually are arranged by state guidelines and are chiefly according to a portion of the amount you recover and charges, so you certainly won't be dealing with a fee. Check into forecasted disbursements, like the courtroom correspondents and professional witness support fees. If the attorney supports to handle your case, and you choose to employ him or her, you need to be safe and assured about your final decision.


Hike to the top of Kilimanjaro for an unforgettable sunrise. Travel to the mid-east for another gorgeous view in one of the worlds tallest buildings. Trek through some urban jungles for the elusive Japanese cherry blossoms.


I've decided to call this block "Purse Strings" since it looks like the top view of a drawstring bag, and the more blocks I put together, the more I love them! (Other great names were suggested, but several of those were already assigned to other blocks) If you read my blog often, you know that I like quilts/blocks that are fairly easy to piece, and yet make a big impact. This block gets a check mark in my book for both of those qualities!
To make a purse strings block, cut four 5.5 inch squares to make the "purse flaps," four 5.5 inch squares to make the "strings," and one 5.5 inch square for the center of the block, or the "inside of the purse." This center square would be a great place to use fussy cuts! You will also need sixteen 3.5 inch squares of your background fabric (or, corner squares).
I am using only three fabrics (plus white), but this would also be really cute as a scrappy block!
First, we'll make the four "purse flaps." These surround the center square, so if you have a stripe, chevron, or other design that would look cute in a radiating pattern, go for it!
To keep your stitch line straight, many people recommend drawing a diagonal line across the back of your square as a guide. I really hate this step, so as a little trick, I use a piece of painter's tape aligned with my needle on my machine and table.
You can keep the corners in line with the edge of the tape, and know that you're sewing a straight line! After sewing, take your scissors and trim away the excess, leaving 1/4 inch seam allowance. It doesn't have to be too perfect!
Give it a quick press, then line up another white square with an adjoining corner. Sew corner to corner in exactly the same way!
Trim away the excess, and press again!
Repeat these steps for all four "purse flap" pieces. I promise, once you get the hang of it, it goes really quickly, and the end result is worth it!
The points on these don't go all the way to the edge of the block (unlike flying geese), and that's by design. When the blocks are all put together, it creates a great shape in the negative space!
Now, we'll use the same technique to create the "drawstring" parts of the block, better known as a Road to Tennessee block. These are a little bit quicker because you won't have to press until the end. Start by lining up a white square on top of your printed fabric and again, sewing corner to corner and trimming the excess. Don't worry about pressing this just yet!
This time, our second white square will be sewn to the opposite corner, rather than an adjoining corner. Sew the second piece and trim. Your piece should look like this.
Now we're ready to press! Be careful not to drag the iron too much or you'll distort your corners!
Repeat for all four "drawstring" pieces!
After all of that, the rest is really a snap! Lay out your blocks like this- Do you see the purse and strings shape?
Sew them together as you would a plain old nine patch. Give your block a final press, and voila! A beautiful Purse Strings block!
Of course, the real beauty of these blocks happens when they're all put together! Lots of quilt blocks are like that. I love the little figure-eight shape created between these. I can see lots of opportunities for some creative quilting in these little negative spaces!
Edited 9/21- Here is what the blocks look like all together in the finished quilt! You can find additional pictures of the finished quilt HERE!
Love it!! Great job. Pinned!
Love!! And thanks for sharing!
That long piece of tape is genius! I hate drawing those lines, so I'll have to try it.
And I love the white joined squares that these blocks make when you put them together. I bet they'd look awesome if you set them on point. I'll have to add this to my list of blocks to try!
Such a great block Kelly! I love that it's so big and comes together quickly. Great job.
This looks so easy even I could do it. Thanks for sharing!
Very nice Kelly! Congratulations on what looks to be a new block design! Woohoo !
This is such a great block!
Kelly, your "purse strings" block looks lovely. I'm glad to see you did'nt change your first sketch. It turns perfectly and is so a new one.
Thank you for such a good idea !
This looks great! I might have to try this one out.
Adorable! What a great block!
Fantastic job Kelly! I love the negative space it creates!
I love this and I'm marking it on my to-do! Great job!
I LOVE THIS!!!!!!! thank you sooooooooooo much for sharing.
So beautiful! Thank you for sharing the love...I just need more hours in the day to do all the projects I want to explore but this one just ran to the top of the list!
going to do the purse strings block for a customer cannot wait to get started.
es hermoso, pero alguien me puede pasar las medidas de cada tela? gracias!
I like your purse strings pattern. easy to hand quilt.
I just love this block. I whipped one up in no time for project Linus. It turned out so cute. I couldn't find the book I made this from years ago,then I ran across yours on Pinterest. So I had to make it again! Thank you!
I love your quilt. You did a wonderful job matching the colors.
I've been scrounging my Pinterest saves for a block pattern for a vintage sheets block swap I'm part of (#vsqltblkswap on Instagram). Ding!Dinf!Ding! I've found a winner! Thank you for sharing this fab block and tutorial to the world.


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We also found that messy litigation is another major driver for electronic eavesdropping. Even if you are not involved in business or litigation, everyday individuals have been victimized by criminals who gained access to telephone data lines using electronic bugs. Law enforcement gets too many calls from "unbalanced" people who claim that the government is bugging their house to pay attention to legitimate concerns like yours. Furthermore, most law enforcement agencies are not properly equipped and trained to conduct an effective sweep. The phone company is also not available to assist you; in fact we suggest that you never involve the telephone company for assistance in this matter. This set of circumstances leaves you on your own. That's where we come in.
In the United States, millions of dollars worth of listening devices and bugs are sold every day. Most of these devices are sold via the internet, from "spy stores" and from unscrupulous private investigators. The majority of these bugging devices cost very little and are easily detected; however, highly sophisticated products may be purchased for under one thousand dollars.


According to a study in the US, the rates, especially in children, is growing at an alarming percentage in recent years. This too has the rates of early start of diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and severe hip-joint conditions necessitating surgery.
Computer age affected many kids and is spending less time doing outdoor activities, exercising and is spending more time in front of the TV, video-game console, computer and tablet. And because most of today's parents are both busy with work, the mother has fewer free time to prepare nutritious, home-cooked meals so they tend to buy ready to cook meals or from fast food for the family. These instant and ready to eat foods to gadgets are easy and quick fixes are the reality for many people.
You as a parent can actually help your kids from becoming overweight and obese by means of adapting health eating habits and exercises, and how your family spends time together. You can help your kids lead a healthy lifestyles and it begins in you as a parents who lead by example.
Another study made by Project F-FEAT (Families and Eating and Activity Among Teens), a study designed to examine factors within the family environment on weight in adolescents shows that pushing your child to eat may lead to obesity in the future. It was found that between 50 and 60% of parents is requiring that their child eat all of the food on their plate at a meal and that between 30-40% of parents are encouraging their child to continue eating even after their child said that they were full.
• Sleep apnea – a condition that causes difficulty breathing when sleeping. It also causes snoring, waking often and poor sleep. It makes one feel tired and causes poor concentration during the day.
• Respiratory disorders such as blocked airways and restrictions in the chest wall, which cause breathlessness during exercise.
• Cardiomyopathy – a problem with the heart muscle, caused when extra effort is needed to pump blood.
• Food picks – most children are sweet tooth and love eating sugary and fatty foods instead of healthier options.
• Lack of physical activity – children nowadays don't have much outdoor activities.
• More time on sedentary activities – children are spending around 3 hours of television a day, not to mention the time spent using computers and other electronic games.
• Genetics – certain rare gene disorders cause severe childhood obesity.
• Overweight parents – a family's eating patterns can have a major influence on a child's eating habit and maintaining a healthy weight.
Parents should remember that lifestyle and diet modifications could help children to maintain a healthy weight. They should also educate their children about the danger and health problems that may arise on being overweight as obesity can cause serious health problems in childhood and later in life.


Healthy and filling protein sweet and savoury homemade salad made from mango and chickpeas will tantalize your palate with a mouthful of bursting flavours. Enjoy a bowl on its own or as a side dish.
Dry Chickpeas: 1 cup soaked overnight.
Shallots: ½ cup finely chopped.
Coriander leaves: 3 to 4 sticks finely chopped.
Cook the soaked chickpeas in unsalted water until crunchy to eat. Remove the chickpeas from hot water immediately and cool it.
In a large bowl, add the cooled chickpeas, cherry tomatoes, mango, pomegranate and shallots. Mix them gently and keep it aside.
Take a small bowl to prepare the dressing. To this bowl add rest of the ingredients i.e. lemon juice, olive oil, pepper powder, sugar and salt. Whisk the ingredients well to blend the mixture.
Add the dressing to the salad mix just before serving.
This salad can be served as a side dish with any spicy meat dishes or can be eaten on its own.


text:
Sharing the Spirit of Mission With Mexican Bishop
by Constantina | Oct 21, 2017 | Mission
CCF Founder, Constantina, was recently granted the privilege of a personal meeting and interview with celebrated Bishop Pedro Pablo Elizondo Cárdenas of Quintana Roo, Mexico. This special invitation was gifted to Constantina as a result of her dedicated service in pastoral ministry and CCF Catholic philanthropic outreach, making her part of an extremely limited group of individuals with such honor.
Bishop Elizondo introduced Constantina to Ciudad Alegría, the "City of Joy", sharing his devoted involvement to building a holy place where charities peacefully co-exist with a shared goal of serving those most in need. A true Christ-centered community that utilizes its Catholic roots to make a difference in the lives of those struggling and suffering, the City of Joy is a prime example of Bishop Elizondo's accomplishments in the philanthropic realm as well as his vision for the future of Mexico.
His Excellency and Constantina engaged in a number of discussions on the current Catholic missionary plight as well as the future possibility of CCF becoming involved with the Mayan communities Bishop Elizondo oversees. Taking this interview and strengthening her relationship with Bishop Elizondo is deeply significant to Constantina, as both have many shared commonalities, most of all the belief that making a difference under God paves the way to bring betterment to all.


text:
A Resolução 287 do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas aprovada por unanimidade em 10 de outubro de 1970, depois de examinar a candidatura de Fiji à adesão às Nações Unidas, o Conselho recomendou à Assembleia Geral que Fiji fosse admitida.

Resoluções do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas de 1970
Resoluções do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas sobre Fiji
Resoluções do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas sobre admissão de membros
1970 nas Fiji


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Now that I'm finally getting a car worth taking to the track I was wondering what tracking a car actually entails. Since many of you autocross your cars, I wondered if you had any tips or recommendations.
The two tracks in the Mexican Valley that have trackdays are Hermanos Rodriguez in Mexico City; a GP track with a lot of history that costs anywhere from 150-250 dollars a day to go to a trackday.
Then there's Centro Dinamico Pegaso in the outskirts of Toluca, however they do not publish pricing options. Its more a test facility than a track to be honest.
And to me paying 250 dollars for a day at a track seems exorbitant, but then again, I'm new to all of this and I don't really know if its a bargain or expensive.
I decided that before tracking the car I should save up for a while and invest in tires for the track and for shorter maintenance periods, which would end up costing up to 2500 dollars per year if I were to track the car five times (the car's tires are way more expensive here than in the US for some reason and make up 50% of the budget) so it would be an unsustainable hobby.


If he means the Ancient's 4-way/single room set, it popped up on the Accessories page along with those little shutters that sold out too.
Yeah, there are some people on the board here who have been waiting YEAR and YEARS for that piece. I can't believe they restocked just a few without even a heads up!
That painted 4 way RoTA interesection regularly sells for $150+ on ebay.
Weird though, as the description says DoE but the picture is the RotA one.
Phew. I guess I should have just sat there and hit refresh until all the sets came in, Thanks v rly much for the advice. I was able to get the Realm of the Ancients sets and a Catacombs set. Also grabbed a Wicked Additions 1 and 2 and a Den of Evil Wicked Edition. I really wanted a Catacombs set and the Realms sets so I'm happy.
This will be my first set of resin (I started with KS 5j.
Thanks. Wow missed the woodland sets entirely. Let's see what's left.
Cool, looking forward to checking them out when they arrive. And I think you are totally right if I didn't like them for some reason I could at least get "list" price for them.
I think that you did good. At the very least, it is likely someone would pay you what you paid to take them off your hands if you decide that you don't like them. The Woodlands are already sold out too. Getting them for flavor is my style since I go heavy into the Dwarvenite Kickstarters for the bulk of it, but I love having the variety these sets bring.
Lol... Woodland all sold out.. at least I got 1. So I guess I can build like 1 special woodland "lair" for a fey baddie.
Last edited by AstroCat on Sun Oct 07, 2018 11:53 am, edited 1 time in total.