text:
Feminist's claim that the Vedas, Ramayana and Mahabharata were written by male writers
How do you go about refuting a feminist's (male or female) claim that the Vedas, epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata were authored by male persons, so no wonder some of the principles, ideologies and ways of life prescribed are pro-male/male-chauvinistic and are meant to suppress women?
The speaker in this YouTube video jokingly points out that Sita could have very well asked Rama to accompany her into the fire to prove together that their sanctity is intact.
In Anushasana Parva of Mahabharatha, Bhishma says:
The goddess (Lakshmi) asserts she does not reside in a woman who is sinful, unclean, always disagreeing with her husband, has no patience or fortitude, is lazy, quarrelsome with her neighbors and relatives.
...implying the husband is usually right.
In defense:
Regarding the Vedas, it can be argued that they are Apauruṣeyā (authorless or written by gods) hence were written neither by male nor female person.
vedas mahabharata ramayana women bhishma
zaxebo1
sv.sv.
The issue is that there are really so many suppressive males exist in society that even though you defend genuinely, the feminists would count you among those chauvinists. There is a sloka in Gita too which supposedly lowers women (along with Vaishya, Shudra). If someone asks for knowing purpose then only it should be answered not for debates. @KeshavSrinivasan, here is another one: Relevance of "Dhol Ganwar Shudra Pashu, Nari, Sakal Taadana Ke Adhikari" – iammilind Oct 13 '15 at 1:27
@iammilind I can understand women being put in the same category as fourth-caste people (neither of them have any Dharmas relating to Yagnas), but what Gita verse puts Vaishyas also in the same category? Vaishyas are Dvijas and wear the sacred thread. – Keshav Srinivasan♦ Oct 13 '15 at 1:49
You may be interested in this excerpt from the book "Purva Mimamsa in its Sources", summarizing what the Mimamsa Sutras say about the role of women in Yagnas: gdurl.com/HlCl – Keshav Srinivasan♦ Oct 13 '15 at 3:18
@SwamiVishwananda if I stand in shoes of a feminist, then I can easily refute it by saying, "Ok, I agree that Vedas were recited by God. But they were derived into books for you and me to read by some men and see they have made it male centric!" In today's time just "who said it?" is not enough but "why said it?" is also required. – iammilind Oct 13 '15 at 15:21
What's the problem about just agreeing, that they were authored by males and represent a male-centered worldview that might have to be corrected in some parts? For this would be the just thing to do... – zwiebel Mar 24 '16 at 10:46
It's true that the scriptures indeed prescribe principles, ideologies and ways of life which are pro-male. But it's based on physical & mental attributes associated with male-female body & mind.
In other context, during Anushasana Parva, Bhishma also described women in highest regard:
Respect, kind treatment, and everything else that is agreeable, should all be given unto the maiden whose hand is taken in marriage. Her sire and brothers and father-in-law and husband's brothers should show her every respect and adorn her with ornaments, if they be desirous of reaping benefits, for such conduct on their part always leads to considerable happiness and advantage. If the wife does not like her husband or fails to gladden him, from such dislike and absence of joy, the husband can never have issue for increasing his race. Women, O king, should always be worshipped and treated with affection. There where women are treated with respect, the very deities are said to be filled with joy. There where women are not worshipped, all acts become fruitless. If the women of a family, in consequence of the treatment they receive, grieve and shed tears, that family soon becomes extinct. Those houses that are cursed by women meet with destruction and ruin as if scorched by some Atharvan rite. Such houses lose their splendour.
According to Vedic scriptures, it's believed by saints that Women cannot be happy on their own. This should be the reason, why Bhisma discussed certain rules, which are apparently seems little hard in today's time.
There is the well-known declaration of the scriptures that women are incompetent to enjoy freedom at any period of their life. If this were not the path trodden by the righteous, how could this scriptural declaration exist? ... In childhood, the sire protects her. The husband protects her in youth. When she becomes old, her sons, protect her. At no period of her life does woman deserve to be free.
Since you are asking about "how to defend/refute"; Your answer depends on the "predominant" quality (Guna) of the audience.
Answer to Tamasic (Mithyachari, Ignorant, Argumentative)
They might have come across male chauvinism & women suppression somewhere (media, magazine, TV, movies, friends) and just based on their gut feeling, be it right or wrong, they will make some non-sense arguments with you. If you too argue with patience for a while, you can see their voice raising, anger, frustration, making faces, jokes, making fun in front/behind you. Answer to such people (don't lie but just avoid them):
"hmmm .. even Krishna also says in Gita that women are of lower birth. Isn't it strange?"[1]
Nevertheless, if you are successful in convincing them sweetly, then those may become your followers!
Answer to Rajasic (Dambhi, Passionate, Debater)
Such people consider, "winning a habit" or "success a journey". They are not foolish or senseless but often well versed with their convenient knowledge. They may not open their horizon if not treated in certain way and would find ways to prove their point to win over you for their pride.
Though they hardly surrender, if they are helplessly proven wrong, then they might end up hurting you or even create a propaganda. Since they are intelligent (not enlightened), it's your duty not to misguide them just to serve their ego, yet be very brief. Answer to such people:
"Rama, Krishna, Bhishma said such pro-male ideologies in a time when there were no female foeticides, no wife beatings, no restrictions from social interactions, no honor killings, no dowry harassments. Hence their view was neutral and eternal. If you feel that either they or their teachings were non-sense, then better to leave the discussion here.
If ideology of unequal rights to male/female is wrong according to some people's opinions, then it's a stalemate or deadlock of their trust."
Depending on their readiness, you may also disclose some of the details from below, but be careful. You may end up inviting more trouble while fixing one. First you have to explain Varna Vyavastha[2], but then the anti-caste people will be hurt. When you explain the real definitions of 4 Varnas, then the so called higher castes (just due to surnames) would be hurt. All these troubles also don't guarantee that your male-female differentiation would be accepted. :-)
Answer to Sattvik (Sthitapragya, Calm, Knowledge seeker)
Stree(woman) = Shakti(power)
Women forms are integral part of Vedic culture. They are prayed in form of Shakti, which is evident as their association with many deities. Shakti/Stree has right to choose their responsible Swami (Swayam-Vara). Swa-dharma of Shakti/Stree is to get molded & acts in accordance of its Swami(master). That's why a wife is called Ardhaangini (half body of husband). She acts as of her husband commands to his own self.
Due to moldable nature, due importance is given of securing women. Arjuna feared that post Mahabharata, if women of all warriors get polluted (i.e. marrying to anyone due to lack of men), then the whole society will be vanished.[3]
Wise man doesn't give controls to the Rajo Guna, which usually prevails in women.
Like "power", women naturally have a nature of attachment. Various attachments are associated with Rajas. It supposedly increases during MC, hence it's called Rajaswala. Draupadi was dragged by Dushasana during her this period and she remained so attached to the destruction of the Kauravas, that before Krishna's final peace negotiation, she asked "What will happen to her insult, should the Kauravas agree for peace?!"
Hence, among 3 Gunas, Rajas is the one which must be consciously controlled[4].
Some may ask, why women are compared with Shudras (as of it's insulting). We should remember that a soul/jiva holding certain body is independent of gender & division. According to Karma, it has acquired certain type of material nature constituting certain division and gender. Similar traits of moldable nature and surrendership are defined for Shudras too.
Shudras are not so called lower castes, but they are just "trainees" in any given fields[5]. In today's hybrid time, we associate the divisions with surnames or body characteristics, i.e. Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaisya, Shudra; or even Stree, Purusha. Which is not correct. It should be done with respect to tendency/Swabhaav and duty/Dharma; i.e. Swa-Dharma.
In a society, Brahmins will be least[6] in numbers, little more will be Kshatriyas[7], many more will be Vaisyas and most will be Shudras. Especially in today's time, all those who do job and earn money for well being can be considered Shudras (ignore their surnames). A Shudra trained under Brahmin/Kshatriya/Vaisya becomes Brahmin/Kshatriya/Vaisya after perseverance (call it Yajna). This 4 Varnas are eternal and are not limited to India but all human societies[8] Similarly a woman married to the man of X division becomes X herself.
After reading above, if we refer to what Bhishma says in Anushasana Parva, it's easily understandable that mother goddess who is Shakti will not reside in those women who are not acting according to Lakshmi's (Stree) own Swa-Dharma which is surrendering to Swami. It's so trivial!
Answer to Atman (Brahman, inner self, soul)
References (taken from vedabase.com; need better translation)
[1] BG 9.32 — O son of Pṛthā, those who take shelter in Me, though they be of lower birth – women, vaiśyas [merchants] and śūdras [workers] – can attain the supreme destination.
[2] BG 4.13 — According to the three modes of material nature and the work associated with them, the four divisions of human society are created by Me. And although I am the creator of this system, you should know that I am yet the nondoer, being unchangeable.
[3] BG 1.40, 1.41, 1.42 — When irreligion is prominent in the family, O Kṛṣṇa, the women of the family become polluted, and from the degradation of womanhood, O descendant of Vṛṣṇi, comes unwanted progeny. — An increase of unwanted population certainly causes hellish life both for the family and for those who destroy the family tradition. The ancestors of such corrupt families fall down, because the performances for offering them food and water are entirely stopped. — By the evil deeds of those who destroy the family tradition and thus give rise to unwanted children, all kinds of community projects and family welfare activities are devastated.
[4] BG 3.37 — The Supreme Personality of Godhead said: It is lust only, Arjuna, which is born of contact with the material mode of passion and later transformed into wrath, and which is the all-devouring sinful enemy of this world.
[5] BG 18.44 — Farming, cow protection and business are the natural work for the vaiśyas, and for the śūdras there are labor and service to others.
[6] BG 18.42 — Peacefulness, self-control, austerity, purity, tolerance, honesty, knowledge, wisdom and religiousness – these are the natural qualities by which the brāhmaṇas work.
[7] BG 18.43 — Heroism, power, determination, resourcefulness, courage in battle, generosity and leadership are the natural qualities of work for the kṣatriyas.
[8] BG 18.41 — Brāhmaṇas, kṣatriyas, vaiśyas and śūdras are distinguished by the qualities born of their own natures in accordance with the material modes, O chastiser of the enemy.
[9] Ramana Maharshi: Silence is the true & perfect upadesa.
iammilindiammilind
Gita verse 4.13 doesn't say anything against the notion that Varna is birth-based. People are born into a particular family based on their gunas. Your statement "Anyone takes birth at any womb, hence we cannot point someone as Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaisya, Shudra" is wrong. The womb you're born into depends on your actions done in past births. – Keshav Srinivasan♦ Oct 13 '15 at 14:31
@iammilind I quite agree with you that it's extremely problematic when some people stop following their Varna dharmas - it's one of the signs that it's the Kaliyuga. But the son of two evil Brahmanas is still a Brahmana - that's well-established in Hindu scriptures. Now it's a different story if a Brahmana is so bad that he's never even initiated into the sacred thread - in that situation there are severely bad consequences for the offspring, because the child can only be initiated if his father has already been initiated. But a Brahmin living like another caste still has Brahmin offspring. – Keshav Srinivasan♦ Oct 14 '15 at 3:16
Our swadharna is based on our caste at birth (and our birth is determined according to our gunas). If you are born to Brahmana parents, then you are a Brahmana and your swadharna is the dharma for Brahmanas. You shouldn't do the dharma of someone else just because you feel inclined to do it. – Keshav Srinivasan♦ Oct 14 '15 at 13:00
I have to really wonder about this answer. Any feminist known to me would jump into your face, feeling that your answer, though meant as a refutation is steeped in chauvinism. To go into detail just a bit: "moldable nature" or "women naturally have a nature of attachment" are just claims of yours (and a lot of others, for that matter) without any real evidence to support them. And here any feminist would tell you, that these claims of yours are gender-politics with a very obvious background... – zwiebel Mar 24 '16 at 22:18
@iammilind I do find this an exceptionally weird terminology. Normally we are talking about sex, which is biological and makes men men and women women. Secondly we are talking about gender, which is supposedly purely social and where we talk about female gender and male gender. Not the other way round... – zwiebel Mar 26 '16 at 11:03
First, I have to say I am a feminist myself. I am also one who has great reverence for Hindu heritage and scriptures and ascended masters (rishis). Claims and opinions of any texture are a result of one's understanding of the subject matter. There was a time in India , primarily after Macaulay, when our scriptural knowledge and understanding of rishi hridayam got diluted, distorted , relegated to attics and even discarded. The feminism movement was born at a time when women across the world, including India needed a sociological , political, philosophical and economic voice. Since the movement itself did not explore the rishi hridayam of India, only superficial interpretations of the scriptures became prevalent which only led to their denouncement. Historically as well as scripturally, the Vedic period speaks of women enjoying equal if not superior rights. For e.g., history says widows remarried freely during the Vedic period.
As for refuting the kind of claims you mention, If one were to read the scriptures as well as dharma sastras, one would understand that both men and women, as well as all the castes have designated dharmas which were all designed to uphold the functioning of humankind. For dharma is what shall "hold up the sky".
To take the specific example you quote, it is not to be interpreted that the woman should be submissive. But rather that she should avoid certain behaviors in order to keep the family-machine well-lubricated. It is not dissimilar to advice dispensed by psychologists, management coaches or even agony aunts to those looking to cohabitate or work collaboratively for any length of time within a system.
Similar dharmas and instructions can be found for men as well. For e.g., the man only has the right to earn but must give his earnings to the lady of the house and only she has the authority to spend it judiciously. The husband must not take decisions without consulting his wife and taking her consent. Men are forbidden from ever appropriating monies that belong to the woman. It is stree dhana and must not be touched. So on and so forth.
Also, there are numerous examples of strong women in our scriptures who not only enjoyed equal rights but asserted their authority also when the time came. Sita berated Rama for refusing to let her accompany him to the forests. Draupadi berated Yudhishtara for triggering their servitude and destitution. Tara and Mandodari strongly advised their respective husbands about the right path. It is another point that the said husbands paid no heed. It must be noted that the wives were not punished for having an opinion or having the temerity to assert those opinions.
Another counter-argument to the problem you pose is the Worship of Mother Goddess. It has been popular from time immemorial and one of its basic tenets is that all women other than your wife must be revered as one's mother.
Having said that, feminism still has relevance in this world. However, Indian scriptures are not anti-women. We just need to read them properly and understand the dharmas and dharma sukshmas presented in them. Ultimately, each jeeva has a dharma that must be upheld in order to hold up the sky. This is the underlying principle of all Hindu scripture.
NIce answer. And, to add to that, women at a certain period of time even have more liberty in going out with other men than her husband as I discuss in my answer here. Apart from that there were many major Yagnas where participation of women was considered necessary like Ashwamedha Yagna, etc. Lord Rama even had to sit with the idol of Devi Sita in her absence. Also, we heard of 'SwayamVAR' many times, have we heard of SwayamVADHU. This clearly shows that man have to compete and have to be potent enough to win the lady. – Aby Oct 13 '15 at 8:13
You should cite sources. – Keshav Srinivasan♦ Oct 13 '15 at 11:43
Good answer. There are many examples in the scriptures as well as examples in Indian history. – Swami Vishwananda Oct 13 '15 at 14:20
Can you please cite the shlokha or translation to support: Draupadi berated Yudhishtara? I recently listened to a discourse on Mahabharata where the speaker (on the contrary) said, Draupadi did not find any fault in Yudhishtara after his loss at the game of dice. Much later on, during their exile, she does question him and laments what did they finally achieve by sticking to Dharma. (If you are interested, here's the link to YouTube video (language spoken is Telugu) – sv. Dec 9 '15 at 17:41
@sv. I recall at least one scene from virata parva. Will get you the sloka references soon. Remember, just because the emotions are couched in gentle words does not mean it is not a scolding. – user1195 Dec 12 '15 at 1:35
One can argue against the feminist stand and claim that the scriptures have an anti-men bias by picking up isolated passages.
On women
Women can commit no fault. It is man who becomes stained with fault. Indeed, in consequence of the natural weakness of the sex as displayed in every act, and their liability to solicitation, women cannot be regarded as offenders.
Mahabharata Santi Parva Section CCLXVI
Men regarded as embodiments of hell
Pingala said, '…What women is there that regards that Supreme Soul as her dear Lord, even when he comes near? I am now awake. I have been roused from the sleep of ignorance. I am no longer influenced by desire. Human lovers, who are really the embodied forms of hell, shall no longer deceive me by approaching me lustfully. Evil produces good through the destiny or the acts of a former life. Roused (from the sleep of ignorance), I have cast off all desires for worldly objects. I have acquired a complete mastery over my senses. One freed from desire and hope sleeps in felicity. Freedom from every hope and desire is felicity. Having driven off desire and hope, Pingala sleeps in felicity.'
Mahabharata Santi Parva Section CLXXV
One should judge a scripture by what it says in essence and not by picking up stray passages.
Lord ram is called "sexist" by feminists, similarly Lord krishna is called nymphomaniac who married too many women. Conclusion: world will never be satisfied, damned if you do damned if you don't.
the two avatars by the Lord was to show the duality of the world, world will always find fault with someone by placing their own twisted morality on Lord too,
Unlike other religions the hindu holybooks are relatively women friendly, Hinduism is very human religion their are all kinds of people in Hindu holy books.
Anubhav JhaAnubhav Jha
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged vedas mahabharata ramayana women bhishma .
Relevance of "Dhol Ganwar Shudra Pashu Nari, Sakal Taadana Ke Adhikari"
Clarification regarding adultery, extra-marital relations
Meaning of Krishna's advice to Yudhisthira before Drona Vadh
What is Hinduism's view on gender-equality and feminism?
Why some Hindu Scriptures are against women?
Negative Characterisitcs of Women - Ravana
How did the Ramayana and Mahabharata wars officially end?
If Mahabharata happened after Ramayana where were the descendants of Rama during Mahabharata?
Were there toilets in ancient India i.e., during times of Ramayana and Mahabharata?
Where in Vedas it is written that Vedas are incomplete without Ithihas and Puranas?
Did the armies in Ramayana and Mahabharata have medical corps?
How do Shaivas view and interpret the Ramayana and Mahabharata?
Timelines of Ramayana, Mahabharata, Vedas, and Upanishads


We provide services for local families and children through Smart Start, North Carolina's award-winning early childhood initiative. We serve as a leading advocate and collaborative resource to provide access to high quality services for young children.
Assure that high quality child care is available for families in our service area.
Expand literacy throughout the community with programs that assist parents in developing habits of daily reading with their children, and assist children in discovering an early love of reading.
Promote child health by working with providers, health departments, families, and communities to improve the health and safety for young children.
Ensure that parents and families are supported and strengthened in their role as their children's primary caregivers.
Build networks through collaboration with local programs that target families of young children in Lincoln and Gaston counties.
Administers North Carolina's Smart Start funds for programs that benefit children ages 0-5 years and their families.
Is a catalyst for bringing different groups together for the sake of children.
Educates the community on the critical needs of young children and helps develop solutions to those needs.


text:
Q: Show result in Haskell I'm very new to haskell.
How can I return (x1,x2) and print it out from my code?
qqq x
   | x < 0  x1 = mod (-x) 10
   | 1 < x && x < 99 x1 = mod x 10
   | x2 = mod x 10

A: You are using guards the wrong way. You seem to see these as if statements, that you then can use for assignements. In Haskell, you do not assign values to a variable, you declare these. You can work with:
qqq :: Integral a => a -> (a, a)
qqq x
   | x < 0 = (mod (-x) 10, x2)
   | 1 < x && x < 99 = (mod x 10, x2)
  where x2 = mod x 10
Here each guard thus has a condition before the equation sign (=), and at the right side returns a 2-tuple with as first item an expression for x1, and as second item x2.
You should also implement extra case(s) for x == 1 and x >= 99, these are not covered by the two guards.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home / Blog / Engineering / Introduction to Golang
Ihsan Adi Pratama
April 28, 2022 9 Mins Read
I am a layman who has just learned the Golang programming language for a few months at Icehouse. Therefore, take everything with a pinch of salt.
I wrote this material since I wanted to share and review my experiences about what I have learned in the Golang programming language. In addition to it, blogging about these materials can help me understand more about Golang.
Keep in mind as well that the material in these blogs might not be entirely up-to-date. Sometimes it is necessary to do further research for this material in order to obtain the latest and updated information. This material was also obtained based on the results of the author's research. If you find an error in the material, I encourage you to directly let me know and I will be glad to correct the error.
Golang, which is also known as Go, is a free and open-source programming language which was created and maintained by Google. It was created in 2007 by developers from Google: Robert Griesemer, Ken Thompson, and Rob Pike. Their purpose was to create a reliable program.
Go also has a mascot, Gopher, which is inspired by an animal called a platypus. Half of its blue body is shaped as an icon. From what you may know, Golang has recently increased in popularity; the programming language was at the peak of its journey in 2009 and 2016.
It is compiled, simple for beginners to start, concurrent, statically-typed, and efficient.
Accommodates concurrency concepts.
Strings are UTF-8 encoded by default.
Has garbage collector and memory safety.
Focused on handling system programming language, heavy-server centric web services, and text-processing problems.
Why Use Golang?
Familiar and easy to learn: Go is a modified programming language from the C class. However, Go has a more concise syntax, therefore, learning Go is easier and faster. In addition, Go is also similar to Python and Ruby in nature.
Meets developer needs: Go is here to meet the needs of developers in their daily lives. This language has an impact on software that runs fast and efficiently.
Simplicity of server side: Go provides a built-in standard library which is the HTTP protocol to make it easier for developers to use.
Statically typing system: Language that requires developers to explicitly define a data type when they create a piece of data.
Similar to object-oriented language: Struct and object in Go, with the help of methods and pointers look alikes with the OO language.
Go Installation
The following are mandatory steps to install Golang on MacOS based on what the author has done:
Go to the following link https://golang.org/dl/, choose the installation version and process the selected file type, for example '.pkg'.
Open the package file and follow the instructions to install it.
Verify the successful installation by using the 'go-version' command in the terminal, and make sure the version of Golang appears in the terminal.
Getting Start
Hello World and Running the App
Steps Screenshot
Starting from zero, the first step which developers always do each time they try a new language is to create a hello world program.
First, create a file named main.go and copy the code snippet above onto the file. Then run your program with 'go run main.go' in the terminal. You should see the output in the terminal as follows:
Getting User Input
The following shows an example of a simple code form with a main function that asks the user to input a string (scanln) and prints the input value (print).
Working with Multiple Files
Sometimes coding can seem less efficient when all the code is written on one page. To show this, here is an example of a simple code created in separate files.
A main file main.go, becomes the main part of the application when it is run. The body function has a derivative function called greet().
On the other hand, developers also create a separate file called greet.go. The file has a greet() function that prints the words "Hello!" when executed properly.
Running the code in this situation is quite a tricky task. Many people may think that running this program can be done just by using the 'go run main.go' command, but in reality, it's not that simple. To run more than one Go file, developers must include the name of the other files in the terminal as follows: 'go run main.go greet.go'.
Creating a Simple HelloWorld HTTP Server
Again with the same idea but a little bit more advanced, This section will nudge towards the server API, discussing "How to Make a Simple HTTP" server that responds to the given string like "Hello World".
Getting Package
Firstly, you should import the library functions the program needs. "fmt" is called for formatted input-output and "net/http" is called for network capabilities which deal with different functions provided for the web server category.
Adding HandleFunc Method
The next step is to add the HandleFunc method (with two parameters) inside the main function. The first parameter is a root directory and the second one is the function to be called.
The ListenAndServe method is called next to listen on the TCP network address and it will call the server which handles requests for an upcoming connection.
Adding SimpleServer Method
Last, but not least, is to create a SimpleServer method, which has two parameters, an HTTP response writer and an HTTP request. The response writer is provided by HTTP handler to construct HTTP response, and the request is of type pointer, symbolized by a star, to call the request (received by the server or sent by the client).
The code inside the function will print the formatted string which contains a response variable (w), a string and a request variable from the removed URL/path.
Running the SimpleServer
Run the command as in the image below to get the expected output from the system.
Since port 8081 was defined in the code, opening "localhost:8081" on the browser will result in the image below.
When adding a string to the root directory such as "Giannis", the browser will automatically show the following output.
Go Data Types
Golang has multiple data types divided into 4 parts:
Basic type: Numbers, string, and booleans.
Aggregate type: Array and struct.
Reference type: Pointer, slices, maps, functions.
Interface type: Data type is write by using the following format.
Go Control Structure
Operators are symbols which operate mathematical functions and logical manipulations. The following are the types of operators in Golang:
Arithmetic Operator includes (+) as addition, (-) as subtraction, (*) as multiplication, (/) as division, (%) as modulo, (++) as increment, and (–) as decrement.
Relational Operator includes (==) as equality, (!=) as not equal, (<) as lower than, (>) as greater than, (<==) as less than equal-to, and (>==) as greater than equal-to.
Logical Operator includes (&&) as AND, (||) as OR, and (!) as NOT.
Bitwise Operator includes (&) as AND, (|) as OR, (^) as XOR, (<<) as Left Shift, and (>>) as Right Shift
Assignment Operator includes (=) as Simple, (+=) as Add AND, (-=) as Subtract AND, (*=) as Multiply AND, (/=) as Divide AND, (%=) as Modulo AND, (<<=) as Left Shift AND, (>>=) as Right Shift AND, (&=) as Bitwise AND, (^=) as bitwise exclusive OR, and (|=) as bitwise inclusive OR.
Miscellaneous Operator includes (&) as address of variables, and (*) as a pointer.
Functions are the basic building blocks of Go. A function declaration tells the compiler about the name, return type and parameters. Functions provide the actual body in a code. Functions aim to solve problems by dividing them into small and reusable tasks.
Function Name Description Screenshot
Return a Value The greet function returns a string type value.
Return Multiple Values The animal function returns three values, a string, a string and an int.
If Else If else statement serves to validate a condition which has previously been set, whether it returns to the desired result (if) or the other (else).
For Loop this is an example of a simple loop in Go. The code prints the index number until the number of the index is 10.
For Loop As While Loop Since there is no while loop keyword in Go, it can be achieved by removing the init and post statements in for loop, as shown in the following example.
Range Loop A range loop can be defined by adding the range to replace the increment/decrement part. This kind of loop is usually used to iterate through maps, arrays, and strings.
Struct Go allows the use of a struct, which is a user-defined type that allows a group of items with different types combined into a single type. This concept is generally compared with classes in OOP. It can also be determined as a lightweight class which only supports composition but not inheritance.
Standard Library and Packages
Go has more than 250 built-in packages and the API is the same for all the systems. Each package has its own function and different uses. The following are examples of common libraries that are usually used in the simple coding process on Go.
os/exec: gives the ability to run external OS commands and programs.
syscall: low-level, external package, which provides a primitive interface to the underlying OS's calls.
fmt: contains functionality for formatted input-output.
io: provides basic input-output functionality.
bufio: wraps around io to give buffered input-output functionality.
path/filepath: contains routine for manipulating filename paths targeted at the OS.
strconv: converts strings to basic data types.
unicode: special functions for unicode characters.
regexp: for string pattern-searching functionalities.
This is a brief lesson on the basics of Golang. For further material, please refer to the official documentation at https://golang.org/doc/. Now, there are many available online courses about various topics of Go. In addition to it, the following are some examples of libraries/frameworks written in Go that might interest you:
Gin, a HTTP web framework in Go (https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin),
Sqlx, a library that provides a set of extensions for Go's standard database/sql (https://github.com/jmoiron/sqlx),
JWT Go, a JWT implementation in Go (https://github.com/golang-jwt/jwt),
A Go implementation for uuid (https://github.com/twinj/uuid),
This is also great for developers to understand Go faster: (https://www.educative.io/blog/become-golang-developer).
https://www.educative.io/blog/golang-tutorial
https://medium.com/swlh/an-introduction-to-golang-7369339dba3
https://medium.com/rungo/introduction-to-go-programming-language-golang-89d16ca72bbf
https://betterprogramming.pub/go-4f365468dbd5
https://medium.com/gophersland/gopher-vs-object-oriented-golang-4fa62b88c701
Exploring The New Swift Charts from WWDC
How save time with the new Swift Charts feature in Swift WWDC 2022 brought new updates to the community-beloved native language for the Apple environment. Swift is back with a lot of improvements and new capabilities to help developers deliver world-class apps with ease by enhancing swift charts for data. In this blog, we're checking […]
Eibiel Sarjanto
July 12, 2022 4 Mins Read
Introducing WeatherKit for Your iOS Apps
Improving iOS user experience by considering weather conditions in WeatherKit At WWDC 2022, Apple introduced the WeatherKit as a global scale hyperlocal forecast framework. It helps developers add valuable and accurate weather data to their apps and services on iOS 16, iPadOS 16, MacOS 13, tvOS 15, and watchOS 9. The framework is also accessible […]
July 6, 2022 4 Mins Read
Exposing an App's Functionality through AppIntent
Use AppIntent to analyse the quality of your ios app Overview of AppIntent iOS 16 brings a lot of new features and frameworks, one of them being a brand new framework called AppIntent. This framework allows us to expose any capabilities or features to the system that will be captured by the Shortcut App and […]
Rahman Habibi
June 28, 2022 5 Mins Read

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Determine the cause of recent injuries and deaths at a camp for troubled teens.
The wilderness surrounding Moosehead Lake in Maine.
More boys in the program. Counselors.
We have reason to suspect that the founder of the camp, Linc Saunders, is behind this.


At St. Elizabeth Seton's Parish Center, we can accommodate weddings, anniversary and celebration of life receptions, meetings, retreats, education seminars, musical specials, theater events or any special occasions.
The Social Hall. Experience our premiere event space that can seat 250 for dining or 420 seating for a theater style venue. The Social Hall includes a stage and state-of-the-art audio visual equipments to put on plays, music events or conferences.
Fireside Room– The entrance to the Social Hall provides an atmospheric reception area for 10-30 guests accented by stain glass art, vaulted ceilings, and enchanting fireplace.
Meeting rooms– Our meeting rooms focus is private, comfortable and technical savvy to accommodate from 10 to 60 depending on set-up.
Conference room– Exhibits comfortable chairs with hi- tech equipment for 10 members.
To complete you event, the Parish Center has used some of North County's caterers to provide choices in Culinary Cuisines.
Email GregP@seschurch.org with your requirements (preferred dates, type of event, number of people) or call 760.607.5025 for a tour of the Parish Center.
Large entry ways to the facility.


text:
3.5.2014 News
Lil Boosie Released From Prison
Lil Boosie is a free man. The Baton Rouge rapper was released from the Louisiana State Penitentiary on Wednesday night.
The "Wipe Me Down" hitmaker, born Torrence Hatch, was released at 7:10 p.m., reports Baton Rouge's WAFB. He was taken to a sheriff's department facility where family members were waiting for him.
Boosie was released ahead of his official May 20 date. He had been serving prison time for a drug conviction in 2009. While in prison, he plead guilty to attempting to smuggle drugs, adding eight years to his sentence.
In 2012, the 31-year-old MC went on trial for first-degree murder. He was accused of hiring a man to kill local rap artist Terry Boyd, but was found not guilty. He will remain on parole until 2018.
Fans had called for his release, taking to social media with the "Free Boosie" movement.
Upon his return, he posted a video of his daughter celebrating his release.
His peers also took to Twitter to welcome him home. "Salute #boosie #blessup!" tweeted DJ Khaled, while Rico Love added, "Boosie is free! Booking agents are doing praise dances nation wide!"
On March 10, Boosie is scheduled to speak at an event organized by Trill Entertainment and Atlantic Records in New Orleans.
Keyshia Cole and Iggy Azalea Remake 'Mo Money Mo Problems'
Keyshia Cole and Iggy Azalea are joining forces. The Oakland songstress and Aussie rapper have remade a Biggie classic …
Rick Ross and French Montana Perform 'Nobody' on 'Late Night with Seth Meyers'
Following his appearance on "The Tonight Show" last week, Rick Ross invaded "Late Night with Seth Meyers" on Wednesday. …


Spotted: the only person still bullish on Kroger.
Kroger, the largest traditional grocer in the US, has already seen its stock plummet 30% since Amazon first announced its acquisition of Whole Foods.
Traders are betting that the pain will continue.
Short interest on Kroger — a measure of wagers that share prices will drop — has surged to a record high, increasing 151% this year, according to data compiled by the financial-analytics firm S3 Partners. It now sits at $1.43 billion, nearly triple the next-biggest short position in the food-retailing sector.
S3 figures that short sellers have reaped total profits of $289 million over the past 8 1/2 months, an impressive 40.5% return.
And while Kroger's drop may entice bargain hunters and value investors to buy the stock at its depressed value, S3 warns that pressure from shorts could get even worse. Only 7.5% of Kroger's float is being used, which gives bearish investors plenty of capacity to add to short positions. And they have been — in just the past two weeks, short interest has risen 9%.
Kroger is the most shorted company in the food-retailing sector by a factor of roughly three.
Kroger's short-seller woes are just one example of the so-called Amazon effect that has retailers reeling nationwide. Jeff Bezos' ever-expanding retail behemoth has shown the ability to erase billions of dollars of competitor market value with seemingly innocuous corporate announcements, and it's put brick-and-mortar stores and retail bulls alike on notice.
The Cincinnati-based grocery chain most recently saw its stock rocked by Amazon after the company announced that it would start cutting prices at Whole Foods. While the share-price destruction among grocers was widespread, no company was hit harder than Kroger, which dropped as much as 8.3%.
So when will the stock weakness subside? When will the Amazon effect finally and mercifully let up? You'll have to ask the short sellers, who are showing no signs of slowing right now.


text:
Table of Contents » Title 23.1. Institutions of Higher Education; Other Educational and Cultural Institutions » Chapter 32. Museums and Other Cultural Institutions
Title 23.1. Institutions of Higher Education; Other Educational and Cultural Institutions
Subtitle V. Other Educational and Cultural Institutions
Chapter 32. Museums and Other Cultural Institutions
Chapter 32. Museums and Other Cultural Institutions.
Article 1. General Provisions.
§ 23.1-3200. Governing boards of educational institutions; removal of members.
A. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Governor may remove from office for malfeasance, misfeasance, incompetence, or gross neglect of duty any member of the board of any educational institution established pursuant to this chapter and fill the vacancy resulting from the removal. Each appointment to fill a vacancy is subject to confirmation by the General Assembly.
B. The Governor shall set forth in a written public statement his reasons for removing any member pursuant to subsection A at the time the removal occurs. The Governor is the sole judge of the sufficiency of the cause for removal as set forth in subsection A.
2016, c. 588.
Article 2. Frontier Culture Museum of Virginia.
§ 23.1-3201. Frontier Culture Museum of Virginia established.
The Frontier Culture Museum of Virginia (the Museum) is established as a state agency and educational institution. The purpose of the Museum is to construct, operate, and maintain, in the Augusta County, Staunton, and Waynesboro area of the Commonwealth, an outdoor museum to commemorate on an international scale the contributions of the pioneers and colonial frontiersmen and frontierswomen of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to the creation and development of the United States. The Museum is responsible for administering such historical and interpretive programs as may be established by the board of trustees of the Museum.
2000, c. 541, § 23-296; 2016, c. 588.
§ 23.1-3202. Board of trustees.
A. The Museum shall be administered by a board of trustees (the board) consisting of no more than 25 members. The members shall be appointed as follows: five members of the House of Delegates by the Speaker of the House of Delegates in accordance with the rules of proportional representation contained in the Rules of the House of Delegates, three members of the Senate by the Senate Committee on Rules, and nine nonlegislative citizen members by the Governor. The Governor may appoint, upon recommendation of the board, up to eight additional nonlegislative citizen members who may be nonresidents of the Commonwealth.
B. Legislative members shall serve terms coincident with their terms of office. Nonlegislative citizen members shall be appointed for terms of four years. Appointments to fill vacancies, other than by expiration of a term, shall be for the unexpired terms. Vacancies shall be filled in the same manner as the original appointments. All members may be reappointed.
C. The board shall elect a chairman, vice-chairman, and such other officers as it deems necessary. The meetings of the board shall be held at the call of the chairman or whenever the majority of the members so request. The board may appoint an executive committee consisting of at least seven members for the transaction of business in the recess of the board.
D. Nonlegislative citizen members shall receive no compensation for their services. Legislative members shall be compensated as provided in § 30-19.12. Members of the board shall be reimbursed for all reasonable and necessary expenses incurred in the performance of their duties as provided in §§ 2.2-2813 and 2.2-2825. Funding for the costs of compensation and expenses of the members shall be provided by the Museum.
2000, c. 541, § 23-297; 2005, c. 758; 2016, c. 588.
§ 23.1-3203. Duties of the board.
A. The board shall:
1. Establish, operate, and maintain the Museum to commemorate the contributions of the pioneers and colonial frontiersmen and frontierswomen to the creation of this nation;
2. Employ an executive director and such assistants as may be required and confer such duties and responsibilities as determined necessary;
3. Adopt a flag, seal, and other emblems for use in connection with the Museum;
4. Establish a nonprofit corporation to develop and maintain public awareness of the Museum;
5. Receive and expend gifts, grants, and donations of any kind from whatever sources determined, including donations accepted by the American Frontier Culture Foundation on behalf of the Museum;
6. Adopt regulations and set fees concerning the use and visitation of properties under its control;
7. With the consent of the Governor, acquire by purchase, lease, gift, devise, or condemnation proceedings lands, property, and structures deemed necessary to the purpose of the Museum. The title to such acquired land and property shall be in the name of the Commonwealth. In the exercise of the power of eminent domain granted under this section, the Museum may proceed in the manner provided by Chapter 3 (§ 25.1-300 et seq.) of Title 25.1;
8. Convey by lease land and structures to any person, association, firm, or corporation, with the consent of the Governor, for such terms and on such conditions as the Museum may determine;
9. Enter into contracts to further the purpose of the Museum; and
10. Elect any past member of the board to the honorary position of trustee emeritus. Trustees emeriti shall serve as honorary members for life, shall not have voting privileges, and shall be elected in addition to those positions set forth in § 23.1-3202.
B. In addition to the powers granted by subsection A, the board may evaluate the significance and suitability of the furnishings, household items, and other objects acquired by purchase, gift, or donation with or for the Museum for the purpose of accurately presenting the means, tastes, and lifestyles of the people living during the era depicted by the Museum. The board may exchange or sell those furnishings, household items, and other objects that it determines to be of little or no significance or suitability for achieving the purpose or mission of the Museum as long as such disposition is not inconsistent with the terms of the acquisition of the relevant property. Sales of these items may be conducted by auction houses recognized for their expertise in the sale of such property.
C. Any furnishings, household goods, and other objects previously acquired by donation or purchase and the net proceeds of any sale of these items as provided in subsection B shall constitute a discrete fund of the Museum and shall be used solely for the acquisition of period furnishings, household goods, and other objects consistent with the purpose and mission of the Museum.
D. Donations to the Museum of any funds, securities, and any other property, real or personal, for use in accordance with its purpose and mission shall constitute endowments or unrestricted gifts for the purposes of § 23.1-101. The board may change the form of investment of any such funds, securities, or other property, real or personal, if the change in such form is not inconsistent with the terms of the instrument under which such property was acquired and may sell, grant, or convey any such property, except that any transfers of real property shall be made only with the consent of the Governor.
2000, c. 541, § 23-298; 2002, c. 129; 2003, c. 940; 2008, c. 242; 2016, c. 588.
Article 3. Gunston Hall.
§ 23.1-3204. Board of Regents of Gunston Hall and Board of Visitors for Gunston Hall established.
The Board of Regents of Gunston Hall (Board of Regents) is established as an educational institution to manage, maintain, and operate Gunston Hall and accept and administer gifts of real and personal property made for the benefit of Gunston Hall. The Board of Visitors for Gunston Hall is established. Membership of both collegial bodies shall be pursuant to the terms and conditions of the deed of gift of Gunston Hall from Louis Hertle to the Commonwealth. The duties of the two boards are prescribed in Chapter 138 of the Acts of Assembly of 1932 and Chapter 175 of the Acts of Assembly of 1948.
§ 23.1-3205. Powers of the Board of Regents.
A. The Board of Regents may undertake to determine the significance or suitability of the furnishings, household items, and other objects acquired by purchase, gift, or donation for Gunston Hall, for the purpose of accurately presenting Gunston Hall according to the means and taste of George Mason. Those furnishings, household items, and other objects determined by the Board of Regents to be of little or no significance or unsuitable for achieving this purpose may be exchanged or sold by the Board of Regents if not inconsistent with the terms of the acquisition of the items. Such sales may be conducted by auction houses recognized for their expertise in the sale of such items.
B. Any such furnishings, household goods, and other objects acquired by donation or purchase and the net proceeds of any sale of these items as provided in subsection A shall constitute a discrete fund of Gunston Hall, restricted to future acquisitions of period furnishings, household goods, and other objects consistent with the purposes set forth in subsection A and the conservation of all such holdings of Gunston Hall.
C. Donations to Gunston Hall of any funds, securities, and any other property, real or personal, for use in accordance with the mission of Gunston Hall shall constitute endowments or unrestricted gifts for the purposes of § 23.1-101. The Board of Regents may (i) change the form of investment of any such funds, securities, or other property, real or personal, provided that the form is not inconsistent with the terms of the instrument under which the property was acquired, and (ii) sell, grant, or convey any such property, except that any transfers of real property shall be made only with the consent of the Governor.
2001, c. 125, § 23-295.1; 2016, c. 588.
Article 4. Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.
§ 23.1-3206. Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation established; board of trustees.
A. The Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation (the Foundation) is established as an educational institution to administer certain historical museums and such related programs as may be established by the board of trustees.
B. The Foundation shall be administered by a board of trustees (the board). There shall be 12 nonlegislative citizen members appointed by the Governor from the Commonwealth at large for four-year terms, subject to confirmation by the General Assembly; eight members of the House of Delegates appointed by the Speaker of the House of Delegates in accordance with the rules of proportional representation contained in the Rules of the House of Delegates; four members of the Senate appointed by the Senate Committee on Rules; five members annually elected by the board, some of whom may be nonresidents of the Commonwealth; and any chairman emeritus elected by the board pursuant to § 23.1-3207. The Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the Attorney General, the Speaker of the House of Delegates, the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, the Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations, either the Chairman or the Chairman Emeritus of the Senate Committee on Finance and Appropriations, to be determined by the Senate Committee on Rules, the Secretary of Education, and the president of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, Inc., shall serve ex officio.
Legislative and ex officio members shall serve terms coincident with their terms of office. Appointments to fill vacancies, other than by expiration of a term, shall be for the unexpired terms. Vacancies shall be filled in the same manner as the original appointments.
C. The board shall elect a chairman, vice-chairman, and such other officers as it deems necessary. The chairman shall appoint at least seven members to constitute an executive committee, which shall include the chairman and vice-chairman. The meetings of the board shall be held at the call of the chairman or whenever the majority of the members so request.
D. Nonresident members of the board shall serve at no expense to the Commonwealth. Members who are residents of the Commonwealth shall be reimbursed for all reasonable and necessary expenses incurred in the performance of their duties as provided in §§ 2.2-2813 and 2.2-2825 and shall receive compensation at the per diem rate established for members of the General Assembly as provided in § 30-19.12. The funding for the costs of compensation and expenses of the members shall be provided by the Foundation.
1998, cc. 589, 786, § 23-287; 2000, cc. 104, 125; 2003, c. 879; 2005, c. 758; 2013, c. 480; 2016, c. 588.
§ 23.1-3207. Duties.
The board shall:
1. Do all things necessary and proper to (i) foster through its living-history museums, Jamestown Settlement and American Revolution Museum at Yorktown, an awareness and understanding of the early history, settlement, and development of the United States through the convergence of American Indian, European, and African cultures and the enduring legacies bequeathed to the nation; (ii) commemorate Jamestown as the first permanent English-speaking settlement in the United States and its contributions to the building of the Commonwealth and the nation; (iii) commemorate the winning of American independence on the battlefield at Yorktown; and (iv) enhance our understanding of the making of the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights, including the Commonwealth's role in shaping the fundamental principles of the American constitutional system;
2. Administer, develop, and maintain at Jamestown and Yorktown permanent commemorative shrines and historical museums;
3. Adopt names, flags, seals, and other emblems for use in connection with such shrines and copyright the same in the name of the Commonwealth;
4. Enter into contracts to further the purposes of the Foundation, including contracts for the use and rental of agency facilities, structures, spaces, and personal property under the control of the Foundation;
5. Establish nonprofit corporations as instrumentalities to assist in administering the affairs of the Foundation;
6. With the consent of the Governor, acquire by purchase, lease, gift, devise, or condemnation proceedings lands, property, and structures deemed necessary for the purposes of the Foundation. The title to such acquired land and property shall be in the name of the Commonwealth. In the exercise of the power of eminent domain granted under this section, the Foundation may proceed in the manner provided by Chapter 3 (§ 25.1-300 et seq.) of Title 25.1;
7. With the consent of the Governor, convey by lease land to any person, association, firm, or corporation for such terms and on such conditions as the Foundation may determine;
8. Receive and expend gifts, grants, and donations from whatever source derived for the purposes of the Foundation;
9. Employ an executive director and such deputies and assistants as may be required;
10. Elect any past chairman of the board to the honorary position of chairman emeritus. Chairmen emeriti shall serve as honorary members for life. Chairmen emeriti shall be elected in addition to the at-large positions defined in § 23.1-3206;
11. With the consent of the Governor, enter into agreements or contracts with private entities for the promotion of tourism through marketing without participating in competitive sealed bidding or competitive negotiation, provided that a demonstrable cost savings, as reviewed by the Secretary of Education, can be realized by the Foundation and such agreements or contracts are based on competitive principles;
12. Determine which paintings, statuary, works of art, manuscripts, and artifacts shall be acquired by purchase, gift, or loan and exchange or sell such items if not inconsistent with the terms of such purchase, gift, loan, or other acquisition; and
13. Change the form of investment of any funds, securities, or other property, real or personal, provided the form is not inconsistent with the terms of the instrument under which the property was acquired, and sell, grant, or convey any such property, except that any transfers of real property shall be made only with the consent of the Governor.
1998, cc. 222, 589, 786, 791, § 23-288; 2000, c. 109; 2003, cc. 879, 940; 2011, cc. 345, 356; 2016, c. 588; 2017, cc. 230, 310; 2018, c. 137.
§ 23.1-3208. Regulations.
A. The board or its executive committee may adopt regulations concerning the use and visitation of properties under the control of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation to protect and secure such properties and the public enjoyment of such properties.
B. Any person who knowingly violates a regulation of the Foundation may be requested by an agent or employee of the Foundation to leave the property and upon the failure of such person to do so is guilty of trespass as provided in § 18.2-119.
§ 23.1-3209. Authority to contract debts and obligations payable from revenues.
The Foundation, acting by and through the corporation authorized by § 23.1-3207, may contract debts and obligations to the extent of its anticipated revenues. Such debts and obligations shall be paid only from the revenues of the Foundation.
§ 23.1-3209.1. Expired.
Expired pursuant to 2016, c. 150.
Article 5. Science Museum of Virginia.
§ 23.1-3210. Science Museum of Virginia established.
The Science Museum of Virginia (the Museum) is established as an educational institution of the Commonwealth and a public body and instrumentality for the dissemination of education. The exercise by the Museum of the powers conferred by this article is the performance of an essential governmental function.
Code 1950, § 9-65.1, § 23-239; 1970, c. 466; 1977, c. 597; 2016, c. 588.
A. The Museum shall be governed by a board of trustees (the board) consisting of 15 members who shall be appointed by the Governor. At least one of the members shall be a member of the Virginia Academy of Science. All appointments are subject to confirmation by the General Assembly.
B. Members shall be appointed for terms of five years. Appointments to fill vacancies, other than by expiration of a term, shall be for the unexpired terms. No member is eligible to serve more than two consecutive five-year terms; however, a member appointed to serve an unexpired term is eligible to serve two consecutive five-year terms immediately succeeding such unexpired term.
C. No member shall receive a salary for his service on the board.
D. The board shall elect a chairman and a secretary from its membership and may elect a vice-chairman from its membership.
E. The board shall meet at such times as it deems appropriate.
F. Seven members of the board shall constitute a quorum for all purposes.
Code 1950, §§ 9-65.4, 9-65.5, 9-65.6, 9-65.10, 9-65.11, §§ 23-243, 23-244, 23-245, 23-248, 23-249; 1970, c. 466; 1977, c. 597; 1980, c. 612; 2016, c. 588.
The board shall seek to:
1. Deepen our understanding of man and his environment;
2. Promote a knowledge of the scientific method and thus encourage objectivity in the everyday affairs of man;
3. Engage in instruction and research in the sciences in order to educate citizens of all ages in the concepts and principles of science and how these concepts and principles form the foundation upon which rests our technological society and its economy;
4. Use, subject to approval of the accredited educational affiliates concerned, Museum personnel in educational programs;
5. Motivate and stimulate young people to seek careers in science;
6. Encourage an understanding of the history of scientific endeavor;
7. Provide special facilities and collections for the study of the Commonwealth's natural resources; and
8. Foster a love of nature and concern for its preservation.
§ 23.1-3213. Powers of the board.
The board may:
1. Select sites for the Museum and its divisions and provide for the erection, care, and preservation of all property belonging to the Museum;
2. Appoint the director of the Museum (the director) and prescribe his duties and salary;
3. Establish policies for the operation of the Museum, including the kinds and types of instruction and exhibits, and the development of plans for expansion of the Museum;
4. Employ planning consultants and architects for any expansion of the Museum;
5. Acquire by purchase, gift, loan, or otherwise land necessary for exhibits, displays, and expansion of the Museum;
6. Enter into contracts for construction of physical facilities;
7. Adopt a seal;
8. Charge for admission to the Museum; and
9. On behalf of the Commonwealth and in furtherance of the purposes of the Museum, receive and administer gifts, bequests, and devises of property of any kind whatsoever and grants from agencies of the United States government and expend, or authorize the expenditure of, funds derived from such sources and funds appropriated by the General Assembly to the Museum.
Code 1950, §§ 9-65.12, 9-65.14, §§ 23-250, 23-252; 1970, c. 466; 1972, c. 524; 1974, c. 124; 1977, c. 597; 2016, c. 588.
§ 23.1-3214. Agents and employees.
The director may engage or authorize the engagement of such agents and employees as may be needed in the operation and maintenance of the Museum, subject to the approval of the board.
Code 1950, § 9-65.13, § 23-251; 1970, c. 466; 1977, c. 597; 2016, c. 588.
§ 23.1-3215. Annual report.
The board shall submit an annual report to the Governor and General Assembly on or before November 1 of each year. Such report shall be submitted as a report document as provided in the procedures of the Division of Legislative Automated Systems for the processing of legislative documents and reports and shall be posted on the General Assembly's website. Such report shall contain, at a minimum, the annual financial statements of the Museum for the fiscal year ending the preceding June 30.
Article 6. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.
§ 23.1-3216. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts established.
The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (the Museum) is established as an educational institution in the Commonwealth and a public body and instrumentality for the dissemination of education.
1997, c. 367, § 23-253.4; 2016, c. 588; 2017, c. 314.
A. The management and control of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts and its building, contents, furnishings, grounds, and other properties is vested in a board of trustees (the board) composed of (i) the Governor, the Speaker of the House of Delegates, and the mayor of the City of Richmond, who shall serve ex officio, and (ii) at least 25 but not more than 35 nonlegislative citizen members. Nonlegislative citizen members shall be appointed by the Governor after consideration of a list of nominees from the Museum submitted at least 60 days before the expiration of the member's term for which the nominations are being made.
B. Nonlegislative citizen members shall be appointed for terms of five years. No nonlegislative citizen member is eligible to serve more than two consecutive five-year terms; however, a member appointed to serve an unexpired term is eligible to serve two consecutive five-year terms immediately succeeding such unexpired term.
C. Nine members shall constitute a quorum at any meeting and a majority vote of those members present shall control in all matters.
D. The board shall adopt bylaws governing its organization and procedure and may alter and amend the bylaws.
E. The board shall elect one of its members president of the Museum.
F. The board may provide for an executive committee composed of at least three members that may exercise the powers vested in it and perform the duties imposed upon it by the board.
1997, c. 367, §§ 23-253.1, 23-253.2, 23-253.3; 2010, c. 101; 2011, cc. 691, 714; 2016, c. 588; 2017, c. 314.
A. The board may:
1. Manage, control, maintain, and operate the Museum, including its contents, furnishings, grounds funds, property, and endowments;
2. Charge for admission to the Museum;
3. Employ a director, who shall be the chief executive officer of the Museum, and such persons as may be necessary to manage, control, maintain, and operate the Museum;
4. Consistent with subdivision 15 of § 2.2-2905, suspend and remove employees;
5. Determine which works of art shall be kept, housed, or exhibited in the Museum;
6. Acquire by purchase, gift, loan, or otherwise works of art and exchange or sell such works if not inconsistent with the terms of the purchase, gift, loan, or other acquisition;
7. Enter into agreements with organizations interested in art;
9. Stimulate and assist in the formation of new organizations;
10. Do such other things as it deems proper to promote art education throughout the Commonwealth;
11. Receive and administer on behalf of the Commonwealth gifts, bequests, and devises of real and personal property for the endowment of the Museum or any special purpose designated by the donor;
12. Change the form of investment of any funds, securities, or other property, real or personal, provided that the form is not inconsistent with the terms of the instrument under which the property was acquired. The trustees may sell, grant, and convey any such property but, in the case of real property, only with the written consent of the Governor;
13. Confer the honorary degree of patron of arts on any person who has made an outstanding contribution to art, provided that no more than two such degrees shall be conferred in any calendar year; and
14. Adopt regulations to establish classes of membership in the Museum.
B. Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the assessment and levying of a service charge pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 34 (§ 58.1-3400 et seq.) of Title 58.1.
C. The exercise of the powers conferred on the board by this article is the performance of an essential governmental function.
1997, c. 367, §§ 23-253.4, 23-253.5; 2016, c. 588.
§ 23.1-3219. Authority of Art and Architectural Review Board.
The Art and Architectural Review Board shall not control, manage, or supervise in any way the board in the exercise of its powers and duties, except that in the matter of additions, repairs, and alterations to the exterior of the Museum building the Art and Architectural Review Board shall continue to exercise the powers now conferred on it by law.
§ 23.1-3220. Expenditures for current expenses.
All moneys received by the board for current expenses in operating the Museum shall be paid into the state treasury, where they shall be set aside as a special fund for the operation of the Museum to be paid by the State Treasurer on warrants of the Comptroller issued upon vouchers signed by the president of the Museum or his duly authorized agent.
The board shall submit an annual report to the Governor and General Assembly on or before November 1 of each year containing, at a minimum, the annual financial statements of the Museum for the fiscal year ending the preceding June 30. Such report shall be submitted as a report document as provided in the procedures of the Division of Legislative Automated Systems for the processing of legislative documents and reports and shall be posted on the General Assembly's website.
Article 7. Virginia Commission for the Arts.
§ 23.1-3222. Virginia Commission for the Arts established; purpose; membership.
A. The Virginia Commission for the Arts (the Commission) is established as a supervisory commission within the meaning of § 2.2-2100 in the executive branch of state government.
B. The Commission is designated the official agency of the Commonwealth to receive and disburse any funds made available to the Commonwealth by the National Endowment for the Arts and the Fund pursuant to § 23.1-3227.
C. The Commission shall consist of 13 members appointed by the Governor subject to confirmation by the General Assembly. No employee of the Commonwealth or member of the General Assembly is eligible for appointment as a member of the Commission. At least one but no more than two members shall be appointed from each congressional district in the Commonwealth.
D. Members shall be appointed for one term of five years; however, a member appointed to serve an unexpired term is eligible to serve a full five-year term immediately succeeding the unexpired term. Appointments to fill vacancies, other than by expiration of a term, shall be for the unexpired terms. Vacancies shall be filled in the same manner as the original appointments. No member who serves a full five-year term is eligible for reappointment during the five-year period following the expiration of his term.
E. The Commission shall elect a chairman from among its membership.
F. A majority of the members of the Commission shall constitute a quorum.
G. The members of the Commission shall receive no compensation for their services but shall be reimbursed for the reasonable and necessary expenses incurred in the performance of their duties as provided in § 2.2-2825.
H. Any person designated by the board to handle the funds of the Commission shall give bond, with corporate surety, in a penalty fixed by the Governor, conditioned upon the faithful discharge of his duties. Any premium on the bond shall be paid from funds available to the Commission.
2016, c. 588; 2022, c. 437.
§ 23.1-3223. Duties of the Commission.
A. The Commission shall:
1. Stimulate and encourage throughout the Commonwealth growth in artistic quality and excellence, public interest and participation in the arts, and access to high-quality and affordable literary, visual, and performing arts for all Virginians;
2. Make recommendations concerning appropriate methods to encourage economic viability, an intellectually stimulating environment for artists, and participation in and appreciation of the arts to meet the legitimate needs and aspirations of persons in all parts of the Commonwealth;
3. Promote the development and implementation of a planned, sequential, and comprehensive program of arts education, taught by licensed teachers endorsed in arts education, in the public elementary and secondary schools of the Commonwealth;
4. Provide supplemental learning opportunities to the public school arts education curriculum;
5. Encourage the development of a network of professional arts organizations, the media, and arts promoters for the production of classical and new works of art and diversity in artistic expressions in media including the literary, visual, and performing arts;
6. Provide funding for and technical assistance to artists, recognized nonprofit arts organizations, and arts organizations and activities that celebrate and preserve the various cultures represented among the citizens of the Commonwealth;
7. Encourage and support the creation of new works of art, arts organizations whose primary objective is to increase public access to the arts, particularly in underserved areas, and performing arts tours to increase the availability of this form of artistic expression throughout the Commonwealth;
8. Establish a program of financial assistance to provide scholarships, grants, and other awards to artists who demonstrate exceptional ability and talent;
9. Establish an advisory panel composed of artists, arts administrators, and citizens to advise the Commission concerning fiscal matters;
10. Encourage arts organizations to dedicate to their endowments at least $1 of the price of each adult admission to performances or exhibitions or at least one percent of moneys collected in fund campaigns;
11. Encourage arts organizations to develop and implement endowment enlargement plans that yield enough income to underwrite one-third of the organizations' annual operating costs;
12. Apply to and enter into contracts and agreements with the United States or any appropriate agency or officer of the United States for participation in or receipt of funding from any federal program respecting the arts;
13. Provide incentives to local governing bodies to encourage public support and funding of the arts;
14. Accept, hold, and administer gifts, contributions, and bequests of money or any other thing to be used for carrying out the purposes of this article;
15. Develop specific procedures for the administration and implementation of a grantmaking program, so long as any such program is for the benefit of a nonprofit organization qualifying as a § 501(c)(3) organization under the Internal Revenue Code and prepare written guidelines to govern such program;
16. Administer any funds available to the Commission and disburse such funds in accordance with the purposes of this article;
17. Make expenditures from the Fund's interest and income to promote the arts in the Commonwealth in accordance with § 23.1-3228 and assist nonprofit arts and cultural institutions and organizations in the Commonwealth to assess, enhance, and plan for enhancement of their fiscal stability, financial management and control capabilities, and capacity to raise funds for the furtherance of their respective missions from nongovernmental sources;
18. Enter into contracts and execute all instruments necessary and appropriate to carry out the Commission's purposes;
19. Explore and make recommendations concerning other possible dedicated revenue sources for the Fund; and
20. Perform any lawful acts necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of the Commission.
B. Nothing in this article shall be construed to affect the statutory purposes of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.
§ 23.1-3224. Director of the Commission.
The Governor may appoint a director of the Commission, who shall serve at the pleasure of the Governor. The director may employ the personnel required to assist the Commission in the exercise and performance of its powers and duties. The director shall supervise and manage such personnel and shall prepare, approve, and submit all requests for appropriations and be responsible for all expenditures pursuant to appropriations.
§ 23.1-3225. Repealed.
Repealed by Acts 2022, c. 437, cl. 2.
§ 23.1-3227. Virginia Commission for the Arts Fund.
A. There is created in the state treasury a special nonreverting fund to be known as the Virginia Commission for the Arts Fund, referred to in this article as "the Fund." The Fund shall be established on the books of the Comptroller.
B. The Fund shall include such funds as may be appropriated by the General Assembly; revenues transferred to the Fund from the special license plates for Virginians for the Arts program pursuant to § 46.2-749.2:2; voluntary contributions collected through the income tax checkoff for the arts pursuant to subdivision B 8 of § 58.1-344.3; and designated gifts, contributions, and bequests of money, securities, or property of any other character.
C. All money, securities, or other property designated for the Fund shall be paid into the state treasury and credited to the Fund. Interest earned on moneys in the Fund shall remain in the Fund and be credited to it. Any moneys remaining in the Fund, including interest thereon, at the end of each fiscal year shall not revert to the general fund but shall remain in the Fund. Expenditures and disbursements from the Fund shall be made by the State Treasurer on warrants issued by the Comptroller upon written request signed by persons authorized by the Commission. The Fund's principal is not subject to expenditure by the Commission.
§ 23.1-3228. Gifts and bequests; exemption from taxation.
Gifts and bequests of money, securities, or other property to the Fund, and the interest or income from such gifts and bequests, are gifts to the Commonwealth, and the Fund is exempt from all state and local taxes. Unless otherwise restricted by the terms of the gift or bequest, the Commission may sell, exchange, or otherwise dispose of such gifts and bequests. The proceeds from such transactions shall be deposited to the credit of the Fund. The Commission shall not actively solicit private donations for the Fund; however, this limitation shall not prevent the Commission from actively encouraging financial support for the Commission through the special license plate and income tax checkoff programs. Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the Commission may accept and solicit public and private contributions for the limited purpose of assisting nonprofit arts and cultural institutions and organizations in the Commonwealth to enhance the fiscal stability, financial management, and fundraising abilities of such organizations.
Section Look Up
Virginia Law Library
The Code of Virginia, Constitution of Virginia, Charters, Authorities, Compacts and Uncodified Acts are now available in both EPub and MOBI eBook formats.
Virginia Code Commission
Virginia Register of Regulations
The Virginia Law website data is available via a web service.


Artemis or Sailor Moon, you will always need these dreamy crescent moon drops to become the goddess you adored.
Item Detail - Measurements:Length: 2.88"",1.63""; width: 1.5" ; weight: 0.1oz.
- Measurements:Length: 2.88"",1.63""; width: 1.5" ; weight: 0.1oz.


text:
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Grpc.Core.Internal;
using Grpc.Core.Utils;

namespace Grpc.Core.Internal
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Handles server side native call lifecycle.
    /// </summary>
    internal class AsyncCallServer<TRequest, TResponse> : AsyncCallBase<TResponse, TRequest>
    {
        readonly CompletionCallbackDelegate finishedServersideHandler;
        readonly TaskCompletionSource<object> finishedServersideTcs = new TaskCompletionSource<object>();

        public AsyncCallServer(Func<TResponse, byte[]> serializer, Func<byte[], TRequest> deserializer) : base(serializer, deserializer)
        {
            this.finishedServersideHandler = CreateBatchCompletionCallback(HandleFinishedServerside);
        }

        public void Initialize(CallSafeHandle call)
        {
            InitializeInternal(call);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Starts a server side call. Currently, all server side calls are implemented as duplex
        /// streaming call and they are adapted to the appropriate streaming arity.
        /// </summary>
        public Task ServerSideCallAsync(IObserver<TRequest> readObserver)
        {
            lock (myLock)
            {
                Preconditions.CheckNotNull(call);

                started = true;
                this.readObserver = readObserver;

                call.StartServerSide(finishedServersideHandler);
                StartReceiveMessage();
                return finishedServersideTcs.Task;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Sends a streaming response. Only one pending send action is allowed at any given time.
        /// completionDelegate is called when the operation finishes.
        /// </summary>
        public void StartSendMessage(TResponse msg, AsyncCompletionDelegate completionDelegate)
        {
            StartSendMessageInternal(msg, completionDelegate);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Sends call result status, also indicating server is done with streaming responses.
        /// Only one pending send action is allowed at any given time.
        /// completionDelegate is called when the operation finishes.
        /// </summary>
        public void StartSendStatusFromServer(Status status, AsyncCompletionDelegate completionDelegate)
        {
            lock (myLock)
            {
                Preconditions.CheckNotNull(completionDelegate, "Completion delegate cannot be null");
                CheckSendingAllowed();

                call.StartSendStatusFromServer(status, halfclosedHandler);
                halfcloseRequested = true;
                sendCompletionDelegate = completionDelegate;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Handles the server side close completion.
        /// </summary>
        private void HandleFinishedServerside(bool wasError, BatchContextSafeHandleNotOwned ctx)
        {
            lock (myLock)
            {
                finished = true;

                ReleaseResourcesIfPossible();
            }
            // TODO: handle error ...

            finishedServersideTcs.SetResult(null);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Reader: The recent years haven't been our best of times as a nation.
What have we become? The current rash of fear demonstrated in recent letters to the editor about the new POTUS seem totally out of character for Americans. Having served our nation all over the world, I've seen circumstances that merit citizen uneasiness and even reason for fear. But the current fear-mongering is almost un-American in nature.
The recent years haven't been our best of times as a nation. Our leaders refused to uphold national sovereignty, welcoming almost unchecked illegal immigration. Cities have been allowed to defiantly refuse to cooperate with enforcement of national immigration law. Our national defense establishment's technical edge over our most capable international challengers is in question. The national economy has been poorly managed, leaving over 90 million working-aged citizens jobless and 41 million in poverty on food stamps. And, our political leaders' insatiable thirst for uncontrollable government spending has made us the largest debtor nation in the world ($20 trillion).
The voters in an overwhelming number of states elected Donald Trump because he convinced them he would do all in his power to correct the above ills. And, instead of nominating a bunch of political hacks, he's nominated a cabinet of individuals whose experience and accomplishments are best suited to achieve aforementioned objectives.
It might be new to have a non-politician in office, one more interested in getting things done than in playing political games. But it should be a refreshing departure from extremists and self-serving politicians who only promote division and discontent.
Wednesday night, I participated in an impromptu phone "town hall" hosted by Rep. Posey. I certainly appreciated this opportunity, however, the event was not something I consider highly beneficial for attendees.
Without prior notice, I received a robo-call around 7:20 p.m., alerting me to the meeting. Fortunately, I was available to participate. When I joined in the call, the meeting was clearly already in progress. I had a few questions for my representative, however, there were no instructions as to how to be recognized to ask a question. Several callers were cut off before asking a question. I noticed that those with questions critical of Mr. Posey were given abrupt responses such as "Are you finished yet?" and had limited ability to follow up. Because Rep. Posey was at times evasive, vague and the issues complex, follow-up questions would have been useful.
Those who called in to compliment were allowed to go on, sometimes for several minutes, without interruption. When I called Rep. Posey's office requesting a transcript or a link to a recorded or printed version of the call, I was told the representative's office does not offer either option. Clearly this type of "meeting" is not working. However, Rep. Posey made it clear during the phone meeting that he has no intention of ever holding a town meeting. Healthy democracy requires open, direct, ongoing civil engagement which then allows my congressman to do his job effectively. Rep. Posey's job as my representative is to represent us all.
I am getting so sick and tired of the whiny, losing Democrats and their get-even crap.
You lost so get over it. Us deplorables did not do this stuff when Obama was elected and now you liberals, including President Obama, are trying everything dirty you can do to get rid of President Trump. I have never been so ashamed of our country as after watching your paid protesters and all your other nasty stuff. You are a disgrace to our country, listening to Nancy Pelosi and her ilk, instead of looking at their own mess like her sanctuary city in San Francisco protecting illegal felons who murder citizens.
Whatever happened to investigating Hillary using her personal computer, doing nothing to protect the classified email coming on her computer? This Russian stuff is just more of the sore losers in the Democratic party and they should be ashamed of themselves.
In a recent tele-town hall, Rep. Bill Posey stated, "My opinion does not matter," when asked for his position on investigating Trump administration ties to Russia, because he does not serve on the intelligence or oversight committees. Additionally, when representatives of Speak Out Brevard met with Patrick Gavin, Posey's director of community relations, Mr. Gavin stated that Mr. Posey does not make statements on positions outside of the two committees that he serves on (Financial Services and Science, Space and Technology). It turns out this is not exactly the case.
Let's examine two positions he felt strongly enough about to make statements in the past.
On Jan. 30, 2017, Mr. Posey published a statement to his website in support of Trump's now-defunct, xenophobic travel ban. I have written to the editor about the factual inaccuracies of his statement in the past (Feb. 3), but it is important to note that neither of his subcommittees are involved with immigration.
On March 12, 2009, as the fringe "birther" movement arose in reaction to the election of our first black president, Mr. Posey introduced H.R. 1503, to require presidential candidates to submit a birth certificate. He later conceded, but not before telling the Orlando Sentinel he "couldn't swear on a stack of Bibles" that Obama was American.
It may be true that Mr. Posey tends to keep his opinions to himself when it doesn't directly relate to his committees, but the opinions that he does deem important speak to his true character.


This 2 day course has emphasis on reviewing and introducing skills for people who want to lead climb safely at the crags. We will discuss leading techniques, belaying techniques, setting up top rope anchors and how to clean them safely, rappelling, proper communication and of course do some climbing. This is a great course for the first time outside lead climber or as an early season refresher. This is a Bow Valley based course, Canmore / Banff.
Add 2 more days to focus on traditional climbing with Rock Review Plus.
Heavyweight fleece or insulated / down JACKET.


Have you ever looked up and wondered how many stars are in the sky?
How many stars are in the sky right now?
It's a simple question with a surprising answer!
This question has layers of answers – the most common answer is "it depends" – it depends on where you are, what part of the year it is, what time it is, and most of all… how dark are your skies and how powerful is your telescope?
Another trick answer to "how many stars are in the sky?" is: "all of them!" All of them are in the sky, but they are just not visible to you "right now" for one reason or another.
I know, these answers are not quite what you may be looking for. Let's look a little bit deeper by starting our search for how many stars can I see at night.
Quiz – How many stars are in the sky, how well do you know them?
Which star is the brightest in the sky?
Which star is the closest to us?
Which star is the first one discovered to have a planet supporting life?
Which stars have a solar system?
Scroll down a bit to see the answers to this first part of the quiz.
While we are waiting to scroll (and to keep the peekers from peeking!)… let's talk a little bit about how professional astronomers count the stars.
Have you ever tried to count the stars? If you have, you probably gave up at some point because there were too many to keep track of.
In the early 1900s there was a tenacious Harvard astronomer named Annie Jump Cannon who didn't give up counting! In fact, she counted so many stars that she almost lost track.
To keep everything organized she started categorizing them by their colors. She invented the spectral classification system – O,B,A,F,G,K,M – and personally classified over 350,000 stars!
Her method of categorizing stars is still in use today.
SPOILER ALERT! – Here are the answers to the quiz above!
No star's exoplanets have yet been proven to support life – the Sun is the only star so far to host life.
There is only one solar system. The answer to question 4 is truly a trick question: "No other stars have a solar system… because only one star is named "Sol" … the Sun! The "Solar System" is named after Sol – the Sun. See: Sol+ar = Solar. Other stars would have planetary systems named after the star. For instance, there may be a "Sirius-ar system" that hosts a planet like Earth.
Ok, now you are done with the quiz let's get counting stars. Go outside, look up, start counting!
Before, we start… There is one tiny problem with counting the number of stars. Even with the best tools humans have invented, we can only see a small part of the universe. Astronomers call this the "known universe" and it stretches about 14 billion years back through time in one direction, and (we assume) 14 billion years back in another direction.
Astronomers have estimated the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy as one hundred billion (this is a low estimate by the way). The Milky Way is an average galaxy. Astronomers estimate that there are one hundred billion galaxies in the known universe (another low estimate). The math to figure out the total number of stars in the universe is as simple as the result is mind-boggling!
A million is way, way smaller than a billion.
It would take 11 days to count to one million if you counted one number per second without doing anything else. Counting to a billion at the same pace (one per second) would take you 32 years of continuous counting!
If you counted all the stars in the Milky Way at the rate of one per second, it would take you about 3200 years to finish counting our one galaxy's set of stars.
How many stars in my sky now?
Ok. So, let's get real. Now we know how many stars there may be in the entire known universe, let's narrow the question.
Here is how we will narrow the question. Let's create a set of ideal conditions that will guarantee we see as many stars as possible.
I am on a tall mountain top with no trees looking up at the perfectly clear and calm sky right now. It is midnight. I can now see approximately half the stars in the sky. These near perfect seeing conditions make it so that I can see stars to magnitude 6 with my 20/20 vision.
According to David Haworth of Stargazing.net there are approximately 7400 magnitude 6 or brighter stars. Remember, we can only see half the sky at any time. So, cutting 7400 in half we get 3700 stars. 3700 stars is the greatest number of stars that any earth-bound human can ever see at any one moment without a telescope or other aides.
Now we know how many stars you might ever see at once, let's look at how most people see the sky.
Most people cannot see 3700 stars because of serious light pollution, horizons full of trees and landforms, and atmosphere, lots of watery, moving atmosphere floating above us.
If you are lucky and go camping in a dark sky area you might be able to see about 2000 stars on a good night.
In a typical, light-polluted suburban sky you can see approximately 200-300 stars.
In the middle of a big city the number of stars goes down to about 12 to 20.
12. That's not a lot of stars. Maybe take a trip out of the city to see the stars?
You can see 3700 stars under perfect viewing conditions.
You can see about 2000 under excellent dark skies.
You can see about 300 stars in the suburbs.
You can see 12 stars under bright city lights.
Stargazing.net – David Haworth compiled data on the number of stars at each magnitude and presented it in a nice table.
Sky and Telescope article – covers skyglow, light measuring technology, light maps, NELM and more. Authoritative.
Space.com article – how astronomers estimate the number of stars in the Milky Way.
National Geographic Kids – Mini article on light pollution with estimates on how many stars are visible from different places.


text:
"I view my work as an intersection of social policy and systems of oppression, like patriarchy, capitalism and racism, and how they come together. My degrees in business and public policy give me a macro perspective, but those don't take individual experience into account. Social work spoke to me because it allows me to see all this; I'm interested in community, social impact and structure."
Email: nadinemu@buffalo.edu
PhD, Social Work, Rutgers University (2013)
MPP, Public Policy, Australian National University (2006)
BBA, Business Administration, James Madison University (2003)
Microfinance and masculinity; domestic violence; genocide; political violence; trauma; social movements
Assistant Professor Shaanta Murshid joined the faculty in 2014. Her teaching interests include research, diversity and oppression, immigration, violence, and international social work.
Her areas of interest and research include institutions, structural sources of violence, social policy, and health disparities. Her most recent work focuses on experiences of microfinance participation among women in Bangladesh. Her current project focuses on mobile financial services and how they affect particular groups, such as migrant workers.
Murshid's social consciousness on both national and international levels guides her talks and publications in both scholarly journals and popular media. These include her 2014 article, "The killings at Bangladesh's Bihari Camp – Murder mystery or murder with impunity?" in India's Frontier Weekly, and an article on the use of neoliberal language by microfinance participants as they take personal responsibility for social problems, including intimate partner violence and sexual harassment on the streets.
She was a member of the Doctoral Program Executive Committee at the Rutgers University School of Social Work and an appointed member of the Board of the Doctoral Student Association at Rutgers University School of Social Work. She was also awarded a Saathi of Rochester Excellence in Education Award and an Excellence in Social Work Education Award from Rutgers University.


A dynamic and competitive medical device marketplace makes it essential for device organizations to have an effective marketing group. However, creating and maintaining an efficient and effective marketing organization is increasingly challenging due to a stringent regulatory environment. In this setting, marketing groups count on their own internal effectiveness and efficiency to remain productive.
Best Practices, LLC conducted this research study to help medical device marketing executives evaluate their groups to ensure they remain properly staffed and focused to maximize their productivity.
The study presents medical device marketing benchmarks around budgets, and staffing (by geography and company revenue). It also reviews how marketing functions are organized and highlights anticipated trends such as increased or decreased spending and staffing on a range of marketing activities. There is a also a chapter dedicated to qualitative insights based on in-depth interviews with selected participants.
Marketing executives at medical device companies can use this study to compare their structure and resource levels with that of leading organizations.
This study contains two segments: Large companies and Emerging companies.
The benchmark class includes 15 executives from 15 leading medical device companies. In addition, three deep-dive executive interviews were conducted from leaders at surveyed large medical device companies to collect qualitative insights.
Medical Device Revenue: For the large medical device segment in this study, average revenue exceeds $5B, 55% of which comes from sales in the U.S. Average revenue for companies in the emerging medical device segment was $67M, with 82% from U.S. sales.
Staffing in Relation to Revenue: On average, large medical device companies staff 7.89 marketing FTEs per $100M in revenue supported. Ratios for Emerging Markets vs. Mature Markets and inside the US vs. Global can be found in the survey results.


text:
EPiServer removing HTML character encoding
Justin Masters
We've come across a problem with the DHTML editor and HTML character encoding. If you enter ™ in HTML code view and then switch back to normal view the trademark symbol is shown. When switching back to HTML code view instead of ™ still being shown the symbol now shows instead when ideally the editor should maintain the encoded version of the symbol. It appears that initially the editor treats ™ as ™. Has anyone come across this before or found a resolution to this? Thanks.
Yes, I have come across the same issue and it happens to all special HTML characters. I logged this issue with EPiServer and they have identified it as an issue and assigned it issue number 45513. Their response below: "Thank you for the report. We agree that this is an unwanted behaviour and I have added the following issue for this: #45513: The dhtml editor does not html encode all characters. However, you should be aware that this could be behaviour in the edit functionallity in IE that the editor builds on. If this is the case, it is not sure that we are able to change this behaviour but we will at least investigate this."
Have you ever seen it where instead of the symbol (such as the trademark symbol) when viewing the page a question mark symbol is displayed instead. I've checked the HTML source of the page when viewing it and there is a question mark in the HTML source but when looking at the HTML source in edit mode, the trademark symbol is in the code. I'm baffled by this one as I can paste the symbol in to the sample site and it appears ok. In both places we're using the XHTML string property.
Aug 07, 2006 9:57
No, I have not seen this before. Have you tried viewing the content in different browsers? It could be a doctype/encoding issue that the browser can't understand, but I can't really be sure.