text:
Quiz #6 today
1876 election--final Electoral College allocation
Declining Southern support for GOP, 1876 election
Kyvig, Explicit & Authentic Acts, pp. 154-187.
Harper's Weekly on the disputed election of 1876.
Plus three documents–the 14th amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which represented the high point of civil rights legal and constitutional change during Reconstruction; and the Cruikshank decision, which helped usher the era to a close.
Amendment XIV
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
The Civil Rights Act, 1866
(from U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 14:27)
An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights, and furnish the Means of their Vindication.
Be it enacted, That all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States; and such citizens, of every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall have the same right, in every State and Territory in the United States, to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, and give evidence, to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property, and to full and equal benefit of the laws and proceedings for the security of person and property, as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, and penalties, and to none other, any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom, to the contrary notwithstanding.
Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That any person who, under color of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom, shall subject, or cause to be subjected, any inhabitant of any State or Territory to the deprivation of any right secured or protected by this act, or to different punishment, pains, or penalties on account of such person having at any time been held in a condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for any crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, or by reason of his color or race, than is prescribed for the punishment of white persons, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, shall be punished by fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the court.
Sec. 3 And be it further enacted, That the district courts of the United States, … shall have, exclusively of the courts of the several States, cognizance of all crimes and offenses committed against the provisions of this act, and also, concurrently with the circuit courts of the United States, of all causes, civil and criminal, affecting persons who are denied or cannot enforce in the courts or judicial tribunals of the State or locality where they may be any of the rights secured to them by the first section of this act….
Sec. 4 And be it further enacted, That the district attorneys, marshals, and deputy marshals of the United States, the commissioners appointed by the circuit and territorial courts of the United States, with power of arresting, imprisoning, or bailing offenders against the laws of the United States, the officers and agents of the Freedmen's Bureau, and every other officer who may be specially empowered by the President of the United States, shall be, and they are hereby specially authorized and required, at the expense of the United States, to institute proceedings against all and every person who shall violate the provisions of this act, and cause him or them to be arrested and imprisoned, or bailed, as the case may be, for trial before such court of the United States or territorial court as by this act has cognizance of the offense….
Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That the whenever the President of the United States shall have reason to believe that offenses have or are likely to be committed against the provisions of this act within any judicial district, it shall be lawful for him, in his discretion, to direct the judge, marshal, and district attorney of such district to attend at such place within the district, and for such time as he may designate, for the purpose of more speedy arrest and trial of persons charged with a violation of this act; and it shall be the duty of every judge or other officer, when any such requisition shall be received by him, to attend at the place and for the time therein designated.
Sec. 9. And be it further enacted, That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States, or such person as he may empower for that purpose, to employ such part of the land of naval forces of the United States, or of the militia, as shall be necessary to prevent the violation and enforce the due execution of this act.
Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That upon all questions of law arising in any cause under the provisions of this act a final appeal may be taken to the Supreme Court of the United States.
[The Cruikshank case did more to gut the civil rights laws than any decision until Plessy v. Ferguson a generation later. The decision begins by listing the charges brought against the defendants and summarizing the Enforcement Act, a key piece of Reconstruction legislation that gave to the federal government the power to enforce the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments.]
ERROR to the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Louisiana.
This was an indictment for conspiracy under the sixth section of the act of May 30, 1870, known as the Enforcement Act (16 Stat. 140), and consisted of thirty-two counts.
The first count was for banding together, with intent 'unlawfully and feloniously to injure, oppress, threaten, and intimidate' two citizens of the United States, 'of African descent and persons of color,' 'with the unlawful and felonious intent thereby' them 'to hinder and prevent in their respective free exercise and enjoyment of their lawful right and privilege to peaceably assemble together with each other and with other citizens of the said United States for a peaceable and lawful purpose.'
The second avers an intent to hinder and prevent the exercise by the same persons of the 'right to keep and bear arms for a lawful purpose.'
The third avers an intent to deprive the same persons 'of their respective several lives and liberty of person, without due process of law.'
The fourth avers an intent to deprive the same persons of the 'free exercise and enjoyment of the right and privilege to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property' enjoyed by white citizens.
The fifth avers an intent to hinder and prevent the same persons 'in the exercise and enjoyment of the rights, privileges, immunities, and protection granted and secured to them respectively as citizens of the said United States, and as citizens of the said State of Louisiana, by reason of and for and on account of the race and color' of the said persons.
The sixth avers an intent to hinder and prevent the same persons in 'the free exercise and enjoyment of the several and respective right and privilege to vote at any election to be thereafter by law had and held by the people in and of the said State of Louisiana.'
The seventh avers an intent 'to put in great fear of bodily harm, injure, and oppress' the same persons, 'because and for the reason' that, having the right to vote, they had voted.
The eighth avers an intent 'to prevent and hinder' the same persons 'in their several and respective free exercise and enjoyment of every, each, all, and singular and several rights and privileges granted and secured' to them 'by the constitution and laws of the United States.'
[And now, for the Court's basic findings.]
1. Citizens are the members of the political community to which they belong. They are the people who compose the community, and who, in their associated capacity, have established or submitted themselves to the dominion of a government for the promotion of their general welfare and the protection of their individual as well as their collective rights. The duty of a government to afford protection is limited always by the power it possesses for that purpose.
2. There is in our political system a government of each of the several States, and a government of the United States. Each is distinct from the others, and has citizens of its own, who owe it allegiance, and whose rights, within its jurisdiction, it must protect. The same person may be at the same time a citizen of the United States and a citizen of a State; but his rights of citizenship under one of these governments will be different from those he has under the other.
3. The government of the United States, although it is, within the scope of its powers, supreme and beyond the States, can neither grant nor secure to its citizens rights or privileges which are not expressly or by implication placed under its jurisdiction. All that cannot be so granted or secured are left to the exclusive protection of the States.
4. The right of the people peaceably to assemble for lawful purposes, with the obligation on the part of the States to afford it protection, existed long before the adoption of the Constitution. The first amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting Congress from abridging the right to assemble and petition, was not intended to limit the action of the State governments in respect to their own citizens, but to operate upon the national government alone. It left the authority of the States unimpaired, added nothing to the already existing powers of the United States, and guaranteed the continuance of the right only against Congressional interference. The people, for their protection in the enjoyment of it, must, therefore, look to the States, where the power for that purpose was originally placed.
5. The right of the people peaceably to assemble, for the purpose of petitioning Congress for a redress of grievances, or for any thing else connected with the powers or duties of the national government, is an attribute of national citizenship, and, as such, under the protection of and guaranteed by the United States. The very idea of a government republican in form implies that right, and an invasion of it presents a case within the sovereignty of the United States.
6. The right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence. The second amendment means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress, and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government.
7. Sovereignty, for the protection of the rights of life and personal liberty within the respective States, rests alone with the States.
8. The fourteenth amendment prohibits a State from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, and from denying to (p.543)any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws; but it adds nothing to the rights of one citizen as against another. It simply furnishes an additional guaranty against any encroachment by the States upon the fundamental rights which belong to every citizen as a member of society. The duty of protecting all its citizens in the enjoyment of an equality of rights was originally assumed by the States, and it still remains there. The only obligation resting upon the United States is to see that the States do not deny the right. This the amendment guarantees, but no more. The power of the national government is limited to the enforcement of this guaranty.
9. In Minor v. Happersett, 21 Wall. 178 , this court decided that the Constitution of the United States has not conferred the right of suffrage upon any one, and that the United States have no voters of their own creation in the States. In United States v. Reese et al., supra, p. 214 , it held that the fifteenth amendment has invested the citizens of the United States with a new constitutional right, which is, exemption from discrimination in the exercise of the elective franchise on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The right to vote in the States comes from the States; but the right of exemption from the prohibited discrimination comes from the United States. The first has not been granted or secured by the Constitution of the United States, but the last has been.
10. The counts of an indictment which charge the defendants with having banded and conspired to injure, oppress, threaten, and intimidate citizens of the United States, of African descent, therein named; and which in substance respectively allege that the defendants intended thereby to hinder and prevent such citizens in the free exercise and enjoyment of rights and privileges granted and secured to them in common with other good citizens by the constitution and laws of the United States; to hinder and prevent them in the free exercise of their right peacefully to assemble for lawful purposes; prevent and hinder them from bearing arms for lawful purposes; deprive them of their respective several lives and liberty of person without due process of law; prevent and hinder them in the free exercise and enjoyment of their several right to the full and equal benefit of the law; prevent and hinder them in the free exercise and enjoyment of their several and respective right to vote at any election to be thereafter by law had and held by the people in and of the State of Louisiana, or to put them in great fear of bodily harm, and to injure and oppress them, because, being and having been in all things qualified, they had voted at an election theretofore had and held according to law by the people of said State,–do not present a case within the sixth section of the Enforcement Act of May 31, 1870 (16 Stat. 141) . To bring a case within the operation of that statute, it must appear that the right the enjoyment of which the conspirators intended to hinder or prevent was one granted or secured by the constitution or laws of the United States. If it does not so appear, the alleged offence is not indictable under any act of Congress.
11. The counts of an indictment which, in general language, charge the defendants with an intent to hinder and prevent citizens of the United States, of African descent, therein named, in the free exercise and enjoyment of the rights, privileges, immunities, and protection, granted and secured to them (p.544)respectively as citizens of the United States, and of the State of Louisiana, because they were persons of African descent, and with the intent to hinder and prevent them in the several and free exercise and enjoyment of every, each, all, and singular the several rights and privileges granted and secured to them by the constitution and laws of the United States, do not specify any particular right the enjoyment of which the conspirators intended to hinder or prevent, are too vague and general, lack the certainty and precision required by the established rules of criminal pleading, and are therefore not good and sufficient in law.
12. In criminal cases, prosecuted under the laws of the United States, the accused has the constitutional right "to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation." The indictment must set forth the offence with clearness and all necessary certainty, to apprise the accused of the crime with which he stands charged; and every ingredient of which the offence is composed must be accurately and clearly alleged. It is an elementary principle of criminal pleading, that, where the definition of an offence, whether it be at common law or by statute, includes generic terms, it is not sufficient that the indictment shall charge the offence in the same generic terms as in the definition, but it must state the species,–it must descend to particulars. The object of the indictment is,–first, to furnish the accused with such a description of the charge against him as will enable him to make his defence, and avail himself of his conviction or acquittal for protection against a further prosecution for the same Cause; and, second, to inform the court of the facts alleged, so that it may decide whether they are sufficient in law to support a conviction, if one should be had. For this, facts are to be stated, not conclusions of law alone. A crime is made up of acts and intent; and these must be set forth in the indictment, with reasonable particularity of time, place, and circumstances.
13. By the act under which this indictment was found, the crime is made to consist in the unlawful combination with an intent to prevent the enjoyment of any right granted or secured by the Constitution, &c. All rights are not so granted or secured. Whether one is so or not is a question of law, to be decided by the court. The indictment should, therefore, state the particulars, to inform the court as well as the accused. It must appear from the indictment that the acts charged will, if proved, support a conviction for the offence alleged.
Mr. Chief Justice Waite delivered the opinion of the court.
. . . We have in our political system a government of the United States and a Government of each of the several States. Each one of these Governments is distinct from the others, and each has citizens of its own who owe it allegiance, and whose rights, within its jurisdiction, it must protect. The same person may be at the same time a citizen of the United States and a citizen of a State, but his rights of citizenship under one of these Governments will be different from those he has under the other. Slaughter-House Cases, 16 Wall. 74 .
Citizens are the members of the political community to which they belong. They are the people who compose the community, and who, in their associated capacity, have established or submitted themselves to the dominion of a government for the promotion of their general welfare and the protection of their individual as well as their collective rights. In the formation of a Government, the people may confer upon it such powers as they choose. The government, when so formed, may, and when called upon should, exercise all the powers it has for the protection of the rights of its citizens and the people within its jurisdiction; but it can exercise no other. The duty of a government to afford protection is limited always by the power it possesses for that purpose.
Experience made the fact known to the people of the United States that they required a national government for national purposes. The separate governments of the separate States, bound together by the articles of confederation alone, were not sufficient for the promotion of the general welfare of the people in respect to foreign nations, or for their complete protection as citizens of the confederated States. For this reason, the people of the United States, "in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty" to themselves and their posterity ( Const. Preamble ), ordained and established the government of the United States, and defined its powers by a constitution, which they adopted as its fundamental law, and made its rule of action.
The Government thus established and defined is to some extent a government of the States in their political capacity. It is also, for certain purposes, a government of the people. Its powers are limited in number, but not in degree. Within the scope of its powers, as enumerated and defined, it is supreme and above the States; but beyond, it has no existence. It was erected for special purposes, and endowed with all the powers necessary for its own preservation and the accomplishment of the ends its people had in view. It can neither grant nor secure to its citizens any right or privilege not expressly or by implication placed under its jurisdiction.
The people of the United States resident within any State are subject to two Governments: one State, and the other National; but there need be no conflict between the two. The powers which one possesses, the other does not. They are established for different purposes, and have separate jurisdictions. Together they make one whole, and furnish the people of the United States with a complete government, ample for the protection of all their rights at home and abroad. True, it may sometimes happen that a person is amenable to both jurisdictions for one and the same act. Thus, if a marshal of the United States is unlawfully resisted while executing the process of the courts within a State, and the resistance is accompanied by an assault on the officer, the sovereignty of the United States is violated by the resistance, and that of the State by the breach of peace, in the assault. So, too, if one passes counterfeited coin of the United States within a State, it may be an offence against the United States and the State: the United States, because it discredits the coin; and the State, because of the fraud upon him to whom it is passed. This does not, however, necessarily imply that the two governments possess powers in common, or bring them into conflict with each other. It is the natural consequence of a citizenship (p.551)which owes allegiance to two sovereignties, and claims protection from both. The citizen cannot complain, because he has voluntarily submitted himself to such a form of government. He owes allegiance to the two departments, so to speak, and within their respective spheres must pay the penalties which each exacts for disobedience to its laws. In return, he can demand protection from each within its own jurisdiction.
The government of the United States is one of delegated powers alone. Its authority is defined and limited by the Constitution. All powers not granted to it by that instrument are reserved to the States or the people. No rights can be acquired under the constitution or laws of the United States, except such as the Government of the United States has the authority to grant or secure. All that cannot be so granted or secured are left under the protection of the States . . .
The fourteenth amendment prohibits a State from denying to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws; but this provision does not, any more than the one which precedes it, and which we have just considered, add any thing (p.555)to the rights which one citizen has under the Constitution against another. The equality of the rights of citizens is a principle of republicanism. Every republican government is in duty bound to protect all its citizens in the enjoyment of this principle, if within its power. That duty was originally assumed by the States; and it still remains there. The only obligation resting upon the United States is to see that the States do not deny the right. This the amendment guarantees, but no more. The power of the national government is limited to the enforcement of this guaranty.
No question arises under the Civil Rights Act of April 9, 1866 (14 Stat. 27) , which is intended for the protection of citizens of the United States in the enjoyment of certain rights, without discrimination on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, because, as has already been stated, it is nowhere alleged in these counts that the wrong contemplated against the rights of these citizens was on account of their race or color . . .
. . . According to the view we take of these counts, the question is not whether it is enough, in general, to describe a statutory offence in the language of the statute, but whether the offence has here been described at all. The statute provides for the punishment of those who conspire "to injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any citizen, with intent to prevent or hinder his free exercise and enjoyment of any right or privilege granted or secured to him by the constitution or laws of the United States." These counts in the indictment charge, in substance, that the intent in this case was to hinder and prevent these citizens in the free exercise and enjoyment of "every, each, all, and singular" the rights granted them by the Constitution, &c. There is no specification of any particular right. The language is broad enough to cover all.
In criminal cases, prosecuted under the laws of the United States, the accused has the constitutional right "to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation." Amend. VI . In United States v. Mills, 7 Pet. 142 , this was construed to mean, that the indictment must set forth the offence "with clearness and all necessary certainty, to apprise the accused of the crime with which be stands charged;" and in United States v. Cook, 17 Wall. 174 , that "every ingredient of which the offence is composed must be accurately and clearly alleged." It is an elementary principle of criminal pleading, that where the definition of an offence, whether it be at common law or by statute, "includes generic terms, it is not sufficient that the indictment shall charge the offence in the same generic terms as in the definition; but it must state the species,–it must descend to particulars. 1 Arch. Cr. Pr. and Pl., 291 . The object of the indictment is, first, to furnish the accused with such a description of the charge against him as will enable him to make his defence, and avail himself of his conviction or acquittal for protection against a further prosecution for the same cause; and, second, to inform the court of the facts alleged, so that it may decide whether they are sufficient in law to support a conviction, if one should be had. For this, facts are to be stated, not conclusions of law alone. A crime is made up of acts and intent; and these must be set forth in the indictment, with reasonable particularity of time, place, and circumstances.
It is a crime to steal goods and chattels; but an indictment would be bad that did not specify with some degree of certainty the articles stolen. This, because the accused must be advised of the essential particulars of the charge against him, and the court must be able to decide whether the property taken was such as was the subject of larceny. So, too, it is in some States a crime for two or more persons to conspire to cheat and defraud another out of his property; but it his been held that an indictment for such an offence must contain allegations setting forth the means proposed to be used to accomplish the purpose. This, because, to make such a purpose criminal, the conspiracy must be to cheat and defraud in a mode made criminal by statute; and as all cheating and defrauding has not been made criminal, it is necessary for the indictment to state the means proposed, in order that the court (p.559)may see that they are in fact illegal. State v. Parker, 43 N. H. 83 ; State v. Keach, 40 Vt. 118 ; Alderman v. The People, 4 Mich. 414 ; State v. Roberts, 34 Me. 32 . In Maine, it is an offence for two or more to conspire with the intent unlawfully and wickedly to commit any crime punishable by imprisonment in the State prison (State v. Roberts); but we think it will hardly be claimed that an indictment would be good under this statute, which charges the object of the conspiracy to have been "unlawfully and wickedly to commit each, every, all, and singular the crimes punishable by imprisonment in the State prison." All crimes are not so punishable. Whether a particular crime be such a one or not, is a question of law. The accused has, therefore, the right to have a specification of the charge against him in this respect, in order that he may decide whether he should present his defence by motion to quash, demurrer, or plea; and the court, that it may determine whether the facts will sustain the indictment. So here, the crime is made to consist in the unlawful combination with an intent to prevent the enjoyment of any right granted or secured by the Constitution, &c. All rights are not so granted or secured. Whether one is so or not is a question of law, to be decided by the court, not the prosecutor. Therefore, the indictment should state the particulars, to inform the court as well as the accused. It must be made to appear–that is to say, appear from the indictment, without going further–that the acts charged will, if proved, support a conviction for the offence alleged.
But it is needless to pursue the argument further. The conclusion is irresistible, that these counts are too vague and general. They lack the certainty and precision required by the established rules of criminal pleading. It follows that they are not good and sufficient in law. They are so defective that no judgment of conviction should be pronounced upon them.
The order of the Circuit Court arresting the judgment upon the verdict is, therefore, affirmed; and the cause remanded, with instructions to discharge the defendants.
kcjohnson9 said, on March 4, 2009 at 6.35pm
Given the passage of the 13th-15th amendments, should historians view Reconstruction as a failure?
Robert Hom said, on March 4, 2009 at 8.25pm
It depends on one's view of the purpose of Reconstruction. While Congress was able to the 13-15th amendments, these amendments were basically toothless. The 14th amendment, which was meant to guarantee and protect the rights of minorities, was generally used to protect the interests of business over state regulations. Meanwhile, the court refused to see the 14th amendment as incorporating the Bill of Rights to the states. As such, African-Americans were held prisoner by State authorities. Furthermore, Reconstruction did not change anything. Sure, African Americans were freed. But most of them became sharecroppers/tenant farmers. Also, Jim Crow legislation terrorized African Americans and weakened their political power in the South. Once the federal government left the South, they basically handed African Americans over to State authorities, which had no interest in protecting African Americans. While the 13th-15th Amendments were important amendments, it was not until the early twentieth century that they were used to help African Americans.
Matt Vadala said, on March 5, 2009 at 4.08pm
By no means should historians view the ratifications of the Recon Amendments as a failure. Two major hurdles were overcome in the 13th and 14th amendment's mandates of non-discrimination because of race, and the assurance of the right to vote for citizens. Reconstruction means to rebuild what once was. There once was a union and the denial of rights and recognition to a race was the reason why there was demolition. Reconstruction brought about the union that once was, and had done so even stronger than before. With the first two amendments, wrongs were righted. The third accomplishes a reinforcement of what was intended to be brought about. The third, meaning the 15th amendment, ensures that if there is a discrepancy with the enforcement of the 13th of 14th amendments, that congress may take action to enforce the legislation. By all means, this is indeed a victory for the 19th century.
1876 election–final Electoral College allocation


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text:
Question: What Kind Of Art Antiques Etc Is In Notre Dame?
1 What style of architecture was used in the construction of Notre Dame?
2 What material is Notre Dame built out of?
3 Is Hunchback of Notre Dame a true story?
4 Why did Notre Dame burn?
5 Is Notre Dame being rebuilt?
6 What is Notre Dame's acceptance rate?
7 Why is Notre Dame Gothic?
8 Did Notre Dame burn down?
9 How long will it take to rebuild Notre Dame?
10 What stone is used in Paris buildings?
11 What is Quasimodo syndrome?
12 How did Esmeralda die?
13 Why was the Hunchback of Notre Dame banned?
What style of architecture was used in the construction of Notre Dame?
Architecture of Notre – Dame de Paris. Notre – Dame is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture. It was one of the first buildings in the world to incorporate flying buttresses as a means of supporting exterior walls.
What material is Notre Dame built out of?
Construction Materials of Notre Dame The church itself was built mainly from limestone, wood, iron and lead. The limestone was Lutetian Limestone – the same type that was used to build the Chateau of Versailles.
Is Hunchback of Notre Dame a true story?
The Hunchback of Notre Dame It is based on the Victor Hugo novel of the same name, published in 1831, and until recently was believed to be completely fictional.
Why did Notre Dame burn?
After a two-month investigation that included the testimony of 100 witnesses, the Paris public prosecutor's office announced in June that the leading theory was that the sparks that ignited the fire must have come from either an electrical short circuit or an improperly extinguished cigarette.
You might be interested: Question: What Are Some Antiques?
Is Notre Dame being rebuilt?
The reconstruction site of Notre-Dame on April 15, 2021, two years after fire tore through the famous cathedral. Plans to rebuild the Gothic cathedral in a historically accurate manner are underway. It's been two years since a fire ripped through Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris on April 15, 2019.
What is Notre Dame's acceptance rate?
University of Notre Dame admissions is most selective with an acceptance rate of 16% and an early acceptance rate of 25.8%. Half the applicants admitted to University of Notre Dame have an SAT score between 1400 and 1550 or an ACT score of 32 and 35.
Why is Notre Dame Gothic?
Its cruciform plan, elevated nave, transept and tower were borrowed from 11th-century Romanesque architecture, but its pointed arches and rib vaulting were strictly Gothic. Indeed, it was one of the first Gothic cathedrals to have arched exterior supports known as "flying buttresses".
Did Notre Dame burn down?
PARIS — On April 15, 2019, the Notre Dame cathedral caught fire, with horrified Parisians watching as its iconic spire burned and fell to the ground. Two years later, the beloved French landmark is still scarred, and renovation work was slowed down amid the coronavirus pandemic.
How long will it take to rebuild Notre Dame?
Notre Dame Cathedral's Reconstruction Could Take up to 20 Years, Rector Says. The cathedral managed to hold a small Holy Week celebrations two years after the devastating fire.
What stone is used in Paris buildings?
Lutetian limestone (in French, calcaire lutécien, and formerly calcaire grossier) — also known as "Paris stone" — is a variety of limestone particular to the Paris, France, area.
What is Quasimodo syndrome?
In Disney's The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Quasimodo has a back deformity from birth. But what it is? The proper term for his condition is kyphosis, a spinal disorder that causes a person to appear to have a hump. The spine bends, usually because of degeneration of the discs of the spine or the spacing between them.
How did Esmeralda die?
As in the original novel, Esmeralda dies, though she is killed by smoke inhalation instead of by Frollo. Her death causes Quasimodo to kill Frollo, and, in the end, carries her corpse and leaves Notre Dame.
Why was the Hunchback of Notre Dame banned?
Immediately after its publication in 1834, Victor Hugo's Hunchback of Notre Dame was placed on the Catholic Church's Index Librorum Prohibitorum, not for any theological reason—although the book does have some anti-clerical comments, but rather because the Church censors found it, along with many other fictional works,

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The 2019 $0 down, VA home loan limit for Runnels County is $484,350.
Dubbed the "Greatest Little Town in Texas," Runnels County's county seat of Ballinger lives up to its name, thanks to its great views and great people. If you are looking for the perfect way to have fun on a nice day, then be sure to check out all the local parks. Those interested in local history are sure to enjoy the many interesting historic landmarks all over the county. The county is home to a variety of other attractions that people of all ages are sure to enjoy! Runnels County was officially founded on 1880 and was named after Hiram George Runnels, who served as the ninth Governor of Mississippi. The current population of the county is 10,266, including a veteran population of 718.
Enjoy a nice day outside with your friends and family at any of the beautiful parks in Runnels County. Visit the beautiful and clean Ballinger City Lake, which features many ramps and piers, perfect for fishing and boating. The cool waters of Ballinger Lake are great for cooling off on a warm day. There are also several beautiful campsites and RV hookup sites surrounding the lake. Ballinger City Park offers a number of amenities that people of all ages are sure to enjoy, including picnic shelters, playground equipment, and a swimming pool!
Rich in history, Runnels County is home to many amazing historical landmarks and structures that can't be missed. Celebrate the World War II Fly Boys at the historic Bruce Field, which is home to the original training school and antique aircrafts. The Ballinger Carnegie Library is an amazing historic structure that has been standing in the county since 1909 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 18, 1975. The Ballinger Carnegie Library features a beautiful Vernacular Classical Revival style architecture. Other historic landmarks in the county include the Edwin and Hattie Day House and the J. Thiele Building.
For even more fun, be sure to visit any of the additional attractions in Runnels County. Ballinger Putt-Putt is a favorite of local families and couples, featuring an 18-hole course and club rentals. The Ballinger Community Center hosts a variety of exciting events throughout the year. The Community Center can be rented out for weddings and other special occasions.
Veterans living in Runnels County will find an excellent resource in the Veterans' Services Office. The median housing cost in the county is $75,600 and the median household income is $41,339.
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Los Angeles: Los Angeles resident Eugene Douglas, age 31, a suspect known to Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers as a parolee and gang member, was shot and killed during a short foot pursuit two days ago.
On August 9, 2009, at around 5:30 p.m., LAPD 77th Street Area, Gang Enforcement Police Officer II Gabriel Holguin, five years and four months with the Department, and his partner were driving in the area of the 900 block of 68th Street. Noticing Douglas standing in the immediate area where they were driving, the officers stopped their car, and Officer Holguin exited the vehicle to make contact with him. As he approached the suspect, he called out his name, but Douglas ran from the officers, leading them on a short foot pursuit. Officer Holguin also saw Douglas holding his waist as he ran, and Douglas eventually stumbled as he drew a gun from his waistband. He then turned toward the officer with his gun, and an officer involved shooting occurred.
Los Angeles City Fire Department personnel responded and treated Douglas for multiple gunshot wounds. He was pronounced dead at the scene, and his fully loaded handgun was recovered at the location. No officers were injured during the incident.
The LAPD Force Investigation Division responded and is investigating the officer involved shooting.


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Q: Hide contour linestroke on pyplot.contourf to get only fills I have a pet project to create images of maps, where I draw the roads and other stuff over a contour plot of the terrain elevation. It is intended to plan mountain bike routes (I have made some vectorial drawings by hand, in the past, and they work great for visualization).
Currently, I download Digital Elevation Model, in GeoTIFF, from here:
http://www.ecologia.ufrgs.br/labgeo/arquivos/downloads/dados/SRTM/geotiff/rs.rar
and then create the plot with GDAL and Matplotlib contourf function:
from osgeo import gdal
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from pylab import cm
import numpy

f = 'rs.tif'

elev = gdal.Open(f)

a = elev.GetRasterBand(1).ReadAsArray()

w = elev.RasterXSize
h = elev.RasterYSize
print w, h

altura  = (0.35, 0.42)
largura = (0.70, 0.82)

a = a[int(h*altura[0]):int(h*altura[1]),
      int(w*largura[0]):int(w*largura[1])]

cont = plt.contourf(a, origin='upper', cmap=cm.gist_earth, levels=numpy.arange(0,1000,20))
plt.title('Altitudes - max: %d m; min: %d m' % (numpy.amax(a), numpy.amin(a)))
plt.show()

Which gives:

The problem is that contour lines are "white", and generate some visual pollution, which is undesired since I want to plot roads and rivers later.
So, I am trying to modify the way contourf create these lighter lines, either via parameter setting, or via hack (changing source code), similar to the one proposed here:
How to format contour lines from Matplotlib
Also, if anyone knows how to generate such a map in a more elegant way, using other libraries, I would appreciate the tip very much!
Thanks for reading.

A: The solution to the problem, despite not being a real solution, but more a workaround, is simple: Just repeat the same contourf command and this will magically get rid of spurious contours.
As stated by the OP, spurious contours show up when doing contour fill (contourf) with intervals too close to each other. We can reproduce this behavior by setting a very large number of intervals, e.g.:
plt.contourf(plon,plat,ssh,np.arange(-1,1.001,0.001)) # 2001 intervals

This gives us as output:

The thin spurious contours obviously affect the net color of the contour fill.
If you do the command twice:
plt.contourf(plon,plat,ssh,np.arange(-1,1.001,0.001)) # Not once,
plt.contourf(plon,plat,ssh,np.arange(-1,1.001,0.001)) # but twice!

gives me:

Much better now. Here's the finest one, with 3 successive contourf commands:

I can't see any thin contours anymore! Unfortunately, this may slow down your scripts significantly, depending on array size and number of contour intervals. The spurious contours stand out more if more contour intervals are used. What usually works best for me is to use 50 to 100 contour intervals, and do the contourf twice.
Notice that the version of matplotlib I am using is not the latest one. This issue might have been resolved in version 1.1.0. If it has, please let me know.
Python 2.7.1 |EPD 7.0-2 (32-bit)| (r271:86832, Nov 29 2010, 13:52:51)
In [1]: matplotlib.__version__
Out[1]: '1.0.1'

A: The posted solution did not work for me with alpha set to <1, but I found the answer in this solution: Matplotlib Contourf Plots Unwanted Outlines when Alpha < 1
Adding the argument antialiased=True solved the issue for me.

A: I finally found a proper solution to this long-standing problem (currently in Matplotlib 3), which does not require multiple calls to contour or rasterizing the figure.
Note that the problem illustrated in the question appears only in saved publication-quality figures formats like PDF, not in lower-quality raster files like PNG.
My solution was inspired by this answer, related to a similar problem with the colorbar. A similar solution turns out to solve the contour plot as well, as follows:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

np.random.seed(123)
x, y = np.random.uniform(size=(100, 2)).T
z = np.exp(-x**2 - y**2)
levels = np.linspace(0, 1, 100)

cnt = plt.tricontourf(x, y, z, levels=levels, cmap="ocean")

# This is the fix for the white lines between contour levels
for c in cnt.collections:
    c.set_edgecolor("face")

plt.savefig("test.pdf")

Here below is an example of contours before the fix

And here below is the same figure after the above fix

A: Try adding the kw argrument to plt.contourf(...) call: either lw=0 or ls=None.
http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/api/pyplot_api.html#matplotlib.pyplot.contourf

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It tended to be a bit too... I dunno, steppy? It was a little too steppy for my tastes at places, but I enjoyed it the whole way through.
Last edited by King Solomon; March 24th, 2019, 11:51 AM.
I didn't wanna say dub steppy because this probably counts as one of a million subgenres, but yeah. I just have a particularly weak stomach for the wub wubs.
The leadup was great though.
Thanks dude. Which tracks in particular?
I was gonna avoid saying that because it's a recurring theme for Helly's songs that inevitably someone was gonna compare it to vg music, no matter what he posted. Lol.
composition-wise, my only gripe would be with the intro of Dead Inside. the top half of the piano seems fine, but the root of the second chord in the progression (C) seems to be struggling to be heard at times.
Thanks dude. CC is def the one I worked the hardest on. Getting those parts to fit together and finding transitions was hell.
Last edited by King Solomon; March 24th, 2019, 10:05 PM.
Definitely sounds like it could be a music track in Cave Story, VVVVV, or maybe something like Undertale.
Not too shabby, my friend.


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"Christ is the power of God."—1 COR. 1:24.
What did Jesus show when he turned water into wine at a wedding feast?
What moved Jesus to perform the miracle recorded at Matthew 14:14-21?
What did Jesus demonstrate by calming a violent storm?
1. Why could Paul say that "Christ is the power of God"?
JEHOVAH displayed his power through Jesus Christ in extraordinary ways. The four Gospels provide faith-strengthening details about some of the miracles that Christ performed. Likely, he performed many other miracles. (Matt. 9:35; Luke 9:11) Yes, God's power was manifested in Jesus. For good reason, then, the apostle Paul could say about him: "Christ is the power of God." (1 Cor. 1:24) Yet, what bearing can Jesus' miracles have on our life?
2. What can we learn from Jesus' miracles?
2 The apostle Peter said that Jesus performed miracles, or "wonders." (Acts 2:22) The powerful works that Jesus did on earth were foregleams of even grander blessings to come under his kingly rule. They foreshadow the miracles that Jesus will perform in God's new world on a global scale! His miracles also give us tremendous insight into his personality and that of his Father. Let us consider a few of Jesus' miracles and see what effect they can have on our life now and in the future.
3. (a) Describe the circumstances that led to Jesus' first miracle. (b) How was Jesus' generosity highlighted at Cana?
3 At a marriage feast in Cana of Galilee, Jesus performed his first miracle. The number of guests may have been greater than expected. But whatever the case, the wine ran out. Among the guests was Mary, Jesus' mother. For years, she had no doubt pondered all the prophetic promises associated with her son, who she knew would be called "Son of the Most High." (Luke 1:30-32; 2:52) Did she believe that in him there were powers not yet revealed? What is evident is that at Cana, Mary and Jesus felt compassion for the newly married couple and wanted to save them embarrassment. Jesus knew that hospitality was a duty. So he miraculously turned some 100 gallons (380 L) of water into "fine wine." (Read John 2:3, 6-11.) Was Jesus obligated to perform this miracle? No. He simply cared about people and was imitating his heavenly Father by being generous.
4, 5. (a) What lesson does Jesus' first miracle teach us? (b) What does the miracle at Cana teach us about the future?
4 Jesus miraculously provided a large amount of fine wine, enough for a sizable group. Do you see what this miracle teaches us? That Jesus would willingly perform such a marvelous deed assures us that people's feelings are important to him and to his Father. Neither Father nor Son is stingy. Now imagine how Jehovah will use his power generously in the new world to provide a rich banquet "for all the peoples" earth wide.—Read Isaiah 25:6.
5 Think of it! A time is coming when legitimate needs and desires—such as nutritious food and proper housing—for every person will be satisfied. May our joy overflow in anticipation of the generous supply of good things that Jehovah will provide for us in the earthly Paradise.
6. For whom did Jesus use his miraculous power, and how can we imitate him in this regard?
6 It is of interest that when the Devil tempted Jesus to turn stones into loaves of bread, Christ refused to use his miraculous power to satisfy his personal desires. (Matt. 4:2-4) But he did use his power to respond to and satisfy the needs of others. How can we imitate Jesus' unselfish concern for others? He encouraged God's servants to "practice giving." (Luke 6:38) Can we show the noble quality of generosity by inviting others to our home to share a meal and a spiritual feast? Can we be generous with our time after a meeting, aiding someone in need, such as by listening to a brother practice his talk? What help might we be able to offer to those needing assistance in the ministry? We show that we have learned from Jesus by generously providing material and spiritual things to others as we are able.
7. What situation will exist as long as this system of things lasts?
7 Poverty is not new. Jehovah told ancient Israel that there would never cease to be poor ones in the land. (Deut. 15:11) Centuries later, Jesus acknowledged: "You always have the poor with you." (Matt. 26:11) Did Jesus mean that there would always be poor people on the earth? No, he meant that there would be poor people as long as this corrupt system of things lasts. Therefore, how heartening it is to understand that Jesus' miracles serve as portents of better times ahead under Kingdom rule when all will have plenty to eat and be satisfied!
8, 9. (a) What led to Jesus' miracle of feeding thousands of people? (b) What touches you about the miraculous feeding of thousands?
8 The psalmist said of Jehovah: "You open your hand and satisfy the desire of every living thing." (Ps. 145:16) Reflecting his Father, 'Christ, the power of God,' frequently opened his hand and satisfied the desires of his followers. His doing so was not merely an expression of power. He was guided by his heartfelt concern for others. Let us consider Matthew 14:14-21. (Read.) Jesus' disciples came to him to discuss the food situation. Not only may they themselves have been hungry but they were concerned about the plight of the famished and weary crowd that had followed Jesus on foot from the cities. (Matt. 14:13) What would he do?
9 With five loaves and two fish, Jesus fed about 5,000 men, as well as women and children! Are we not touched to think of the way Jesus used his miraculous power to care compassionately for entire families, including the little ones? The crowds "ate and were satisfied." This suggests that there was an abundant supply of food. Jesus kindly provided, not a mere taste of bread, but a meal that would sustain the crowds for their long journey back home. (Luke 9:10-17) And 12 baskets were filled with the leftovers!
10. What change as to poverty will soon occur?
10 Today the basic needs of hundreds of millions of people go unmet because of unjust human rule. Even some of our brothers, though having enough to subsist on, are not fully "satisfied." However, the time is near for obedient mankind to enjoy a world free of corruption and poverty. If you had the power, would you not satisfy man's needs? Almighty God does have both the power and the desire to do just that—and soon. Yes, relief is in sight!—Read Psalm 72:16.
11. Why are you convinced that Christ will soon use his power earth wide, and what are you thus moved to do?
11 When on earth, Jesus worked in a relatively small territory for a limited time of three and a half years. (Matt. 15:24) As a glorified King, his territory will extend to the four corners of the earth. (Ps. 72:8) Jesus' miracles give us confidence in his ability and his desire soon to use his authority for our good. Though we cannot perform miracles, we can enthusiastically draw people's attention to God's inspired Word. Bible prophecies guarantee better times ahead. As dedicated Witnesses of Jehovah who possess this precious knowledge about the future, do we not sense that we have a debt toward others? (Rom. 1:14, 15) May meditating on this move us to tell others the good news of God's Kingdom.—Ps. 45:1; 49:3.
12. Why may we be sure that Jesus fully understands earth's ecology?
12 With his only-begotten Son beside him as "a master worker," God created the earth and the things on it. (Prov. 8:22, 30, 31; Col. 1:15-17) Thus, Jesus fully understands earth's ecology. He knows how to use, manage, and distribute earth's resources fairly and properly.
13, 14. Give an example of how Christ can exercise control over the forces of nature.
13 When on earth, Jesus showed that he is "the power of God" by exercising control over the forces of nature. Consider how Jesus dealt with a windstorm that appeared to threaten the lives of his disciples. (Read Mark 4:37-39.) One Bible scholar notes: "The Greek word [for "windstorm" at Mark 4:37] is used of a furious storm or hurricane. It never refers to a single gust . . . but to a storm breaking forth from black thunder-clouds in furious gusts, with floods of rain, and throwing everything topsy-turvy." Matthew's account describes this windstorm as "a great storm."—Matt. 8:24.
14 Picture the scene: Christ is exhausted from his demanding ministry. The waves are pounding the ship, hurling spray and foam into the boat. Yet, despite the noise of the storm and the violent pitching of the boat, Jesus continues to sleep. His body needs rest. The frightened disciples wake Jesus up and exclaim: "We are about to perish!" (Matt. 8:25) Rousing himself, Jesus commands the wind and the sea with the words: "Hush! Be quiet!" and the raging wind stops. (Mark 4:39) Jesus is, in effect, commanding the wind and the sea to be quiet and to stay that way. The result? "A great calm set in." What power Jesus displays!
15. How has Almighty God shown himself to be capable of controlling the forces of nature?
15 The Source of Christ's power is Jehovah himself, so we have reason to believe that Almighty God is fully capable of controlling the forces of nature. Consider a few examples. Before the Flood, Jehovah stated: "In just seven days, I will make it rain on the earth for 40 days and 40 nights." (Gen. 7:4) Similarly, at Exodus 14:21, we read: "Jehovah drove the sea back with a strong east wind." And we read at Jonah 1:4: "Jehovah hurled a strong wind at the sea, and there was such a violent storm on the sea that the ship was about to be wrecked." It is encouraging to know that Jehovah can control the elements. Clearly, planet Earth's future is in good hands.
16. Why is it reassuring to know that our Creator and his firstborn Son have power over natural forces?
16 How reassuring it is to contemplate the awesome power of our Creator and his "master worker." When their full attention is directed toward the earth for the 1,000 years, all people will dwell in security. Terrifying natural disasters will be a thing of the past. There will be no reason to fear being harmed by typhoons, tsunamis, volcanoes, or earthquakes in the new world. How wonderful it is to think of the time when no natural forces will kill or maim, for "the tent of God [will be] with mankind"! (Rev. 21:3, 4) We can be assured that the power of God exercised through Christ will control the forces of nature during the Millennium.
17. What is one way that we can imitate God and Christ now?
17 Of course, unlike Jehovah and Jesus, we cannot prevent natural disasters, but we do have some power. How do we use it? One way is by applying Proverbs 3:27. (Read.) When our brothers suffer hardships, we can comfort and support them physically, emotionally, and spiritually. (Prov. 17:17) For example, we may help them recover from a natural disaster. Listen to one widow's heartfelt expression of thanks after a hurricane badly damaged her home: "I am so deeply grateful to be in Jehovah's organization, not only for the physical help but also for the spiritual help." And note the comments of one single sister who felt hopeless and perplexed after seeing the damage done to her home by a storm. Upon receiving help, she said: "It is indescribable! I am unable to express totally how I feel . . . Thank you, Jehovah!" We rejoice that we are part of a brotherhood that genuinely cares about the needs of others. A greater cause for gladness is that Jehovah and Jesus Christ really care for God's people.
18. What is impressive about Jesus' motive for performing miracles?
18 During his ministry, Jesus proved that he is "the power of God." But what was Jesus' motive? Never do we see him using his power to impress others or to benefit himself. Indeed, the miracles Jesus performed reveal the love he has for the human family. We will see that in the next article.


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text:
Q: Why Parameters passing in URL automatically after submit a form I am using mvc 4 having 1 view which have a simple HTML form to add employee data in table using web api method ajax call & using Visual Studio 2013.
In code i am not passing any parameter in url but its showing after submit the form & my insert operation working fine.But however i am not able to find the
cause of parameter in url like below snippet.
So how can i remove this url parameter any trick?
http://localhost:1306/AddEmployees?Add_Position_Territory_Region=8&Employee_ID=640488&Add_Position_City=8&Add_Employee_Name=Sanjay+Shivhar+Nakate&Employee+Start+Date=2018-03-14&Add_Position_Cease_Date=2018-03-27&Add_Position_FTE=8&Add_Position_FTE_WM+=8&Add_Currency=8&Add_Position_FTE_SU=8&Add_salary=8&Add_Position_FTE_Total=8&Add_Bouns=8&Add_Incentive=8

my snipeet code of the view

    <form class="form-style-9">

                    Manage Employee

                @*

                        <input type="radio" name="gender" value="new" checked> New
                        <input type="radio" name="gender" value="replaced"> Replaced
                        <select id="Add_Position_Market_Country" class="field-style field-split align-right slide-left-select-box"></select>
                        @*<input type="text" name="field2" class="field-style field-split align-right" placeholder="Market*" />

*@

                    Add Employee

                <select id="Add_job_ID" class="field-style field-split align-left" required></select>
                <select id="Add_Position_Country" class="field-style field-split align-right slide-left-select-box">
                    <option value="">Select Add Country</option>
                </select>

                <select id="Add_Employee_Title" class="field-style field-split align-left" required></select>
                <input type="text" id="ID_Add_Position_Territory_Region" name="Add_Position_Territory_Region" class=" field-style field-split align-right" placeholder="Territory / Region" />

                <input type="text" id="ID_Employee_ID" name="Employee_ID" class="field-style field-split align-left" placeholder="Employee ID" />
                @*<input type="text" name="Add_Position_CC" class="field-style field-split align-right" placeholder="Position CC" />*@

                <input type="text" id="ID_Add_Position_City" name="Add_Position_City" class=" field-style field-split align-right" placeholder="City" />

                <input type="text" id="ID_Add_Employee_Name" name="Add_Employee_Name" class=" field-style field-split align-left" placeholder="Add Employee Name" />

                <input type="date" id="ID_Employee_Start_Date" name="Employee Start Date" class=" field-style field-split align-right" placeholder="Employee Start Date" />

                <select id="ID_Add_job_status" class="field-style field-split align-left">
                    <option value="0">--Select job Status--</option>
                    <option value="1">Permanent</option>
                    <option value="2">Temporary</option>
                </select>
                <input type="date" id="ID_Add_Position_Cease_Date" name="Add_Position_Cease_Date" class=" field-style field-split align-right" placeholder="Employee Cease Date" />

                <input type="text" id="ID_Add_Position_FTE" name="Add_Position_FTE" class=" field-style field-split align-left" placeholder="FTE " />

                <select id="Add_Position_Cost_Centre" class="field-style field-split align-right slide-left-select-box"></select>

                <input type="text" id="ID_Add_Position_FTE_WM" name="Add_Position_FTE_WM " class=" field-style field-split align-left" placeholder="FTE WM " />

                <input type="text" id="ID_Add_Currency" name="Add_Currency" class=" field-style field-split align-right" placeholder="Currency" />

                <input type="text" id="ID_Add_Position_FTE_SU" name="Add_Position_FTE_SU" class=" field-style field-split align-left" placeholder="FTE SU" />

                <input type="text" id="ID_Add_salary" name="Add_salary" class=" field-style field-split align-right" placeholder="Salary" />

                <input type="text" id="ID_Add_Position_FTE_Total" name="Add_Position_FTE_Total" class=" field-style field-split align-left" placeholder="FTE Total" />

                <input type="text" id="ID_Add_Bouns" name="Add_Bouns" class=" field-style field-split align-right" placeholder="Bouns" />

                <input type="text" id="ID_Add_Incentive" name="Add_Incentive" class=" field-style field-split align-right" placeholder="Incentive" />

                <input type="submit" value="Submit" id="AddEmploye"/>

    </form>

A: You handling the click event of your submit button, and not cancelling the default submit, therefore you make an ajax call to submit plus you are also making the default submit of the form, which is a GET, therefore the values of the form controls are added to the query string and posted back to you GET method.
Change the script to cancel the default event
$("body").on("click", "#AddEmploye", function (e) {
    e.preventDefault();
    ....


text:
Aileen Oeberst ist eine deutsche Psychologin.

Leben
2005 erwarb sie das Diplom in Psychologie. Von 2005 bis 2008 war sie Promotionsstipendiatin im DFG-geförderten Graduiertenkolleg "Integrative Kompetenzen und Wohlbefinden" an der Universität Osnabrück. Von 2008 bis 2010 war sie wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin in der Abteilung Sozialpsychologie in Osnabrück. Von 2011 bis 2016 war sie wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien (beurlaubt 2012–2013). Von 2012 bis 2013 vertrat sie die Professur für Sozialpsychologie an der Universität Osnabrück. Von 2015 bis 2015 vertrat sie die Professur für Sozial- und Rechtspsychologie an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. Von 2016 bis 2019 lehrte sie als Juniorprofessorin für Forensische Psychologie am Psychologischen Institut in Mainz. Seit 2019 ist sie Universitätsprofessorin an der Fernuniversität Hagen. Darüber hinaus leitet sie die Nachwuchsprojektgruppe "Collaborative Biases" am Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien.

Forschung
Ihr Arbeitsschwerpunkt liegt in Verzerrungen in der Informationsverarbeitung. So hat sie beispielsweise den Rückschaufehler sowohl bei Richtern als auch in Wikipedia-Artikeln untersucht. Darüber hinaus erforscht sie kollektive Repräsentationen von Intergruppenkonflikten (u. a. auch in Wikipedia), falsche Erinnerungen, Laientheorien im juristischen Kontext, sowie die Konsequenzen von Täuschung in Experimenten.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Hypermnesie. Affektive, motivationale und persönlichkeitspsychologische Einflussfaktoren. Saarbrücken 2010, ISBN 978-3-8381-0978-7.

Weblinks
 Homepage FernUniversität Hagen
 Homepage Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien

Einzelnachweise

Hochschullehrer (Fernuniversität in Hagen)
Hochschullehrer (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz)
Psychologe
Deutscher
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


"Sadness will last forever" is the quote that starts and closes The Forest of the Lost Souls (A Floresta das Alma Perdidas in its original Portuguese title), its meaning being that if sadness will consume our life forever, we might as well end it now.
Living by these words, Carolina, Daniela Love (Offline, Empress Of The Evil Dead), a teenage girl, spends her day in "the forest of the lost souls", a vast forest known for being the chosen resting place of many people committing suicide.
Like the people who wandered here before her, she knows she wants to die, but isn't entirely ready to take the plunge yet.
There among the trees, she meets Ricardo, Jorge Mota (Conta-me Historia, Santa Barbara (TV)), a middle-age man who just lost one of his two teenage daughters (played by Lília Lopes (Ramiro)) and left his family to end his life.
Such a premise could lead to a heartwarming story of two people connecting, building each other up and leaving suicidal thoughts behind to live a long and happy life.
But The Forest of the Lost Souls is, instead, a much more macabre story and turns into a quasi-slasher in which Carolina, like an angel of death, goes after Ricardo and his his wife Filipa, Mafalda Banquart (Santa Barbara (TV), Post-Mortem (Short)), his remaining daughter, Joana, Lígia Roque (Amor Maior (TV), Jardins Proibidos (TV)) and Tiago, Tiago Jácome (Video Store (Short)), his daughter's boyfriend, to end their pain once and for all.
These acts of violence act both as a catharsis for Carolina, who oscillates between a truly sadistic character and one that just acts according to her own views on life and death, and as a representation of a cycle of pain.
Ricardo wants to commit suicide after his daughter's death, and it is likely that his own passing will impact his family's will to live. By going after them, Carolina only accelerates the process.
The Forest of the Lost Souls is divided into two parts, the divide represented by a beautiful shot of a broken bridge that takes all of the frame and ensures the transition from one side to the other near the middle of the film.
While the first half entirely takes place in the titular forest, with a gloomy atmosphere and two characters talking and walking around, the second half is much livelier, with more characters, more action and some changes of scenery.
The entire film is shot in black and white: this lack of color draws attention to the composition of the shots and gives the film a more polished look, but it doesn't seem to have much more meaning than a pure esthetic choice.
In the end, it feels more like a gimmick or an attempt to create a macabre atmosphere rather than a deeply thought-out decision to serve the movie, and we end up aching to see the deep green of the forest or a more colorful contrast between the two parts of the film rather than the dull shades of grey.
In the end, The Forest of the Lost Souls also feels divided in two, between a common slasher and a melodrama. The two genres unfortunately never fit perfectly, but still mesh together well enough to create a compelling film about our inherent longing for death – a pessimist film, for sure, but one that also carries its own brand of optimism: by killing these people, the protagonist ends their sadness after all.


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We're live! Our press release.
Contact: Robin Ann Smith
rsmith@nescent.org
National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent)
Researchers aim to assemble the tree of life for all 2 million named species
The resulting tree will be digital, downloadable, continuously updated
Durham, NC — A new initiative aims to build a grand tree of life that brings together everything scientists know about how all living things are related, from the tiniest bacteria to the tallest tree.
Scientists have been building evolutionary trees for more than 150 years, ever since Charles Darwin drew the first sketches in his notebook. But despite significant progress in fleshing out the major branches of the tree of life, today there is still no central place where researchers can go to browse and download the entire tree.
"Where can you go to see their collective results in one resource? The surprising thing is you can't — at least not yet," said Dr. Karen Cranston of the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center.
But now, thanks to a three-year, $5.76 million grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation, a team of scientists and developers from ten universities aims to make that a reality.
May 22, 2012 | Categories: Uncategorized | Comments Off on We're live! Our press release.


Being born in the early 80's, I have distinct memories of the various toys and collectables that captured my imagination as a kid. When I reached a certain age in adulthood I experienced a huge nostalgia for the genres I was so obsessed with growing up. Horror, comics, sci-fi, toys, cards, cartoons, etc. I never really outgrew any of it. More or less my late-teens and early 20's were merely consumed with other mind-altering diversions. When I 'came to', I was dismayed to reflect on all of the cool stuff I once owned that had been lost or booted away. Collectors junk - worth little, aside from the huge sentimentality at stake. To me, that junk is gold.
I was thrilled to be able to replace a handful of awesome Selectra Prism Horror Movie Vending Stickers. They have become fairly rare and usually only obtainable on eBay. I can't be sure of where or when I picked them up as a kid, possibly a local roller rink, late 80's, early 90's. But no later than that. There was a sweet spot for me between ages 9-12 (1989-1991) when it seemed like genre collectables were easily obtained at the corner Dairy Mart or comic shop. My uncle starting screening R-rated horror flicks by the time I was maybe 9 or 10. I still have a stack of really violent, blood-soaked drawings my young demented mind was coming up with in elementary school.
As an only-child, I spent much of my time home alone occupying myself with my toy and card collections. Back in the day I for sure had a Nightmare on Elm Street and possibly a Friday the 13th vending machine sticker. Who knows what ended up happening to them as the years passed. Luckily, I was able to get my hands back on those as well as Howling, Halloween and Nightmares editions. What's cooler is discovering how many horror classics had stickers made that I had never seen before.
The low-fi nature of the art and the foil prism printing effect make this series a unique time capsule. Looking at them today, catapults me right back to that Bill and Ted era of sleazy MTV rock and VHS tapes.
As 80's kids grew into glassy-eyed nostalgic "adults", demand for all manner of collector ephemera went threw the roof. You see the same thing with 70's generation collectables. I'm just glad enough of this stuff was preserved and is being made available to anyone willing to do some digging.
The awesome blog, Branded in the 80's is the King when it comes to capturing the era's defining geek material. In addition to a very thorough collection of the Prism stickers on display, the site is home to every other cool thing you had, or wished you had, from your pre-internet childhood.
These stickers, so irrelevant and meaningless to most, have a special place in my heart. Harkeneing back to simpler times of innocence when something as simple as a sticker could entertain me.
The other object of affection I was able to replace was a TOPPS picture card series set called, Fright Flicks. 90 glorious cards featuring images for films such as Fright Night, Alien, Day of the Dead, The Fly, Poltergeist and other cult classics. I giddily purchased the whole set in one fell swoop at a tiny comic show.
These cards bring back hyper distinct memories of me and another nerdy buddy huddling over each card, studying them for every gory detail. The images are fairly explicit, showing off the amazing practical prosthetic F/X of the 80's. I still get a kick out of the "Did it ever happen?" stories featured on the backside, underneath an EC comics-like illustration of a knife wielding maniac. What's missing from the set I picked up are the 11 stickers and the sweet wax wrapper that came with each pack.
Cardboard Connection is selling the set for $65! I got very lucky and snatched my set for no more than $10. That's the beauty of going to off-the-radar comic shows at your local American Legion.
I'm far from the only one still pumped about these 25 year old trading cards. There's currently a company selling a Fright Flicks T-Shirt. There are plenty of other pieces of 80's/90's collector nostalgia to catalog, like Dinosaurs Attack! (which I own). But that's another post all together.
Love those stickers! I still have my Fright Flicks cards too. They were awesome.
Yeah, ,it's really great stuff.


One of the many heroes of 9/11, Stephen Siller was a NYC firefighter. He had finished the late shift at his Brooklyn firehouse and was on his way to play golf when he heard about the WTC attack. Returning to his firehouse and finding his company already dispatched, he grabbed his gear. When stopped at the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel, he donned his gear and ran through the tunnel to join his colleagues, and was killed in the collapse of the South Tower.
His family honors his memory through programs for first responders, military personnel, and children who have lost one or both parents, a special interest of Steven's whose parents died early in his life. In the annual Tunnel to Towers run, people retrace his steps and remember the sacrifice Steven and so many others made. Many firefighters and military make the journey wearing full gear, like these firefighters from Jericho, Long Island. The Lieutenant is securing the emergency locator on one of his companions.
Forget for a moment the issues with the Memorial, with the Port Authority and the Mayor and the Zadroga bill and Homeland Security. Remember the people of 9/11, the victims, the survivors, the responders.
Behind every name there is a face, and many, many stories. Here are a few. (This page will be updated throughout the day of September 11, 2012.) I invite you to consider your own remembrance at Remember Me: The Virtual Facebook September 11, 2001 Memorial.


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Polowanie (tytuł oryginału: Partie de chasse) – francuski komiks z gatunku fikcji politycznej autorstwa Pierre'a Christina (scenariusz) i Enkiego Bilala (rysunki), opublikowany w 1983 przez wydawnictwo Dargaud. Polskie tłumaczenie ukazało się w 2002 nakładem wydawnictwa Egmont Polska. Stylem i konwencją nawiązuje do innego albumu Christina i Bilala pt. Falangi Czarnego Porządku z 1979 (oba komiksy zostały po polsku wznowione w 2014 we wspólnym tomie pt. Fins de siècle).

Fabuła
Zimą 1983 na południowo-wschodnim krańcu Polski, niedaleko miasteczka Krolówka, odbywa się przyjacielski zjazd i trzydniowe wspólne polowanie kilku notabli z ZSRR i państw satelickich: Polski, Czechosłowacji, NRD, Bułgarii, Rumunii i Węgier. Centralną postacią spotkania okazuje się Wasylij Aleksanrowicz Szewczenko – długoletni członek Komitetu Centralnego i polityczny opiekun wszystkich zebranych na polowaniu, nadal sprawy fizycznie mimo podeszłego wieku (88 lat), chociaż niemy z powodu wylewu. Spotkanie odbywa się w luksusowej posiadłości Tadeusza Boczka – niegdyś znaczącej postaci w polskiej polityce, wysłanego na polityczną emeryturę po wypadkach marcowych w 1968. Inni uczestnicy polowania to: Ion Nicolescu, szef rumuńskiej policji politycznej Securitate; Janos Molnar, minister spraw wewnętrznych Węgier; Wasyl Strojanow, przewodzący bułgarskiemu organowi propagandy; Pavel Havelka – istotna postać czechosłowackiej partii komunistycznej; Gunter Schutz – kluczowy członek prezydium RWPG z NRD; Siergiej Szawanidze – najmłodszy członek radzieckiego biura politycznego; Jewgienij Gołozow – tłumacz i zaufany człowiek Szewczenki. Głównym obserwatorem zachodzących wydarzeń staje się francuski student lingwistyki na Uniwersytecie Moskiewskim, młody komunista i jednocześnie asystent Gołozowa (jego nazwisko nie pada w historii ani razu).

Podczas spotkania ujawniają się wzajemne animozje pomiędzy poszczególnymi starymi towarzyszami, padają odważne oceny tragicznych wydarzeń w bloku wschodnim (powstanie węgierskie, Praska Wiosna). Jednocześnie prawie każdy z uczestników wspomina w indywidualnych rozmowach z Wasylijem Aleksandrowiczem koleje własnej kariery politycznej, którą w pewnym momencie rozkwitła dzięki poparciu Szewczenki. Jedynym, który nie odnosi się do Szewczenki z właściwym wszystkim pozostałym szacunkiem jest Szawanidze – młody polityk, przyszły następca Wasylija Aleksandrowicza, zatwardziały komunista, nieuznający zachodzących przemian społecznych w dobie Solidarności. Jego poplecznikiem okazuje się Gunter Schutz.

Trzeciego dnia polowania całe towarzystwo (z wyjątkiem Tadeusza Boczka, który poprzedniego dnia został ranny w starciu z dzikiem – uratował go Szewczenko) wybiera się na wyjątkowo grubego zwierza – niedźwiedzia. Warunki pogodowe są wyjątkowo złe, a pozycje strzeleckie nie odpowiadają wszystkim uczestnikom – m.in. Szawanidze. Po kilku godzinach oczekiwania młody Francuz – pierwszego dnia zniesmaczony całą ideą polowania, jednakże w miarę upływu czasu coraz bardziej zafascynowany tym sportem – ponaglany przez starych towarzyszy strzela do majaczącej we mgle sylwetki niedźwiedzia... Po chwili jednak "niedźwiedziem" tym okazał się Szawanidze, który, niezadowolony ze swojej pozycji strzeleckiej, postanowił zapolować na własną rękę. Został zastrzelony przez niczego nieświadomego Francuza. Schutz natychmiast oskarża pozostałych uczestników spotkania o spisek i zaplanowanie zamachu na Szawanidze i wmanewrowanie w to wszystko obcego Francuza. Przed zastrzeleniem Schutza przez pozostałych notabli chroni go natarcie prawdziwego niedźwiedzia, zastrzelonego po chwili przez  skrytego nieopodal Szewczenkę. Polowanie się kończy, cel – mord polityczny na zatwardziałym komuniście Szawanidze, który nie dostrzegał powolnej erozji socjalizmu w krajach bloku wschodniego i był zwolennikiem polityki twardej ręki wobec krajów satelickich – został osiągnięty. Starzy notable dostrzegli, że należy złagodzić kurs i pozwolić narodom stanowić o sobie samodzielnie, by w ten sposób pozostać przy władzy. Gołozow zostaje członkiem Biura Politycznego, wszyscy uczestnicy polowania rozjeżdżają się do domów. Gołozow, Francuz i Szewczenko wracają pociągiem do Moskwy. W pociągu Wasylij Aleksandrowicz popełnia samobójstwo, trapiony przez cały okres polowania dręczącym wspomnieniem pięknej Wiery Nikołajewnej Trietiakowiej, "jednej z najszlachetniejszych postaci rewolucji" i jego narzeczonej z czasów młodości, do której aresztowania i stracenia za "trockizm-zinowiewizm" w czasach wielkiej czystki najprawdopodobniej osobiście się przyczynił.

Kilka lat później, w 1990, dochodzi do zniszczenia willi Tadeusza Boczka na skutek uruchomienia mechanizmu samozniszczenia budynku. W wypadku giną Havelka, Stojanow, Molnar i Gołozow (Boczek i Nicolescu zmarli wcześniej – Boczek krótko przed objęciem ministerialnego stanowiska w wolnej Polsce, Nicolescu – zaginął w rewolucji rumuńskiej w 1989). Sprawcą eksplozji był Gunter Schutz, nadal wierny swoim komunistycznym ideałom, który nie wybaczył dawnym towarzyszom ich ideologicznej zdrady sprzed kilku lat. Po tym incydencie Schutz znika bez śladu.

Przypisy

Francuskie komiksy
Komiksy polityczne
Komiksy historyczne
Komiksy z gatunku thriller
Komiksy o zimnej wojnie
Komiksy o historii Polski


What You'll Need: scriptures, GAK 417/GAB 95: Elijah Restores the Power to Seal Families for Eternity, GAK 504/GAB 121: Temple Baptismal Font, 3D Temple Baptismal Font print out, scissors, coloring tools, glue stick.
You can also choose to download the pdf of LESSON 03 for easy printing. If you download, please leave a comment here on what you like about this lesson. Note: GAK vs GAB pictures explained here.
Scripture: Mal 4:6 - And he shall turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers.
Opening Song: I Love to See the Temple (PCS #95) - Alternate verse found here.
An ancient Prophet named Malachi taught that the hearts of the children would be turned to their fathers. When he says 'fathers' he means our ancestors. An angel appeared to Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdry and gave them the power to seal families in the Temple.
Having that power to seal restored means that in our day, Malachi's words are coming true. If our ancestor's were not members of the church after they die they will have a chance to hear about the Gospel. If they believe it and want to live with Heavenly Father again they need to be baptized and participate in other ordinances. But how can they be baptized when they are already dead?
We can find out information about our ancestors who have passed away and give that information to church headquarters. Then we can perform temple ordinances for our ancestors.
(show GAK 504/GAB 121: Temple Baptismal Font - note that the pictures are slightly different in the different kits).
When you are twelve years old you can go to the Temple and be baptized and confirmed for your ancestors who have not already had that special work done for them. The baptism fonts in Temples are extra special. They always stand on the back of 12 oxen statues. The 12 oxen represent all of the people of the earth that live all over the world and are waiting to hear the gospel.
It is a wonderful gift to give to them and it fills our hearts with joy and the Spirit when we go to the Temple and do those ordinances. When you are older and you go through the Temple you can do the other ordinances for your ancestors as well, including sealing families together forever.
When we look for ancestors' names and do their temple work, we serve them. Sometimes the Spirit tells us that our ancestors know what we have done for them and that they are grateful.
Russel M. Nelson said, "When our hearts turn to our ancestors, something changes inside us. We feel part of something greater than ourselves. Our [desire] for family connections are fulfilled when we are linked to our ancestors through sacred ordinances of the temple."
Bear your testimony about the feelings you have had while performing Temple work for others (this may include doing baptisms for the dead as a youth or other ordinances later or searching records and submitting names). Share the feeling you have when you enter the Temple and why it is important to you to know that families can be together forever.
CLICK HERE to download the pdf of this project.
Thank you so much! Printing them off now! I sure appreciate all the effort that goes into these lessons!
Thank you! This is perfect for our FHE this week. My 12 year old daughter will go to the temple Friday for the first time.
We are so grateful for all your hardwork and effort that you put into the FHE lessons. We loved last weeks and are looking forward to having tomorrows lesson, thank you!!
Thank you so much for all your hard work. I downloaded your last lesson plan and we loved it. This is such a huge help to those of us who felt overwhelmed and unsure as to how to plan out FHE and make it more effective. Your kindness in sharing your lesson plans and handouts is sure helping our family nights. Thanks again.
I just discovered your site through Pinterest and I am so excited! Thank you for all the hard work that goes into this. We will be starting tonight with this lesson.
Our family really enjoyed last weeks lesson plan. I am coming back for more! I love what you do. Thank you so much!!
thank you so much for the effort you put into these lesson...sure makes it easier for me. I love them!
This will be our second week of following your lessons. Thanks to all your hard work, I actually feel like FHE is something I can do now! THANK YOU so much!
My daughter is two and loves fhe thanks to your simple, yet insightful lesson plans. Thank you so much for putting so much effort into planning these each week. Whenever there is a lesson with a coloring page, we'll tape it onto the wall by her bed and talk about what she leaned each night before bedtime prayers. Can't thank you enough!!!
Thank you! These lessons are perfect for us this month, next week we get to go to the temple and do my grandma's temple work and seal her to her husband!
I am very grateful for your hard work. It makes FHE so enjoyable. Thank you!
Thank you so much!!!! Just printed!
Just downloaded this. I found your site through pinterest. You are very talented. Thank you so much for sharing.
Thank you sooooo much! I love your blog!!
Thank you!! I love the oxen/baptismal font craft, I bet my kids will too!
I just found your website and used this lesson for FHE this week. Usually it's a madhouse with 3 kids under 5, but everything ran so smoothly because I was so prepared (thanks to you!).
We're a little behind, so this is our FHE lesson tonight! I'm quite glad as we had a big FH presentation in Sunday school yesterday which gave me lots of extra ideas and was great for my convert husband.
I just discovered your blog thru pinterest and wanted to say THANK YOU for all the hard work on these lessons. I will be visiting often!
thank you so much! we're going to the ft. lauderdale temple open house on Saturday and this is a great way to help prepare my boys!
We are going through your lessons week by week. This month is perfect as I have been feeling a tremendous prompting to talk about family history with my kids in depth. Thank you for giving us a springboard. My son is turning 12 next month so this lesson was particularly exciting to discuss. EXCELLENT WORK!! Thanks a million!
I cant even begin to say how helpful these have been! Thank you so much!


1. The Hiding Place by Corrie ten Boom - A family becomes leaders in the Dutch Underground - hiding Jewish people in their home during WWII - before being caught and sent to concentration camps.
3. The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank - The moving journal of a young Jewish girl in hiding during WWII - heartbreaking, compelling and incredible.
6. The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls - An unforgettable memoir of one woman's dysfunctional family and unconventional childhood that still reveals the bonds of family and power of love.
10. Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me? (And Other Concerns) by Mindy Kaling - Hilarious and touching essays on Mindy's childhood, life and random observations - one of my favorite "memoirs."
I picked the same topic for my list and dang it, I forgot to add THE IMMORTAL LIFE OF HENRIETTA LACKS. Good pick.
The Nazi's Officer's Wife sounds interesting; what a different perspective on WWII! I want to read The Diary of Anne Frank as well. I read the play last year in English class, so I think it's about time I get to the real thing. I love the cover of The Girls of Murder City. I will be on the lookout for it at my local library. Finally, Mindy Kaling is hilarious, so I have little doubt that her memoir is the same!
Amazing list! I actually *do* read Non-Fiction and the ones I love definitely make me much more interested to check out the others. Gah, now I wish I had done Non-Fiction!
How good was Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me?
That question was more of a statement in my head. Just so ya know.
Love this! I've been getting really into nonfiction over the past 8 months or so, so I'm always looking for good recommendations! Unbroken was one that I read last year and I really loved it, too! And I'm actually going to be reading Anne Frank this month!
Great list! I loved Glass Castle and Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me?, and Henrietta Lacks and Unbroken are on my TBR list!
I've actually never read any of these, or better yet finished any of them. I did start reading Anne Frank in 4th grade or so, but never finished and never picked it up. And while a few of these are new to me (Like The Lost Girls), there are others I've been wanting to get to for a while now (The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks).
I just had to bookmark this post, since I'm starting to feel like expanding my reading selection with more adult and non-fiction titles! This seems like such a great selection, and I'm particularly by the WW novels you've mentioned here. Definitely going to check them out soon!


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Himerius steht für:
Himerius (Philosoph), Antike
Himerius von Tarragona, spanischer Erzbischof ca. 385.
Himerius von Nikomedien, Bischof
Himerios (Admiral), Byzanz 900–920
Heilige:
Himerius von Immertal
Himerius von Cremona
Himerius von Bosto
Himerius (St. Immer)