text:
Local celebrity dads on their journeys into fatherhood
As the nation celebrates Father's Day, Drum caught up with our local celebrity dads from actors Oros Mpofu and Abdul Khoza to musical artist Junior De Rocka.
20 June 2019 Lesego Mkhize 0 Comment
Oros Mampofu. (Photo: Oros Mampofu Instagram)
As the nation celebrates Father's Day in appreciation of the all the wonderful dads, Drum caught up with our local celebrity dads from actors Oros Mpofu and Abdul Khoza to musical artist Junior De Rocka.
The first time you hear your little ones heart beat on that ultrasound scan or see their developing bodies is without a doubt a tear-jerking moment but it's when you welcome them into this world that the true work really starts. And what better way to learn about the world's highs and lows than with a supportive dad for guidance by your side.
Oros Mampofu
Actor Oros Mpofu announced earlier this year that he was going to be a father, by sharing a series of pregnancy shoot snaps geared in traditional attire alongside his expecting girlfriend Bianca Carmacheal.
Speaking to Drum, Oros revealed that he was on his way to work when he received a phone call that would soon change his life forever. "The entire moment felt like my life had come to a standstill, which was when I realized the significance of life on another level," he said.
"Finding out I was going to be a father is truly a moment I will never forget, there was a complete shift in my spirit."
Recalling the exact moment he first heard his little girl's heartbeat, he becomes overwhelmed with joy. "That distinct moment when I heard our baby's heartbeat, that's when it all truly became a reality and no longer an idea," the 28-year-old explained.
Oros and Bianca welcomed their daughter Aarya Mampofu a couple of months ago, and the first time day couldn't be prouder. "I was present throughout the delivery and everything was nothing short of magical."
Being a first time dad can be both an exciting and nerve wrecking experience, but the actor believes that with patience and perseverance nothing should be taken for granted.
"I truly believe that as a parent your shortcomings should never be carried over to your child. You need to be the best version of yourself as a father."
HER FIRST LAUGH ?? ?? In the midst of darkness you become my shining light! ?? You can't believe how grateful I am to have you in my life, especially at this time for me ?? It makes me proud to see you laugh my princess ??MAY YOUR LIFE BE FILLED WITH LAUGHTER & JOY Congratulations @aarya_mampofu ???????? We Love You
A post shared by Oros Mampofu (@oros_mampofu) on Jun 11, 2019 at 2:04am PDT
Junior De Rocka
Musician Junior De Rocka and actress Ntando Duma welcomed their wonderful baby girl Sbahle Mzizi in 2017 and when Junior learned that he was going to be a father, he was engulfed with a mixture of emotions.
"I was overjoyed, shocked and excited all at once that I was going to begin this new chapter. It suddenly all felt like a count down for me to really get my life together."
While the proud father of the one-year old admitted to being fearful of being present during the delivery, he did shed a few tears in private after he held Sbahle for the first time. "After I held her in my arms I had to step outside for a moment and I cried because I couldn't believe that I had just become a father."
Admittedly Junior became a father at a young age but that did not stop him from being the best dad he could be for his daughter, "Knowing there's a little who counts on you makes everything worthwhile," he said.
"You learn to cherish everything, from the first walk to the first laugh. Nothing else in this world matters to you as a father but that."
Good Morning. Hope you have yourselves an amazing week ahead. From: The Mzizi's ??????
A post shared by Junior De Rocka (@juniorderocka) on Feb 25, 2019 at 11:49pm PST
Abdul Khoza
Isibaya actor Abdul Khoza who has a six-year-old daughter Azamahle, is always parading his little girl to the world.
"When I found out that I was going to be a father it was a life changing moment one that I will forever be grateful for."
As a first time dad, he recalled how he was there throughout the delivery, "I cut her umbilical cord, cleaned her and handed her over for the first time to her mother."
While Abdul knows that being a father comes with a great responsibly, it's truly one he is determined to live up to. "Being a father to a daughter is so important because you start to realise the delicateness in maintaining your relationship," he said.
"Not just for support purposes but to guide her as she grows up and that's hard, that's one thing they don't tell you about fatherhood. But it's all worth it."
Today is my beautiful daughter's special day...Wishing a Happy Birthday to AZAMAHLE?????? daddy loves you so much. I have been blessed with a living angel and I can't wait to see many more years with you. Always believe in yourself and always know that daddy thinks about you all the time. I love you and I am so proud to be a father to an amazing baby girl like yourself. ##daddysgirl #azakababa
A post shared by Abdul Khoza (@abdul_khoza) on Jun 5, 2019 at 5:48am PDT
Skeem Saam's Pebetsi Matlaila on her daughter being fat-shamed: "I am livid"


Yay, a regex challenge. My favorite kind of challenge.
Not proud of the insane number of tools I used for this challenge but feel a lot more comfortable with the RegEx tool now.
Gave it my best! Used a Make Columns tool for the first time!
I tried challenge. This is my Solution!
Built a few reports - including a simple guide to the stadiums (stadia?) with the images.


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What is the Manubrium?
The manubrium is a section of the sternum or breastbone in the human chest. Situated at the top of the bone between the two clavicles or collarbones, it is the broadest portion of the sternum. With its symmetrical, many-sided shape, wider at the top than at the bottom, this bone resembles a head perched upon the body of the sternum. The many facets of the manubrium are for joining with multiple structures, including two facets for the two clavicle bones, one facet for the body of the sternum, and two facets apiece for the top and second rows of costal cartilage, which link the manubrium on either side to the first two ribs.
The manubrium is a section of the sternum or breastbone in the human chest.
Flattened and curved slightly posteriorly when viewed from the side, the manubrium features a concave facet along its top aspect that does not join with any other bones. The superior facet can be felt by placing one's index finger where the two collarbones meet at the base of the front of the neck. A semicircular cavity known as the suprasternal, or jugular, notch can be felt in the space between them. From front to back, the superior facet is the thickest edge of the manubrium. It is also where a major muscle of the anterior neck, the sternocleidomastoid, attaches before coursing upward and outward, attaching its other end to the skull just below the ear.
The horizontal collar bone connects to the manubrium at the sternum.
To each side of the suprasternal notch are similarly concave facets, angled obliquely upward and sideways. These facets, identified as the clavicular notches, are where the two clavicle bones form joints with the manubrium. Known as the sternoclavicular joints, they are a type of synovial or movable joint called an arthrodial or gliding joint, meaning that the articulating bony surfaces can slide past each other to a small degree. Specifically, the clavicles can slide up and down and front to back as well as rotate slightly relative to the sternum, which allows the arm to move in the shoulder joint, particularly when raising the arm overhead.
Below the clavicular notches on either side of the manubrium are curved facets for articulation with the first ribs, above, and below with the second ribs. These joints, the sternocostal joints, are in fact where the sternum joins with the costal cartilage, the thick cap of fibrous tissue at the medial or sternal end of each rib bone. The first sternocostal joint is known as a synarthrodial joint, meaning that the cartilage is essentially fused to the sternum and allows no true movement.
Beneath this, the second sternocostal joint is another arthrodial joint, which allows the costal cartilage to barely slide against the sternum and which is held together by ligaments. To permit such movement, there is a synovial membrane, which contains a lubricating, fluid-filled joint capsule, between the articulating surfaces. A second membrane joins the second costal cartilage to the body of the sternum.
Finally, the lower facet of the manubrium attaches to the body of the sternum. Covered in cartilage, this facet forms an articulation with the body known as an amphiarthrodial joint, meaning that the amount of movement allowed is more than that of a synarthrodial joint and less than that of an arthrodial joint. This joint is characterized by the presence of disks of a type of cartilage known as fibrocartilage, which cushion the ends of the two bones against each other and provide some flexibility to the joint but that otherwise do not permit much movement between them.
Injuries to the manubrium may limit range of motion, and cause pain when exercising.
What Causes a Lump on the Sternum?
What is the Breast Bone?
What is the Rib Cage?
What is the Collar Bone?
What are the Causes of a Swollen Clavicle?
What is the Sternum?
What is a Floating Rib?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Vol. 10, Issue 336 - Friday, December 2, 2005
WARRIOR FOOTBALL
SB FILE / SEPTEMBER 2003
Ikaika Curnan was Hawaii's leading tackler in 2003, including 10 in a rout of Rice. But the next season he injured his ankle.
Hawaii's Curnan persevered
The linebacker went from defensive leader to role player because of an ankle injury
By Dave Reardon
dreardon@starbulletin.com
When Hawaii linebacker Ikaika Curnan reflects on his college football career, two victories stand out -- for two very different reasons.
San Diego State at Hawaii
Where: Aloha Stadium
When: 6:05 p.m., tomorrow
TV: Live, Oceanic Cable, pay-per-view (Ch. 255). PPV delay at 10:30 p.m. Free on KFVE (Ch. 5) Sunday at 10 a.m.
Radio: KKEA-1420
Internet: sportsradio1420.com
On Nov. 29, 2003, Curnan was in on a game-high 15 tackles as the Warriors beat Alabama 37-29. It was the signature moment of his career. Although it wasn't a great Crimson Tide team, Alabama is Alabama and the win will go down as one of the biggest in the history of the UH program.
"That was my most memorable game," Curnan said.
On Oct. 9, 2004, Hawaii celebrated a 48-26 win over Nevada. But Curnan, UH's leading tackler from the previous season, limped off the field in the first half with what, at the time, was thought to be an ankle sprain. He tried to play through the injury, missing just three of the remaining nine games. It never fully healed, and it was discovered later that several bones in the ankle area were broken.
"He played all those games with broken bones. That gives you an idea of what kind of pain tolerance he has," UH linebackers coach Cal Lee said.
Curnan was encouraged by postseason surgery, but he never regained the quickness that helped him make 121 stops as a sophomore in 2003. The Saint Louis School graduate from Kauai -- once the Warriors' best defensive player -- was relegated to the second string this fall.
Curnan has played in all 11 games and made 19 tackles this year. He is listed as a backup to sophomore Brad Kalilimoku and freshman Solomon Elimimian at inside linebacker. Curnan did make one of the biggest plays of this season, forcing a San Jose State fumble at the UH 1-yard line that was recovered by teammate Kila Kamakawiwo'ole. Hawaii won 45-38.
In some significant ways, Curnan's career parallels the Warriors' story of the past few seasons. He and his classmates from the 2001 recruiting class have helped UH to a 40-24 record going into their final game, tomorrow night against San Diego State (5-6) at Aloha Stadium. They were there for 10 wins in 2002 and nine in 2003. They participated in three bowl games. They battled through injuries last year. This year, they dealt with transition that left some of them, like Curnan, watching more than playing -- and watching more losses (seven) than wins (four).
Curnan has managed to smile through it, working even harder than he did when he was relatively healthy and starting. Injuries are nothing new to him; he'd dealt with knee and elbow ailments before the ankle.
Now, he's thankful for the occasional opportunity to contribute as a role player in short-yardage situations and special teams. And he's had time to reflect on the real reason he went to college.
"A lot of trials and tribulations, adversity. It's just been that kind of year, or two years. It's been a good learning experience for me. I learned a lot, grew a lot. It was good for me. You just have to try to be as positive as you can," said Curnan, who is on track to earn a sociology degree in the summer. "Shoot, five years here. I'm glad I'm still in school. Getting the degree is the main thing. I'm here for a paper."
He does catch himself wondering how things could be different if not for the low block that mangled his ankle.
"Definitely. It goes through my head a lot. It bothers me a lot, but I try to not let it take over me," Curnan said. "At times it did, but you can't dwell on things. You just got to move on and keep your head up and stay focused and be positive. You can't be negative."
Hawaii coach June Jones said Curnan's size (5-feet-9, 220 pounds is his ideal playing shape) probably would have limited his NFL opportunities. But his knack for finding the ball carrier might have gotten him at least a free-agent look.
"It's very frustrating, for me and him. His ankle injury probably cost him his career and I feel bad for him because he was playing at a really high level those early years and when he broke his ankle, the surgery and everything really set him back and he's probably not 50 percent of where he was," Jones said. "He's a winner. He's positive. In life when you have adversity, it's how you handle the adversity that shows what kind of person you are and he's handled it well."
Curnan was a USA Today high school All-American at Saint Louis, where he, UH teammate Tanuvasa Moe and Washington captain Joe Lobendahn all started at linebacker for Lee, who was the Crusaders' head coach. USC and Wisconsin were among the schools that recruited Curnan.
His teammates will remember him as an outstanding player and an even better person.
"He's one of the greatest people I've ever met. He took it all in stride," Moe said. "This year, he had to come in and be on the back burner and he never said one thing about it. He never complained. It inspired everyone because everyone knows what kind of player he is. Every time Solomon makes a play, Ikaika's one of the first people to give him five."
Senior center and team captain Derek Fa'avi said Curnan found ways to contribute despite not playing.
"He's a good role model and an inspiration. You can't take away what he did for the program," Fa'avi said. "He gave it his all. No complaints. He didn't say a word. He just kept going. I think that's something we can all learn from."
High praise: Reggie Bush couldn't remember Leonard Peters' name, but the USC star had some kind words for the UH safety in an ESPN.com "SportsNation" chat with fans today.
A fan asked Bush who the best player he faced this year is.
"As for the toughest player, I don't know. The guy that sticks out is #42, the safety for Hawaii, he was just everywhere, involved in everything. I don't know his name but he was fast and he was a great player and every time I got tackled, he was there," Bush answered.
Peters made five tackles but suffered a knee injury late in the 63-17 loss to USC on Sept. 3 and has not played since. The senior will apply for an additional year of eligibility.
E-mail to Sports
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» Distressed students get back on the bus
» Djou trying to sabotage transit, says Abercrombie
» Fox officially resigns at Capitol
» UH to review policies in compromise
» Construction, safety top UH wish list
» Aid for AIDS
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» Aiea man pleads not guilty to charges of rape in 1996
» Unique park needs asserted for Hawaii
» Simply StyleIn
» A holiday with all the trimmings
» First Friday back with a holiday theme
» DHT's 'Aladdin Jr.' extended
» De La Soul rolls into Pipeline
» Chinese film fest runs at Academy of Arts
» 'Lost' wins family award
» Cat, dog harmony at home can work
» Back in the big time
» Hawaii's Curnan persevered
» Ross has Army believing again
» Teams get honorary captains
» Oahu retailers expanding heavily
» Smaller luxury hotel to replace Renaissance Wailea
» Eddie Flores shines on
» Time to feed the bottle beast
» Poor children need tax help


Facebook (FB) CEO Mark Zuckerberg and Tesla (TSLA) CEO Elon Musk might not see eye-to-eye on everything involving the use of artificial intelligence, but Zuckerberg says they can agree on one thing about self-driving cars: they'll absolutely save lives and need to become a reality.
Mark Zuckerberg appears at Viva Technology Paris.
During the Viva Technology in Paris, Maurice Levy, the chairman of the advertising firm Publicis, asked Zuckerberg whether he was "on friendly terms" with Musk, who has said AI could threaten humanity.
In response, Zuckerberg explained how he is optimistic about AI and what it could mean for everything from curing diseases to keeping communities safe. Zuckerberg also pointed out that he and Musk agree that AI could save thousands of lives each year when used in self-driving cars.
"I think that he's making a point that I really agree with on, which is that look: Over the long term if we can get to a state where we have good self-driving cars — you know one of the leading causes of people dying is car accidents — if we can get to a state where we have good self-driving cars, then that is going to potentially massively reduce one of the leading causes of death, and is a very important humanitarian thing that needs to be done," Zuckerberg said.
Musk recently criticized the media's coverage of accidents involving Tesla's Autopilot semi-autonomous feature. The CEO especially took issue with The Washington Post's decision to run a front-page article about a Tesla crash that resulted in the driver suffering a broken ankle.
"It's super messed up that a Tesla crash resulting in a broken ankle is front page news and the ~40,000 people who died in US auto accidents alone in past year get almost no coverage," Musk tweeted.
Whether fair or not, Tesla has been in the headlines several times for accidents that happened when its vehicle's Autopilot was active. In April, Musk addressed a crash involving a Tesla that resulted in the driver's death. Autopilot was active at the time, but Musk said the driver's hands hadn't touched the steering wheel for 6 seconds. The system isn't designed for fully autonomous functionality and requires a driver's attention.
Zuckerberg echoed those sentiments, saying that self-driving vehicles and AI in general will take time to perfect — but that to get there, it needs to be given the chance to develop.
"The point that I've heard [Musk] make recently, which I really agree with, and I've been trying to make for a while is we need to make sure we don't get too negative on this stuff. Because it's too easy for people to point to an individual failure of technology, and try to use that to slow down progress," Zuckerberg said.
The Facebook CEO's appearance at Viva Technology came two days after EU lawmakers grilled him on a range of hot-button topics including election interference, data privacy, and fake news.
"I am anxious of this brave new world that Mr. Zuckerberg has presented us!" said Guy Verhofstadt, a member of European Parliament of Belgium.
Zuckerberg has also had to answer to U.S. lawmakers on Capitol Hill, as the social network faces increased scrutiny following revelations that data of as many as 87 million users was improperly shared with Cambridge Analytica, a consulting firm tied to President Donald Trump's campaign.


The Griffin Hospital School of Allied Health Careers, at 300 Seymour Avenue, Suite 206 in Derby, is offering two sessions of its Accelerated Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) program this fall to help aspiring healthcare professionals quickly jumpstart their careers.
There will be a daytime session of the 5-week CNA Program starting Oct. 5 and an evening session starting Nov.16. Anyone 18 years of age or older with a high school diploma or GED may apply for admission.
The program runs for a total of 104 hours. The first four weeks of the program will be classroom education and skills training and the final week will include clinical experience at an extended care facility and Griffin Hospital for the required 40 hours for CNA certification completion.
The days and hours for the session starting Oct. 5 are Monday through Thursday from 9 a.m.- 1 p.m. for the first four weeks, and Monday through Friday from 7 a.m.-3:30 p.m. for the final week.
The session starting Nov. 16 will be Monday through Thursday from 5-9 p.m. for the first four weeks, and the times for the clinical hours in the final week will be discussed in class.
Tuition includes books, CPR training and malpractice insurance.
Griffin Hospital's School of Allied Health Careers was one of the first hospital-based schools of its kind to be authorized by the Connecticut Department of Higher Education and offers Phlebotomy and other professional educational programs to provide training, education, and certification in selected health careers. Classes are taught by certified instructors in the Griffin Hospital Medical Building, located at 300 Seymour Avenue in Derby.


text:
import React from 'react';
import storyRouter from 'storybook-router';
import {withInfo} from '@storybook/addon-info';
import MuiThemeProvider from 'material-ui/styles/MuiThemeProvider';
import {mount} from 'enzyme';
import {assert} from 'chai';
import {storiesOf, linkTo, specs} from '../.storybook/facade-storybook';
import {describe, it} from '../.storybook/facade-mocha';
import ResourceList from '../src/resources/list/maybe-list';

storiesOf('Resource List', module)
  .addDecorator(story => (
    <MuiThemeProvider>
      {story()}
    </MuiThemeProvider>
  ))
  .addDecorator(storyRouter({
    '/users/travi': linkTo('Resource Details', 'person'),
    '/resources/generic': linkTo('Resource Details', 'generic resource')
  }))
  .add(
    'empty list',
    withInfo('this is the empty state')(() => {
      const list = <ResourceList resourceType="foo" resources={[]} loading={false} />;

      specs(() => describe('empty list', () => {
        it('should show a message explaining that no resources are available', () => {
          const wrapper = mount(list);
          const alert = wrapper.find('p');

          assert.equal(alert.text(), 'No foo are available');
        });
      }));

      return list;
    })
  )
  .add(
    'loading',
    withInfo('this is the loading state')(() => <ResourceList resourceType="foo" resources={[]} loading={true} />)
  )
  .add(
    'rides list',
    withInfo('list of rides')(() => (
      <ResourceList
        resourceType="rides"
        loading={false}
        resources={[
          {id: 1, displayName: 'corvette', links: {self: {href: '/resources/generic'}}},
          {id: 2, displayName: 'truck', links: {self: {href: '/resources/generic'}}},
          {id: 3, displayName: 'camaro', links: {self: {href: '/resources/generic'}}}
        ]}
      />
    ))
  )
  .add(
    'persons list',
    withInfo('list of persons')(() => (
      <ResourceList
        resourceType="persons"
        loading={false}
        resources={[
          {
            id: 1,
            displayName: 'Matt Travi',
            thumbnail: {src: 'https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f69785efc7d990da20f1ab49fc2a6648?size=32'},
            links: {self: {href: '/users/travi'}}
          }
        ]}
      />
    ))
  );

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Group Emergency Foster Care program was established in February 2003 with six beds to meet a critical need for children removed from their families by Dutchess County's Child Protective Services. Today, with a capacity of 33 beds, this program provides Child Protective Services from several counties with round the clock availability of residential care for children who are in imminent danger if they remain in their homes.
This program serves children from birth to eighteen years of age. The program is tailored to serve individual children and sibling groups, and full diagnostic services are coordinated by the Home's nursing staff. The diagnostic service allows the County to make more informed decisions regarding the eventual placement of children and youth in longer term options such as family foster homes, boarding homes, group homes or residential treatment centers. Contact with their own medical doctors and attendance at their home schools and churches is maintained.
In 2017, 183 children and youth were served by this program.


The taxation of dividends and capital gains is one of the most controversial issues in public finance. Relatively high effective tax rates on capital income, particularly that emanating from the corporate sector, have the potential to discourage investment and impede economic growth.
Corporations must pay corporate income taxes on profits before they distribute dividends to shareholders, and shareholders pay an additional, individual-level tax on those amounts. Imposing two layers of taxation on corporate income can result in a total tax rate on capital income from corporations that is substantially higher than the rate on other types of income.
In recent years, policymakers have become concerned about the economic damage caused by relatively high effective tax rates on capital income, and in 2003 the tax rate on capital gains and dividend income was lowered to 15 percent.


text:
Home News APC CRISIS: TINUBU DEMANDS APOLOGY FROM SARAKI, DOGARA
APC CRISIS: TINUBU DEMANDS APOLOGY FROM SARAKI, DOGARA
Although some chieftains of the All Progressives Congress, APC have initiated moves to reconcile the aggrieved camps and bring back peace in the party, its national leader, Asiwaju Bola Tinubu is not yielding to it until his conditions are met.
Vanguard exclusively gathered yesterday that Tinubu who felt greatly slighted by the elections of Senator Bukola Saraki and Rep. Yakubu Dogara as the senate president and the Speaker, House of Representatives respectively against the party's official candidates, Senator Ahmed Lawan and Femi Gbajabimila had said of what can assuage his anger and that of the party.
A competent party source told Vanguard in Abuja that principal among the conditions is that both Saraki and Dogara must tender and publish a full page apology publicly using the national dailies.
To this end, the source hinted that an extended meeting of the national leaders of the party with APC governors involved had been slated for next week.
The meeting, it was learnt, would hold either Monday or Tuesday.
"You don't joke with the man (Tinubu). He said they must make a public apology to him using the newspapers. A meeting that will involve all APC governors has been scheduled to hold either on Monday or Tuesday. Wait and see what will happen. They have to do it", the source said.
It was not ascertained whether president Mohmmadu Buhari would be at the meeting but Saraki and Dogara are expected to be at the meeting.
It will be recalled that after the National Assembly leadership that brought Saraki and Dogara as the new leaders of the 8th assembly, tempers have continued to flare up in the party.
Upon their elections on June 9, APC immediately issued a statement where it declared the outcome of the elections unacceptable and also threatened sanctions for the new leaders.
The threat however divided the party with some of the national leaders frowning at the decision.
One of the them was the deputy national publicity secretary, comrade Timi Frank who also called for the resignation of the party's national chairman, chief John Oyegun on the grounds of his failure to harmonize the variegated interests that later cost the party the office of the Deputy Senate President, DSP.
According to Frank, Oyegun compromised to have agreed to conduct the mock election that threw up Lawan and Gbajabimila as official candidates of the party.
Meanwhile, national chairman of the party, Oyegun has assured Nigerians that peace was underway in the party.
Rising from the meeting of the National Working Committee, NWC which held at party's national secretariat in Abuja yesterday, the chairman said that the party had reached out to all aggrieved parties, stressing that Nigerians would see a united APC by next week.
He also marshalled out defence for the party's national publicity secretary, Alhaji Lai Mohammed who he said had been misunderstood in some quarters while discharging his responsibilities.
– Vanguard
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FG'll Pay 24 Million Poor Nigerians N5,000 Each —Minister of Humanitarian Affairs
Herdsman Can't Vacate Ondo State, Presidency Replies Akeredolu
The Federal Government on Tuesday said about 24.3 million poor Nigerians would get N5,000 each for a period of six months. Minister of Humanitarian Affairs,...
Barely 24 hours after Ondo State Governor, Rotimi Akeredolu directed herdsmen to vacate forest reserves in the state within 7 days, the Federal Government...
The Independent National Electoral Commission is considering making the National Identity Number a precondition for registering voters when the continuous voter registration exercise commences...
FG'll Pay 24 Million Poor Nigerians N5,000 Each —Minister of Humanitarian...


text:
VC Firm, JAFCO Ventures Leads $6 Million in Series B Funding for Vuclip
Based in Milpitas, California, one of the United States' leading pioneers of video for mobile phones, Vuclip announced today that it has closed $6 million in series B funding lead by JAFCO Ventures. Other investors who participated in this round of funding include the company's existing investor, New Enterprise Associates.
Vuclip has developed the one of the biggest video search engines for mobile phones. Furthermore, Vuclip's video portal is the only video portal that can transcode and transcribe all web videos to any mobile phone across almost any wireless network worldwide. The service that Vuclip is free, but carriers may charge the users of that particular service for bandwidth costs. Vuclip also allows publishers to publish their web video content through their white labeled Vuclip Video API program.
According to Vuclip's CEO and founder, Nickhil Jakatdar; Vuclip's service was built on a browser that address all the technical problems that some mobile phones might encounter with web videos. The solution that Vuclip offers gives media companies the opportunity to have a global audience and allows for the mobilization of these videos online.
To date, the service that Vuclip provides has already reached over 1,000,000 people in over 150 countries throughout the world. Vuclip also has many different partnerships with some of the world's premium media and advertising companies. Advertisers can use Vuclip as a vehicle to reach millions of consumers.
Founded in 2003, JAFCO Ventures is a vc firm that has over $350 million under its management. The vc firm primarily invests in companies who are in the communications, internet, semiconductor, and software industries. JAFCO Ventures is based in Palo Alto, California and also has offices in Asia and invests in the United States, China, and Japan. Some other companies in JAFCO's portfolio include 41st Parameter, Aster Data Systems, Calypto, ClairMail, and others.
New Enterprise Associates, or NEA is one of the leading vc firms, who's primary mission is helping entrepreneurs build new powerful enterprises. NEA was founded in 1978 and has several principles that it bases its investments on. The first principle that NEA bases its investments on is helping and supporting the entrepreneurs in whom the vc firm invests in. The second principle is to participate in the profession of the industries in which the vc firm invests in and earning the highest respect in the industry. Currently, NEA has over $8.5 billion of committed capital under its management. NEA also has offices in both China and India. Some other companies in NEA's portfolio include Amicus Therapeutics, 3Com, Actelis, Argon Networks, Ascend Networks, Astral Point Communications, and others.
For more information about Vuclip, click here.


text:
And when his servants told David these words, it pleased David well to be the king's son-in-law. Before the time had expired,
[SUP]27 [/SUP] David rose up and went, he and his men, and struck down two hundred men among the Philistines. Then David brought their foreskins, and they gave them in full number to the king, that he might become the king's son-in-law. So Saul gave him Michal his daughter for a wife.
But when Saul saw and knew that the LORD was with David, and that Michal, Saul's daughter, loved him,
[SUP]29 [/SUP] then Saul was even more afraid of David. Thus Saul was David's enemy continually.
Then the commanders of the Philistines came out to battle, and as often as they came out David had more success than all the servants of Saul, so that his name was highly esteemed.
[SUP]1 [/SUP] Now Saul told Jonathan his son and all his servants to put David to death. But Jonathan, Saul's son, greatly delighted in David.
FeedtheMachine
1 Samuel 19:2 (KJV) But Jonathan Saul's son delighted much in David: and Jonathan told David, saying, Saul my father seeketh to kill thee: now therefore, I pray thee, take heed to thyself until the morning, and abide in a secret place, and hide thyself:
1 Samuel 19:3 (ESV)
And I will go out and stand beside my father in the field where you are, and I will speak to my father about you. And if I learn anything I will tell you."
And Jonathan spoke well of David to Saul his father and said to him, "Let not the king sin against his servant David, because he has not sinned against you, and because his deeds have brought good to you.
For he took his life in his hand and he struck down the Philistine, and the LORD worked a great salvation for all Israel. You saw it, and rejoiced. Why then will you sin against innocent blood by killing David without cause?"
And Saul listened to the voice of Jonathan. Saul swore, "As the LORD lives, he shall not be put to death."
And Jonathan called David, and Jonathan reported to him all these things. And Jonathan brought David to Saul, and he was in his presence as before.
[SUP]8 [/SUP] When there was war again, David went out and fought with the Philistines and defeated them with great slaughter, so that they fled before him.
Pssst, Grace777x70, GracethroughfaithinChrist, etc and the others who derailed the scriptural thread about Saul's encounter with the witch of Endor. Please return to the topic. Thanks. God bless.
When the woman came to Saul and saw that he was greatly shaken, she said, "Look, your servant has obeyed you. I took my life in my hands and did what you told me to do.
(1 Samuel 28:22): ...New American Standard Bible (NASB)
22 So now also, please listen to the voice of your maidservant, and let me set a piece of bread before you that you may eat and have strength when you go on your way."
23 But he refused and said, "I will not eat." However, his servants together with the woman urged him, and he listened to them. So he arose from the ground and sat on the bed.
willfollowsGod said:
Here's where it started......sorry I didn't catch that earlier, and thank you for getting everything back on track willfollowsGod
Grace777x70 said:
[SUP]21 [/SUP] Saul thought, "I will give her to him that she may become a snare to him, and that the hand of the Philistines may be against him." Therefore Saul said to David, "For a second time you may be my son-in-law today."
Nice try Bruce, it almost worked too
[SUP]1 [/SUP] Now the Philistines gathered together all their armies to Aphek, while the Israelites were camping by the spring which is in Jezreel.
( opps..looks like I went back 10 from 1 Sam:28:21 to 1 Sam. 18:21...sorry. Good catch willfollowsGod)


To promote the upcoming 5th tankobon volume of Ryoko Kui's fantasy manga Dungeon Meshi/Delicious Dungeon, publisher Enterbrain has posted a 80-second stop-motion animation PV introducing dwarf warrior Senshi's cooking of "Sauteed walking mushrooms with medicinal herb" on its official YouTube channel.
The manga series has been serialized in the publisher's Harta since February 2014 and its four tankobon volumes have sold over 2 million copies in Japan in total. It ranked No.1 in various yearly manga rankings/awards, including Comic Natalie's Grand Prix of 2015, Takarajimasha's "This Manga is Amazing!" award of 2015 (male category), FreeStyle's "THE BEST MANGA 2016: Read This Manga!," and "Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics of 2016."
for Domo/Domo-kun, a mascot character of Japan's public broadcaster NHK.


text:
View from Bonaventure Island
Photo Credit: Sépaq
Percé Rock
Photo Credit: Sépaq / Jean-Pierre Huard
Sightseeing boat
Photo Credit: Sépaq / Steve Deschênes
Wharf on Bonaventure Island
Photo Credit: Sépaq / Corentin Chaillon
Discovery activity
Les Mousses trail on Bonaventure Island
Northern gannets on Bonaventure Island
Northern gannet colony on Bonaventure Island
Seabirds on the cliffs of Bonaventure Island
Photo Credit: Sépaq / Pascal Lévesque
Parc national de l'Île-Bonaventure-et-du-Rocher-Percé »
Parc national de l'Île-Bonaventure-et-du-Rocher-Percé
4, rue du Quai (office)
La Neigère, rue du Quai
Percé (Quebec) Canada
G0C 2L0
parc.ibrperce@sepaq.com
Parc national de l'Île-Bonaventure-et-du-Rocher-Percé is home to the largest migratory bird refuge in North America. Its colony of 110,000 northern gannets is the most accessible in the world. Bonaventure Island also offers four hiking trails and a historic heritage trail that reflects the island's prosperous past.
Discover the historic and natural heritage (including wildlife and geology) of the Percé area at the Discovery and Visitors Centre in the historic Charles Robin sector. Visit the La Neigère Information Centre for information about the services and activities offered in the park as well as to pay admission fees. And don't forget to stop in our nature boutique!
Experience an unforgettable excursion on Bonaventure Island and wander from one wonderful discovery to another by taking advantage of the interpretive activities offered by experienced park wardens, who are also naturalists. Dive into the history of the fisheries with them by visiting Le Boutillier House, follow them closely during a guided hike and enjoy the activities held at the northern gannet colony. Without a doubt, the high point of your visit will be the sight of 200,000 birds nesting on the island, including 110,000 northern gannets.
Percé Rock is the park's main attraction. This impressive stone monolith is 471 metres (1545 feet) wide and is home to many birds: razorbills, cormorants and black-legged kittiwakes breed here every year.
Warning: Walking along the walls of Percé Rock and Mont Joli is extremely dangerous at all times.
Opening dates
May 24 to October 11
$9/adult, free for children (under 18). Rates valid until December 31. Additional rates for boat excursions (offered by private companies). You must buy your daily access right online before your visit in a national park. https://www.sepaq.com/parksaccess
Required for groups only
Activities available
The park protects a rich and exceptional cultural, historical, natural and geological heritage. Come and discover majestic Percé Rock and Bonaventure Island, which features built heritage and is home to an impressive colony of northern gannets.
Take in unique maritime scenery and observe seabirds and marine mammals as you discover the breathtaking beauty of the park during a sea excursion. Seals, whales, dolphins and basking sharks can all be seen in the park.
Bonaventure Island offers 15 km (9 mi.) of hiking along four intermediate trails that will introduce you to various historical and natural facets of the park.
The park protects 100 metres (330 feet) of water around Bonaventure Island and Percé Rock. Sea kayaks are forbidden behind the island and near the northern gannet colony (in accordance with park rules and regulations).
The park protects 100 metres (330 feet) of water around Bonaventure Island and Percé Rock. You can go scuba diving in these waters, an activity offered in partnership with the Percé yacht club (in accordance with park rules and regulations).
To get to the park, enjoy a 45-minute sea excursion with one of two private cruise companies. In season, a park naturalist will be on board to introduce you to the natural environment of Bonaventure Island and Percé Rock.
The park is home to one of North America's largest migratory bird sanctuaries, including the world's most accessible northern gannet colony. During a boat excursion around the park, you may also spot marine mammals.
A whole program of discovery activities is on offer: learn all about the seabirds in the park, find out how Percé Rock got its name and where Bonaventure Island came from, and discover the park's built heritage.
Participate in discovery activities on the history of the Jersey fishing companies: visit the manager's residence, follow in the footsteps of the islanders and learn more about the island's first inhabitants.
Resto des Margaulx offers a varied takeout menu: soup of the day, sandwiches (lobster, smoked salmon, ham, veggie pâté), desserts, drinks and local beer. You can also pick up snacks at the Relais des Fous snack bar.
The park is home to one of North America's largest migratory bird sanctuaries, where you can observe black-legged kittiwakes, razorbills and Atlantic puffins, as well as to the world's most accessible northern gannet colony (110,000 birds).
Restaurant or snack bar
Conference/meeting room
Other: Parking
Bonaventure Island sector: private boat excursions to Bonaventure Island available from the Percé wharf
Charles Robin sector: via Rue du Quai, in Percé
Percé Rock sector: walking along the walls of Percé Rock and Mt. Joli is forbidden at all times since this area is extremely dangerous
Marine sector: 100 metres (330 feet) around Percé Rock and Bonaventure Island
Affiliations and distinctions
Parcs Québec network (SÉPAQ)
Tourisme Gaspésie
Certified Quality Tourisme Gaspésie
Gaspésie network of museums and heritage sites (RMPG)
Ask for more information
Les Bateliers de Percé
Croisières Julien Cloutier (cruises)
Whale-Watching Sites in the Maritime Regions of Québec
10 National Parks: 10 Hidden Treasures
Discover the Charms of Percé


text:
De goden moeten hun getal hebben  is een novelle van de Belgische schrijver Hubert Lampo. Het boek werd in 1969 uitgegeven in een oplage van 220.000 exemplaren. De uitgave werd verzorgd door de Stichting Collectieve Propaganda van het Nederlandse Boek ter gelegenheid van de Boekenweek 1969. Het was het eerste boekenweekgeschenk dat werd verzorgd door een Vlaamse schrijver.

Verteller

Hoofdpersoon Kasper Bentheim vertelt het verhaal.  De lezer krijgt het vermoeden dat hij ooit een beroemd concertpianist was, die een geestelijke inzinking heeft ondergaan. Voor die aandoening werd hij verpleegd.

Verhaal

Aan de rand van de mistige Schelde duikt het café het Palinghuis op, alwaar Kasper een liefdevol onthaal vindt. Hij mag in een afgedankte wat lekke kolenschuit overnachten en eet mee met het gezin van de kastelein Jonathan, moeder Annastasia en dochter Heleen.(Leentje).
In het hele verhaal speelt  de gespannen sfeer tussen stakende havenarbeiders en havenwerkgevers een rol, waarbij de arbeiders het café frequenteren. Voor Kasper is zijn mondharmonica belangrijk, waarmee hij mens maar vooral dier een weldadige rust kan schenken. Overdag zoekt Kasper in de stad Antwerpen dag in dag uit naar zijn verleden. Hij vindt interessante bekende en onbekende personen. De hem uit zijn jeugd bekende twee jaar oudere museumdirecteur Alix dringt zich fysiek aan hem op en is aan het eind van het verhaal verbitterd dat hij haar blijft afwijzen. Zelf vindt Kasper zijn eigen grote doodgewaande geliefde bij toeval terug als stripteasedanseres. Hij geeft haar de naam Eurydice, waarbij hij zelf ook niet meer weet in welke van de twee werelden hij leeft. Zijn mondharmonicaspel aan het hoofd van de grote groep protesterende havenarbeiders, wordt wreed gesmoord in een laatste mitrailleursalvo.

Inhoud en thematiek

Het werk is zeker schatplichtig aan de mythe van Orpheus en Eurydice. De verteller Kasper leeft in twee werelden. Zijn  geestelijke gesteldheid door  zijn onjuiste perceptie dat hij zijn overspelige geliefde heeft gewurgd, draagt bij aan dit leven in twee werelden. Dit beklijft te meer als hij zijn geliefde levend terugvindt als stripteasedanseres.

Nawoord voor de lezer

Omdat dit de eerste keer is dat een Vlaming het Boekenweekgeschenk schreef, krijgt de in hoofdzaak Nederlandse lezer wat achtergrondinformatie mee op deze laatste bladzijde van het boek. De plaats Geel is al eeuwenlang bekend als oord voor de huisverpleging van geesteszieken. Het werk van de auteur is evenals dit verhaal doortrokken van het magisch realisme. Daarmee is het beter verklaarbaar dat Kasper meent in twee werelden te kunnen leven.

Andere verschijningsvormen

Het boek beleefde een integrale herdruk onder de gewijzigde titel: 'Kasper in de onderwereld' in 1975 bij uitgeverij Meulenhoff.
De BRT verzorgde onder de titel: 'Kasper in de Onderwereld' een hoorspel van 99 minuten in 1989.
De film met als titel 'Kasper in de Onderwereld' kwam uit in 1979.

Novelle
Werk van Hubert Lampo
Nederlandstalige literatuur
Boek uit 1969
Magisch realisme

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


1. Why tiny? it's a great idea and i was happy to be part of it. it was refreshing for me to work so small and it was nice to be able to finish a painting in no time.
3. Was the tiny art difficult to make? no.. it was fun for me. i usually put a lot of small details in my work. this was sort of the same, just on a smaller canvas.


Tonight (September 23rd) a public meeting for the Southside of the City took place. It was held to discuss the implications of the financial constraints of Council activity for the decisions to be taken in the coming months. It was for residents from the Meadows/ Morningside, Southside/ Newington and Liberton/Gilmerton wards. (population approx 95,000).
I counted 77 people in the room at Southside Community Centre, of whom 15 were council officials and a further 11 were councillors. So there were just over 50 members of the public. The majority of them I knew or recognised which indicated that very few attended from the Liberton/Gilmerton ward. The majority were people who have contact with the council through Community Councils, Neighbourhood Partnerships or other formal relationship.
The questions and comments were measured and articulate and comments from the Council officials were usually very informative and responses to the point and at times forceful. Dave Anderson, Director of City Development, for example, responded to the strong anti-tram sentiments robustly. Andrew Unsworth was immediate in answering the question on how much the new (but stuttering) Council website cost. (£300k).
But doubts about the interpretation of the answers and the trams issue did not stop the meeting from going on to cover the issues posed in a broad and lively exchange of information, questions and answers.
And it was well moderated by Kenny Kemp. All was recorded and at some stage there will be a summary made available. The background information can be accessed from here - and the questions posed can be found at the end of this booklet.
NB Numbers given for people present may not be exact. I was seated near the front and did not the best of views.


text:
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text:
#include "config.h"
#include "LLIntCLoop.h"

#include "Instruction.h"

namespace JSC {

namespace LLInt {

#if ENABLE(LLINT_C_LOOP)

void CLoop::initialize()
{
    execute(0, llint_unused, true);
}

void* CLoop::catchRoutineFor(Instruction* catchPCForInterpreter)
{
    return reinterpret_cast<Instruction*>(catchPCForInterpreter->u.opcode);
}

MacroAssemblerCodePtr CLoop::hostCodeEntryFor(CodeSpecializationKind kind)
{
    MacroAssemblerCodePtr codePtr;
    codePtr = (kind == CodeForCall) ?
        MacroAssemblerCodePtr::createLLIntCodePtr(llint_native_call_trampoline) :
        MacroAssemblerCodePtr::createLLIntCodePtr(llint_native_construct_trampoline);
    return codePtr;
}

MacroAssemblerCodePtr CLoop::jsCodeEntryWithArityCheckFor(CodeSpecializationKind kind)
{
    MacroAssemblerCodePtr codePtr;
    codePtr = (kind == CodeForCall) ?
        MacroAssemblerCodePtr::createLLIntCodePtr(llint_function_for_call_arity_check) :
        MacroAssemblerCodePtr::createLLIntCodePtr(llint_function_for_construct_arity_check);
    return codePtr;
}

MacroAssemblerCodePtr CLoop::jsCodeEntryFor(CodeSpecializationKind kind)
{
    MacroAssemblerCodePtr codePtr;
    codePtr = (kind == CodeForCall) ?
        MacroAssemblerCodePtr::createLLIntCodePtr(llint_function_for_call_prologue) :
        MacroAssemblerCodePtr::createLLIntCodePtr(llint_function_for_construct_prologue);
    return codePtr;
}

#endif // ENABLE(LLINT_C_LOOP)

} } // namespace JSC::LLInt


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Ross Offshore is a service contractor that provides a wide range of resources, Drilling & Well management, Subsurface and Marine & Logistics services to the oil and gas industry.
We have a constant focus on the environmental aspects of our services and strive to reduce their environmental impact by using modern technology and improve work processes. Ross Offshore has a responsibility towards our clients, owners, employees, society, and future generations to protect the environment and reduce the risk of environmental degradation to as low as reasonably practicable.
Ross Offshore shall comply with all relevant legislative requirements and be updated on pertinent national and international legal revisions at all times.


Any 555BJ or 330C in the forum?
Both rare machines....I have tried searching for either of them in the forum but got nothing.
Re: Any 555BJ or 330C in the forum?
jack_zhan wrote: Which do you want to see most?
Tasurinchi wrote: Both of course!
I wished I could get both too! However I have only less than CN¥400 on my credit card now, and I am only a student working part-time, so I still need some time to gather enough money to buy the first one. It seems few local people have interest in those things, so let's wish I could buy both before one of them is sold.
I'll look for a picture for the page on Japanese websites.
I am sorry to say that, but my 701C had its entire LCD assembly broken off during recent use, so I must work on repairing it now. The previous owner/maintenance crew used glue to repair a crack near the left hinge, and excessive glue went into the hinge, therefore jamming the hinge and leaving it constantly damaging the bezel and the top cover . Now finally the entire upper part is broken off .
Is the 555BJ still there?
Does it have an HDD installed?
If YES, then please send me a PM.
The PM has stayed in the outbox for too long for me. So I post it here.
GOOD NEWS!!! I have bought the 555BJ!!
And YES, it has a hdd installed. A IBM-H2344-A4D 344MB hard disk.
The machine have some problems. I have sent a request to Lenovo Japan for service documents.
EDIT: The hdd interface looks like an SCSI.
You sir is a lucky one!
Sorry if this topic is closed, But I used to have the Beige or White 330c Thinkpad.
Sorry for the necropost, and probably offtopic, but I found a Thinkpad 330C for sale for less than $20. Do you think I should get it?
As I'm not really interested in keeping it for long, I'll probably have it out for sale after I revive it (or I don't).
I'm wondering if there is a potential demand for it.
Got my 330C!! Really nice machine. It's 5523-JVB model (almost top) http://www.inversenet.co.jp/pclist/prod ... 2DJVB.html The only difference is that the top model has 8Mb onboard memory and mine has 4.
Overall it's in a very good condition, just needs a good cleaning. Nothing is cracked or broken, all lids are in their places. Looks like nobody has tinkered with it - has both the HDD and additional 8Mb card in place. It also has a bult in power adapter, but it's for 110V. Will try to power it up as soon as I get a voltage converter.
Will make some photos later on.
Post some pics...we'd love to see it!
Looking for either the 550BJ, 555BJ, or the Canon NoteJet 486. Thanks.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The inflationary paradigm \cite{inflation} provides a simple framework to generate primordial nearly scale-invariant perturbations with a slightly red tilt, as well as small non-gaussianties which are in good agreement with observations \cite{Planck1,Planck3,Planck4}. Despite its successes, the inflationary scenario has certain issues \cite{problems-ijjas-inflation,trans-Planckian} within its models and there is much discussion within the early universe cosmology community around attempts to fix these issues within the paradigm. The other approach is to try to construct an alternative paradigm \cite{Gasperini2002,brand} to see if this can also explain the observations of the late-time Universe that we have today. The bouncing cosmology paradigm is one such attempt \cite{review,review2}.

\paragraph*{}
We will be interested in model realisations within this paradigm that are non-singular. This means that these models do not suffer from the initial Big Bang singularity that is ubiquitous in the case of cosmologies that have expanded for its entire history \cite{vilenkin-borde-guth}. The trade-off in the case of a bouncing model is that there has to be some new physics at the expansion minimum (which coincides with the `bounce') to allow the Universe to re-expand \cite{Lehners:2007ac,Lehners:2008vx,Lehners2008}. This new physics is in the form of a null energy condition violation in the case of spatially flat models. The inclusion of positive curvature does satisfy one of the conditions on the vanishing of the Hubble rate without the need of violating the null-energy condition \cite{BarrDab}. However a second condition on the successful fulfillment of the bounce is to have the first derivative of the Hubble rate be negative and some new physics would be needed to have the Universe re-expand from the minimum. In a previous work, we have parametrised this `new physics' by hypothesising a non-linear equation of state \cite{me4}. This non-linear equation of state was used in \cite{bruni1,bruni2} to model a dynamical dark energy scenario. This model has the advantage that there exists a high energy cosmological constant which represents the maximum value the energy density can take without causing the model to exhibit phantom behaviour. At this energy density, the null energy condition is not violated at the level of phenomenology. This means that in the presence of positive spatial curvature it is still possible to have a bounce with no violation of the null-energy condition, and only a violation of the strong energy condition.

\paragraph*{}
An additional problem that plagues contracting universe scenarios, such as one that must be incorporated in a bouncing cosmology, is the problem of growing anisotropies and inhomogeneities. The issue with growing anisotropies is not only that this is in direct contradiction to the very tight constraints on anisotropy \cite{saadeh} and the time of isotropisation in the late Universe - but also that a successful bounce must necessarily have very low anisotropy going into it from the contracting phase \cite{ekpyrosis_mixmaster,ekpyrosis_numerics}. For example, it has been shown \cite{review} that at the level of perturbations if the mechanism for example is a scalar field $\chi$ that is causing the bounce to occur, then the perturbative anisotropy energy density $\sigma ^2$ must obey the ratio $\frac{\dot{\chi}^2}{\sigma ^2} \gg 1$ for the bounce to occur successfully and lead to re-expansion. This can be understood non-perturbatively as well - a contracting closed anisotropic Universe suffers an instability known as a BKL instability by which the Universe undergoes infinite chaotic oscillations on a finite time interval until it finally collapses to a singularity \cite{mixmaster_numerics_1,mixmaster_numerics_2,bkl,belinski_henneaux_2017,Belinskii1972}. The anisotropies thus need to be suppressed to avoid this instability from being manifested in a contracting Universe.

\paragraph*{}
A way of dealing with the unbounded growth of anisotropies has been to incorporate an ekpyrotic phase \cite{Lehners:2007ac,Lehners:2008vx,Lehners2008,review,review2}. This is described by an `ultra-stiff' equation of state i.e.\ an equation of state that is given by $P\gg \rho$ where $P$ and $\rho$ denote the pressure and energy densities of the fluid. In the ekpyrotic scenario, this is incorporated with the aid of a slow contraction mediated by a fast-rolling scalar field rolling down a negative exponential potential. While this model has been proved to be very successful in dealing with the BKL instability \cite{mixmaster_numerics_1,mixmaster_numerics_2,ekpyrosis_mixmaster}, it still has some issues. For example, it seems to be a fine-tuned scenario when one incorporates the effects of anisotropic pressures even if these follow the condition of ultra-stiffness on average \cite{me1}. It also has a problem of perturbations being blue-tilted without the incorporation of an additional scalar field \cite{review,review2}. There is also the probability of super-luminal propagation of the kinetic energy modes of the scalar field that is an issue in any scenario that has $p>\rho$. All of these reasons have prompted us to search for an alternative mechanism for isotropising a contracting Universe. It has been shown in \cite{me4,misner_aniso} that the incorporation of a negative anisotropic stress in the form of shear viscosity such that the anisotropic stress is proportional to the shear anisotropy with a negative proportionality constant leads to the isotropisation of a Bianchi IX Universe.

\paragraph*{}
In this work we shall study the global stability of the isotropic Friedmann-Lemaitre point in the absence of the ultra-stiff fluid equation of state and in the presence of this shear viscous stress. We shall show that a contracting Universe sourced by a non-linear equation of state and with the incorporation of shear viscosity demonstrates an attractor behaviour on approach to this isotropic Friedmann-Lemaitre point. In doing so, we are drawing on previous work on no-hair theorems in contracting universes \cite{Lidsey2005} to derive a new no-hair theorem which shows that isotropisation with the aid of shear viscous anisotropic stress is possible in the most general spatially homogeneous Universe. We do not model the bounce in this work. In order to do this, we would need a specific geometry as it would depend on whether the model in question was flat or had non-zero spatial curvature. Our aim remains to derive a general result for the process of isotropisation in the presence of shear viscosity in a contracting Universe.

\paragraph*{}
In the next section, we shall provide a brief background on Bianchi cosmologies which shall serve as the framework for the remainder of the paper. In the subsequent sections, we shall use the expansion normalised variables of the orthonormal formalism as done in \cite{WEllis,Lidsey2005} to prove a general cosmic no-hair theorem for the isotropisation of the Bianchi cosmologies in the presence of shear viscous anisotropic stresses for Bianchi Types I-VIII, Type IX and separately Bianchi Class B.

\paragraph*{}
 For the entirety of this work we have used natural units where $c = \hbar = G =1$.

\section{A background on Bianchi cosmologies}

We are, in this work, interested in studying the stability of the isotropic Friedmann Lemaitre point. Thus we employ the class of the most general spatially homogeneous, anisotropic cosmologies which are given by the Bianchi cosmologies. The summary in this section will largely follow the formalism as laid out in \cite{WEllis}.
These admit a local group $G_3$ group of isometries that act simply transitively on a spacelike hypersurface. Then the line element can be written in the form $ds^2 = -dt^2 +h_{ab}\omega^a \omega ^b$ where $\omega ^a$ are the $1$-forms. These $1$-forms follow the Maurer-Cartan equations where $d\omega ^c =\frac{1}{2}C^c_{ab} \omega ^a \wedge \omega ^b$ where $C^c_{ab}$ are the structure constants of the Lie algebra. They are anti-symmetric so $C^c_{(ab)}=0$. This means that the independent components of the structure constants can be expressed as a symmetric $3\times 3$ matrix $n_{ab}$ and the components of a $3\times 1$ vector $A_b =C^a_{ab}$. So the structure constants can be written as,
\begin{equation}
    C^c_{ab} = n^{cd}\epsilon_{dab} + \delta^c_{[a}A_{b]}
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon_{abc}$ is the antisymmetric tensor. Using the Jacobi identity,
\begin{equation}
    C^e_{d[a}C^d_{bc]}=0
\end{equation}
we find that,
\begin{equation}
    n_{ab}A^a =0
\end{equation}
We use the freedom of choice of orthonormal frame to rotate the frame vectors and diagonalise the tensor $n_{ab}$ as
\begin{equation}
    n_{ab} = \mathrm{diag}\left\{n_1,n_2,n_3\right\}
\end{equation}
If $A^a \neq 0$ then we see that the above is an eigenvalue equation with the eigenvector $A^a$ always being able to be expressed as $A^a = (A,0,0)$. Therefore the eigenvalue equation simplifies to,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:paramAB}
    n_1A =0
\end{equation}
\textit{For Bianchi Class A, $A=0$ and for Bianchi Class B $A\neq 0$}. We also assume that the direction of fluid flow is orthonormal to the group orbits. Hence we use the orthonormal frame approach and therefore we can write out the Einstein Field Equations in all generality for the Bianchi Classes A and B. The fluid velocity which is the unit timelike vector is given by $u_a$. This defines a projection tensor for the metric on the surface $g_{ab}$ given by,
\begin{equation}
    h_{ab} = g_{ab} +u_a u_b
\end{equation}
which at each point projects onto the $3$-space orthogonal to the vector $u_a$ \cite{WEllis}.
The generalised expansion scalar is given by $\Theta$
\begin{equation}
    \Theta = u^a_{;a}
\end{equation}
 $\Theta= 3H$ where $H$ is the Hubble rate.
The evolution equation for the fluid velocity is given by,
\begin{equation}
    \dot{u}_a = u_{a;b}u^b
\end{equation}
In this notation, the shear tensor is given by,
\begin{equation}
    \sigma_{ab} = u_{(a;b)}-\frac{1}{3}\Theta h_{ab}-\dot{u}_a u_b
\end{equation}

The evolution equation for the shear is given by,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:evshear}
    \dot{\sigma}_{ab } = -3 H\sigma _{ab} +2 \epsilon ^{m n}_{(a}\sigma_{b)m}\Omega_{n}- \phantom{p}^3 S_{ab} +\pi_{ab}
\end{equation}
The shear $\sigma _{\alpha \beta}$ can be diagonalised in the frame in which $n_{\alpha \beta}$ is diagonal and by the requirement of tracelessness has only $2$ independent components. We shall work with some linear combinations of these components as,
\begin{equation}
    \sigma _+ =\frac{1}{2}\left(\sigma _{22}+\sigma_{33}\right),\;\;\; \sigma _- =\frac{1}{2\sqrt{3}}\left(\sigma _{22}-\sigma_{33}\right)
\end{equation}
The other unknown quantity in \eqref{eq:evshear} is the local angular velocity of the spatial frame specified by a set of $1$-forms $\{\textbf{e}_{\alpha}\}$ with respect to a Fermi-propagated spatial frame. We shall call this the Fermi rotation which is given by,
\begin{equation}
    \Omega ^{a} = \frac{1}{2}\epsilon^{a m n}e^i_{m}e_{n i;j}u^j
\end{equation}

As mentioned before, we can choose a frame where $n_{\alpha \beta}$ are diagonalised and the  $A_{a}$ can be expressed as $(A,0,0)$ via the Jacobi equation. We can show that the shear tensor can also be diagonalised in this frame as long as $\pi_{\alpha \beta} =0$ or $\pi_{\alpha \beta} \propto \sigma_{\alpha \beta}$. Details of this proof can be found in the appendix.
 Thus the Einstein field equations in the orthonormal system formalism become,
 \begin{align}
 \dot{\sigma}_{\pm}&=-3H\sigma_{\pm} - ^{(3)}S_{\pm}\\
 \dot{n}_1 &=\left(-H-4\sigma _+\right)n_1\\
 \dot{n}_2 &= \left(-H+2\sigma_+ + 2\sqrt{3}\sigma _-\right)n_2\\
 \dot{n}_3 &= \left(-H+2\sigma_+ -2\sqrt{3}\sigma _-\right)n_3
 \end{align}
 along with the continuity equation,
 \begin{equation}
     \dot{\rho}=-3H\left(\rho +p\right) -\left(\pi_+\sigma_+ + \pi_-\sigma_-
     \right)
 \end{equation}
 where $\pi_{\pm}$ is given by,
 \begin{equation}
     \pi_{\pm} = -\kappa H \sigma_{\pm}
 \end{equation}
 In subsequent sections, we shall express these equations as a phase plane system through the process of expansion normalisation. In the case of Bianchi Types I-VIII we can normalise the gravitational field variables with respect to the Hubble expansion rate and in the case of Type IX which has a positive spatial curvature, this normalisation occurs with respect to a modified expansion variable.
 \paragraph*{}
 Before we begin our analysis of the stability of the isotropic Friedmann-Lemaitre point, we shall review the inclusion of dissipative effects in a cosmology.

 \section{Shear and Bulk viscosity}
 In standard cosmological analysis, dissipative effects are ignored. However their inclusion can give rise to many important effects - such as singularity resolution or novel isotropisation mechanisms.
 \paragraph*{}
Dissipative effects can be modelled by including shear and bulk viscosity of the component fluids in the cosmology. This has been studied in several works \cite{gron-viscous}. The effect of bulk viscosity has been to increase the expansion rate i.e.\ modify the volume expansion. The manifestation of this is that the pressure of the component fluid gets modified as $\tilde{p} = p -3\xi H$ where $H$ is the Hubble expansion and $\xi$ is the coefficient of bulk viscosity. For bulk viscosity arising from radiation fluids, this effect vanishes when the equation of state of the radiation fluid is $p=(1/3)\rho$ i.e.\ the relativistic limit. However, viscosity effects can become important arbitrarily early in the history of the Universe if these effects were generated by particle collisions from gravitons, or processes like the evaporation of mini black holes. Bulk viscosity has also been studied as a mechanism of singularity resolution in cosmologies - for example for certain initial conditions, flat FLRW models with non-linear viscous terms are shown to be able to admit non-singular solutions. The non-linear equation of state that has been studied in \cite{bruni1,bruni2, me4} can be modelled as a bulk viscosity that is a function of the expansion rate $H$ - in the cases where the curvature is zero. Thus it is not surprising that non-singular solutions are found in the context of these non-linear fluids \cite{bruni1}.
 \paragraph*{}Shear viscosity, on the other hand, usually manifests as an anisotropic pressure term and modifies the tensor modes, or the anisotropies of the cosmology. This has been studied with respect to neutrinos in \cite{misner_aniso} and also in the case of the early Universe for warm inflationary models \cite{gil}. It has been used to resolve the anisotropy problem in bouncing cosmologies in the contracting phase in \cite{me4}. For the case of small anisotropy, the form of shear viscosity is derived in \cite{weinberg_viscosity}. The anisotropic pressure term derived from shear viscosity there is given by $-\tilde{\kappa} \sigma_{ab}$ where $\tilde{\kappa}$ is the coefficient of viscosity. In \cite{belinski_henneaux_2017}, the coefficient of viscosity is dependent on density. When $\tilde{\kappa} \sim \rho ^n$, for values of $n < 1/2$, the Friedmann singularity for a contracting Universe is unstable and acausal. For $n>1/2$, the Friedmann singularity forms but is unstable. The only stable isotropisation on contraction occurs at $n=1/2$. Hence to achieve effective isotropisation, we choose the shear viscosity to take the form $-\kappa \rho ^{1/2} \sigma _{ab}$. For Universes that are flat and isotropic, this is the same as $-\kappa H \sigma_{ab}$. This is not the case in all of the general Bianchi types that we will be discussing in this work. However this choice makes the process of expansion normalisation and hence the phase plane analysis tractable. This form of the shear viscous term also makes the modified coefficient of viscosity $\kappa$ dimensionless. This simplification would not make a difference to the isotropising effect of shear viscosity. We can demonstrate this by considering the most anisotropic spatially homoegeneous geometry in a situation of anisotropy domination - the anisotropy dominated Kasner Universe. In this scenario, $H\sim \sigma ^2 \sim \sigma_{ab}\sigma^{ab}$. The evolution equation for the shear in the presence of viscous stress as modelled by $-\kappa H \sigma_{ab}$ is given by,
 \begin{equation}
     \dot{\sigma}_{ab} +3 H\sigma_{ab} = -\kappa H \sigma_{ab}
 \end{equation}
Using the limit of anisotropy domination, we find the solution to the anisotropy energy density $\rho_{\sigma}$ which is proportional to $\sigma ^2 \sim \sigma_{ab}\sigma^{ab}$ given by,
\begin{equation}
   \rho_{\sigma} \sim (6t +2 kt -c_1)^{-2}
\end{equation}
 If the singularity which would turn into the bounce in the presence of positive curvature or new physics occurred at $t\rightarrow -\infty$ then $\rho_{\sigma}\rightarrow 0$ at this point. So the shear viscous term is successful in isotropising a Universe with maximum possible anisotropy i.e.\ the anisotropy-domanted Kasner Universe.

 \section{Cosmic no-hair theorems}

 In this section we follow the procedure laid out in \cite{Lidsey2005} to prove a global stability theorem for the most general, spatially homogeneous cosmologies. We consider a fluid with an equation of state given by,
 \begin{equation}
     p = \left(\gamma(\rho)-1\right)\rho
 \end{equation}
 Our results hold for a general $\gamma(\rho)$ - for the ideal equation of state, $\gamma$ is a constant. In \cite{Lidsey2005} they had explored the possibility of using an ultra-stiff equation of state i.e.\ $\gamma >2$ to prove a general cosmic no-hair theorem about the isotropic FL point being an attractor for initially contracting Universes of Bianchi Classes A and B. We use the same methods to prove a similar theorem - but this time in the absence of an ultra-stiff equation of state. Our ingredient is a shear viscous term - further cementing the idea that such a viscous effect can be used to isotropise Universes without necessarily having to take recourse to an `ekpyrosis'-like ultra-stiff fluid  \cite{me4}. We have simply required that the Strong Energy Condition be obeyed, i.e.\ $\gamma >2/3$.
We define a new time variable $\tau$ which is defined as
\begin{equation}
    \frac{dt}{d\tau}=\frac{1}{H}
\end{equation}
The time derivatives are taken with respect to this variable $\tau$ and is denoted by $'$. The Big Crunch singularity would take place at $\tau \rightarrow -\infty$. For a bounce model, this singularity would be replaced by a bounce and subsequent re-expansion. This would require new physics at the expansion minimum. For the case of a non-linear model \cite{bruni1,bruni2}, the presence of positive curvature and the non-linear equation of state fluid satisfies the conditions $H=0$ and the derivative of the Hubble rate with respect to cosmic time, $\dot{H}>0$ required for the bounce to occur. For the purposes of this work, we have not modelled the bounce but are instead interested in isotropisation in the contracting phase.
\paragraph*{}
 As we are interested in the dynamics of the contracting phase alone, we can write out the Einstein's equations in expansion normalised form.

\begin{align}
     \dot{\Sigma}_{\pm}' &=-(2-q)\Sigma_{\pm} -S_{\pm}\\
     \dot{N}_1'&=\left(q-4\Sigma_+\right)N_1\\
     \dot{N}_2'&=\left(q+2\Sigma_++2\sqrt{3}\Sigma_-\right)N_2\\
     \dot{N}_3'&=\left(q+2\Sigma_+-2\sqrt{3}\Sigma_-\right)N_2\\
 \end{align}

where
\begin{equation}\label{eq:defOfq}
    q = 2\Sigma ^2 +\frac{1}{2}\left(3\gamma -2\right)\Omega
\end{equation}
 and the expansion normalised variables are given by,
 \begin{equation}\label{eq:normalisationI-VIII}
    \left(\Sigma_+,\Sigma_-,N_1,N_2,N_3,\Omega\right)=\left(\frac{\sigma_+}{H},\frac{\sigma_-}{H},\frac{n_1}{H},\frac{n_2}{H},\frac{n_3}{H},\frac{\rho}{3H^2}\right)
\end{equation}

The Friedmann constraint is given by,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:Friedmann_constraint}
    \Sigma ^2 +\Omega + K =1
\end{equation}

Here $K$ and $\Sigma ^2$ are respectively given by,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:defK}
    K =\frac{1}{12}\left(N_1^2+N_2^2+N_3^3 -2N_1N_2-2N_2N_3-2N_3N_1\right)
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eq:defsigma}
    \Sigma^2 = \Sigma _+^2+\Sigma _-^2
\end{equation}
which for Types I-VIII, is a positive definite quantity.

 Let us look at the expansion normalised evolution equation for the density $\Omega$,
 \begin{equation}
     \Omega ^{\prime} = \left[ -(3\gamma -2)K +3(2-\gamma)\Sigma ^2\right]\Omega
 \end{equation}
In the case of an ultra-stiff fluid $\gamma >2$, we can see that under the condition that $K>0$ , $\Omega  ^{\prime} \leq 0$ for any initially contracting Bianchi $I-VIII$ Universe, where equality occurs iff $K=\Sigma ^2 =0$ for any non-vacuum orbit $\Omega\neq 0$. As $\Omega$ is a monotonic decreasing function of $\tau$ and it is bounded by the Friedmann constraint, we can infer that $\lim_{\tau \to -\infty}\Omega^{\prime}=0$. This further implies that,
\begin{equation}
    \lim_{\tau \to -\infty}K=0,\; \lim_{\tau \to -\infty}\Sigma =0,\;\lim_{\tau \to -\infty}\Omega = 1
\end{equation}
Thus this means that for an initially contracting Bianchi $I-VIII$ Universe, isotropisation must have occurred as the bounce point is approached. If we now have a situation where the anisotropic stress is non zero and is of the form,
\begin{equation}
    \pi _{ab} = -\kappa H \sigma_{ab}
\end{equation}
we get the evolution equation for $\Omega$ as,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:omegaEvEq}
     \Omega ^{\prime} = -(3\gamma -2)K\Omega +\Sigma ^2 \left[3(2-\gamma)\Omega -\kappa\right]
\end{equation}

For our quadratic EOS, we have\cite{me4}
\begin{equation}
    \gamma = \frac{P}{\rho} +1 = (\alpha+1) -\beta \frac{\rho}{\rho_C}
\end{equation}
 We use the expansion normalised Friedmann constraint \eqref{eq:Friedmann_constraint} to write the evolution equation for $\Omega$ \eqref{eq:omegaEvEq} as follows,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:EvModOmega}
     \Omega ^{\prime} = -(3\gamma -2)K \Omega +\left[\left\{3(2-\gamma)-\kappa\right\}\Omega -\kappa \Sigma ^2 -\kappa K\right]\Sigma^2
\end{equation}
If the strong energy condition i.e.\ $\rho + 3p\geq0$ is obeyed, then $(3\gamma -2)$ in the first term of \eqref{eq:EvModOmega} is positive definite. If $\kappa>0$, then using the fact that $\Sigma ^2 >0$ and $K>0$, we have the condition on  $\Omega  ^{\prime} \leq 0$ as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:condition}
    \kappa > 3\left(2-\gamma\right)
\end{equation}
The case in which $\kappa =0$, for $\Omega ^{\prime} \leq 0$, we need the equation of state to be ultra-still effectively i.e.\ $\gamma(\rho)>2$.
If $\Omega ^{\prime} \leq 0$ for initially contracting Bianchi Types $I$-$VIII$ with equality when $K=\Sigma ^2 =0$, this means that $\Omega$ is a monotonically decreasing function of $\tau$ and as $\Omega$ is bounded by the Friedmann constraint \eqref{eq:Friedmann_constraint}.
we can conclude that $\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}\Omega ^{\prime} =0$. This implies that $\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}K=\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}\Sigma ^2 =0$ and by \eqref{eq:Friedmann_constraint}, $\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}\Omega =1$. Using $\Sigma^2 = \Sigma _+^2+\Sigma _-^2$, we can conclude that $\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}\Sigma _+ =\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}\Sigma _-=0$. This also implies that $\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}q=(3\gamma -2)/2>0$ for fluids obeying the strong energy condition. The evolution equations for the expansion normalised curvature variables are as follows,
\begin{align}
  N_1 '&=\left(q-4\Sigma_+\right)N_1\\
  N_2'&= \left(q+2\Sigma_+ +2\sqrt{3}\Sigma_-\right)N_2\\
  N_3'&= \left(q+2\Sigma_+ -2\sqrt{3}\Sigma_-\right)N_3\\
\end{align}
Using the value of $q$ at $\tau \rightarrow -\infty$ we see that there exists a parameter $\epsilon >0$ such that $N'_i/N_i >\epsilon$ for a sufficiently negative $\tau$ so that $\lim _{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}N_i =0$. So following the same reasoning as in \cite{Lidsey2005}, we can conclude that for the values of $\kappa$ obeying \eqref{eq:condition}, the isotropic solution is a global attractor for a contracting Universe.

\section{Bianchi IX Cosmic No Hair Theorem}

The analysis for Bianchi IX has to be done slightly differently to the Bianchi Types I-VIII above. This is because the curvature variables $n_1$, $n_2$, $n_3$ are all positive in this Bianchi type and hence the spatial curvature is also positive. The Bianchi Type IX is an anisotropic generalisation of the closed Friedmann Universe. This also means that the expansion is no longer monotonic and the Hubble rate $H$ can be zero. Thus expansion normalisation of the state vector $\textbf{x} = \left \{ H,\sigma_+,\sigma_-,n_1,n_2,n_3\right\}$ must be done with respect to a modified expansion variable,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:defOfD}
    D = \sqrt{H^2 + \frac{1}{4}\left(n_1 n_2 n_3\right)^{2/3}}
\end{equation}
The normalisation then becomes,
\begin{align}\label{eq:normalisationIX}
    \left(\bar{H},\bar{\Sigma}_+,\bar{\Sigma}_-,\bar{N}_1,\bar{N}_2,\bar{N}_3,\bar{\Omega}\right)\equiv\\ \nonumber
    \left(\frac{H}{D},\frac{\sigma_+}{D},\frac{\sigma_-}{D},\frac{n_1}{D},\frac{n_2}{D},\frac{n_3}{D},\frac{\rho}{3D^2}\right)
\end{align}
From \eqref{eq:defOfD} and \eqref{eq:normalisationIX}, we see that $\bar{H}$ is constrained by,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:defHbar}
    \bar{H}^2 +\frac{1}{4}\left(\bar{N}_1 \bar{N}_2 \bar{N}_3\right)^{2/3} =1
\end{equation}
In correspondence to the Types I-VIII, we must define a new time variable $\bar{\tau}$,
\begin{equation}
    \frac{dt}{d\bar{\tau}}=\frac{1}{D}
\end{equation}
The evolution equations then become
\begin{align}
    D^{\star}&=-(1+\bar{q})\bar{H}D\\
    \bar{\Sigma}_{\pm}^{\star} &= -(2-\bar{q})\bar{H}\bar{\Sigma}_{\pm}-\bar{S}_{\pm}\\
    \bar{N}_1^{\star}&=\left(\bar{H}\bar{q}-4\bar{\Sigma}_+\right)\bar{N}_1\\
    \bar{N}_2^{\star}&=\left(\bar{H}\bar{q}+2\bar{\Sigma}_++2\sqrt{3}\bar{\Sigma}_-\right)\bar{N}_2\\
    \bar{N}_3^{\star}&=\left(\bar{H}\bar{q}+2\bar{\Sigma}_+-2\sqrt{3}\bar{\Sigma}_-\right)\bar{N}_3
\end{align}

Here the quantity $\bar{q}$ is defined by
\begin{equation}\label{eq:defOfqBIX}
    \bar{q}= \frac{1}{2}(3\gamma -2)(1-\bar{V})+\frac{3}{2}(2-\gamma)\bar{\Sigma}^2
\end{equation}
The normalised Friedmann constraint is given by,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:TypeIXFriedConst}
   \bar{\Sigma}^2 +\bar{\Omega} +\bar{V}=1
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation*}
    \bar{\Sigma}^2 =  \bar{\Sigma}_+^2 +  \bar{\Sigma}_-^2
\end{equation*}
and
\begin{align*}
    \bar{V} = \frac{1}{12}\left[
    \bar{N}_1^2 +\bar{N}_2 ^2 \bar{N}_3^2 -2\bar{N}_1\bar{N}_2-2\bar{N}_2\bar{N}_3-2\bar{N}_1\bar{N}_3\right.\\
    \left. +3\left(\bar{N}_1\bar{N}_2\bar{N}_3\right)^{2/3}
    \right]
\end{align*}
which implies that $\bar{V}\geq 0$. The corresponding evolution equation for the expansion normalised density parameter is given by,
\begin{equation}
    \bar{\Omega}^{\star} = \left[-(3\gamma -2)\bar{V}+ 3(2-\gamma)\bar{\Sigma}^2\right]-\kappa \bar{H}\bar{\Sigma}^2
\end{equation}
Now using the Friedmann constraint $\bar{q}$ can also be written as,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:defofqbar}
    \bar{q} = 2 \bar{\Sigma}^2 +\frac{1}{2}(3\gamma -2)\bar{\Omega}
\end{equation}
and $\bar{q} \geq 0$ being equal to $0$ when $\bar{\Sigma}^2 =\bar{\Omega}=0$. Using \eqref{eq:defHbar}, we find that $\bar{H}$ is bounded as $-1<\bar{H}<1$. The evolution equation for $\bar{H}$ is given as,
\begin{equation}
    \bar{H}^{\star} = -(1-\bar{H}^2)\bar{q}
\end{equation}
Using the fact that $\bar{q} \geq 0$, and $\vert \bar{H}\vert <1$, we can assume that $ \bar{H}^{\star} <0$. This implies that $\lim _{\bar{\tau}\rightarrow -\infty}\bar{H} = 1$ and $\lim _{\bar{\tau}\rightarrow +\infty}\bar{H} =-1$. This implies that an initially expanding model will undergo a recollapse when $\bar{H}$ will become zero. After the recollapse point i.e.\ $\bar{\tau}\rightarrow \infty$, the condition

\begin{equation}
    \kappa > 3\left(2-\gamma\right)
\end{equation}

along with the positivity of $\bar{\Sigma}^2$ and $\bar{V}$ as well as requiring that the Strong Energy Condition $(\rho +3p)>0$ ensure that $ \bar{\Omega}^{\star} \geq 0$. Thus $\lim _{\bar{\tau}\rightarrow +\infty}\bar{\Omega} =1$ which also implies that $\lim _{\bar{\tau}\rightarrow +\infty}\bar{\Sigma}^2=0$ and $\lim _{\bar{\tau}\rightarrow +\infty}\bar{V}=0$.

From \eqref{eq:defofqbar} then implies that $\lim _{\bar{\tau}\rightarrow +\infty}\bar{q} = (3\gamma -2)/2$. From the evolution equations for the $\bar{N}_i$ for $i=1,2,3$, there exists a parameter $\epsilon >0$ so that, $d\mathrm{ln}\bar{N}_a/d\bar{\tau}<-\epsilon$ and so $\lim _{\bar{\tau}\rightarrow +\infty}\bar{N}_a =0$. Thus we can arrive at a similar conclusion to types I-VIII, that the inclusion of a shear viscous term with the coefficient of viscosity obeying the condition \eqref{eq:condition} will act as an isotropisation mechanism to prevent the growth of anisotropies on approach to the expansion minima or `bounce'.

\section{Bianchi Class B}

For Class B models the parameter A defined in \eqref{eq:paramAB} is non-zero. Following \cite{hwain}, we define the shear variables $\tilde{\sigma}\equiv\frac{1}{2}\tilde{\sigma}_{ab}\tilde{\sigma}^{ab}$ where $\tilde{\sigma}_{ab}$ is the traceless part of the shear tensor $\sigma_{ab}$. The trace for Class A is zero but for Class B is given by $\sigma_+ \equiv \frac{1}{2}\sigma_a^a$. Similarly we can define $\tilde{n}\equiv \frac{1}{6}\tilde{n}_{ab}\tilde{n}^{ab}$ where $\tilde{n}_{ab}$ is the traceless part of $n_{ab}$ and the trace is given by $n_+ =\frac{1}{2}n^a_a$. The quantities $n_+$ and $\tilde{n}$ are related through the non-zero $A$ and the group parameter $h=\tilde{h}^{-1}$ (for some constant $\tilde{h}$) as,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:tildeN}
    \tilde{n} = \frac{1}{3}\left(n_+^2 - \tilde{h}A^2\right)
\end{equation}

We proceed with the expansion normalisation as in the case of Types I-VIII in Class A,
\begin{equation}
 \left(\Sigma_+,\tilde{\Sigma},N_+,\tilde{N},\Omega,\tilde{A}\right)=\left(\frac{\sigma_+}{H},\frac{\tilde{\sigma}}{H},\frac{n_+}{H},\frac{\tilde{n}}{H},\frac{\rho}{3H^2},\frac{A^2}{H^2}\right)
\end{equation}
Of course following \eqref{eq:tildeN}, we have,
\begin{equation}
     \tilde{N} = \frac{1}{3}\left(N_+^2 - \tilde{h}\tilde{A}\right)
\end{equation}
Following \cite{Lidsey2005,hwain}, we use the fact that the evolution equation for the expansion normalised variable $\Omega$ for Bianchi Class B remains the same as \eqref{eq:EvModOmega} and the definition of $q$ in \eqref{eq:defOfq} also doesn't change. However now the variables $K$ and $\Sigma ^2$ defined previously in \eqref{eq:defK} and \eqref{eq:defsigma} are still positive definite, and are given by,
\begin{align}
    K= \tilde{N}+\tilde{A}\\
    \Sigma ^2 = \tilde{\Sigma} + \Sigma_+^2
\end{align}
In correspondence with the condition drawn on $\Omega'\leq0$ in Types I-VIII, we have $\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}K=\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}\Sigma ^2 =0$ and by \eqref{eq:Friedmann_constraint}, $\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}\Omega =1$.
 This further implies that $\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}\Sigma =0$ and  $\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}K =0$, that  $\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}\tilde{\Sigma} =0$ and  $\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}\Sigma_+ =0$. And that $\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}\tilde{N} =0$ and  $\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}\tilde{A} =0$. Thus the spatial curvature variables given by,
 \begin{equation}
     \mathcal{S}_+ = 2\tilde{N},\;\;\;\;\;\;\mathcal{S}^{ab}\mathcal{S}_{ab} = 24\left(\tilde{A}+\tilde{N}^2\right)\tilde{N}
 \end{equation}

 vanish at the bounce. The conclusions drawn about the stability of the isotropic FL point in an initially contracting Universe with an equation of state $p=\left(\gamma(\rho)-1\right)\rho$ such that $\rho +3p>0$ drawn in Bianchi Types I-VIII remain unchanged.
\newline
\section{Conclusion}

The problem of isotropisation in contracting Universes has been a key challenge in the formulation of bouncing alternatives to inflation. In \cite{me4}, we have shown that the inclusion of shear viscous stresses leads to isotropisation of a Bianchi Type IX Universe. In this work we have used the orthonormal frame formalism used by \cite{Belinskii1972,WEllis} and subsequent expansion normalisation to write the Einstein Field Equations as a phase plane system. This has allowed us to derive global stability theorems for the Bianchi Class I-VIII and separately Type IX as well as the Bianchi Class B, which show that the isotropic, spatially homoegenous solution becomes the attractor in an initially contracting Universe on approach to the expansion minima.
\paragraph*{}
Our results hold for an equation of state following a form given by $p=\left(\gamma(\rho)-1\right)\rho$ and hence the case of non-linear equation of state is encapsulated in our proof. In the case of positive spatial curvature, with a Universe sourced with the non-linear equation of state fluid \cite{bruni1,bruni2,me4}, the expansion minima results in a `bounce' and a subsequent re-expansion. In this work we have demonstrated only the isotropisation in the contracting phase of the most general spatially homogeneous cosmology and have not modelled the physics of a bounce.
\paragraph*{}
The inclusion of shear viscosity in the contracting phase thus appears to be an effective isotropisation mechanism for all types of spatially homogeneous cosmologies - without having to use an ekpyrotic fluid $p\gg\rho$ as is done in \cite{Lidsey2005} . As the form of shear viscosity used here and in \cite{me4} is dependent on the Hubble parameter $H$ through $\pi_{\alpha\beta}=-\kappa H\sigma_{\alpha\beta}$, this viscous effect will vanish at the bounce point $H=0$. This should have an effect on the damping of perturbative anisotropies in the contracting phase but should not produce significant gravitational waves at the bounce.
\paragraph*{}
The effect of fully non-linear inhomogeneities is yet to be studied in these models. There have been some numerical studies of its evolution in the contracting phase with an ekpyrotic phase \cite{will1,will2}. At the linear level, the scalar perturbations are dependent on the shear tensor through the electric part of the Weyl Tensor and hence should remain small in the case of effective isotropisation. Furthermore, if we follow the assumptions made in \cite{bkl,belinski_henneaux_2017}, then on approach to a singularity, each point of an inhomogeneous Universe behaves as a Bianchi cosmology and hence these results should hold. However full numerical GR should be used to test whether this is actually the case.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


When you're in Europe, you've got a lot of beaches to work with: Monte Carlo, Ibiza, the entire of country of Greece…which is exactly why all of Portugal's beaches are in really great company. But even though Portugal has gorgeous neighbors, it's definitely a shining jewel on the continent and worth an extended stay.
With amber-colored cliffs, soft sand beaches, and crystal clear, cool water, Portugal's hot spots see thousands of visitors a year, and depending on your destination, can be full of party, or be a haven for naturalists. So grab your beach towel and your shoes, because the waves are waiting.
Known as Portugal's Venice, Aviero sports the cool canals and beaches that are usually reserved for Italy's Floating City. Always full of surfers and windsurfers, Aviero's a one-stop city is full of charm—and a beautiful cathedral—that's as great to chill out on the beach as it is to take a ride along the canals in a gondola.
With the high winds on Praia Dona Ana, this beach has gnarly waves and is a definite spot for surfers. Getting to the pretty parts requires a couple steps and there's no beach scene like many of the seasides with cafes and restaurants, but it's the natural beauty you come for when you go to Praia Dona Ana, and it's best if you come early. Head for the caves or come around sunrise to catch the fog—it makes for an incredible start to the day.
You don't get to be on the list of most beautiful beaches in the world by being just a regular run of the mill sand-and-surf kind of place—you've got to have a moniker like "Golden Beach." With tall, jewel-toned cliffs jutting out of clear, blue waters, it's easy to see why this beach is a favorite. Take a boat ride, scuba dive to explore the caves and canyons, or park it in the soft sand and take a break. But word to the wise: being one of the most beautiful beaches means there's a lot of foot traffic, so for the best spot, get there early to lay claim to your spot!
Want to see the catch of the day come out of the water before it comes out of the kitchen and onto your table? It's possible in Olhos, where this small fishing village and beach boasts an incredibly authentic experience. Explore the rock cliffs with a pre-sunbathing hike or get down in the rock pools and check out the native wildlife—either way you're going to want to snap pics of the colorful sea life and load straight to Instagram.
Neat the southernmost part of Portugal in the Faro District, Albufeira's beaches are best known for their laid-back feel. Once a Moorish fishing village, the Old Town area of Albufeira still holds that antique feel, and the beach is equally as charming. The two beaches to hit up while you are there are the Fisherman's Beach (accessible without steps, with restaurants and cafes overlooking the water) and Albufeira Beach (which requires a little maneuvering through the city's tunnel and down some steps, but boasts even more cafes, bars, and restaurants). Just don't forget a trip to the Albufeira Marina; it's well known for its boat and fishing trips, and makes a perfect getaway from the crowds and the sand.
This is another great beach in Lagos "Party Town" Portugal, where it's windy and the water is brisk all year round, but it's great for sunbathing. With lots of wooden walkways to lead you to the best sand spot and cafes for lunch all around, Meia Praia is great for taking a breather from your party nights for some light napping and chilling out in the afternoon. Take a hint from the locals though and buy a windscreen before heading out—you'll thank me later!
Technically the Azores are a collection of nine different islands (see what I did there?) but they are nine divine places to catch some sun, and bonus, they are off the beaten path. Just a two-hour flight from the capital city, these islands boast some of the best hiking and diving in the Atlantic. If quiet, secluded, and somewhat out of the way is what you're looking for, the Azores is your destination; it's also great for surfing too!
Whether you've got a week or a month, check out all the Portuguese coast has to offer—by hopping around, riding the waves, and just making a splash in the fishing villages and all of the cities!