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History of the Early Church Invalidates Papal Claim of Apostolic Succession
From April 15-20, 2008, Benedict XVI visited the United States and the United Nations as the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and first representative of the Holy See. Thus, the President welcomed him with the words: "This is your first trip to the United States since you ascended to the Chair of Saint Peter."[1] Both Benedict"s title and his chair are granted by the dogma of apostolic succession.
In fact, it is required in the Catholic Church that one believes in an historical continuity between the early Church and the Roman Catholic Church as defined by the papal dogma of apostolic succession.[2] Catholics are taught not to question this dogma.
Based on it, the present pope has flatly stated that "Christian Communities born out of the Reformation of the sixteenth century cannot be called 'Churches' in the proper sense…[they] do not enjoy apostolic succession in the sacrament of Orders, and are, therefore, deprived of a constitutive element of the church."[3]
He is not speaking in a vacuum, but rather in a time when many people are being seduced through dialogue and other methods into the Roman Catholic Church.
For example, the American president said to him, "Most of all, Holy Father, you will find in America people whose hearts are open to your message of hope. And America and the world need this message."[4] The Pope's message was consistently vacuous, totally without the Gospel of grace, stooping even to pray for the dead at Ground Zero. His words were, "O God of love, compassion, and healing, look on us, people of many different faiths and traditions, who gather today at this site, the scene of incredible violence and pain. We ask you in your goodness to give eternal light and peace to all who died here."[5]
As they are, these words based in anti-biblical doctrine come from a man who claims to be head of the true church of Christ Jesus. His actions, too, in performing the Mass, which is heretical, as well as blasphemous, are perfectly consistent with his position against the Reformation blossoming of the true churches in the sixteenth century, whose biblical heritage is undeniable. Therefore, in this presentation we want to document the New Testament concept of church and give historical data showing that the biblical concept of church was indeed lived out in the times after the Apostles and prior to the Reformation.
Biblical Concept of Church
Christ Jesus founded His church on the Gospel message that He is "the Christ" (the Anointed-Messiah) and "the Son of the Living God."[6] After the Lord's glorification, the Holy Spirit empowered all the believers that were assembled at Jerusalem to take the Gospel throughout the world. According to the New Testament, the first church to be established was the church in Jerusalem. It was from there that the believers went forth with the Gospel. They were the "church which was at Jerusalem; and they were all scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judea and Samaria, except the apostles."[7]
The New Testament also records the establishment of the local churches in Judea and Samaria. The Gospel then spread to cities in Cypress and to Antioch. When the believers in Jerusalem heard that the people in Antioch had received the Gospel, they sent Barnabas to them. Barnabas first went to Tarsus to fetch Paul. Together they spent a whole year at Antioch teaching the Gospel of grace though faith alone in Christ Jesus. It was there that those who believed the Gospel were first called Christians.
The Apostle Paul appointed elders[8] and deacons in these local churches. These offices, however, are not the very essence of the church; rather, they function for teaching and administration so that the assembly is orderly. The unifying center of the assembly of believers (i.e., the local church) is not the structure of the group, as the Pope maintains, but rather it is the Gospel.
The Greek word "ekklesia" literally means "the called out ones." In the New Testament, it is applied to the whole company of believers throughout the present era, of whom Christ said, "I will build my Church."[9] The Apostle Paul's definition under the direction of the Holy Spirit is that the church is Christ's body.[10] The word generally signifies the local assembly of believers.
The central feature of the New Testament letters is the Gospel of grace through faith alone as, for example, in the letter to the believers at Ephesus, "For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: Not of works, lest any man should boast."[11]
The expression "the church of God" was collective, as when the Apostle wrote, "give none offence, neither to the Jews, nor to the Gentiles, nor to the church of God,"[12] meaning the believers as distinguished from both Jews and Gentiles. The ordinary believers are continually called the "church" as the Apostle addressed them, "unto the church of God which is at Corinth, to them that are sanctified in Christ Jesus."[13] "And when this epistle is read among you, cause that it be read also in the church of the Laodiceans."[14] The church was simply, but uniquely, the community of believers. All the messages given by the Lord through the Apostle John were also to local churches.[15]
As mentioned, the unifying factor that designated early local churches was the Gospel. These local churches believed and taught the Gospel of God's grace. That Gospel was for them "the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth."[16] Faith alone, consistent with the Scriptures, was the means by which the believers entered into the salvation purchased by the perfect life and sacrifice of Christ Jesus. Across Europe and Asia, local churches were established as
ordinary believers spread the Gospel.
The Roman Catholic Concept of Church
The Vatican requires that Catholics profess that there is an historical continuity between the church founded by the Lord Jesus Christ and the Roman Catholic Church. To assess the validity of the Catholic belief, it needs to be held firmly in mind that the Roman Catholic Church means something quite different by the word "Church" than does the New Testament.
While the teaching Magisterium does mention the Church as "the People of God," "the Body of Christ," and "the Temple of the Holy Spirit," the emphasis is always on the authority and mission of the papal organizational system. Thus, Rome teaches, "He [Christ] instituted the Church. He gave her authority and mission, orientation and goal."[17]
How this claimed power structure is exercised is clearly laid out by the Roman Catholic system: "There is no offense, however serious, that the Church cannot forgive."[18] "Priests have received from God a power that he has given neither to angels nor to archangels…. God above confirms what priests do here below."[19]
"'Believing' is an ecclesial act. The Church's faith precedes, engenders, supports and nourishes our faith. The Church is the mother of all believers. 'No one can have God as Father who does not have the Church as Mother.'"[20]
The claimed absolute power of the papal hierarchical system is totally contrary to the New Testament concept of the church as "the assembly of believers."
The Papacy's lust for power is so insatiable that it claims power for itself, which rightfully belongs to the Holy Spirit. Thus, the Magisterium officially teaches, "For the Roman Pontiff, by reason of his office as Vicar of Christ, and as pastor of the entire Church has full, supreme, and universal power over the whole Church, a power which he can always exercise unhindered."[21] How does such dogma reflect any historical continuity with biblical doctrine and the practice of the authentic early church?
Early Believers and Scripture
The early believers held to the Scriptures as being the absolute Word of God's truth. The early Church understood apostolic doctrine as the written Word of God. From the very start of the post-apostolic age in the writings of such Apostolic Fathers as Ignatius, Polycarp, Clement, and Barnabas, there was an exclusive appeal to the Scriptures for the positive teaching of doctrine and for defense against heresy. In the writings of these men, the authority cited is that of the Old and New Testaments.
In the written texts of the apologists, such as Justin Martyr and Athenagoras, the same exclusive appeal to Scripture is evident. There was no appeal in any of these writings to the authority of an extra-biblical tradition as a separate body of revelation. Rather, it is in the writings of Irenaeus and Tertullian in the mid to late second century that the concept of an apostolic tradition, which was handed down in the Church in oral form, was first encountered. Irenaeus and Tertullian stated forcefully that all the teachings of the bishops that were given orally were rooted in Scripture and could be proven from the written Scriptures.
Examples of Early Believers Testifying to the Gospel
Polycarp of Smyrna (born c. 69) died a martyr somewhere around the year 155. He testified to being saved through grace and Christ Jesus, "…the Lord Jesus Christ…in whom you believe…knowing, that through grace ye are saved, not from works, but by the will of God, through Christ Jesus."[22] Clement of Rome, who died about the year 100, wrote of being justified by faith, "…Therefore, we also, being called through his (God's) will in Christ Jesus, are not justified through ourselves, neither through our own wisdom or understanding or piety or works…but through Faith."[23]
Justin Martyr (c. 100-165) wrote of being righteous before God on account of faith. He stated, "It was not by reason of circumcision that Abraham was testified of God to be righteous, but on account of faith. For, before he was circumcised, it was said of him: Abraham believed in God; and it was imputed unto him for righteousness."[24]
Irenaeus, who died about the year 190, or as late as 202, clearly explained the Gospel message in Romans, Chapter 3: "When Christ came, he accomplished all things: and still, in the Church, continues to accomplish the New Testament, foretold by the Law, even to consummation. As also the Apostle Paul says in his Epistle to the Romans: but now, without the Law, the righteousness of God is manifested, being testified of by the Law and the Prophets: for the just shall live by faith. But, that the just shall live by faith, had been foretold by the Prophets."[25]
Clement of Alexandria, a contemporary of Justin and Irenaeus in the late second and early third century, gave evidence to the Gospel of grace when he wrote, "Abraham was justified, not from works, but from faith. After the end of life, therefore, it is no profit to men even though now they shall have performed good works, unless they have faith."[26]
Athanasius, in the fourth century, likewise testifies of grace and redemption in a clear-cut Gospel message, "Not from these, but from faith, a man is justified; as also was Abraham. Having thus discussed such points, the Apostle shews again: that, in no other manner, can there be redemption and grace to Israel and to the Gentiles, except the original sin, which through Adam passed unto all, be loosed. But this, says he, can be blotted out though no other than through the Son of God…. For it was impossible, that any other should loose this transgression. Thus, as through one man sin entered into the world: thus also, through one man, grace came upon all."[27]
Extensive Growth and Severe Persecution
The spread of the Christian faith during the first three centuries was rapid and extensive. In the providence of God, the main reasons for this were the fidelity and zeal of the preachers of the Gospel, the heroic deaths of the martyrs, the translation of the Scriptures into the languages of the Roman world, and the well-developed and expansive Roman road system over which the Gospel was carried. Under the Emperor Septimius Severus (193-211), Christians suffered appallingly. The most severe persecution was under the Emperor Diocletian and his co-regent, Galerius, during the years 303-311. Yet, far from exterminating the Christians and the Gospel, the persecution purified those who preached and increased their ability to give the Gospel message.
Early Church: Northern Italy and the Cottian Alps
Since at least the late eleventh century,[28] the Roman Catholic Church has loudly alleged that the early churches, in what is known today as Northern Italy,[29] were simply those churches that had fallen away from the authority of the Bishop of Rome.
However, Peter Allix, writing in 1690, shows clearly that these churches were established locally from apostolic times and were not under the Bishop of Rome at any time before the eleventh century. Of their doctrine and practice he states, "It is sufficient to make them deserve the name of apostolical, that they received the doctrine of the Apostles, as a pledge from the hand of their first disciples, which they preserved so very tenderly throughout the following ages."[30] Allix's rebuttal of the Roman Catholic charge uses quotations from these churches' liturgy and from records of the practice of their faith, which regularly included record of increasing disagreement with the Bishop of Rome. At times, Allix quotes the records of the Roman Catholic Church against the believers, showing that the very things of which the Roman Church was accusing them were in fact biblical.
According to Faber, in about the year 406, Vigilantius, a native of Aquitaine, published a treatise in answer to Jerome's defense of his own departure from Scripture. In it, Vigilantius "attacked the notion that celibacy is the duty of the clergy; censured…the figment that they [martyrs] are potent intercessors at the throne of grace; ridiculed the blind and almost idolatrous reverence which was paid to their relics; exposed the folly of burning tapers, like the Pagans, before their shrines, in broad day-light; detected the pretended miracles said to be wrought by their senseless remains…pointed out the useless absurdity of pilgrimages either to Jerusalem or to any other reputed sanctuary."[31]
Although Vigilantius's treatise is no longer extant, this information comes from Jerome as he seeks to refute Vigilantius during the course of their exchanges. According to Jerome, who resided in Jerusalem, Vigilantius "wrote from a region, situated between the waves of the Adriatic and the Cottian Alps."[32] Nor was Jerome able to have Vigilantius extirpated from this region, where he worked as a presbyter, because the bishop of the area agreed with Vigilantius. Faber's point is this:
"This district [where Vigilantius was residing] on the eastern side of the Cottian Alps is the precise country of the Vallenses. Here they claim to have lived at least from the time of Pope Sylvester; and here, in point of fact, as we may presumptively gather from the present remarkable statement of Jerome, that they were actually settled as early as in and before the year 406….
"Here, therefore, only seventy years after the death of Pope Sylvester, we actually find a Church in the valleys of the Cottian Alps, the theological condition of which exactly corresponds with the account handed down, from generation to generation, among the Vallenses themselves: that is to say, we actually find a Church, in the very region where the account teaches us to seek it, protesting, through the mouth of its approved pastor, Vigilantius…against the superstitions of the times, and, in its estimate of those superstitions, openly differing from the bishops of the corrupt Church of Rome."[33]
The Roman Catholic claim for dominion in the area is refuted by the written record of Jerome's correspondence with Vigilantius. Further, Pope Pelagius I (555) lamented that "The Bishops of Milan do not come to Rome for ordination," and this was in accordance with "an ancient custom of theirs."[34] Allix further notes, "In the year 590, the Bishops of Italy and of the Grisons, to the number of nine, rejected the Communion of the Pope, as of an heretic…protesting [to the Emperor] that they could not communicate with Pope Gregory the First."[35]
Allix documents the fact that even in the ninth century the churches of Northern Italy were still not under the yoke of papal authority. Rather, they were able to hold out until after the death of Claude, Bishop of Turin. Claude, in the mid-ninth century, staunchly defended his diocese against Rome while simultaneously and tirelessly teaching the Gospel and the Bible throughout his diocese by preaching and by writing. Wylie confirms that it was not until the mid-eleventh century that the churches on the plains of Northern Italy finally succumbed to papal authority. Even then the churches in the valleys of the Cottian Alps held true to the Bible in their faith and practice. These are they who were known as the Vaudois, or People of the Valleys.[36]
Faber shows from the text of the Vaudois poem, Noble Lesson, which has embedded in it the date of 1100, that the language in which the document is written is "derived, without any intervention of an older derivative language, from the decomposed stock of its parent Latin." This was the language of the Vaudois who had retreated to the valleys of Italian Cottian Alps during the second, third, and fourth centuries.
Since the Noble Lesson was one of their documents, it shows conclusively that the language of the Vaudois had not changed substantially in all the centuries they lived hidden in their valleys. This confession of faith in poetic form was used to teach their children "the faith once delivered to the saints." Here, then, are conclusive pieces of evidence—Jerome's recording of Vigilantius in 406, Claude Bishop of Turin in the early 800's, and the language in which the Noble Lesson (written in 1100) and other earlier original documents which Samuel Morland procured in 1655—that the Vaudois or Vallenses really were preserved by God in the line of unbroken apostolic faith from the early centuries through the Reformation.
It should be noted, the Vaudois are sometimes called Waldenses. The Roman Catholic Church's consistent policy has been to try to confuse the origin of the early churches of the Valleys. It contended that it was Peter Waldo who established these churches, thus maintaining that they were heretics rather than the true church.
However, the still extant historical facts make it clear that the Papacy's long record of revisionist history is as false today as it was at its inception many centuries ago.
One very important fact is that Peter Waldo was not known before 1160 while the Noble Lesson was written in 1100. In 1690, Allix contends, "it is not true that [Peter] Waldo gave this name to the inhabitants of the valleys: They were called Wallenses, or Vaudés, before his time, from the valleys in which they dwelt. This we find…in Ebrardus de Bethune, who wrote in the year 1212, where he asserts, that they called themselves Wallenses…because they abode in the 'valley of tears.' so that we see that this etymology rather has respect to the place where they lived, which was in the valleys of Piedmont, than to the name of Peter Waldo."[37]
The testimony of the Vaudois, both in their writing and in their practice, showed that the authority of the Bible continued to be their rule of life.[38]
The first distinguishing principle of the Waldenses bore on their daily conduct, and was summed up in the words of the apostle: "We ought to obey God rather than men."[39]
The second principle was the authority and popular use of the Holy Scriptures, which they had in their native language. There were those among them who could quote the entire Bible from memory.
The third distinguishing principle was the importance of preaching and the rights of believing men to exercise that function. To these fundamental principles, based on the Sermon on the Mount, the Vaudois added the rejection of oaths, the condemnation into purgatory, and prayers for the dead. There are only two ways after death, they declared—the way to heaven and the way to hell.
The pre-Reformation Vaudois faith and practice touched many people through those dark centuries. They regularly sent out missionaries (many of whom were merchants) to evangelize Europe, and these missionaries attracted converts from many sources. They were, however, to suffer terribly for their faith.
It is an historical fact that these churches of Northern Italy, which had remained faithful to the Scripture from the time of their establishment in the second, third, and fourth centuries through the Reformation, were the true churches. The Papal Church clearly was, and is still today, the heretical schismatic.
It is the historical account of these ancient biblical churches in northern Italy and southern France that the Roman Catholic Church has been trying for at least the past nine centuries to wipe out—ethnic cleansing of them by crusades and six hundred years of Inquisition against them, by destruction of the records of their testimony, and by revisionist history. It is by the providence of God that to this very day Papal Rome has not succeeded.
The Paulician Churches from the First Century
The Paulician churches were of apostolic origin, and they were planted in Armenia in the first century. "Through Antioch and Palmyra the faith must have spread into Mesopotamia and Persia; and in those regions become the basis of the faith as it is spread in the Taurus mountains as far as Ararat. This was the primitive form of Christianity. The churches in the Taurus range of mountains formed a huge recess or circular dam into which flowed the early Paulician faith to be caught and maintained for centuries, as it were, a backwater from the main for centuries."[40]
The earliest center of Christianity in Armenia was at Taron, which was the constant home and base of operations of the Paulicians. They claimed that they were of apostolic origin. Upon this point Adeney says, "Therefore, it is quite arguable that they should be regarded as representing the survival of a most primitives type of Christianity…Ancient Oriental Baptists, these people were in many respects Protestants before Protestantism."[41]
In the eighth century the Paulicians, scattered by persecution, spread westward through Bulgaria and along the northern coast of the Mediterranean as far as the Pyrenees Mountains. Many settled in southern France where they became known as the Albigenses. All along the way, the Paulicians planted local churches, which continued strong in biblical doctrine and practice.[42] They did not recognize persons of other communions as belonging to the churches. "We do not belong to these," they said. "They have long ago broken connection with the church and have been excluded."[43]
Pre-Reformation Missionaries to Europe
From the year 405, when Patrick arrived in Ireland, there were more than six hundred years of fruitfulness from the clarity of the Gospel message preached by Patrick and those who worked with him. There were many famous Irish missionaries like Patrick, such as Columba, Columbanus, Kilian and Forannan, who carried the Gospel well up to the tenth century to Britain, Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, and beyond with the same truthfulness as Patrick.
From at least the eleventh century onward, the Vaudois sent their missionaries, called Barbes, throughout Europe. They carried the same Gospel message, as did the Irish missionaries.
In 1209, the Papacy began its first crusade against European believers, starting with the Albigenses in southern France. Those who could escape did. They spread the Gospel wherever they were scattered.
In about 1332, Pope John XXII sent his inquisitors into the territory of the Vaudois to execute the laws of the Inquisition against these believers. From then on, the Vaudois were scattered throughout France, the Low Countries, Germany, Poland, Bohemia, Moravia, England, Calabria, Naples, and further. They, too, spread the Gospel wherever they went.[44]
The Legacy of the Early Church
We have identified the true Church of the Lord Jesus Christ by two marks—they hold to the sole authority of Scriptures and to the true Gospel. We have briefly documented the true Church of the Lord Jesus Christ as it existed in various countries before the Reformation of the sixteenth century. Down through the centuries, these believers were scattered from Jerusalem to the Piedmont valley of Italy, to France, Spain, Scotland, Ireland, England, and throughout all of Europe. We have documented various peoples honoring the true faith, and bearing the Scriptural truth.
The stark reality of the facts of history of the true church permeated with the Gospel of God's grace in doctrine and practice utterly voids the papal assertion of an historical continuity between the early believers and the papal church via their dogma of apostolic succession. Rather the Roman Catholic Church is the proven schismatic from the Church of the Lord Jesus Christ.
As the true church saw (prior to the Reformation and the Reformers), the papal system with its blasphemies against the redeeming work of the Lord Jesus Christ, its idolatry and Inquisition, its claim to apostolic succession—all these show "the woman" "sitting upon the scarlet-colored beast."[45] The same "woman drunken with the blood of the saints and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus"[46] is still today making merchandise of the souls of men while purporting to "dialogue" with true Christians as "brothers and sisters in Christ."
However, the cautious observers understand that the love for the Papacy is hazardous, such so, as to bring to mind the Scripture, "all the world wondered after the beast."[47] They have noted that, as with the funeral of John Paul II, so also with April 2008's visit of Benedict XVI to the United States. Both were widely received with such reverence and awe as to be called adoration.
Like true believers of old, we must enter into battle. The Lord is with us; we will have the final victory. The command of the Holy Spirit is still this: "having done all, to stand. Stand therefore."[48] The certainty that we know Him and are His should animate our efforts, and encourage us in our struggles. The glory of God's free grace in the Gospel, based on the written Word of Scripture alone, remains the legacy of the early Church and is still available to all the Lord's people.
Richard Bennett of Berean Beacon ministry—Website: http://temp.bereanbeacon.org
[1] http://z22.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/04/20080416.html 4/21/08
[2] "The Catholic faithful are required to profess that there is an historical continuity—rooted in the apostolic succession between the Church founded by Christ and the Catholic Church:…" Official Declaration "Dominus Iesus" 2000 §16. Italic in the original.
[3] "Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church."
www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html 8/10/2007
[4] www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/04/20080416.html 4/21/2008
[5] http://www.wnbc.com/news/15937320/detail.html 4/21/2008
[6] Matthew 16:16-17
[7] Acts 8:1
[8] The terms overseer and elder/pastor are used interchangeably (Acts 20:17, 28; I Peter 5:1-4).
[10] Ephesians 1:22-23
[12] Corinthians 10:32
[13] I Corinthians 1:2
[14] Colossians 4:16
[15] Revelation 1:11
[16] Romans 1:16
[17] Catechism of the Catholic Church (1994), Para 874
[18] Catechism, Para 982
[22] George Stanley Faber, The Primitive Doctrine of Justification, Investigated (London: R. B. Seely and W. Burnside, 1837) Ch. IV, p. 87
[23] Ibid., p. 80
[26] Ibid, p. 96
[27] Ibid, pp. 100-101
[28] J. A. Wylie, History of Protestantism Vol. I, pp. 10-15. See also Peter Allix, Some Remarks upon the Ecclesiastical History of the Ancient Church of Piedmont, originally printed in 1690; 1989 reprint of 1821 edition,
[29] Allix, Ancient Church of Piedmont, p. 1. See also Thomas M'Crie, History of the Progress & Suppression of the Reformation in Italy in the Sixteenth Century (Edinburgh & London: Wm. Blackwood & Sons, 1856).
[30] Allix, p. 4.
[31] George Stanley Faber, Personal letter to Dr. Gilly quoted in William Stephen Gilly, Vigilantius and His Times (London: Seeley, Burnside, & Seeley, 1844) Reprint. pp. 335-338.
[34] Wylie, Vol. I, Book I, p. 19
[35] Letter to Emperor Mauritius as recorded in Baronius, ad h. annum, n. 29, in Allix, Ancient Church of Piedmont, p. 35.
[36] Peter Allix, Remarks upon the Ecclesiastical History of the Ancient Churches of the Albigenses, first published in 1692. 1989 Reprint of the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1821 edition.
[37] Allix, pp. 182-183.
[38] See The Noble Lesson and other works, a catalog of which is recorded in Samuel Morland, The History of the Evangelical Churches of the Valleys of Piemont (Henry Hills, 1658) Reprint. Morland was sent by Oliver Cromwell to put pressure on the Duke of Savoy to stop the "bloudy massacre" of the Vaudois in 1655. Morland received many original manuscripts of the Vaudois at that time and put them in the public library at the University of Cambridge, from which they shortly disappeared. Morland in his two volume History was careful to quote widely from these original sources.
[39] Acts 5:29
[40] Bury's edition of Gibbon's History, VI. p. 543
[41] Adeney, The Greek and Eastern Churches, pp. 217-219
[42] George Stanley Faber, The History of the Ancient Vallenses and Albigenses (London, 1828) Book II & III.
[43] Such is the testimony of Gregory Magistos, A. D., 1058, whose history is one of the chief sources of information. For the documentation see "Paulicians and Bogomil Churches" www.pbministries.org/History/John%20T.%20Christian/vol1/history_04.htm 4/8/2008
[44] Wylie, Vol. III, Book 16th.
[45] Revelation 17:3 Raynerius, a papal inquisitor who lived before the middle of the thirteenth century, testified of the Vallenses as saying, "They hold the Church of Rome to be the whore of Babylon, and that all that obey her are damned." Found quoted in Allix, pp. 209-211.
[46] Revelation 17:6
[48] Ephesians 6:13,14


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The Samsung Galaxy Fold is now ready to launch according to Samsung Display VP
By Alexander Wong 9:21 am, 20 June 2019 Leave a Comment
The Samsung Galaxy Fold is almost ready to be released to the public. Samsung Display's Vice President, Kim Seong-cheol had mentioned during a conference that "Most of the display problems have been ironed out, and the Galaxy Fold is ready to hit the market."
Samsung Display, which is a subsidiary of Samsung Electronics is responsible for the Infinity Flex display. Despite being rigorously tested with over 200,000 folds and unfolds, the Galaxy Fold units have started to show various display problems just days after Samsung had seeded out review units to several media and tech sites. Because of these issues, Samsung had postponed the Galaxy Fold's release to make necessary design fixes.
The foldable smartphone was supposed to go on sale in the US as early as April and the Malaysian launch was originally scheduled for 3rd May. Recently, a South Korean report that the Galaxy Fold will be released in July but Samsung had denied the rumour.
If it isn't going on sale in July, there's a possibility that the Galaxy Fold could be "relaunched" alongside the Galaxy Note 10 which is scheduled to be announced in early August. The Galaxy Fold is priced at US$1,980 (about RM8,231) in the US and we expect it to be priced lower when it comes to Malaysia. If the device is released in August, the Galaxy Fold will be the first mass-produced foldable smartphone in the market since Huawei has pushed back its Mate X release to September for further testing.
According to Samsung Display's VP, the Galaxy Fold, when released, will receive a lot of attention in the market and he forecast that the foldable display technology will play a core part in the 5G era. He believes that 5G will accelerate the emergence of new types of products such as rollable and stretchable displays.
SEE ALSO: Deal: Huawei Malaysia offers RM400 discount for P30 series and daily flash deals up to 50% off
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Alexander Wong
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Les inondations de la Sainte-Madeleine (en allemand : Magdalenenhochwasser) sont la plus grande inondation enregistrée en Europe centrale avec des niveaux d'eau supérieurs à ceux des inondations européennes de 2002. Elle a eu lieu le , jour de la fête de Sainte-Marie-Madeleine, et les semaines suivantes. On peut la qualifier de crue millénale du Rhin.

Causes
Le passage d'une forte dépression ligure, après une période chaude et sèche, a provoqué des chutes de pluie prolongées durant plusieurs jours consécutifs, totalisant plus de la moitié des précipitations annuelles moyennes. Étant donné que le sol sec était incapable d'absorber ces quantités d'eau, le ruissellement s'est fait en surface, causant les inondations les plus fortes de l'histoire de l'Europe centrale.

Étendue et description
Les fleuves Rhin, Moselle, Main, Danube, Weser, Werra, Unstrut, Elbe, Vltava et leurs affluents ont inondé de vastes zones. Beaucoup de villes telles que Cologne, Mayence, Francfort, Wurtzbourg, Ratisbonne, Passau et Vienne ont été sérieusement endommagées. Même la rivière Eider au nord de Hambourg a inondé les terres environnantes.

Le Main et ses affluents furent particulièrement touchés. À Wertheim, au confluent du Main et de la Tauber, le niveau de l'inondation atteint 8,5 mètres.

Les inondations de la Sainte-Madeleine durèrent environ 4 semaines.

Conséquences
À Wurtzbourg, le célèbre « pont de pierre » a été détruit et à Cologne les chroniqueurs rapportent qu'une barque pouvait passer par-dessus les fortifications de la ville. Le nombre total de victimes est inconnu, même si le chiffre de  a été avancé. Les résultats de l'érosion peuvent encore être observés aujourd'hui. Le volume de terre arable emportée pendant ces quelques jours est évalué à plus de 13 milliards de tonnes, un volume équivalent à  d'érosion dans des conditions climatiques normales.

La perte de cette quantité de terre arable a déterminé une chute importante de la production agricole. En outre, les étés suivants ont été humides et froids, de sorte que la population a souffert de famine généralisée. Il est possible que la diffusion de la peste noire entre 1348 et 1350 – qui a tué au moins un tiers de la population en Europe centrale – ait été facilitée par l'état de faiblesse de la population à la suite de ces événements climatiques.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Jürg Luterbacher, «Flutter Katastrophen en Europe centrale , 2003
 Das Hochwasser von 1342 Service de l'environnement de la ville de Wurtzbourg (Umweltamt Würzburg)
 Das Magdalenenhochwasser im Sommer 1342 Site Undine

Sainte Madeleine
1342

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
/ Stock
NSE expresses interest to be strategic partner of DSE
Mohammad Mufazzal | Published: January 21, 2018 10:58:28 | Updated: January 22, 2018 11:37:25
Internet Photo
National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) has expressed its interest to be strategic partner of the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE), according to officials of the securities regulator.
A NSE delegation expressed their interest at a meeting held in last week with top officials of the Bangladesh Securities and Exchange Commission (BSEC).
The NSE delegation led by led by Vikram Limaye, managing director & CEO of NSE, held a meeting with the BSEC chairman and commissioners.
"The delegation met with BSEC chairman Dr. M Khairul Hossain in this regard to investing in DSE shares as a potential strategic investor," said professor Helal Uddin Nizami, a BSEC commissioner.
He said the NSE and Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) would discuss respective issues regarding partnership with the premier bourse.
Along with NSE delegation, managing director of Brummer & Partners Anders Stendebakken and managing director of Nasdaq (Asia Pacific) Pvt Ltd Robert Frojd, a consortium member of NSE India, were present at the meeting held at the office of the securities regulator, According to BSEC commissioner Mr. Nizami.
He said commissioners of the securities regulator were also present in the discussion meeting.
The country's premier bourse DSE turned into a demutualised stock exchange on November 21, 2013.
According to the demutualised scheme, the DSE consists of above 1.80 million shares of Tk 10 each totaling above Tk 18.03 billion as paid-up capital of the entity.
As per the demutualisation scheme, the DSE will have to float its 25 per cent shares to strategic investors.
On December 9, 2015, the securities regulator directed the DSE to get strategic investor within a year as per the Demutualisation Act, 2013.
The commission later extended the deadline to March 31, 2018 following a plea from the DSE.
A number of foreign financial organisations and local firms earlier showed interest in investing in the DSE to become its strategic investors.
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Barlett & Steele 2015 Gold Award Podcast on "Fish Slavery"
Robin McDowell and Martha Mendoza of the Associated Press discuss their 2015 Barlett and Steele Gold Award winning investigation "Fish Slavery." McDowell and Mendoza discussed their project with Katherine Fitzgerald and Eddie Keller earlier this year.
AP Investigation: Are slaves catching the fish you buy?
Subscribe to the How to Cover Money on your computer, smartphone or tablet using iTunes, Stitcher, Soundcloud or PodOmatic. New episodes come out biweekly on Fridays.
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I wrote this manifesto back in 2014 when I was all full of the fire of being an independent creative.
It was one part bird-flipping and one part fire-raising -- I was tired and mutinous, refusing to accept that I would have to wait for Someone to choose my work as worthy for publication, which is the standard to which I'd been raised to accept.
After all, if you're not traditionally published, you're not really an author. To admit you self-publish, is to admit defeat. Like, you had to settle because you weren't quite good enough.
I think this propensity to self-apologize for independent status is the sole province of writers -- because independent visual artists/craftspersons are quite acceptable to polite society. It's entirely fabulous to sell your art on Etsy or at a craft fair or market. It's applauded and admired and rabidly encouraged. Licensing [which I assume to be the equivalent of traditional publishing] is an option, but certainly not a necessity, nor even desirable.
Somehow, though, writing and publishing has retained an element of snobbery - there's still a sort of hierarchy or class system in place - whereby people look at you slightly askance if you admit to self-publishing. Perhaps that's the function of the big publishing houses -- cognizant as they are of how quickly the indie market is rising. Or maybe it's just so deeply ingrained in the collective psyche of the pre-digital generations that it's hard to shake. Whatever the reason, I do believe the tide is turning. There's plenty of evidence to support that claim - and even if there weren't, I'd still be going this route.
So, without further ado.....[feel free to pin, tweet, post, share etc. - i trust credit will be assigned accordingly].
I hope it goes without saying, but I'll say it just in case, that this applies to all forms of creative expression -- not just writing.


text:
Browse 25,114 women's cross country skiing stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images.
Showing Editorial results for women's cross country skiing. Search instead in Creative?
Coach Ake Frederiksson of the Swedish team jubilantly carries Toini Gustafsson here after they upset the Russians in the women's five-kilometer cross...
Little girl tries skijoring behind a sled dog.
Justyna Kowalczyk of Poland celebrates her success in the Overall World Cup after the 10 km handicap women Cross Country Skiing during the FIS World...
Justyna Kowalczyk of Poland competes in the women's 2,5 km Cross Country Skiing during the FIS World Cup on March 19, 2010 in Falun, Sweden.
Justyna Kowalczyk of Poland celebrates after the women's 2,5 km Cross Country Skiing during the FIS World Cup on March 19, 2010 in Falun, Sweden.
Colette Bourgonje of Canada competes in the Women's 5km Sitting Cross-Country Skiing during Day 7 of the 2010 Vancouver Winter Paralympics at...
Justyna Kowalczyk of Poland, Anna Olsson of Sweden and Marit Bjoergen of Norway celebrate after the individual sprint Cross Country Skiing during the...
Silver medalist Colette Bourgonje of Canada celebrates at the medal ceremony for the Women's Sitting 10km Cross Country on Day 3 of the 2010...
2nd Kristin Steira Stoermer of Norway, 1st Marit Bjoergen of Norway and 3rd Therese Johaug of Norway show emotions after the women's 30km Cross...
Marit Bjoergen of Norway celebrates her victory in the women's 30km Cross Country Skiing during the FIS World Cup on March 13, 2010 in Oslo, Norway.
Kristin Stoermer Steira, Therese Johaug and Marit Bjoergen of Norway celebrate after the women's 30km Cross Country Skiing during the FIS World Cup...
Poland's Justyna Kowalczyk reacts after crossing the finish line in the women's Cross Country skiing 30 km mass start classic at Whistler Olympic...
Winter Olympics: Poland Justyna Kowalczyk and Norway Marit Bjoergen victorious after winning Women's 30K Mass Start Classic at Whistler Olympic Park....
Kristin Stoermer Steira of Norway fights with Aino Kaisa Saarinen of Finland, Justyna Kowalczyk of Poland, Charlotte Kalla of Sweden and Marit...
Poland's gold medalist Justyna Kowalczyk and Norway's silver medalist Marit Bjoergen power towards the finish line in the women's Cross Country...
Justyna Kowalczyk of Poland celebrates winning the gold medal in the ladies' 30 km mass start cross-country skiing classic on day 16 of the 2010...
Finland's Krista Lahteenmaki reacts after crossing the finish line in the women's Cross Country skiing 30 km mass start classic at Whistler Olympic...
Justyna Kowalczyk of Poland celebrates crossing the finish line in first place ahead of Marit Bjoergen of Norway during the ladies' 30 km mass start...
Justyna Kowalczyk of Poland crosses the finish line in first place ahead of Marit Bjoergen of Norway during the ladies' 30 km mass start...
Justyna Kowalczyk of Poland collapses after crossing the finish line in first place during the ladies' 30 km mass start cross-country skiing classic...
Poland's Justyna Kowalczyk and Norway's Marit Bjoergen ski over the finish line in the women's Cross Country skiing 30 km mass start classic at...
Italy's Antonella Confortola Wyatt , Norway's Therese Johaug, Kazakhstan's Oxana Jatskaja , France's Karine Laurent Philippot , compete in the...
Poland's Justyna Kowalczyk competes in the women's Cross Country skiing 30 km mass start classic at Whistler Olympic Park during the Vancouver Winter...
Norway's Marit Bjoergen reacts as she crosses the finish line in the women's Cross Country Skiing 4x5 km relay at Whistler Olympic Park during the...
Marit Bjoergen of Norway celebrates as Norway win the gold medal during the Ladies' Cross Country 4x5 km Relay on day 14 of the 2010 Vancouver Winter...
Vibeke W Skofterud, Kristin Stoermer Steira, Marit Bjoergen and Therese Johaug of Norway celebrate after winning the gold medal with silver medalists...
Marit Bjoergen of Norway competes during the Ladies' Cross Country 4x5 km Relay on day 14 of the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics at Whistler Olympic...
Vibeke W Skofterud, Therese Johaug, Kristin Stoermer Steira and Marit Bjoergen of Norway celebrate after winning the gold medal during the Ladies'...
Miriam Gossner, Katrin Zeller, Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle and Claudia Nystad of Germany celebrate winning the silver medal during the Ladies' Cross...
Marit Bjoergen of Norway jumps as she crosses the line after Norway won the gold medal during the Ladies' Cross Country 4x5 km Relay on day 14 of the...
Vibeke W Skofterud, Kristin Stoermer Steira, Marit Bjoergen and Therese Johaug of Norway celebrate after winning the gold medal during the Ladies'...
Therese Johaug of Norway and Kristin Stoermer Steira celebrate winning the gold medal during the Ladies' Cross Country 4x5 km Relay on day 14 of the...
Claudia Nystad and Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle of Germany celebrate crossing winning the gold medal in the cross country skiing ladies team sprint final...
Claudia Nystad and Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle of Germany celebrate winning the gold medal in the cross country skiing ladies team sprint final on day 11...
Italy's Arianna Follis competes in the women's cross country skiing team sprint free final at Whistler Olympic Park on February 22, 2010 during the...
Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle of Germany and Charlotte Kalla of Sweden compete during the cross country skiing ladies team sprint final on day 11 of the...
Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle and Claudia Nystad of Germany celebrate winning the gold medal during the flower ceremony for the women's team sprint...
Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle and Claudia Nystad of Germany and Riikka Sarasoja of Finland compete during the cross country skiing ladies team sprint final...
Claudia Nystad of Germany and Anna Haag of Sweden celebrate crossing the finish line during the cross country skiing ladies team sprint final on day...
Skiers compete during the cross country skiing ladies team sprint semifinal on day 11 of the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics at Whistler Olympic Park...
Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle of Germany, Irina Khazova of Russia, Riitta-Liisa Roponen of Finland, Karine Laurent Philippot of France, and Magda Genuin of...
Charlotte Kalla of Sweden competes during the cross country skiing ladies team sprint semifinal on day 11 of the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics at...
Anna Haag of Sweden leads in the Ladies' 15 km Pursuit as Justyna Kowalczyk of Poland and the eventually winner, Marit Bjoergen of Norway pursue...
Gold medalist Norway's Marit Bjoergen , silver medalist Sweden's Anna Haag and bronze medalist Poland's Justyna Kowalczyk attend the flower ceremony...
Marit Bjoergen of Norway celebrates her victory in the Ladies' 15 km Pursuit on day 8 of the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics at Whistler Olympic Park...
Anna Haag of Sweden celebrates her 2nd place finish in the Ladies' 15 km Pursuit as Justyna Kowalczyk of Poland falls to the ground in third place on...
Marit Bjoergen of Norway skies in the lead during the Ladies' 15 km Pursuit on day 8 of the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics at Whistler Olympic Park...
Marit Bjoergen of Norway celebrates after she finished first to win the gold medal in the Women's Individual Sprint C Final on day 6 of the 2010...


text:
'It's all sort of imploding.' Part 2: How the RCMP investigates the Senate
Posted November 17, 2015 6:00 am
Updated March 10, 2016 9:48 am
Nineteen senators flagged with problematic expenses by the auditor general have opted to challenge the findings before a special arbitrator. Six of those senators are among a group of nine being referred to the RCMP for a criminal review. The Senate chamber on Parliament Hill is seen May 28, 2013. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Adrian Wyld.
Laura Stone spent four days with the RCMP's sensitive and international investigations unit this summer as the force was starting its investigation into the auditor general's report on Senate expenses. This project was produced as part of the Canadian Journalism Foundation's Greg Clark award. The award allows a young journalist to spend a week gaining insight and meeting key players on a specific issue or beat. Due to the sensitive nature of the project, Global News signed a non-disclosure agreement with the RCMP in order to protect the integrity of an active investigation. Global News also sent the RCMP a copy of this report in advance. One quote was removed, but nothing else was changed.
PART 2: THE INVESTIGATION
OTTAWA – The RCMP's national division occupies a generic office tower in Ottawa's Vanier neighbourhood, a run-down area east of downtown.
Guests sign in with security guards, who sit behind bullet-proof glass, and can only enter the building through a turnstile with the swipe of a key card.
This unexceptional space is where the most sensitive cases in Canada involving corruption, fraud and bribery are probed.
WATCH: "We conduct these investigations in the most professional way," RCMP Assistant Commissioner Gilles Michaud says about investigations tied to politicians
On a June day when Auditor General Michael Ferguson's report on Senate expenses is released, Supt. Denis Desnoyers meets me in the foyer around 2 p.m.
It's eerily quiet, and no one appears to be in any hurry to start an investigation.
The discrepancy between this atmosphere and the outside world is jarring: the media may be frantic, but the RCMP is downright relaxed. They know it's a long road ahead.
And their work doesn't end with the audit; it only begins.
Dressed in an army green dress shirt and water-patterned tie, Desnoyers has brown hair and a round, young face that makes him look younger than a supervising officer with 30 years' experience, although he's only been at this particular job for a few months.
The Sensitive and International Investigations unit was re-branded from "A" Division in 2013. There are supposed to be 113 investigators, says Desnoyers, although he hints at budget cuts that have kept only three of four teams operational.
Senators invoke Duffy trial as they push back against auditor general's report
"With fiscal restraints being where they are, we're working on less and less of the lower-tiered stuff," Desnoyers says.
"We have finite resources and we need to work on what we think is the most important."
Investigators here handle the most politically-sensitive cases at home and abroad, and a separate team provides protective services for foreign and domestic dignitaries such as the prime minister.
As a legacy from "A" Division, investigators name all of their cases beginning with that letter.
Mike Duffy's case, for instance, was called Project Amble – although investigators insist it had nothing to do with slow-moving senators.
But now they're running out of names, so this latest investigation into Senate expenses is characterized by colours.
"When you're in my shoes, and you have to review, I don't know how many cases we have – 20, 30 cases – and they all have a project name, you start losing the head and tail of them," Desnoyers says.
The unit's mandate is to investigate matters at the highest executive levels – and that includes government.
"Breach of trust is a big piece of what we do for government officials, especially you're talking senators, that's one of the key areas we look at. That and fraud," Desnoyers says.
Unlike say, murders, these sensitive investigations are initiated by a formal complaint – usually accompanied by a letter and source material, outlining the reasons for suspicion.
But with the auditor general's report, the RCMP got nothing but a one-page letter from the speaker of the Senate, Leo Housakos, asking them to investigate nine Liberal and Conservative senators, two of whom are still sitting in Parliament.
That's the difference between the Senate and another federal department – it's a reluctant complaint, devoid of detailed information, from the very body it's investigating.
And in Housakos' case, from a person who was himself named in the report.
Desnoyers admits it's frustrating.
"We don't have the crystal ball," he says.
"They need to give us a clear letter of complaint as opposed to just some vaguely-worded, 'By the way we think something happened here.'"
WATCH: RCMP Assistant Commissioner on challenges faced when investigating politicians
It's also important the RCMP returns a letter acknowledging a complaint, in order to officially confirm who has referred the matter to police.
That's part of the official nature of such investigations. There can be no inference these decisions are political or personal.
Desnoyers insists cops don't take this work personally.
"We're just doing our job," he says. "Not mechanically, but we're putting the pieces together."
Not knowing who has the new Senate documents, the next step for Desnoyers is a visit to the auditor general. There are all sorts of questions as the process begins.
Will Ferguson cooperate? Will he agree to be interviewed? Will he provide original documents, or will the RCMP have to get a production order for that?
Then there are other considerations about which senators to investigate, or not: if, on three occasions, a senator stops over in Toronto on the way to his home province, does he get investigated because former Conservative Senator Pamela Wallin did the same thing, even though she did it dozens of times?
What happens to a senator who is 78 at the start of this process? Is prosecuting an alleged $1,000 fraud in the public interest?
We stop by Insp. Stephane St. Jacques office, in another area of the building close to the investigators' cubicles. He's reading his own copy of the report.
"I have to read this and make up my mind what I'm going to do," he says.
St. Jacques, an expressive Frenchman who uses the slang "fait que" in between every second word, is expecting a call from Sgt. Greg Horton, who is still in court for the Duffy trial.
"He's an amazing investigator," St. Jacques says of Horton.
But both he and Desnoyers say they want to keep him on course. There is a reference to him burning out.
"We're big on mental health and trying to be supportive of each other," Desnoyers says.
"The days of cowboys and we're all tough guys, we're trying to move beyond that and be more professional at what we do."
Once a case is referred to the RCMP, it sets into motion a multi-layered process. Interviews, document seizures and analysis, including forensics, happen concurrently.
In a completely separate area of the building, the public works department's forensic accounting management group – known as FAMG – works on contract with the RCMP to help identify documents and patterns that may be useful in a criminal investigation.
For example, an accountant may look at expense claims, but requires access to a bank account to reconcile spending – and that's where the production order comes in.
Officers might also use technical investigations services, which painstakingly parse through seized phones or computers in order to pull necessary documents.
PART 1: IT BEGINS
PART 3: DUFFY'S GHOST
It's the lead investigator's job to create an operational plan for each case, submitted to the higher-ups for approval and resource allocation.
Assistant Commissioner Gilles Michaud is in charge of the division and reports to Commissioner Bob Paulson, who keeps tabs on high-profile files.
Officers have to constantly organize their paperwork – because if the case goes to trial, the defence lawyer will have access to it.
And one little screw-up means the case goes out the window.
"We need to be concerned about disclosure, because everything needs to be disclosed and eventually it gets disclosed to defence," says Desnoyers.
When investigators feel they have a solid case, they issue a report to the Crown lawyers, who recommend whether to lay charges or not. It can take months, if not years.
In Ontario, the RCMP doesn't have to consult before laying charges. But on a big case such as the Senate files, investigators say it's a good idea.
"You want to be on the same page as the Crown," Desnoyers says.
"It makes no use to lay a charge and have the Crown withdraw immediately thereafter – to get a sense that they support and that they agree. But usually that's not much of a problem. It's a bit of a formality."
In figuring out which cases to prioritize – and which they have the money for – the RCMP has to decide what meets the threshold for public interest, including probably of prosecution and conviction, deterrence and punishment.
What's most interesting about the Senate files is where the red chamber itself is to blame.
In these sensitive cases, investigators also consider "environmental factors" of the institution in question – such as inadequate audits, lack of records, and poor enforcement.
I ask Desnoyers if this applies to Duffy, and other senators, whose expense claims were approved for years by Senate administration before the RCMP became involved.
Is the person at fault, or is the place, for allowing this behaviour to continue?
The answer, of course, is not simple.
"A whole book could be written about that," Desnoyers says.
"Now somebody's shined a light on what's going on, and what was acceptable (in) that culture, all this lack of training, lack of moral standards, records – now it's all sort of imploding."
He suggests that even if something was acceptable in a culture, or went unnoticed, or was brushed under the rug – every individual has to answer for his or her own actions.
And that's in part how the RCMP determines criminality: Ask yourself, would you do it?
"We're always thinking, well we know what Treasury Board rules are for ourselves, and we know…budget cuts, and we've got to watch every penny," says Desnoyers.
"If it's unacceptable for us, why would it be acceptable for them?"
Part 3: Duffy's Ghost, runs tomorrow on globalnews.ca
Senate audit among costliest ever: Auditor General Michael Ferguson
Auditor general slams Liberals over rule changes on government advertising
RCMPSenateMike Duffyauditor generalSenate Expense ScandalPatrick BrazeauPamela WallinMac HarbInside the RCMP


Here is Part 2 of The Ladies of N The Zone Volume 2! Continuing our dedication to some of the ladies from "Minorities In Sports." In this Part 2, you'll hear from Danisha Rolle, founder of Sports and Entertainment Media, along with Mia Hall, career strategist, speaker and from Mia's Full Court Press, plus Nicole Powell, the creator and founder of The Sportstyle. Going city to city, state to state, worldwide! These ladies are always "N The Zone." Check out the link below…and don't forget to also check us out on I-Tunes!
This entry was posted in Podcast, Special, Sports and tagged Danisha Rolle, Full Court Press, Itunes, Ladies of N The Zone, Mia Hall, Minorities In Sports, N The Zone, Nicole Powell, Podomatic, Sports and Entertainment Media, Sportstyle. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
The Authority of the Intercessor
by Rev. J. A. MacMillan ( 1942 )
Preface ( begins below )
Chapter 1 The Authority of the Intercessor
Chapter 2 The Authority of the Believer's Countenance
Chapter 3 The Authority of the Rod
Preface:
The rapidly approaching end of the age is witnessing a tremendous increase in the activity of the powers of darkness. Unrest among the nations, more intense than at any previous time in earth's history, is due largely to the stirring up of the ambitions and passions of men, while the spread of an almost wholly secularized education is quietly doing away with the Scriptural standards which formerly exerted a restraining influence among the so-called Christian peoples. Our wealth and social culture have not made us thankful to the Giver of all good, but have centered us upon the material things of the world, and have produced a self-sufficiency that quite ignores our dependence upon the Creator of all. Godlessness, which we have condemned so strongly in the Soviet Union, is almost equally as pronounced, though less blatant, in our own land.
These conditions are reacting strongly upon the great ministry of the Church of Christ, the giving of the Gospel to the heathen world. War has dosed many doors in foreign lands, and at the same time has cut off financial contributions in not a few countries which formerly took an active interest in missions. More serious still is the attitude of large sections of the church towards the state of the heathen. No longer are these concerned about the lost souls which wander in darkness; their thought is centered on raising their social status and meeting their intellectual and physical needs. They seek, in their own jargon, to "build a better world," but the world they envision is one without a Saviour. Christ, in their view, has degenerated into a Superman, an Example which in their own feeble strength they seek to follow.
To meet the situation, the Church of Christ needs a new conception of prayer. The urgent call is for men and women, wholly yielded to the Lord, whose eyes have been enlightened to see the ministry in the heavenlies to which they have been called. Such believers, whether as intercessors, or as workers at home, or missionaries on the foreign fields, may in union with the great Head of the Body, exercise an authority to which the powers of the air must give place wherever challenged.
The three articles which follow have appeared in The Alliance Weekly, and are an extension of the truths set forth in "The Authority of the Believer." They have been reprinted at the request of a number of readers of the Weekly, and are sent forth in the hope that they may prove a spiritual blessing to many.
List of Books Home Page


The challenge of designing a home into a limited budget and limited area with the basic obligation of responding effectively to the needs of the client is sometimes one of the most difficult and stimulating duty for an architect can encounter.
To help you find the right design for your future home, we gathered these selections of 5 small houses that provide interesting architectural solutions despite the size that less than 100 square meters.
A single-storey house in contemporary style with 2 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, 1 hall, 1 Thai kitchen. A total area of 60 square meters and the construction budget of 19,753 US Dollars.
This house consists of 2 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, a hall, a living room and a kitchen with 60 square meters of living space and the total construction cost of 14,587 US Dollars.
This house has 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, 1 hall, 1 Thai kitchen with 96.18 square meters of living space and the total construction budget of 27,047 US Dollars.
This house consists of e bedrooms, 1 bathroom, hallway, a living room and a kitchen with 86 square meters of living space.
This house has 3 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, 1 hall, 1 Thai kitchen with 94.5 square meters of living space and the construction budget of 24,254 US Dollars.


Any organization with a desire to grow must engage in the art of storytelling. We must own our stories and be willing to learn how to tell those stories. Without them, we can't draw people into what we're doing. Good storytelling is the thread pulling new people to you and connecting those who are already with you. For more tips about crafting a compelling story, download our Success Story Gathering Template.


text:
author: JeremyKelley
ms.author: JeremyKe
ms.date: 09/10/2017
ms.topic: conceptual
topic: Register a file handler with Azure Active Directory
ms.localizationpriority: Medium
---
# How to: Register a file handler add-in manually

To develop a file handler add-in you first need to upload your file handler manifest into your app registration in Azure Active Directory. This can be done programmatically or through the Azure Active Directory app manifest editor.

## App manifest and the addIns property

File handler manifests are stored along side your app manifest in Azure Active Directory.
The **addIns** property of the app manifest lists the add-in components of an application, like file handlers, and their associated properties.

The manifest is made up of a set of key-value properties, which define the properties of the file handler. For more information about the file handler manifest, see [File handler overview](index.md).

An example file handler manifest:

<!-- { "blockType": "example", "name": "file-handler-manifest", "@type": "oneDriveAddins.fileHandlerManifest" } -->

```json
{
"id": "968A844F-7A47-430C-9163-07AE7C31D407",
"type": "FileHandler",
"properties": [
    { "key": "version", "value": "2" },
    { "key": "fileTypeDisplayName", "value": "Display name of the file format" },
    { "key": "fileTypeIcon", "value": "{\"svg\":\"https://example.org/icon.svg\",\"png1x\":\"https://example.org/icon@1x.png\",\"png1.5x\":\"https://example.org/icon@1.5x.png\",\"png2x\":\"https://example.org/icon@2x.png\"}" },
    { "key": "appIcon", "value": "{\"svg\":\"https://example.org/app-icon.svg\",\"png1x\":\"https://example.org/app-icon@1x.png\",\"png1.5x\":\"https://example.org/app-icon@1.5x.png\",\"png2x\":\"https://example.org/app-icon@2x.png\"}" },
    { "key": "actions", "value": "json string of additional actions"}
  ]
}
```

To register a file handler, you need to update the **addIns** collection in the app manifest stored in Azure Active Directory.

## Updating App Manifest in AAD

This method requires you to [update the JSON manifest directly in AAD](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/reference-app-manifest).

1. Navigate to the application in Azure Active Directory
2. Select the "Manifest" left menu option
3. Paste your File Handler Add-In JSON into the "addIns" array as shown below:

```JSON
{
	"id": "9280aaa1-65c3-4a01-9ced-4f3e8e989c56",
	"acceptMappedClaims": null,
	"accessTokenAcceptedVersion": 2,
	"addIns": [
		{
			"id": "328486ea-7159-4b6a-a2aa-f036b2423b23",
			"type": "FileHandler",
			"properties": [
				{
					"key": "version",
					"value": "2"
				},
				{
					"key": "fileTypeDisplayName",
					"value": "Contoso Markdown"
				},
				{
					"key": "fileTypeIcon",
					"value": "{\"svg\":\"https://localhost:3000/images/icons/icon.svg\",\"png1x\":\"https://localhost:3000/images/icons/icon@1x.png\",\"png1.5x\":\"https://localhost:3000/images/icons/icon@1.5x.png\",\"png2x\":\"https://localhost:3000/images/icons/icon@2x.png\"}"
				},
				{
					"key": "appIcon",
					"value": "{\"svg\":\"https://localhost:3000/images/icons/app-icon.svg\",\"png1x\":\"https://localhost:3000/images/icons/app-icon@1x.png\",\"png1.5x\":\"https://localhost:3000/images/icons/app-icon@1.5x.png\",\"png2x\":\"https://localhost:3000/images/icons/app-icon@2x.png\"}"
				},
				{
					"key": "actions",
					"value": "[{\"type\":\"newFile\",\"url\":\"https://localhost:3000/markdown/create\",\"availableOn\":{\"file\":{\"extensions\":[\".md\"]},\"web\":{}}},{\"type\":\"open\",\"url\":\"https://localhost:3000/markdown/edit\",\"availableOn\":{\"file\":{\"extensions\":[\".md\"]},\"web\":{}}},{\"type\":\"preview\",\"url\":\"https://localhost:3000/markdown/preview\",\"availableOn\":{\"file\":{\"extensions\":[\".md\"]},\"web\":{}}}]"
				}
			]
		}
	],
  "allowPublicClient": true,
  remainder omitted...
}
```

4. Select "Save" from the top menu bar

## Using Microsoft Graph to Register a File Handler

You can programmatically update an AAD Application Registration to add the File Handler manifest. This requires two existing applications - the File Handler application and an application with `Directory.ReadWrite.All` permissions to allow updates to the File Handler registration.

1. You will need to acquire a bearer token to access Microsoft Graph. To read more about token please see the [AAD tokens docs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/databricks/dev-tools/api/latest/aad/). This token must include the `Directory.ReadWrite.All` permissions as mentioned above.

2. Note the __Object ID__ of the application that represents the file handler registration into which the manifest will be injected. This can be found on the "Overview" page of the application registration and is different from the Application Id.

3. Now using the token from step 1 and the Object ID from step 2 you can make a PUT request to `https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications/${objectId}/addIns` including the manifest in the body as shown.

```
PUT https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications/${objectId}/addIns HTTP/1.1
Authorization: Bearer ${AAD Token}
Accept: application/json
Content-Type: application/json

{
  "value": [{
      {
        "id": "968A844F-7A47-430C-9163-07AE7C31D407",
        "type": "FileHandler",
        "properties": [
            { "key": "version", "value": "2" },
            { "key": "fileTypeDisplayName", "value": "Display name of the file format" },
            { "key": "fileTypeIcon", "value": "{\"svg\":\"https://example.org/icon.svg\",\"png1x\":\"https://example.org/icon@1x.png\",\"png1.5x\":\"https://example.org/icon@1.5x.png\",\"png2x\":\"https://example.org/icon@2x.png\"}" },
            { "key": "appIcon", "value": "{\"svg\":\"https://example.org/app-icon.svg\",\"png1x\":\"https://example.org/app-icon@1x.png\",\"png1.5x\":\"https://example.org/app-icon@1.5x.png\",\"png2x\":\"https://example.org/app-icon@2x.png\"}" },
            { "key": "actions", "value": "json string of additional actions"}
        ]
        }
  }]
}
```

Now that your file handler manifest has been registered with your application in AAD, you can proceed to building and testing your file handler add-in.

> [!NOTE]
> You can see a full example of acquiring a token, creating an application, and registering the file handler add-in in the [Nodejs sample's tools](https://github.com/pnp/contoso/blob/main/filehandler/tools/local-setup/index.ts).

> [!IMPORTANT]
> Changes to the file handler manifest can take 24-48 hours to appear. See [Refresh file handler cache](reset-cache.md) for information about how to force the cache to be cleared for development purposes.

<!-- {
  "type": "#page.annotation",
  "description": "Create a copy of an existing item.",
  "keywords": "copy existing item",
  "section": "documentation",
  "tocPath": "File handlers/Registering"
} -->

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Vinexpo 2007 is nearly full, according to its chief executive Robert Beynat, who was in London last week.
At least 19 South African vineyard labourers were killed and 12 injured when a truck taking them to work was hit by a train.
The 146th Hospices de Beaune auction raised 5.05 million (3.5 million) - almost identical to last year's sales figures, yet the 2006 vintage is not regarded as highly as that of 2005.


Contemporary Heaven offers a great range of unique modern pendulum wall clocks, most of which are exclusive to us. We have seen an increase in popularity for modern pendulum clocks in recent years, especially our unique and exclusive designer Art Deco style range by Roco Verre. These stunning clocks, like many others in our range, offer something different and special.


text:
#import "XCUIElement+FBIsVisible.h"

#import "FBApplication.h"
#import "FBConfiguration.h"
#import "FBMathUtils.h"
#import "XCElementSnapshot+FBHelpers.h"
#import "XCTestPrivateSymbols.h"
#import <XCTest/XCUIDevice.h>

@implementation XCUIElement (FBIsVisible)

- (BOOL)fb_isVisible
{
  if (!self.lastSnapshot) {
    [self resolve];
  }
  return self.lastSnapshot.fb_isVisible;
}

@end

@implementation XCElementSnapshot (FBIsVisible)

- (BOOL)fb_isVisible
{
  if (CGRectIsEmpty(self.frame) || CGRectIsEmpty(self.visibleFrame)) {
    return NO;
  }
  if ([FBConfiguration shouldUseTestManagerForVisibilityDetection]) {
    return [(NSNumber *)[self fb_attributeValue:FB_XCAXAIsVisibleAttribute] boolValue];
  }
  XCElementSnapshot *app = [self _rootElement];
  CGSize screenSize = FBAdjustDimensionsForApplication(app.frame.size, (UIInterfaceOrientation)[XCUIDevice sharedDevice].orientation);
  CGRect screenFrame = CGRectMake(0, 0, screenSize.width, screenSize.height);
  BOOL rectIntersects = CGRectIntersectsRect(self.visibleFrame, screenFrame);
  BOOL isActionable = CGRectContainsPoint(app.frame, self.hitPoint);
  return rectIntersects && isActionable;
}

@end


text:
Accessibility Business engagement Cleaner and Greener Perception and Image Safer Streets
Statement from the Head of Counter Terrorism Policing, Assistant Commissioner Neil Basu.
Please see the following statement from the Head of Counter Terrorism Policing, Assistant Commissioner Neil Basu.
" I can confirm that at approximately 2pm today, Friday, 29 November, police were called to a stabbing at premises near to London Bridge, EC1.
Emergency services attended, including officers from the City of London Police and the Metropolitan Police.
A male suspect was shot by specialist armed officers from City of London Police and I can confirm that he died at the scene.
A number of other people received injuries during the incident and as soon as we can provide further updates on their condition, we will.
As you would expect, due to the nature of the incident, we responded as though it was terrorist-related and I am now in a position to confirm that it has been declared a terrorist incident. We are working jointly with the City of London Police as we continue to respond.
Officers from the Met's Counter Terrorism Command are now leading the investigation. I must stress, however, that we retain an open mind as to any motive and it would not be appropriate to speculate further at this time.
Due to reports the suspect may have had an explosive device, specialist officers also attended the scene and wide cordons are in place to ensure there remains no further danger to the public.
However, I can confirm that at this time, we believe a device strapped to the suspect's body is a hoax explosive device. Officers continue to carry out meticulous searches in the area to ensure there is no outstanding threat to the public.
Extensive cordons are likely to remain in place for some time and I would ask the public to continue to avoid the area.
Public safety is our top priority and we are enhancing police patrols in the City and across London.
I would ask anyone with information, images or footage of the incident that this be shared with our investigation team on the UK Police Image appeal website. I would also ask the public to continue to remain vigilant and report any concerns they have to police."
We would encourage all businesses to make themselves familiar with the protective security advice as detailed below.
Please review our Crowded Places Guidance. This gives sector specific advice that will help you mitigate the threat from terrorism and make the UK less vulnerable to an attack.
Tweets by @CroydonBID
Visit checkoutcroydon.com for all the latest news and information on what's on, where to go, special offers and discounts and how to get around the bustling heart of Croydon,


As the passage of AB 398 has strengthened and extended California's Cap and Trade program, we think our readers will benefit from a spotlight on the trends in the carbon credit market. We will be featuring guest articles on California's Cap and Trade program from our friends at CaliforniaCarbon.info. CaliforniaCarbon.info is a comprehensive information service covering the Western Climate Initiative (WCI) carbon market in North America. CaliforniaCarbon.info provides emissions and price forecasts, and regular analysis of the allowance and offset market. We are excited to feature their expert analysis on California's Cap and Trade program and the forces that impact the carbon credit market. Look for regular articles from Stillwater's LCFS Newsletter featured at CaliforniaCarbon.info.
Summary: The California Air Resources Board (CARB) released the 2016 GHG facility and entity emissions data earlier today. The total 2016 emissions for the state of of California came in at 324,069,019 MMtCO2. This is an annual decline of 4.78% which is the highest year-on-year drop in emissions for the state. The data reveals that emissions reductions are much steeper than the cap which decreased last year by 3.1%. This indicates that the cap-and-trade program has proven to be effective for California, specifically in changing the sources of electricity imported into the state as well as the mix in the in-state electricity generation. As renewables take on a larger share of the energy mix, California experiences a drastic decline of higher emitting fossil fuels. These changes signify that companies are taking aggressive steps to perform well under compliance obligations set forth by CARB.
1. Emissions from transportation fuels rising – Across all the sectors, emissions from transportation fuel suppliers registered the highest annual increase – 1.1% or 1.8 MMT in absolute terms. Three other sectors saw an increase in their emissions totals: refineries at 3.6%, cement manufacturing at 1.8%, and Natural Gas, NGL & LNG suppliers at 0.2%. The increase in emissions from these sectors was generously compensated by falling emissions from other sectors under the cap; most dramatically from importers of electricity and fossil fuel electricity generators– total emissions fell approximately 31.6% (9.7 million) and 18.3% (7.7 million) respectively. Oil & Gas emissions also saw a similar fate as they declined by 12.3% (2.03 million).
2. Electricity importers correct their behavior under the cap – The decline in emissions from electricity importers can be attributed to the fact that the total electricity imported declined by 7.1% (6,576 GWh) in 2016 when compared to 2015. Out of the total electricity imported, the share of electricity from non-renewable sources such as coal and natural gas declined drastically from 29% in 2015 to just over 20% in 2016, whereas the share of electricity imported from renewable source increased from 17% of the total electricity imported in 2015 to 20% in 2016.
3. In-state generation tones down on non-renewables – Similarly, emissions from fossil fuel electricity generators declined because in-state electricity generation from non-renewable declined from 118,028 GWh in 2015 to 99,155 GWh in 2016. Whereas, contribution of renewable source of in-state electricity generation increased from 48,005 GWh in 2015 to 55,300 GWh in 2016.
What this means for the Cap and Trade market?
An annual decline in emissions by 4.7% (16.25MMT) is steeper than a 3.1% (12.1 MMT) decline in cap over the same period. As a result of an immediate drop in emissions, fewer compliance instruments will be needed to meet the obligations for 2016. We estimate that 60.7 million unused allowances will be carried over to the next compliance year i.e. 2017.
CaliforniaCarbon.info will be publishing a comprehensive emissions report next week with more detailed sectoral analysis, followed by a review webinar in the near future. Stay tuned for updates.


I am a palaeoarchaeologist and ARC Discovery Early Career Research Fellow at the Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University.
My research seeks to understand the origins of human adaptation, social learning, and sociality from the perspective of South Africa, where the earliest evidence for modern human behavior has emerged. I have spent the last decade investigating the stone tools left by our earliest ancestors and developing methods for using them to address evolutionary questions. How did early humans adapt to changing climates and landscapes? When and how did humans learn to make complex tools? How interconnected were these early populations?
I approach these questions from three directions; lithic analysis, experiments, and archaeological excavation.
At the University of Calgary, Canada, I earned two BSc degrees (Biological Sciences and Archaeology). I did my first field school at at a Stone Age site called Kudu Koppie in the Limpopo, South Africa. Since then I have been hooked on lithic analysis and the South African Stone Age. For my MA, also at the University of Calgary, I examined a Stone Age lithic assemblage from Kudu Koppie under the supervision of Mary McDonald, (University of Calgary) and Kathy Kuman (University of the Witswatersrand, South Africa). I realized during this time that stone tools are the best means of understanding early human behavioral evolution. They are durable and ubiqitous, and all of them are the direct result of human action.
In 2008, I moved to Toronto to earn my PhD Anthropology and gain further experience in the South African Stone Age. With Michael Chazan as my supervisor, I examined a 500-thousand year old stone tool assemblage at Kathu Pan in the Northern Cape. I had the opportunity to excavate at the well-known site of Wonderwerk Cave. During my PhD, I also volunteered for the first time to excavate with the SACP4 project at Pinnacle Point, near Mossel Bay on South Africa's south coast. I've been going there at least once a year since then.
Through SACP4, I met Ben Schoville and Kyle Brown, who started me on the experimental archaeology path. Together, we designed experiments to test the hypothesis that the 500-thousand year old stone points from Kathu Pan were used as hafted spear tips. Our results showed that they were (!) and we published this result in Science in 2012. I did a lot of interviews when the paper came out, which also happened to coincide with my PhD dissertation defense. A big moment for me was going to the CBC recording studio in downtown Toronto for an interview with Bob McDonald of CBC's Quirks and Quarks.
After completing my PhD, I was awarded a postdoctoral fellowship to continue working with the SACP4 project headed by Curtis Marean (Arizona State University). SACP4 is a multi-site, multidisciplinary effort that investigates the interplay of fluctuating environments and human adaptation. For this project, I led the lithic analyses of assemblages from the Pinnacle Point, and I led excavations at Vleesbaai, a new open-air Middle Stone Age site. To address meaningful questions in early human behavioral evolution, I have developed new methods of lithic analysis that support quanititive comparisons between different sites and comparisons across major paleoenvironmental shifts. The biggest reward of working with SACP4 was the gained experiences in team leadership, cutting-edge excavation methods, and database management.
For four years starting in 2015, I served as a Lecturer with the Department of Archaeology at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. In this role, I spread my time across teaching, administration, and research. My teaching emphasizes experiential learning. I take students in the field with me, set them up to volunteer in my Stone Age Archaeology lab, and include them in my active research projects, presentations, and publications. As part of the practical component of my courses at UCT, students manufactured and use their own stone-tipped spears and cutting tools. For UCT, I serve as Deputy Director for the newly established Human Evolution Research Institute (HERI), and I coordinated the Honours Archaeology Programme. My research focused on developing a new archaeological project in the Kalahari Basin - The North of Kuruman Project.
In 2019, I was awarded an ARC DECRA Research Fellowship to continue developing The North of Kuruman Project with the Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution at Griffith University. Through the excavation and dating of newly discovered archaeological sites, cutting-edge archaeological materials analysis, and local studies of palaeohydrology, this collaborative project is generating a new record of early human-environment interaction in southern Africa. Southern Africa has a rich archaeological record documenting the origins of our species, however, current research is biased toward coastal rockshelter sites. The consequence is that conflicting hypotheses about the role of environmental change in the emergence of modern humans cannot be adequately tested. This project expands the narrative of modern human origins away from the coast to investigate the distribution and success of early modern humans in the interior of the country. It contributes to building a new international network of up-and-coming multidisciplinary scientists working to address questions about human origins, and provides international research opportunities for Australian and South African students.


Why exactly do we have to have all of our keys dangling together in one messy jumble anyway? Designers Jacob Flores and Steven Elliot, the founders of KeyDisk Co. in San Francisco, have taken things completely off the chain with their new key storage solution. Constructed from sandblasted and anodized aluminum, KeyDisk 2 is a lightweight, innovative flat keyholder that can hold up to nine keys. Compatible with standard key rings and car remotes, KeyDisk 2 fits into any pocket due to its slim design. The second edition has a hollowed-out design, which makes it more ergonomic and makes finding and drawing out a key easier. With two different screw shapes, the key holder is much simpler for users to assemble.
With over a month to go, the designers have already met their Kickstarter goal to bring the product into production. Backers of the Kickstarter can receive a gunmetal gray or onyx black KeyDisk 2 for a pledge of just $19, a $10 savings from retail. Worrying about what you will do with all of those pesky store loyalty cards? Oh yeah, someone already has an app for that.
All images courtesy of KeyDisk.
Yes, I included a link to an app for that. Thanks for your comment!


Treat yourself - this family-friendly soirée at the Festival is returning with fan-favorite Cake Boss, Buddy Valastro, to cool-down the whole clan on South Beach! Bring your foodie fans of all ages to our host Loews Miami Beach hotel, where the whole gang can have some fun in the sun while sampling cool and creative treats from more than a dozen South Florida spots. All-around cake authority Valastro will serve as the host while you revel in an afternoon that munchkins of all ages can take part in!


The goal of psychology is aimed at helping society at large by addressing the variety of needs and differences in individuals that make up that society. This is done through research, experimentation, and the development of theories and principles of how to help people understand themselves. Scholars of psychology in the past and present have contributed much effort to expand our society's knowledge in the field of psychology.
Swiss psychologist Carl Jung, advanced the theories of personality traits known as introversion and extraversion; the concepts that deal with the conscious and unconscious, synchronicity, and the complex theory. More notably, Jung laid the groundwork for analytic psychology.
As an American psychologist, Carl Rogers is one of the founders of the humanistic approach in psyshoclogy. He first used the person-centered approach terminology in his formulation of theories on interpersonal and cross cultural relations.
Escape from Freedom is Fromm's first, and his most famous book The Art of Lowing continues to be read by students of psychology. He postulated eight basic needs of people: relatedness, transcendence, rootedness, sense of identity, frame of orientation, excitation & stimulation, unity, and effectiveness.
Best known book or manifesto Walden Two, Skinner was a firm believer that "free will" was an illusion. He constructed a school of thought in psychology known as experimental analysis of behavior, in which he applied his theory of radical behaviorism.
When it comes to the psychology of self-actualization, the name of Maslow immediately comes to mind. As a humanistic psychologist, Maslow believed the every person desires to achieve their full potential, to be able to reach "self-actualization." The result is "Maslow's Hierarchy of needs" which starts with the physiological (at the base), safety, love, esteem, and eventually self-actualization.
Viewed as one of the most influential psychologists of the the twentieth century, Bandura pioneered the work on the social learning theory, in which he proposes that people, in general, learn behavior and other things through their environment and adjust their behavior in a social context.
Canadian psychologist Steve Pinker is an advocate for the computational theory of the mind and evolutionary psychology. Pinker specializes in explaining the fields of psycholinguistics and visual cognition. He is currently a professor at Harvard University.
Swiss psychologist Alice Rostovski Miller centered her practice around the effects of child abuse. She used the writing of books to inform the public at large on the psychology of child abuse and its dangers on a child. This has led her to the specialization in psychohistory, wherein events of the past are viewed as precursors of present behavior.
It has been said that German, Wilhelm Wundt was the first person to have called himself a psychologist. It was he who formally established a laboratory dedicated for psychological research. His work in the field of psychology centered on a persons consciousness and must be considered a work in structuralism.
As one of the leading contributors to the advancement of psychoanalysis, Spielrein began her participation in the field of psychology as a patient, student, assistant, and eventually as a professional. "Destruction as the Cause of Coming into Being" is Spielrein's most influential and famouse essay written in 1912.
As a psychonanalyst, Horney debunked everything Freud suggested in his theories on sexuality and the role of instinct in psychoanalysis. Her view on the theory of neurosis has been received positively over the decades, she contends the neurosis lends itself as a coping mechanism by certain people.
One of the theories posited by Russian psychologist Vygotsky is what is known as the ZPD or the zone of proximal development. This concept suggests a difference in what a person can learn without assistance, as opposed to receiving help. The other contribution by Vygotsky is cultural-historical psychology in which he looked at a persons customs, beliefs, culture, values, and even skills as being passed from one generation to the descending line.
The use of hypnosis and family therapy was championed by Milton Erickson. His influence on addressing, through creative means, the "unconscious mind" has been recognized as noteworthy. He utilized techniques of which are still being employed to this day. Hypnosis continues to be a controversial subject, then and now, and the field of psychology has Erickson to thank.
Bowlby is recognized for his work on child development. One of his notable achievements is the introduction of the "attachment theory," wherein he suggests that social development in certain cultures are dependent on a childs relationship with his/her "primary caregiver" early in life.
Communication and miscommunication is the area of psychology Watzlawick is known for, better known as the "interactional view." In this theory, Watzlawick identifies the reason miscommunication occurs is that some people, the communicators, do not speak the "same language." They are coming from from two different viewpoints.
Zombardo is the author of "The Lucifer Effect" wherein he explores how good people become bad, using the comparison of how Lucifer became Satan. His other work is the Stanford prison study. It was an experiement wherein he used volunteer students role play as prisoners and guards, studying the interaction between the two.
In the theory of "learned helplessness," Seligman observes that people, as well as animals behave, or even act, helpless in given situations, even if they have the ability to change the outcome. He also is a proponent of "positive psychology".
IQ, or intelligence test, Binet-Simon scale, whatever you call it, was invented by Alfred Binet of France. Although Binet did not receive a degree in psychology, he helped established a baseline process on which to determine a persons intelligence.