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Le botulisme (dérivé savamment  du radical latin botulus, « boudin », d'après les premiers aliments mis en cause) est une maladie paralytique rare mais grave, le plus souvent d'origine alimentaire, touchant les humains et les animaux. Elle est due à une neurotoxine bactérienne, la toxine botulique (anciennement appelée toxine botulinique) ou botuline, produite par plusieurs bactéries anaérobies du genre Clostridium, la plus connue étant Clostridium botulinum.

La toxine botulique est la plus puissante de toutes les toxines connues dans la nature. Il en existe 7 types antigéniques distincts (nommés A à G). Elle est fragile, ne résistant pas à la chaleur, ni à une exposition prolongée à l'oxygène. L'intoxication se produit généralement par des aliments mal conservés (salaisons, conserves... le plus souvent familiales) à la suite de défaut technique ou de manque d'hygiène lors de la fabrication. En pratique, elle ne survient presque jamais avec des produits frais.

Chez l'être humain, il existe trois variétés de botulisme : le botulisme alimentaire (toxi-infection alimentaire due à la toxine présente dans l'aliment), le botulisme par blessure, dû à la toxine produite dans une blessure infectée par Clostridium botulinum ; et le botulisme infantile, provoqué par la consommation de spores de bactéries, qui se développent ensuite dans les intestins où elles libèrent la toxine.

Non traitées, toutes les formes de botulisme peuvent être mortelles. La suspicion de botulisme constitue une alerte de santé publique, déclenchant une enquête épidémiologique recherchant l'aliment causal, et de son origine familiale ou industrielle.

La maladie n'est pas contagieuse, et ne procure pas d'immunité.

Historique

Période clinique et familiale
La maladie existe probablement depuis que les humains conservent leurs aliments (séchage, fumage, salage...), mais au regard médical, elle ne se distingue qu'à la fin du .

Au début du , les autorités médicales du duché de Wurtemberg sont alertées par une augmentation du nombre de cas d'empoisonnement fatal par ingestion de nourriture avariée. La cause identifiée est une diminution des précautions d'hygiène dans la préparation des charcuteries et salaisons fermières à la campagne en raison de la pauvreté générale provoquée dans la population par les guerres napoléoniennes. En 1802, le gouvernement de Stuttgart émet une mise en garde publique sur « la consommation dangereuse de boudin noir fumé », l'agent toxique supposé étant l'acide prussique.

Ce n'est que vingt ans plus tard, en 1822 que le poète et médecin Justinus Kerner , alors médecin de district, rend des rapports officiels où il conclut en identifiant correctement l'origine de ce nouveau poison qu'il pense être un acide gras. Il donne dès cette époque une description détaillée des symptômes du botulisme et a l'intuition des applications thérapeutiques potentielles de ce poison. En 1870, le médecin allemand Müller renomme la « maladie de Kerner » en botulisme (du latin botulus, évoquant le boyau animal utilisé en charcuterie et au-delà tout boyau farci, dont le boudin).

Une maladie similaire est aussi décrite en Russie, au , sous le terme « ichthiosismus », liée à l'ingestion de poissons fumés ou marinés.

Période bactériologique et industrielle
En 1895, à la suite d'un dramatique foyer de botulisme apparu lors d'une fête d'un bourg belge (Ellezelles), la bactérie responsable est identifiée en laboratoire par le microbiologiste belge Émile van Ermengem. Il s'agit d'un bacille anaérobie, sporulé et producteur de toxines, qu'il nomme « Bacillus botuliniques ».

Aux États-Unis, les premiers cas reconnus de botulisme surviennent en 1899. En 1904, une mauvaise stérilisation des conserves est mise en évidence à l'occasion de l'intoxication de 32 personnes (21 malades et 11 morts) par Landman qui isole une souche de Bacillus botulinus s'étant développée dans des haricots blancs en conserve. Des cas analogues répétés se produisent aux États-Unis, liés aux débuts de la commercialisation des conserves alimentaires.

À partir des années 1920, des études scientifiques intensives, commanditées par l'industrie alimentaire américaine (la National Canners Association), sont menées sur le botulisme et le conditionnement industriel des conserves. Ces études sont à l'origine de pratiques et procédures, permettant un conditionnement sûr, toujours en vigueur dans l'industrie agro-alimentaire.

En 1923, Bergey classe « Bacillus botulinus » dans le genre Clostridium en le renommant Clostridium botulinum. De 1910 à 1970, 7 différents types de toxines (A à G) sont isolées. En 2014, un huitième type H est identifié.

Types

Pour la bactériologie et la toxine botulique, voir :

Il existe sept types de toxines, désignés par la lettre A à G (subdivisés en sous-types chiffrés), qui n'ont pas de protection croisée entre elles (une antitoxine qui en neutralise une, ne neutralise pas les autres).

La maladie humaine est due aux types A, B, E, et rarement F.

La maladie animale est surtout due aux types C, D, E, rarement A, F et G.
 Botulisme de type A (sérotype pathogène pour l'Homme et rarement certains animaux), le plus grave pour l'Homme, est lié aux conserves de légumes et produits laitiers, dominant aux États-Unis.
 Botulisme de type B (sérotype pathogène pour l'Homme), moins grave, lié aux conserves de viande et charcuteries, dominant en France et en Europe centrale.
 Botulisme de type C (sérotype pathogène pour certains animaux dont les bovins et oiseaux), plutôt dans le Grand Ouest en France depuis les années 1980.
 Botulisme de type D (sérotype pathogène pour certains animaux, dont le chien)
 Botulisme de type E (sérotype pathogène pour l'Homme et pour certains animaux, identifié en 1935), avec une augmentation préoccupante en France en élevage avicole depuis 1997, normalement lié aux poissons et fruits de mer.
 Botulisme de type F (rare, sérotype pathogène pour l'Homme et certains animaux).
 Botulisme de type G (très rare, sérotype pathogène pour certains animaux).
Le mécanisme d'action est une inhibition de la libération d'Acétylcholine au niveau des jonctions neuromusculaires, ce qui bloque la transmission entre nerf et muscle et conduit à une paralysie motrice et respiratoire. Ce blocage dure de quelque semaines à quelques mois, il n'entraine pas de lésions cellulaires ce qui permet la récupération totale des patients.

La toxine ne franchit pas la barrière hémato-encéphalique, d'où l'absence d'atteinte du système nerveux central.

Épidémiologie

Botulisme humain

Au cours du
Dans le monde, la maladie est rare et sporadique, mais quand elle survient, son taux de mortalité peut être élevé. Il était le plus fort aux États-Unis dans les années 1890-1920 lors des premières conserves industrielles (60 à 70 %). Il a chuté en deux temps : à la fin des années 1920, avec l'amélioration des procédures industrielles, et au début des années 1950, avec les soins intensifs et la réanimation respiratoire (ventilation assistée).

Les principaux aliments responsables de botulisme varient selon les habitudes culturelles alimentaires. En Pologne, Allemagne et France, les viandes conservées (fermières, artisanales ou familiales) sont majoritairement en cause (le jambon en France, les saucisses en Allemagne) avec prédominance du type B, alors qu'en Russie et au Japon, ce sont les poissons fumés ou marinés, avec prédominance du type E. Aux États-Unis, ce sont les conserves de légumes (haricots, maïs, champignons...), avec prédominance du type A.

Épidémiologie actuelle

En France
C'est une maladie assez rare en France (45 cas identifiés sur la période 2007-2009) ; son incidence annuelle est de l'ordre de 0,5 cas par million d'habitants. Il s'agit de cas sporadiques, le plus souvent d'origine alimentaire : salaisons, charcuteries et conserves de fabrication familiale, plus rarement fermières, artisanales ou industrielles ou par inoculation chez le toxicomane. Le risque de botulisme humain acquis à partir de sources avicole ou bovine est faible dans ce pays, mais des foyers récents dans d'autres pays comportant un nombre significatif de malades (plusieurs dizaines) ont montré un taux de létalité de plus de 5 % qui incite à la prudence.

En 2011, le taux d'incidence du botulisme est descendu à 0,27 cas par million d'habitants. Ce taux est en dessous du taux d'incidence moyenne observé pour la période 1991-2009 qui est de 0,42 cas par million d'habitants et par an.

Dans la période 2013-2016, on compte de 11 à 22 cas annuels (18 en moyenne), soit 69 cas répartis en 39 foyers, un peu plus souvent dans le centre de la France. 75 % des patients ont été hospitalisés, le plus souvent en réanimation. Deux décès sont survenus (femmes âgées de 73 et 85 ans).

La forme la plus fréquente (85 % des cas) est le botulisme alimentaire. Le botulisme type B est le plus souvent lié à des produits de charcuteries : jambon artisanal ou familial, cru ou mal cuit (23 cas), charcuteries industrielles d'origine Pologne (1 cas) et Portugal (4 cas). Le botulisme type A est plus rare, d'origine plus variée : lié à des conserves familiales de légumes, comme les asperges (deux foyers), à un pâté de faisan (un foyer).

Les deux premiers foyers de botulisme type F à apparaitre en France, dus à Clostridium baratti, ont été détectés. L'origine du premier n'a pas été retrouvée ; dans le second il s'agissait d'une viande hachée de bœuf industrielle utilisée dans un restaurant pour une sauce bolognaise préparée à l'avance (trois cas survenus dans la même tranche horaire).

Six cas de botulisme infantile ont été identifiés dans la même période, d'origine probablement environnementale : pas d'aliments à risques retrouvé, mais contamination possible d'aliments par une infime quantité de poussières (travaux en chantier près du domicile du nourrisson).

En Europe
Le botulisme y est rare (environ 200 cas par an, soit 0,3 cas par million d'habitants). Il est très rare chez l'enfant ; quand il survient, il touche surtout les enfants de moins de six mois.

C'est en Europe centrale que le botulisme est le moins rare (Pologne et Lituanie surtout).

Le botulisme inoculé par seringue par des usagers de drogues est devenu le botulisme le plus fréquent au Royaume-Uni et en Irlande.

Aux États-Unis
Sur la période 2011-2015, on compte en moyenne 162 cas de botulisme par an : moins de 20 % sont d'origine alimentaire, et plus de 71 % sont infantiles ; le reste provenant de blessure ou de causes inconnues.

Les épidémies de botulisme alimentaire (deux personnes ou plus) sont habituellement dues à une mauvaise stérilisation de conserves faites à la maison. Il n'y a pas eu de cas par bioterrorisme ; on note un cas de botulisme iatrogénique (par toxine thérapeutique non homologuée)

Le taux de botulisme alimentaire et infantile varie peu depuis les années 2000, mais le botulisme par blessure a augmenté en raison de l'utilisation de l'héroïne brune (black tar), surtout en Californie.

Botulisme animal

Chez les bovins
En France, dans la période 1945-1970, des cas de botulisme type C ont touché des bovins et équins, souvent à la suite de présence de cadavres de petits rongeurs dans les fourrages.

Des cas de botulisme type D ont été diagnostiqués en Bretagne, Normandie et Pays de Loire, dans les années 1979-1983, liés à la proximité d'élevage industriel de volailles. Les volailles domestiques sont résistantes au botulisme D mais elles constituent un réservoir pour les bactéries type D qui se retrouvent dans les lisiers. La transmission des volailles aux bovins se fait par les fumiers épandus sur les pâtures, par les eaux de ruissellement (dissémination des spores), ou par le vent à partir des lisiers desséchés et pulvérulents. À cette époque, la contamination principale a été celle des farines de viandes (de volaille) servant à l'alimentation des bovins.

Il peut exister une répartition saisonnière du botulisme bovin, survenant de préférence lors de mois d'été et d'automne, chauds et secs ; la température optimum de croissance des clostridium C et D étant relativement élevée (30 - 40 °C).

Chez les oiseaux

Le botulisme aviaire, de type C, est endémique, au nord de l'hémisphère Nord (Canada, Japon, Europe occidentale), chez les oiseaux sauvages, en particulier aquatiques, surtout en saison chaude et sèche. En Grande-Bretagne, lors de l'été exceptionnellement chaud et sec de 1976, les niveaux des fleuves sont tombés si bas en quelques endroits que des cygnes ont été atteints de botulisme en s'alimentant dans des couches anaérobies (sapropèle), qu'ils n'atteignent pas généralement.

L'année 1995, avec un été chaud et prolongé, a été particulièrement meurtrière en France, en Allemagne et les pays anglo-saxons. Des dizaines de milliers de cadavres d'oiseaux ont été retrouvés près des points d'eau (étangs, lacs, marais...). Ce phénomène se retrouve tous les ans, mais d'importance variable selon les conditions climatiques. Il y a ainsi eu  oiseaux morts dans le lac de Grand-Lieu en Loire-Atlantique.

En février 1996, en France, pour la première fois, un épisode inhabituel de botulisme de « type E » est survenu sur la façade littorale du Pas-de-Calais essentiellement, en baie de Canche et au nord de celle-ci. Les pertes ont été estimées à plus de  à , voire  oiseaux laridés (mouettes rieuses Chroicocephalus ridibundus). La cause probable serait l'alimentation de ces oiseaux sur une décharge locale de déchets de poissonneries. Les Clostridum type E se développent à basse température, à partir de  pour la croissance et de  pour la production de toxines.

Dans les élevages industriels (poulet, dinde, canard, faisan), le botulisme type C, (plus rarement D), peut se déclarer dans des effectifs de , avec des mortalité de 10 à 70 % de l'effectif. On a estimé que la source la plus probable est l'alimentation par farine de viande. Depuis 1998, un botulisme type E est détecté dans des élevages industriels de poulets.

Chez les chiens
Il s'agit généralement de chiens vivant en zone rurale (où sévit du botulisme aviaire ou bovin). Le chien se contamine en consommant des cadavres de volailles.

Facteurs de risques
Un microbiote équilibré diminue le risque ou la gravité du botulisme (quand il n'est pas dû à l'ingestion directe de toxines botuliques).
 Modèle animal :
 chez la souris de laboratoire utilisée comme modèle murin de botulisme infantile, la dysbiose intestinale favorise le botulisme (de « type E » notamment ; .
 En Allemagne, il a été constaté que les cas de botulisme de la vache laitière ont augmenté de la fin des années 1990 et au début des années 2000, pour des raisons inconnues. Ces années sont celles de l'expansion des cultures OGM (presque toutes biotechnologiquement rendues résistantes au glyphosate) ; ces années sont pour cette raison aussi celle d'une explosion de la consommation de glyphosate dans le monde. Or le glyphosate est toxique pour les Enterococcus spp. qui sont antagonistes des espèces de Clostridium. Une réduction des bactéries productrices d'acide lactique dans le microbiote intestinal, à la suite de l'ingestion de biocides puissants comme le glyphosate pourrait être une explication de l'augmentation observée des niveaux de maladies associées à C. botulinum. dans le tractus digestif des bovins. , la présence de C. botulinum s'accompagne de modifications spécifiques du microbiote fécal (moins de bactéries aérobies, de bactéries anaérobies totales, d'entérocoques, de Clostridium perfringens et de levures et champignons) ; dans le même temps, le contenu liquide du rumen voit les espèces de Bacteroides proliférer de même que C. histolyticum, Alfa-protéobactéries, Gammaproteobacteria et bactéries sulfato-réductrices, alors qu'au contraire les Euryaracheota et les protozoaires Epidinium spp. Dasytricha spp., Diplodiniinae spp. et Ophryoscolex spp. diminuent. C. botulinum est commun chez ces vaches laitières mais la maladie botulisme ne survient que lors de changements microbiens et en lien avec un changement de composition macrobiotique du tractus gastro-intestinal. Le rôle précis des bactéries, levures et protozoaires n'est pas encore clairement compris.
 Chez l'Humain, on a récemment montré que l'exposition au glyphosate (matière active du Roundup, herbicide le plus vendu au monde) accroit la vulnérabilité au botulisme.

Incubation
Les symptômes classiques du botulisme surviennent le plus souvent entre 12 et 36 heures après l'ingestion de la toxine botulinique, mais ils peuvent parfois s'observer précocement dès la  ou tardivement après dix jours.

La période d'incubation et la gravité des symptômes dépendent du type et de la quantité de toxine absorbée par l'organisme, ainsi que du mode de contamination.

Le « type A » donne les formes les plus graves et les plus rapides, alors que le type B est plus progressif.

Formes cliniques

Botulisme alimentaire
Les formes alimentaires sont les plus fréquentes. Elles sont dues à la présence de la toxine, déjà préformée, dans les aliments. La maladie se présente comme une gastro-entérite, non fébrile, mais avec des troubles neurologiques visuels caractéristiques (qui peuvent apparaître en premier).

Outre les troubles digestifs (coliques, diarrhées ou constipation, vomissements), apparait une paralysie de nerfs crâniens (en particulier du nerf oculomoteur) avec une sécheresse de la bouche (paralysie sécrétoire des glandes salivaires), des difficultés à avaler, une élocution incompréhensible, une vision double et trouble (paralysie oculaire et de l'accommodation), avec chute des paupières.

Dans un second temps, survient une paralysie descendante avec une faiblesse musculaire généralisée, bilatérale et symétrique, sans troubles de la sensibilité.
Elle peut s'aggraver jusqu'à la paralysie des muscles des membres et du tronc, avec iléus paralytique et rétention d'urine.
La paralysie respiratoire peut conduire au décès. Dans tous les cas, c'est la toxine botulique qui provoque la maladie, et non la bactérie C. botulinum elle-même.

En septembre 2019, une femme habitant l'Essonne est devenue paralysée peut-être après avoir consommé une soupe de légumes périmée depuis trois semaines.

Botulisme infantile
Les premiers cas sont publiés aux États-Unis (Californie) en 1976.

Appelé aussi botulisme par colonisation, il s'agit de l'ingestion de spores de C. Botulinum largement répandues dans l'environnement, normalement détruites par l'acidité gastrique ou dont le développement est empêché par la flore intestinale (microbiote). Chez le nourrisson ou l'adulte avec facteurs prédisposants (chirurgie intestinale, maladie de l'intestin, antibiothérapie), l'acidité gastrique et le microbiote sont insuffisants. Les spores germent et colonisent l'intestin, produisant ainsi la toxine botulique in situ dans un second temps.

Le botulisme infantile est aux États-Unis la forme la plus répandue de la maladie. L'enfant présente une faiblesse générale, avec perte de la tenue de la tête, difficulté à s'alimenter et constipation, d'où le nom de « floppy baby » (bébé flasque).

L'origine de la contamination des nourrissons est le plus souvent attribuée à l'ingestion de produits sucrés, tels que le miel, le sirop de maïs. En effet les spores de C. Botulinum peuvent persister dans le miel. C'est la raison pour laquelle il est recommandé de ne jamais donner aux bébés ni miel, ni aucun autre produit sucré quel qu'il soit jusqu'au sevrage, en tous cas jamais avant l'âge d'1 an de l'enfant.

Botulisme d'inoculation
Les premiers cas sont publiés aux États-Unis en 1973.

Il s'agit de botulisme par blessure, analogue à la transmission du tétanos. Le plus souvent, il s'agit d'usagers de drogues injectables, comme l'héroïne de mauvaise qualité. Dans ce dernier cas, les symptômes apparaissent dès six heures après l'injection et perdurent jusqu'à deux semaines. Ils peuvent être une vision dédoublée, des paupières lourdes, des confusions de langage ou d'élocution, des difficultés à avaler, une faiblesse bilatérale des bras, puis une paralysie flasque accompagnée de détresse respiratoire.

La toxine ne peut pas traverser une peau saine et intacte, mais elle peut provoquer des troubles par les muqueuses (conjonctives par exemple).

Botulisme d'inhalation
C'est une forme exceptionnelle, qui ne survient pas de façon naturelle chez l'Homme. Les seuls cas connus concernent trois chercheurs vétérinaires dans un laboratoire allemand, en 1962, exposés accidentellement à un aérosol de toxine botulique. La toxine inhalée passe dans le sang, et provoque les mêmes troubles neurologiques que la forme alimentaire, mais avec une incubation très courte, environ 6 heures. La maladie a été reproduite expérimentalement chez des primates, en 1993, pour tester l'utilisation d'antitoxines. L'utilisation bioterroriste de ce type de botulisme est discutée.

Diagnostic
Le diagnostic est le plus souvent clinique, basé sur l'examen, l'histoire et les circonstances, et l'entourage du patient. Le botulisme se distingue des autres déficits moteurs aigus par l'importance de l'atteinte des nerfs oculaires par rapport à une faiblesse musculaire généralisée d'abord modérée.

Il y a absence de fièvre, de troubles sensitifs et de troubles de la conscience. La survenue d'au moins deux cas groupés de paralysie descendante évoque fortement un botulisme.

Le botulisme est confirmé par la présence de la toxine botulique dans le sérum ou les selles du patient, dont l'injection à la souris reproduira les signes de la maladie. Le test d'inoculation à la souris est la seule méthode de référence pour la détection et l'identification de la toxine botulique. En France, ce test n'est réalisable que dans le centre national de référence « Bactéries anaérobies et botulisme » de l'Institut Pasteur.

La bactérie peut également être isolée dans les selles des patients atteints de botulisme alimentaire ou infantile, ou par un prélèvement de la plaie infectée lors d'un botulisme par blessure. La bactérie et la toxine peuvent être recherchées dans des aliments suspects d'être à l'origine de la contamination.

Une électroneuromyographie (ENMG) peut être utile au diagnostic en montrant un bloc de la jonction neuromusculaire de type pré-synaptique (défaut de libération de l'acétylcholine dans la synapse). De nouvelles méthodes de diagnostic sont en cours de développement comme la PCR.

D'autres affections neurologiques avec déficits moteurs comme le syndrome de Guillain-Barré, les accidents vasculaires cérébraux et la myasthénie peuvent ressembler au botulisme, en étant plus fréquentes que lui. Le botulisme peut donc faire partie du diagnostic différentiel de ces affections (recherche de toxine botulique dans le sérum du patient).

Traitement
La surveillance et le traitement des patients suspects de botulisme se fait en milieu hospitalier. Les risques essentiels sont les troubles de la déglutition, l'atteinte des muscles respiratoires et les troubles cardiaques.

Mesures symptomatiques
Le traitement est symptomatique. La paralysie respiratoire en cas de botulisme grave nécessite une ventilation mécanique (« respiration artificielle ») avec intubation trachéale en milieu de soins intensifs, parfois de plusieurs semaines. La guérison est lente, en général les signes oculaires disparaissent en dernier, après des semaines ou des mois. Une fatigue au long cours peut persister.

La nutrition par voie entérale (sonde nasogastrique) ou parentérale peut être nécessaire en cas de troubles de la déglutition ; une sonde vésicale est mise en place en cas de rétention urinaire.

La survenue d'un syndrome sec impose le maintien d'une bonne hydratation des muqueuses (aérosols, brumisateur, larmes artificielles...).

En cas de botulisme par blessure, la plaie responsable est traitée chirurgicalement pour faire disparaître la source des bactéries toxinogènes.

Sérothérapie
Le traitement spécifique par sérothérapie précoce (antitoxines d'origine équine) est exceptionnel en France, alors qu'il est systématique aux États-Unis mais son utilisation reste difficile, avec des risques allergiques importants. La sérothérapie est indiquée dans les formes sévères, mais elle n'est efficace qu'administrée précocement dans les deux jours après l'apparition des symptômes.

Le produit utilisé agit contre les types A, B et E, il a une autorisation de mise sur le marché en Allemagne, mais pas en France où il n'est disponible que par une autorisation temporaire d'utilisation nominative octroyée par l'ANSM.

Résultats
La récupération est complète, mais après une longue durée (de quelques semaines à plusieurs mois). Les décès précoces (deux premières semaines) sont le plus souvent dus à un retard diagnostique ou des infections pulmonaires secondaires. Au-delà, la mortalité est liée aux complications de la réanimation respiratoire.

Aux États-Unis, la létalité du botulisme alimentaire (mortalité des sujets atteints) a diminué de 25 % (1950-1959) à 6 % (1990-1996), avec réduction similaire pour chaque type de toxine. Dans la période 1975-2009, celle du botulisme infantile a été de 1 %, de 5 % pour le botulisme par blessure et de 22 % pour les autres causes ou causes inconnues.

En France, la létalité a été de 1 % (1991-2000), liée à la prépondérance du botulisme type B, moins grave. Ainsi, la létalité en France n'a jamais dépassé 6 % depuis les années 1950.

Recherches
Une neurotoxine composant du venin de Veuve noire, l'alpha-latrotoxine (causant un latrodectisme), est susceptible d'avoir une action indirecte contre les effets paralysants du botulisme, en permettant une entrée de Ca2+ intracellulaire importante au niveau des terminaisons synaptiques. De plus, l'alpha-latrotoxine pourrait agir en restaurant l'activité de la protéine SNAP2 au niveau de la jonction neuro-musculaire.

Les effets de cette neurotoxine, antagonistes à ceux du botulisme, ont été étudiés sur des cellules souches embryonnaires de neurones de souris. Ces recherches ouvrent la perspective d'un traitement contre les paralysies du botulisme en accélérant leur récupération.

Prévention

Hygiène alimentaire
Le botulisme alimentaire peut être évité par le respect des règles d'hygiène de préparation des aliments à conserver, et des consignes de stérilisation, surtout pour les conserves familiales préparées à la maison, qui sont les causes les plus fréquentes. Les procédés de conservations (température, concentration saline, pH) doivent être scrupuleusement respectés.

Les salaisons demandent une concentration en sel et un temps de salage suffisant ; les aliments à mettre en conserve, susceptibles d'être souillés par de la terre, doivent être nettoyés soigneusement et stérilisés suffisamment longtemps : les toxines botuliques sont thermolabiles, inactivées à partir de  pendant 5 minutes, et détruites par ébullition pendant 10 minutes. À l'inverse, les spores sont très résistantes, nécessitant d'autres moyens et des températures supérieures (fabrication industrielle de conserves).

Les conserves ou les emballages type Tetrapack peuvent révéler la présence de C. botulinum (ou d'autres bactéries) par un bombement extérieur caractéristique qui résulte de la pression exercée à l'intérieur par les gaz produits par les bactéries, avec un risque de projection lors de l'ouverture ; le mieux est de jeter purement et simplement de telles conserves.

Les gaz produits par des C. botulinum en croissance sont d'odeur désagréable (odeur de beurre rance), mais la toxine pure en solution est incolore, inodore, et autant qu'on puisse le savoir, sans goût.

Vaccination
En 2018, il existe un vaccin expérimental aux États-Unis, contre 5 types de toxine botulique, à la disposition de personnes exposées à haut risque durant une période limitée (personnel militaire et de laboratoire). Il n'est pas disponible pour le grand public, à cause de son coût, du nombre d'injections nécessaires, et de sa courte durée de protection.

Dispositions légales
En France et en Belgique, cette maladie est sur la liste des maladies infectieuses à déclaration obligatoire.

En France, le Centre National de Référence des bactéries anaérobies et du botulisme a été créé en 1972. Il participe à la surveillance du botulisme humain en signalant les cas confirmés biologiquement à l'Institut National de Veille Sanitaire.

En France, depuis 1986, la déclaration du botulisme a été individualisée par rapport aux autres toxi-infections alimentaires collectives (où il faut au moins 2 cas pour la déclaration). Depuis 1986, un seul cas isolé de botulisme doit être déclaré aux autorités sanitaires qui déclenchent alors une enquête .

En France, un cas suspect ou confirmé de botulisme doit être signalé sans délai à l'Agence régionale de santé (ARS), qui déclenche une enquête épidémiologique : recherche de cas dans l'entourage, analyses alimentaires, enquêtes vétérinaires, traçabilité des produits. Le botulisme et la toxine botulique font partie des pathologies infectieuses et toxiques soumises depuis 2001 à une surveillance renforcée dans le cadre du plan Biotox. Ce plan peut être déclenché par des données inhabituelles, évoquant un acte malveillant ou bioterroriste.

En Europe, le botulisme est surveillé par le Centre européen de prévention et de contrôle des maladies (surveillance de santé publique, données épidémiologiques) et, sur requête, l'Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments (avis d'expertise).

Utilisations de la toxine botulique

En utilisation massive, la toxine botulique pourrait servir d'arme biologique. À l'inverse, à très faibles concentrations, elle est utilisée comme un moyen thérapeutique.

Les journalistes Robert Harris et Jeremy Paxman affirment l'existence d'au moins un cas de botulisme provoqué par l'utilisation d'une arme antipersonnel contaminée volontairement par la toxine botulique (celle-ci étant mêlée à la couche de colle enduisant une grenade), lors de l'assassinat du dignitaire nazi Reinhard Heydrich en 1942. Cette hypothèse, reprise notamment par le biologiste Patrick Berche, est jugée invraisemblable et non étayée par les sources par les historiens spécialistes.

Il est avisé très tôt que la puissance de la toxine botulique pouvait être exploitée comme un avantage, lorsqu'une paralysie musculaire locale s'avère utile ou souhaitable. Déjà Kerner au  avait entrevu le potentiel d'utilisation de la toxine à des fins thérapeutiques, allant jusqu'à en expérimenter les effets sur lui-même. La toxine botulique est souvent efficace dans le traitement des maladies neurologiques comportant une trop grande activité musculaire (contractions et mouvements anormaux, crampes, spasticité, dystonie). La toxine botulique est aussi employée en cosmétique, par exemple pour réduire les rides faciales ou la transpiration excessive.

Un surdosage accidentel de toxine thérapeutique, ou l'utilisation de produit non homologué (de trop forte concentration), peuvent être à l'origine de botulisme iatrogénique.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Cinéma
 1956 : Si tous les gars du monde

Bibliographie

Articles connexes

Lien externe
 Le botulisme sur le site de l'Institut de veille sanitaire (InVS)
 Le Centre National de Référence du botulisme

Intoxication alimentaire
Infection bactérienne humaine
Maladie rare
Maladie de la jonction neuromusculaire
Maladie du système nerveux d'origine toxique
Urgence médicale

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Discovery Semiconductors introduces a new balanced optical receiver useful for LIDAR and eye safe free space applications, the model R205M. This joins the single input model R202 as specialty photoreceivers for the 1.2 to 2.2 µm light spectrum. Operating at 150 MHz (model R205M) or 3 GHz (model R202) with a peak gain of 20 dB, both receivers are offered in a compact hermetic package. The balanced receiver option consists of matched InGaAs/InP photodiodes and a low noise amplifier. Use the balanced receiver in coherent-lightwave link designs to eliminate laser relative intensity noise (RIN). Delivery is with the customer's choice of optical input connector and a type K or dual GPPO/SMMP coaxial RF output.
Discovery is a privately held US company that leads the world in production of ultra-wide bandwidth microwave photonic modules, including its latest products for 60, 65 and 70 GHz bandwidths. The company is recognized as one of NJ's fastest growing companies for the third year in the row and winner of the Small Business Administration's (SBA) Ronald Tibbets award for successful commercialization of contract research. Discovery continues to innovate; developing balanced optical receivers, optical receiver/microwave transmitter modules for wireless LMDS and wide bandwidth 2-micron wavelength optical receivers. Its products serve 4 market segments: Military, Fiber Optic Telecommunications, high bit-rate Wireless Communications and Custom Developments.


LONDON: The Iranian Nobel Peace laureate Shirin Ebadi has blamed military spending in Syria, Yemen and Lebanon for undermining the state budget and spreading poverty in the country.
Speaking to Asharq Al-Awsat newspaper about the wave of anti-government protests, the human rights lawyer said Iran's authorities continue to neglect the Iranian people despite the fact that they have declared their demands.
Ebadi said the majority of Iranians are demanding change because they are now aware that the current political structure, centerred around Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, is incapable of reform.
Ebadi, who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2003 for her work in Iran but has lived in exile in London since 2009, urged Iranians to continue protesting.
She called on people to stop paying water, gas and electricity bills and taxes, and to withdraw their money from state-owned banks.
The protests started on December 28, driven by economic grievances and spread to cities across the country. Twenty-one people have been killed in the violent response from Iran's security forces.
Ebadi said that people took to the streets peacefully but were confronted by the police and security forces.
"The government says up to 700 were arrested but I am certain that the number of detainees and casualties is much more than that," she added.
Ebadi said Iran's police and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps should drop their weapons and join protesters.


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Ever Increasing Faith Ministries
Live Tuesday Morning Bible Study
11 a.m PST/ Tuesday 2 p.m. EST
Live Tuesday Evening Bible Study Service
7:30 p.m. PST/ 10:30 p.m. EST
Live Sunday Service
9:45 a.m PST/ 12:45 p.m. EST
Welcome to the Ever Increasing Faith Network, a global outreach of Ever Increasing Faith Ministries since 2003. Join us 24 hours a day, 7 days a week as we bring to you The Power of Faith to Transform Your Life by learning how to live the abundant and overcoming Christian life.
In 1978, Apostle Fred Price received instruction from God to begin a television broadcast. As a result, Ever Increasing Faith Ministries (EIFM) began its broadcast in five television markets. Since then, the television broadcast has become global through cable, satellite and now the internet. EIFM can be viewed on 55 stations in all 50 states and in 12 foreign countries. It is also heard on 13 radio programs and 19 Internet broadcast stations. Additionally, EIFM can be seen on most Social Media platforms including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Pinterest and more.
Pastor Fred Price, Jr., son and successor of Apostle Fred Price, is the current face of Ever Increasing Faith Television and the pastor of Crenshaw Christian Center in Los Angeles, California, Home of the FaithDome.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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New Year's Honours for Leeds
Alumni and staff members past and present have been recognised in the New Year's Honours list.
Peter Buckley, Professor of International Business, receives an OBE and Dr Kath Hodgson, Director of Learning and Teaching Support, receives an MBE. Tom Worsley, Visiting Research Fellow in the Institute of Transport Studies, receives a CBE for his services to the UK Department for Transport.
Professor Buckley is Director of the Centre for International Business (CIBUL) and is recognised as a world-authority on international business. He has written 22 books, and has held visiting Professorships in universities around the world. In 1998 he was awarded an Honorary Professorship at the University of International Business and Economics (UIBE) in China. In 2010 he was awarded Honorary Doctorate by Sweden's University of Uppsala and the same year he received the prestigious Cheung Kong Scholar Chair Professorship at UIBE.
Dr Hodgson is a graduate of Leeds three times over, having completed all her higher-education qualifications (Cert Ed, MEd, PhD) at the university. After teaching middle school children for 20 years, she began working in the University's Planning Office in 1992 before moving into a learning and teaching role and going on to become head of the Teaching Quality Assurance Unit in 1998. Dr Hodgson was awarded a University Fellowship for her outstanding contribution to teaching and student learning in 2005.
Tom Worsley retired from the Department for Transport in May 2011, having held a number of senior economist posts during an impressive career. He was responsible for setting up NATA (the New Approach To Appraisal) in 1997 and for the development of the Department's National Transport Model in 2001. He led the team responsible for Network Modelling Framework, a forecasting model used to provide the evidence to inform the 2007 Rail White Paper and High Level Output Specification. Since joining ITS his research interests have included an OECD discussion paper on the Crossrail scheme.
Acclaimed poet and former member of staff Geoffrey Hill receives a knighthood, as does alumnus and former staff member Professor Christopher Snowden, now Vice-Chancellor of the University of Surrey.
Geoffrey Hill joined Leeds' English department after graduating from Oxford in 1953. He worked at Leeds until 1980 and it was during this time that he wrote and published some of his most admired poetry, including King Log, Mercian Hymns and Tenebrae. In 2009, the University acquired Hill's comprehensive archive.
Professor Snowden graduated from Leeds in 1977 and completed his PhD at Leeds while working in industry. He held the personal Chair of Microwave Engineering at the University from 1992 to 2005 and was Head of the School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering from 1995 to 1998. He was the founder and first Director of the Institute of Microwaves and Photonics located at Leeds.
Julie Moore (MA Healthcare Studies 1989), the Chief Executive of University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, becomes a Dame for her services to healthcare.
Dr Andrew Minchener (Chemistry 1974, DSc 1998) has received an OBE for his services to international science and to clean energy collaboration with China.
Posted in: University news


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The Four Best Bar Stools for a Small Kitchen
Looking for a new set of bar stools?
Look no further. Here at Lakeland Furniture, we've got a massive range of stools to suit any style or sized rooms. Today, we're focusing on suitable products for a small kitchen. If the hub of your house is on the smaller side but you still want to kit it out with the best bar stools, this is the blog post for you. We'll explore our favourite products from our extensive listing of bar stools. Hopefully, you'll find something that fits into your kitchen perfectly!
The best bar stools for a small kitchen
How have we put together this list? Well, we've simply picked out the most stylish bar stools that measure under 100cm in height and under 40cm in width. This is so you'll easily fit them in a smaller kitchen without taking too much space - and you don't have to compromise on the style! Oh, and adjustable height was really important to us so you can easily tuck away the chairs when they're not in use.
Tempo bar stool - £36.99
Available in the following colours: grey, cream, black
The Tempo is a combination of all the things you'll find in the best bar stools: comfort, adjustable height and timeless style. The faux leather seat is easily cleaned whilst looking ultra modern. Alongside that, anyone will be able to feel comfortable and supported on this stool due to its gas lift mechanism. There's also an anti-scratch base to keep things looking good as new!
Shop the Tempo bar stool here.
Rasmus bar stool - £37.99-£39.99
Available in the following colours: charcoal, black, grey, light grey, white
Another of our favourite bar stools for smaller kitchens: meet the Rasmus. Granted, it's a slightly unusual style but definitely a good looking one! This contemporary design makes an interesting focal point for any small kitchen. And it stands at just 83cm so it won't be overbearing. It's actually our smallest bar stool on this list! So, it could be perfect for those cramped rooms that could still benefit from additional seating.
Shop the Rasmus bar stool here.
Marshall bar stool - £29.99
Available in the following colours: black, white cream
The Marshall is a classic bar stool: crisp faux leather and a curved back seat design. Again, the adjustable height is perfect for all the family and you'll enjoy plenty of days and nights entertaining with these stools. It's actually one of our most popular products at the moment so you might have to pre-order to get your hands on one.
Shop the Marshall bar stool here.
Crystal bar stool - £47.99
Available in the following colours: smoke, red, blue, clear, lime, orange
Perhaps the most practical of all our bar stools, the Crystal is made from a gel acrylic that is super easy to clean and hard to damage. It's perfect for a household full of kids! The best thing about this bar stool? It comes in so many funky colours due to its material - you'll be spoilt for choice!
Shop the Crystal bar stool here.


How much have you paid out in compensation and redress in the last 5 years please, across the whole trust if you could break it down to yearly totals it would be much appreciated!
1. How much have you paid out in compensation and redress in the last 5 years please, across the whole trust broken down to yearly totals.
Below is a table of total compensation (all civil liabilities claims) broken down to yearly totals. The compensation stems from complaints and the compensation settlements does not include the defence/claimant's costs only damages.


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   1. __magic-alias__ set an alias to template name , you can forget the long template name.
   2. __magic-unalias__ delete an alias
   3. __magic-build__ some default config to webpack to build,dev,test your project.
    options :
      > `--vue` : use `vue` build and __vue.conf.js__ default,if you not add this option,it will use __react.conf.js__
      > `--dev` : start a server to development
      ....
   4. __magic-generate__ generate some file form blueprints, for example a component, a route and so on. you can see [redux-cli](https://github.com/SpencerCDixon/redux-cli)
   5. __magic-new__ init a project from a template ,like [vue-cli](https://github.com/vuejs/vue-cli) , but it's different that can be rerun to config your already initiated.
  ......

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ever tried it? They're delicious! Check out our 'Poached Pears' video to learn how!
Ever tried pears in soup? Check out our Sweet Potato‑Pear Soup recipe. Magnifique!
Have a delicious fresh pear as a sweet, juicy snack.
5. Pears Instead of Apples.
For a change in flavor, use pears in any way you would usually use apples.
Try your hand at canning pears. They'll be waiting for you in your pantry anytime!
Try pears with a fruit dip.
Pear slices can change an ordinary salad into a flavorful work of art! Check out our Savory Pear Salad or Pear Bistro Salad recipes.
Pears can be a perfect partner for savory dishes. Try our Spicy Apple & Pear Chutney or Bartlett Pear and Mango Salsa over grilled pork, chicken, or fish.
10. Grilled Cheese and … Pear?
What flavor! Try adding thinly‑sliced pears to a grilled cheese sandwich or on your favorite panini (don't forget to use whole wheat!).


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Red Hot Chili Peppers' Flea Reveals His Favorite New Artist
Alternative has taken on so many shapes, sounds, and sensibilities since the term first started getting thrown around 30 plus years ago. Because of this, it also boasts some of the most eclectic alumni of any genre in popular music. So, when Flea of the Red Hot Chili Peppers stopped by to chat his...
EXCLUSIVE: Flea Reveals Differences With Anthony Kiedis That Make Red Hot Chili Peppers Work
There's a duality for everything in life - the light and the dark, two competing concepts that push and pull us through all our years. It's something that Flea from the Red Hot Chili Peppers subscribes to, and he explores it throughout his new memoir, Acid for the Children . The concept of duality...
Eddie Vedder, Red Hot Chili Peppers Cover Hendrix, Prince
Eddie Vedder and the Red Hot Chili Peppers teamed up for some epic covers during a fun night of music in Los Angeles. The Pearl Jam frontman joined Anthony Kiedis and company for Jimi Hendrix 's version of "All Along the Watchtower" and Prince 's "Purple Rain." The performances took place during...
The Song Red Hot Chili Peppers Have Played Live the Most
The Red Hot Chili Peppers have played everywhere from the small clubs of their beloved LA, to the Great Pyramids in Egypt; they've even been known to show up and perform at their kids' schools . This past summer, the band also rocked Japan with their performances at Summer Sonic 2019, with more...
Flea Ties the Knot: Red Hot Chili Peppers Bassist Marries Designer Melody Ehsani
Flea has some extra punch in his groove now that he's made it official with the love of his life. The Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist is a married man, and his new status clearly suits him. The 57-year-old wed designer Melody Ehsani in Los Angeles over the weekend, and the couple looked as content as...
Red Hot Chili Peppers Honor Ric Ocasek With 'Just What I Needed' Cover
Red Hot Chili Peppers are one of the latest to pay tribute to Ric Ocasek , the frontman for The Cars who passed away at the age of 75 earlier this month. At a show in Sigapore for the Formula 1 Singapore Grand Prix, the band ripped through their own muscular version of "Just What I Needed," The...
Thom Yorke and Flea Team on New Song for 'Motherless Brooklyn'
Once upon a time (2010), Radiohead frontman Thom Yorke and Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea started a band. That band was called Atoms For Peace . They released exactly one album, entitled 'AMOK' and then parted ways... until now. The boys have reunited to record, "Daily Battles," for the...
Flea Memoir 'Acid for the Children' Promises to Be a Wild Ride
Before Freaky Styley , Blood Sugar Sex Magik and Stadium Arcadium , there was an unorthodox childhood, and Red Hot Chili Peppers fans can read all about it in Flea 's new memoir. Acid for the Children will be available November 5 after it was originally slated to be published last year. The...
Watch Members of Foo Fighters, Pearl Jam, and Guns N' Roses Create Supergroup
By Tiana Timmerberg Pearl Jam guitarist Mike McCready hosted his inaugural Peak to Sky Music Festival over the Fourth of July weekend. On July 5 and July 6, the Montana music festival stage hosted names like Brandi Carlile, Duff McKagan, Chad Smith, and Taylor Hawkins. With a stacked lineup that...
The Underground Collective Playlist 3/26/17
After a week off to go to the SXSW Music Conference and Festival in Austin, TX, it was good to be back spining new music for you. We had a lot of great jams this week. If you missed the show this week, here's a few tracks to get you caught up. Firstly, we honored the late Chuck Berry with his new...


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Halal Expo London 2019
// Sacred Creative
Social media marketing video campaign
Animated video campaign to promote Halal Expo London's upcoming event "The Big Debate" as well as additional design elements which could be utilised in a print campaign.
Halal Expo London is a three-day trade event focusing on all of the new global rising growth sectors in the Halal Economy taking place in ExCeL London.
The event was organised to spotlight B2B Products and Services as well as Value Chains, Ethics and Sustainability in the global Islamic Economy, while focusing on the UK specifically. Halal Expo London was scheduled to simultaneously hold a conference, one of the main events in which was The Big Debate.
The Big Debate was a full-day event which would bring awareness to the younger generation, businesses and consumers on the global ethical impact of trade and consumerism and teach them how they can become more ethically conscious when purchasing.
Explain how being Halal is synonymous with ethical purchasing and sustainability in under one minute and engage a younger audience between the ages of 15 - 25 with a call to action.
One and a half helped Halal Expo London by producing an informative and engaging animated video campaign with a call to action which was then used in a multi-layer social media campaign to attract more visitors to the event.
Produced by: one and a half
Animation by: Yiannis Philiastides (one and a half)
Storyboard/Designs: Christina Kalli, Yiannis Philiastides (one and a half)
Maria Borissova
Creative Director - Sacred Creative
"One and a half not only thoroughly understood the creative brief for our project but enriched it by offering a deep understanding of our target audience and their needs. The results went beyond our expectations and we look forward to working with Yiannis and his team again."
DEVELOPING THE STRATEGY
After going over the creative brief with the Halal Expo London team we established the core message of the campaign. One and a half understood the challenges of encouraging younger generations into becoming more aware of their purchasing habits and how these habits affect their surroundings, in the process, we prioritised the needs and goals of the event and its customers - this became the foundation for the storyboard, style and design assets of the 2019 event.
UNDERSTANDING THE USERS
Halal Expo is primarily a business centred event, however, it's a community first, ethics are at the core of all Halal sectors and our messaging had to reflect that. Whilst the show generated a lot of interest with the age groups of 30 and over, the show organisers needed to entice a younger audience into visiting the event. Together with the Halal Expo London's marketing team we created user profiles which would represent the range of visitors the show was expecting, this helped all of us get a clear picture of the demographics and psychographics of the show's attendees.
HALAL EXPO ATTENDEES
Government Organisations
CAMPAIGN ATTRIBUTES
One and a half developed an animated video campaign to promote Halal Expo London's upcoming event "The Big Debate" as well as additional design elements which could be utilised in a print campaign.
We were in charge of storyboarding, designs, animation, sound design and music. We created two variations for the clips for them to be used on different social media platforms as sponsored content. The video animations we created were then used as sponsored content on Youtube, Facebook, Instagram and Google. The additional design assets we produced were tied in with the print campaign that took place on Billboards, Bus Stops and Underground Stations around Central London.
You can find out more about Halal Expo London on their website.
Work with us on your social media campaign!
Feel free to reach out by filling out this form,
or email us at info@theoneandahalf.com
or call Yiannis at +357 99658134
We are always open to discussing new projects, interesting ideas, and collaborations.
Your Company / Brand / Organisation
What would you like to discuss....
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text:
est le sixième album compilation d'Alice Cooper.

Liste des titres

 Hey Stoopid
 I Got a Line on You
 Bad Place Alone
 Dangerous Tonight
 Snakebite
 Poison
 This Maniac's in Love with You
 Trash
 Bed of Nails
 Lullaby

Compilation musicale sortie en 1998
Album d'Alice Cooper
Album publié par Sony Music Entertainment


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Home News Cripple Creek Newmont May Form Joint Partnership For Nevada Operations
Newmont May Form Joint Partnership For Nevada Operations
CC&V Manager: Deal Should Not Impact Local Gold Mine
By Rick Langenberg
Newmont Mining, the parent company of Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mine, has agreed to a major deal with rival Barrick Gold, setting the stage for a huge joint venture operation in Nevada and a cost savings of $500 million in the first five years.
In fact, this proposed pact could create the world's largest gold mining-producing operation in Nevada.
However, the move should not impact CC&V's operations, including its ambitious pursuits this year for an underground exploratory bid. During a recent presentation before the Cripple Creek City Council, CC&V general manager Mike Schaffner acknowledged that active negotiations were ongoing between Newmont and Barrick, but he didn't foresee any local changes. "There is not a lot of reason to be concerned," said Schaffner
That's good news for the Cripple Creek/Victor district and Teller County.
CC&V plans to seek a major investment by Newmont corporate officials of between $200 million to $300 million to pursue a major underground exploratory mission below the Cresson pit, examining 10 to 12 prime targets. The main goal of this operation is to discover higher-grade gold in the district so the Cresson operation can continue beyond its permitted life cycle.
CC&V is also moving full-speed ahead with the next phase of their valley leach facility project.
And from an economic standpoint, local leaders hope the recent announcement won't affect Newmont's dealings in Teller County. Newmont is Teller County's largest employer, and donates a considerable amount of community funds to area organizations and local communities.
In his recent presentation, Schaffner quipped about Newmont taking center stage in the business pages of area newspapers and in financial publications. He said Barrick pursued a hostile takeover bid, amounting to nearly $18 billion, which was rejected by Newmont. However, Schaffner indicated the shareholders reacted favorable to the idea of a joint venture for their Nevada operation.
Schaffner told the council that this deal should have little impact on CC&V, which Newmont purchased in 2015 from AngloGold Ashanti of South Africa for $820 million.
With the joint operation, Newmont and Barrick company officials believe they could achieve a considerable amount of cost savings. Last week, Barrick announced plans to formally withdraw its intentions to acquire Newmont, the second largest mining company in the country. It originally had offered a no-premium deal, creating a giant worth of about $40 billion.
But Newmont officials stated that a joint venture would serve both companies' purposes better.
In an announcement last week,, Barrick Gold agreed. "We listened to our shareholders and agreed with them that this was the best way to realize the enormous potential of the Nevada goldfields; unequaled mineral endowments," said Mark Bristow, Barrick chief executive officer.
Community Meeting Rescheduled
In other Newmont CC&V updates, the company has announced plans to reschedule their community open house meeting, originally scheduled last week, to March 27, at the Cripple Creek Heritage Center from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m.
This change is due to the storm that paralyzed the area last week (see related story).
The meeting will provide an update on the company's operations northeast of the city on Globe Hill and Schist Island. At 5:45 p.m., company representatives will make a brief presentation highlighting recent business news, such as the Barrick deal, overviews on operational issues, future plans and CC&V's community involvement.
And throughout the evening, residents can talk with CC&V representatives one-on-one. In addition, light refreshments will be served. For more information, call 719-689-4502.
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I listen to a lot of music, and the really good stuff gets played over and over again while I'm driving. I also think while I'm driving that I should write a blog post about my favorites but then I forget... until now!
My favorite new music for 2007 was "Palace of Mirrors" by Estradasphere. I found that I never tired of it, and listened to it for months on end. It helps that their music is extremely varied in style and impossible to categorize. You can find out more and listen to music at their web site. I suggest you start with "Smuggled Mutation", there is no such thing as a typical Estradasphere song as they combine just about every musical genre, usually in the same song. However this track shows off their talents very well. There is a live DVD of Palace of Mirrors which is also extremely well done. I have seen them play live several times and they are an excellent live band.
During 2008 Estradasphere collaborated with Amanda Palmer of the Dresden Dolls, and her new album "Who killed Amanda Palmer" has become my favorite pick for 2008. The web site is very interesting, giving a lot of background story details about the making of the album and videos of most of the tracks. The music is distinctively Amanda, but expanded well beyond the Dresden Dolls format, with a much fuller sound on some tracks. The key for me is that the music is very moving and emotional, and can sustain interest for a lot of repeated listening.
I'm also still waiting for Fractal to finish their second album "Sequitur", I've been listening to pre-release versions as they work towards the final cut. I'm not holding my breath, as its taken years to get this far, but its getting very close to being completed.


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Shemar Moore Reveals He's Expecting His First Daughter
Shemar Moore says that he and his girlfriend, Jesiree Dizon, are expecting a baby girl. The actor made the announcement on The Jennifer Hudson Show, during an appearance that will air later this month, three years after the death of his mother. He also confirmed the baby's sex in a post on Instagram.
"I'm Shemar Moore, 52½ years old. My mother is in heaven, right now it'll be the three-year anniversary on February 8," he shared. "And on February 8, I'm going to make one of her dreams come true because, in real life, Shemar Moore is about to be a daddy."
LOS ANGELES, CA – SEPTEMBER 17: Actor Shemar Moore attends the 69th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards at Microsoft Theater on September 17, 2017 in Los Angeles, California. (Photo by Jeff Kravitz/FilmMagic)
He continued: "I'm so excited. I'm sorry she can't be here. I was worried for a while that it was a 'that ship has sailed,' kind of thing. But God had my back and things lined up."
"It's going to be the best part of — my life is already pretty grand, but I know whenever God does call my name, once I get this experience, I'll be able to go to heaven whole," he added.
As for the Instagram post, he and Dizon both guessed the baby's sex in a video. Afterward, a helicopter flying overhead dropped pink smoke onto a cheering crowd. The baby is due next month.
Moore is best known for his roles on The Young and the Restless, Criminal Minds, and S.W.A.T. For his work on The Young and the Restless, he won the 2000 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.
Check out Shemar Moore's post on Instagram below as well as his announcement on The Jennifer Hudson Show.
Tags: daughterExpectingHesMooreRevealsShemar
Cruch Calhoun and Dave East just returned with a new track "Tapped In" featuring Dre Mac. While all of these...
Close Call: Man Pulled From Burning Car On Las Vegas Strip Only Moments Before It Burst Into Flames!


text:
Latest update on the future of Giorgio Chiellini is quite revealing
Giorgio Chiellini has been an important member of the Juventus first team for a very long time now.
The Italian defender has been an integral part of the club's success since he has been here, and he can rightly be classed as a club legend.
He is a player that can be relied upon to give consistent performances and that explains why he always gets back into the team when he returns from injury.
However, your body can only take you so far as a footballer and his constant injuries are now pointing to the fact that he is probably nearing the end of his time as a top-level footballer.
His current contract will expire at the end of this season, given his reputation, it should be taken for granted that he is handed a new deal.
However, Calciomercato is reporting that the Bianconeri has put plans to discuss a new deal for him on hold.
Because of his constant injuries this season, the club doesn't think that he is ready for a new deal yet.
The report also adds that the defender is loyal to the club and he looks forward to what the club decides on his future.
CalcioMercato also claims that if no new deal is offered to him, he will hang up his boot and take up a backroom position at the club.
Juventus target emerges as a priority signing for Real Madrid
Juventus receive Pogba transfer blow following latest reports
Sarri and Allegri emerge as targets for the same Italian team
Sponsors wants Ronaldo to Manchester United to happen
Juventus star is still training alone on international duty and will not return home early


JH: Look to SEC Priority Letters, typically used to frame the SEC's interviews and interactions with companies.
JR: SEC looks to determine how a business has defined and considered its risks.
Have senior managers siloed responsibilities, thereby attempting to offload risk responsibilities to specific groups (e.g. Risk, Compliance)?
The answer should be NO – managing risk is demanded of all.
Do firm leaders have a common view of the firm's risks?
KT: What is the firm's culture: are risk & sales in opposition, or have the activities been reconciled and balanced? Attitudes flow from senior management down.
What is the firm's Risk Appetite Statement (RAS)? Has it been created, considering the firm's various activities?
DN: Executive views are key: risk is not just the responsibility of the CCO & CRO.
A holistic approach is required: what is the firm's Enterprise Risk Management process?
JH: Risks must be identified in Written Supervisory Procedures, mapping out risks in a matrix format.
Firms must test and document areas defined as having the most risk.
DN: Firms must balance strategies and risks: risk appetite statements and guidelines are the guardrails to protect the firm.
Q2: How to build an effective governance model that is not dependent of people?
JR: Documentation is key: WSPs, RAS.
The business heads must be fully-involved (risk policies cannot simply be imposed).
Identify the worst potential outcomes, and consider how to avoid and deal with them.
Who in the firm owns the risks of various activities? How are risks being managed?
Consider the different regulatory tiers and jurisdictions in which the firm operates. Regulators look for consistency of approach and activity across various jurisdictions.
Q3: How can smaller funds manage this process effectively?
DN: Identification of Key Risk Indicators (KRIs) is important. Ranking, management. Simple Excel models are better than nothing and can often suffice until more resources are available.
Periodic reviews (at least annual) are necessary.
JH: Identify who does what, when, and how. Documentation is required to establish and prove activities.
NSCP/NRS membership can be helpful to gather skills, guidance.
Q4: How is the SEC looking at KPIs and KRIs for smaller firms?
DN: Look to past SEC activities to predict their future actions.
JR: What are the components or a firm's KRIs? If the firm can explain its thinking and logic, show governance practices and how they fit with KRI thinking, and prove documentation – this goes a long way.
KT: If the firm's logic holds up under scrutiny, then it is probably going to be ok.
Even if regulators disagree, the documentation and logic explanations establish active management, which is key.
Q5: What risks are likely to be the most pertinent in the minds of regulators?
JR: Look to SEC Guidance Letters.
Case histories, transactions, pricing, valuation.
Analytical tools are more rigorous than ever, which reduced regulator subjectivity.
Data will drive regulator questions and focus.
JH: SEC case filings, risk alerts, priorities letters can all be helpful.
Research: with whom are firm analysts talking?
Marketing materials – has the CCO reviewed and approved?
Does the Due Diligence Questionnaire makes sense? Is it coherent and complete?
Are fund administrators included in money transfers? How are those protocols defined and enforced?
DN: Are the firm's risk and compliance manuals customized for its businesses, or are they merely off-the-shelf documents?
Spoofing to mis-direct funds flows has become a real risk.
Marketing materials also should be vetted by the CFO.
JH: Costs can be contained by outsourcing compliance and risk activities to match with firm size.
But cookie-cutter manuals must be avoided: if the firm doesn't practice it, it should not be in the manuals!
KT: These establish the bounds of the firm's activities, and its risk profile and approach.
JR: This is a broad area, which includes cybersecurity.
Business Continuity Planning is key: how can the firm recover when adverse events occur.
It is important to demonstrate that risks have been considered and that a plan is in place.
Q8: Distributed Ledger Technologies and blockchains – are benefits worth early adoption?
JH: Firms are generally not adopting yet – crypto risks remain high, and tangible benefits are still difficult to realize.
JR: Blockchain technologies can help with operational risk management.
E.g.: DTCC project involving post-trade lifecycle management for derivatives.
Look to identify ho DLT can be included in pilot projects.
DN: Northern Trust is working with IBM on using DLT to improve the efficiency of private equity deal management.
DLT should help with trade breaks over time: perhaps hastening their elimination.
Can we move from double-entry to triple-ledger accounting?
Progress is still slow but the technology continues to improve.
Plenty of activity is going on in large banks and other FIs behind the scenes.
Q9: How to implement risk cultures?
KT: Risk management is what you did yesterday to prepare for (often unforeseen) events that occur today.
Trend analyses are used to predict risks and identify KRIs. Firms must demonstrate how they are paying attention and preparing.
Risk culture is about how the firm is paying attention.
The ART of risk management is about taking action in advance of a crisis, to be positioned for opportunities.
JR: Reputational risk must always be part of KRI generation and risk profile/culture development.
Headline risk is much more common today.
Due to the presence of social media, personal behaviors have more impact now on the firm.
KT: Any risk that is not well-managed increases the firm's reputational risk.
DN: Social media posts can be relentless in exposing actions: even inclusion/diversity; team members can "go rogue" instantly to expose activities.
JR: Firms need social media policies to govern personal and professional activities.
Having dialogues about activities is important.
JH: The business environment includes greater scrutiny and higher standards these days. Compliance activities are key.
Due diligence on fund managers: investor interests are in line with those of regulators.
Competitive factors now include risk policies & approaches.
JR: Different parts of the firm can approach risks & opportunities in different ways… but public forums assist in forcing explanations and justification of actions and decisions.
KT: Open forums help firms manage risks explicitly.
DN: Employees must understand that compliance is mandatory: if folks don't agree or won't comply, they are free to leave. But if they stay, they must comply.
JH: A good internal Chief Compliance Officer is critical.
Firms cannot outsource risk management. But firms CAN outsource elements of compliance activities and obtain useful perspective in doing so.
Q3: What are the SEC's next priorities?
JR: Conflict of interest management: how to identify and process conflicts in real time? How to reassess risks over time?
JH: Look to the SEC's historical priorities to predict their future ones.
Q4: Is risk management becoming more critical given deregulatory trends?
KT: The current trend may be to cut back risk activities and resources, but this will change with the next downturn. And risk/audit/compliance activities can reduce future costs and prevent revenues from being lost due to adverse events.
JR: Public pressure may be increasing support for risk management activities.
KT: Robotics and artificial intelligence will provide additional resources over time, improving efficiencies.
JH: There is a trend now to automate regulatory activity to reduce compliance costs.
Q5: Can compliance thought processes be driven all the way to the sales force?
JR: This is a dynamic and iterative process, and it helps to be proactive and explain the priorities to sales groups, and to listen to them about client demands.
DN: The culture and conversations must start at the top and be pushed down: personal and firm objectives, everyone is responsible and has a role to play, alignment of interests is key.


text:
Report: Missy Elliott Will Be a Mentor on The Voice Season Nine
July 31st, 2015 by KRNB
Missy Elliott is coming to The Voice. The rapper will reportedly appear on season nine of the NBC singing competition series as a mentor to Pharrell Williams' team, a source tells Us Weekly
The pairing shouldn't come as too big of a surprise, though, especially since the twohave been working on Missy's upcoming album, her first since 2005's The Cookbook. Pharrell, who is executive producing the set, recently posted a Twitter photo of himself alongside the female emcee.
In addition, the source adds that pop singer Selena Gomez will serve as Gwen Stefan's mentor, rock legend John Fogerty will help out Adam Levine's team, and country star Brad Paisley will be the mentor for Blake Shelton's contestants.
The mentors appear on the show during the battle rounds, right after blind auditions. The new season of The Voice returns on September 21, at 8 p.m. ET.
elliott mentor Missy Report season voice
OWN renews 'Queen Sugar' for a sixth season ahead of its fifth season return Read More
HBO's 'Insecure' to end with upcoming fifth season; star Yvonne Orji to develop comedy series at Disney+ Read More
Tyler Perry's 'The Haves and Have Nots' to end with season 8 on OWN Read More


I am recommending that my hooked up audit dated ___________ be used to change the FLSA status of the attached record of staff so that (Firm) avoids FLSA penalty fines from the DOL, lawsuits from those who have not been compensated properly in accordance with FLSA legal guidelines, the opportunity of indignant employees voting to carry a union to (Firm), and adverse publicity for (Firm).
The legislatures have passed all types of statutes offering for big indebtedness and so they float the indebtedness off your backs because you will have never gone into court docket to challenge them by telling them it isn't your public policy to assume the debts of other people.
A number of the points are: low pay, no benefits, poor coaching availability, prevalence of unlicensed safety firm, company requirement to make use of personal vehicles on the job, excessive turn-over, layoffs, high crime, lack of cooperation with local police, lack of regulation enforcement and a host of other problems.


Since 2002, OSICON founder Andreas Romppel has worked for corporate clients and CI consultancies in national and international projects to provide open source intelligence, primary research and consulting services in Germany and across Europe, supported by a network of industry experts, desk researchers and analysts.
Andreas is one of the founders and past president of the German CI Forum (DCIF) which represents the professional association Strategic and Competitive Intelligence Professionals (SCIP) in Germany. He has written a Financial Times Germany bestselling book on CI, has taught at the ZfU International Business School in Thalwil, Switzerland, and has presented on intelligence matters at various international conferences and seminars.
Andreas currently works on a long-term assignment in the Middle East and is happy to forward research and analysis requests to his network of trusted colleagues.


Adorable 3 bedroom home in terrific location! Freshly painted inside and out! Lovely ceramic tile throughout entire home! Cozy fireplace in the great room! Private back yard! Close to I-10, great shopping, great schools! Hurry to this one!


text:
package org.kie.dmn.model.v1_2;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

import org.kie.dmn.model.api.BuiltinAggregator;
import org.kie.dmn.model.api.DecisionRule;
import org.kie.dmn.model.api.DecisionTable;
import org.kie.dmn.model.api.DecisionTableOrientation;
import org.kie.dmn.model.api.HitPolicy;
import org.kie.dmn.model.api.InputClause;
import org.kie.dmn.model.api.OutputClause;
import org.kie.dmn.model.api.RuleAnnotationClause;

public class TDecisionTable extends TExpression implements DecisionTable {

    protected List<InputClause> input;
    protected List<OutputClause> output;
    protected List<RuleAnnotationClause> annotation;
    protected List<DecisionRule> rule;
    protected HitPolicy hitPolicy;
    protected BuiltinAggregator aggregation;
    protected DecisionTableOrientation preferredOrientation;
    protected String outputLabel;

    @Override
    public List<InputClause> getInput() {
        if (input == null) {
            input = new ArrayList<InputClause>();
        }
        return this.input;
    }

    @Override
    public List<OutputClause> getOutput() {
        if (output == null) {
            output = new ArrayList<OutputClause>();
        }
        return this.output;
    }

    @Override
    public List<RuleAnnotationClause> getAnnotation() {
        if (annotation == null) {
            annotation = new ArrayList<RuleAnnotationClause>();
        }
        return this.annotation;
    }

    @Override
    public List<DecisionRule> getRule() {
        if (rule == null) {
            rule = new ArrayList<DecisionRule>();
        }
        return this.rule;
    }

    @Override
    public HitPolicy getHitPolicy() {
        if (hitPolicy == null) {
            return HitPolicy.UNIQUE;
        } else {
            return hitPolicy;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void setHitPolicy(HitPolicy value) {
        this.hitPolicy = value;
    }

    @Override
    public BuiltinAggregator getAggregation() {
        return aggregation;
    }

    @Override
    public void setAggregation(BuiltinAggregator value) {
        this.aggregation = value;
    }

    @Override
    public DecisionTableOrientation getPreferredOrientation() {
        if (preferredOrientation == null) {
            return DecisionTableOrientation.RULE_AS_ROW;
        } else {
            return preferredOrientation;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void setPreferredOrientation(DecisionTableOrientation value) {
        this.preferredOrientation = value;
    }

    @Override
    public String getOutputLabel() {
        return outputLabel;
    }

    @Override
    public void setOutputLabel(String value) {
        this.outputLabel = value;
    }

}


Sunglow Red Granite Tiles, Vanity Tops, Tombstone, Slates, Paving Stone, Etc.
Advantages: Our leading granite products include Sunglow Red granite, Maifan Stone, Yunmeng Grey G3806, Qilu Red G354, Mengshan Flower G376, Pink Flower G378, Amber Flower G379, Shandong Grey G343, Marshal Red G352, White Pingdu G355, Stone Island Red G386, etc. We have our own mines and rich stone processing experiences. It is our principle in business to honor the contract and keep our promise. We perennially export our granite products to Japan. The background is red decorated with black; the pattern is fresh and elegant. It is of great advantage in decoration and highly praised by the stone industries both home and abroad.


EP 008: DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp — Do I Still Love It?
Comedian and actor Rama Vallury joins the gang as they rewatch Disney's DuckTales movie. Released just before Aladdin, was Disney just on a genie kick for a while? Why is everyone in Duckburg a duck or a dog? How problematic is Dijon and his "generic Middle Eastern/Indian" voice? Find out this week!
Rama Vallury is an actor, writer, comedian, and voice-over artist living in Los Angeles. He is half of the comedy duo "George & Vallury" with Sean George (a guest on our very first episode about The Goonies!) and can regularly be seen performing around town at the Second City Hollywood, The Pack Theater, and many other venues!


We have information — and we want to share it with you!
The Midland Railway Study Centre is full of cabinets like this one, each bursting with information about the many and varied aspects of Midland Railway history, operation and people. We want to help you find it and use it.
While the Midland Railway Study Centre is set up first and foremost to be a research facility, it is very often the case that the information you want to find is already at or very near our fingertips. Many people visit us to carry out new and pioneering research into an area of history never previously examined. However, many more are quite reasonably following along some well-trodden ground. This can be especially so when researching your family history.
In such cases, it is quite possible that we are able to provide you with some or even all the information you seek without having to visit us here in Derby. In any event, a first step in any enquiry is for you to search our on-line catalogue for the subject or person you are interested in. Shorter, less-specific searches are best to start with, drilling-down into more specific questions if you find you get lot of results initially. You may well find there is something there which you can download that answers your question immediately.
Tell us what it is you want to find out. Please be as specific as possible, asking in general terms about a particular station or railway line, for example, will make it difficult for us to give you a useful answer.
What do you already know? There is no need to go into detail, but telling us, for example, what documents or libraries etc. that you have already consulted will help focus our response. This is especially so for family history enquiries - we are very interested to learn about MR employees, so we would delighted to hear all about your ancestor so we can preserve their story in our records.
If you are researching your Family History and you have an ancestor who worked for the Midland Railway, please follow this link.
Alternatively, if Midland Railway locomotives are your interest, this link will help.
We will endeavour to give you a response very quickly, but ask you to bear with us as your enquiry will be dealt with by one or more volunteers whose spare time may be limited. For that reason, we reserve the right to levy a fee on commercial organisations requesting research — please contact us for details. There is no fee for private individuals.
The NRM continue to make more and more of their vast collection available on-line. As such, their Collections Catalogue is well worth spending some time with.
The Midland Railway Study Centre is very proud to be a Partner in Excellence with the National Railway Museum.
Kew hold a substantial amount of Midland Railway material, including but far from limited to, many staff records and the full set of the various committee minute books. The main sub-reference for the Midland Railway in Discovery - their comprehensive on-line finding aid is RAIL 491.
KRM	have an extensive collection of photographs covering the entire country, many originating from the Roy F. Burrows Midland Collection Trust. You can contact them via their web site.
The SRS have an extensive archive and a Study Centre at Kenilworth, Warwickshire which they share with the London & North Western Railway Society. Find out more at the SRS web site.
This is the North East Midland Photographic Record which holds the combined photographic collections of the local authorities of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. Their railway collection is extensive and the web site is well worth exploring.
There is no charge for individual private researchers to use the Study Centre, whether visiting in person or making email enquiries. Our volunteers receive no reimbursement, not even for travelling, as they are happy to help. However, there are overheads in operating the Study Centre and we have a responsibility to properly conserve the material we hold and use. To that end, if you have received assistance from us and wish to show your appreciation, we have added this PayPal button for your convenience. Donations made in this way go to the Midland Railway Society are are 'ring fenced' for use in the Study Centre. Thank you.


text:
angular.module('AppD').factory('utils', function($window) {
    return {

    };
});


Many people are using LinkedIn to help them find the job of their dreams. There are several things that you will have to do in order to ensure that you get the most out of LinkedIn. The first thing that you will need to do is create an impressive profile. Make sure that you list your skills, education and work experience. You will also need to lists interests that you have on your profile. Additionally, you should write a solid profile summary.
Your profile summary should explain what you do. It should also tell people about your strengths. Make sure that you use active language like, "me, My and I." You should also include a phone number, email and website. This will allow people to get in contact with you.
Once you have gotten your LinkedIn profile together, you will need to start making connections. You should start joining a few groups that are related to your industry and position. After you have joined a few groups, you should start adding a few connections. You should also get involved in some of the group discussions. This will make it easier for you to find connections. Furthermore, you should start communicating with some of your connections. You can potentially find clients on LinkedIn.


text:
Accidents and Traffic Latest News State of Maryland Traffic
Metro still does not know cause of Monday's low-speed train crash
UPDATE 10/08/2019: The investigation into the cause of a low-speed train collision outside Farragut West is ongoing, including analysis of railcar data recorders, control center event logs, and signal system playback.
While Metro has not yet identified the root cause of the incident, investigators have found no evidence of a signal system failure and have ruled out "loss of shunt" as a cause. Data analysis shows that all trains in the area were properly detected by the signal system, and appropriate speed commands were sent to the trains to maintain safe spacing.
The investigation is also reviewing human factors as a possible cause. Formal interviews of both train operators were conducted this morning by Metro safety investigators and Washington Metrorail Safety Commission investigators, and both operators submitted to required post-incident toxicology testing. The operators will remain out of service during the investigation.
Below is a summary of preliminary findings as of 3:30 p.m. Monday, October 7:
A low-speed collision involving two non-passenger trains occurred at 12:54 a.m. Monday, October 7, on the eastbound track (track #1) outside Farragut West Station. The trains were returning to railyards after completing special post-baseball game trips.
Train 755 was stopped outside Farragut West when it was struck in the rear by Train 700 at approximately 11 mph.
Both trains received "zero speed" commands from the signal system due to an occupied track ahead (a train on the platform at Metro Center).
Event recorders show Train 755 and Train 700 responded to the signal system commands and came to a stop, as required. The investigation is currently working to establish the sequence of events between Train 700 coming to a stop and the collision with Train 755.
UPDATE 10/7/2019 6:35 a.m.- Customers on the Orange, Blue, and Silver lines will encounter significant delays throughout the day, Monday, October 7, due to an overnight rear-end train collision outside Farragut West. There were no passengers aboard the trains, which were being moved to their home rail yards.
Metro is strongly encouraging customers on these lines to consider using alternate travel modes today to avoid delays.
Orange Line: Trains will operate about every 15 minutes, even at rush hour, with single-tracking between Farragut West and McPherson Square. Significant crowding is likely during rush hour.
Blue Line: Trains will operate about every 15 minutes, even at rush hour, with single-tracking between Farragut West and McPherson Square. Significant crowding is likely during rush hour.
Silver Line: Trains will operate about every 15 minutes between Wiehle-Reston East and Ballston ONLY. Customers will need to transfer to/from Orange Line trains at Ballston to continue their trip.
Metro will honor its "Rush Hour Promise" for delays during the AM commute. However, Rush Hour Promise will be suspended on the Orange, Silver and Blue lines during the PM rush hour.
October 7, 2019, 1:05 a.m.- Metro is investigating an overnight rear-end collision involving two out-of-service trains that were in the process of being moved to their respective rail yards. The incident occurred at approximately 12:54 a.m. between Foggy Bottom and Farragut West stations. The trains, each comprised of six 3000-series cars, were traveling in the same direction (eastbound) on the same track.
There were no passengers aboard either train. Both train operators (one per train) requested medical assistance for non-life-threatening injuries. All railcars remained on the tracks, and there was no reported damage to tunnel infrastructure. An assessment of railcar damage is pending.
Metro has launched a full investigation to determine the cause of the incident, including analysis of event recorders and inspections of railcar and signal systems. In addition, Metro notified the Metropolitan Washington Safety Commission and the National Transportation Safety Board as required.
While Metro will work to restore normal service as quickly as possible, conducting a thorough on-scene safety investigation is the first priority. As a result, customers on the Orange, Blue and Silver lines are advised that delays—and potentially single tracking—are likely during the morning rush hour. Customers may wish to consider alternate travel modes to avoid delays.
← Van Hollen, Cardin, and Hoyer announce $1M+ to prevent opioid abuse funding
Lusby crash shuts down intersection-Reopened →
VEText system transforming VA's medical scheduling process
From student to teacher — Teacher Academy of Maryland students participate in internships
November 21, 2018 November 21, 2018 Staff
NSWC Dahlgren Division Commanding Officer Promoted to Captain at Ceremony
September 4, 2019 September 4, 2019 David Higgins


text:
The terminal is about a young aged person who arrives at the JFK airport but gets captured by some false administrative red tape who makes him have an impermanent home there. He turns this bad situation into his most enjoyable trip.
Actors: Tom Hanks,
Tom Hanks 9 July 1956, Concord, California, USA
Catherine Zeta-Jones,
Catherine Zeta-Jones 25 September 1969, Swansea, West Glamorgan, Wales, UK
Stanley Tucci,
Stanley Tucci 11 November 1960, Peekskill, New York, USA
Chi McBride,
Chi McBride 23 September 1961, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Diego Luna,
Diego Luna 29 December 1979, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
Barry Shabaka Henley,
Barry Shabaka Henley 15 September 1954, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Kumar Pallana,
Kumar Pallana 23 December 1918, Indore, Indore State, Central India Agency, British India
Zoe Saldana,
Zoe Saldana 19 June 1978, Passaic, New Jersey, USA
Eddie Jones,
Eddie Jones 1937, Washington, Pennsylvania, USA
Jude Ciccolella,
Jude Ciccolella 1947, Burlington, Vermont, USA
Corey Reynolds,
Corey Reynolds 3 July 1974, Richmond, Virginia, USA
Steven Spielberg 18 December 1946, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
The Pursuit of Happyness (2006)


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These are both described below.
A data definition is, well, a definition of the data you want to make available for download. A data definition consists of one or more data groups, which in turn contain data item types (Figure 2.1).
All of this is a fairly complicated way of saying that you use providers to extract data about a user and their activity, and that you can group the data together when it makes sense.
A data definition can contain of as many data groups as necessary – each data group can be viewed as a rough grouping of related data, e.g. Content data such as comments, form submits, and forum messages. This data is retrieved by data item types using a data-specific provider.
A data item type is a configuration which uses a provider to extract data associated with the user from the solution.
Should the preconfigured providers not be adequate, you can use the SqlDataProvider to extract data from other parts of the system (Figure 3.2).
To complement the configurable Data Portability app, a simple paragraph app is available (Figure 4.1).


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