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Untapped New York: The Andrew Freedman Home in the Bronx by Lynn Lieberman
Andrew Freedman (1860-1915) was a wealthy Tammany Hall fixture who, unmarried at the end of his life and moved by what the Panic of 1907 did to the wealthy, decided to build a sort of home for the wealthy who lost everything – a place where they could live out the remainder of their lives in the manner to which they were accustomed. And so the mansion was built on the Grand Concourse in the Bronx in 1924 and when completed, it was over 117,000 square feet, employing 50 servants to care for the 130 guests. They lived in splendor, surrounded by huge rooms filled with sumptuous furnishings. Each night the guests would descend to the dining room in formal attire to be served their meals. Every detail of their existence was attended to, from the making of their beds to their laundry. A truly elegant respite. Andrew Freedman died in his apartment at the famous Sherry's Restaurant on 5th Avenue and 44th Street.
By the 1960s, costs had exceeded the endowment and in 1984 the mansion was purchased by the Mid-Bronx Senior Citizens Council who was committed to "creating a fresh vision" – and that they did by creating The Andrew Freedman Complex Initiatives, which is a suite of programs filling the needs of their community. These Programs are comprised of five distinct tracks, including AFC Small Business Incubator; AFC Green Technology Institute; The Arts & Media Center; Culinary & Hospitality Initiative, which includes an onsite Bed & Breakfast; and on the agenda for the future will be the AFC Apartments, which will eventually have 200 units.
Three beautiful ballrooms make up the three event spaces. Two of them are used as galleries, with revolving art events by local artists. Students receive on-sight training through the elegantly restored ten room Bed & Breakfast and 3 event/banquet spaces in culinary arts and hospitality services during their integrated twelve week program, and move on to jobs acquired through the program's partnership with local hotels and restaurants. Princess, who is the Facility Manager for their lodging and banquet halls, saw to the restoration of the furnishings that adorn every room, keeping the integrity of the 1920s in her choice of fabrics and colors. What was left of the original furniture now graces each of the ten guest rooms. Chairs were upholstered in plush fabrics, and antique snow globes dusted off for display. She also teaches one of the courses within the hospitality track.
The library, which retains its original collection of books, has a first edition of Truman Capote's In Cold Blood and is sometimes used to show films. The library and three exhibition rooms are often rented out for weddings, corporate events and parties. All of the rooms, including the library, are open for guests of the Bed & Breakfast. The Director of Marketing, Marcia Fingal, often chats with guests and genuinely enjoys hearing about their visits, with a keen eye toward seeing how the AFH could make the B&B even better.
The Andrew Freedman House is just the tip of the iceberg of activities spearheaded by the Mid-Bronx Senior Citizens Council, who control twenty-eight buildings. Twenty-five of them are low and moderate housing and three are senior housing. The entire basement of the AFH is used for community and social services ranging from educational workshops and classes to community outreach including GED prep and Head Start. They even provide Kosher meals to those who aren't ambulatory.
Under the direction of Walter Puryear, they have clearly flipped the script on Andrew Freeman's vision. With the extreme poverty level in the Bronx, their vision truly addresses the needs of the other 99% in an elegant setting open to the public seven days a week from 10am to 6pm. Located diagonally across the street from the Bronx Museum of the Arts, the Andrew Freedman House is easy to get to and a treasure in our City.
Photo by: by Lynn Lieberman


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As we were working on the projects for this issue, a few things came up that we thought would be nice to include. Since there never seems to be enough room in the articles for the projects, we gathered together some of these tips for this page.
There are a couple of wood species that can make the job a little easier. Poplar would be my first choice. It's relatively inexpensive (so your wallet doesn't hurt so much if you blow a cut). Also, it's light in color so the marked lines are easier to see.
The key thing, however, is that Poplar is just hard (dense) enough to offer a good feel with hand tools. Yet, not so hard that you have to struggle just to make the cuts and chisel out the waste.
By all means, stay away from Hard Maple. My first attempt to cut dovetails was in Maple — an event I'll always remember.
As we were building the Contemporary Coffee Table shown in this issue, one of the biggest problems we had was coming up with a drawer-stop system. As mentioned in the article, we finally came up with a system using bullet catches.
As shown in the drawing, the catch is basically just a little chunk of V2" dowel with a round-head screw and a spring from a ball-point pen. Although we used this catch on drawers, the most common application is on the doors of a cabinet.
To make it, I drilled a !/<" counterbore in the end of a 3" long dowrel. (It's easier to work with this length to start.) Then I switched to a %2" bit for the pilot hole. Next, the dowel was chucked in the drill press and I used a file to round off the end. Finally. I cut the V2" long bullet off the end of the dowel.
The bullet is mounted by drilling a W hole in the project. When drilling the mounting hole, be sure to allow enough room for the compressed spring (experiment a little on some scrap wood). If this catch were mounted in a door, you'd have to drill a shallow dish-shaped hole to trap the bullet as the door is closed.
I'm always amazed at what you can learn by reading the labels on cans — especially on cans of finishing products. I guess I never expect to see anything but the usual "Stir well before using."
As you've probably noticed in the past issues of Woodsmith, one of my favorite finishes is Watco Danish Oil Finish. Without going into all the advantages and disadvantages of this product, I'd like to mention one of the finishing techniques we use to finish projects joined with dovetails — and why Watco oil is so helpful.
Very few woodworkers can cut perfect dovetails every time. There are bound to be small voids no matter how hard we try. Naturally, these voids must be filled — hopefully in a way that doesn't scream "That joint was filled!"
The solution to this problem is right on the back of the Watco can. It says, in part, "Apply a liberal amount of Wratco oil with a brush, roller or cloth. While the surface is still wet with Watco oil, wet sand with 600 wet or dry sandpaper. Wipe dry. After one hour, apply a second application of Watco oil allowing 15 minutes penetration. Then wipe completely dry."
Not only did they manage to mention the name Watco three times in four sentences, but they offered a nice finishing tip. After reading this, I couldn't resist experimenting a little bit.
What I came up with is this. Apply a liberal amount of oil (just like they say) then sand with 220 grit (instead of 600) silicon carbide (Wet-or-Dry) sandpaper. As you sand you'll create kind of a goopy mess of sawdust and oil. Keep sanding and adding oil until there's enough of this goop to fill in the voids in the dovetails.
This sawdust/oil mixture will dry very hard, and it almost perfectly matches the end grain of the pins and tails. It takes a keen eye to see that the joint was filled at all.
I've been using this technique for about three years now, and it works beautifully. It's especially nice on open-grained wood (like oak or walnut) because the 'goop' acts as a wood filler to fill the pores as well as voids in the dovetails.
When laying out dovetails, there are several ways to mark the base line for the pins and tails. But the best way is with a marking gauge. It makes a nice crisp line right where you want it.
We have four or five marking gauges in the shop. One is a nice new $40 rosewood and brass 'store-bought' model. I'm also very fortunate to have the marking gauge my grandfather used during his life as a cabinetmaker. This hand-me-down is not very fancy, but it taught me a lesson worth more than the 40 bucks I spent on the 'store-bought' one.
The pin on the $40 model is sharpened just like the point of a pencil. When you mark a line with it, the point tears the wood producing a rather jagged line.
knife edge (in fact, you can still see the file marks on the arm). This shape slices the fibers of the wood, producing a smooth crisp line.
I may be prejudiced, but I reshaped my $40 gauge the same way and I'm much happier with its performance.


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Tony Abbott queries Turnbull on security
6:40am Jun 29, 2017
Tony Abbott has questioned the Turnbull government's credibility on global security and its decision to put job creation ahead of having the most effective armed forces.
The former prime minister's speech will inflame tensions in the Liberal Party, especially after Christopher Pyne's boast that the moderate faction was in the "winner's circle" and same-sex marriage could be legalised "sooner than everyone thinks".
Mr Pyne has since apologised for his remarks.
Mr Abbott used a speech to the Centre for Independent Studies in Sydney on Thursday to question the Turnbull government's handling of the nation's biggest ever defence procurement program - new submarines to replace the Collins class.
Mr Turnbull and Mr Pyne, the defence industry minister, have championed the project as well as massive spending on other new ships.
They see it as a boost for the economy and jobs as well as better defence capability.
But Mr Abbott told the forum: "Although surface ships can be cost-effectively produced here on a continuous build basis, the primary object of defence procurement has to be the most effective armed forces - not domestic job creation."
The former Liberal leader also queried Mr Turnbull's reluctance to send ships to protest China's militarisation of the South China Sea.
"Labor has actually been stronger than the government on the assertion of freedom of navigation rights in the South China Sea," Mr Abbott said.
With French firm DCNS (now known as Naval Group) locked in as the international design partner for the 12 subs, Mr Abbott said a parallel process should be put in place to examine a possible nuclear-powered submarine option.
Former Howard government minister Peter McGauran told Sky News the speech appeared to be a deliberate swipe at the government, but Mr Abbott had been "all over the shop" in his criticism of the submarine project.
Senior ministers talked down any tension.
Asked in Perth how he would fix the "Tony Abbott problem", Treasurer Scott Morrison told reporters: "We don't have one."
Immigration Minister Peter Dutton - a senior conservative figure in cabinet - acknowledged it was important the government kept conservative voters on side.
"As a conservative and as a leader in the government, I want those people and I need those people to support us and to vote for us at the next election," he told Sydney radio station 2GB.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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NextBathurst 12 Hour Form Guide
Lehmo	on February 7, 2018
At Holding93.com we love some grassroots motorsport. In the same way we know that we'll never be able to go toe to toe with Roger Federer in Tennis, matching Daniel Ricciardo on four wheels is a pipe dream. That doesn't stop over 1 million Aussie tennis players from heading out to have their weekly game though.
Motorsport is trickier. Naturally, cost is the biggest barrier to entry. A few grand to buy a semi-competitive go-kart is a heck of a lot more coin than buying a tennis racquet and some squeaky shoes. Then there's the ongoing cost of running the thing, the space to store it, the vehicle to take it out….
Then if you're a member of a club you might have one local track. Your membership will get you access to other tracks but its likely they're all miles away. To that end driving is a bit like Golf. All the courses are different and playing on the same one all the time gets a bit same-same. Then there are Golf courses everywhere. Karting tracks, not so much.
Drive Go Karting Kart Livery Teaser
Drive Go Karting Header
In December last year a few mysterious posts circulated on Facebook about a new karting venue that would offer multiple layouts with variation and undulation. Intrigued, H93 has been able to have a chat with the originator of the posts, Melbourne ideas man Chris Field to get the inside line on what he's got planned.
Championship Kart Racing
The Drive Go Karting idea is built around championship racing on multiple layouts. "I used to organise a karting championship with my mates" Chris offers, "but it was difficult to get consistent participation with so much inconsistency in the quality, location and pricing of the venues." It started with an idea – could a single venue be built with multiple layouts where no more than 50% of a track would be shared with another layout? The result? A whopping 24 different layouts. Chris reckons that's well more than double the tracks available at any other venue…. in the world. Think about that. You could go every week for nearly 6 months and not drive the same layout twice.
Wait, How Many Tracks?
Yep, 24. We're not talking dinky little 'make up the numbers' tracks either. There are lengths from 450m up to 1.1km. Chris couldn't tell me exactly how it works – the idea is so new that there are still some patent applications pending on the detail. One thing is for certain with that number – there will be crossovers.
The intention is still to cater to the traditional walk-up and casual group crowds. Central to the plan, though, is regular championship racing. While most Kart centers have league racing, Chris believes its a bit boring if you just turn up and race the same people with the same strengths and weaknesses around the same one or two tracks each time. The aim is to make championship kart racing as normal and as challenging as going out for a weekly round of Golf. "At the entry level we're going to offer a 12 round championship on 12 different tracks for $480." That isn't much more than the cost of 12 rounds of Golf in Melbourne.
Big Prize for Those that Excel
Ultimately championship winners will be invited to participate in a 'Champions League' which will whittle down the best to the best of the best. The ultimate winner will be sponsored into a fully backed drive in the Hyundai Excel series. "We want to be a genuine stepping stone into the world of Motorsport, not just something you do sometimes."
Endurance racing is also on the cards with 6 hour, 8 hour and possibly even longer team races in the works. "We want people to think of it like a factory customer racing outfit. You don't have to worry about storing and maintaining the kart, you just turn up and compete."
The tracks will feature a dynamic mix of tight to flat-out corners and high-speed straights so the variation will be expansive. Chris has also confirmed that they'll be running the Sodi Kart RT8 chassis with the larger 270cc engine although they're tweaking it to produce more low down torque. "There's no point having tight, technical sections if you don't have the grunt to get out of them."
Sodi Kart World Championships
It all sounds very interesting to me, certainly enough to sit up and take notice. No doubt there is a lot more to come out once the patents are registered, the final approvals are in and we get closer to the late 2018 opening date. What do you think? Would you kart as your weekly or monthly sporting activity if it was reasonably priced and varied? Why shouldn't karting be as accessible as tennis or indoor soccer?
How many of you are from Melbourne? How about a Holding93 go-kart event?
There's a competition on the go to win a $5,000 Go Kart party for you and your friends. Click here to enter it!
Posted in: Car Life, Grassroots, Motorsport
Tagged in: fun, go kart, Grassroots, lifestyle, Motorsport
Posted by Lehmo
Tragic automotive enthusiast, motorsport fan, car salesperson and now amateur writer. Always drives with his hands at 9 and 3. Has been known to watch more than one motorsport event at a time.


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Reading: The Early Rice Project: From Domestication to Global Warming
The Early Rice Project: From Domestication to Global Warming
Dorian Q. Fuller ,
UCL Institute of Archaeology, GB
Alison Weisskopf
The Early Rice Project, at the UCL Institute of Archaeology, is clarifying the origins of Asian rice agriculture. In the Lower Yangtze region of China, we have found the tipping point when domesticated forms first outnumber wild types c.4600 BC. Investigations of assorted weed flora are also revealing how the cultivation of rice changed over time, with early cultivation in small, irregular, dug-out paddy fields in the Lower Yangtze from c.4000 BC, providing a means for the careful control of water conditions. We also work on early rice cultivation in Thailand and India. By better characterising how rice was cultivated across its entire range, we aim to model the ancient output of atmospheric methane from wet rice fields, as this was a potential contributor to the long story of human-caused global warming.
Keywords: rice , global warming , Oryza rufipogon , Oryza nivara , japonica , indica ,
How to Cite: Fuller, D.Q. and Weisskopf, A., 2011. The Early Rice Project: From Domestication to Global Warming. Archaeology International, 13, pp.44–51. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/ai.1314
Published on 22 Oct 2011
AI 13/14: Fulller and Weisskopf
Much of Asia depends on rice as a staple food, and so it has been for some thousands of years. Rice growing regions of East Asia, South-East Asia and the Indian subcontinent boast the world's highest population densities, and this is possible in large measure because of rice. While rice has featured in the agriculture of South and East Asia since prehistoric times, recent archaeological research has offered to new insights and raised new questions about when, how and why rice first came to be cultivated. The Early Rice Project at the UCL Institute of Archaeology is contributing to our new understanding of how a shallow water wild grass became the world's most productive crop, and an economic staple in the civilizations of Southern and Eastern Asia.
Our work explores a number of aspects of rice, including domestication, the development and diversification of systems for cultivating rice, the spread of rice farming, and the potential global impact of rice cultivation as it came to contribute to rising levels of the greenhouse gas methane over the past 5,000 years. Our methods include the study of plant macro remains (seeds and chaff) and phytoliths (plant silica bodies) from archaeological sites, and the collection of comparative data from modern fields of traditional rice cultivation and wild rice stands in India, Thailand and China.
Raw materials for rice farming: wild rices of Asia
Before farming began hunter-gatherers must have had traditions of exploiting the wild ancestors of rice. It is therefore essential that we have an understanding of the wild habitats of rice, how this might have differed in climatic conditions of the past (especially from 10,000–6,000 years ago), and consider how technologically people exploited this wild food resource. Wild rice progenitors include two ecological types, an annual grass on monsoon-filled seasonal puddles and floodplain margins (Oryza nivara) and a perennial of permanent pools (Oryza rufipogon). Both of these species are distributed across parts of India, South-East Asia and southern China, but their particular distributions at a local geographical level differ, with the wild annual being more frequent in tropical monsoon regions such as India and the perennial more frequent in the river valleys and lakes of South-East Asia and South China. The perennial wild rice is the likely progenitor of domesticated East Asian rices (subspecies japonica), while the annual is implicated in the distinct origins of South Asian rices (subspecies indica).
The modern distribution is a product of environmental history, including both long-term climatic changes and human modifications of the environment. This means that the modern distribution is an imperfect reflection of the original distribution of wild rice at the time people first began to cultivate rice. We know from palaeoclimatic data that temperatures were and higher and rainfall was higher on average between 10,000 and 6,000 years ago, and we therefore expect that wild rices were somewhat more widespread, extending further north in China and somewhat further west and south in India. In addition, humans have modified the environment through the destruction of good habitats for wild rice. Many such areas, around lakes and in river valleys have been turned to agriculture with pre-existing wild vegetation, including wild rice removal. Chinese historical sources indicate that wild rice used to occur much further north, around local water bodies in the Shandong province for example, as late as China's Song Dynasty (10th century). Thus the Lower to Middle Yangtze river valley and areas of eastern China just to the north look like prime locations to find the archaeological sites of the earliest rice cultivators (Fig. 1).[1]
Fig. 1: Studying the ecology of wild rice in India: Indian colleague Prof. Kajale surveys wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) and associated species in Orissa.
The domestication of rice in the Yangtze Delta
Archaeologists and botanists have long debated the origins of rice. For many archaeologists who focus on East Asia or South-East Asia, it has long appeared that rice agriculture began in South-Central China, somewhere along the Yangtze River, and spread from there southwards to Indo-China and Malaysia and to the north-east towards Korea and Japan. However, archaeologists working in India have argued that their evidence suggests an origin of rice cultivation in the Ganges river valley, by peoples unconnected to those of the Yangtze. For both regions there are current controversies about how early rice was cultivated, and how best to identify when rice was domesticated as opposed to being gathered wild. One challenge has been to have reliable criteria that can be applied to archaeological remains and, unfortunately, the charred grains that are so often the main archaeological evidence are poorly diagnostic on their own. Improved methods of archaeobotany are providing new insights into how domesticated rice evolved, by providing a means of tracking key changes in the chaff of rice, in particular the spikelet base.
The beginning of cultivation was when human behaviours changed, and domestication was when the plant itself subsequently changed to become a better crop. There was a linked process of evolution in technology (that of cultivation) and the evolution of new adaptations in the rice plant. One of the key changes in most domesticated grain crops is a shift from natural seed dispersal (the shattering of the ear or panicle) to a dependence on human dispersal. This makes the domesticated species dependent on the farmer for propagation. More generally, it substitutes human labour for natural dispersal mechanisms, but makes the take of the harvester much greater. Based on recent research by geneticists, this change is known to be caused by one of a few genetic mutations that affect the formation and timing of the split between the rice spikelet (the grain contained in its husk) and the stalks of the mother plant. The archaeological recovery of the base of the spikelet allows a direct identification to be made of whether an ancient rice spikelet was shed naturally, in the wild way, or was torn off by human threshing of a domesticated plant. Some spikelet bases also fall into a more ambiguous 'immature' state. Because grain maturation is gradual, over a period of a few weeks, our expectation is that in wild rice harvested by gatherers only wild and immature types should be present. Once people began to cultivate rice and evolution favoured adaptations to farmers' harvests, the domesticated form would have increased as a proportion of the population towards complete dominance of the samples (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2: A comparison of wild rice shattering (left) and non-shattering domesticated rice (right), with insets of archaeological spikelet bases of the wild and domesticated types from the Chinese Neolithic site of Tianluoshan; the location of a spikelet base on modern rice examples is indicated by an arrow.
With an increase in systematic archaeobotanical sampling by flotation and wet-sieving to smaller size fractions (down to 0.3mm), we have begun to recover quantities of the remains of spikelet bases. With improved recovery methods and careful sorting of minute plant remains, we were able to recover more than 2,600 rice spikelet bases from the Chinese site of Tianluoshan and, since then, thousands of spikelet bases have been recovered in our work across more than a dozen sites in China, Thailand, India and Sri Lanka. At last we have a basis to characterize the proportion of various rice types in past populations and the rate at which domesticated rice evolved and the rate at which wild types of seed-shedding were reduced in the rice harvested at ancient sites.
Tianluoshan (near Hangzhou, China) catches a key point, where the evolutionary process of domestication was underway and when a key tipping point in the process occurred.[2] The lower layers at this site date from c.4900 BC to 4600 BC and show sequentially an increase in the proportion of domesticated rice bases from 27% to 36% to 39%, wild and immature forms both declined in percentage. In other words, these samples capture the middle of the process of rice domestication. It should be noted that rice remains from this site are still outnumbered by fragments of nutshell, from acorns and Trapa water chestnuts, indicating that early rice cultivation developed for many centuries alongside the gathering of wild plant foods. The large quantities of wild nuts, alongside fish-bones and hunted deer suggest a predominantly hunter-gatherer-fisher lifestyle, and that only with later cultivation and domestication of rice, perhaps closer to 4000 BC, did people give up gathering as many nuts and focus on farming rice. Sampling from archaeological excavations of earlier and later sites in the region should help to fill in the beginning and end of this process. At least for later stages of the processes additional archaeobotanical evidence we have collected from another site, Caoxieshan, from c.4000–3800 BC, indicates that by this time rice alone dominated the plant food economy: acorns and water chestnuts are conspicuously absent, and the spikelet bases of rice indicate a secure majority (>70%) was of the domesticated type, while immature types were few, and wild forms were at around 20%, a proportion we expect to persist because weedy forms of rice usually infest the crop. Caoxieshan also provides important evidence for the techniques of how early rice in China was cultivated. Caoxieshan preserved small paddy field systems, which indicate that c.6,000 years ago rice was grown in small ovoid fields just a few meters across, dug down into sterile ground (Fig. 4). Such fields would have allowed the tight control of water levels and soil fertility, which were important aspects of early rice management as it became domesticated.[3]
Fig. 3: A view of Tianluoshan (c.5000–4200 BC) after the 2007 excavations by the Zhejiang Province Institute of Archaeology – note the waterlogged preservation of wood construction timbers and a canoe paddle (lower right); archaeobotanical studies on this site are being carried out at the UCL Institute of Archaeology.
Fig. 4: A trench at Caoxieshan (Jiangsu, China), excavated by Suzhou Museum in 2008, in which the distinctive fill in the small rice field units is visible.
How was early rice cultivated?
There are potentially many different forms of rice cultivation, including artificial wetlands (paddy-fields), cultivation on natural monsoon rains and river inundation and even inclusion of rice in slash-and-burn agriculture of some tropical mountain regions. Which of these systems of cultivation came first is a question that is becoming answerable. Our Early Rice Project aims to develop and refine methods for answering this question, but not through the study of archaeological rice remains but instead through the seeds of associated flora, i.e. the weeds that grew in the field with the rice.
While the rice crop has been adapted to many different methods of cultivation, the weeds that co-occur with rice are usually more limited in the range of conditions they tolerate. Indeed, to some degree the development of cultivation methods has been driven by the war of farmers on weeds: ploughing helps eliminate more perennial species; flooding rice fields during early growth eliminates those weeds which cannot tolerate standing water, while drying rice part way through the growing cycle may help to reduce the competition of wetland weeds. For this reason we have been studying a range of modern traditional rice cultivation systems, in China, Thailand and India, with a preference for those out of the way places where farmers have limited or no use of modern industrial herbicides. In such fields we can survey which weeds grow alongside rice under different regimes of water depth and cultivation type. In addition, the soils of such fields contain assemblages of microscopic phytoliths that reflect the community of rice and its weeds that is found in those particular circumstances (Fig. 5). These modern analogues, when they are counted at the microscope and compared through multivariate statistics, provide a guide for the identification of these different forms of cultivation in archaeological phytolith samples, which routinely include forms from rice alongside likely weeds. In addition to studying modern crops and weeds, we have surveyed stands of wild rices, so that we can determine what species co-occur with rice's wild relatives and how this may be distinguished from the weed flora of early cultivated fields. Through this method we should be able to recognize 'pre-domestication cultivation', the very start of the process as well as ancient exploitation of wild rice stands.
Fig. 5: Examples of phytoliths from rice weeds that have been gathered as part of our modern analogue collection, clockwise (from top left) Brachiaria ramosa grass husk, Leersia hexandra leaf, Ischaemum rugosum grass leaf, Cyperus pilosus sedge nutlet pericarp.
Preliminary results indicate that modern phytolith assemblages differ between wild rice habitats and those of cultivated rice, while different cultivation types (e.g. rainfed, lowland flooded, deepwater) also differ. This indicates the potential of phytoliths to distinguish different modes of rice use (wild or cultivation) and forms of cultivation archaeologically. We are now studying phytolith samples as well as archaeological seeds from a series of archaeological sites in the Lower Yangzte to trace the evolution of rice agriculture, these sites include Tianluoshan (5000–4300 BC), Majiabang (4500–4000 BC), Caoxieshan (4000–3800 BC), Xiaodouli (3800–3300 BC), Yujiashan (3300–2000 BC), Maoshan (3300–2000 BC), as well as some sites from other parts of China. Our preliminary results indicate a story of changing agricultural practices in the weeds (Fig. 6). This includes an increase in weed diversity overall, but a decline in deeper water perennials. The latter suggests improved techniques of tillage and control of water depth over time. Some key weeds of rice, such as the sedges of genus Fimbristylis which are very widespread as weeds today, appear in sites later than Tianluoshan.
Fig. 6: Results from multivariate statistics (correspondence analysis) on archaeological phytolith samples from five sites in the Lower Yangtze region of Zhejiang, China; these samples group by chronological phase and suggest systematic changes in the rice weed flora, and how rice was cultivated, over time.
Chinese rice domestication and the spread of rice in Asia
Rice was a wild wetland species which was brought under human management in artificial wetlands in Neolithic China. The evidence from Tianluoshan indicates that domestication process for rice was still underway at 4600 BC, but it had crossed the tipping point when domesticated forms outnumbered wild forms in the local populations. It is possible that the process began as much as 2,000 years earlier, but adequate archaeobotanical evidence is still missing. Evidence from later sites, such as Caoxieshan, indicate that changes slowed by 3800 BC, which can be taken to mark the end of a domestication episode that may have lasted nearly 3,000 years in all. Sites of a similar age elsewhere in China, such as the sites of Bashidang (Hunan province) on the Middle Yangtze or Jiahu (Henan province) on the Huai River, provide evidence for large scale rice use and probable early cultivation between 7000 and 6000 BC. Detailed study of spikelet bases that track morphological change or associated weed flora and phytolith assemblages are not yet available, but a parallel local process of rice domestication can be envisioned in these regions. The methods of sampling and analysis that have been developed through our work in the Lower Yangtze can be employed to test the hypotheses of multiple rice domestication processes and to enable comparisons.
Ultimately the rice cultivation of these regions fuelled the expansion of agricultural populations in much of eastern Asia.[1] Paddy-field systems are known later to have appeared in Shandong province (eastern China) by 2500 BC, South Korea by 1000 BC, and Yayoi period Japan from 800 BC, and upland rice, cultivated on higher rainfall in uplands without irrigation systems also developed and spread southwards to Southeast Asia by c.2000 BC. We are also exploring the development of rice cultivation in Thailand through the work of a PhD student (Castillo).
A revised scenario for early Indian rice
While the early rice in China was ancestral to the subspecies japonica, another major subspecies of rice, indica has roots in India, which remain archaeologically somewhat mysterious. Although rice use is established by c.6500 BC at the site of Lahuradewa in the middle Ganges Valley, later evidence, from c.2500 BC, is clear that rice was an established crop, and for some sites the only crop in this region.[3] Recent genetic evidence suggests that indica origins required hybridization from introduced East Asian rice strains (of japonica) and native wild rices of South Asia.[4] One likely explanation is that rice farmers in India or Pakistan received through down-the-line trade, rice from the another region (China) that already had domestication genes, and noting the differences in the plants produced, chose to create hybrids with their local inferior varieties. While modern genetics can highlight the complex history of these species, archaeological evidence provides a framework of space and time in which this hybridization might have occurred. We hypothesize that in Pakistan and Northwest India this took place c.1900 BC or shortly thereafter, since at this time several crops of Chinese origin (common millet, hemp, peaches, apricot) and harvesting tools that look like those earlier in China, first appear. After this period rice cultivation became larger scale and more widespread across northern India.[1],[3]
The available evidence from India suggests that early rice in the Ganges valley was dry-cropped, that is based on monsoon rainfall and some natural riverbank flooding. This is inferred from co-occurring weed species found on archaeological sites with rice. Evidence from some later sites suggests wet-field systems were used by 1000 BC. Once such labour intensive but highly productive systems were established, rice cultivation spread widely in India, including southwards to Tamil Nadu and beyond to Sri Lanka. We are also investigating this process, as more intensive irrigated rice was developed in India and spread to Sri Lanka through archaeobotanical research on sites in Orissa, such as Golbai Sassan, that date between 2000 and 1000 BC, and through archaeobotanical research in northern Sri Lanka at the site of Mantai, where rice is present from the earliest levels of c.200 BC. This South Asian archaeobotanical research is the focus of a PhD Student (Kingwell-Banham).
The relevance of ancient rice agriculture to global change
The expansion of ancient rice agriculture is likely to have had an effect on past methane levels. Rice paddies, as artificial tropical wetlands, produce methane. Wet and irrigated field systems of rice may produce higher yields of grain but they also produce more methane than dry or rain fed rice fields as well as greater crop yields, so the expansion of paddy farming should contribute to higher methane levels. Using patterns created by weed assemblages from a variety of rice arable systems it is possible to interpret different types of field system in archaeobotanical samples. Taken together with the total archaeological record for rice, and using recent GIS techniques we have modelled the spread of rice and areas under wet rice agriculture over time in order to estimate the likely production of methane from rice farming over past millennia.[5] In this way our archaeobotanical research on early rice agriculture can also contribute to on-going climate science debates about human contributions to greenhouse gases over the long-term. Archaeology, as a record of past human activity, subsistence successes and failures, has insights to offer to very current discussions of the impact of human land-use.
1 Fuller, D.Q., Sato, Y-I. , Castillo, C., Qin, L., Weisskopf, A.R., Kingwell-Banham, E.J., Song, J., Ahn, S-M. and van Etten, J. (2010) 'Consilience of genetics and archaeobotany in the entangled history of rice', Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2, 115–31, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-010-0035-y.
2	Fuller, D.Q., Qin, L., Zheng, Y., Zhao, Z., Chen, X., Aoi Hosoya, L. and Sun, G-P. (2009), 'The domestication process and domestication rate in rice: spikelet bases from the Lower Yangtze, Science 323, 1607–10, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1166605.
3 Fuller, D.Q. and Qin, L. (2009), 'Water management and labour in the origins and dispersal of Asian rice', World Archaeology 41(1), 88–111, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438240802668321.
4 Sweeney M.T. and McCouch, S.R. (2007), 'The complex history of the domestication of rice', Annals of Botany 100, 951–57, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm128.
5 Fuller, D.Q., van Etten, J., Manning, K., Castillo, C., Kingwell-Banham, E., Weisskopf, A., Qin, L., Sato, Y-I. and Hijmans, R. (2011), 'The contribution of rice agriculture and livestock pastoralism to prehistoric methane levels: an archaeological assessment', The Holocene 21(5), 743–60, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683611398052.
Fuller, D.Q. and Weisskopf, A., 2011. The Early Rice Project: From Domestication to Global Warming. Archaeology International, 13, pp.44–51. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/ai.1314
Fuller DQ, Weisskopf A. The Early Rice Project: From Domestication to Global Warming. Archaeology International. 2011;13:44–51. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/ai.1314
Fuller, D. Q., & Weisskopf, A. (2011). The Early Rice Project: From Domestication to Global Warming. Archaeology International, 13, 44–51. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/ai.1314
Fuller DQ and Weisskopf A, 'The Early Rice Project: From Domestication to Global Warming' (2011) 13 Archaeology International 44 DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/ai.1314
Fuller, Dorian Q., and Alison Weisskopf. 2011. "The Early Rice Project: From Domestication to Global Warming". Archaeology International 13: 44–51. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/ai.1314
Fuller, Dorian Q., and Alison Weisskopf. "The Early Rice Project: From Domestication to Global Warming". Archaeology International 13 (2011): 44–51. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/ai.1314
Fuller, D. Q.and A. Weisskopf. "The Early Rice Project: From Domestication to Global Warming". Archaeology International, vol. 13, 2011, pp. 44–51. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/ai.1314


text:
You Are Here: Home > 2019 Ram Chassis Cab
For 2019 the Ram Heavy Duty truck gets a complete redesign, and it's better and more prominent in almost every way possible. For those needing to haul a massive load, the 2019 Ram HD is one of the best trucks at the moment in America for this job. The payload and towing capacities increases thanks to the truck's updated powertrain and architecture. There are over 100 security and available safety features, and the amount of in-cabin technology helps the big Ram set the bar high in the heavy-duty truck segment.
Ask Us About the 2019 Ram Chassis Cab
Max. Horsepower
6.4-liter Hemi V8
Avail. Engine Type
12″ screen
Avail. Touchscreen
Click Buttons Below to Expand
caranddriver.com
The truck has more aluminum and high-strength steel in the frame (98.5 percent) throughout the bodywork. It reduces the overall weight while it also increases the hardiness. Ram has said that the new mounts and bushings, along with the acoustic glass and axles, improving the comfort of the ride and the noise decrease.
The available configurations include the Mega Cab, the Crew, and the Regular Cab, and it comes in a two-wheel drive or a 4×4 configuration. The trim levels include Power Wagon, Tradesman, Big Horn, the Limited, Laramie, and the Laramie Longhorn. The 3500, 4500, and 5500 are commercial trucks and chassis cabs.
The reengineered frame incorporates an unsurpassed steel rear frame strength of 50,000 PSI with a hydroformed front-rail system. As for the new 2019 Ram Chassis Cab, it offers a Class-Exclusive available Trailer Tire Pressure Monitoring Display. It provides live feedback to the cluster display with the 12-sensor capability for the confidence when trailering.
The new 2019 Ram Chassis Cab is engineered to tow up to 35,220 pounds when equipped with the diesel engine. That's the most in its class. Use the Ram Towing Guide to get the most out of your Ram Chassis Cab.
ramtrucks.com
How about how the truck looks? Just as torque has been increasing, so have the grille sizes of many vehicles. The look of the 2019 Ram Heavy Duty trucks is quite handsome.
The specific pattern of the grille does change depending on the trim level, but on the whole, it's nothing too flashy or generic. On the bighorn and Laramie models, the grille sports a distinctive pattern that differentiates it from other trim levels. When compared to the 2018 Ram Heavy Duty's style, the 2019 model certainly does stand out.
The interior cabin in the truck is an excellent place to spend those long hours on the road towing about that six-stall horse trailer, a sizeable fifth-wheel camper, and a fully-equipped race car trailer. Drivers will get to their destination, feeling relaxed and rested. Ram did an excellent job when it came to upgrading the cabin, with adding a lot of soft-touching materials, wood grains on the dash and the leather-wrapped surfaces.
The Limited 3500 feels as plush as any luxury car or SUV. All of the controls are perfectly laid out in an easy to use manner and logical way; there's also plenty of space for the taller passengers in every available seating position. Visibility is excellent from the driver's seat, thanks to the large windows and the superb seat adjustability.
There is enough room in the back for the long-legged passengers. Passengers can also fold up the seats to reveal a large area for the cargo. Overall, the cabin of the Ram HD is a welcome place for families and friends to be able to take long trips.
forconstructionpros.com
The Uconnect infotainment system available can be operated by a 12-inch touch-capable screen embedded in the central console. This is an improvement over the 8.4-inch display that came on previous Ram Heavy Duty trucks since the 12-inch screen was only available on the Ram 1500 in the past.
The size of the car screen is quite an impressive feat. The bulk of the screen is utilized by splitting up individual app's functions onto different halves of the screen. There is an abundance of physical buttons surrounding the center screen, which allow for more tactile control over the truck.
Safety Features and Warranty
For 2019 Ram ProMaster has many standard safety features. It has ParkView rear back-up camera, advanced front airbag system with side-curtain front airbags, stability control systems, and remote keyless entry for convenience. As an option, safety features include a DOT (Department of Transportation physical examination) certified roadside safety kit, speed control, security alarm, an electronic vehicle tracking system, and ParkSense rear park assist.
All Ram ProMaster cargo vans have the following warranties covering it: included are a 3-year or 36,000-mile basic warranty, a 5-year or 60,000-mile powertrain warranty, 5 years or 100,000 miles of roadside assistance, and a 5-year/100,000-mile rust-through coverage plan.
Find Your 2019 Ram Chassis Cab At Kendall
Photo Source/Copyright:rontonkindodge.net
*Plus destination fee


text:
Q: ERROR in Template execution failed: TypeError: Cannot read property 'polyfills' of undefined I am migrating form webpack 4 to webpack 5 version and after following documentation, getting below error
ERROR in Template execution failed: TypeError: Cannot read property 'polyfills' of undefined
ERROR in   TypeError: Cannot read property 'polyfills' of undefined

  - index.html:15
    /Users/lovecoder/Sites/ORG/UI-Folder/src/index.html:15:42

  - index.html:26 MFLM.module.exports
    /Users/lovecoder/Sites/ORG/UI-Folder/src/index.html:26:3

  - index.js:406
    [UI-Folder]/[html-webpack-plugin]/index.js:406:16

  - runMicrotasks

  - task_queues.js:97 processTicksAndRejections
    internal/process/task_queues.js:97:5

  - async Promise.all

below is my webpack.config.js file:
const path = require("path");
const merge = require("webpack-merge");
const webpack = require("webpack");
// __webpack_base_uri__ = 'http://localhost:8080';
const HtmlWebpackPlugin = require("html-webpack-plugin");
//const ExtractTextPlugin = require("extract-text-webpack-plugin");
const CopyWebpackPlugin = require("copy-webpack-plugin");
const CompressionPlugin = require("compression-webpack-plugin");
const MiniCssExtractPlugin = require("mini-css-extract-plugin");
//const BundleAnalyzerPlugin = require("webpack-bundle-analyzer").BundleAnalyzerPlugin;
const MomentLocalesPlugin = require("moment-locales-webpack-plugin");
const CleanWebpackPlugin = require("clean-webpack-plugin");
const baseWebpackConfig = require("./webpack.config.base");
//const EmitterWebpackPLugin = require("../src/EmitterWebpackPlugin");
const UglifyJsPlugin = require("uglifyjs-webpack-plugin");
const config = require("config");
const signInBuild = require("./signPages.dev.config.json")
const host = config.get("host") || "/";
const sourceMapHost = config.get("sourceMapHost") || "";
const sourceMapType =  config.get("sourceMapType") || "inline-cheap-module-source-map"
const PreloadWebpackPlugin = require("preload-webpack-plugin");
const HtmlWebpackPluginCrossorigin = require('html-webpack-plugin-crossorigin');
//let LodashModuleReplacementPlugin = require("lodash-webpack-plugin");

const CleanObsoleteChunks = require("webpack-clean-obsolete-chunks");

console.log("Environment is : ", process.env.NODE_ENV);
console.log("app will build at:" + config.get("appPath"));
console.log("Source map type is:" + sourceMapType);

const GLOBALS = {
    "process.env": {
        NODE_ENV: JSON.stringify(process.env.NODE_ENV)
    },
    __DEV__: JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(process.env.DEBUG || "false")),
    __STUBS__: false
};

function injectSiginPages() {
    var arr = [];

        arr.push(new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
            inject: false,
            filename: "sign-in.pug",
            template: "./src/StaticPage/sign-in.html",
            chunksSortMode: "none"
        }));

    if (signInBuild.buildLegacySignInPage) {
        arr.push(new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
            inject: true,
            filename: "sign-in-legacy.pug",
            template: "./src/StaticPage/legacy/sign-in-legacy.html",
            chunksSortMode: "none"
        }))
    }

    if (signInBuild.buildForgetPassword) {
        console.log("buildForgetPassword");
        arr.push(new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
            inject: false,
            filename: "forgot-password.pug",
            template: "./src/StaticPage/forgot-password.html",
            chunksSortMode: "none"
        }))
    }

    if (signInBuild.buildResetPassword) {
        console.log("buildResetPassword");
        arr.push(new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
            inject: false,
            filename: "reset-password.pug",
            template: "./src/StaticPage/reset-password.html",
            chunksSortMode: "none"
        }))
    }

    if (signInBuild.buildSiginInPageHTML) {
        arr.push(new CopyWebpackPlugin([
            {
                from: path.join(__dirname, "../src/StaticPage/commonhtml"),
                to: "commonhtml"

            }
        ]))
    }

    return arr;

}

function injectMobileUnsupportedPages() {
    var arr = [];

    arr.push(new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
        inject: false,
        filename: "mobile-unsupported.pug",
        template: "./src/StaticPage/mobile/unsupported/index.html",
        chunksSortMode: "none"
    }))

    return arr;
}

module.exports = (env = {}) => {
    const productionWebpackConfig = {};
    // common plugins for demo and prod
    const plugins = [
        //new LodashModuleReplacementPlugin(),
        new MomentLocalesPlugin(),

        // Avoid publishing files when compilation fails
        new webpack.NoEmitOnErrorsPlugin(),
        new webpack.DefinePlugin(GLOBALS),
        new webpack.LoaderOptionsPlugin({
            minimize: true,
            debug: false
        }),
        new MiniCssExtractPlugin({
            filename: "css/app.[contenthash].min.css",
            ignoreOrder: true
            // allChunks: true
        })
        //@need to  be checked

        /* new PreloadWebpackPlugin() */
    ];

    // demo environment - for faster builds and no uglify
    if (process.env.NO_UGLIFY) {

        console.log("\n********  This is demo build - to be used in local environment only *******\n");
        console.log("devtool is", sourceMapType)
        Object.assign(productionWebpackConfig, {
            devtool: sourceMapType
        });

        plugins.push(
            // new webpack.HashedModuleIdsPlugin(),
            new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
                inject: true,
                filename: "index.pug",
                template: "./src/index.html",
                chunksSortMode: "none"
            }),
            ...injectSiginPages(),

            /*  new BundleAnalyzerPlugin({
                generateStatsFile: true
            }), */
            // new webpack.ExtendedAPIPlugin(),
            new CleanObsoleteChunks({
                verbose: true,
                deep: true
            })

        );
    } else {

        // for prod environment only
        console.log("\n******** This is actual prod build - to be deployed on demo and prod environment ********\n");
        plugins.push(
            new CopyWebpackPlugin([
                {
                    from: path.join(__dirname, "../src/vendor/drift.js"),
                    to: "js/vendor"
                },
                {
                    from: path.join(__dirname, "../src/assets/images/copy-images"),
                    to: "images/copied-images"
                },
                {
                    from: path.join(__dirname, "../src/app/staticAsset"),
                    to: "staticAsset"
                },
                {
                    from: path.join(__dirname, "../src/StaticPage/resources/css"),
                    to: "StaticPage/css"
                },
                {
                    from: path.join(__dirname, "../src/StaticPage/commonhtml"),
                    to: "commonhtml"

                }
            ]),
            new CompressionPlugin({
                /* filename(asset) {//renaming is required because in main application PHP calls these files like this ( see web2/index.php for reference)
                    return asset.replace(".js.gz", ".gz.js").replace(".css.gz", ".gz.css");
                }, */
                algorithm: "gzip",
                test: /\.(js|html|css)$/
            }),

            // new webpack.HashedModuleIdsPlugin(),

            new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
                inject: true,
                filename: "index.pug",
                template: "./src/index.html",
                chunksSortMode: "none",
                attributes: {
                    crossorigin: 'anonymous'
                }
            }),

            new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
                inject: false,
                filename: "forgot-password.pug",
                template: "./src/StaticPage/forgot-password.html",
                chunksSortMode: "none"
            }),
            new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
                inject: false,
                filename: "reset-password.pug",
                template: "./src/StaticPage/reset-password.html",
                chunksSortMode: "none"
            }),
             ...injectMobileUnsupportedPages(),

            new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
                inject: true,
                filename: "sign-in-legacy.pug",
                template: "./src/StaticPage/legacy/sign-in-legacy.html",
                chunksSortMode: "none"
            }),
            new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
                inject: false,
                filename: "sign-in.pug",
                template: "./src/StaticPage/sign-in.html",
                chunksSortMode: "none"
            }),

            new PreloadWebpackPlugin({
                rel: 'prefetch',
                include: 'allChunks',
                excludeHtmlNames: ['index.pug'],

            }),

            /*  new BundleAnalyzerPlugin({
                generateStatsFile: true
            }), */
            // new webpack.ExtendedAPIPlugin(),

            new webpack.SourceMapDevToolPlugin({
                filename: "[file].map",
                append: `\n//# sourceMappingURL=${sourceMapHost}/[url]`
            }),
            // new CleanWebpackPlugin([config.get("appPath")], {
            //     allowExternal: true
            // })
            //new EmitterWebpackPLugin(),
        );

        Object.assign(productionWebpackConfig, {
            optimization: {
                minimizer: [
                    new UglifyJsPlugin({
                        exclude: 'prefetchSW.js',
                        uglifyOptions: {
                            cache: true,
                            parallel: true,
                            warnings: false,
                            output: {
                                comments: false
                            },

                            exclude: 'prefetchSW.js',

                            chunkFilter: (chunk) => {
                                // Exclude uglification for the these chunks
                                if (chunk.name === "vendor" || chunk.name === "application" || chunk.name === "extras"|| chunk.name === "prefetchSW") {
                                    return false;
                                }
                                return true;
                            }
                        }
                    })
                ]
            }
        });

    }

    Object.assign(productionWebpackConfig, {
        output: {
            filename: "js/[name].[fullhash].min.js",
            path: path.resolve(__dirname, config.get("appPath")),
            publicPath: host
        },
        entry: {
            // polyfills: path.resolve(__dirname, "../src", "polyfills/polyfills"),
            application: "production",
            vendor: ["react", "react-dom", "redux-saga", "react-redux", "redux-json-router", "redux", "axios",
                "lodash", "highcharts"],
            extras: ["extras"],
            legacySignIn: path.join(__dirname, "../src/StaticPage/resources/js/index.js")
        },
        plugins,
        module: {
            //noParse: /\.min\.js$/,
            rules: [
                // Sass
                {
                    test: /\.scss$/,
                    include: [path.resolve(__dirname, "../src")],
                    use: [
                        MiniCssExtractPlugin.loader,
                        {
                            loader: "css-loader",
                            options: {
                                sourceMap: true,
                                modules: true,
                                importLoaders: 2,
                                context: __dirname,
                                localIdentName: "[name]__[local]__[hash:base64:5]"
                            }
                        },
                        {
                            loader: "resolve-url-loader"
                        },
                        {
                            loader: "postcss-loader",
                            options: {
                                sourceMap: true,
                                plugins: () => [
                                    require("autoprefixer")({
                                        browsers: ["last 2 versions"]
                                    }),
                                    require("cssnano")({
                                        zindex: false,
                                        reduceIdents: {
                                            keyframes: false
                                        }
                                    })
                                ]
                            }
                        },
                        {
                            loader: "sass-loader",
                            options: {
                                sourceMap: true
                            }
                        }
                    ]

                }
            ]
        },
        externals: {
            recurly: "recurly"
        }
    });

    return merge(baseWebpackConfig, productionWebpackConfig);
};

also package.json
I tied using upgrading HtmlWebPackPlugin to latest version and all plugins to latest. Also remove unwanted plugins as well.
Not sure waht I am missing, please help me in resolving this issue.
Thanks

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


reported weaker than expected quarterly earnings.
the top Chinese listings in Hong Kong climbed 2.41 percent.
South Korea's KOSPI declined 0.5 percent at 0003 GMT.
offset a long-term initial public offering (IPO) freeze.


London's Worst Fashion Student: Would You Lock Yourself to a Door Because of Something Read on Google?
Would You Lock Yourself to a Door Because of Something Read on Google?
Today is Fashion Revolution Day.
Don't worry I didn't know this either until I was handed a leaflet about it earlier.
It seems the main agenda for today is changing the production of fashion as a result from the Bangladesh Factory incident this time last year. I met two groups who were campaigning in two very different ways on Oxford Street earlier today.
I didn't realise anything different about Oxford Street today until I walked past a women who had locked herself to the doors of United Colours of Benetton. There was only a small crowd built around the few campaigners however there message was having an effect on the people around them. The campaign consisted of stories and posters lied across the floor; while a person on each door had put bike locks around their necks to secure them to the door.
When talking to a campaigner he explained they closed the store by locking themselves to the doors at 9:30am this morning, half an hour before it should of opened. The manager of Benetton came out and confronted the campaigners stating Benetton had paid compensation towards the Bangladesh incident, however the campaigner said he found out through "google" that Benetton had not paid. He then went on to describe the situation as "awkward". He mentioned companies like "Primark" had paid compensation but not Bennetton.
Would you really lock yourself to a door because of something read on google?
As I hung around watching people's reactions, more and more media turned up closely followed by police. The women locked to the door said to look up at the rooftops where police were gathering, she joked "I hope someone isn't going to shoot us".
I'm not sure I could lock myself to an object that can't move, maybe I haven't found the right subject that I feel passionate about. I would definitely have to look at some details first, like, where do you pee? How would you go to the toilet? How much food would be enough for an undefined period of time? What happens if you get a numb bum? Or cramp? Are you allowed to read a book while campaigning, or is that frowned upon because you're meant to be campaigning?
I just don't think I have much in common with the women protesting outside Benetton, for instance she brought along a pot of Hummus with her and I don't like Hummus that much.
However it is a good cause and I am glad people are trying to change the working conditions for many factory workers abroad.


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Q: in python how to give each letter in a string of characters a individual numeric value and store the results independently? Trying to create an algorithm that takes in a password as a key. I am trying to assign each letter of the alphabet a numeric value so I can use the values to decipher the encryption. I have found ways of assigning a letter a value but can't figure out how to use each letter in the password as a individual value?

A: Using the unicode values of the characters as a value ord():
>>> password = "my password"
>>> for char in password:
...  print ord(char)
...
109
121
32
112
97
115
115
119
111
114
100


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Our experts are aware of current developments in the manufacturing and engineering sector and through our proactive approach, we inform our clients of any issues that may affect them.
R&D tax relief is a widely available, but often overlooked relief. There has been an unprecedented rise in the number of companies successfully claiming R&D tax credits, with the Government pushing the incentive through increased rates and relaxed qualifying conditions. Yet, many manufacturing and engineering businesses still do not realise that they have qualifying R&D projects. To claim this generous tax relief, you don't have to work in a lab and wear a white coat; you may be surprised how broad the qualifying conditions are.
Arguably one of the biggest challenges facing many manufacturers and engineers is the shortage of qualified, highly-skilled employees. With a shortage already building, a recent report published by the Government office for Science forecast that there will be thousands of jobs to fill in the years up to 2020 as people retire or leave manufacturing.
Similarly, forecasts also suggest that the UK needs to more than double the number of qualified engineers if it is to meet the likely demand in the years up to 2017. With the age profiles of the sectors also rising, it is crucial you seek sound and proactive advice from specialist manufacturing & engineering accountants.
As the cost of the technology continues to fall, 3D printing now has the potential to fundamentally change the economies of scale for the smaller, pioneering companies, opening up considerable opportunities for innovation and growth. High-end, larger manufatcurers are already creating protects to personal specifications and seeking rapid product development using the technology. As the technology makes pace in the market, it is important manufacturers, small and large, consider the potential future implications of 3D printing.


In the next photo our reader sent, we are able to see the worm-like organisms a bit better. The one on the left appears to be a pink/red/purple color. We agree with our reader's suspicion…we think these are caterpillars. Identifying caterpillars that haven't been thrown up is often hard enough as it is, so identifying these regurgitated creatures by species is basically impossible. If her cat is an outdoor cat, we think these caterpillars were probably living on/eating plants in her yard or a neighbor's yard. If our reader is dying to know the species, we recommend she examine the plants in her yard for similar looking organisms!
Besides wondering what the creatures in her cat's vomit are, our reader didn't include any other information or ask any additional questions. She didn't mention any worries about her cat's health, and we don't think she has any reason to be concerned, but if she does have any concerns about her cat then we encourage her to take her cat to the vet to be examined. We aren't medical professionals, so we can't advise on any animal (or human) health matters.
To wrap up, we agree with our reader that the creatures her cat threw up are caterpillars. While we are able to recognize these specimens as caterpillars, we don't know the specific type of caterpillars they are.
A reader sent us a photo and asked, "What are these creatures?" She explained that she found them in her cat's vomit and she suspects they are caterpillars.
Did I Share My Apple With A Worm? Should I Worry?
Are Reappearing Worms and Reader's Cat Related?


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Kate Middleton Will Host a Special Christmas Carol Service Next Month
Chelsey Sanchez
Photo credit: Max Mumby/Indigo - Getty Images
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, will host a special Christmas community carol service at Westminster Abbey next month to honor "the incredible work of individuals and organisations across the nation who have stepped up to support their communities through the pandemic," Kensington Palace announced today.
Supported by The Royal Foundation, the festive event will take place on December 8. Entertainment will include carols sung by Westminster Abbey's world-renowned choir, as well as readings and musical performances from a variety of guests, encompassing people of all faiths.
Further guests will include people involved with grassroots initiatives and charity work, as well as dedicated teachers, emergency responders, and armed forces personnel. Members of the community who are especially vulnerable to COVID-19, and have thus spent more time isolated, will also be present.
On Instagram, the duchess posted a preview of the event's official invitation. The picture shows a white invitation card with black lettering that also bears Kate's royal insignia: the letter C with a crown.
A post shared by Duke and Duchess of Cambridge (@dukeandduchessofcambridge)
"The service, which will be broadcast in December, will look back on the last eighteen months," the caption read, "to think not only of the unprecedented challenges that we have all faced as we continue to navigate the COVID-19 pandemic, but also to remember the positives: people and organisations pulling together in their communities, the small acts of kindness across different demographics and generations, and the unsung heroes who stepped up to help others."
The event has been developed in partnership with Westminster Abbey and BBC Studios Events Productions, and will be broadcast by ITV as part of a special December program.
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Sara Bareilles on how starting psychiatric medication helped her 'see' herself again
In 2020, 16.5 percent of US adults took prescription medicine for their mental health, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention — a number that's seemingly only increased since, especially given the ongoing pandemic's undeniable effects on mental health. (In fact, a 2021 study from QuoteWizard found that more than 24 percent of Americans are now taking prescription mental health meds.) Despite their prevalence, however, psychiatric drugs (eg anti-anxiety meds, antidepressants)
John Legend to launch his own skincare line in partnership with A-Frame Brands
Joining celebrities who are launching their beauty brands is Grammy award-winner John Legend. The singer-songwriter will launch his skincare line aimed at melanin-rich complexions in partnership with Los Angeles-based holding company A-Frame Brands, which was founded by actor and activist Hill Harper and entrepreneur Ari Bloom. Here's all we know about John Legend's skincare line What is new about the skincare line? In a 21 January 2022 interview with Fortune, Legend spoke about his skincare lin
VW and Bosch join forces to rev up automated driving
Car giant Volkswagen and parts supplier Bosch have embarked on an "extensive partnership" to bring automated driving to the mass market by next year, the German companies said on Tuesday.
The best places to eat along the Round Island Route's new eastern half trail
The newly launched eastern half of the Round Island Route is long – 75 kilometres long – which begs the question, where can you eat while circling around half of the island? Hopefully, this guide would come in handy. Officially opened on 22 January, the loop starts at Rower's Bay Park in the north, then skirts around the country's eastern neighbourhoods of Sengkang, Pasir Ris and Changi. It turns south towards East Coast Park, cuts through Clarke Quay, River Valley and Alexandra, and ends at the
Hydrogen planes not enough to green aviation: study
The aviation industry looks at hydrogen-fuelled planes as a solution to decarbonise the sector, but a report by an environmental group released Wednesday found that they will only help limit CO2 emissions.
Stephen Breyer: pragmatic pillar of US Supreme Court
Stephen Breyer, the oldest justice on the US Supreme Court and the senior member of the bench's liberal-leaning wing, boasts a record of pragmatism in the hundreds of opinions he has authored in his long career.
Can you guess which city takes top spot for culinary diversity?
With more than 14 international restaurants per 1,000 inhabitants, Brussels offers a wide enough choice to ensure that foodies never get bored at dinner. Its particularly rich in choices for diners seeking out French, Italian and American cuisine.
Madelaine Petsch shared the easy and effective way she alleviates panic attacks
At least 11 percent of American adults experience a panic attack each year, according to the Merck Manual. And Madelaine Petsch is one of them. While the Riverdale star has been open about her mental health in the past, she recently got even more candid on the topic, talking about suffering from a panic attack on Instagram just minutes after it happened IRL. On Wednesday, Petsch posted a selfie from a plane seat on her Instagram Story revealing, "My anxiety was so bad today I almost couldn't get
New in Town: Konoha Izakaya, Potong Pasir — Singapore's first anime bistro is sure to animate your tastebuds
Themed restaurants are in and this one is toon good to be true! Anime fans in Singapore, it's our time to nerd out while eating good food in a fun-themed atmosphere! Konoha Izakaya, Singapore's first Anime Bistro, houses a creative concept that is impossible to ignore. Everything from the anime-decorated walls to the Naruto-inspired memorabilia […] The post New in Town: Konoha Izakaya, Potong Pasir — Singapore's first anime bistro is sure to animate your tastebuds appeared first on SETHLUI.com.
The publishing industry is still reckoning with its diversity problem
For years, professionals in the book industry have been complaining about racial pay disparities in publishing. Major publishing houses have responded by releasing statements pledging to increase the ethnic diversity of their staff. But there is still a long way to go, according to a new report.
Discover The Seven New Events Making Their Debut At The 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics
Seven new events designed to increase women's participation and diversity have been introduced at the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, which will be held from 4 to 20 February 2022. The events include four mixed teams, an exclusively women's event, and two separate events for men and women. Some of these new events are an extension of the existing disciplines, while others are thoughtfully introduced to make the spirit of the Olympics truly universal. What is also noteworthy is that at least one —
Use these Feng Shui home decor tips for a better Year of the Tiger in 2022
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Welcome to the future as Gucci's second dip in the NFTs space is with SUPERPLASTICS, creator of animated celebrities and digital vinyl toys. In 2022 you can't turn a corner without hearing about NFTs (Non-Fungible Token). From NFTs being a part of the Barbie x Balmain collaboration to Hermès filing a lawsuit against the individual behind the '100 MetaBirkins' NFTs, every day in the world of fashion is now an exploration of the metaverse and the many offerings of the digital space. In light of th
Former Nintendo Headquarters In Kyoto To Reopen As A Hotel
Fans of Nintendo have another reason to rejoice. Along with visiting the Super Nintendo World in Japan you can also stay at the former Nintendo headquarters, which is being turned into a hotel. The hotel that has been named Marufukuro, is scheduled for a 1 April 2022 opening. Here's what we know about the new Marufukuro hotel Inception of the Nintendo headquarters The new Marufukuro hotel is located in Kagiyacho, Kyoto, and is just a train ride away from Super Nintendo World. In 1889, the buildi


The Board of Supervisors are the governing body for the County of Del Norte and certain special districts. The Board enacts ordinances and resolutions, adopts the annual budget, approves contracts, appropriates funds, appoints certain County officers and members of various boards and commissions.
Regular meetings of the Board of Supervisors are held and broadcast live the 2nd and 4th Tuesday of each month at the Flynn Administrative Center, 981 H Street, Crescent City.
Board of Supervisor meetings on UStream. Check out our media site for more information.
Or watch previous streams on youtube!


Please fill out the form below and I will be in touch with you soon. Be sure to add "picsurephoto@yahoo.com" to your address book and check your spam folder for my reply. Thanks for contacting me. And congratulations!!


The B360 delivers 320 x 240 IR resolution — that's 76,800 pixels.This, combined with FLIR's exclusive Advanced Signal Processing, reduces image "noise" and produces razor-sharp thermal images four times the resolution of competing brands with 160 x 120 resolution. Image, as they say, is everything!
The B360 offers both Auto and Manual Focus, making it easy for anyone to take razor-sharp thermal images and helping those new to infrared from taking out-of-focus images.
Refurbished B360 Thermal imager Models On Sale Warranty Calibration Backed by The Best Service and Lowest Prices in the Industry.
FLIR B360 B 360 Thermal Imager Models On Sale Warranty Calibration Backed by The Best Service and Lowest Prices in the Industry.


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Vineland council waits on city judge decision
Joseph P. Smith jsmith@thedailyjournal.com
VINELAND – The next municipal judge to be appointed may be the attorney who already is doing the job on a temporary basis.
Mayor Ruben Bermudez is nominating Woodbury attorney Guy W. Killen to a three-year position as the city's second part-time judge.
Killen joined the bench on July 23, as his immediate predecessor also did, at the order of state Superior Court Assignment Judge Georgia Curio.
The order was meant to keep the court functioning until the city could decided on a permanent second judge. Killen replaces Nicholas T. Lacovara, who lasted less than a year before quitting over his compensation.
Killen could get a vote at the Oct. 28 City Council meeting, if the administration can satisfy members with background information on Killen.
No information, such as a resume, was presented at the council's meeting Tuesday and its absence upset some members.
Council Vice President Paul Spinelli credited Curio with "trying to keep the court somewhat sane," but blamed the mayor for not following procedure.
"We need to have a resume so we can at least see what we're voting for or whom we're voting for — as we have asked for every person that's come through here," Spinelli said.
If confirmed, Killen would hold the job for three years, the statutory appointment period for municipal judges.
Council President Anthony Fanucci asked City Solicitor Richard Tonetta for an assessment of Killen's performance. "Are we moving forward?" Fanucci asked.
Tonetta said the nominee is "very good," noting that he had appeared before him while acting as a prosecutor.
"But again, you may want to see his background," Tonetta said. "Obviously, you don't know anything about him."
Councilwoman Angela Calakos said the situation has a parallel in the drawn-out confirmation of the public safety director this year.
"We don't have issues with the picks," Calakos said.
"We have issues with the procedure. This is what we've always wanted and I don't think we should break with that at any point."
The council president indicated the nomination would remain on the agenda for next week's meeting, conditioned on background information being produced prior to the meeting.
Killen was a judge in West Deptford from 1996 until 2013 when he was not reappointed.
Under Curio's appointment order, his schedule in Vineland is to work every Wednesday and on second and third Mondays of every month.


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PSYDEH looks to create lasting communities of change in Mexico through our forthcoming "Sustain Impact" campaign, another installment in our 'Fruits of Change' crowdfunding series with UK-and USA-based GlobalGiving.
This campaign uses learning from our recent Route to Good partnership with the global Dentsu Aegis Network to raise the capital we need to consolidate years-long progress incubating two human rights-focused Mexican actors: PSYDEH and our rural network of indigenous-women led organizations. Raised funds specifically underwrite our new bilingual female Coordinator of Sustainability, as well as ongoing fieldwork that empowers indigenous women to create from the bottom up sustainable solutions to their own problems.
More generally, achieving our $15,750 USD campaign goal will (1) accelerate PSYDEH's success in establishing seven independent funding streams and (2) sustain the impact we make with indigenous Mexican women. Indeed, our bilingual Coordinator of Sustainability's mission is to as much as triple the value of each donation through subsequent fund-generating work; money which, in turn, will strengthen organizational capacity to make more impact.
See this Campaign FAQ for more detail. And CLICK HERE to donate early!


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Report: COVID-19 lockdowns in Sydney unfairly targeted blue-collar workers and immigrants
Thursday, October 13, 2022 by: Ramon Tomey
Tags: Australia, badhealth, badmedicine, biased, big government, blue-collar workers, covid-19, health freedom, immigrants, insanity, local government areas, lockdown, medical extremism, medical fascism, medical martial law, Medical Tyranny, pandemic, rigged, Sydney, Wuhan coronavirus
(Natural News) Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) lockdowns in Sydney – the capital of Australia's New South Wales (NSW) state – unfairly targeted blue-collar workers and immigrants, according to a report.
The Oct. 11 report was commissioned by the United Workers Union (UWU) alongside the Australian Catholic University. It pointed out that during the country's wave of infections driven by the B16172 delta variant from June 21 to Oct. 24, 2021, the NSW government allegedly utilized faulty data modeling. The erroneous models argued that the proportion of residents employed in blue-collar jobs was the biggest driver of COVID-19 infections.
Two major factors in different NSW regions were linked to greater COVID-19 infections. First, those with a higher proportion of residents employed as technicians, tradesmen, machine operators, drivers and laborers. Second, those with a higher proportion of overseas-born workers who primarily spoke a language other than English at home.
According to the report, the state government under former Premier Gladys Berejiklian and incumbent Premier Dominic Perrottet utilized this faulty modeling as justification for draconian lockdowns in 12 Sydney local government areas (LGAs). These areas – Bayside, Blacktown, Burwood, Campbelltown, Canterbury-Bankstown, Cumberland, Fairfield, Georges River, Liverpool, Parramatta, Penrith and Strathfield – were targeted with harsher restrictions compared to the rest of the NSW capital.
Given that the 12 LGAs had a high proportion of blue-collar workers and immigrants residing in them, they faced "stricter stay-at-home orders, a night-time curfew and more overt enforcement by government and police authorities."
Moreover, residents from the 12 Sydney LGAs were told by the NSW state government that they could only leave the areas they reside in for work if either their workplace has rapid antigen testing kits or they get the first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine by the end of August 2021.
Sydney turned into mini police state
The report mentioned that the NSW state government also deployed around 300 members of the Australian Defense Force to back up the NSW Police Force (NSWPF) in ensuring compliance of stay-at-home orders.
Both police and military officers roamed the streets of Western Sydney – where the 12 LGAs were located – in July and August last year. They also knocked on residents' doors and inspected their homes to check for any breaches of lockdown protocols.
The report's authors also interviewed several UWU members residing in the 12 areas. The interviewees shared that they felt targeted by the government.
One resident from the Canterbury-Bankstownk LGA named Lydia recounted the intensified police presence during the delta variant's circulation. She told the report's authors: "It was stressful. So many people said, 'Police will be out, be careful.' There were police helicopters. They would fly out at night, checking to make sure that everybody was off the streets."
Separate reports also attested to the NSWPF's use of helicopters to ensure compliance with COVID-19 protocols. The Sun reported that one Sydney resident strolling at a park near his home managed to capture footage of a blue and white helicopter admonishing people to go home. Police officers aboard the helicopter warned the man that local law enforcement would search for him and fine him for violating lockdown orders.
A separate report from the Daily Mail zeroed in on the police's use of helicopters to disperse beachgoers at Sydney's Gordons Bay beach. Footage uploaded to social media showed officers warning people to leave immediately. "Anyone breaching the public health order will be issued a fine," the officers aboard the helicopter warned.
A third report, this time from Metro, stated that NSWPF used the same tactic to disperse beachgoers at the Coogee and Bondi beaches who were simply soaking up the sun. "Nearly 1,000 people were spoken to, ensuring they were complying with the LGA's requirement," said an NSWPF spokesman.
MedicalTyranny.com has more stories about the draconian COVID-19 lockdowns in Sydney.
Australia rapidly collapsing into a large-scale medical PRISON as tyrants threaten to unleash "full force" of armed police against people seeking freedom.
'Welcome to Nazi Germany': In now-deleted tweet, Sydney mayor compares strict new lockdown laws to Hitler-era regime.
New South Wales premier upholds construction ban as part of two-week lockdown in Greater Sydney.
Australia to send more troops to Sydney following a single COVID-19 case.
Sydney extends lockdown as post-vaccine coronavirus outbreak surges.
The-Sun.com
Previous :Local bakery's notice about cost of raw materials for bread reveals full extent of FOOD INFLATION in America
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https://www.naturalnews.com/2022-10-13-report-sydney-lockdowns-targeted-blue-collar-workers.html
Report: COVID-19 lockdowns in Sydney unfairly targeted blue-collar workers and immigrants


LOS ANGELES >> A reserve Los Angeles County sheriff's deputy died Friday while participating in the mountain biking competition at the 2017 World Police & Fire Games, authorities said.
Paramedics took Reserve Deputy Jacob Castroll, 68, from the Castaic Lake area to Henry Mayo Newhall Hospital about 9:30 a.m. in "full (cardiac) arrest," said county fire Inspector Joey Marron.
Deputy Ryan Rouzan of the Sheriff's Information Bureau later said the reserve deputy was pronounced dead at the hospital. He reportedly suffered a heart attack, but Rouzan said the cause of death would be investigated by the coroner's office.
Sheriff Jim McDonnell issued a statement expressing sadness on behalf of the department over the deputy's death.
"We offer our prayers and condolences to his family, friends and partners during this difficult time," he said.
Castroll is survived by his wife Rody and three children, Victor, Lea and Rica, according to the sheriff's department.
"Our condolences are with Reserve Deputy Castroll's family, friends and coworkers," the union statement said.
The bicycle racing in Castaic was among the day's events, which include dragon boat races at Santa Fe Dam in Irwindale; basketball, boxing, darts and volleyball at the Los Angeles Convention Center; horseshoe tossing at Richard Rioux Park in Santa Clarita; pocket billiards at Hard Times Billiards in Bellflower; and rugby at the Balboa Sports Center in Encino.
There also will be pistol shooting at the Los Angeles Police Academy in Elysian Park and Pitchess Detention Center in Santa Clarita; softball at Big League Dreams in West Covina, swimming at the Exposition Park Swim Stadium, tennis at Griffith Park, and track and field at West Los Angeles College.
The bowling competition will take place at Pinz Bowling Center in Studio City.
The 11-day Olympics-style competition for active and retired police officers and firefighters from around the world will continue through Wednesday.