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Music NewsVideos
Relic Hearts Share "Halfway to Paradise" Music Video
Alyssa ChristianMay 10, 2016
PA alt-rock quartet Relic Hearts has released a new music video for their single "Halfway to Paradise" on their PLAY Warped Tour page. The track comes from their debut album Volatile, which will be released on July 11th and was produced by Jesse Lawson (ex-Sleeping With Sirens songwriter/guitarist) and Stetson Whitworth (Chelsea Grin, Get Scared). The band rose to online prominence over the years with YouTube covers of Lorde, Taylor Swift, and their version of Nico and Vinz' "Am I Wrong" that earned them the spot as iHeart Radio's #mostrequestedlive Web Celeb of the Week.
"'Halfway To Paradise' is the best precursor song to describe us as a band, where we are in our hearts, and where we're coming from with this new record," says vocalist Jonnie Baker. "It feels good to get new music out there, and enter the Ernie Ball PLAY contest to see if we can earn our spot back on the Vans Warped Tour, even if just for a day. 'Volatile' was an extremely emotionally exhausting record for us to write, and at the same time, we pulled so much out of ourselves by doing this record, that it seems silly almost to think we would ever want to go back and do anything different. This is the first step of many, and damn does it feel good to start running again."
Relic Hearts has launched an IndieGoGo campaign to aid in the release of the upcoming album. Last August, the group's van and gear was totaled by an uninsured driver who fell asleep at the wheel, leaving them with no ability to tour. In addition to offering contributors an early download of the record, there are a plethora great exclusives available.
"We expect that the cost of our next van alone could be upwards of $20,000+ dollar, plus travel to retrieve it, taxes, and title transfer fees, fuel, etc — but the van is only one part of getting us out on the road," says Baker. "Typically, you incur all kinds of expenses and costs along the way to promote and market your record."
Pre-order Volatile and contribute to the IndieGoGo here.
CONNECT WITH RELIC HEARTS:
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Alyssa Christian
Author: Alyssa Christian
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The History of Sakura In Japan
a year ago by Christian Monson • 7 min read
Discover the importance of the history of Sakura and how the cherry blossom has evolved into the present-day tradition of hanami. With the right timing, you might just be able to experience this magnificent event for yourself.
"Cherry blossoms, cherry blossoms," goes a famous Japanese folk song. "In fields, mountains and villages, as far as the eye can see."
Sakura is the name for the Japanese cherry blossom tree, but it's so much more than that. The blossoms the trees produce each year in a brilliant but short-lived explosion of color are an ancient and fundamental part of Japanese culture.
While their natural beauty alone is worth experiencing, the symbolism of sakura makes them truly magical. This symbolism has played a role in Japan's history from the beginning.
The Sakura Cherry Blossom and Its Symbolism
The blossom of the Prunus serrulata cherry tree, known as sakura in Japanese, is one of the country's most important cultural and national symbols. These trees are common in Japan, but you can find them around the world. Specifically, they grow in temperate zones around the northern hemisphere in East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Europe and North America.
All species of the Prunus genus produce some kind of fruit, but most, including the Japanese sakura cherry, aren't very tasty. Instead, this species's main claim to fame is its beautiful blossom. In late March, the trees explode with beautiful white and pink blossoms all at the same time. These flowers only last for a few weeks, until some time in the beginning of May.
The cherry blossoms don't last very long, and this is exactly why they are such an important symbol in Japan. They represent the temporary and ephemeral nature of life. They are beautiful and vibrant, like life, but they only last a short time. In this way, they symbolize mortality.
Hanami Cherry Blossom Viewing
In Japan, it is an ancient tradition to watch the cherry blossoms. While the exact customs and activities have changed over the centuries, the basic principle remains the same. People meet with family and friends to eat and drink and observe the beauty of the magnificent but short-lived cherry tree flowers. This is called hanami.
Origins in the Nara Period
Hanami was first recorded as a major part of Japanese culture during the Nara Period, beginning in the early 8th Century. However, texts from the time describe cherry blossom viewing from as early as the 3rd Century, so it's possible that it's even older.
Originally, the cherry blossom season signified the beginning of the rice-planting season. People made offerings to the kami gods of the Shinto religion, who they believed lived inside the trees. Drinking sake was a major part of this.
By the Heian Period at the end of the century, hanami had caught on with the upper classes. Emperor Saga specifically, who reigned from 809 to 823 AD liked to have parties to view the blossoms.
These were elaborate affairs with free-flowing sake and lots of food located beneath the sakura cherry trees in the Imperial Court in Kyoto. Musicians and poets would also come to entertain and dedicate art to the beauty and symbolism of the trees. This is when Hanami became a fundamental tradition of the nation.
Popularization in the Edo Period
Although hanami began as early as the 3rd Century, it was only ever practiced by Japan's wealthy nobility. This changed during the Edo Period, which began in 1603. By this time, the Tokugawa Shogunate had achieved control over the entire country and ruled as a military dictatorship, relegating the emperor to a symbolic role.
With the rise of the shogunate and military control of the government in Japan, the samurai had come to participate in cherry viewing as well. From there, it spread to the common people. In fact, Tokugawa Yoshimune, who was the eighth shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate, encouraged this by planting large areas of cherry blossoms so people could have feasts and parties beneath them in the spring.
The Importance of Sakura in World War II
The cherry blossom has always been an important national symbol of the Japanese, so during World War II, the nationalist government used it extensively to promote patriotism and Japanese pride. In fact, propaganda regularly compared Japanese soldiers to cherry blossoms. This had a dual meaning. First, the soldiers would spread like the blossoms did in the wind. Also, they would live short but glorious lives.
In this vein, Japanese soldiers used them as motivational and sentimental symbols. For example, pilots painted sakura cherry blossoms on their planes before kamikaze suicide missions. Sometimes, they would even carry the branch of a cherry tree with them.
Similarly, a chant of "Sakura, Sakura" was the last broadcast of the besieged Japanese forces on the island of Peleliu where they fought the US 1st Marines and 81st Army Infantry to the last man. In this way, it represented the beauty of youth and their sacrifice for Japan and their emperor.
Beyond this, imperial Japan even used cherry blossoms to solidify and symbolize their colonization of foreign territories. The government planted cherry trees in places they conquered to show it was now claimed by Japan.
Representations of Sakura in Japanese Art
Yamada Shokei's Gion Weeping Cherry
A simple painting of a blooming cherry tree, this work is by Yamada Shokei, who helped found the Japan Art Society. The weeping cherry tree stands alone in the Gion district of Kyoto. Painted in 1894, the sakura tree depicted still stands in Maruyama Park in Gion. This famous woodblock book print is held in the Asian Division of the US Library of Congress.
Kitao Shigemasa's Hanami
This woodblock print by Kitao Shigemasa shows a hanami sakura viewing party during the Edo Period. Produced sometime between 1772 and 1776, it portrays three women and a man eating and drinking in Asukayama Park under the cherry blossoms. In 1720, Tokugawa Yoshimune planted a number of cherry trees there to allow the common people to participate in hanami.
Sakura Sakura
This is a traditional Japanese folk song that is a popular melody from the Edo Period. Its lyrics poetically describe the cherry blossoms and encourage the listener to go see them. The song has come to represent Japan and is often played in international settings. Traditionally, the song is played on a bamboo flute known as the shakuhachi.
Modern Sakura and Hanami
Still, after all the centuries, hanami is a big tradition and celebration in Japan. In fact, it might be more popular than ever. People often go days before to hold a place under the cherry trees for their party.
The trees first begin to bloom in Okinawa in the far south. It then basically moves up the country, the last trees to bloom being those in Hokkaido, the northernmost island. The trees begin to bloom sometime around the end of March, but the exact date depends on many meteorological factors. Now, many companies use advanced scientific techniques to predict when it will happen. For example, in 2018, the trees began to bloom in Fukuoka on March 21, in Kyoto on March 27, in Tokyo on March 26, and in Sapporo on May 1.
These days, the parties can get pretty crowded and loud. Young people pack the parks to drink sake, eat food, and listen to music. Traditional food served during hanami includes dango rice dumplings and bento meals.
3 Popular Spots to View Sakura
Cherry blossoms are all over Japan. No matter what part of the country you're in, there's somewhere close by where you can participate in hanami. In fact, the Japan Cherry Blossom Association published a list of the 100 of the best cherry blossom spots. It includes at least one place in every prefecture. Almost all of them fall into one of these three categories.
1. Parks
It's a good bet that any large park in Japan will have cherry blossoms. In Japan's major cities like Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto, parks are some of the go-to places for hanami. In Tokyo, Ueno Park and Sumida Park are two excellent choices. Ueno Park especially is easily accessible and near other attractions like the zoo and museums.
In Kyoto head to Kasagiyama Natural Park just to the south of the city. You can also go a little farther south to Nara. The ancient grounds next to the temples of Todai-ji, Kofuku-ji, and the Kasuga Shrine are a UNESCO World Heritage Site and amazing even if it isn't sakura season.
In Osaka, both the Osaka Castle Park and Osaka EXPO Park are considered great spots.
2. Temples
Both Buddhist and Shinto temples are great places to go for hanami. Not only do they often have well-cared-for gardens, but the temple grounds add an extra touch to the viewing. Kyoto is an especially good place to go participate in hanami on temple grounds. Famous temples include Ninnaji and Daigoji.
3. Castles
Since hanami was confined to the upper classes for so long, it makes sense that some of the best gardens are around castles and palaces. Of course, these days most of these are open to the public. Particularly famous locations include Himeji Castle and Hirosaki Castle.
But the very best place…
… is Mount Yoshino in the Nara Prefecture. Widely considered to be the most beautiful spot for sakura viewing, the mountain is well outside of the city and also great for taking a dedicated trip and having a picnic under the trees. Sometimes you can even go at night because the government lights up the area.
The mountain features around 30,000 different varieties of cherry trees, which leads to incredible colors and patterns. The sakura blossoms are normally visible for most of April, but you should definitely check the year's predictions to know the right time to go. Take part in this ancient tradition that encapsulates the beautiful culture of Japan.
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Arkhangelsky Design Bureau was a short-lived Soviet military aircraft design bureau headed by Alexander Arkhangelsky. Formerly working for Andrei Tupolev, Arkhangelsky was assigned his own bureau in 1940 to develop a dive-bomber version of the Tupolev SB (the Arkhangelsky Ar-2). The bureau was re-integrated into Tupolev the following year.

Aircraft
Arkhangelsky Ar-2

Aircraft manufacturers of the Soviet Union
1940 establishments in the Soviet Union
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Codemasters bringing the game to consoles and PC this Spring.
First hinted at with a new teaser image, Codesmasters officially confirmed that Micro Machines World Series is not only a real game, but it's coming rather soon. The developers announced the title is going to be hitting the PS4, Xbox One and PC in April of 2017, meaning anyone excited about the potential of the game won't have to wait long to see if it lives up to expectations.
Codemasters has said Micro Machines World Series is going to try and hold onto what made the series a fan favorite back in the day. At the same time, the company is adding better visuals and performance that can only be pulled off on current generation PCs and consoles.


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Theresa Sokyrka is a Canadian singer songwriter based in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. She became a brief household name in 2004 as Canadian Idol runner up. Her independently released debut album "These Old Charms" was shockingly granted gold status a month after it's release, selling over 70,000 compact discs, which was an incredible feat those days. The album was more shockingly nominated for best pop album of the year in the 2006 Junos although Sokyrka considers it a jazz album.
She bought a house in Saskatoon and followed music around the world for several years. Her next release was an album of originals "Something is Expected" that dropped September 2006, selling 10,000 units . Produced by Mike Timmins, John Collins and David Carswell the album was a great balance of live off the floor, spontaneous moments to popped up melodies with hooks and click tracks. The digital age was taking hold and industry album sales were plummeting but Sokyrka kept hanging on, although most people would have no idea.
Sokyrka has released a total of 5 albums in her 13 year long career, each one selling less than the next. A totally awesome Christmas album called "Wrapped in Ribbon," in 2007 was an attempt to recreate versions of Ella Fitzgerald's Christmas arrangements, even using a vintage U47 Neumann ribbon mic to record vocals.
While living in Montreal Sokyrka released her fourth album. A collection of Ukrainian folk songs that was recorded with Benoit Morier in 2010. Even for non Ukrainian ears the album is a hit, featuring the violin virtuoso Carissa Klopoushak.
Sokyrka's latest release was in 2013 "Prairie Winds" a collection of original songs which was recorded and mastered in Madrid in 7 days, free from edits and as pure as the driven snow.


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GA: This is a very interesting article by Shawn Robinson. It delves into the methods in which criticism of the Jewish State, its ideology and culture are suppressed.
So who is Gilad Atzmon the ant-Semite and Holocaust-denier de jour?
Well for one, he is a former Israeli and now British citizen living in London England; but his claim to fame is as a world renowned jazz saxophonist and writer on identity politics.
And he is no schmuck either. He has a Masters in Philosophy from the University of Essex in Colchester, England after being schooled in composition and jazz at the Rubin Academy of Music in Jerusalem.
As an Israeli you have guessed it, Atzmon is Jewish and therefore Semitic. So by definition he can be hardly an anti-Semite. But something needs to be said here, just as a point of reference that there are more than 50 groups that fall under the Semitic category. The commonality of this foundation is the derivations of the Semitic languages that relate and stem from the Hebrew dialect. Others often maligned as anti-Semites are the Arabs who too are of the 50 plus Semitic peoples.
It is absurd to continue this precept of anti-Semitism in its current construct. Hate directed towards the Jewish people is not acceptable and nor is discrimination or prejudice that Jewish people have experienced for thousands of years.
Knowing the origin of the term anti-Semite, which not that long ago was a construct that was considered normal in particularly the western Christian communities, it really needs to be released from the narrative of the Jewish community as it is not an appropriate term at all. As to refer to someone as ant-Semitic would by definition indicate that they are against a broader group of people beyond the Judaic population.
Furthermore… when someone makes a claim of anti-Semitism, it needs to be not presented as a conclusion ever. Clear and defined statements need to be presented that indicate and prove the construct of anti-Semitism before making such an allegation as these days allegations of anti-Semitism abound unfettered leaving the victim of this accusation with an indelible mark on their name and reputation.
But my personal favourite is the accusation of holocaust-denial.
What more sickening slander can be allocated on someone than to suggest the suffering and systematic mass murder of any people did not happen.
So moving on because there really is no basis on the accusations, but what must be clearly stated, is that Atzmon is being slandered with these accusations that have the potential to be socially deprecating career killing labels. What needs to be exposed is that the pro-Israeli lobbies who are able to falsely target people with impunity do so because of the silence of the masses including the media who could shut all this down in one day.
Yes, the pro-Israeli lobby is a machine that is backed up by lots of money, eager lawyers and the mentality of people to drain the victim financially and emotionally. This sends a loud message that sets the precedence to others to stay quiet, to not speak out, to not support the targeted person publicly or to criticize or demand Israel to account for its crimes.
With the various definitions of fascism, I would say this is a fascist mentality and action in the way of the State of Israel and its lobby groups go about organizing society that controls the lives of the people and in which people are not allowed to disagree with the State of Israel and its policies.
What is horrific is the media bolstered by the journalism community who are not doing their jobs which is to report the news, who with their complicity in silence maintain and further abrogate the denial of an important discussion including the crimes of the State of Israel, the slow genocide of the Palestinians and the persecution of those who come forward with evidence and knowledge to right terrible wrongs. Atzmon even takes it a step further by linking Jewish identity politics and their impact within world history. I would also add in how they have also been hi-jacked by the Zionist entity who fund these pro-Israeli lobby groups that in their missions, co-opt Judaism and its meanings.
Reflecting back we have the story of Dr. Norman Finkelstein. Yes he appeared on the AIPAC radar with his PhD thesis in the 1980s proving Joan Peter's book "From Time Immemorial" was a fraud. He exposed the information that could not be substantiated are accepted within the scholarly construct that she presented herself as a respected journalist when she published her book.
Having read the Peter's book and Edward Said's "Blaming the Victim", I have to agree with Dr. Finkelstein and I find it offensive that such a book is considered to be noteworthy never mind permitted as a source in other books including Dr. Alan Dershowitz's "The Case for Israel".
Dr. Finkelstein's "crimes" however were to challenge the notions on subjects such as the holocaust money making industry that did not bring reparations or resolution of any meaning or value to the survivors or to the families of people systematically murdered in Europe. It should be noted that it took 350,000 employed Christian Europeans and various European governments between the 30s until the liberation of the thousands of camps within the massive concentration camp system in Europe by the Allies and Soviets in 1945.
But it really was Dr. Finkelstein's exposure of another fraud, on Democracy Now, hosted by Amy Goodman on Dr. Dershowitz's book "The Case for Israel". One of the best recorded discussions ever I have to say, and it was Dr. Finkelstein who with his comprehensive knowledge, detailed facts and categorical evidence who was able to put the truth in perspective in spite of Dr. Dershowitz's efforts to distract from his false claims.
This would be the undoing of Dr. Finkestein who dared to challenge Dr. Dershowitz, America's appointed voice on Judaic and Israeli history, along with American foreign policy and America's requirement to protect Israel from in my opinion itself, but according to Dr. Dershowitz's statements, the forces that want to annihilate Israel.
So long story long, Dr. Finkelstein found himself the target of an odious and slanderous campaign by Dr. Dershowitz and others that would publicly result in Dr. Finkelstein's denial of tenure at DePaul University. All I will say is that DePaul complied with the process of granting tenure, which by democratic process was going to give tenure to Dr. Finkelstein which was suddenly overturned by one individual who by Dr. Dershowitz's good fortune, was in the position to ruin Dr. Finkelstein's reputation and ability to work as an educator. Denial of tenure does not bode well for any scholar or professor of which Dr. Finkelstein found himself in with regards to his future employment. Never mind that he was a popular professor and that his classes were always filled to capacity.
Getting back to the Atzmon issue of free speech.
There is something that people need to stand for no matter where, how or for whom, and that is the human right of freedom of speech also known as freedom of expression or right to free speech.
In the United Kingdom, this concept of free speech goes back to 1689 when the Bill of Rights granted parliamentary privilege for freedom of speech and debates along with proceedings in Parliament which is still in effect.
Yes, the United Kingdom is a member of the European Union, so just to be clear, it is also defined and justly so in 1998 when the United Kingdom accepted the European Convention, and the guarantee of freedom of expression which is contained in Article 10, integrating it into the United Kingdom's domestic law under the Human Rights Act.
Freedom of expression does not include racial incitement, or threats or a list of other negative uses that attack or subjugate an individual or people. See below for links to texts and commentaries that identify specifically these concerns if you are so interested.
Atzmon does not incite or subjugate anyone. What he does in his texts is take on a difficult conversation as a former Israeli, former soldier of the Israeli Defense Forces, as a former Israeli nationalist, as a former Jew even, and does so philosophically and politically. His "mistake" seems to be to open a discussion on Zionism and the State of Israel outside of the defined parameters that Dr. Dershowitz and the pro-Israeli lobby groups have determined for all of us.
I will not speak for anyone, particularly a Jewish person and what they feel or think or have concluded about their ethno-religious culture slash identity, however I will fight the forces that deny them to write about it.
Which is in many international laws and decrees, these rights to free expression including the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights that granted formal recognition on the laws of most nations including the United Kingdom to preserve the inherent human right to voice one's opinion publicly without fear of censorship or punishment.
To deny a voice is to censor the message.
phrases "ant-Semitic" and "holocaust-denier", as members of all societies, we retreat and distance ourselves from such ideas and people which these pro-Israeli lobby groups well know.
These actions on Atzmon since mid-January have resulted in the cancellation of two performances at prestigious and well-known venues and now a third venue is being threatened with a public boycott by Jewish groups if they allow Atzmon and his ensemble to perform in their scheduled concerts.
The second venue that cancelled did so because they felt threatened and the need to be protective of their 800 students, which should be their priority.
How did that even happen, that they would feel insecure physically and that their students were at risk for the sake of a performance by a jazz saxophonist? Where is the Metropolitan Police? How is a Jewish lobby group allowed to threaten a world renowned concert venue and conservatory to cancel the performance of Atzmon and his ensemble, and nothing is investigated?
Even with the signing of almost 4000 signatures calling on the second venue, the Royal Northern Music College to reconsider and reschedule the performance which they are so stricken with silence due to fear of terror and being also hatefully labeled.
So what are we going to do about that and all this?
Because once Atzmon is 100% unable to schedule a performance, they will move on to their next target that they will victimize as systematically supported by our ears and eyes, looking the other way.
No one under attack is saying anything other than the truth. The State of Israel is committing war crimes whether they be illegal settlements or dropping phosphorus on an unarmed civilian population.
Atzmon is not the only former Israeli Jew who has something to say. Others are also working hard to dispel the myths and propaganda. Are they next on the target list? Or what about human right activists who have no claim or stake in any of this, but to seek humanity for all in that region?
This I know. Many people want to support Atzmon but they are afraid of these pro-Israeli lobbies. They have mortgages to pay and mouths to feed and don't want to risk their families' futures. But silence is not justice, it is not an answer and is an important ingredient in this cocktail of propaganda that is disabling the world.
If a Jewish person can't create a conversation on the Jewish religion and its identity within the political realm, who can? Ask yourselves that.
These pro-Israeli lobby groups need to be exposed. They receive tax advantages that help fund destructive campaigns like the ones that went after Dr. Finkelstein, Dr. Steven Salaita and the cartoonist Carols Latuff whose work is used in this article.
Now they are currently attempting to derail Atzmon and his ability to work as a musician.
Look at your community. Are there any other lobby groups with the same missions?
These lobby groups are not only sustained through substantial funding but are in existence to promote the propaganda (hasbara) that continues the denial of the Palestinians and their suffering while elevating the Israelis as perpetual victims in a region that the majority of Israelis are being of European descent, and have no cultural ties or long term connection. Does that make sense?
Because the pro-Israeli lobby groups are now very engrained in government policies and pro-Israeli individuals are able to work within these governments in positions in which they can influence foreign policy that makes our countries complicit in the crimes against humanity that are being inflicted on the Palestinian people, not only openly but with impunity which is sustained by our silence, and violates everything that we have in terms of international law and even the construct of the United Nations, which was to prevent genocide and war.
So is Atzmon going to be the next victim or an example of why we worked so hard to have freedom of speech?
Maybe ask Dr. Steven Salaita?
Like all mentioned in this article, I do not necessarily agree with all that they have to say but I will always stand for them to be able to express their views and understandings. I am sure that people do not necessarily always agree with me and I welcome the opportunity to be enlightened. For the record the basis of all my arguments and writings are human rights supported by international humanitarian law.
Klug, Francesca (1996). Starmer, Keir; Weir, Stuart, eds. The Three Pillars of Liberty: Political Rights and Freedoms in the United Kingdom. The Democratic Audit of the United Kingdom. Routledge. p. 165. ISBN978-041509642-3.
Hensley, Thomas R. (2001). The Boundaries of Freedom of Expression & Order in American Democracy. Kent State University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780873386920.
Joint Committee on Human Rights; Parliament of the United Kingdom(2005).Counter-Terrorism Policy And Human Rights: Terrorism Bill and related matters: Oral and Written Evidence. Counter-Terrorism Policy And Human Rights: Terrorism Bill and related matters 2. The Stationery Office. p. 114.
Sadurski, Wojciech (2001). Freedom of Speech and Its Limits. Law and Philosophy Library 38. p. 179. ISBN9781402002816.
Crook, Tim (2010). Comparative Media Law and Ethics. p. 397. ISBN9780203865965.
Lemon, Rebecca (2008). Treason by Words: Literature, Law, and Rebellion in Shakespeare's England. Cornell University Press. pp. 5–10. ISBN9780801474491.
Emmerson, Ben; Ashworth, Andrew; Macdonald, Alison (2012). Human Rights and Criminal Justice(3rd ed.). Sweet & Maxwell. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-847-03911-8.


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No Such Weblog
GA summary 2002-08
This summary covers the DNSO GA mailing list's (and related) discussions and news during the 8th (and the beginning of the 9th) week of 2002. GA list archives are available online at [www.dnso.org]. Please feel free to forward this summary as you …
This summary covers the DNSO GA mailing list's (and related) discussions and news during the 8th (and the beginning of the 9th) week of 2002. GA list archives are available online at [www.dnso.org]. Please feel free to forward this summary as you believe to be appropriate.
The nomination period for the Names Council chair was ongoing. The gTLD registry constituency has nominated Cary Karp. Philip Sheppard of the Business Constituency, the current chair, is available for a second term.
(i) Deleted domain handling; supplemental information on domain name redemption. ICANN published a supplemental paper which detailed the proposal in various points: Registrar processes remain mostly unchanged, registries should be allowed to take a "cost-recovery service charge", and registrants should be able to choose the renewing registrar. [www.icann.org]
Genie Livingstone was not the only one to mention domain hoarding as a problem which should be addressed first. However, Genie produced a sample of 100 4-letter domains being in "on hold" status, beginning with the letter "A", in order to understand what currently happens. The result was that a particularly large number of the domains investigated is held by Verisign Registrar, with Register.com following on the second place. [www.dnso.org], [www.eyeondomain.com].
Harold Whiting followed up to notice that "as of a few days ago, NSI registrar was backlogged with over 1.3 million names that are overdue for deletion." He suggests a Uniform Registrars' Deletion Policy which should be mandatory for registrars. He suggests that, upon expiration, a domain should immediately be put "on hold", and become unusable for a (uniform, I suppose) period not less than 40 days. After that period, domains should be returned to the registry and become available for re-registration. However, "registry shall queue all names marked for deletion using the standard '5 day hold' process used now." [www.dnso.org]
William Walsh replied that this proposal would tie up some of registrars' capital for a 45 day period, which would hurt smaller registrars. While the same is the case with the current grace period, that one is optional, while Harold's proposal would make it mandatory. [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org].
Abel Wisman pointed out that a possible solution to this problem may be to charge renewal fees to the registrar on the 45th day of expiry, unless a domain is returned to the registry. Fees would then be non-returnable. [www.dnso.org]
(ii) Structure. After the board's retreat over the week-end, a restructuring proposal done by ICANN's Lynn was posted. According to this proposal, the current board of directors would be replaced by a (smaller) board of trustees. Some trustees would be appointed by governments (one trustee per geographical region), some would represent so-called policy councils (replacing the current supporting organizations, and being lead by "steering groups" which would replace the current councils), and some would be co-opted by the board. In particular, there would be no more "at large" elections.
Constituencies would be replaced by "forums", and would not automatically send representatives to the steering groups.
The board of trustees would be expected to make policy decisions by itself, as opposed to the current board's mission (as far as theory is concerned).
See [www.icann.org] for details, and [www.icannchannel.de] for a nice chart of the suggested structure done by Alexander Svensson.
Alexander also provided some preliminary comments, noting, in particular, that "the Board seems to elect itself according to this proposal." He also asks how non-commercial and individual users make sure their voice is heard: Assuming that they have indeed representatives in the steering groups (the proposal reserves seats for non-commercials and individuals in the steering group of the generic TLD names policy council), they would have to convince the remainder of the steering group, which could then write a recommendation for the board. The board, in turn, could ignore such recommendations. Alexander concludes that, "to have an influence on the ICANN process, having a seat on the board and/or the new nominating committee seem to be good places." [www.dnso.org]
(iii) Registrar data accuracy. Danny younger forwarded an excerpt from a New York Times article on registrar data accuracy. In the article, the counsel of the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, the Internet and Intellectual Property claims that many registrars did not reply to a message from the committee which requested information "about whether and how the companies verify customer data." [www.dnso.org]
Rick Wesson replied that "we" (we being Alice's Registry) "responded and sent a lengthy letter discussing how difficult it is to identify invalid addresses. There is no known method of verifying a snail mail address in over 100 countries." [www.dnso.org]
Author tlrPosted on 2002-02-27
"I have made this letter longer than usual
because I lack the time to make it shorter."
— Blaise Pascal
There were no ongoing General Assembly votes during the time covered.
Names Council chairman Philip Shepard published a call for sponsors for the webcasting of DNSO meetings in Ghana. [www.dnso.org]
(i) Lending of Registry Access. Alexander Svensson forwarded an advisory from ICANN on inappropriate lending of registry access. This advisory elaborates on some obligations registrars have under the agreement. The advisory points out that "at least one registrar access-lending scheme currently in operation raises significant issues under these provisions of the RAA." [www.dnso.org]
(ii) Read-only access to the names council list. Danny Younger asked what happened about Alexander's January 8 request for read-only e-mail access to the Names Council list. In a reply, the DNSO secretariat pointed out that such access "is already done through a transparent access to archives". In a follow-up, Alexander pointed out that his request was about e-mail access, _not_ web access. [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org].
(iii) Whois task force. Danny Younger asked for public access to the raw survey data. [www.dnso.org]
(iv) Redemption grace period. Ross Rader posted a link to a discussion paper from ICANN, on "Redemption Grace Periods for Deleted Names." In that paper, a solution for the problem of unintentional domain registration deletions is suggested: Any "delete" of a domain name results in a 30-day grace period, during which the domain name will be in registry-hold mode and removed from the zone file, yielding the domain unresolvable, so registrants notice that they have a problem. During that grace period, "registrants could redeem their registrations through registrars." [www.icann.org]
William Walsh replied that "it should be stated that the registrar can only redeem the registration for the original registrant." [www.dnso.org]
Harold Whiting suggested that there should be uniformity with respect to the current registrar-dependent "grace period": "If all registrars are mandated to follow the same procedure during the 45 day window and delete names uniformly, we solve not only the 'mistakes' but also the hoarding issue." According to him, the proposal adds "another layer of opportunity to manipulate the system." [www.dnso.org]
Abel Wisman elaborates on the point that redemptions would lead to registrants paying "renewal fees, plus a service charge, to the registry operator." He sees a connection to the WLS proposal, which would create an additional demand for such a redemption grace period. William Walsh followed up on this message to suggest that the service charge be removed from the proposal. [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org].
Genie Livingston points out that, in Verisign's answers to questions about WLS (see below), there is indeed a pointer to the redemption grace proposal: According to their Q&A document, Verisign had suggested a 15-day registry hold period. "In the revised WLS proposal, this provision was removed because ICANN is going to take the lead in the process that hopefully will lead to such a procedure." If ICANN process on this takes longer than implementation of WLS, Verisign "would be willing to consider implementing an interim procedure to provide for this need." [www.dnso.org]
Don Brown says that he is in favor of the redemption grace period document, with some modifications: The suggested grace period "should be a 'minimum' period for the domain name to be on-hold"; the grace period should be longer when considering the effect of DNS cache expiration; the domain should be on hold the day following expiration; on-hold status should be reflected in whois information; the grace period should not be conditioned upon payment of a fee to Verisign registry by registrars; pricing for the service fee is to be based on Verisign's cost; only the original registrant should be permitted to redeem a domain; there should be a policy to prevent hoarding; there should be a fine or other monetary penalty for infractions. [www.dnso.org]
Marc Schneiders pointed out that some registrars he has checked have an "auto-renew" option, which, he says, fully takes care of the problem discussed in the ICANN document. He also asks for facts and figures to back up the "anecdotal evidence" which "indicates that a significant portion of the demand for registration of deleted domains involves domains that the former registrant did not intend to have deleted." (Quote from the ICANN document.) [www.dnso.org]
Alexander Svensson points out that "e.g., register.com's service called SafeRenew is simply an attempt to charge the credit card the renewal fee" – an attempt which would of course be subject to the possibility of failure. Alexander also quotes a message from Dave Crocker to the ncdnhc-discuss list where Dave estimates the core costs for domain registration to be $0.5 – $2. As Alexander says, "the late renewal fee should definitely be less." Also, "the only ones negatively affected are companies and individuals trying to make a business out of the current situation where at least some domains are deleted without the owner realizing it." [www.dnso.org], [www.icann-ncc.org].
Elisabeth Porteneuve suggests that we learn from other than domain name services. As an example, she quotes public services in France, where suppliers are allowed to charge subscribers' bank account periodically. (BTW, it works similarly in Germany.) Elisabeth suggests that "a 'long term option' based on a kind of automatic periodical payment could be added to registrant's choice." [www.dnso.org]
(v) Verisign responses to questions received regarding the revised WLS proposal. Verisign posted their response to the revised WLS proposal as a 25-page PDF document. [www.dnso.org], [verisign-grs.com].
In follow-up messages, Harold Whiting and William Walsh both agree that the paper "is an excellent exercise in answering by not answering." (William's wording.) [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org].
Genie Livingstone points out that the WLS proposal does not bring any solution to the problem of deleted domain hoarding at registrars. Unless this is resolved first, Genie finds WLS unacceptable "in any shape or form." [www.dnso.org]
Finally, Chuck Gomes announced that, responding to a request by the registrars' constituency, Verisign is extending the deadline for comments on the proposal to 7 March 2002. [www.dnso.org]
(vi) Structure; At Large Membership. Danny Younger quoted the idea "to involve ISPs in support of the At-Large membership," and elaborates on some details of it. [www.dnso.org]
Danny also pointed out that Philip Sheppard has published v6 of the structure task force report. Danny considers that report "garbage." [www.dnso.org]
In the subsequent discussion, Chuck Gomes of Verisign writes: "Regardless of whether you like Danny's choice of words or not, it appears to me that what he is saying is probably quite accurate, at least with regard to the fact the report is primarily one prepared by Philip. I know for a fact that the gTLD Registry Constituency submitted fairly significant comments to the TF only to be largely ignored." [www.dnso.org]
In a different message, Danny points out that he believes that the task force's chair (Philip) demonstrates business constituency bias, and asks for Philip to be replaced. [www.dnso.org]
On the other hand, Philip claims that the current draft reflects input from all constituencies. [www.dnso.org]
To this, Chuck objects that "it certainly does not contain input provided by the gTLD registry constituency." [www.dnso.org]
(vii) A somewhat different approach to ICANN structure. A message from ICANN director Andy Müller-Maguhn made it to the GA list through several forwarding layers. According to Andy, Joe Sims was in Brussels today for some closed door meeting with the European Commission, where he presented plans for a complete restructuring of the ICANN board, without an at large participation, and with "parts of the DNSO." Apparently, Andy was not able to get hold of any details. [www.dnso.org]
There were no ongoing General Assembly votes during the week covered.
The names council's vote on a possible waiver of rules of procedure was finished on February 6, with 10 votes in favor, 9 against, and one abstention. As pointed out by Louis Touton (and noted earlier by Danny Younger), this means that the waiver was not formally accepted during this vote. Also, as Touton points out, the Names Council "may not formally act through a vote conducted by e-mail alone." [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org].
(i) WLS. Abel Wisman presented a first draft of a response to the revised WLS proposal. This draft contained various questions collected from various mailing lists. Independently of that, Thomas Roessler prepared another (considerably shorter) list of questions, and, finally, George Kirikos submitted no less than twenty questions. Alexander Svensson eventually created a compilation of all the different sets of questions, which was then submitted to Verisign. [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org].
Danny Younger sent a pointer to the registrars' set of questions. [www.dnso.org]
(ii) Structure Task Force. Danny Younger commented on the structure task force's work. He notes that version 5 of the task force's draft was posted on January 17, that it had seen practically no comments from the DNSO. Version 6 (which was supposed to be based on comments received) is still missing. According to Danny, this is proof for the "continued failure" of the task force approach. Also, he demands that the TF should focus on restructuring the DNSO. As Danny puts it, "none of us care much about the BC's and IPC's opinion about the future ALM." [www.dnso.org]
In a follow-up, Peter de Blanc points out that he disagrees (!) about the possible ability of the at-large to become a "possible financial force within ICANN." As an example, he takes just one US dollar per member. [www.dnso.org].
Alexander Svensson replies that small membership fees are hardly practical, since sending such donations to the US directly would create banking costs which make any payment unpractical. As examples, he lists GhanaExpress and NigeriaDirect, where a transfer of $ 1 would generate a fee of $ 12. He concludes that collecting small fees directly would generate prohibitive transaction costs. [www.dnso.org]
Mike Roberts suggests that the only option which may be implemented ("an imperfect, but feasible option") is "a self-organized initial cohort of ALSO participants who are willing to pay a membership fee by credit card." He quotes "a sustaining individual membership" as a "general type of minimum test." [www.dnso.org]
In a follow-up message, David P. Farrar asks for a reference about the board indicating a minimum threshold of 5,000 members for a viable at-large organization (which was also mentioned by Mike). David estimates that the "chances of getting 5,000 people to initially pay $ 25 is near zero." He suggests a lower fee and a lower threshold. [www.dnso.org]
(iii) Transfer Task Force. Danny points to discussion notes from the task force's latest conference call. The notes were pointed to the registrars list by Ross Rader. [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org].
(iv) Webcast of Accra meetings. Ben Edelman pointed out that the Berkman Center's staff will not be present in Accra, and that ICANN itself should be contacted for webcast details. [www.dnso.org]
This summary covers the DNSO GA mailing list's (and related) discussions and news during the 5th week of 2002. GA list archives are available online at [www.dnso.org]. Please feel free to forward this summary as you believe to be appropriate. Name…
This summary covers the DNSO GA mailing list's (and related) discussions and news during the 5th week of 2002. GA list archives are available online at [www.dnso.org]. Please feel free to forward this summary as you believe to be appropriate.
Names Council Changes
Caroline Chicoine and Guilermo Carey are stepping down from the Names Council. The IPC is now represented on the Council by Ellen Shankman (Asia), J. Scott Evans (North America), and Laurence Djolakian (Europe). [www.dnso.org]
Dot-Org Divestiture Comments Process
The GA members' statement on the .org task force's report has been submitted to comments-dotorg last Friday, with a list of those who signed for and against the statement. GA members support the unrestricted character of .org for current and future registrations, emphasize the need for a complete divestiture, and thank Marc Schneiders for his work. [www.dnso.org]
The NCDNHC statement mainly supports the task force's draft, with an emphasis on a noncommercial management organization for .org. Also, the NCDNHC members "oppose any attempt to restrict registrations in .org", and "urge the board to increase competition and diversity", "by ensuring that the market position of existing dominant actors are not entrenched nor enhanced through participation in, taking an interest in, or contracting to deliver critical services to the new .org management organization." [www.dnso.org]
The business constituency's comments agree on that particular point (pretty much verbatim), but support restricted access which is to be "applied in the least interventionist manner by way of ex-post challenge to future new registrations" , and the "sponsored" model for future management of .org. [www.dnso.org]
The gTLD constituency has no comments on the final report itself "that can be meaningfully expressed in a public comment" – whatever the latter part of the sentence actually means. However they are "concerned" by the business and non-commercial constituencies' notes quoted above, and call a prohibition like the one suggested "fundamentally anti-competitive". Also, the gTLD constituency says, excluding certain players could increase prices and hinder the performance of the .org registry because "the limitation may also exclude provision of services by the most efficient and reliable parties." [www.dnso.org]
Milton Mueller replies to this that "if we were concerned exclusively with who was the low-cost provider we might not need to divest .org at all." [www.dnso.org]
(i) WLS. Chuck Gomes of Verisign submitted a revised proposal for WLS, and a document titled "Justification for a registry-based Wait Listing Service". In these documents, Verisign proposes the following process: Questions about the revised proposal should be provided until February 8 (this Friday). Verisign will respond until February 15. Final feedback should be submitted to Verisign until March 1st. [www.dnso.org]
In a follow-up to Chuck's announcement, George Kirikos asks whether existing SnapBack holders are going to be grandfathered into the WLS system, and whether Verisign is continuing the current bulk deletion process. According to George, there have been no such deletions for weeks. There doesn't seem to be any answer on these questions, and no rebuttal of George's claim concerning current bulk deletion practices. [www.dnso.org]
In another note, Kristy McKee argues that WLS "simply adds another layer and increases the amount of money spent". According to her, "those individuals and businesses currently 'pounding' on the whois database will continue to do so". Instead of opening up new business opportunities, she argues, Verisign should improve their current registry system. [www.dnso.org]
Don Brown is not the only one to remark that the new proposal isn't too different from the old one. As he sees it, "the only difference […] is the marketing spin on the objections". In particular, he disputes Verisign's claims that "offering the WLS at the registry level is the only way to maximize consumer value for such a service", and that "the purchaser is free to decide how much it is worth and to act accordingly": "When there is only one source of supply, […] the consumer will pay the tax man, because they have no choice." [www.dnso.org]
(ii) Domain hoarding (this is also a deleted domains handling issue, and may be something you want to think about when discussing WLS). Marc Schneiders posted whois output concerning a domain registered with register.com. The domain expired on Feb 21 2001 (two thousand and one). Marc asks in what century the domain is going to be released. [www.dnso.org]
(iii) Names Council Elections. The discussion on Names Council elections continued mainly on the council's own mailing list.
However, there were some notes on the GA list, including two replies (by David Farrar and Don Brown) on the gTLD statement on the elections. Both seem to agree with the gTLD constituency that the motion under debate should be deferred. As David puts it, "terms of office and term limits should not be changed in such a way which affect(s) an incumbent." [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org].
In a different part of the discussion, David also argues against Caroline Chicoine's revised motion to waive the provision of the Rules of Procedure for the DNSO, which prohibits a retiring chair from running for re-election. He notes that waivers generally are used in exceptional circumstances, and expresses his hope that there is more than one member of the names council which would be suitable for the job. He also suggests a rotating chairmanship, like it is known from the European Union's Presidency. (This message was also forwarded to the council list.) [www.dnso.org],
To this, Jeff Neuman of Neustar replies that the gTLD response is advocating precisely such a rotating chairmanship. [www.dnso.org]
A Names Council vote on the revised motion is about to be closed on February 5, 2002; results are due on Wednesday, February 6. On the same day, the nomination period for the GA chair begins. [www.dnso.org]
(iv) Renewal after expiry. Abel Wisman asks about Enom charging customers USD 20 surcharge for renewals after expiry date. To this, Rick Wesson replies that "most registrars contain a provision in their registration agreements that reserve(s) the right to charge a customer to 'revive'" such a registration. According to Rick, there "may" be a lot of work involved with this, which justifies the surcharge. [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org].
(v) Russ Smith on Verisign. Russ Smith of consumer.net sent four messages complaining about Verisign's business practices. [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org], [www.dnso.org].
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Penetrance is extremely variable, even in concordant twins, suggesting an necessary function of as yet unrecognized modifier factors. Liver disease presents by 5 years of age and most frequently within the first 6 months of life with jaundice and severe pruritus. Growth retardation, osteoporosis, or neurologic deficits could also be current because of malabsorption of important fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins due to poor bile flow. A, Extensive canalicular cholestasis and plenty of multinucleated giant hepatocytes are seen. C, Immunohistochemical positivity for terminal complement complicated, C5b-9, inside giant multinucleated cells. Renal dysplasia, renal artery stenosis, renal cysts, and tubular acidosis have been described in numerous combos. Cholestasis is more extreme in centrilobular areas and may contain the entire lobule. In the absence of bile ducts, inflammation or ductular response, the portal tracts appear inconspicuous although some may show delicate edema, dilated veins, and lymphatics. In addition, radiologic studies, including intraoperative cholangiography, may present nonexcretion of distinction medium into the extrahepatic bile ducts, further mimicking biliary atresia. Older stories antedate use of immunostaining for bile duct keratins to determine hypoplastic biliary radicles; as a end result of bile flow is trophic for bile duct growth, intrahepatic cholestasis of any trigger could also be associated with inconspicuous but not absent interlobular bile ducts. All these problems, besides alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, current with characteristic clinical options that assist prognosis. Diagnosis of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency relies on demonstration of low ranges of the enzyme in serum and the presence Liver Diseases of Childhood of abnormal enzyme isoforms on isoelectric focusing. The pruritus of liver disease is tough to control and affects the quality of life in a big variety of sufferers. Approximately 20% to 30% of sufferers require liver transplantation for intractable pruritus, xanthomas, progressive jaundice, or liver failure, and a few sufferers even have hepatocellular carcinoma. Survival after transplantation for Alagille syndrome is considerably lower than that for biliary atresia. Although total survival of patients with liver disease is 70% to 75%, these with neonatal onset of illness might have a decrease 10-year survival price. Other sufferers may be fully asymptomatic, presenting late within the disease course with superior fibrosis, incidental hepatosplenomegaly, isolated splenomegaly, or cryptogenic cirrhosis. Serum antinuclear and antismooth muscle antibodies are most typical, and anti�liver-kidney microsomal and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies may be present. The portal tract is expanded by fibrosis and a ductular reaction (also see eSlide 5. Radiologic Findings the radiologic options are similar to these in adults and encompass irregular strictures and dilatations of the large- and medium-sized bile ducts, leading to a typical "beaded" look of the biliary tree. A scoring system has been published to assess the severity of involvement in youngsters as delicate, average, or severe. Concentric periductal inflammation and fibrosis are current around a bile duct showing epithelial attenuation and harm. Epithelial harm and destruction of the bile duct walls may result in bile leaks and a xanthogranulomatous inflammatory infiltrate. Copper and copper-associated protein could be detected in periportal hepatocytes by particular stains. There is a variable degree of interface hepatitis with injury and destruction of the limiting plate of hepatocytes. This is accompanied by variable levels of lobular damage with necroinflammatory foci and lobular irritation. Ductular reaction may be seen however is normally delicate; options of hepatitis masks biliary modifications. However, the noncholestatic and regularly atypical modes of presentation in youngsters, often with normal alkaline phosphatase ranges, require a high diploma of clinical suspicion to establish the prognosis. A, the affected person had options of severe autoimmune hepatitis together with antinuclear antibodytiterof1:2560.
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Drug-Induced Granulomas Drugs are increasingly identified as causes of hepatic granulomas with about one hundred therapeutic and toxic substances being recorded as potential brokers. A giant evaluation of hepatic granulomas incriminated medicine as a probable etiologic think about up to 29% of circumstances. In addition, there have recently been reviews of hepatic granulomas induced by drugs that had not previously been considered 297 Practical Hepatic Pathology: A Diagnostic Approach Table 19. B, Multiple lobular granulomas mixed with parenchymal injury is a clue to drug harm (see eSlide 19. Pyrazinamide Quinidine Quinine Rosiglitazone Diagnosis the principles of prognosis are the same as utilized to other types of druginduced liver damage as mentioned in Chapter 23. Exclusion of different causes of granulomatous inflammation, particularly infectious brokers, is significant. Neoplasia-Associated Granulomas Granulomas have been reported in association with many benign and malignant neoplasms. This contains main and metastatic neoplasms starting from leukemias and gastrointestinal carcinomas to hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatocellular adenomas. Idiopathic Hepatic Granulomas In spite of all histologic criteria and currently out there ancillary techniques, as much as 36% of sufferers with hepatic granulomas stay with out etiologic prognosis. When patients are kept under regular medical evaluation, a more precise diagnosis is achieved throughout comply with up in a considerable number of instances. Hepatic granulomas: histological and molecular pathological approach to differential diagnosis-a examine of 442 circumstances. Causes of hepatic granuloma: a 12-year single heart experience from southern Iran. Granulomatous hepatitis secondary to histoplasma infection after remedy with infliximab. Comparison of liver histology between sufferers with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and patients with alcoholic steatohepatitis in Japan. Variable responses of species and strains to white mineral oils and paraffin waxes. Granulomas in the livers of people and Fischer rats related to the ingestion of mineral hydrocarbons: a comparability. Fibrin ring granuloma in continual hepatitis C: virus-related vasculitis and/or immune complex illness Bone marrow fibrin-ring (doughnut) granulomas and peripheral T-cell lymphoma: an distinctive association. Tuberculosis of the liver and gall-bladder with abscess formation: a evaluate and case report. Primary hepatic tuberculosis mimicking intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: report of two circumstances. Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using polymerase chain response assay amongst sufferers with hepatic granuloma. Demonstration of mycobacterial antigens in pores and skin biopsies from suspected leprosy cases within the absence of bacilli. Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma arising in a patient with bronchiectasis and chronic Mycobacterium avium infection. Infections as a outcome of nontuberculous mycobacteria in kidney, coronary heart, and liver transplant recipients. Mycobacterium avium advanced peritonitis in a affected person with alcoholic liver disease. Diagnosis and treatment of Q fever: attempts to clarify present issues in Japan. Spectrum and danger factors for invasive candidiasis and nonCandida fungal infections after liver transplantation. Visceral larva migrans due to Ascaris suum which offered with eosinophilic pneumonia and multiple intra-hepatic lesions with extreme eosinophil infiltration-outbreak in a Japanese space other than Kyushu.
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Nitrogen is discovered only in protein and at a comparatively fixed ratio of 1 g nitrogen per 6. This ratio might differ somewhat for enteral and parenteral feeding formulations, relying on the biologic worth of the protein supply. The adequacy of protein intake could be assessed clinically by a nitrogen steadiness study- measuring urinary nitrogen excretion and comparing it with nitrogen consumption. Nitrogen balance indirectly reflects protein use or the protein catabolic price, which increases with hypercatabolism. As the stress level will increase, a concomitant improve in protein catabolism ends in a rise in urinary nitrogen excretion. For older children, the recommended fiber consumption is 19 g/day for youngsters 1 to three years of age, 24 g/day for children 4 to 8 years of age, and 26 to 31 g/day for kids 9 to 13 years of age. The Holliday-Segar method is a commonly used, fast, and easy method for estimating minimal every day fluid wants of children and adults. An further 50 mL/kg/day ought to be offered for every kilogram of body weight between eleven kg and 20 kg and 20 mL/kg/day for every kilogram above 20 kg. Thus, the minimum fluid required for a kid weighing 8 kg could be 800 mL/day, a 17-kg baby would want 1,350 mL/day; and a 50-kg individual would want 2,000 mL/day. All sources of fluid intake must be considered (eg, fluid vehicles for intravenous medications and intravenous or feeding tube flushes) when figuring out fluid necessities. Urine output and specific gravity in addition to serum electrolytes and weight adjustments can be used to assess fluid standing. A urine output of at least 1 mL/kg/h (in children) and roughly 40 to 50 mL/h (in adults) is considered adequate to guarantee tissue perfusion. Urine output should be larger if large fluid volumes or excessive renal solute hundreds (eg, parenteral vitamin or concentrated enteral feeding formulations) are being administered. Concomitant diuretic remedy, resulting in increased solute excretion, limits the usefulness of urine particular gravity as an assessment of fluid status. Fat ought to constitute 30% to 40% of vitality in children 1 to 3 years of age and 25% to 35% of energy in kids 4 to 18 years of age. A lower limit of 15% of total energy intake has been advised as the minimal fat consumption in kids when fat restriction is warranted. Men and ladies 50 years of age and younger should ingest 38 g/day and 25 to 26 g/day, respectively, of complete fiber. For men and women older than 50 years of age, the recommended intakes are 30 g/day and 21 g/day, respectively. However, many water-soluble micronutrients are excreted more quickly through the kidneys when administered intravenously. Newborns and low-birth-weight or very-low-birth-weight infants or with concomitant disease (eg, necrotizing enterocolitis) may have greater necessities. An extra 20 mcg/day is recommended in patients with significant intestinal losses. Long-term parenteral vitamin provided that no topical preparations containing iodide or iodized desk salt are used. Higher doses may be required in patients with quick bowel syndrome receiving long-term parenteral diet. Additional intake wanted with small bowel losses, which may be 12 mg zinc/L or 17 mg zinc/kg of stool or ileostomy output; an extra 2 mg/day wanted for acute catabolic stress. Cutaneous micronutrient losses (eg, zinc, copper, and selenium) additionally could also be vital after main burn damage. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus excretion are significantly depending on kidney perform, and within the settings of acute kidney harm or chronic kidney disease, intake will probably need to be restricted. Calcium needs, however, could also be elevated in these patients (see Chapters forty four and 45). Failure to present adequate electrolyte replacement, particularly phosphorus, and vitamin supplementation (thiamine) earlier than delivery of full calories during refeeding has resulted in demise from the refeeding syndrome. Patient outcomes may be enhanced when an efficient screening methodology to establish vital drug�nutrient interactions is coupled with a affected person counseling program. An important a part of the screening process is to acknowledge threat factors that affect drug�nutrient interactions. The potential for drug�nutrient interactions is biggest in pediatric and aged people, these with poor vitamin standing (obesity and marasmus), and people receiving multiple drug therapies or tube feedings.
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Afterload is determined by arterial blood strain and the stiffness of large arteries. However, since quicker coronary heart rates abbreviate the time spent in diastole (when coronary perfusion is maximal), this results in decreased myocardial perfusion. When cardiac work increases (eg, throughout exercise), insufficient blood circulate to the heart leads to the accumulation of acidic metabolites and ischemic changes that stimulate myocardial visceral afferent fibers. This "referred" ache results from the convergence ofvisceral and somatic afferent fibers onto spinothalamic tract cells in thoracic spinal segments. Vasospastic angina superimposed on atherosclerotic angina could deteriorate into unstable angina, also identified as crescendo angina or acute coronary syndrome. Unstable angina is characterized by increased frequency and severity of anginal attacks that result from a mixture of atherosclerotic plaques, platelet aggregation at fractured plaques, and vasospasm. Finally, painless myocardial ischemia can proceed to necrosis, which is referred to as a silent myocardial infarction. Nitrates and calcium channel blockers (but not ~-receptor antagonists) can even enhance oxygen supply by reducing vasospasm, a helpful impact only in vasospastic angina. Newer strategies assist stability myocardial oxygen supply and requirement by reducing sinoatrial discharge (eg, ivabradine) or lowering myocardial fiber rigidity throughout diastole (eg, ranolazine). Sublingual nitroglycerin, used for the remedy of acute anginal assaults, has an onset of action of 1-3 minutes and length of action of a minimum of 25 minutes. Glyceryl trinitrate is rapidly denitrated in the liver and in clean muscle to glyceryl dinitrate and then extra slowly to glyceryl mononitrate. While glyceryl dinitrate retains a significant vasodilating impact, the mononitrate is far less active. Isosorbide dinitrate, one other generally used nitrate, is available in sublingual and oral varieties. Although isosorbide dinitrate is also rapidly denitrated in the liver and easy muscle, the ensuing isosorbide mononitrate is an active vasodilating agent, which is available as a separate drug for oral use. At the level of the cardiovascular system, nitrates trigger many effects (Table 8-2). Veins are essentially the most delicate to the motion of nitrates, arteries much less so, and arterioles are least sensitive. An improve in coronary move via collateral vessels in ischemic areas has additionally been proposed. When nitroglycerin reduces blood strain, a significant reflex tachycardia and increased drive of contraction are predictable. However, their effects on clean muscle of the bronchi, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract are too small to be clinically useful. Vasodilators corresponding to nitroprusside used in hypertension and nitrates utilized in angina both act by releasing nitric oxide. However, nitroprusside and different drugs in this class are strong arteriolar vasodilators, whereas nitrates are comparatively much less efficient on arterioles. Drugs such as nitroprusside would vasodilate both partially obstructed and regular coronary arterioles, and extra so within the latter. Blood move in the unobstructed arteriole then would increase disproportionately compared to the partially obstructed coronary arteriole, in the end reducing blood flow by way of the partially obstructed coronary arteriole and doubtlessly exacerbating the tissue hypoxia (termed "coronary steal"). For this cause, drugs corresponding to nitrates that act primarily on veins are very useful in angina because they show minimal coronary steal. Standard treatment of acute exertional angina is sublingual pill, which has a length of motion of at least 25 minutes. Therefore, conventional medical practice is to suggest that nitroglycerin patches be eliminated after I 0-12 hours to permit recovery of sensitivity to the drug. The most common adverse results of nitrates are the responses evoked by vasodilation (Table 8-2). Nitrates interact with sildenafil and comparable medicine promoted for erectile dysfunction. Beneficial results embody decreases in coronary heart fee, cardiac contractility, and blood stress. They are extraordinarily efficient in stopping exertional angina, however are ineffective in opposition to the vasospastic form. The combination of ~-receptor antagonists with nitrates is useful in the treatment of angina as a outcome of the adverse compensatory results (increased finish diastolic stress and elevated ejection time) are minimized. Nifedipine is the prototypical dihydropyridine, while diltiazem and verapamil are familiar examples of the miscellaneous class.
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Pharmacogenetics of acute azathioprine toxicity: relationship to thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphism. Organic cation transporters and their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic penalties. Acyl glucuronides revisited: is the glucuronidation course of a toxification in addition to a detoxification mechanism Oral medications with important hepatic metabolism at larger risk for hepatic antagonistic occasions. Mutations and polymorphisms within the bile salt export pump and the multidrug resistance protein 3 related to drug-induced liver harm. Effects of alcohol consumption on pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of fluvastatin. Methotrexate hepatotoxicity in psoriatics: report of 104 sufferers from Nova Scotia, with evaluation of risks from obesity, diabetes and alcohol consumption throughout long term follow-up. Causes, medical options, and outcomes from a potential research of drug-induced liver harm within the United States. He subsequently proposed dividing the pathologic modifications into six fundamental categories: zonal damage, uncomplicated cholestasis, nonspecific drug-induced hepatitis with or with out cholestasis, reactions simulating viral hepatitis, nonspecific reactive hepatitis, and drug-induced steatosis. The major additions embody the spectrum of drug-induced vascular damage, primarily a consequence of chemotherapy and certain natural products, subcategories of cholestatic liver disease associated to primary or secondary destruction of the ducts and the category of drug-induced hepatic neoplasms. Identification of the pattern of injury beneath the microscope is the primary job of the pathologist, as a outcome of the pattern of injury will decide the pathologic differential prognosis and help decide the mechanism of damage. A vital barrier to gaining a comprehensive understanding of drug-induced liver damage is the medical literature itself. The major literature of human drug-induced liver harm is especially within the type of case reviews and small collection scattered throughout the full breadth of the medical literature. There is large variation within the quality of individual articles both when it comes to the information being introduced (including descriptions of pathologic changes) and the extent to which different causes of liver injury are excluded. In addition, due to advances in hepatology over the past forty years, physicians are now higher capable of diagnose numerous circumstances that might be mistaken for drug injury. Beyond the first literature are a host of evaluation articles, some of that are highlighted on the finish of the chapter. These may be useful, however most are written from a scientific point-ofview and are revealed in a extensive range of medical subspecialty journals. Beginning in 1985, the European pharmaceutical firm Roussel Uclaf organized a sequence of consensus conferences in France on antagonistic drug effects where members considered elementary questions of damage classification and causality. Another recent improvement has been the establishment of regional and multicenter medical networks devoted to gathering instances of drug-induced liver injury. Networks exist in France6 and Spain,7,eight in the United States,9,10 and in other countries. The Acute Liver Failure Study Group prospectively collects instances of acute liver failure within the United States, a major proportion of that are due to druginduced liver harm. LiverTox is oriented towards the scientific manifestations of liver damage from medication and herbal dietary supplements, but also has some info on the pathology of drug-induced liver harm in addition to an extensive annotated drug-by-drug bibliography. One of the main reasons is that the subtle clinical presentation coupled with a doubtlessly deadly outcome is of great concern to docs and sufferers alike. Correct causal association of a drug with an damage coupled with properly reporting the injury is a crucial a half of defending sufferers and may lead to limiting the use of or removing probably harmful medications. To know the incidence, one should have some details about the exposed inhabitants in addition to some method of figuring out the entire circumstances of damage. The incidence varied from 6 per 100,000 sufferers for doxycycline to 675 per one hundred,000 sufferers for infliximab. The mixture drug amoxicillin-clavulanate had the most number of circumstances, but additionally had a very large variety of prescriptions crammed, resulting in an incidence of 43 per 100,000 sufferers. In giant, population-based research the overall incidence of drug-induced liver injury varies from about 2 to 190 per million person-years, relying on the population studied (Table 23. Drug courses frequently associated with hepatotoxicity embrace the antibacterials, significantly amoxicillin-clavulanate and the sulfonamides; the antimycobacterials; nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; and antiseizure medications. Herbals in the type of traditional Chinese medicines make up a big proportion of instances in Singapore. Friis and coworkers examined 1100 opposed drug reactions reported to the Danish surveillance system from 1978 to 1987.
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The medical suggestion is that methotrexate be used at the aspect of infliximab. After intermittent remedy, infliximab elicits human anti-chimeric antibodies in as a lot as 62% of sufferers. Concurrent therapy with methotrexate markedly decreases the prevalence of human anti-chimeric antibodies. Live vaccines must be prevented in people while taking abatacept and up to 3 months after discontinuation. Infusionrelated reactions and hypersensitivity reactions, together with anaphylaxis, have been reported, however are rare. Belimumab is run as an intravenous infusion, at weeks zero, 2, and four, and each 4 weeks thereafter. A very small share of patients develop antibodies towards belimumab, although the scientific significance of that is unclear. With repeated courses of remedy, immunoglobulins (in particular IgG and IgM) could decrease. Fatal mucocutaneous reactions have been reported in some individuals receiving rituximab. In addition to the clinical use in rheumatic ailments, these medication are used within the therapy of gout. The absolute bioavailability of anakinra is 95%, and it has a 4- to 6-hour terminal half-life. Canakinumab reaches peak serum concentrations 7 days after a single subcutaneous injection, has an absolute bioavailability of 66% and a 26-day imply terminal half-life. Rilonacept is administered weekly and the steady-state plasma concentration is reached after 6 weeks. The drug is indicated for individuals with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis and active psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Dosage modifications are really helpful on the idea of sure laboratory changes similar to elevated liver enzymes, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Demyelinating disorders together with a quantity of sclerosis are hardly ever related to tocilizumab use. For adults with psoriatic arthritis, a loading dose at O and four weeks is adopted by upkeep doses as quickly as every 12 weeks. Ustekinurnab should be discontinued a minimal of 15 weeks earlier than reside vaccines are administered and can be resumed at least 2 weeks after. The omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid metabolites are less potent than the corresponding eicosanoid merchandise derived from arachidonic acid, typically by a quantity of orders of magnitude. These two cytokines are essential contributors to the chronic irritation in psoriasis plaques and psoriatic arthritis. Humans (unlike most mammals lack uricase, the enzyme that converts uric acid to the extra soluble allantoin. Gout is characterized by recurrent episodes of acute arthritis as a result of urate crystals in joints and cartilage. Gout treatment goals to relieve acute gouty attacks and prevent recurrent gouty episodes and urate crystal formation. Attracted by these mediators, polymorphonuclear leukocytes migrate into the joint house and amplify the continued inflammatory course of. Second, after the acute gouty flare-up is controlled, three kinds of drugs may be used to cut back the probability of recurrent episodes. Last, pegloticase is the most recent urate-lowering therapy that works by converting insoluble uric acid to soluble allantoin. Hepatic necrosis, acute renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and seizures have also been observed. Rarely, colchicine may trigger hair loss, bone marrow depression, peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, and death in some instances.
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The mechanism of bile duct loss following immune harm is attributed to apoptosis of cholangiocytes and oxidative stress-mediated cellular senescence. However, these ductules fail to restore regular bile move, and though overt cholestasis should be absent, features of continual cholestasis such as accumulation of copper and copper-associated protein may be present in periportal hepatocytes. Less pronounced 436 ductular response may be as a end result of the fact that the canals of Hering and bile ductules, themselves targets of the autoimmune attack, have been destroyed. Some bile ductules lined with atrophic cholangiocytes (arrows) are present at the margin of the portal tract. Their basement membrane is highlighted by the periodic acid�Schiff (after diastase) staining (also see eSlides 27. A, A markedly damaged bile duct is surrounded by a dense mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. Variable and gentle expression of K7 is seen on intermediate hepatobiliary cells ("blushing hepatocytes") (arrows; A and B), that are intermixed amongst common hepatocytes throughout the lobule and are in continuity with the a lot stronger staining bile ductules (arrowheads; A and B). B, Detail of the interface of the portal tract (left) and periportal area (right). The fibrous obliterative bile duct lesion and ductopenia increase biliary obstruction and cholestasis, which in turn incite ductular reaction and stimulate biliary fibrosis, organising a progressive cycle of increasing obstruction and fibrosis, main in the end to biliary cirrhosis. Several pathologic processes could lead to secondary sclerosing cholangitis; recognition and exclusion of these entities is pivotal in differentiating secondary from main sclerosing cholangitis. The many possible causes of secondary sclerosing cholangitis have been addressed in a recent complete review. Subsequently, the cuff of fibrosis utterly obliterates the bile duct, giving rise to Sarcoidosis the liver is incessantly concerned in sarcoidosis, a systemic granulomatous illness of unknown etiology. However, clinically overt hepatobiliary manifestations are rare, and noncaseating granulomas are regularly noticed with out evidence of hepatic dysfunction. The extreme damage and attenuation of the biliary epithelium might herald continual rejection (eSlide 38. Severe bile duct damage and its subsequent destruction would possibly obscure the bile duct in a portal tract. In persistent rejection, portal irritation is often mild regardless of extreme bile duct harm. Early continual rejection reveals degenerative adjustments of the bile ducts, particularly within the smaller portal tracts (eSlide 38. The cholangiocytes appear atrophic, showing deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm and nuclei that may seem blurred or pyknotic. Immunohistochemical staining with biliary keratins K7 and K19 assists identification of bile duct remnants. Ductopenia is normally designated when bile ducts are absent from greater than half the portal tracts, provided preferentially 20, but a minimal of 10, portal tracts are available for evaluation. A, A severely damaged bile duct displaying nuclear loss, epithelial atrophy, and nuclear pleomorphism. B, Further damage to the bile duct results in lack of cholangiocytes and severe epithelial attenuation. C, Ultimately, the portal tract becomes devoid of inflammatory cells and bile duct; solely arterioles are visible (arrows). Loss of Intrahepatic Bile Ducts In patients with multiple episodes of acute rejection or these with extreme rejection, follow-up biopsies are helpful to monitor the potential transition to chronic rejection. Careful calculation of the number of portal tracts lacking bile ducts and examination of the morphologic features ought to be carried out in circumstances with lowering portal inflammation because this will likely herald chronic rejection somewhat than representing sufficient response to antirejection treatment. The latter could be confirmed by the presence of copper or copper-associated protein in periportal hepatocytes. On the other hand, the presence of lobular options corresponding to prominent central venulitis and perivenular fibrosis favor rejection. Despite some overlapping options, distinct scientific, cholangiographic, and histopathologic features assist distinguish persistent rejection from main or secondary sclerosing cholangitis (discussed in Chapter 38).
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