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There were:
Rigden Djappo,
Ahura Mazda,
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Archangel Gabriel,
Angel Jibrail,
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We expect:
Imam Mahdi,
the Comforter,
the Holy Spirit,
Maitreya,
Kalki Avatar,
Messiah,
Geser Khan
Primordial knowledge
The Truth is One for Everyone
Illusion and the Way
Consciousness and Personality. From the inevitably dead to the eternally Alive
Mazdaism
Symbolism and Mythology
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Kanduk. Devildom
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Found items - 32
The Shiite prophecy of the Hidden Imam is coming true!
In Sunni Islam the subject of Imam Mahdi is not elucidated as widely as in the Shiite branch of Islam. Let's remind to our readers that Sunnism and Shiism are the two major denominations of Islam, established in order to separate and cause contradictions between followers of Prophet Muhammad's Teaching.
So, in Sunnism the Advent of Mahdi is not awaited so much, but Shiites have it totally differently. They believe Mahdi is the hidden, long-expected 12th Imam. He has been in concealment until the hour appointed by Allah, and at the appointed hour He will come to the earth to guide Muslims and give the Knowledge on how people should establish a kingdom of justice and prosperity.
Who is Rigden Djappo? References in Nicholas Roerich's works.
Searching for references to enigmatic Rigden Djappo, we have found information on the internet regarding famous artist and mystic Nicholas Roerich. So, who is Rigden Djappo? This mysterious and powerful character is not fully disclosed until today, whereas stories about the Red Horseman are available as legends and myths of ancient peoples. Publicly accessible information is given below.
After the search for the sake of gaining a general understanding, we have run against a strange, but irrefutable fact: there are very few records of Rigden Djappo remaining. Understanding of the available records without a relevant spiritual basis provokes well-grounded doubts, whereas people who are totally unfamiliar with the subject regard such records as fantastic and illusive at all. We have established that the most direct and unmasked references are present in literary works and paintings by Nikolai Konstantinovich (Nicholas) Roerich (09.10.1874 – 13.12.1947), Russian artist, philosopher, writer, traveller, archaeologist, public figure, and founder of international cultural movements such as "Peace through Culture" and "The Banner of Peace".
Lilies. A fortuity or Good Tidings?
Continuing the investigation of the phenomena of programmes The Meaning of Life: Immortality and "A Frank Dialogue about the Most Important with Igor Mikhaylovich Danilov, we were surprised with the fact of presence of lilies in the background in both programmes. What is behind the symbolism of interior decoration with the same type of flowers in two different programmes? Is this a fortuity? We attempted to look into the issue and discovered a new confirmation of our assumptions.
A Frank Dialogue about the Most Important (interview No. 1, 20.08.2015)
Viewed in the programme A Frank Dialogue about the Most Important:
The sense of human life
What the spiritual world is like
The genuine human nature
Wisdom of spiritual healing. Unknown facts about Agapit of Pechersk
Where is the soul situated, and can it be ill?
Can blood transfusion or organ transplantation influence a person's spiritual component?
What the power of thought and attention means
Time and vital energy. People's invaluable resources
A human being as an angel forerunner. The way to immortality
True life or temporary existence. How to separate the wheat from the chaff
Genuine service to the spiritual world. The lost Truth about Christ
Knowledge that unites people. How to establish a creative society nowadays
The gift of freedom and the true love. What everyone strives for in actual fact
Archangel Gabriel mentioned in the Poem of the Sufi Way by Umar Ibn al-Farid
We have received very interesting news this morning! We've been hinted there is a reference to Archangel Gabriel in the epic Poem of the Sufi Way by Sufi poet Umar Ibn al-Farid, which is translated from Arabic to several other languages. Below, there is a semantic (unrhymed) translation of the relevant extract from the Poem:
141 Foresights. Poem by Eugene Gusev
We couldn't overlook a prophetic poem by Eugene Gusev, which has become quite popular on the internet. Despite the obscurity and vagueness of his predictions, the poem contains some very clear specifics that we've highlighted in red. As for everything else, readers are welcome to guess in their comments.
What ancient Teaching did Vanga foresee? Bulgarian clairvoyant's predictions
Once again we've discovered that Vanga, one of the most authoritative visionaries of our times, directly indicated the advent of some Anointed Sovereign and an ancient Teaching to the earth. Circumstances emerge in an amazing way, and every day new facts appear as if out of thin air, for us to collect them into a general set of evidence necessary for those who need a well-reasoned confirmation of our seemingly improbable hypothesis. We should admit the website creation was associated with a bright emotional impulse, while today such impulse is replaced with a sober exploratory consideration. We continue looking for and analysing information and welcome you, our dear not indifferent reader, to join our captivating search.
About the advent of Imam Mahdi
Chilam Balam: Mayan mysterious manuscripts. Seven Angels, seven ages
Continuing the search of records in ancient sources regarding not just the Messiah advent, but also predictions with respect to our epoch as a decisive time, a sort of time crossroads, the time of global human choice, we should certainly mention Maya Indians, the ancient American aboriginal population. It's no secret that the 2012 end of the world date was widely advertised. Everyone knew about it, studied, feared, and lent an attentive ear to information on the end of Maya calendar and assumptions on what would take place afterwards. Nonetheless, the predicted doomsday didn't happen, and people quickly started forgetting the subject, in spite of the fact it's rather interesting and informative. In actual fact, a lot of things of the foretold have come true, though we admit most of predictions are most likely simply unintelligible for us, people with prevailing materialistic world outlook.
Thus, here we will speak of Mayan mysterious manuscripts called CHILAM BALAM and the 7 Angels (ages) mentioned therein.
XXX: Program about Geliars. 4-hour interview contents (June 2014)
Herein we present detailed contents of the epoch-making interview XXX: Program about Geliars that was released on Youtube in June 2014. In this video Igor Danilov (Rigden Djappo) was behind the scenes. It was the first "mediate meeting" with the Bodhisattva's living voice which anyone who desires can now hear in the above video. Right after its release the interview was taken to quotes, cut into short videos and used for innumerable banners. It is indeed very interesting, in our opinion. Established social and religious norms unexpectedly appear to us in a totally different light. In the interview nearly all the essential questions of the meaning and purpose of human life are addressed, to which a person would like to get answers one way or another.
One of the Quran riddles is unravelled! Jibrail, al-Kawthar and Geser Khan...
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful! The Holy Quran is a revelation sent by Almighty Allah via Angel Jibrail to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
Human mind is not always able to grasp the entire depth and meaning of the revelation. Even today a number of the Quran verses remain unclarified, and one of the major riddles is Surah 108 Al-Kawthar which means The Abundance. This obscure word has caused disputes and disagreements among translators. They cannot come to a single opinion on neither pronunciation nor translation, therefore this word is interpreted differently, mostly as abundance and prosperity. Yet, let us venture to assume the Surah title is one of names or epithets of the most faithful and greatest of Almighty Allah's Angels – Angel Jibrail (Gabriel)! Being the mentor of all prophets and fulfilling Allah's Will, Jibrail communicated Allah's Covenants to the prophets and revealed His Will to them!
Extraordinary New Year's Appeal to All Inhabitants of the World
An extraordinary New Year's appeal from the Point of View analyst team, on the eve of 2016:
- to Presidents and political leaders of all countries of the globe;
- to religious and public figures;
- to those who believe in God, regardless of religions or confessions;
- to all ordinary people of all nationalities, without any exception…
Dear friends, we hurry to wish you a happy New Year. The year 2016 has arrived, and this is the right time to make the following statement.
Poem of the Sufi Way by Umar Ibn al-Farid
Recently we have discovered a marvellous illustration to the topics touched upon in the epoch-making program The Meaning of Life: Immortality, where Bodhisattva Rigden Djappo participated. It's the ancient literature masterpiece dating back almost 1,000 years – the brilliant Poem of the Sufi Way (Naẓm al-Sulūk) by ancient Arab Sufi mystic and scholar Umar ibn `Alī ibn al-Fārid who lived in 1181-1235. This work, also having such titles as the Great Qasida (Ode), Great Mystery, Poem of the Way, Poem of Progress, or the Way of the Pious, is a unique phenomenon in the world poetry, psychology and spiritual literature. The author poetically communicates experience of a man who is becoming saint, describing in human language what is almost impossible to describe, i.e. the process taking place in the other world, the spiritual world, at the junction of the 6th and 7th dimensions. It's exactly the process of the Personality fusion with the Soul and the birth of a new spiritual being – an Angel!
Home of the Most Holy Mother of God
Nowadays, Kiev Pechersk Lavra is a famous male monastery. Yet, not many people are aware of the historical fact that the Kiev Pechersk cloister initially accommodated both a nunnery and a monastery, representing a unique combination of female and male monastic communities and an abode for all people who endeavoured to learn their inner spiritual world, regardless of their nationality, age or sex. The nunnery (maiden convent), further referred to as the Ascension Convent, was an integral part of the Pechersk monastery complex and occupied one of central locations on the "holy mountain" – the place indicated by the Mother of God to Elder Antony.
Conversations with Imam. First one:" The spirituality about which we, for some reason, do not know".
We start the series of articles "Conversations with Imam," and in order to avoid speculations we will immediately make a reservation, a person who gives an interview is not Mahdi! In our opinion, strictly speaking, it does not really matter who he is and what is much more important is the essence of the information provided, but it is, just believe me, is worthy of attention of every searching, spiritually cognizing and reasonable person. Even the first of the planned meetings has brought us a lot of unexpected revelations and awareness in the issues concerning the real spirituality. But not the one which is well-known to all of us through the orthodox religion, theosophy, esoteric, and new-fangled "New Age", based on stereotypes of consciousness, magical ritualism, sacred and book dogmatics, for which, unfortunately, very few people are able to discern the true plan of the Almighty and the right course in motion to Him. Finally, despite the fact that the misconception about the relationship between " a man and God" has been inculcated and kept up in the society for ages, which is confirmed by the full of tragic lines a chronicle of civilization, we humbly and consistently will try to consider and express that new, or rather well-forgotten old introduced Primordial Knowledge. Due to this Knowledge, everyone, without exception, can understand the essence of what is happening around and save the most valuable, which is one's Soul.
We hope that all the readers will find in these conversations a lot of cognitive information
The Quran witnesses...
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful!
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds!
In this article we have made an attempt, based on ayat and surahs of the Holy Quran, to clearly demonstrate that the AllatRa book has been indeed given to humanity by Imam MAHDI – Archangel Gabriel! It is certainly a very difficult task to draw parallels and provide relevant evidence in just a single article, therefore we truly hope that, if Allah's Will permits, this article will be in the forefront and will be followed by other subject-extending articles which will allow many people faithful to Almighty Allah to see the Truth!
Conversations with Imam. Conversation No.3: "The salvation of the Soul"
Here is the long-awaited third conversation with Imam on the salvation of the Soul, many probably tired of waiting for it, we are sorry, but it turns out that the most important spiritually valuable things meet on the way of their implementation with some obstacles. On the one hand, we are a little used to it and somewhere put up with it, but on the other hand, time slips through fingers like sand and someone invisible urges forward, reminding us of the calendar dates, pointing to the necessity of being in a hurry. And he is probably right, we will try to do it faster...
The first conversation: "Spirituality about which we, for some reason, do not know."
The second conversation: "The doomsday approach. The importance of human unity".
A historical excursus on the issue of the coat of arms and the true patrons of Kiev
Heraldic traditions came to Slavic lands from Western Europe, whereas the word gerb found in several Slavic languages originates from the German erbe meaning "heritage", "inheritance". In the Middle Ages, when feudal relations were strengthening in Europe, it became necessary to single out feudal lords among their vassal environment. Moreover, in the times of tournaments and crusades, when a knight was covered with armour and had a closed visor on his helmet, it was totally unclear who he was and which nation and family he belonged to. Thus, insignias were absolutely necessary. One's coat of arms was exactly an indicator of one's name and title. Knights mostly drew their coats of arms on their shields, and that was the origin of the major heraldic tradition. Later on city coats of arms began to emerge.
Hence, there was surely no coat of arms in Kiev in the times of Kievan Rus, though Kievan princes did have their personal seals. In fact, every prince had such a seal to mark his property and sign his orders.
"Human Inner World" social media survey
Nowadays, people rarely have heart-to-heart talks with each other, share innermost things or live in the "here and now" moment. The majority people, in my opinion, are mostly preoccupied with their future: college graduation, decent career, lucky marriage, children, getting an apartment or a house to live in, gaining an influential social status, etc. At that, everyone totally forgets that: "Well, a human being is mortal, but this is half the trouble. The worst thing is that he is sometimes suddenly mortal, that's the whole point!" (M. Bulgakov, The Master and Margarita) Thus, we are getting prepared for some future life, but are we really living right now, and do we actually think about our inner world? I became interested in whether the situation is completely despairing or there is still hope for spiritual revival.
Conversations with Imam. Conversation No.4: "Spirituality and family relationships"
The state of affairs today is such, that among personalities striving for the spiritual, the issues of family relationships, and proper upbringing of children (and the expediency of having them), as well as the main issue - sex- still remain topical. Announcing this conversation, we offered readers to express their opinion, to ask the questions of concern, without knowing in advance whether they will be considered or not and if not, for what reason. By the way, you can run an eye over them here. During the preliminary discussion of a new conversation with Imam, it was found that this subject matter according to particularly delicate and poignant moments is closed due to a number of serious causes, and we hope that readers will understand them.
Illusion and the Way. Contents. The Truth is One for Everyone (second interview with Igor Danilov)
In this program, issues of human self-perfection on the way to God are discussed.
Why do people spend a lot of time only thinking they are engaged in self-improvement and not moving along the way in actual fact?
How does consciousness deceive Personality in the fight for attention?
What substitutions are imposed by consciousness? A figurative example of the theatre of shadows with actors and a spectator
Why is a year necessary for a person to get rid of his or her images (demons) that bring sufferings?
What a contact with the spiritual world is like?
How can one achieve integrity and peace within oneself, and reconciliation with God? What do responsibility and service mean?
These and many other topics are addressed in The Truth is One for Everyone program.
Earthquakes in Italy. Why has the planet stopped dead?
Having found out about a powerful earthquake in Italy, today's morning (24 August 2016) I observed a strange phenomenon which I'd like to share with everyone. The strangeness is that while monitoring seismic activity on the planet during the last several years via www.quakes.globalincidentmap.com online service I have never observed such an unusual picture:
Keeper of Genesis. Part II. Edfu Building Texts. The wisdom god Thoth
The Temple of Edfu in its present form was erected over a two hundred-year period between 237 BC and 57 BC, but incorporates parts of much earlier structures dating back to the Pyramid Age (for example, portions of the inner and outer western enclosure wall). Moreover, like all major temples, it was built "on hallowed ground" and there attaches to it a recollection of vast antiquity and of momentous antecedents.
GUANYIN: the patroness saving people from calamities
It turns out that even in socialist China people greatly revere and worship the divine deity – the virgin named Guanyin (or Guan Yin). Besides the Celestial Empire, this goddess is known in Vietnamese, Korean, Malaysian and Japanese mythology as a patroness and protectress of people from various calamities, giver of children and childbirth helper. Despite the fact that her holy image originates from Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara of the Buddhist tradition, Guanyin is revered by representatives of nearly all religious denominations in China.
For a long time it seemed to me the Chinese political policy did not favour the freedom of religion, but I was greatly mistaken. Look what statutes the Chinese have erected in honour of their heavenly patroness Guanyin.
The Annunciation. Archangel Gabriel and Virgin Mary
"In the sixth month Archangel was sent to the Pure Virgin, told Her to rejoice and predicted that the Saviour would come from Her. Having accepted blessing, She conceived the Eternal God who had the ineffable kindness to come into a human body in order to save our souls."
Rejoice, highly favoured one, Life is approaching
On the occasion of the Annunciation of Our Most Holy Lady...
"Life is approaching," he says to me, and his deep blue eyes are luxuriating in heaven.
"Where?" I ask a little confusedly. He, so unusually close, drops his eyelids, and his light eyelashes like ripe ears shield the fathomless heaven that has stood still in his eyes.
I understand without any words. It is he who is now living. The boundless blue waters of heaven have spread inside him.
Point of View: International Team of Independent Analysts
Consciousness and Personality.
From the inevitably dead
to the eternally alive
The Truth is One for Everybody
Project Aim
Interesting headings
Allat
Holy Mother of God
The advent of Imam Mahdi
Deep inner feelings
Practices and meditations
Conversations with Imam
Star. The Golden Ratio
In quest of...
philip 14.10.2019 22:50
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John Morris 22.04.2019 00:37
A correction to this well-done article: Catholics (and I am reasonably certain ...
Jedrzej 17.04.2019 17:52
Better quality image
Garrett 31.10.2018 20:31
Great resource, thank you for putting this together.
slinky 17.08.2018 07:26
"A golden tooth and an illegible inscription under the Animal Mind's ...
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It would be great if you could provide english translation to the video attached ...
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It is quite interesting to me the description given from the Divine ...
More information on Italy from AllatRa ...
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It doesn't surprise me that over the last 40 years, a sigificant part of ...
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Thanks a lot for the videos!
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The Owen Hart Cup could become an important tournament in pro wrestling
Juan Carlos Reneo September 21, 2021 3 min read
AEW recently announced a partnership with the Owen Hart Foundation. The partnership between AEW and the non-profit foundation meant the inclusion of Owen Hart in the upcoming AEW console video game, the reproduction of Owen Hart merchandise, and the creation of the Owen Hart Cup.
#AEW and The Owen Hart Foundation (@owen_foundation) Enter Into A Relationship to Honor World Renowned Wrestler Owen Hart's Legacy
To read the full release visit – https://t.co/Ba1WJx0PJS pic.twitter.com/Y43ZNydS9V
— All Elite Wrestling (@AEW) September 20, 2021
The Owen Hart Cup will be an annual tournament held by AEW to pay tribute to the late Owen Hart. Yesterday, this news was received in a positive light by most Owen Hart fans and wrestling fans as a whole.
The potential of The Owen Hart Cup is endless and fans already had a few ideas about it…
A G1-esque Tournament
Since the formation of AEW, fans of the promotion have wanted AEW to have their own version of the G1 Climax from NJPW or King of The Ring in WWE. The closest thing the promotion has done to this has been the Championship Eliminator Tournaments they held throughout the year.
The most popular idea for fans is for The Owen Hart Cup to be a round robin tournament like the G1 Climax. Considering how DEEP their roster is, a G1-esque tournament should be the way to go for this new tournament. The only thing to figure out is the dates and how each block will work in the current TV schedule of the promotion. An American version of the G1 has been something wrestling fans have clamored for many years and this is closest we've been to it finally happening.
A Showcase For Younger Talent
Another idea for this tournament is the idea of being like the Young Lion Cup from NJPW. The idea would be to use this tournament to feature the young wrestlers from the roster and be this as a way to push them to the next level needed.
AEW has a lot young wrestlers on their roster like MJF, Jungle Boy, Dante Martin, Sammy Guevara, Darby Allin, Private Party, Lee Moriarty, Varsity Blonds just to name a few. Featuring even more their young talent would be a great thing for AEW.
Regular Tournament-style
The other option for The Owen Hart Cup would be a single elimination tournament like The NJ Cup or the KOTR. This one would be easier to book in AEW's TV schedule and it wouldn't interfere with other storylines the promotion may have going on at the moment. Or it could be similar to Battle of Los Angeles (BOLA) from PWG as a template for this new tournament.
The Owen Hart Cup presents itself as a great opportunity and challenge for AEW. Not only on the wrestling side of things, but as a tribute to one of the most influential wrestlers in modern wrestling. AEW has a lot of templates they can use to make this tournament one of the most important ones in wrestling. Hopefully it will open opportunities for the women's and tag team divisions to have their own big tournaments down the line too.
What are your thoughts on The Owen Hart Cup? Let us know in the comments below.
Juan Carlos Reneo
The Scrap's Juan Carlos Reneo is from Spain, he writes about and loves professional wrestling. Make sure to follow him on Twitter (@ReneusMeister).
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2 thoughts on "The Owen Hart Cup could become an important tournament in pro wrestling"
The Greene Screen says:
I love the idea of the Owen tournament having a G-1 style to it.
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Prevail Therapeutics to Highlight Multiple CNS-Focused Gene Therapy Programs at 2020 American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy Annual Meeting
Preclinical Data Demonstrate Potential of Prevail's AAV Gene Therapy Approach to Slow or Halt Progression in Multiple Neurodegenerative Diseases
Company Provides Design Overview for Planned Phase 1/2 PR001 PROVIDE and PR006 PROCLAIM Clinical Trials
NEW YORK, April 29, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Prevail Therapeutics Inc. (Nasdaq: PRVL), a biotechnology company developing potentially disease-modifying AAV-based gene therapies for patients with neurodegenerative diseases, today announced two upcoming oral presentations and two poster presentations at the virtual 2020 American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy (ASGCT) Annual Meeting. These data underscore the robust preclinical evidence in support of Prevail's AAV-based gene therapy approach, and highlight the company's strategy to validate these data in multiple ongoing or planned clinical trials.
"Patients living with neurodegenerative diseases are in urgent need of novel therapies with the potential to slow or stop the course of their disease," said Asa Abeliovich, M.D., Ph.D., Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Prevail. "Our gene therapy candidates have the potential to improve outcomes for patients with genetically defined forms of Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia and neuronopathic Gaucher disease."
Prevail will highlight the design of the planned PROVIDE Phase 1/2 trial for the treatment of Type 2 neuronopathic Gaucher disease (nGD) patients and preclinical data demonstrating the impact of PR001 treatment on key disease biomarkers and functional parameters. These data provide the basis for the company's clinical programs in nGD and Parkinson's disease with GBA1 mutations (PD-GBA).
Poster title: Design of a Phase 1/2 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of an AAV9-Based Gene Therapy in Infants with Type 2 Gaucher Disease (PROVIDE Trial)
Session title: AAV Vectors – Clinical Studies
Session date and time: Wednesday, May 13th, 5:30 p.m.-6:30 p.m. ET
Presentation title: PR001 Gene Therapy Increased GCase Activity and Ameliorated GBA1-Associated Disease Phenotypes
Session title: AAV Vectors Preclinical and Proof-of-Concept Studies in Systemic Diseases
Presentation date and time: Thursday, May 14th3:45 p.m.-4:00 p.m. ET
Presenter: Patty Sheehan, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, Prevail Therapeutics
Prevail will present the design of the PROCLAIM Phase 1/2 clinical trial for the treatment of frontotemporal dementia patients with GRN mutations (FTD-GRN) and preclinical data demonstrating the impact of PR006 treatment on progranulin expression, lysosomal dysfunction and inflammation in the CNS.
Poster title: Proposed Patient Population and Outcome Measures for a First in Human Study of PR006, an AAV9-Based Gene Therapy, for Fronto-Temporal Dementia Patients with Pathogenic GRN Mutations
Presentation title: PR006, an AAV Gene Therapy Vector Expressing Progranulin, Improved FTD-GRN Phenotypes In Vitro and In Vivo
Session title: AAV Vectors Preclinical and Proof-of-Concept Studies in CNS Disorders
Presentation date and time: Friday, May 15th10:15 a.m.-10:30 a.m. ET
Presenter: Laura D. Heckman, Ph.D., Director, Preclinical Development, Prevail Therapeutics
About Prevail Therapeutics
Prevail is a gene therapy company leveraging breakthroughs in human genetics with the goal of developing and commercializing disease-modifying AAV-based gene therapies for patients with neurodegenerative diseases. The company is developing PR001 for patients with Parkinson's disease with GBA1 mutations (PD-GBA) and neuronopathic Gaucher disease; PR006 for patients with frontotemporal dementia with GRN mutations (FTD-GRN); and PR004 for patients with certain synucleinopathies.
Prevail was founded by Dr. Asa Abeliovich in 2017, through a collaborative effort with The Silverstein Foundation for Parkinson's with GBA and OrbiMed, and is headquartered in New York, NY.
Mary Carmichael
Ten Bridge Communications
mary@tenbridgecommunications.com
investors@prevailtherapeutics.com
Source: Prevail Therapeutics


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Back to Journals » OncoTargets and Therapy » Volume 7
HIF1α is an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in advanced primary epithelial ovarian cancer – a study of the OVCAD Consortium
Authors Braicu E, Luketina H, Richter R, Cacsire Castillo-Tong D, Lambrechts S, Mahner S, Concin N, Mentze M, Zeillinger R, Vergote I, Sehouli J
Received 2 April 2014
Accepted for publication 2 May 2014
Published 11 September 2014 Volume 2014:7 Pages 1563—1569
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S65373
Elena Ioana Braicu,1 Hrvoje Luketina,1 Rolf Richter,1 Dan Cacsire Castillo-Tong,2 Sandrina Lambrechts,4 Sven Mahner,5 Nicole Concin,6 Monika Mentze,1 Robert Zeillinger,2,3 Ignace Vergote,4 Jalid Sehouli1
1Department of Gynecology, European Competence Center for Ovarian Cancer, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 3Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Translational Oncology, General Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; 5Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; 6Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
Purpose: Hypoxia is a common phenomenon encountered in solid cancers, leading to chemotherapy resistance and therefore to aggressiveness of the disease. The homeostatic response to hypoxia is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of HIF1α in patients with primary epithelial ovarian cancer.
Methods: In this multicentric study, 275 patients with advanced primary epithelial ovarian cancer were included. All patients underwent cytoreductive surgery with maximal surgical effort and adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy. HIF1α expression was analyzed in tissue lysates, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: HIF1α was detected in 79.3% of the tissue samples. Patients with increased HIF1α expression (cutoff: 80 pg/mg protein) in tumoral tissue lysates were more likely to have less favorable survival. HIF1α (P=0.009, hazard ratio [HR] 2.505, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.252–5.013) together with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (III versus IV) (P=0.013, HR 0.540, 95% CI 0.332–0.878), histology (P=0.007, HR 2.748, 95% CI 1.315–5.743), presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis (P=0.014, HR 2.176, 95% CI 1.170–4.046), residual tumor mass (P=0.017, HR 1.641, 95% CI 1.091–2.468), and response to platinum-based chemotherapy (P<0.001, HR 8.131, 95% CI 5.13–12.88) were independent prognosis factors for overall survival. The independent prognostic factors for progression-free survival were International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage (P=0.01), histological subtypes (P=0.016), and presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis (P<0.05).
Conclusion: HIF1α overexpression in ovarian cancer is associated with poor overall survival, underlining the importance of hypoxia in this angiogenesis driven disease.
Keywords: HIF1α, surgical outcome, platinum response, survival, primary epithelial ovarian cancer, predictive factors
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies, with more than half of patients being diagnosed in the advanced stage. The overall 5-year survival rate is around 40% in International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages III/IV and 90% in FIGO stage I.1
The current standard of treatment for primary ovarian cancer is the combination of optimal cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. Despite state of the art treatment, more than 50% of the patients will relapse and consequently die from this disease.2 A curative approach is only possible in the primary situation. The aim of targeted therapy is to prolong the tumor-free status achieved after the primary treatment. Recent data showed that some antiangiogenic therapies, eg, bevacizumab, are able to prolong progression-free survival, thus no improvement in overall survival has been shown yet.3,4 There is an urgent need to identify new targets, and also biomarkers able to predict platinum response.
No macroscopic residual tumor mass after cytoreductive surgery is one of the major prognostic and predictive factors. Despite radical surgery, maximal tumor reduction cannot always be achieved. A neoadjuvant approach could have a benefit in this subgroup of patients, although data are controversial.5–8 Nevertheless, there are no effective biomarkers to predict surgical outcome in primary ovarian cancer patients.
HIF1α has been reported to be an important predictor of tumor progression for several types of solid cancers.9–13 HIF1α is a major regulator of cell adaptation to hypoxic stress and plays a critical role in oncogenesis and angiogenesis.14 This protein regulates the transcription of a number of genes involved in diverse biological functions such as proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and angiogenesis.
Immunohistochemical analysis of human cancer biopsies has shown that HIF1α is overexpressed in several solid malignancies, including breast, colon, lung, gastric, skin, and renal carcinomas, compared with their respective normal tissues.15,16
Like other tumors, overexpression of HIF1α has been detected in epithelial ovarian cancer.15 Data regarding the clinical impact of HIF1α in ovarian cancer is still limited. Although HIF1α is detected in all epithelial ovarian cancer histological subtypes, higher HIF1α expression in clear-cell carcinomas has been reported.17,18
The role of HIF1α in the development of new targeted therapies has been suggested by recent studies.19,20 Nakai et al stated that HIF1α-expressing tumors had a significantly higher response rate to postoperative platinum-based chemotherapy than tumors without HIF1α expression.21
However, the prognostic significance of HIF1α overexpression in ovarian cancer is still controversial.21–24 Until now, only limited data exist regarding the HIF1α predictive value in epithelial ovarian cancer.
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of HIF1α expression in predicting surgical outcome, platinum response, and survival in patients with advanced primary epithelial ovarian cancer.
This analysis was performed within the Sixth Framework Program European project "Ovarian Cancer – Diagnosis of a Silent Killer" (OVCAD). At five comprehensive centers for ovarian cancer treatment, 275 patients with advanced primary epithelial ovarian cancer (FIGO stage II–IV) were enrolled.
All patients gave their written informed consent before tissue samples were collected. Patients were recruited from 2005–2008 in the Department of Gynecology at Charité – Medical University Berlin (Berlin, Germany), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospital Leuven (Leuven, Belgium), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna (Vienna, Austria), Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (Hamburg, Germany), and Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Innsbruck Medical University (Innsbruck, Austria). This study was approved by each local ethics committee (EK207/2003, ML2524, HEK190504, EK366, and EK260).
Only patients with histologically confirmed ovarian cancer were included in the study. Due to better prognosis and sometimes different therapy strategies, FIGO stage I patients were excluded. All patients underwent cytoreductive surgery with maximal surgical effort and platinum-based chemotherapy. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study were reported in a recent publication.25 An online database was used for the documentation of clinical, histopathological, and follow-up data. Residual tumor load was defined as negative if macroscopically absent. Overall survival was defined as the time from diagnosis of ovarian cancer to tumor-related death or last contact. Progression-free survival was defined as the interval from diagnosis to progression of disease or death, whereby progression was defined as an increase in the nadir serum CA-125 level of at least two samples according to the Gynecological Cancer Intergroup criteria or radiological diagnosis according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria.
Documentation of clinical data
The tumor spread within the abdominal cavity was documented prospectively using the Intraoperative Mapping of Ovarian cancer – "IMO" tool.26 The documentation of residual tumor mass was also assessed prospectively at the end of the surgery with an interview with the main surgeon. All data were documented in a validated online database.
The FIGO 2006 classification was used for clinical staging, and the Gynecologic Oncology Group criteria were used for histologic grading.27 Response to treatment and diagnosis of recurrence was determined according to RECIST criteria or according to CA-125 variations (Gynecological Cancer Intergroup criteria) during follow-up.27,28
Response to first-line chemotherapy was defined according to the last time patients received platinum-based compounds. Patients developing relapse within the first 6 months after platinum based chemotherapy were classified as platinum-resistant; patients developing relapse after 6 months or more were classified as responders.29
Collection of tumor tissue
Tumor tissue was removed from the patients during surgery and prior to chemotherapy treatment. Samples were snap frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. At a later time, the tissue was processed to obtain lysate for protein measurement.
About 30 mg tumor tissue was homogenized with a Mikro-Dismembrator and lysed in 1 mL Nucleic Acid Purification Lysis Solution (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
HIF1α enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
HIF1α expression in tissue lysates was measured using the HIF1α ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The assay was performed in duplicate for the calibrators, controls, and patient samples. The appropriate controls were within the ranges provided by the manufacturer.
The clinical data were collected and entered in an online database. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics 21.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) at Charité – Medical University Berlin.
The prognostic factors used in the survival analysis were as follows: age at first diagnosis, FIGO stage, histological subtype, histological grade, presence and volume of ascites, residual tumor mass after surgery, peritoneal dissemination, and responses to platinum-based chemotherapy.
Kruskal–Wallis test, Spearman's rank correlation, Kendall's tau, and Mann–Whitney U test were used to assess the associations between HIF1α and other variables.
Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive accuracy of HIF1α expression for discriminating patients with maximal versus suboptimal residual tumor mass after surgery and platinum responders versus nonresponders.
Median survival and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated according to the Kaplan–Meier method. The log-rank tests were used for univariate statistical comparisons and the Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate significant predictors of survival. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI for prognostic factors were calculated. A two-tailed P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Most of the patients (86.2%) were diagnosed with serous ovarian cancer. Optimal debulking, ie, no evidence of macroscopic tumor residuals, was reported in more than 60% of the patients. Patients' characteristics are presented in Table 1, and are reported in greater detail elsewhere.25
Table 1 Patient's clinical and pathologic characteristics
Note: *Eleven mixed, nine undifferentiated, and two clear-cell carcinomas.
Abbreviation: FIGO, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.
Expression of HIF1α
Expression of HIF1α was confirmed in 218 (79.3%) patients. No expression of HIF1α was observed in 57 tissue samples (20.7%). The median HIF1α expression was 56.8 (range 0–1,492.31) pg/mg protein.
Correlation with classical prognostic factors
No statistically significant association between HIF1α expression and clinical prognostic factors such as age (P=0.238), volume of ascites (P=0.866), FIGO stage (P=0.0896), and grading (P=0.152) was found.
Levels of HIF1α were higher in patients presenting peritoneal carcinomatosis and mucinous and mixed histology, although this correlation retained no statistical significance (P=0.065 and P=0.071, respectively).
There was no correlation between HIF1α and residual tumor mass after cytoreductive surgery (P=0.342, area under the curve 0.555, 95% CI 0.471–0.639) or response to platinum-based chemotherapy (P=1, area under the curve 0.499, 95% CI 0.413–0.586) (Table 2).
Table 2 Correlation with clinical prognostic factors
The median follow-up time for patients was 37 months, ranging from 1–69 months; 194 patients developed recurrent disease and 134 patients died from ovarian cancer.
In order to analyze the role of HIF1α for survival, the lower and upper quintiles were used as cutoff values. Using the cutoff values of 15 pg/mg protein and 80 pg/mg protein, it could be shown that patients presenting HIF1α tissue concentrations higher than 80 pg/mg protein would have a shorter overall survival, although this association was not significant within the univariate analysis. When multivariate analysis was performed, HIF1α concentrations over 80 pg/mg protein remained an independent prognostic biomarker for overall survival (P=0.009, HR 2.505, 95% CI 1.252–5.013) (Figure 1) together with FIGO (III versus IV) (P=0.013, HR 0.540, 95% CI 0.332–0.878), histology (mixed versus serous versus endometrioid) (P=0.007, HR 2.748, 95% CI 1.315–5.743), presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis (P=0.014, HR 2.176, 95% CI 1.170–4.046), residual tumor mass (present versus absent macroscopically) (P=0.017, HR 1.641, 95% CI 1.091–2.468), and response to platinum-based chemotherapy (P<0.001, HR 8.131, 95% CI 5.13–12.88).
Figure 1 HIF1α expression and overall survival (P=0.009, hazard ratio 2.505, 95% confidence interval 1.252–5.013).
FIGO stage (P=0.001, HR 0.478, 95% CI 0.314–0.726), presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis (P<0.001, HR 2.620, 95% CI 1.704–4.027), and histology (P=0.021, HR 2.306, 95% CI 1.137–4.677) were the only independent predictive factors for progression-free survival.
This study analyzed the role of HIF1α in primary ovarian cancer. The results showed that patients having tumors that overexpress HIF1α transcription factor (cutoff 80 pg/mg protein) are presenting a poorer prognosis.
One of the major bottlenecks in ovarian cancer management is the development of platinum resistance with subsequently increased mortality. The development of new targeted, especially antiangiogenic, drugs has translated into prolonged progression-free survival without evidence of a positive impact on overall survival. The inhibition of neoangiogenesis in ovarian cancer leads to a certain hypoxia of the tumoral cells, and therefore increases apoptosis of tumoral cells. There are no in sufficient data to show a benefit in overall survival for patients being treated with antiangiogenic drugs. This might be caused by the capability of tumor cells to resist even hypoxic conditions.
One of the mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in solid tumors is the ability to develop a microenvironment caused by a poor and inefficient vascular supply.30 The presence of hypoxia has been shown to be a marker for poor prognosis in many cancer types. The resistance to conventional chemotherapeutical drugs is caused by hypoxia-induced reduction in cell proliferation and also by the fact that hypoxic tumor cells reside some distance from the blood vessels, and therefore the drugs won't be able to reach their target.31,32 The homeostatic response to hypoxia is mediated by the transcription factor HIF1α, which is unstable in well-oxygenated tissue but becomes stable under hypoxic conditions.33 Due to hypoxic conditions in tumoral tissue, as described previously, HIF1α is an important mediator for tumor invasion, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance.34
This study showed that HIF1α expression was independent of FIGO stage, age, and grading. Mucinous and mixed epithelial carcinomas showed increased levels of HIF1α, although this association didn't reach statistical significance. Previously published data showed that clear-cell carcinomas exhibit higher HIF1α levels than serous, mucinous, or endometrioid tumors.35,36 Other studies suggest that HIF1α might be overexpressed in serous ovarian cancer.24 The difference in the current results could be caused by low numbers of well-differentiated (3.6%) and non-serous ovarian cancer patients included within the OVCAD study. More than that, differences in ethnicity might cause differences in the molecular biology of ovarian cancer. It is well known that clear-cell ovarian cancer is more often encountered in Asian women compared to Caucasian women, and the clinical course of the disease is different. Clinical studies showed that chemotherapy or targeted therapy drugs are associated with different response rates and adverse effects in Caucasian and Asian populations.37
Results similar to the current study were published by Nakayama et al, who reported that HIF1α levels were independent of clinical stage, age and histological subtypes.38 HIF1α expression was reported to be significantly stronger in good differentiated ovarian cancer.17 The current results showed no significant correlation between HIF1α tissue expression and histological grading, which might be explained by the low number of well-differentiated (G1) ovarian cancers included in this study. There was also no significant influence of HIF1α expression on response to platinum-based chemotherapy, this being in accordance with some existing results.17 However, Nakai et al reported that tumors expressing higher HIF1α more likely respond to platinum-based chemotherapy compared with tumors with no or poor HIF1α expression.21 The current study analyzed the expression of HIF1α in 275 patients with FIGO stage II–IV, but Nakai et al's study only included 52 stage III–IV epithelial ovarian cancer patients.
HIF1α increased tissue values were associated with shorter progression-free survival, but this was not statistically significant, which agrees with recent studies.22,23 Daponte et al observed that the median progression-free survival of HIF1α-positive patients was shorter, but not statistically significant.22 In lung and colorectal carcinomas, HIF1α had no impact on patient survival, but overexpression of HIF2α was a prognostic indicator.39,40 In ovarian carcinomas, Birner et al showed that HIF1α overexpression alone was not a prognostic indicator and became a strong prognostic marker in combination with functional p53 protein.17
The current study showed that HIF1α tissue expression might impact the overall survival in primary ovarian cancer patients treated by cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. No correlation between HIF1α tissue expression and platinum response and no significant statistical difference between HIF1α expression in different histological subtypes was found. Further studies analyzing the role of this transcriptional factor in a larger prospective cohort of patients are warranted. Studies analyzing the HIF1α distribution within tumor tissue using immunochemistry are needed.
Drugs interfering with the HIF1α pathway, such as ganetespib,41 are currently under evaluation in clinical studies. Targeting HIF1α might be a way to improve survival in ovarian cancer patients.
Elena Ioana Braicu is a participant in the Charité Clinical Scientist Program funded by Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health.
The OVCAD project was funded by the European commission as FP6 Specific Targeted Research and Innovation Project (contract no 018698).
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Osada R, Horiuchi A, Kikuchi N, et al. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 2α, and von Hippel-Lindau protein in epithelial ovarian neoplasms and allelic loss of von Hippel-Lindau gene: nuclear expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α is an independent prognostic factor in ovarian carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2007;38(9):1310–1320.
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Generally favorable reviews - based on 56 Critics What's this?
Summary: Experience Lara Croft's defining moment as she becomes the Tomb Raider. In Shadow of the Tomb Raider, Lara must master a deadly jungle, overcome terrifying tombs, and persevere through her darkest hour. As she races to save the world from a Maya apocalypse, Lara will ultimately be forgedExperience Lara Croft's defining moment as she becomes the Tomb Raider. In Shadow of the Tomb Raider, Lara must master a deadly jungle, overcome terrifying tombs, and persevere through her darkest hour. As she races to save the world from a Maya apocalypse, Lara will ultimately be forged into the Tomb Raider she is destined to be.
Yes I'm a fan of Tomb Raider, but once again I have loved my time with Lara in Shadow of the Tomb Raider. If you're in my camp, and enjoyed the first two games of this rebooted franchise, then I would highly recommend this experience. In fact, it is the best of the three in terms of of tomb exploration, puzzle interactions, deep storytelling, and action.
Shadow of the Tomb Raider is the perfect closure to a trilogy that has only improved title after title.
Shadow of the Tomb Raider is more of the same Tomb Raider experience we've known since 2013, and that's precisely why you should be making the trek to Paititi.
Shadow of the Tomb Raider is a heavy experience. Lara has grown up over the last few years and we have had a chance to watch her mature. Some may not like the person she has grown into but she is definitely not the victim she once was when she fell off the boat. Shadow deals with dark subjects but does a nice job of interspersing some scenes to try and lighten the mood, a favorite of mine involves a young Lara in Stark Manor. For those that don't like the turn the story has taken the gameplay is still fantastic. The exploration is as good as it has ever been and the Tombs feel even more rewarding than they ever have. If you've enjoyed the first two Tomb Raiders there is even more to like in Shadow.
Few games manage to pipe so many jaw-dropping sights into your eyeballs and even fewer deliver such complex, enjoyable puzzles and traversal challenges. Shadow of the Tomb Raider does all of this and more, its exhilarating predatory combat the icing on the cake.
Shadow of the Tomb Raider is basically the same game as Rise of theTomb Raider, but in a new environment. This time Lara finds her self in the Peruvian jungle – and it looks absolutely stunning. Unfortunately the graphics are about the only thing new in this game and we wish the gameplay would have been improved as well. But despite it's shortcomings, Shadow of the Tomb Raider has a great entertainment. value.
This review contains spoilers, click expand to view. I have attained 100% completion in the Deadly Obsession difficulty.
And with that I want to give my take on the game.
Generally I think it is a good game. I enjoyed playing it. I feel there are certain aspects that can be improved. I would recommend the game but I also have suggestions on approaching the game.
I don't have any problems with the storyline. It's not cluttered, not confusing and not too lengthy. It was well thought out. I did not have to play the first two games to figure out what is going on. Generally satisfying storyline with good buildup, good flow and good ending.
The characters complement the storyline. Lara is not straight up full of conviction. She doubts herself and is somewhat conflicted. Those traits do make her more relatable and endearing. We also see multi-dimension in the antagonist Dominguez. He has Paititi's interest at heart, just his methods are too extreme. It was saddening when Unuratu died. It was particularly heartbreaking when Jonah was supposedly killed.
The character animation is top notch. Lara is beautiful. Jonah wouldn't be as lovable if he doesn't look the way he does. Characters aside, the environments depicted are also breathtaking. From the lush jungles to the lively towns and cities to the dark and appropriately claustrophobic caves and tombs, everything was meticulously detailed. I love it.
Exploration in the game is really fun. Lara has the skill set befitting of a tomb raider. What spoils the fun is how inconsistent the game behaves when Lara is executing these moves. One moment she can do it. Reload the game, do the exact same thing and this time she falls to her demise. The inconsistencies and luck factor have to be removed. Apart from all that, I think the game excels in allowing me to live out my fantasy of venturing into caves and tombs; something I consider too dangerous to do in real life.
I generally dread combat in the game. In the Deadly Obsession difficulty, the best, if not the only approach towards combat is stealth. Sadly, stealth, like exploration, is inconsistent and therefore unreliable. It is not broken because you can eventually stealth your way to victory. For the number of tries you need to succeed, you could actually be doing the same things. Just the outcomes are different and you would be wondering why. Stealth could be improved to be more robust to improve the overall combat experience. As for the fights that provide no option to go stealth, I would say I am not a big fan of the idea of Rambo Lara singlehandedly going up against military trained Trinity soldiers or even the Yaaxil.
With how dreadful combat is, I do enjoy the missions and tombs where no combat is involved. The challenge tombs are so fun and challenging. The puzzles are very well thought out and executed.
I do not recommend the Deadly Obsession difficulty. What makes the difficulty broken is the fact that the game only saves at base camps. I wasted a lot of time getting to the hard parts rather than dealing with the hard parts. Using time wastage to achieve a certain level of difficult is a terrible idea. I don't understand how game developers can confuse challenging with time consuming.
The most disappointing game of the year.
First game is good, but Shadow of the tomb raider just so bad.


All compelling papers begin with a compelling observation about a text. If you notice a repeated theme within a text, parse it out to find nuances in the repitition. How does the theme develop over the novel, how does it change? Why is that shift important? Take Gulliver's Travels for example. Misanthropy is a prominent theme in the novel, but how does Jonathan Swift complicate and enhance his diatribe against mankind?
Through irony and satire, Jonathan Swift mocks his contemporary society by invoking allegories of miniscule and giant lands. In these lands he amplifies the faults of humanity, subtly mocking its corruption through exaggerated depictions of differing societies. His subtle yet persistent condemnation of society lends itself to a tone of detachment and heartlessness. But to view Swift's project only as an emotionless attack on humanity is an oversimplification. The novel contains many moments of tenderness, most prominent in the many instances when Gulliver is treated well by his captors and welcomed into their families as one of their own. But it's important to understand that moments of tenderness are not a reprieve from Swift's polemic against mankind, rather they're a vehicle to intensify it. Swift often illustrates tenderness as an expression of violence, especially in Brobdingnag where the Queen and King are only able to show their love through acts of violence. These scenes of tenderness are working in conjunction with the satire to strengthen it. By juxtaposing scenes of genuine kindness with grotesque instances of violence, Swift paints a binary of humanity. Tenderness and violence are inseparable parts of humanity that cannot be understood without the other. Illustrating tenderness and violence as indistinguishable parts of humanity, propels Swift's misanthropy, ultimately reaffirming his notion that humanity is irreversibly corrupt.
The Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and S.T. Coleridge were poetic experiments that pushed the boundaries of poetry in the 18th century. But many of the poems, especially those written by Wordsworth lack the typical excitement and structure associated with "great poetry." So what constitutes "great poetry"? Is it the duty of the poet to make a poem extraordinary? The reader?
"Simon Lee, The Old Huntsman" by William Wordsworth is one of the most prominent examples in the Lyrical Ballads that a poet is not the sole facilitator of a reader's engagement. The poem deconstructs the false belief that a poet must write enthralling, exciting, morally insightful poetry to procure engagement from their audience. Not only does this notion assign a disproportionate amount of responsibility and power to the speaker, it reduces the role of the reader to a passive, complicit listener. As an antithesis to this claim, Wordsworth offers a poem that is purposefully uneventful with a speaker that is intentionally incapable of mastering stylistic complexity as well as persuasive storytelling. Yet somehow, the reader remains engaged. This seems to suggest that the poem's simplicity is ironically the feature that encourages and promotes a consistent rapport between the speaker and the reader. The bleak subject matter, minimal technical and stylistic devices, and plain diction encourages the reader to partake in the act of storytelling as it unfolds in the poetry. It is this persistent implication of the reader throughout "Simon Lee" that suggests the onus to create meaningful, engaging poetry depends on the active collaboration between the speaker and the reader. The poem successfully achieves this dynamic through its syntactic and thematic deficiencies. Its minimalism ejects the reader from a comfortable position of consumption, and forces them into an authoritative position alongside the speaker.
What is "defamiliarization" and how is it used in 20th century poetry?
De-familiarization is the poetic practice that makes a perceived object newly strange. Many 20th century poems recycle the tropes and themes of 19th century poems, but offer new interpretations to familiar concepts. W.B. Yeats, W.H. Auden, Langston Hughes and T.S. Eliot are some of the great 20th century poets, providing fresh takes on love, nature, poetry, and even history. In Hughes, "Afro American Fragment" for example, Hughes de-familiarizes readers from a conventional understanding of Africa. Instead of describing Africa as a physical place, the poem interprets Africa as a fragmented memory that lives in the minds of African American descendants. Even though these recollections are immensely diluted from their original prominence, they are still highly valorized by the speaker, insinuating the significance of these fragments to the speaker's contemporary identity. De-familiarizing Africa from its geographical locus invites readers to consider African American identity as contingent on a collective memory rather than a shared physical origin. The repetition, rhythm, syntax, and diction of the poem make the jarring de-familiarization believable, and ultimately suggests that the fragmented memory of Africa within the minds of African Americans will inevitably fade away.


Vanalika Hindu Borrowed from the name of a sunflow..
Vani Hindu Voice, sound. Vani is a name of the..
Vardhamma Hindu Growing, increasing. The name was b..
Varesh Hindu Composed of the elements vara (best..
Varun Hindu Lord of the sea, god of water. The ..
Vasant Hindu From the Sanskrit vasanta (spring, ..
Vasu Hindu From the Sanskrit vasu (bright, the..
Vatsyayana Hindu Borne by the 6th-century author of ..
Vijayendra Hindu Compound name composed of the eleme..
Vimal Hindu Derived from the Sanskrit vimala (c..
Vivek Hindu Derived from the Sanskrit vivek (wi..
Vivekananda Hindu Compound name composed of the eleme..
Vojay Hindu Derived from the Sanskrit vijaya (v..
Vyomika Hindu Of the sky. Vyomika is derived from..
Yashaskar Hindu Compound name composed of the eleme..


Jamie Newell is a creative life and adventure photographer whose work focuses on the human condition and our relationship with the planet and each other.
Photography has been a part of Jamie's life since an early age and is self taught. Jamie's work has been featured in international publications and media.
For more information on Jamie's work, to get in touch regarding collaborations, commissions or local projects or to just say hello, feel free to get in touch.


Alright, so I know this is really crappy weather to try to diagnose this, but I would at least like an area to look at. I have an issue with a stutter/stall issue on my 240 that only happens when warm. LH brings up a 1-4-4 and a 2-2-4 code, indicating a load signal fault and coolant sensor fault. Is this a open and shut case of my sensor has failed, or is there something I can check to diagnose this problem and be sure?
A load signal fault should have you checking the connections between the two computers. There are some signals sent between the ezk and fuel ecu the load signal is one of them. The coolant sensor should be temp at three temp ranges. Colc, partly warm, and fully warmed up. I've had snesors that go open circuit when warm. This could cause a code and it will also make the engine revert back to a cold engine rich mixture. Thus causing stalling. There is a chart for checking the sensor in the Bentley or Haynes manuals as well as the greenbooks.
A load signal fault should have you checking the connections between the two computers.
For sure start pinning out your harness, and verifying all the grounds are in good shape, I chased a weird coolant temp issue, Never stalled, but ran rich intermittently when the car would lose the CTS signal, turned out I had an issue with grounds that I found AFTER I ran a new set of wires for the CTS outside of the harness.
The grounds for LH and EZK are the two eyelets bolted to the intake manifold. If you peel back the covering you can see about 5 wires junctioned to 1 wire with a crimp connector. I flowed that connector with solder and my issues went away.
Food for thought, LH is not very clever, and the code reader never really pointed me in the correct direction.
Also warm stalls make me think of my bad intank or lift pump as well.
Hot stall makes me think powerstage or crank sensor.
Concerning the pumps, both are good, the in-tank was replaced about 4 years ago with new oem unit from IPD, and the main pump was replaced shortly after with a new unit as well. This doesn't "feel" like a fuel starvation, more of an ignition cut out, or misfire. I can usually give it just a couple seconds and restart with no problems until it decides to mess up again. Crank sensor is newer, too, it's only about 6 years old. I also ran new wires to the ezk for the CPS, back when I was trying to diagnose this before the transmission swap.
The original wires weren't, they were in the harness with the rest, and ran through the firewall. This problem predates me running the wires, this was something I did to try to fix the problem.
I wonder if it should be noted that when it stalls, I can hear the fuel relay clicking back and forth.
So I switched out the fuel relay in an attempt to remedy this, since it seemed to only happen when the interior was warm, this may have helped? Will still stall, but I have noticed that when it does, and I go to restart it, the fuel pump won't prime at first. Sometimes takes a few tries before I hear the pumps prime and I'm ready to go again.
Check for bad fuse holder by the battery. It sounds like the LH system may not be getting power intermittently.
I replaced the battery terminal and fuse holder itself a couple years back because I thought it was faulty. How much of a pain is it to replace the whole damn wire?
Found it. I believe it was a mix between bad fuel relay, and the years old terrible wiring I did when I moved my maf to pre-turbo. Since the wreck a few years ago, I had a remnant from the a/c sitting on top. It seems that with the light pressure, it will cause the stall.
Good find and thanks for letting us know you got it. Enjoy the boost.


Today I went on a nice hike in Exeter, RI. The trails were open and there was barley any brush. However, on the ride to another trail, I noticed a small tick on my hand. I pulled over immediately to wipe if off. Living in the north-east, Lyme disease is super common. Be careful and take precautionary measures to protect your health!
Good advice to give. Always check yourself for ticks after going outside, especially in the woods.
Always! I always wondered what role ticks play in the environment.


Oliver Gottfried is speaking at the inaugural Boston Food Tank Summit, "Investing in Discovery," which will be held in collaboration with Tufts University and Oxfam America on April 1, 2017.
Oliver serves as the Senior Campaign Strategist at Oxfam America and leads Oxfam's campaigning on food issues. Prior to coming to Oxfam America, he received his undergraduate degree from Haverford College, after which he spent 14 years leading campaigning and advocacy work for political campaigns and labor unions across the United States.
Food Tank had the opportunity to ask Oliver about his work advocating for farm workers rights and why he is so passionate about creating changes in the food system.
Oliver Gottfried helps to elevate the voices and concerns of farm workers around the country and the world.
Oliver Gottfried (OG): I firmly believe in the power of individuals to affect change. After a few years in electoral politics, I went to work for Oxfam's domestic program. Today I help to elevate the voices of workers in our food system, in order to help them advocate for a better life.
OG: Working at Oxfam has given me the opportunity to meet food workers from around the country and the world, from farmworkers in California and North Carolina to poultry workers in Arkansas and Mississippi. Their strength and determination to fight for their rights inspire me every day.
OG: My parents were terrific role models, citizens who took action when they saw injustices. They taught me that it is the responsibility of every person to fight for the causes they believe in—and that inaction is not acceptable.
OG: Individual consumers have the potential to radically transform the current food system. As they become better educated about the food they purchase and take action to hold food companies accountable, they have tremendous power.
OG: Three years ago, I met Pedro, an immigrant from Guatemala working in a poultry plant in North Carolina. He endured low pay, serious injuries, and harassment at the hands of his supervisors, before ultimately being fired for speaking out about his rights. Despite this, and his status as an undocumented immigrant, he spoke out about this mistreatment so that other workers wouldn't have to suffer the same fate that he did.
OG: Big food companies have outsized control over our food system: deciding which products we buy, influencing public policy, driving down wages for food workers, and dispossessing small farmers. We can, and must, address this.
OG: Learn more about the food you eat—where it comes from and how it gets to you. The more you understand the injustices in our food system, the better prepared you will be to take action and help address those problems.
OG: Do not forget the hands that feed us: the workers who serve and sell us our food, the farmworkers who pick our fruits and vegetables, and the processing workers who prepare our beef and chicken. Listen to their voices and consider their lives.


Can I make kombucha from herbal tea?
Make herbal tea kombucha. Herbal kombucha can be made from a variety of herbs and spices. Find out how to choose the right herbs for kombucha herbal tea.
Can you make kombucha with herbal tea? Yes!
Are you wondering what kind of tea to use for kombucha? Can we make herbal kombucha?
Most kombucha recipes will insist that you have to use proper tea leaves from the Camellia sinensis tea bush. But it turns out that that's more of a guideline than a rule.
Maybe you are doing something like a "locavore challenge" and only eating and drinking what can be grown or produced within 100 miles of your home. Maybe you are a prepper of some sort, wanting to know if your kombucha scoby will survive on your local tea substitute plants. Or maybe you like the idea of bitter-herb spring tonics, but find them to be too … well frankly … bitter!
To read about the health benefits of ordinary kombucha, jump here.
This question about using herbal tea to make kombucha is one of those queries that you'll see come up time and time again in fermenting forums. It's a variation of the "what kind of tea for kombucha?" question, and is usually answered with the traditional wisdom that ordinary black, green or oolong etc tea is what kombucha needs and that to stray from that is to invite disaster.
It appears that, like much of life, the truth is much less straightforward.
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It turns out that you can successfully use a kombucha scoby to ferment herbal infusions.
For cautions and provisos about ordinary kombucha (like kombucha allergy reactions etc) see this post.
1. Firstly, and probably most importantly, kombucha herbal tea is entirely unpredictable when it comes to the therapeutic properties of the herbal tea. So if you are using a herbal infusion for its specific medicinal properties (e.g. St John's Wort for depressive symptoms), you absolutely cannot be sure what fermenting that tea will do. It might make it more potent, it might make it less potent, it might even worsen your symptoms. Proceed with caution, if at all.
2. On the other hand, if you are using the infusion because of its more general antioxidant, antimicrobial, astringent etc properties (like a general spring tonic), these do seem to be enhanced by fermenting with kombucha – at least in the herbs examined here.
3. Each of the herbal infusions looked at in this study were rich in tannins, nitrogen and phenolic compounds – all compounds that the kombucha scoby needs in order to grow. It's possible that other herbs with lower levels of these might not work so well.
This month I'm looking at three research papers produced by two different research labs based in Mexico and Serbia.
Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the beverage obtained by fermentation of sweetened Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) tea with symbiotic consortium of bacteria and yeasts. Velicanski et al. (2014) Food Technol. Biotechnol. 52 (4) 420-429.
Antioxidant and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitory activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Litsea glaucescens infusions fermented with kombucha consortium. Gamboa-Gómez et al. (2016) Food Technol. Biotechnol. 54 (3) 367-374.
Each of these papers began with the observation that when you use a scoby to ferment ordinary tea, that the chemical profile of the tea changes. It enhances the polyphenol and antioxidant profiles of the tea, making it more complex, and it also improves the antibacterial performance of the drink. They also discuss how the fermented tea, the kombucha, has quite a different look and taste to normal tea.
So, the researchers asked themselves what would happen if they chose a different plant-based infusion and fermented that instead.
The herbs chosen were, variously, Lemon Balm, River Red Gum, Mexican Bay Leaf, and White Oak. These are all used in their native parts of the world as both refreshing drinks and also as herbal tonics to treat a variety of conditions. They are all astringent herbs with a range of polyphenols in them, and (generally speaking) a good selection of tannins.
These researchers also tested the Lemon Balm kombucha to see how antibacterial it was. Lemon Balm kombucha successfully blocked the growth of all the bacterial strains that they tested, including pathogens like listeria. They concluded that most of this antibacterial activity was due to acetic acid – just like with ordinary kombucha, but they also note that if you take kombucha and neutralise it so that it is not acidic any more, it still has some antibacterial properties, so there are some other compounds in there that are antibacterial as well.
When the tea is fermented with a kombucha scoby, the concentration of phenolic compounds is increased. This research group used a number of different tests to measure antioxidant activity. Depending on which test they used, they got quite different results, meaning that only some types of antioxidant activity increased.
River Red Gum can be used as an anti-hypertensive to help control high blood pressure. Fermentation with a scoby decreased its anti-hypertensive properties two-fold.
The River Red Gum and Mexican Bay Leaf research was published in the same research paper, and the tests performed were identical for each.
When Mexican Bay Leaf tea is fermented with a kombucha scoby, the concentration of phenolic compounds decreases (the opposite of what happened with River Red Gum).
And, like we saw with the River Red Gum, Antioxidant activity increased with some measures, but was unchanged with others – but not in the same ways. So different types of antioxidant activity improved, and to different degrees.
Mexican Bay Leaf tea has good anti-hypertensive properties (probably why it is good for headaches), but fermentation reduced its effectiveness by fifteen times.
This research group (the same group that produced the last paper on Mexican Bay Leaf and River Red Gum) tested three different varieties of White Oak, and performed a whole raft of antioxidant tests. Based on the results, and what we already know about how variable ordinary tea kombucha is, my take-away is that White Oak kombucha is pretty comparable to normal kombucha. It is a good antioxidant, keeps its anti-inflammatory properties, and has some key compounds in it which have been shown to decrease oxidative stress.
As you can see, the results were a bit mixed. In most cases the antioxidant power of the infusion increased after fermentation, but this depended on which test was used to measure that. It wasn't a definite green light across all measures.
Again, when measuring the total concentration of phenols, in most cases this increased and got more complex – but not with the Mexican Laurel. For some reason the phenolic concentration decreased with that herbal infusion.
And when a particular medical effect was measured, like when the Mexican research group measured the anti-hypertensive properties of Mexican Laurel and River Red Gum, it got even less predictable. Fermented River Red Gum was only half as effective as the plain infusion, and fermented Mexican Laurel was fifteen times less potent than the plain infusion – a situation where fermented tea is definitely not an improvement on the plain tea.
In terms of how the fermented versions of the teas tasted, this was only researched in one of these experiments – the paper which compared Mexian Laurel and River Red Gum. The researchers got a panel to taste-test the results, and the fermented product compared favorably to the original, but people still didn't really like it as much as 'real' kombucha although it was pretty close.
Is it okay to mix herbal teas for kombucha?
These studies don't address that directly, but we do know from these Chinese kombucha antiviral studies that I discussed previously that you can make a mix of known medicinal herbs, combine them with normal tea, and brew kombucha from them. Those scientists called this Chinese Herbal Kombucha and showed that it could be used as an anti-viral with farm animals.
If you're at all worried about the medicinal effects of herbal teas conflicting or interacting when mixed, then you could start with a standard pre-mixed herbal tea like one of these caffeine-free herbal tea blends. But remember that fermentation might change how they taste and behave.
So, what does this mean for herbal kombucha?
Well, it basically means that there is no one size fits all answer. Fermenting a herbal tonic with kombucha will not always improve the drink, and sometimes it will make it worse. All we can say is that it will change it somehow.
But let's bring this back into context. It's important to remember that we're talking about living systems here. The leaves harvested from the River Red Gum in the dry Australian outback will be different to leaves from a River Red Gum in the rainy Pacific North West. Likewise, the potted Lemon Balm plant growing in full sun by your back door will be different to my neighbour's Lemon Balm grown in well manured soil under the shade of tree. We are talking very high levels of variability already existing in the herbs being used here.
Add the fact that everybody's scoby is different, and we end up with a highly unpredictable situation in terms of whether fermenting will be medically beneficial. It's just impossible to say, one way or the other, without specifically testing the specific herb and scoby being used.
In fact, I would go so far as to say that if you are wanting to use herbal infusions for specific medical or health outcomes you should purchase your herbs from a reputable herbalist practitioner, and do so in consultation with them.
But there are other reasons why you might be wanting to give this a go. As I said at the start of this post, maybe you are trying to eat and drink only items that don't need to be flown across the world? Maybe you want to find out if you can be self-reliant with your own local resources and still make kombucha? Or maybe you just want to try something different.
The key take-away from these papers for me is that the kombucha scoby is highly adaptable. It may not immediately love the new brew, and you might need to gradually start the scoby on a mix of tea and your herb of choice before gently coaxing it to ferment the herbal infusion on its own (with sugar or some other sweetener, of course – don't leave that bit out), but it will make the switch eventually.
It might not be kombucha as you know it, and it would be prudent to drink small quantities at first to test how your body reacts to it, just as you may have done when you first started drinking normal kombucha, but it may well work brilliantly.
Do your homework, make sure that the herb you are using is actually the herb you think you are using. Make sure it is completely edible and safe. Observe good hygiene practices.
And then go for it. It's an exciting wide world out there, and you never know what flavor sensation awaits you.
Amazing research! Does kombucha in general have an antiviral/bacterial quality to it without anything added other than say a black tea?
Next Next post: Should we keep kombucha in the fridge?


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This entry was posted in All Devos, Christian Growth, Christian Living and tagged Christian Growth, Christian Living, hebrews, Peace, Right ear, right foot, right hand.
Asa succeeded his father Abijah and was one of the kings who did that which was right in the sight of the Lord demonstrated by what he did, (2Chronicles 14:2). He aimed at pleasing God, studied to approve himself to Him. In his days, God had given him peace and rest. Even in the midst peace and rest, vs. "4 He commanded Judah to seek the Lord God of their fathers, and to observe the law and the commandment". How easy it is to relax in the time of peace and not seek God. How easy to wait until the day of trouble to figure out what to do. That was not with Asa and his kingdom.
This entry was posted in All Devos, Blessings, Encouragement, For Tough Times and tagged Abijah, Blessings, confidence, Encouragement, For Tough Times, help, Peace, Rest, Strength.
This entry was posted in All Devos, Christian Living and tagged Book of Isaiah, Book of Psalms, Book of Romans, Christ, Christ Jesus, Christian Living, Epistle to the Philippians, God, harmony, Jesus, Lord, Peace, Peace in God, Peace of God, Peace with God, Psalm.
This entry was posted in All Devos, Christian Growth and tagged Book of Isaiah, Book of Psalm, Christian, Christian Growth, Christianity, Faithful Servant, God, Gospel of Luke, Lord, Peace, Psalm, rock, steadfast.
This entry was posted in All Devos, Christian Growth and tagged Apollos, Book of Corinthians, Book of Romans, Christ, Christian, Christian Growth, Corinth, Epistle to the Ephesians, faith, foundation, God, Gospel of John, Holy Spirit, Jesus, Jesus Christ, joy, laboring, make it grow, mature, Paul, Peace, relationship, Righteousness, solid rock, success, the key.


text:
V8 Sleuth News
RARE RECORD HELD BY MOSTERT'S WRECKED MUSTANG
STORY: WILL DALE
IMAGES: AN1 IMAGES (DIRK KLYNSMITH)
A CURRENT Mount Panorama record-holder and multiple Virgin Australia Supercars Championship race-winner, the Ford Mustang destroyed in Chaz Mostert's brutal Top 10 Shootout crash at the Vodafone Gold Coast 600 also held another rare distinction.
It had only one primary driver across its life.
Tickford Racing chassis FPR 1519 has been Mostert's sole car in the 111 Supercars Championship races he has started since 2016's season-opening Adelaide 500.
While other primary drivers have made more race starts in a single chassis, those cars were turned over to others during their lives in the 'main game'.
The damage to the car was such that Tickford Racing CEO Tim Edwards declared it a write-off in the immediate wake of Mostert's brutal crash.
Pictures of FPR 1519 and every other Ford that competed in the Bathurst 1000 can be found in our limited edition book Ford At Bathurst, The Cars: 1963-2018, the ultimate photographic history of the 'blue oval' at the Mount Panorama enduro.
Order your copy from the V8 Sleuth Range at Authentic Collectables.
With the chassis now back at their Campbellfield headquarters, the team is assessing what components can be salvaged or repaired from the chassis.
It's a process that will happen progressively as the team focuses on preparing its full fleet of cars for the Supercars and Super2 Series rounds at next weekend's Penrite Sandown 500, including the retro-liveried replacement Mustang that Mostert and co-driver James Moffat will pilot.
That FPR 1519 met its end in a savage crash at Surfers Paradise is a cruel twist of fate given it was a two-time race winner on the Gold Coast streets, along with the reason it became Mostert's car in the first place.
The 19th Supercar constructed by the team and built up as a Ford Falcon FG X during 2015 when it was known as Ford Performance Racing (hence the FPR chassis designation), the chassis replaced the car Mostert destroyed in his horrifying qualifying crash at the 2015 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000.
Both driver and car turned their first laps together at a pre-season Winton test in February 2016, marking Mostert's first drive of a Supercar after a six-month recovery from his Bathurst injuries.
"The body held up really well," Mostert said after completing 81 laps across the day.
"I feel great in the car, I feel pretty comfortable in there, it's just like the old one."
In raw results, FPR 1519 came close to equalling the five championship race wins and 10 pole positions achieved by the car it replaced.
Mostert accumulated nine poles in the car, the first coming in his return to racing at Adelaide. He took four more across the 2016 season to enter the final event at Homebush in contention for the ARMOR ALL Pole Champion Award.
He had to wait until the next year to pick up his first victory since the Bathurst crash, ending a drought dating back to August 2015 with a win in the Sunday race at Phillip Island – although he also copped a $3,000 fine for celebrating the triumph with a stationary burnout.
Two more wins at Queensland Raceway and the Gold Coast 600, where he and Steve Owen won from pole in wet conditions, established Mostert as a title contender; indeed, he arrived at the Newcastle finale as one of the five drivers with a mathematical shot at the championship.
However, he had to wait a full calendar year for his next race victory in the car, combining with new co-driver James Moffat to claim the opening race of the 2018 Gold Coast 600, before the car was converted to 2019-spec Mustang GT panelwork during the off-season.
This year, the chassis became the first to claim championship race wins as both a Falcon and a Mustang when Mostert won the third race of the Beaurepaires Melbourne 400 weekend. The victory also equalled his previous chassis' tally of five championship race wins.
Allied to two more podium finishes and a pole position across the weekend, Mostert and FPR 1519 became the second winners of the Larry Perkins Memorial Trophy, awarded to the driver to accrue the most points across the Albert Park weekend.
The car is also the current Supercars lap record holder at Mount Panorama, Mostert becoming the first driver to do a 'four' during the Bathurst 1000 race in setting a 2m04.7602s on Lap 155 as he recovered from a mid-race tangle with Tickford Racing teammate Cameron Waters.
In the past Tickford Racing has been known to hang onto written-off chassis, with the BF Falcon Steven Richards crashed at Eastern Creek in 2008 and the FG X Mostert crashed at Bathurst in 2015 both remaining outside Tickford HQ for some years after their career-ending shunts.
However, the Richards car was scrapped in 2018, while the Mostert car is now on permanent display at Bathurst's National Motor Racing Museum, so it remains to be seen what Tickford will opt do with FPR 1519.
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