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II. The Names and Natures of Christ
A. THE NAMES OF CHRIST.
There are especially five names that call for a brief discussion at this point. They are partly descriptive of His natures, partly of His official position, and partly of the work for which He came into the world.
1. THE NAME JESUS. The name Jesus is the Greek form of the Hebrew Jehoshua, Joshua, Josh. 1:1; Zech. 3:1, or Jeshua (regular form in the post exilic historical books), Ezra 2:2. The derivation of this common name of the Saviour is veiled in obscurity. The generally accepted opinion is that it is derived from the root yasha', hiph., hoshia', to save, but it is not easy to explain how Jehoshua' became Jeshua'. Probably Hoshea', derived from the infinitive, was the original form (cf. Num. 13:8,16; Deut. 32:44), expressing merely the idea of redemption. The yod which is the sign of the imperfect, may have been added to express the certainty of redemption. This would best agree with the interpretation of the name given in Matt. 1:21. For another derivation from Jeho (Jehovah) and shua, that is help (Gotthilf) cf. Kuyper, Dict. Dogm.44De Christo, I, pp. 56 f. The name was borne by two well known types of Jesus in the Old Testament.
2. THE NAME CHRIST. If Jesus is the personal, Christ is the official, name of the Messiah. It is the equivalent of the Old Testament Mashiach (from mashach, to anoint), and thus means "the anointed one." Kings and priests were regularly anointed during the old dispensation, Ex. 29:7; Lev. 4:3; Judg. 9:8; I Sam. 9:16; 10:1; II Sam. 19:10. The King was called "the anointed of Jehovah," I Sam. 24:10. Only a single instance of the anointing of a prophet is recorded, I Kings 19:16, but there are probably references to it in Ps. 105:15 and Isa. 61:1. The oil used in anointing these officers symbolized the Spirit of God, Isa. 61:1; Zech. 4:1-6, and the anointing represented the transfer of the Spirit to the consecrated person, I Sam. 10:1,6,10; 16:13,14. The anointing was a visible sign of (a) an appointment to office; (b) the establishment of a sacred relationship and the consequent sacrosanctness of the person anointed, I Sam. 24:6; 26:9; II Sam. 1:14; and (c) a communication of the Spirit to the anointed one, I Sam. 16:13, cf. also II Cor. 1:21,22. The Old Testament refers to the anointing of the Lord in Ps. 2:2; 45:7, and the New Testament, in Acts 4:27 and 10:38. Formerly references to it were also found in Ps. 2:6 and Prov. 8:23, but to-day Hebraists assert that the word nasak, used in these passages, means "to set up" rather than "to anoint." But even cf. also Isa. 11:2; 42:1. Christ was set up or appointed to His offices from so the word points to the reality of the first thing symbolized in the anointing, eternity, but historically His anointing took place when He was conceived by the Holy Spirit, Luke 1:35, and when he received the Holy Spirit, especially at the time of His baptism, Matt. 3:16; Mark 1:10; Luke 3:22; John 1:32; 3:34. It served to qualify Him for His great task. The name "Christ" was first applied to the Lord as a common noun with the article, but gradually developed into a proper noun, and was used without the article.
3. THE NAME SON OF MAN. In the Old Testament this name is found in Ps. 8:4; Dan. 7:13, and frequently in the Prophecy of Ezekiel. It is also found in the Apochrypha, Enoch 46 and 62, and II Esdras 13. The dependence of the New Testament usage of it on the passage in Daniel is now quite generally admitted, though in that prophecy it is merely a descriptive phrase, and not yet a title. The transition from the one to the other was made later on, and was apparently already an accomplished fact when the book of Enoch was written. It was the most common self-designation of Jesus. He applied the name to Himself on more than forty occasions, while others all but refrained from employing it. The only exception in the Gospels is in John 12:34, where it appears in an indirect quotation of a word of Jesus; and in the rest of the New Testament only Stephen and John employ it, Acts 7:56; Rev. 1:13; 14:14.
Dr. Vos in his work on The Self-Disclosure of Jesus divides the passages in which the name occurs into four classes: (a) Passages which clearly refer to the eschatological coming of the Son of Man, as for instance, Matt. 16:27, 28; Mark 8:38; 13:26, etc. and parallels. (b) Passages which speak particularly of Jesus' sufferings, death, and (sometimes) resurrection, as, for instance, Matt. 17:22; 20:18,19,28; 12:40, etc. and parallels. (c) Passages in the Fourth Gospel, in which the heavenly superhuman side and the pre-existence of Jesus is stressed, as for instance, 1:51; 3:13,14; 6:27,53,62; 8:28, and so on. (d) A small group of passages, in which Jesus reflects upon His human nature, Mark 2:27, 28; John 5:27; 6:27,51,62. It is hard to determine why Jesus preferred this name as a self-designation. Formerly the name was generally regarded as a cryptic title, by the use of which Jesus intended to veil rather than to reveal His Messiahship. This explanation was discarded when more attention was paid to the eschatological element in the Gospels, and to the use of the name in the apocalyptic literature of the Jews. Dalman revived the idea and regarded the title once more as "an intentional veiling of the Messianic character under a title which affirms the humanity of Him who bore it."55Words of Jesus, p. 253 The supposed proof for this is found in Matt. 16:13; John 12:34. But the proof is doubtful; the latter passage even shows that the people understood the name Messianically. Dr. Vos is of the opinion that Jesus probably preferred the name, because it stood farthest removed from every possible Jewish prostitution of the Messianic office. By calling Himself the Son of Man, Jesus imparted to the Messiahship His own heaven-centered spirit. And the height to which He thus lifted His person and work may well have had something to do with the hesitancy of His early followers to name Him with the most celestial of all titles.66The Self-Disclosure of Jesus, pp. 251 ff.
4. THE NAME SON OF GOD. The name "Son of God" was variously applied in the Old Testament: (a) to the people of Israel, Ex. 4:22; Jer. 31:9; Hos. 11:1; (b) to officials among Israel, especially to the promised king of the house of David, II Sam. 7:14; Ps. 89:27; (c) to angels, Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7; Ps. 29:1; 89:6; and (d) to pious people in general, Gen. 6:2; Ps. 73:15; Prov. 14:26. Among Israel the name acquired theocratic significance. In the New Testament we find Jesus appropriating the name, and others also ascribing it to Him. The name is applied to Jesus in four different senses, which are not always kept distinct in Scripture but are sometimes combined. The name is applied to Him:
a. In the official or Messianic sense, as a description of the office rather than of the nature of Christ. The Messiah could be called Son of God as God's heir and representative. The demons evidently understood the name Messianically, when they applied it to Jesus. It seems to have this meaning also in Matt. 24:36; Mark 13:32. Even the name, as uttered by the voice at the baptism of Jesus and at His transfiguration, Matt. 3:17; 17:5; Mark 1:11; 9:7; Luke 3:22; 9:35, can be so interpreted, but in all probability has a deeper meaning. There are several passages in which the Messianic sense is combined with the trinitarian sense, cf. under (b).
b. In the trinitarian sense. The name is sometimes used to denote the essential deity of Christ. As such it points to a pre-existent sonship, which absolutely transcends the human life of Christ and His official calling as Messiah. Instances of this use are found in Matt. 11:27; 14:28-33; 16:16, and parallels; 21:33-46, and parallels; 22:41-46; 26:63, and parallels. In some of these cases the idea of the Messianic sonship also enters more or less. We find the ontological and the Messianic sonship interwoven also in several Johannine passages, in which Jesus clearly intimates that He is the Son of God, though He does not use the name, as in 6:69; 8:16,18,23; 10:15,30; 14:20, and so on. In the Epistles Christ is frequently designated as the Son of God in the metaphysical sense, Rom. 1:3; 8:3; Gal. 4:4; Heb. 1:1, and many other passages. In modern liberal theology it is customary to deny the metaphysical sonship of Christ.
c. In the nativistic sense. Christ is also called the Son of God in virtue of His supernatural birth. The name is so applied to Him in the well known passage in the Gospel of Luke, in which the origin of His human nature is ascribed to the direct, supernatural paternity of God, namely, Luke 1:35. Dr. Vos also finds indications of this sense of the name in Matt. 1:18-24; John 1:13. Naturally, this meaning of the name is also denied by modern liberal theology, which does not believe in the virgin birth, nor in the supernatural conception of Christ.
d. In the ethico-religious sense. It is in this sense that the name "sons" or "children of God" is applied to believers in the New Testament. It is possible that we have an example of the application of the name "Son of God" to Jesus in that ethico-religious sense in Matt. 17:24-27. This depends on the question, whether Peter is here represented as also exempt from the templetax. It is especially in this sense that modern liberal theology ascribes the name to Jesus. It finds that the sonship of Jesus is only an ethico- religious sonship, somewhat heightened indeed, but not essentially different from that of His disciples.
5. THE NAME LORD (Kurios). The name "Lord" is applied to God in the Septuagint, (a) as the equivalent of Jehovah; (b) as the rendering of Adonai; and (c) as the translation of a human honorific title applied to God (chiefly Adon), Josh. 3:11; Ps. 97:5. In the New Testament we find a somewhat similar threefold application of the name to Christ, (a) as a polite and respectful form of address, Matt. 8:2; 20:33; (b) as expressive of ownership and authority, without implying anything as to Christ's divine character and authority, Matt. 21:3; 24:42; and (c) with the highest connotation of authority, expressive of an exalted character, and in fact practically equivalent to the name "God," Mark 12:36,37; Luke 2:11; 3:4; Acts 2:36; I Cor. 12:3; Phil. 2:11. In some cases it is hard to determine the exact connotation of the title. Undoubtedly, after the exaltation of Christ, the name was generally applied to Him in the most exalted sense. But there are instances of its use even before the resurrection, where the specifically divine import of the title has evidently already been reached, as in Matt. 7:22; Luke 5:8; John 20:28. There is a great difference of opinion among scholars respecting the origin and development of this title as applied to Jesus. In spite of all that has been advanced to the contrary, there is no reason to doubt that the use of the name, as applied to Jesus, is rooted in the Old Testament. There is one constant element in the history of the conception, and that is the element of authoritative ownership. The Epistles of Paul suggest the additional idea that it is an authority and ownership resting on antecedently acquired rights. It is doubtful, whether this element is already present in the Gospels.
B. THE NATURES OF CHRIST.
From the earliest times, and more particularly since the Council of Chalcedon, the Church confessed the doctrine of the two natures of Christ. The Council did not solve the problem presented by a person who was at once human and divine, but only sought to ward off some of the solutions which were offered and were clearly recognized as erroneous. And the Church accepted the doctrine of the two natures in one person, not because it had a complete understanding of the mystery, but because it clearly saw in it a mystery revealed by the Word of God. It was and remained ever since for the Church an article of faith, far beyond human comprehension. Rationalistic attacks on the doctrine were not entirely wanting, but the Church remained firm in the confession of this truth, in spite of the fact that it was once and again declared to be contrary to reason. In this confession Roman Catholics and Protestants stand shoulder to shoulder. But from the last part of the eighteenth century on this doctrine was made the butt of persistent attacks. The Age of Reason set in, and it was declared to be unworthy of man to accept on the authority of Scripture what was clearly contrary to human reason. That which did not commend itself to this new arbiter was simply declared to be erroneous. Individual philosophers and theologians now tried their hand at solving the problem presented by Christ, in order that they might offer the Church a substitute for the two- nature doctrine. They took their starting point in the human Jesus, and even after a century of painstaking research found in Jesus no more than a man with a divine element in Him. They could not rise to the recognition of Him as their Lord and their God. Schleiermacher spoke of a man with a supreme God-consciousness, Ritschl, of a man having the value of a God, Wendt, of a man standing in a continual inward fellowship of love with God, Beyschlag, of a God-filled man, and Sanday, of a man with an inrush of the divine in the sub-consciousness; — but Christ is and remains merely a man. To-day the liberal school represented by Harnack, the eschatological school of Weiss and Schweitzer, and the more recent school of comparative religion, headed by Bousset and Kirsopp Lake, all agree in denuding Christ of His true deity, and in reducing Him to human dimensions. To the first our Lord is merely a great ethical teacher; to the second, an apocalyptic seer; and to the third a peerless leader to an exalted destiny. They regard the Christ of the Church as the creation of Hellenism, or of Judaism, or of the two combined. To-day, however, the whole epistemology of the previous century is called in question, and the sufficiency of human reason for the interpretation of ultimate truth is seriously questioned. There is a new emphasis on revelation. And influential theologians, such as Barth and Brunner, Edwin Lewis and Nathaniel Micklem, do not hesitate to confess faith once more in the doctrine of the two natures. It is of the utmost importance to maintain this doctrine, as it was formulated by the Council of Chalcedon and is contained in our Confessional Standards.77Conf. Belg., Art. XIX; Heidelberg Cat., Qs. 15-18; Canons of Dort II, Art. IV.
1. SCRIPTURE PROOFS FOR THE DEITY OF CHRIST. In view of the widespread denial of the deity of Christ, it is of the utmost importance to be thoroughly conversant with the Scripture proof for it. The proof is so abundant that no one who accepts the Bible as the infallible Word of God can entertain any doubt on this point. For the ordinary classification of the Biblical proofs, as derived from the divine names, the divine attributes, the divine works, and the divine honor ascribed to Him, we would refer to the chapter on the Trinity. A somewhat different arrangement is followed here in view of the recent trend of historical criticism.
a. In the Old Testament. Some have shown an inclination to deny that the Old Testament contains predictions of a divine Messiah, but this denial is quite untenable in view of such passages as Ps. 2:6-12 (Heb. 1:5); 45:6,7 (Heb. 1:8,9); 110:1 (Heb. 1:13); Isa. 9:6; Jer. 23:6; Dan. 7:13; Mic. 5:2; Zech. 13:7; Mal. 3:1. Several of the latest historical scholars strongly insist on the fact that the doctrine of a superhuman Messiah was native to pre-Christian Judaism. Some even find in it the explanation for the supernatural Christology of parts of the New Testament.
b. In the writings of John and Paul. It has been found quite impossible to deny that both John and Paul teach the deity of Christ. In the Gospel of John the most exalted view of the person of Christ is found, as appears from the following passages: John 1:1-3,14,18; 2:24,25; 3:16-18,35,36; 4:14,15; 5:18,20,21,22,25-27; 11:41-44; 20:28; I John 1:3; 2:23; 4:14,15; 5:5,10-13, 20. A similar view is found in the Pauline Epistles and in the Epistle to the Hebrews, Rom. 1:7; 9:5; I Cor. 1:1-3; 2:8; II Cor. 5:10; Gal. 2:20; 4:4; Phil. 2:6; Col. 2:9; I Tim. 3:16; Heb. 1:1-3,5,8; 4:14; 5:8, and so on. Critical scholars sought escape from the doctrine clearly taught in these writings in various ways as, for instance, by denying the historicity of the Gospel of John and the authenticity of many of the Epistles of Paul; by regarding the representations of John, Paul, and Hebrews as unwarranted interpretations, in the case of John and Hebrews especially under the influence of the Philonic Logos doctrine, and in the case of Paul under the same influence, or under that of his pre-Christian, Jewish views; or by ascribing to Paul a lower view than is found in John, namely, that of Christ as a pre-existent, heavenly man.
c. In the Synoptics. Some maintain that the Synoptics only furnish us with a true picture of Christ. They, it is said, portray the human, the truly historical Jesus, as contrasted with the idealized picture of the Fourth Gospel. But it is perfectly evident that the Christ of the Synoptics is just as truly divine as the Christ of John. He stands out as a supernatural person throughout, the Son of Man and the Son of God. His character and works justify His claim. Notice particularly the following passages: Matt. 5:17; 9:6; 11:1-6,27; 14:33; 16:16,17; 28:18; 25:31 ff.; Mark 8:38, and many similar and parallel passages. Dr. Warfield's The Lord of Glory is very illuminating on this point.
d. In the self-consciousness of Jesus. In recent years there has been a tendency to go back to the self-consciousness of Jesus and to deny that He was conscious of being the Messiah or the Son of God. Naturally, it is not possible to have any knowledge of the consciousness of Jesus, except through His words, as these are recorded in the Gospels; and it is always possible to deny that they correctly express the mind of Jesus. For those who accept the Gospel testimony there can be no doubt as to the fact that Jesus was conscious of being the very Son of God. The following passages bear witness to this: Matt. 11:27 (Luke 10:22); 21:37,38 (Mk. 12:6; Luke 20:13); 22:41-46 (Mk. 13:35-37; Luke 20:41-44); 24:36 (Mk. 13:32); 28:19. Some of these passages testify to Jesus' Messianic consciousness; others to the fact that He was conscious of being the Son of God in the most exalted sense. There are several passages in Matthew and Luke, in which He speaks of the first person of the Trinity as "my Father," Matt. 7:21; 10:32,33; 11:27; 12:50; 15:13; 16:17; 18:10,19,35; 20:23; 25:34; 26:29,53; Luke 2:49; 22:29; 24:49. In the Gospel of John the consciousness of being the very Son of God is even more apparent in such passages as John 3:13; 5:17,18,19-27; 6:37-40,57; 8:34-36; 10:17,18,30,35,36, and other passages.
2. SCRIPTURE PROOF FOR THE REAL HUMANITY OF CHRIST. There has been a time, when the reality (Gnosticism) and the natural integrity (Docetism, Apollinarianism) of the human nature of Christ was denied, but at present no one seriously questions the real humanity of Jesus Christ. In fact, there is at present an extreme emphasis on His veritable humanity, an ever-growing humanitarianism. The only divinity many still ascribe to Christ, is simply that of His perfect humanity. This modern tendency is, no doubt, in part a protest against a one-sided emphasis on the deity of Christ. Men have sometimes forgotten the human Christ in their reverence for the divine. It is very important to maintain the reality and integrity of the humanity of Jesus by admitting his human development and human limitations. The splendor of His deity should not be stressed to the extent of obscuring His real humanity. Jesus called Himself man, and is so called by others, John 8:40; Acts 2:22; Rom. 5:15; I Cor. 15:21. The most common self-designation of Jesus, "the Son of Man," whatever connotation it may have, certainly also indicates the veritable humanity of Jesus. Moreover, it is said that the Lord came or was manifested in the flesh, John 1:14; I Tim. 3:16; I John 4:2. In these passages the term "flesh" denotes human nature. The Bible clearly indicates that Jesus possessed the essential elements of human nature, that is, a material body and a rational soul, Matt. 26:26,28,38; Luke 23:46; 24:39; John 11:33; Heb. 2:14. There are also passages which show that Jesus was subject to the ordinary laws of human development, and to human wants and sufferings, Luke 2:40,52; Heb. 2:10,18; 5:8. It is brought out in detail that the normal experiences of man's life were His, Matt. 4:2; 8:24; 9:36; Mk. 3:5; Lk. 22:44; John 4:6; 11:35; 12:27; 19:28,30; Heb. 5:7.
3.SCRIPTURE PROOF FOR THE SINLESS HUMANITY OF CHRIST. We ascribe to Christ not only natural, but also moral, integrity or moral perfection, that is sinlessness. This means not merely that Christ could avoid sinning (potuit non peccare), and did actually avoid it, but also that it was impossible for Him to sin (non potuit peccare) because of the essential bond between the human and the divine natures. The sinlessness of Christ has been denied by Martineau, Irving, Menken, Holsten, and Pfleiderer, but the Bible clearly testifies to it in the following passages: Luke 1:35; John 8:46; 14:30; II Cor. 5:21; Heb. 4:15; 9:14; I Pet. 2:22; I John 3:5. While Christ was made to be sin judicially, yet ethically He was free from both hereditary depravity and actual sin. He never makes a confession of moral error; nor does He join His disciples in praying, "Forgive us our sins." He is able to challenge His enemies to convince Him of sin. Scripture even represents Him as the one in whom the ideal man is realized, Heb. 2:8,9; I Cor. 15:45; II Cor. 3:18; Phil. 3:21. Moreover, the name "Son of Man," appropriated by Jesus, seems to intimate that He answered to the perfect ideal of humanity.
4. THE NECESSITY OF THE TWO NATURES IN CHRIST. It appears from the preceding that, in the present day, many do not recognize the necessity of assuming two natures in Christ. To them Jesus is but a man; yet at the same time they feel constrained to ascribe to Him the value of a God, or to claim divinity for Him in virtue of the immanence of God in Him, or of the indwelling Spirit. The necessity of the two natures in Christ follows from what is essential to the Scriptural doctrine of the atonement.
a. The necessity of His manhood. Since man sinned, it was necessary that the penalty should be borne by man. Moreover, the paying of the penalty involved suffering of body and soul, such as only man is capable of bearing, John 12:27; Acts 3:18; Heb. 2:14; 9:22. It was necessary that Christ should assume human nature, not only with all its essential properties, but also with all the infirmities to which it is liable after the fall, and should thus descend to the depths of degradation to which man had fallen, Heb. 2:17,18. At the same time, He had to be a sinless man, for a man who was himself a sinner and who had forfeited his own life, certainly could not atone for others, Heb. 7:26. Only such a truly human Mediator, who had experimental knowledge of the woes of mankind and rose superior to all temptations, could enter sympathetically into all the experiences, the trials, and the temptations of man, Heb. 2:17,18; 4:15-5:2, and be a perfect human example for His followers, Matt. 11:29; Mk. 10:39; John 13:13-15; Phil. 2:5-8; Heb. 12:2-4; I Pet. 2:21.
b. The necessity of His Godhead. In the divine plan of salvation it was absolutely essential that the Mediator should also be very God. This was necessary, in order that (1) He might bring a sacrifice of infinite value and render perfect obedience to the law of God; (2) He might bear the wrath of God redemptively, that is, so as to free others from the curse of the law; and (3) He might be able to apply the fruits of His accomplished work to those who accepted Him by faith. Man with his bankrupt life can neither pay the penalty of sin, nor render perfect obedience to God. He can bear the wrath of God and, except for the redeeming grace of God, will have to bear it eternally, but he cannot bear it so as to open a way of escape, Ps. 49:7-10; 130:3.
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY. What Old Testament persons bore the name 'Jesus,' and in what respect did they typify the Saviour? Is the bare title 'the Messiah,' without a genitive or a pronominal suffix, ever found in the Old Testament? How does Dalman account for its occurence in Jewish apocalyptic literature? Do the terms 'the anointed of Jehovah,' 'His anointed,' and 'my anointed' always have the same meaning in the Old Testament? Whence comes the idea that believers share the anointing of Christ? What about the idea that the name 'Son of Man,' reduced to its probable Aramaic original, simply means 'man'? How about the idea of Weiss and Schweitzer that Jesus employed the name only in a futuristic sense? Did He use it before Peter's confession at Cæsarea-Philippi? How do the liberals square their conception of Jesus as the Son of God only in a religious and ethical sense with the data of Scripture? What is the usual view of the origin of the Kurios-title? What theory was broached by Bousset and other liberal scholars? What accounts for the opposition to the two-natures doctrine? Is it a necessary doctrine, or is there some other doctrine that might take its place? What objections are there to the adoptionist doctrine;—to the Kenotic theories;—to the idea of a gradual incarnation;—to the Ritschlian view;—to Sanday's theory?
LITERATURE: Bavinck, Geref. Dogm. III, pp. 259-265, 328-335, 394-396; Kuyper, Dict. Dogm., De Christo I, pp. 44-61, 128-153; II, pp. 2-23; Hodge, Syst. Theol. II, pp. 378-387; Dabney, Syst. and Polem. Theol. pp. 464-477; Vos, Geref. Dogm. III, pp. 1-31; ibid. The Self-Disclosure of Jesus, pp. 104-256; ibid. on the Kurios-title Princeton Theol. Review, Vol. XIII, pp. 151 ff.; Vol. XV, pp. 21 ff.; Dalman, The Words of Jesus, pp. 234-331; Warfield, The Lord of Glory, cf. Index; Liddon, The Divinity of our Lord, Lect. V; Rostron, The Christology of St. Paul, pp. 154 ff.; Machen, The Origin of Paul's Religion, pp. 293-317; Stanton, The Jewish and the Christian Messiah, pp. 239-250.
4De Christo, I, pp. 56 f.
5Words of Jesus, p. 253
6The Self-Disclosure of Jesus, pp. 251 ff.
7Conf. Belg., Art. XIX; Heidelberg Cat., Qs. 15-18; Canons of Dort II, Art. IV.


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Dynamics of Retail Methamphetamine Markets in New York City, 2007-2009 (ICPSR 29821)
Version Date: Jan 6, 2014 View help for published
Wendel, Travis, Curtis, Richard, Khan, Bilal, and Dombrowski, Kirk. Dynamics of Retail Methamphetamine Markets in New York City, 2007-2009. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2014-01-06. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR29821.v1
Travis Wendel, City University of New York. John Jay College of Criminal Justice; Richard Curtis, City University of New York. John Jay College of Criminal Justice; Bilal Khan, City University of New York. John Jay College of Criminal Justice; Kirk Dombrowski, City University of New York. John Jay College of Criminal Justice
The study was conducted to provide information about markets for, distribution of, and use of methamphetamine in New York City, both inside and outside of the MSM (men who have sex with men)/gay community. The study used Respondent Driven Sampling to recruit 132 methamphetamine market participants. Each respondent participated in a one to two hour structured interview combining both qualitative and quantitative responses. Each respondent was invited to recruit three additional eligible participants. Data collected included demographics, social network data, the respondent's market participation in obtaining and providing methamphetamine, consumption of methamphetamine, and experience with the criminal justice system and crime associated with participation in methamphetamine markets.
United States Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute of Justice (2007-IJ-CX-0110)
drug abuse drug dependence drug traffic drug use gay community gays and lesbians lifestyles male offenders methamphetamine sexual behavior social networks
New York City United States New York (state)
Smallest Geographic Unit View help for Smallest Geographic Unit
Access to these data is restricted. Users interested in obtaining these data must complete a Restricted Data Use Agreement, specify the reasons for the request, and obtain IRB approval or notice of exemption for their research.
2007-01-01 -- 2009-12-31
The final report (Wendel et. al, 2011; NCJ 236122) drew on several types of data. However, the following data types are not available as part of this collection:
Full qualitative data from audio recordings and transcription of open-ended questions are not available. Abbreviated responses to open-ended questions are included in the data files included in this collection.
Social network data used in the Social Network Analysis are not available. Dataset 3 (Ego Network Data) and Dataset 4 (Respondent Driven Sampling Network Data) of this collection include some data regarding respondents social networks.
Data from one month follow-up interviews conducted with participants are not available.
The data files contain three identification variables - ID, COUPONNUMBER, and PROJECTID. COUPONNUMBER and PROJECTID were identification variables assigned during the study representing certain respondent characteristics including recruitment and other identifying information and were anonymized by ICPSR throughout the study. ICPSR dropped the variable ID and replaced it with CASEID, a unique identifier created by ICPSR.
Study Purpose View help for Study Purpose
The purpose of the study was to provide information about markets, distribution, and use of methamphetamine in New York City, both inside and outside of the MSM (men who have sex with men)/gay community. The study had four specific aims. (1) Pilot a research design using mixed qualitative/quantitative data collection methods in New York City methamphetamine markets with participants recruited using Respondent Driven Sampling. (2) Document, describe, and analyze the demographics and methamphetamine abuse behaviors of a sample of methamphetamine market participants. (3) Document, describe, and analyze the social networks of New York City methamphetamine market participants as users, buyers, and sellers of methamphetamine. (4) Document, describe, and analyze the market behaviors of New York City methamphetamine market participants as users, buyers, and sellers of methamphetamine.
Researchers piloted a version of Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) to recruit different types of methamphetamine users. RDS is a chain-referral recruiting method where participants recruit additional participants in recruitment chains. To better understand how social networks among methamphetamine users and distributors are structured, function, and evolve over time, the researchers collected network data from respondents to understand the complexity of linkages in user and distribution networks. The study used a mixed data-collection interview technique that captured both quantitative and qualitative data in a single interview; the interviewer conducted an open-ended, but structured interview, entering data on a computer database form, while simultaneously employing a stereo recorder to record the entire interview for subsequent selective transcription and analysis. After a period of formative research, the data collection phase of the study used RDS to recruit 132 methamphetamine market participants. Each study participant did a roughly 1-2 hour structured interview that recorded participant demographics (Basic Roster Data and Roster Data; Datasets 1 and 2), enumerated and described the members of their drug use and distribution networks including drug buying, selling, trading, and in-kind transaction partners (Ego Network Data and Respondent Driven Sampling Network Data; Datasets 3 and 4), and described drug use patterns and market participation (Methamphetamine Obtaining Data, Providing for Others Data, Criminal Justice Data, and Consumer Data; Datasets 5-8). Each participant was invited to recruit three additional eligible participants according to the RDS protocol; they were given three numbered coupons that they were instructed to pass along to other people they know who currently participate in retail methamphetamine markets, as buyers, sellers, and/or users. Participants were instructed to return one month after their initial interview date to collect recruitment incentives and complete a follow-up interview that focuses on changes in patterns of use, distribution or network membership since the first interview. To determine eligibility, the researchers developed a screener that asked potential participants about drug use and preparation techniques, folkloric beliefs related to methamphetamine use, and market conditions and prices.
The study recruited 132 current methamphetamine users and distributors (persons who had used or sold methamphetamine in the previous 30 days) over a 33-month data collection period, using Respondent Driven Sampling. Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) is a methodology that is used to recruit samples of hard-to-reach groups by taking advantage of intragroup social connections to build a sample pool. In order to initiate the RDS sample chains, the research team placed 33 ads on craigslist.org from February 2008 (to recruit Formative Research interviewees) through September 2009 (to recruit RDS seeds to initiate new recruitment chains). This drew many phone calls to the toll-free number the research team set up and 105 emails from potential participants. The researchers scheduled more than 300 appointments over the data collection period, with many no-shows and repeated re-schedulings around potential participants' often busy schedules. The research team also regularly placed flyers on bulletin boards at local MSM (men who have sex with men)-oriented organizations, although no participants were recruited as a result of these flyers. Seeds were also recruited through a local harm-reduction program's Crystal Meth Support Group.
Following the initial interview, initial "seeds" and subsequent waves of study participants were given three numbered coupons that they were instructed to pass along to other people they know who currently participate in retail methamphetamine markets, as buyers, sellers, and/or users. The numbers on these coupons allowed the research team to prevent duplication, to identify who recruited each participant and to keep track of subsequent recruitment patterns using the RDS Coupon Manager software. In order to reduce the likelihood that too many respondents would come from a small number of well-connected people, the researchers limited the recruitment potential of each participant with the rationing of coupons. Researchers also included a 30 day expiration date on the coupons in an attempt to ensure a reasonable pace of sample recruitment. Brief recruiter training sessions were conducted with the seeds and each subsequent eligible respondent, explaining: recruitment criteria; incentives for interviews and recruiting ($50 and $20 respectively); how recruits should contact the project; the time limit and sample size limit on recruiting; and discussion of appropriate recruiting techniques to avoid coercion and ensure participation was voluntary. When necessary, researchers selected new seeds because recruitment chains were slow to develop; many participants did not recruit. Of the 132 subjects interviewed, 28 percent (37 individuals) were seeds in the RDS process. Of these 37 seeds, 38 percent (14 individuals) produced referrals. More than seventy persons attempted to participate in the study who were not in fact eligible, as far as could be determined after screening. For a detailed discussion of RDS, please refer to the final report for this study (Wendel et al., 2011; NCJ 236122).
The Basic Demographic Data (Dataset 1) includes information on 157 initial participants, some of whom were determined to be ineligible for the study, the Ego Network Data (Dataset 3) includes information on 466 ego network relationships, the Providing for Others Data (Dataset 6) includes information on 111 participants who self-identified as having provided methamphetamine to others, and the Criminal Justice Data (Dataset 7) includes information on 132 subjects but has 133 cases due to a case that spans two data files due to a computer crash in mid-interview. The Roster Data (Dataset 2), Respondent Driven Sampling Network Data (Dataset 4), Methamphetamine Obtaining Data (Dataset 5), and Consumer Data (Dataset 8) include information on the 132 methamphetamine users and distributers.
Cross-sectional
All persons who lived or worked in New York City and used, bought, or sold methamphetamine in the 30 days prior to the interview.
Data Source View help for Data Source
In-person interviews with methamphetamine market participants in New York City
computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI) face-to-face interview mixed mode on-site questionnaire
Description of Variables View help for Description of Variables
Each dataset has a mixture of quantitative and qualitative (open-ended response) data, as well as derived/re-coded variables computed by the principal investigators. All datasets include information on the respondent's sexual orientation, and most include additional demographic variables.
The Basic Demographic Data (Dataset 1) has 21 variables providing identifying information for the respondents, including gender, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and physical descriptions.
The Roster Data (Dataset 2) has 15 variables with additional demographic information for the respondents including age, sexual orientation, ethnicity, birthplace, and HIV + status (although respondents were not asked about HIV + status, some respondents volunteered this information).
The Ego Network Data (Dataset 3) has 32 variables about the respondent's ego network, and on the respondent's relationship to the methamphetamine market. Respondents were asked to provide data on up to five members of their ego network, including physical descriptions, the network member's relationship to the market, and relationship to the respondent. Other variables include who the respondent would call to find a new source of methamphetamines, and demographic data.
The Respondent Driven Sampling Network Data (Dataset 4) includes 45 variables gathered for the Respondent Driven Sampling. These describe the respondent's network, based on people whose cell phone number the respondent know. Variables include number of people who use and/or provide methamphetamine, gender, race and sexual orientation of people in the network, how many provide and how many only use, the respondent's frequency of methamphetamine use, and the relationship between methamphetamine use and sex for the respondent.
The Methamphetamine Obtaining Data (Dataset 5) has 63 variables regarding the participant's participation in the methamphetamine market in obtaining methamphetamine over the last year. There are a series of variables for each of the three most recent episodes of obtaining methamphetamine. Variables regarding the recent episodes include source, cost, payment type, quality and packaging, purpose of purchase (use or distribution), relationship to the source, and descriptions of each transaction.
The Providing for Others Data (Dataset 6) has 58 variables describing the participant's role in the methamphetamine market as a provider over the last year. There are a series of variables for each of the three most recent episodes of providing methamphetamine. Variables include the quantity provided, payment, relationship with the receiver, and details of the transaction, including location, delivery method, quality and packaging of the product, whether there were any problems with the transaction.
The Criminal Justice Data (Dataset 7) has 69 variables about the respondent's experience with the criminal justice system and experience with violence in the course of their participation in methamphetamine markets. Criminal justice variables include arrests for possession and distribution of methamphetamine, non-methamphetamine drug related arrests, whether police have ever confiscated methamphetamine, and whether police and/or other community community factors prevented the respondent from buying methamphetamine. Other variables include whether the respondent owns a weapon and if they carry it when participating in the methamphetamine market, and whether they have experienced violence while participating in the market. There are also demographic variables, including gender, sexual orientation, and ethnicity.
The Consumer Data (Dataset 8) has 74 variables regarding consumption of methamphetamines. These include mode of ingestion, how the respondent uses methamphetamine (whether they have sex, how long they use it for, how they manage their use, who they use it with), why the respondent uses methamphetamine and whether they use other drugs, dependency status, and access to dealers; demographic variables are also included.
Presence of Common Scales View help for Presence of Common Scales
Wendel, Travis, Richard Curtis, Bilal Khan, and Kirk Dombrowski. Dynamics of Retail Methamphetamine Markets in New York City, 2007-2009. ICPSR29821-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2014-01-06. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR29821.v1
The citation of this study may have changed due to the new version control system that has been implemented.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
FBI Arrests Federal Employee Selling Restricted Data on Nuclear Submarines for Cryptocurrency
A U.S. government employee has been arrested on espionage-related charges after he attempted to sell restricted data on the design of nuclear-powered warships to a foreign government. The federal employee asked to be paid in monero cryptocurrency. "I am very aware of the risks of blockchain analysis of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, and believe monero gives both of us excellent deniability," he told an undercover FBI agent.
Nuclear Engineer Sells Restricted Data for Monero
The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) announced Sunday that an employee of the Department of the Navy, who sold restrictive data for cryptocurrency, has been arrested on espionage-related charges.
Jonathan Toebbe, who served as a nuclear engineer, was assigned to the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, also known as Naval Reactors. He held an active national security clearance through the U.S. Department of Defense, giving him access to restricted information.
He and his spouse, Diana Toebbe, "sold information known as Restricted Data concerning the design of nuclear-powered warships to a person they believed was a representative of a foreign power," the DOJ explained, adding:
In actuality, that person was an undercover FBI agent. The Toebbes have been charged in a criminal complaint alleging violations of the Atomic Energy Act.
"The complaint charges a plot to transmit information relating to the design of our nuclear submarines to a foreign nation," said Attorney General Merrick B. Garland.
Toebbe directed the undercover FBI agent to pay him in monero (XMR) cryptocurrency. According to the complaint, he told the FBI agent:
I will give you a monero address … I am very aware of the risks of blockchain analysis of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, and believe monero gives both of us excellent deniability.
The first sale took place in West Virginia in June. The undercover agent sent the nuclear engineer $10K in monero as "good faith" payment and $20K more in the privacy coin after receiving an SD card containing Restricted Data related to submarine nuclear reactors.
The couple sold another SD card containing Restricted Data to the undercover agent in August for $70,000 in monero, bringing the total amount paid to date to $100,000.
According to the DOJ, "The FBI arrested Jonathan and Diana Toebbe on Oct. 9, after he placed yet another SD card at a pre-arranged 'dead drop' at a second location in West Virginia."
DOJ, federal employee, foreign governments, Monero, nuclear engineer, nuclear submarines
What do you think about this case? Let us know in the comments section below.
Image Credits: Shutterstock, Pixabay, Wiki Commons
Bitcoin Skyrockets Above $57K, Recaptures Trillion Dollar Market Cap, Double-Digit Weekly Gains
Mining Hardware Manufacturer Bitfury Plans to Go Public
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only. It is not a direct offer or solicitation of an offer to buy or sell, or a recommendation or endorsement of any products, services, or companies. Bitcoin.com does not provide investment, tax, legal, or accounting advice. Neither the company nor the author is responsible, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any content, goods or services mentioned in this article.
Ripple CEO: SEC Lawsuit Over XRP 'Has Gone Exceedingly Well'
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MARKETS AND PRICES | 2 hours ago
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Another WII P-38 Lightning Found Beneath the Ice in Greenland
Twin-engine fighter was part of the "Lost Squadron."
By George Clark
Arctic team that located the latest member of the Lost Squadron.Arctic Hot Point Solutions/Facebook
A vintage P-38 has been discovered entombed beneath 340 feet of glacial ice in Greenland by the non-profit organization, Arctic Hot Point Solutions. The aircraft was identified as part of the Lost Squadron, a group of six P-38 Lightnings and two B-17 Flying Fortresses forced down in a Greenland blizzard on July 15, 1942. The squadron was enroute to aid the Allied war effort in the British Isles when they were forced down on the glaciers. While all crewmembers were safely rescued nine days later, the aircraft were abandoned.
In 1992, one of the squadron's P-38s, "Glacier Girl," was removed from the ice and restored to flying condition.
This P-38 recently discovered, named "Echo," was first detected in 2011. Arctic Hot Point Solutions returned to the site earlier this year with radar-equipped drones to aid in the search for more planes buried in the ice. The group used a heat probe to penetrate the ice in an attempt to touch the suspected airplane. The probe was retrieved coated in 5606 hydraulic fluid, widely used in aircraft. "We weren't anticipating that," explained Jim Salazar, a co-founder of Arctic Hot Point Solutions, told Popular Mechanics. "We pulled the probe back up, and lo and behold it had all that hydraulic fuel all over it."


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Five things we learned from the Ravens'…
Five things we learned from the Ravens' 16-13 win over the Chicago Bears
By Tribune News Service |
There was nothing pretty about it, but the Ravens crafted another paean to resilience as backup quarterback Tyler Huntley rallied them to a 16-13 win in Chicago. Here are five things we learned Sunday:
Tyler Huntley moved past a shaky start to show why his teammates have such deep faith in him.
The moment we learned Lamar Jackson was too sick to play, any chance for an elegant display of offensive football evaporated.
The Ravens, also playing without No. 1 wide receiver Marquise "Hollywood" Brown, were going to have to out-ugly an opponent that specializes in the unsightly. Was Jackson's backup, Tyler "Snoop" Huntley, the man to navigate this garbage heap?
Ravens coaches did their best to ease the burden on Huntley's shoulders with a conservative game plan. They asked him to throw just once, for 7 yards, on a go-ahead drive midway through the fourth quarter, hoping that a Justin Tucker strike from 46 yards would be enough.
But after Andy Dalton (him again?) answered with an improbable touchdown bomb on fourth down, Huntley had to take center stage in the two-minute drill.
He was lucky when a pass that could have been intercepted instead led to a 21-yard interference penalty. Then, he made the game's decisive play, rolling to his right on third-and-12, into the teeth of a certain collision, and finding Sammy Watkins at the Chicago 3-yard line.
It was the type of bold, poised answer the Ravens came to expect from Huntley as he won his job in the preseason. He's not Jackson, but as linebacker Tyus Bowser said after the game, he brings the same indefatigable spirit to the team.
Huntley began his first NFL start shakily, missing on simple throws that seemed designed to help him find his rhythm.
He threw behind fullback Patrick Ricard on a well-designed screen to set up third-and-11 on the Ravens' first drive and was sacked on the next play. The next time the Ravens had the ball, he fumbled out of bounds on third down.
The Bears did their best to keep Huntley on unsteady legs, blitzing far more than they normally would. But he calmed down in the second quarter, beating the Chicago rush with short passes that hit his receivers in stride and on the numbers. His first-half numbers — 16 of 21 for 122 yards, 33 rushing yards — were good for a first-time NFL starter.
The Bears took advantage of suspect pass protection to swarm Huntley for much of the second half. The Ravens had no counter for veteran edge rusher Robert Quinn, who finished with 3 ½ of Chicago's six sacks. Many first-timers would have folded for good. Huntley did not.
Jackson, his former high school opponent in South Florida and one of his loudest fans, was the first to congratulate Huntley in the postgame locker room.
"For him to step up … I know everyone around our facility, this organization, knows how good that he is," tight end Mark Andrews said. "But it's awesome for the world to see. It's a coming-out party for him, and I can't be more excited about it."
Forget the style points; the Ravens had to have this win.
If the Ravens ultimately hit their stride and make a real run at the Super Bowl, we will not remember this game as the one that told us they could do it.
So many of their flaws — defensive lapses that led to long touchdowns, suspect pass blocking, pedestrian running, ragged offense out of the gate — were on full display. But again, this was never destined to be one for the museum, not with Jackson so ill that he did not realize the team plane had landed Saturday, according to cornerback Marlon Humphrey.
This was a game the Ravens needed to survive, and if they have demonstrated anything through 11 weeks of this season, it's that they scrap to the last whistle. What else can we say when five of their seven wins have come on fourth-quarter comebacks? Such drama isn't the recipe for greatness, but it beats losing.
When Ravens coach John Harbaugh saw general manager Eric DeCosta in the postgame locker room, DeCosta said, "It was dark there for a couple moments."
It was the "kind of win that takes faith and takes guts," Harbaugh answered, repeating a mantra he has returned to so often in 2021.
CBS analyst Tony Romo correctly pointed out the importance of this Bears game to the Ravens' overall trajectory. None of their remaining opponents entered this weekend with a losing record. They had already slipped up against a losing team in Miami. They could not falter again in Chicago and come away feeling great about their long-term prospects.
They were so close to falling to 6-4, so close to losing without ever reaching the end zone. But the ugliness of the first 58 minutes faded rapidly after Devonta Freeman scored from 3 yards out. Only the win remained. At 7-3, the Ravens are right back in the rearview mirror of the AFC-leading Tennessee Titans, ahead of the supposedly mighty Buffalo Bills and of their three rivals in the North.
How good are they really? That's a question for next weekend, when they'll face the Cleveland Browns on Sunday night, presumably with Jackson restored to health.
The Ravens slipped back into a familiar nightmare on defense.
A nightmare is about more than the end result. Dread mounts as you realize your legs will never carry you out of that same dead-end alley. You're stuck on the world's bleakest treadmill.
When Don "Wink" Martindale's head hits the pillow, does the Ravens defensive coordinator dream of botched tackling angles and receivers running free over the ashes of another blown coverage?
The Ravens did not succumb to the demons that have galloped beside their defense all season, but they sure flirted with them. Martindale and Harbaugh stared numbly as Bears wide receiver Marquise Goodwin left Chris Westry sucking dust with a double move on fourth-and-11 to put Chicago up 13-9 with 1:41 left. Martindale left the inexperienced Westry alone on the outside as he called a blitz that did not get home, in part because another inexperienced defensive back, Brandon Stephens, seemed to hesitate in no man's land.
It was an explosive play that undermined all the good work the Ravens had done on third and fourth down — their version of what goes bump in the night.
They gave up another one earlier in the second half when Bears wide receiver Darnell Mooney took a simple screen pass 60 yards as at least three Ravens failed to find the proper angle to wrestle him down.
Harbaugh has talked about how these plays keep going for touchdowns and pushing the Ravens into uncomfortable corners. Players speak of wake-up calls and fixing the small mistakes that lead to big problems. Then, they stumble into familiar doomed patterns.
It was fitting that the game ended with Andy Dalton in Tyus Bowser's grasp.
Bowser has been a quiet pillar for the Ravens defense this season, which might sound like damning him with faint praise but is actually a testament to how far he has come in his five-year career.
The Ravens let Matthew Judon walk in free agency, figuring Bowser would suffice as a more affordable starter at outside linebacker. They knew his versatility would continue to play well in their defense, even if he never became the pass rusher some forecast him to be as a second-round pick out of Houston.
Bowser, however, never gave up on his aspirations to reach opposing quarterbacks more consistently. He talked about it, in his amiable, hushed way, before this season.
He came so close in the Ravens' loss to the Dolphins, with three quarterback hits and a handful of other pressures. He was foreshadowing a monster performance against the Bears, in which he strip-sacked rookie quarterback Justin Fields, tackled Fields in open space to prevent a big gain on third down and ended Chicago's final drive by wrapping up Dalton. Bowser had a third sack wiped out by a holding call against Humphrey just before halftime.
Harbaugh said Bowser "has been playing as good a football as any outside linebacker in the National Football League all season long."
Just two years ago, he lumped Bowser in with Tim Williams, saying how disappointed he was that neither young outside linebacker had stepped forward to seize a meaningful role. "They need to be better," he said in a rare public rebuke.
What a distance between those words and his comments about Bowser on Sunday.
It's time for us to talk about Mark Andrews.
With Huntley generally throwing underneath to beat Chicago's pressure, the Ravens needed a great game from Andrews. He delivered with eight catches on 10 targets, five of them for first downs.
He gave Huntley one of his first positive plays of the afternoon when he leapt for an overthrown pass on third down and tipped it to himself for a 16-yard gain.
In the third quarter, with the Ravens buried deep in their own territory, Andrews caught a short pass on third down and extended every millimeter of his 6-foot-5 frame to reach the marker.
This was nothing new, of course. Andrews is on pace to obliterate his previous career highs in receptions and receiving yards. He entered the weekend as the No. 3 receiver, No. 2 run blocker and No. 1 overall player at his position, according to Pro Football Focus' grades. He has made the $56 million extension he signed before the season look like a relative bargain.
We'll remember this Sunday for Jackson's illness and Huntley's rally, for the Ravens pulling away from the brink one more time. Andrews hardly came up in the postgame interviews. Amid all the insanity of this season, he keeps ticking.
BROWNS@RAVENS
Sunday, 8:20 p.m.
TV: Chs. 11, 4 Radio: 97.9 FM, 1090 AM
Line: Ravens by 4 ½
NFL wire


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80: Hallowe'en with Leroy Leroux
Leroy Leroux is back for a very special Hallowe'en episode of The Dry Shave Show! Ivan and Leroy discuss what treats Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, and Obama are handing out this year as well as skanky costumes, Trump's plan to make the Milky Way great again, aliens with low self-esteem, Houdini's death, stupid philosopher deaths, and whether or not Byron's joining ISIS as we speak.
Ivan also explains Guy Fawkes Night to Leroy before the gang get into news stories about tampons in the men's rooms at Brown University, SJWs shut down a Hallowe'en event at Knotts Berry Farm, and a New York pharmacy charging a man tax for "equality."
Visit The Dry Shave Show's Facebook page, share and like.
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Ep79: Trudeau's First Birthday
Byron's disappeared again, so Leroy Leroux steps in to discuss Justin Trudeau's dubious accomplishments in his first year in power with Ivan. They also chat about the best use for Chatelaine Magazine, a London cop daring to get uppity with foreigners, a high school boy who wants to be Homecoming Queen, female chess players boycotting next year's chess championships in Iran, "Orange Juice Simpson," Nazi rockets, and "Earth herpes."
PS: Don't be astrophobic, folks.
Ep78: Grabbing Democracy by the Pussy
Byron and Ivan recap the second US Presidential debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, plus news stories about an Egyptian politician who wants to give virginity tests to girls going to university, an embarrassed teen who sued her dad for posting childhood pictures on Facebook, and Twitter shutting down Saudi feminists.
Plus: where the rebels are nowadays, 4chan, George Soros, and Ivan's old schoolmate Jimmy Carter.
Ep77: Lochte Steals Kim's Gold
Byron thinks the big story this week is Kim Kardashian's jewel heist, but Ivan insists on ranting about politics and stuff again. The guys riff on the lack of media interest in the latest from Wikileaks, Trump's taxes, and the first Clinton-Trump debate complete with Hillary's wire device before moving on to news stories about 4chan's war on Google, a Royal Canadian Mint employee keistering himself a pay raise, an Iraqi housewife's unique way of dealing with ISIS scum, and William and Kate visiting the best Vancouver has to offer.
Plus: Byron gets sworn at and flashed by a cartwheeling drag queen.
Ep76: BrexPitt
Finally, a news story Byron cares about! Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie are getting divorced, but Ivan won't let that steal the spotlight from Angela Merkel's election defeats, the Labour Party's downward spiral, and news stories about whether or not schools should teach girls how to masturbate, how to stop stigmatizing the mentally ill by not calling jihadis crazy, researchers under siege by polar bears, the Soldiers of Odin in Vancouver, and one of Hillary's minions whose days might be numbered.


A Conservative MP from British Columbia says he's present process checks to find out if he has pancreatic most cancers — and, if that's the case, how far the illness could have unfold.
Warawa was scheduled to have a process Monday morning, together with extra checks over the approaching days to see if the most cancers has unfold to different organs.
"You'll be able to see how yellow my pores and skin is," he writes on Fb.
The couple have 5 youngsters and 10 grandchildren.
Warawa is ending his fifth consecutive time period within the Home of Commons however introduced in January that he wouldn't search re-election this fall.
Earlier than getting into federal politics, Warawa spent 14 years as a metropolis councillor in Abbotsford, B.C.
"Mark and I have been elected to Parliament on the identical time in 2004. He's really one of many kindest and most real individuals ever to serve Canadians within the Home of Commons," Scheer wrote on Fb.
Ontario Premier Doug Ford wrote on Fb that Warawa had the assist of the Ontario Progressive Conservatives.
The Canadian Most cancers Society says one in each 74 males will develop pancreatic most cancers of their lifetime, and the same ratio will die from the illness.
How a lot vacation depart do Aussies get in comparison with the remainder of the world?


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Ryan Reynolds Defends His Daughter's Name: 'I Didn't Call Her Summer Squash Meadow Lark'
Reynolds and wife Blake Lively welcomed daughter James into the world last year.
By VANESSA WILKINS
Ryan Reynolds Opens Up About Fatherhood
The actor dishes on his "100 percent average" baby with Blake Lively.
Elena Gorbacheva/Getty Images
— -- Ryan Reynolds is speaking up in defense of his daughter's name.
Reynolds and wife Blake Lively welcomed their daughter James into the world in December 2014.
In an interview with ITV's "Good Morning Britain" today, Reynolds explained that James is named after Reynold's late father, and the "Deadpool" actor defended his choice to use a name traditionally given to boys.
"In the spectrum of weird celebrity baby names, I feel like we're not really breaking any new ground here," Reynolds said. "I mean, I didn't call her Summer Squash Meadow Lark, or something."
Reynolds, finding humor in the baby-name controversy, later joked about other baby name possibilities that he ultimately ruled out.
"I also thought of all the letters being silent in her name, so it would be just be 'Haa,'" Reynolds said.
Ryan Reynolds on Downsides of Being a Celebrity Father
Ryan Reynolds on What Freaks Him Out About Being Father
Ryan Reynolds Posts Throwback Picture of Late Father Jim
Reynolds, 39, also opened up about how "fun" being a father has been, and revealed that baby James is "teething at the moment."
"I love being a father. I don't want to be one of those celebs who talks about being a parent like they're the only person in the world who has ever done it," Reynolds said. "It's the most common thing in the world but the most profound. It's super fun. I just love it."
Reynolds and Lively married in 2012. While James is the first child for both Reynolds and Lively, the couple has been vocal about having more children in the future.


The death of Mrs. Katherine Tiberghien, who conducted a little neighborhood grocery on West Webster street for years and became familiarly known as "Aunt Kate", occurred about 6:30 o'clock Sunday morning at the home of her sister, Mrs. James Cusick at Mooresville. She had been in poor health for some time. The body was removed to the Gordon Funeral Home, where it will be held until the time of the funeral. Services are to be conducted at two o'clock Tuesday afternoon by Rev. W. H. Brengle from the Baptist church in Chillicothe. Burial will be in Mt. Pleasant cemetery. Mrs. Tiberghien was born January 8, 1865 and spent most of her life in and near Livingston county. Her husband, John Samuel Tiberghien, died about thirtyfive years ago. The following brothers and sisters survive: Goodlou Grouse, George Grouse, Will Grouse and Mrs. Mary Mast of Jackson township, and Mrs. Cusick of Moresville. Mrs. Edna Stewart Adkins of near St. Louis, reared by Mrs. Tiberghien as her daughter, also survives. Mrs. Tiberghien had been a member of the Baptist church practically all of her life. Her store here was closed about two years ago and she has spent most of her time since then at the home of her sister in Mooresville.
[S2003] 1870 US Census, MO, Livingston Co., Jackson Twp., page 18, Catharine.
[S2178] Katherine Tiberghein obituary, Chillicothe Constitution Tribune, 12 Sep 1935, Katherine.
[S2002] Livingston County, Missouri, Cemetery Records, Vol. 1, 3-5, www.ancestry.com, Catharine.
[S2179] Kate Tibergheim obituary, Chillicothe Constitution Tribune, Chillicothe, MO, 10 Sep 1935.
[S2178] Katherine Tiberghein obituary, Chillicothe Constitution Tribune, 12 Sep 1935.
[S2006] Barbara Grouse obituary, Chillicothe Constitution, Chillicothe, MO, 26 Feb 1907.
[S2180] 1910 US Census, Missouri, Livingston, Chillicothe Ward 1, Enum. Dist. 95, sheet 5A.
[S6676] 1930 US Census, Missouri, Livingston, Chillicothe, Enum. Dist. 59-2, sheet 18B.
[S3498] Missouri Marriage Records, 1805-2002. www.ancestry.com.


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Seashore Life of the Pacific Northwest
By J. Duane Sept
The Pacific Northwest is an amazing region to view the abundant marine life found in the intertidal zone (the area between high and low tide). At low tide an incredible world of marine life is unveiled! With this guide you will be able to identify many of the creatures that you may find here. Using crisp, clear photographs along with short, detailed descriptions you will also be able to identify the numerous types of shellfish that you may collect for the table.
Additional information included in this guide includes:
• The major groups of marine life
• Species identification for shellfish collecting
• Tips for staying safe while visiting the seashore
• Tips for viewing marine life in an environmentally friendly manner.
With this guide you will look at the marine life around you in a whole new light! This 12-panel guide, conveniently folds up into a packet narrow enough to fit in a back pocket, glove box or backpack yet sturdy enough to stand up to outdoor use—durable lamination also makes it waterproof. Size: 4"x 9" folded; 9" x 24.5" unfolded.
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J. Duane Sept
Duane Sept is a biologist, professional free-lance nature photographer and writer. Duane's award-winning photographs have been published internationally in books, magazines, newspapers, displays and others. He is the author of 30+ natural history books including Common Mushrooms of the Northwest published by Calypso Publishing which is a best seller many times over! He is also the past president of the Sunshine Coast Mycological Society in British Columbia.
Our mission is to create pocket-size, waterproof, quick reference guides that are easy-to-use and scientifically accurate in each subject of nature.
We strive to honor nature by printing every QRP guide using paper from certified managed forests with recycled content and vegetable inks. All of our guides are printed in the USA.
You can also email us at info@quickreferencepublishing.com
Monday - Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. EST
Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33338-4526
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Copyright © 2023 Quick Reference Publishing Inc.


A chocolate craving deserves nothing less! Rich, dark chocolate combined with raspberry preserves create a delectable mini dessert that fills the bill.
1. Line a mini muffin pan with 8 to 10 paper liners. Drain off any excess liquid from the raspberry preserves. Put the raspberry preserves in a large bowl.
2. Melt the vegan chocolate in a double boiler over medium-low heat. Pour the melted chocolate into the raspberry preserves and stir until thoroughly combined. Fold in the raisins. Immediately mound the mixture into the mini-muffin cups, dividing it evenly, using a small cookie scoop.
3. Refrigerate 3 to 4 hours or until firm. Dust with cocoa powder and sprinkle with coconut, as desired. Stored in an airtight container in the refrigerator, minis will keep up to 3 days.
Recipe from Laura Theodore's Vegan-Ease, © 2015 Laura Theodore, reprinted by permission.


After being badly let down by another photographer, we made enquiries to Jodie as she was recommended to us by two friends and previous clients of hers. Thankfully she was available and we knew as soon as we met her that this was one of those occasions where things happen for a reason! We felt completely at ease with her, she showed us some amazing examples of her work but was never pushy. Jodie was so helpful on the lead up to the big day, her knowledge certainly came in useful, giving us pointers and suggestions about things we hadn't even thought of!
She is clearly very passionate about what she does and her enthusiasm always shines through.
On the wedding itself it was great to have Jodie around- I always thought it would feel awkward with a photographer around when getting ready but Jodie was like having a friend around! She even gave assistance to help do up my dress when my bridesmaid struggled slightly! I had so many compliments from my guests about how lovely Jodie was. She worked so hard and with utter professionalism to get the prefect shots for us and it was clear she wanted to do her very best to give us the most special lasting memories of our big day. She politely declined a jäger bomb when offered by one of or guests… And later gave us the most lovely news that she was expecting a baby! When I told her she should have said before her reply was 'No as I didn't want you to worry!' She puts her clients first and is so thoughtful. I still see this now, as although our wedding has been and gone Jodie really helped us relive our day through features and blogs on social media. We got a taster of our photos whilst on honeymoon with a fab piece of writing, giving us an exciting glimpse of what else was to come. I was so impressed when our photos arrived, packaged beautifully. Jodie even took the time to do a slideshow video of our photos to a song from the wedding of our choice, she always looks to go the extra mile to give clients the best experience. Jodie has a natural gift and a real talent which she uses to bring joy to others.


Drapery cleaning is something that most people aren't aware needs cleaning until it is visibly dirty or stained. However, waiting that long is not healthy. One of the obvious signs of dirty drapes are the fact that every time you touch them, lots of dust particles are in the air as you move your drapes to the side to allow sunlight to enter. Giving your drapes a quick shake reveals the amount of dust that has been collected over time.
When it comes to cleaning your drapes, it is important to get it done right. DIY techniques don't do a good enough job in fully cleaning your drapes. The only solution is to allow a professional dry cleaner to clean your drapes. They are the only professionals who know how to clean all types of drapery. If you're not interested in climbing on your ladder or chair to remove your drapes to take them to the dry cleaners, not to worry. Professional dry cleaners come to you!
That's right, all you have to do is set an appointment and the pros will come to your apartment/house and take care of everything. With how easy it is to clean your drapes, there should be no excuse in keeping your drapery clean and fresh throughout the year.
Contact a professional dry cleaner for all your drapery cleaning needs.