text:
Q: Oblique view of an {x,y} and {x,z} plot : is ListPointPlot3D the right strategy? Seeking advice for how to construct an oblique chart plot of {x,y} and {x,z} value lists in a 3D View where the viewer can trace a line from {x,y,0} to {x,0,0}, and then jump to the associated {x,0,z} value.
Idea here is to present two related variables sharing a common x-value on one graphic.
In the following sample code of 10 points (although I typically have to present hundreds of points), I have two (possibly 3) issues in my code:

*

*{x,0,z} points are correctly connected via the line to their corresponding {x,0,0} point.  How do I specify the same for the {x,y,0} points so that they match up with their corresponding {x,0,0} point?

*How do I eliminate the bounding 3D Box view?

*Am I completely headed in the wrong direction (e.g., I should generate 2D ListPointPlots and then "marry" them at the X-Axis by projecting each as the inside face of a 3D cube)?
values[{x, z}] = Table[{i, 0, RandomInteger[{10, 15}]}, {i, 0, 10}];
values[{x, y}] = Table[{i, RandomInteger[{1, 10}], 0}, {i, 0, 10}];
ListPointPlot3D[{values[{x, z}], values[{x, y}]}
 , Filling -> Axis
 , AxesLabel -> {"X-Axis", "Y-Axis", "Z-Axis"}
 , ViewPoint -> {0, 2, 2.75}
 , ViewVertical -> {0, 1, 0.04}]

Attached is a reference example for an Oblique data chart of two variables relative to a common X-Value.

A: For a start:
valxz = Table[{i, 0, RandomInteger[{10, 15}]}, {i, 0, 10}];
valxy = Table[{i, RandomInteger[{1, 10}], 0}, {i, 0, 10}];
Graphics3D[{PointSize[0.03],
  Point[valxy], Point[valxz], Thickness[0.01],
  Line[{{{1, 0, 0} #, #}}] & /@ valxy,
  Line[{{{1, 0, 0} #, #}}] & /@ valxz
  }, Axes -> True, Boxed -> False, AxesOrigin -> {0, 0, 0},
 AxesLabel -> {"X", "Y", "Z"}]

You may beatify it using e.g. Color, Style e.t.c.

A: An alternative using Tube
Clear["Global`*"]

SeedRandom[1234];

values[{x, z}] = Table[{i, 0, RandomInteger[{10, 15}]}, {i, 0, 10}];
values[{x, y}] = Table[{i, RandomInteger[{1, 10}], 0}, {i, 0, 10}];

Graphics3D[{
  CapForm["Square"],
  Tube[{ReplacePart[#, 3 -> 0], #}, 1/4] & /@ values[{x, z}],
  Tube[{ReplacePart[#, 2 -> 0], #}, 1/4] & /@ values[{x, y}]},
 Axes -> True,
 AxesLabel -> {"X-Axis", "Y-Axis", "Z-Axis"},
 ViewPoint -> {1, 1.7, 2.75},
 ViewVertical -> {0, 1, 0.04},
 Boxed -> False,
 AxesEdge -> {Automatic, {1, -1}, {1, -1}}]

A: SeedRandom[1];
systolic = ReverseSort /@ RandomInteger[{70, 180}, {24, 2}];
diastolic = ReverseSort /@ RandomInteger[{40, 120}, {24, 2}];

We can use PairedBarChart and post-process the output to get a 3D look as in the example in OP:
barspacing = {0, 2, 0};

pbc = PairedBarChart[systolic, diastolic,
   BarOrigin -> "XAxis",
   BarSpacing -> barspacing,
   PlotRangePadding -> {{0, 2}, {Automatic, Automatic}},
   PerformanceGoal -> "Speed",
   ImagePadding -> 50,
   ImageSize -> Large,
   ChartStyle -> {Directive[EdgeForm[{Opacity[1], Black}], Black, HatchFilling[Pi/4, 1]],
    Directive[EdgeForm[{Opacity[1], Black}], GrayLevel[.7]]},
  Epilog -> {Text[Style["systolic", 14],
       {-2 (3 + barspacing[[2]]), 75}, {Center, Bottom}, {0, 1}],
    Text[Style["diastolic", 14],
       {-2 (3 + barspacing[[2]]), -75}, {Center, Top}, {0, -1}],
    Line[{{0, 70}, {1 + (2 + barspacing[[2]]) Length @ systolic , 70}}],
    Text[Style[70, 14], Offset[{5, 0},
       {1 + (2 + barspacing[[2]]) Length @ systolic, 70}], {Left, Center}],
    Line[{{0, -40}, {1 + (2 + barspacing[[2]]) Length @ systolic, -40}}],
    Text[Style[40, 14], Offset[{5, 0},
       {1 + (2 + barspacing[[2]]) Length@systolic , -40}], {Left, Center}]}]

Use ShearingTransform to modify the rectangle, line and text primitives in the lower panel:
pbc /. rlt : (_Rectangle | _Line | _Text ) /; Not[FreeQ[rlt, {_, _?Negative}]] :>
    GeometricTransformation[rlt, ShearingTransform[3 Degree, {1, 0}, {0, 1}]]

An alternative approach using the option ChartElementFunction:
st = ShearingTransform[5 Degree, {1, 0}, {0, 1}];

bs = 1;
pbc1 = PairedBarChart[systolic -> ChartElementData["Rectangle"],
  diastolic -> (GeometricTransformation[ChartElementData["Rectangle"][##], st] &),
 Axes -> False,
 BarSpacing -> {0, bs, 0},
 BarOrigin -> "XAxis",
 ImageSize -> 800,
 ChartElementFunction -> (#3[[1]][##] &)]

We can construct the axes using AxisObject:
axes = AxisObject[Line[{{0, 0}, #}], {0, #2},
     AxisLabel -> Placed[Style[#3, 16], {0.5, {0.5, -1.25}}],
     RotateLabel -> #4 Degree ,
     TickDirection -> "Outward",
     TickLabelPositioning -> "Tip",
     AxisStyle -> FontSize -> 16] & @@@
  {{st[{0, -Max @ diastolic}], Max@diastolic, "diastolic", 55 },
   {{0, Max @ systolic}, Max @ systolic, "systolic", 90 }};

and add axes and other annotations using the option Epilog:
Show[pbc1,
 Epilog -> {axes,
   Line[{{0, 70}, {(2 + bs) Length @ systolic, 70}}],
   Text[Style[70, 16], {1 + (2 + bs) Length @ systolic, 70}, {-1, 0}],
   Line[st /@ {{0, -40}, {(2 + bs) Length @ systolic, -40}}],
   Text[Style[40, 16], st @ {1 + (2 + bs) Length @ systolic, -40}, {-1, 0}]},
 ImagePadding -> 60]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We know the meaning of service!!!
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Below is a list of Villages in alphabetical order, with contact information for Village Coordinators, where available, plus website links and other useful information. If there is no VC for your village, please consider becoming one.
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Hoshin Kanri. An alternative for MBO?
Previously, I have described Management by Objectives. This article presents Hoshin Kanri as an alternative to Management by Objectives. Hoshin Kanri was introduced by Toyota Motors Company. The detailed description of Hoshin Kanri may be found here.
Hoshin Kanri is a systematic and disciplined process to align, communicate and execute business strategy by focusing on those vital few breakthrough objectives that give you competitive advantage […] Hoshin Kanri can be thought of as the application of Deming's PDCA cycle to the management process.
It sounds like Management by Objectives, so where is the difference?
Objectives are set up by leaders who spent enough time at the specified workplace (gemba). They are aware of the real situation in the company, department and team. The goals couldn't be imposed by leaders.
The process of setting the targets and planning the strategy couldn't be independent. Leaders have to know how to achieve something before they expect that. Asking "how" is as important as asking "what".
Measuring the progress allows to adapt to the situation.
There are no rewards for achievements. Hoshin Kanri is for benchmarking our projects and determining where we are in relation to the company's vision.


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We can't deny that the data age has changed our lives a great deal. Today you can do a great deal of exercises through the web, for example, shopping or purchasing some stuff you used to purchase from a neighborhood store or mall. What is significantly additionally intriguing is that the things you can benefit online are less expensive when contrasted with those sold at a physical store. So in the event that you are dependably on the go and spending plan is a touch of an issue for you then internet shopping could be your best amigo.
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Seurat is a toolkit for quality control, analysis, and exploration of single cell RNA sequencing data. This guide is to help developers understand how the Seurat object is structured, how to interact with the object and access data from it, and how to develop new methods for Seurat objects.
Seurat 3.0 is currently under development, and many improvements are aimed towards helping users to rapidly explore and analyze different types of data from the same set of cells. These data types may stem from inherently multimodal data, imputed or batch/corrected measurements, and even spatial data.
The Seurat object is a class allowing for the storage and manipulation of single-cell data. Previous version of the Seurat object were designed primarily with scRNA-seq data in mind. However, with the development of new technologies allowing for multiple modes of data to be collected from the same set of cells, we have redesigned the Seurat 3.0 object to allow for greater flexibility to work with all these data types in a cohesive framework.
At the top level, the Seurat object serves as a collection of Assay and DimReduc objects, representing expression data and dimensionality reductions of the expression data, respectively. The Assay objects are designed to hold expression data of a single type, such as RNA-seq gene expression, CITE-seq ADTs, cell hashtags, or imputed gene values. DimReduc objects represent transformations of the data contained within the Assay object(s) via various dimensional reduction techniques such as PCA. For class-specific details, including more in depth description of the slots, please see the wiki sections for each class.


text:
Facebook Fined $100 Million For Stealing Personal Data
A court in Brussels has hit Facebook with a fine of over $100 million dollars for collecting data on Belgians without their consent. This is a huge step forward for privacy rights, but the big question is whether or not the US will follow suit. Mike Papantonio and Peter Mougey discuss this.
Mike Papantonio:	A court in Brussels has hit Facebook. I love this story. They've hit Facebook with a fine of more than 100 million dollars for collecting data on Belgians without their consent. This is a huge step forward for privacy rights. The big question is whether or not the US will follow suit. Now, think about it. The only place in the world so far the Facebook gets hammered is in Brussels when they say, "Look, you owe us up to 124 million dollars in fine." They go up and say, "Every day that you prevent us from knowing about the personal data that you're collecting on our citizens, you're gonna get with $311,000 a day for a fine."
Now, what is your take? It's just common sense-
Peter Mougey:	There's a couple things to me that jumped out. One what that they, that Facebook was secretly tracking the internet activity of people, regardless of whether they had Facebook accounts. But here's what I thought was interesting. Is that their answer from Facebook, they didn't say, "Oh no, we're not." Or, "We're not gathering information." Or, "We're not collecting it." They said, "The cookies and pixels we use are standard in the sector." Meaning we don't do anything that anybody else does. That's the standard. As long as it's a race to the bottom. As long as we just do what everybody else is doing, it's okay.
Mike Papantonio:	Well, and by saying that, they're saying everybody's doing it.
Peter Mougey:	Oh yeah.
Mike Papantonio:	You understand.
Peter Mougey:	So it's okay. Absolutely.
Mike Papantonio:	We're collecting everything we want about you. We're collecting every bit of detail we want. We're hiding the detail form you. You don't even know that we have the detail. And oh, by the way, we're then going around and we're selling it to people so they can make you crazy with sending you all types of advertisements. Now it's not just the internet. Now you're getting mail. You're getting telephone calls.
Peter Mougey:	And that doggone Alexa thing, I swear that's part of it. I thought what was interesting, too, was that the order from the Belgians says that Facebook has to stop tracking and registering internet usage, or else they face a $311,000 fine every day up to 124 million for every day it does not comply. They said, "Knock it off. That's enough."
Mike Papantonio:	Well not only that. They tell them that you have to destroy the information you have. Now, let me ask you. What are the chances of that ever happening in the United States?
Peter Mougey:	Never.
Mike Papantonio:	With any-
Peter Mougey:	Especially in this corporate environment.
Mike Papantonio:	With any kind of agency. Now, Jeff Session of course, has had the opportunity through the Department of Justice to do some things. And of course we've had at least four or five regulatory committees that have had the opportunity to do exactly the same kind of thing that's happening here, but the truth is they don't have any intentions of doing that. That'll never-
Peter Mougey:	He's too worried. He's too worried about the recreational pot smoker out there.
Mike Papantonio:	Yeah, marijuana. Much more-
Peter Mougey:	To worry about this kind of stuff.
Mike Papantonio:	So this'll never happen. That's the ugly thing about it.
https://trofire.com/americas-lawyer/
Mike Papantonio is an American attorney and television and radio talk show host. He is past president of The National Trial Lawyers, the most prestigious trial lawyer association in America; and is one of the few living attorneys inducted into the Trial Lawyer Hall of Fame. He hosts the international television show "America's Lawyer"; and co-hosts Ring of Fire Radio, a nationally syndicated weekly radio program, with Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and Sam Seder.
Legal Pardons Granted To War Criminal Mercenaries & Penumbra Catheter Found To Have Deadly Defect
Court Ruling Says Hospital Corporations Can No Longer Hide Costs & Surprise Bill Patients
Forbes Warns Companies That Hiring Former Trump Officials Will Destroy Their Reputations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Originally built in the 1830s and 1840s, the West Coast Main Line was the first inter-city railway in the world. In the first half of this century, parts of the line were widened to four tracks and the line was electrified between 1955 and 1975. Although there has been some replacement of signalling and track components, as well as the development of international freight terminals, the line has changed little in the last 20 years.
Today, however, it is clear that the West Coast Main Line is in need of major equipment renewal. In the public sector, the competitive positioning of the Line weakened as resources were not provided to support its development. Modernisation has become more urgent as the Line is now losing business to air travel (particularly on the London- Manchester route) and to road transport on the M1, M40, M6 and M74 corridors.
There have been several previous proposals to upgrade the line. In the late 1960s and 1970s, British Rail developed the Advanced Passenger Train, designed to achieve faster speeds through the use of 'tilting' technology. Although the concept was sound, testing highlighted its unreliability due to less advanced control technology. In the late 1980s, a line modernisation scheme was proposed but rejected in favour of a competing proposal for Networker trains in the South East.
In early 1994, Railtrack and its private sector partner set about examining the best way to modernise the West Coast Main Line. Restoring the Line as the nation's premier rail route represents one of the great railway initiatives of our generation. Since privatisation, ownership of the railway infrastructure has been transferred to Railtrack. Railtrack also has the responsibility for safety, working within the network and the timetable. Its position is central within the structure of the new industry.


text:
John Bogers (Budel-Schoot, 3 januari 1964) was een Nederlandse wielrenner die als beroeps actief was tussen 1985 en 1989.

Belangrijkste overwinningen
1985
 Omloop der Kempen

1986
 GP Stad Sint-Niklaas

Resultaten in voornaamste wedstrijden

|
|}

Bogers, John

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Boron Nitride Coating
Boron Nitride Coatings
adtechnew Boron Nitride Coating
Boron nitride coatings have excellent thermal and chemical stability. Boron nitride will not be wetted by molten aluminum and magnesium alloys. A suitable form of boron nitride has a hexagonal flake shape similar to graphite.
Ceramic coatings have been used for many years to change the surface properties of refractory materials with molten non-ferrous metals, such as aluminum and its alloys, magnesium and its alloys, and zinc and its alloys.
These coatings usually contain boron nitride, which has the characteristic of exhibiting non-wetting/non-stick characteristics to the molten metal and its dross/dross. Conventional methods provide a layer consisting mainly of boron nitride, which is combined with aluminum oxide, magnesium silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, aluminum phosphate, or other compatible adhesives. The thickness of these coatings is usually 0.003 to 0.010 inches (0.08 to 0.25 mm).
The ceramic substrate coated with these coatings can be an almost completely dense refractory material, but is usually a fibrous structure, such as a lightweight vacuum forming material. The coating has a wide range of uses and can be applied to substrates of various densities and compositions. The main problem with boron nitride coatings is that they are quite soft materials. This feature causes the molten metal to move on the coated surface and ultimately leads to wear and corrosion. Removal of the coating will result in wetting and sticking of scum, as well as poor flow of molten metal in the trough and launder.
In the mold and other areas, as the boron nitride wears, the surface finish gradually deteriorates. This situation is corrected by frequently recoating the ceramic parts to reapply the boron nitride layer. However, recoating is a tedious, time-consuming and expensive process.
One possible solution to the corrosion problem is to provide a thicker boron nitride coating. Unfortunately, thick coatings need to be thoroughly dried between coats, otherwise moisture will remain in the base coat. When used for the first time, such residual moisture usually causes the coating to delaminate or "peel off". Thick coatings are also more susceptible to "mud cracking" when dry, which can cause the coating to fall off the substrate in areas with poor adhesion.
Another problem with thick boron nitride coatings is caused by the difference in thermal expansion between the substrate and the coating. When these thicker coatings undergo temperature changes, the stress caused by these differences in thermal expansion will become more pronounced, causing the thicker coatings to peel off. Due to microcracks and low cohesion, the strength of thick coatings is usually lower than that of thin coatings. In addition, applying a thick coating is time-consuming for process workers.
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text:
Property The REIT Way
In search of asset diversification, property has its attractions. Without the risks and hassle of owning property directly (surely one home is enough trouble?).
But how has COVID and BREXIT affected the UK commercial property market? And what are the options for using the property asset class to derive income in your portfolio?
It's fair to say that you would need a strong stomach to invest in the commercial property market at the present time. Still, as Warren Buffett always says: "be fearful when others are greedy, and greedy when others are fearful".
There is no doubt that events are weighing on the property market:
growth in on-line shopping and the steady decline of High Street, especially large-format stores
exodus of financial services as a result of BREXIT
impacts on city centres of COVID, including loss of business due to more working from home
There is a debate whether investing in commercial property is still a viable option and whether it can be relied upon for income in the same way as before, given these changes.
But if you remain bold, there seem to be three main ways to tap into the UK property market for income - apart from direct ownership: a REIT, a property-oriented investment trust, or a property-oriented ETF.
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
Most property companies are structured as REITs, a format introduced in the UK in 2007 (based on the US model) with the aim of improving overall investor access to real estate. The biggest difference between a REIT and other companies is what they do with the rental income. According to the UK government REIT rules and LSE notes:
90% of property rental business must be paid to shareholders each year
75% of the company's profits must derive from property rental business
75% of the company's gross assets must comprise assets or cash involved in the property rental business.
REITs are exempt from corporate taxation on profits from property rental income and capital gains on the sale of investment properties. The consequence of this is to make the tax implications of investing in REITs similar to that of investing directly in property. For you, this means a steady income stream through a variety of market conditions.
One thing to watch closely with such companies is the premium or discount to Net Asset Value (NAV). Every financial quarter, managers will tot up the value of all the assets a REIT owns. NAV equals the market value of a REIT's total assets (mostly property, plus any cash it has) minus the value of its liabilities, such as mortgage payments and other debts.
Most UK REITs buy up and rent out commercial and office property. They get tenants on long leases, which gives them strong visibility on future earnings. But picking the right REIT is a matter of thinking clearly about the sectors that will benefit from wider market conditions. As discussed above, retail REITs that own shopping centres are a big no-no at the moment, for example.
But safer segments of the REIT landscape may those involved in logistics, office space or healthcare.
Property Funds and Investment Trusts
Funds and investment trusts are often seen as a better vehicle for less liquid assets like property, which are harder to buy and sell in short order, because they are listed on the stock market and the fund managers don't have to factor in redemptions to how they invest. However, they will carry expensive on-going charges as well as trading at a discount to net asset value at times of stress.
An example is FTSE 250 investment trust BMO Commercial Property Trust Ltd (BCPT) - current yield over 8% (!) and trading at a huge 40% discount to its supposed value. It is fairly expensive to hold, with an on-going charge of 1.2%, which will pare down your returns. The trust had to stop payments for a period amid the height of the pandemic. Dividends restarted in August at the lower rate of 0.25p per month and they've been paid every month since. Importantly, dividends are now starting to go up – rising 40% in December to 0.35p. Although uncertainty remains regarding the impact of continued lockdown restrictions on the trust's portfolio and tenants, it expects to continue paying dividends at this rate for the foreseeable future.
BMO's investment approach is set out on their website and includes a degree of borrowing.
Retail REITs
British Land (BLND), one of Europe's largest REITs, has a dividend yield of around 3.2% and a p/e of under 15. Its portfolio is split roughly equally between retail sites on one side of the equation and offices and residential sites on the other.
Newriver REIT (NRR) a predominantly retail property owner should perhaps be avoided, despite its current over 15% yield.
Commercial REITs
SEGRO (SGRO) is a British property investment and development company, formerly known as Slough Estates Group, which switched to REIT status. SEGRO develops and invests in property located in the UK and Continental Europe focusing on edge-of-town flexible business space. It has a current dividend yield of around 2.3% and a p/e of 7.7.
Logistics REITs
Tritax Big Box REIT PLC (BBOX) is a leading real estate company and FTSE 250 constituent that focuses on logistics real estate. It owns and manages sophisticated warehouses and lets these out to major retailers such as Amazon, Tesco, and DHL. Its yield is currently around 8% but with a high p/e ratio of around 28 (!). BBOX has built up an impressive track record in recent years. For example, it has now put together five consecutive dividend increases. The REIT is well placed to benefit from the ongoing shift to online shopping. As we do more of our shopping online, retailers are going to need more access to the kind of strategically-located distribution warehouses that Tritax owns.
Warehouse REIT (WHR) with a near 5% yield is another popular choice and its share price has rocketed back to pre-crash levels. But a price tag of over 19 times earnings may be a little steep for some.
Urban Logistics REIT (SHED) reported a near-doubling of its profits in 2019 from £9.8m to £18.7m. And 2020 year-end results on 29 May showed a 20% hike in rental income and a 21% jump in earnings. It also has significant financial firepower. In April bosses snapped up seven distribution centres for £47m in centres including Aberdeen and Plymouth and added a £13m West Yorkshire NHS distribution centre to its portfolio. Forecast yield is now only 2.5% at a relatively expensive p/e of 19 plus.
Office REITs
Strong decision-making by the AEW UK REIT (AEWU) saw its after-tax profits soar 60% in 2019 to hit £15.5m. Its main investments are 35 diversified commercial properties across the UK, mostly outside the flagging London market. It offers a massive yield of 9.8% with a discount to NAV of around 14%; however, the ongoing charge is a hefty 1.3%.
Office and studio space provider Workspace Group plc (LSE: WKP) has an impressive 4.7% yield with a quite reasonable p/e ratio of 16. Over the last five years, the company has increased its dividends at an annualised rate of over 25%. This suggests that as well as offering an impressive income return and good value for money today, the company could also offer a rising share price as investor demand increases for a stock that has consistently-high dividend growth.
Another popular UK REIT is Land Securities Group plc (LAND) which owns and operates, among other properties, the 'Walkie Talkie' building at 20 Fenchurch Street in the heart of the City of London, as well as commercial spaces across the UK. It currently yields around 3.5% with a p/e of just over 11.
West End-focused REIT Shaftesbury (SHB) - yield 2.7% but a massive p/e ratio of over 65 (!). With Shaftesbury currently trading on a price-to-book (P/B) ratio of 0.8, it seems to offer a wide margin of safety. When combined with its resilience to economic uncertainty and its capacity to raise dividends, this could mean that it offers an impressive total return over the long run that makes it more attractive than investing in buy-to-let.
Healthcare REITs
Target Healthcare REIT (THRL) offers a dividend yield of 5.9% and is trading at a premium of 5.5% to NAV.
Care home investors like Impact Healthcare REIT (IHR) present a long-term high-yield choice. This one pays out a 5.8% yield at a premium to NAV of around 2.5%. The ongoing charge is 1.6%.
Primary Health Properties plc (PHP) is a FTSE 250-listed REIT that focuses on healthcare facilities. Its portfolio comprises roughly 500 healthcare facilities across the UK and Ireland, the vast majority of which are GP surgeries. The REIT has a dividend yield of nearly 4% but a big p/e ratio of over 25 (!). However, the company is well placed to benefit from the UK's ageing population and a large proportion of its rental income is backed by the UK government.
UK Property ETFs
The main advantage of ETFs are that they (usually) replicate an index passively, which provides both diversification and low cost. However, the downside is lower returns.
For example iShares II plc FTSE EPRA/NAREIT UK Property Fund (IUKP) has a current yield of only around 2%, although it's on-going charge is relatively low at only 0.40%.
So, as always, the decision comes down to the greed/fear calculation:
For big dividend yields, there are a couple of gambles available for the risk-taker, like AEW REIT, RDI REIT and Newriver REIT
Medium-level returns seem to be available from several REITs in the office and logistics segments, with Workspace Group looking attractive
If you would sleep better at night, a property ETF will hopefully keep you ahead of inflation with some capital growth
Finally, a word of warning. I've held RDI REIT plc (RDI) which is pretty diversified, since 2014 but it's only worth half the price I paid for it. I guess I took my eye off the ball. At the moment it appears to pay a whacking 10.9% dividend with a p/e ratio of over 17, so I guess I'll hold on. In fact, RDI had a major South African shareholder who now decided to exit the UK market. I don't blame him.
UPDATE 18/5/21 - Starwood has bought out the shares of RDI REIT for £121.40 - reducing my loss to a third.
Labels: Income Investing, property, REITs
Gold - and income?
London's High Yield Shares
London's Equity Income ETFs
London's High Yield Fixed-Income ETFs
Choosing ETFs - UK Dividend Share ETFs


Thank you for the good writeup. It actually was once a enjoyment account it. Glance advanced to more added agreeable from you! However, how could we communicate?
Hallo! We can communicate through the blog, i will start posting again soon as we are heading to Desolation Sound, thank you!!!!


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at the beggining of dawnguard why does the leader attack me?
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why when i go to speak with the leader of the dawnguard they attack me?
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text:
Results for 'Magnus Schlette'
Between Naturalism and Theism: Johnston and Putnam on the Reality of God.Magnus Schlette - 2014 - European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 6 (1):19--35.details
The essay compares mark Johnston's and Hilary Putnam's approaches to the philosophy of religion in the framework of Charles Taylor's claim that in modernity "intermediate positions' between theism and naturalism become increasingly attractive for a growing amount of people. both authors show that intermediate positions between naturalism and theism are conceptually plausible without having to deny that the conflicting worldviews are about a mind-independent reality. Johnston bridges the gap between naturalism and theism by developing a panentheistic worldview, Putnam denies the (...) necessity of bridging it by choosing an attitude toward the world that allows for the coexistence of at least partly incommensurable conceptualizations of what there is. In both cases the conceptual exploration of intermediate positions is fed by the authors' commitment to intellectual integrity in coming to terms with the tension between scientific explanation and religious interpretation in the age of applied sciences. (shrink)
Naturphilosophie. Ein Lehr- Und Studienbuch.Thomas Kirchhoff, Nicole C. Karafyllis, Dirk Evers, Brigitte Falkenburg, Myriam Gerhard, Gerald Hartung, Jürgen Hübner, Kristian Köchy, Ulrich Krohs, Thomas Potthast, Otto Schäfer, Gregor Schiemann, Magnus Schlette, Reinhard Schulz & Frank Vogelsang (eds.) - 2017 - Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck / UTB.details
Was ist Natur oder was könnte sie sein? Diese und weitere Fragen sind grundlegend für Naturdenken und -handeln. Das Lehr- und Studienbuch bietet eine historisch-systematische und zugleich praxisbezogene Einführung in die Naturphilosophie mit ihren wichtigsten Begriffen. Es nimmt den pluralen Charakter der Wahrnehmung von Natur in den philosophischen Blick und ist auch zum Selbststudium bestens geeignet.
Realist Ennui and the Base Rate Fallacy.P. D. Magnus & Craig Callender - 2004 - Philosophy of Science 71 (3):320-338.details
The no-miracles argument and the pessimistic induction are arguably the main considerations for and against scientific realism. Recently these arguments have been accused of embodying a familiar, seductive fallacy. In each case, we are tricked by a base rate fallacy, one much-discussed in the psychological literature. In this paper we consider this accusation and use it as an explanation for why the two most prominent `wholesale' arguments in the literature seem irresolvable. Framed probabilistically, we can see very clearly why realists (...) and anti-realists have been talking past one another. We then formulate a dilemma for advocates of either argument, answer potential objections to our criticism, discuss what remains (if anything) of these two major arguments, and then speculate about a future philosophy of science freed from these two arguments. In so doing, we connect the point about base rates to the wholesale/retail distinction; we believe it hints at an answer of how to distinguish profitable from unprofitable realism debates. In short, we offer a probabilistic analysis of the feeling of ennui afflicting contemporary philosophy of science. (shrink)
Scientific Enquiry and Natural Kinds: From Planets to Mallards.P. D. Magnus - 2012 - Palgrave-Macmillan.details
Some scientific categories seem to correspond to genuine features of the world and are indispensable for successful science in some domain; in short, they are natural kinds. This book gives a general account of what it is to be a natural kind and puts the account to work illuminating numerous specific examples.
Inductions, Red Herrings, and the Best Explanation for the Mixed Record of Science.P. D. Magnus - 2010 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 61 (4):803-819.details
Kyle Stanford has recently claimed to offer a new challenge to scientific realism. Taking his inspiration from the familiar Pessimistic Induction (PI), Stanford proposes a New Induction (NI). Contra Anjan Chakravartty's suggestion that the NI is a 'red herring', I argue that it reveals something deep and important about science. The Problem of Unconceived Alternatives, which lies at the heart of the NI, yields a richer anti-realism than the PI. It explains why science falls short when it falls short, and (...) so it might figure in the most coherent account of scientific practice. However, this best account will be antirealist in some respects and about some theories. It will not be a sweeping antirealism about all or most of science. (shrink)
NK≠HPC.P. D. Magnus - 2014 - Philosophical Quarterly 64 (256):471-477.details
The Homeostatic Property Cluster (HPC) account of natural kinds has become popular since it was proposed by Richard Boyd in the late 1980s. Although it is often taken as a defining natural kinds as such, it is easy enough to see that something's being a natural kind is neither necessary nor sufficient for its being an HPC. This paper argues that it is better not to understand HPCs as defining what it is to be a natural kind but instead as (...) providing the ontological realization of (some) natural kinds. (shrink)
Taxonomy, Ontology, and Natural Kinds.P. Magnus - 2018 - Synthese 195 (4):1427-1439.details
When we ask what natural kinds are, there are two different things we might have in mind. The first, which I'll call the taxonomy question, is what distinguishes a category which is a natural kind from an arbitrary class. The second, which I'll call the ontology question, is what manner of stuff there is that realizes the category. Many philosophers have systematically conflated the two questions. The confusion is exhibited both by essentialists and by philosophers who pose their accounts in (...) terms of similarity. It also leads to misreading philosophers who do make the distinction. Distinguishing the questions allows for a more subtle understanding of both natural kinds and their underlying metaphysics. (shrink)
What Scientists Know Is Not a Function of What Scientists Know.P. D. Magnus - 2013 - Philosophy of Science 80 (5):840-849.details
There are two senses of 'what scientists know': An individual sense (the separate opinions of individual scientists) and a collective sense (the state of the discipline). The latter is what matters for policy and planning, but it is not something that can be directly observed or reported. A function can be defined to map individual judgments onto an aggregate judgment. I argue that such a function cannot effectively capture community opinion, especially in cases that matter to us.
Drakes, Seadevils, and Similarity Fetishism.P. D. Magnus - 2011 - Biology and Philosophy 26 (6):857-870.details
Homeostatic property clusters (HPCs) are offered as a way of understanding natural kinds, especially biological species. I review the HPC approach and then discuss an objection by Ereshefsky and Matthen, to the effect that an HPC qua cluster seems ill-fitted as a description of a polymorphic species. The standard response by champions of the HPC approach is to say that all members of a polymorphic species have things in common, namely dispositions or conditional properties. I argue that this response fails. (...) Instances of an HPC kind need not all be similar in their exhibited properties. Instead, HPCs should instead be understood as unified by the underlying causal mechanism that maintains them. The causal mechanism can both produce and explain some systematic differences between a kind's members. An HPC kind is best understood not as a single cluster of properties maintained in stasis by causal forces, but as a complex of related property clusters kept in relation by an underlying causal process. This approach requires recognizing that taxonomic systems serve both explanatory and inductive purposes. (shrink)
Forall X: Calgary. An Introduction to Formal Logic.P. D. Magnus, Tim Button, Aaron Thomas-Bolduc, Richard Zach & Robert Trueman - 2020details
forall x: Calgary is a full-featured textbook on formal logic. It covers key notions of logic such as consequence and validity of arguments, the syntax of truth-functional propositional logic TFL and truth-table semantics, the syntax of first-order (predicate) logic FOL with identity (first-order interpretations), translating (formalizing) English in TFL and FOL, and Fitch-style natural deduction proof systems for both TFL and FOL. It also deals with some advanced topics such as truth-functional completeness and modal logic. Exercises with solutions are available. (...) It is provided in PDF (for screen reading, printing, and a special version for dyslexics) and in LaTeX source code. (shrink)
What's New About the New Induction?P. D. Magnus - 2006 - Synthese 148 (2):295-301.details
The problem of underdetermination is thought to hold important lessons for philosophy of science. Yet, as Kyle Stanford has recently argued, typical treatments of it offer only restatements of familiar philosophical problems. Following suggestions in Duhem and Sklar, Stanford calls for a New Induction from the history of science. It will provide proof, he thinks, of "the kind of underdetermination that the history of science reveals to be a distinctive and genuine threat to even our best scientific theories" . This (...) paper examines Stanford's New Induction and argues that it -- like the other forms of underdetermination that he criticizes -- merely recapitulates familiar philosophical conundra. (shrink)
On Trusting Wikipedia.P. D. Magnus - 2009 - Episteme 6 (1):74-90.details
Given the fact that many people use Wikipedia, we should ask: Can we trust it? The empirical evidence suggests that Wikipedia articles are sometimes quite good but that they vary a great deal. As such, it is wrong to ask for a monolithic verdict on Wikipedia. Interacting with Wikipedia involves assessing where it is likely to be reliable and where not. I identify five strategies that we use to assess claims from other sources and argue that, to a greater of (...) lesser degree, Wikipedia frustrates all of them. Interacting responsibly with something like Wikipedia requires new epistemic methods and strategies. (shrink)
John Stuart Mill on Taxonomy and Natural Kinds.P. D. Magnus - 2015 - Hopos: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 5 (2):269-280.details
The accepted narrative treats John Stuart Mill's Kinds as the historical prototype for our natural kinds, but Mill actually employs two separate notions: Kinds and natural groups. Considering these, along with the accounts of Mill's nineteenth-century interlocutors, forces us to recognize two distinct questions. First, what marks a natural kind as worthy of inclusion in taxonomy? Second, what exists in the world that makes a category meet that criterion? Mill's two notions offer separate answers to the two questions: natural groups (...) for taxonomy and Kinds for ontology. This distinction is ignored in many contemporary debates about natural kinds and is obscured by the standard narrative that treats our natural kinds just as a development of Mill's Kinds. (shrink)
Underdetermination and the Claims of Science.P. D. Magnus - 2003 - Dissertation, University of California, San Diegodetails
The underdetermination of theory by evidence is supposed to be a reason to rethink science. It is not. Many authors claim that underdetermination has momentous consequences for the status of scientific claims, but such claims are hidden in an umbra of obscurity and a penumbra of equivocation. So many various phenomena pass for `underdetermination' that it's tempting to think that it is no unified phenomenon at all, so I begin by providing a framework within which all these worries can be (...) seen as species of one genus: A claim of underdetermination involves (at least implicitly) a set of rival theories, a standard of responsible judgment, and a scope of circumstances in which responsible choice between the rivals is impossible. Within this framework, I show that one variety of underdetermination motivated modern scepticism and thus is a familiar problem at the heart of epistemology. I survey arguments that infer from underdetermination to some reëvaluation of science: top-down arguments infer a priori from the ubiquity of underdetermination to some conclusion about science; bottom-up arguments infer from specific instances of underdetermination, to the claim that underdetermination is widespread, and then to some conclusion about science. The top-down arguments either fail to deliver underdetermination of any great significance or (as with modern scepticism) deliver some well-worn epistemic concern. The bottom-up arguments must rely on cases. I consider several promising cases and find them to either be so specialized that they cannot underwrite conclusions about science in general or not be underdetermined at all. Neither top-down nor bottom-up arguments can motivate any deep reconsideration of science. (shrink)
Science, Values, and the Priority of Evidence.P. D. Magnus - 2018 - Logos and Episteme 9 (4):413-431.details
It is now commonly held that values play a role in scientific judgment, but many arguments for that conclusion are limited. First, many arguments do not show that values are, strictly speaking, indispensable. The role of values could in principle be filled by a random or arbitrary decision. Second, many arguments concern scientific theories and concepts which have obvious practical consequences, thus suggesting or at least leaving open the possibility that abstruse sciences without such a connection could be value-free. Third, (...) many arguments concern the role values play in inferring from evidence, thus taking evidence as given. This paper argues that these limitations do not hold in general. There are values involved in every scientific judgment. They cannot even conceivably be replaced by a coin toss, they arise as much for exotic as for practical sciences, and they are at issue as much for observation as for explicit inference. (shrink)
Reckoning the Shape of Everything: Underdetermination and Cosmotopology.P. D. Magnus - 2005 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 56 (3):541-557.details
This paper offers a general characterization of underdetermination and gives a prima facie case for the underdetermination of the topology of the universe. A survey of several philosophical approaches to the problem fails to resolve the issue: the case involves the possibility of massive reduplication, but Strawson on massive reduplication provides no help here; it is not obvious that any of the rival theories are to be preferred on grounds of simplicity; and the usual talk of empirically equivalent theories misses (...) the point entirely. (If the choice is underdetermined, then the theories are not empirically equivalent!) Yet the thought experiment is analogous to a live scientific possibility, and actual astronomy faces underdetermination of this kind. This paper concludes by suggesting how the matter can be resolved, either by localizing the underdetermination or by defeating it entirely. Introduction A brief preliminary Around the universe in 80 days Some attempts at resolving the problem 4.1 Indexicality 4.2 Simplicity 4.3 Empirical equivalence 4.4 Is this just a philosophers' fantasy? Move along... ...nothing to see here 6.1 Rules of repetition 6.2 Some possible replies Conclusion. (shrink)
Distributed Cognition and the Task of Science.P. D. Magnus - 2007 - Social Studies of Science 37 (2):297--310.details
Judging Covers.P. D. Magnus, Cristyn Magnus & Christy Mag Uidhir - 2013 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 71 (4):361-370.details
Cover versions form a loose but identifiable category of tracks and performances. We distinguish four kinds of covers and argue that they mark important differences in the modes of evaluation that are possible or appropriate for each: mimic covers, which aim merely to echo the canonical track; rendition covers, which change the sound of the canonical track; transformative covers, which diverge so much as to instantiate a distinct, albeit derivative song; and referential covers, which not only instantiate a distinct song, (...) but for which the new song is in part about the original song. In order to allow for the very possibility of transformative and referential covers, we argue that a cover is characterized by relation to a canonical track rather than merely by being a new instance of a song that had been recorded previously. (shrink)
Kind of Borrowed, Kind of Blue.P. D. Magnus - 2016 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 74 (2):179-185.details
In late 2014, the jazz combo Mostly Other People Do the Killing released Blue—an album that is a note-for-note remake of Miles Davis's 1959 landmark album Kind of Blue. This is a thought experiment made concrete, raising metaphysical puzzles familiar from discussion of indiscernible counterparts. It is an actual album, rather than merely a concept, and so poses the aesthetic puzzle of why one would ever actually listen to it.
Success, Truth and the Galilean Strategy.P. D. Magnus - 2003 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 54 (3):465-474.details
Philip Kitcher develops the Galilean Strategy to defend realism against its many opponents. I explore the structure of the Galilean Strategy and consider it specifically as an instrument against constructive empiricism. Kitcher claims that the Galilean Strategy underwrites an inference from success to truth. We should resist that conclusion, I argue, but the Galilean Strategy should lead us by other routes to believe in many things about which the empiricist would rather remain agnostic. 1 Target: empiricism 2 The Galilean Strategy (...) 3 Strengthening the argument 4 Success and truth 5 Conclusion. (shrink)
No Grist for Mill on Natural Kinds.P. D. Magnus - 2014 - Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy 2 (4).details
According to the standard narrative, natural kind is a technical notion that was introduced by John Stuart Mill in the 1840s and the recent craze for natural kinds, launched by Putnam and Kripke, is a continuation of that tradition. I argue that the standard narrative is mistaken. The Millian tradition of kinds was not particularly influential in the 20th-century, and the Putnam-Kripke revolution did not clearly engage with even the remnants that were left of it. The presently active tradition of (...) natural kinds is less than half a century old. Recognizing this might help us better appreciate both Mill and natural kinds. (shrink)
Williamson on Knowledge and Psychological Explanation.P. D. Magnus & Jonathan Cohen - 2003 - Philosophical Studies 116 (1):37-52.details
According to many philosophers, psychological explanation canlegitimately be given in terms of belief and desire, but not in termsof knowledge. To explain why someone does what they do (so the common wisdom holds) you can appeal to what they think or what they want, but not what they know. Timothy Williamson has recently argued against this view. Knowledge, Williamson insists, plays an essential role in ordinary psychological explanation.Williamson's argument works on two fronts.First, he argues against the claim that, unlike knowledge, (...) belief is``composite'' (representable as a conjunction of a narrow and a broadcondition). Belief's failure to be composite, Williamson thinks, undermines the usual motivations for psychological explanation in terms of belief rather than knowledge.Unfortunately, we claim, the motivations Williamson argues against donot depend on the claim that belief is composite, so what he saysleaves the case for a psychology of belief unscathed.Second, Williamson argues that knowledge can sometimes provide abetter explanation of action than belief can.We argue that, in the cases considered, explanations that cite beliefs(but not knowledge) are no less successful than explanations that citeknowledge. Thus, we conclude that Williamson's arguments fail both coming andgoing: they fail to undermine a psychology of belief, and they fail tomotivate a psychology of knowledge. (shrink)
Peirce: Underdetermination, Agnosticism, and Related Mistakes.P. D. Magnus - 2005 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 48 (1):26 – 37.details
There are two ways that we might respond to the underdetermination of theory by data. One response, which we can call the agnostic response, is to suspend judgment: "Where scientific standards cannot guide us, we should believe nothing". Another response, which we can call the fideist response, is to believe whatever we would like to believe: "If science cannot speak to the question, then we may believe anything without science ever contradicting us". C.S. Peirce recognized these options and suggested evading (...) the dilemma. It is a Logical Maxim, he suggests, that there could be no genuine underdetermination. This is no longer a viable option in the wake of developments in modern physics, so we must face the dilemma head on. The agnostic and fideist responses to underdetermination represent fundamentally different epistemic viewpoints. Nevertheless, the choice between them is not an unresolvable struggle between incommensurable worldviews. There are legitimate considerations tugging in each direction. Given the balance of these considerations, there should be a modest presumption of agnosticism. This may conflict with Peirce's Logical Maxim, but it preserves all that we can preserve of the Peircean motivation. (shrink)
Underdetermination and the Problem of Identical Rivals.P. D. Magnus - 2003 - Philosophy of Science 70 (5):1256-1264.details
If two theory formulations are merely different expressions of the same theory, then any problem of choosing between them cannot be due to the underdetermination of theories by data. So one might suspect that we need to be able to tell distinct theories from mere alternate formulations before we can say anything substantive about underdetermination, that we need to solve the problem of identical rivals before addressing the problem of underdetermination. Here I consider two possible solutions: Quine proposes that we (...) call two theories identical if they are equivalent under a reconstrual of predicates, but this would mishandle important cases. Another proposal is to defer to the particular judgements of actual scientists. Consideration of an historical episodethe alleged equivalence of wave and matrix mechanicsshows that this second proposal also fails. Nevertheless, I suggest, the original suspicion is wrong; there are ways to enquire into underdetermination without having solved the problem of identical rivals. (shrink)
Reid's Dilemma and the Uses of Pragmatism.P. D. Magnus - 2004 - Journal of Scottish Philosophy 2 (1):69-72.details
Peter Baumann offers the tantalizing suggestion that Thomas Reid is almost, but not quite, a pragmatist. He motivates this claim by posing a dilemma for common sense philosophy: Will it be dogmatism or scepticism? Baumann claims that Reid points to but does not embrace a pragmatist third way between these unsavory options. If we understand `pragmatism' differently than Baumann does, however, we need not be so equivocal in attributing it to Reid. Reid makes what we could call an argument from (...) practical commitment, and this is plausibly an instance of what William James calls the pragmatic method. (shrink)
Historical Individuals Like Anas Platyrhynchos and 'Classical Gas'.P. D. Magnus - 2013 - In Christy Mag Uidhir (ed.), Art and Abstract Objects. Oxford University Press. pp. 108.details
In this paper, I explore and defend the idea that musical works are historical individuals. Guy Rohrbaugh (2003) proposes this for works of art in general. Julian Dodd (2007) objects that the whole idea is outré metaphysics, that it is too far beyond the pale to be taken seriously. Their disagreement could be seen as a skirmish in the broader war between revisionists and reactionaries, a conflict about which of metaphysics and art should trump the other when there is a (...) conflict. That dispute is a matter of philosophical methodology as much as it is a dispute about art. I argue that the ontology of works as individuals need not be dunked in that morass. My primary strategy is to show, contra Dodd's accusation, that historical individuals are familiar parts of the world. Although the ontological details are open to debate, it is the standard opinion of biologists is that biological species are historical individuals. So there is no conflict here between fidelity to art and respectable metaphysics. What suits species will fit musical work as well. (shrink)
Science and Rationality for One and All.P. D. Magnus - unknowndetails
It seems obvious that a community of one thousand scientists working together to make discoveries and solve puzzles should arrange itself differently than would one thousand scientist-hermits working independently. Because of limited time, resources, and attention, an independent scientist can explore only some of the possible approaches to a problem. Working alone, each hermit would explore the most promising approaches. They would needlessly duplicate the work of others and would be unlikely to develop approaches which look unpromising but really have (...) tremendous potential. Contrariwise, a large community can more rigorously explore the space of possible approaches. Most scientists should work on the most promising approaches, but a smaller number can be committed to approaches that initially look less promising. Exploratory work can reveal if one of those initially unpromising approaches has unrealized potential, and more scientists can adopt it once its potential becomes more apparent. (shrink)
Background Theories and Total Science.P. D. Magnus - 2005 - Philosophy of Science 72 (5):1064-1075.details
Background theories in science are used both to prove and to disprove that theory choice is underdetermined by data. The alleged proof appeals to the fact that experiments to decide between theories typically require auxiliary assumptions from other theories. If this generates a kind of underdetermination, it shows that standards of scientific inference are fallible and must be appropriately contextualized. The alleged disproof appeals to the possibility of suitable background theories to show that no theory choice can be timelessly or (...) noncontextually underdetermined: Foreground theories might be distinguished against different backgrounds. Philosophers have often replied to such a disproof by focussing their attention not on theories but on Total Sciences. If empirically equivalent Total Sciences were at stake, then there would be no background against which they could be differentiated. I offer several reasons to think that Total Science is a philosophers' fiction. No respectable underdetermination can be based on it. (shrink)
Reid's Defense of Common Sense.P. D. Magnus - 2008 - Philosophers' Imprint 8:1-14.details
Thomas Reid is often misread as defending common sense, if at all, only by relying on illicit premises about God or our natural faculties. On these theological or reliabilist misreadings, Reid makes common sense assertions where he cannot give arguments. This paper attempts to untangle Reid's defense of common sense by distinguishing four arguments: (a) the argument from madness, (b) the argument from natural faculties, (c) the argument from impotence, and (d) the argument from practical commitment. Of these, (a) and (...) (c) do rely on problematic premises that are no more secure than claims of common sense itself. Yet (b) and (d) do not. This conclusion can be established directly by considering the arguments informally, but one might still worry that there is an implicit premise in them. In order to address this concern, I reconstruct the arguments in the framework of subjective Bayesianism. The worry becomes this: Do the arguments rely on specific values for the prior probability of some premises? Reid's appeals to our prior cognitive and practical commitments do not. Rather than relying on specific probability assignments, they draw on things that are part of the Bayesian framework itself, such as the nature of observation and the connection between belief and action. Contra the theological or reliabilist readings, the defense of common sense does not require indefensible premises. (shrink)
Demonstrative Induction and the Skeleton of Inference.P. D. Magnus - 2008 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 22 (3):303-315.details
It has been common wisdom for centuries that scientific inference cannot be deductive; if it is inference at all, it must be a distinctive kind of inductive inference. According to demonstrative theories of induction, however, important scientific inferences are not inductive in the sense of requiring ampliative inference rules at all. Rather, they are deductive inferences with sufficiently strong premises. General considerations about inferences suffice to show that there is no difference in justification between an inference construed demonstratively or ampliatively. (...) The inductive risk may be shouldered by premises or rules, but it cannot be shirked. Demonstrative theories of induction might, nevertheless, better describe scientific practice. And there may be good methodological reasons for constructing our inferences one way rather than the other. By exploring the limits of these possible advantages, I argue that scientific inference is neither of essence deductive nor of essence inductive. (shrink)
Friends with Benefits! Distributed Cognition Hooks Up Cognitive and Social Conceptions of Science.P. D. Magnus & Ron McClamrock - 2015 - Philosophical Psychology 28 (8):1114-1127.details
One approach to science treats science as a cognitive accomplishment of individuals and defines a scientific community as an aggregate of individual inquirers. Another treats science as a fundamentally collective endeavor and defines a scientist as a member of a scientific community. Distributed cognition has been offered as a framework that could be used to reconcile these two approaches. Adam Toon has recently asked if the cognitive and the social can be friends at last. He answers that they probably cannot, (...) posing objections to the would-be rapprochement. We clarify both the animosity and the tonic proposed to resolve it, ultimately arguing that worries raised by Toon and others are uncompelling. (shrink)
What SPECIES Can Teach Us About THEORY.P. D. Magnus - manuscriptdetails
This paper argues against the common, often implicit view that theories are some specific kind of thing. Instead, I argue for theory concept pluralism: There are multiple distinct theory concepts which we legitimately use in different domains and for different purposes, and we should not expect this to change. The argument goes by analogy with species concept pluralism, a familiar position in philosophy of biology. I conclude by considering some consequences for philosophy of science if theory concept pluralism is correct.
Mag Uidhir on Performance.P. D. Magnus - 2008 - British Journal of Aesthetics 48 (3):338-345.details
Christy Mag Uidhir has recently argued (a) that there is no in principle aesthetic difference between a live performance and a recording of that performance, and (b) that the proper aesthetic object is a type which is instantiated by the performance and potentially repeatable when recordings are played back. This paper considers several objections to (a) and finds them lacking. I then consider improvised music, a subject that Mag Uidhir explicitly brackets in his discussion. Improvisation reveals problems with (b), because (...) the performance-event and the performance-type are distinct but equally proper aesthetic objects. (shrink)
Art Concept Pluralism.Christy Mag Uidhir & P. D. Magnus - 2011 - Metaphilosophy 42 (1-2):83-97.details
Abstract: There is a long tradition of trying to analyze art either by providing a definition (essentialism) or by tracing its contours as an indefinable, open concept (anti-essentialism). Both art essentialists and art anti-essentialists share an implicit assumption of art concept monism. This article argues that this assumption is a mistake. Species concept pluralism—a well-explored position in philosophy of biology—provides a model for art concept pluralism. The article explores the conditions under which concept pluralism is appropriate, and argues that they (...) obtain for art. Art concept pluralism allows us to recognize that different art concepts are useful for different purposes, and what has been feuding definitions can be seen as characterizations of specific art concepts. (shrink)
State of the Field: Why Novel Prediction Matters.Heather Douglas & P. D. Magnus - 2013 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 44 (4):580-589.details
There is considerable disagreement about the epistemic value of novel predictive success, i.e. when a scientist predicts an unexpected phenomenon, experiments are conducted, and the prediction proves to be accurate. We survey the field on this question, noting both fully articulated views such as weak and strong predictivism, and more nascent views, such as pluralist reasons for the instrumental value of prediction. By examining the various reasons offered for the value of prediction across a range of inferential contexts , we (...) can see that neither weak nor strong predictivism captures all of the reasons for valuing prediction available. A third path is presented, Pluralist Instrumental Predictivism; PIP for short. (shrink)
Regarding Scientific Significance.P. D. Magnus - manuscriptdetails
A discussion and qualified defense of Philip Kitcher on scientific significance and 'well-ordered science.' (Qualified because I argue that Kitcher's position is made unstable by his reliance on the largely unanalyzed notion of natural curiosity.).
The Price of Insisting That Quantum Mechanics is Complete.P. D. Magnus - 2004 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 55 (2):257-267.details
The Bare Theory was offered by David Albert as a way of standing by the completeness of quantum mechanics in the face of the measurement problem. This paper surveys objections to the Bare Theory that recur in the literature: what will here be called the oddity objection, the coherence objection, and the context-of-the-universe objection. Critics usually take the Bare Theory to have unacceptably bizarre consequences, but to be free from internal contradiction. Bizarre consequences need not be decisive against the Bare (...) Theory, but a further objection—dubbed here the calibration objection—has been underestimated. This paper argues that the Bare Theory is not only odd but also inconsistent. We can imagine a successor to the Bare Theory—the Stripped Theory—which avoids the objections and fulfills the original promise of the Bare Theory, but at the cost of amplifying the bizarre consequences. The Stripped Theory is either a stunning development in our understanding of the world or a reductio disproving the completeness of quantum mechanics. The Bare Theory The usual objections The calibration objection Beyond the Bare Theory. (shrink)
Are Digital Images Allographic?Jason D'cruz & P. D. Magnus - 2014 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 72 (4):417-427.details
Nelson Goodman's distinction between autographic and allographic arts is appealing, we suggest, because it promises to resolve several prima facie puzzles. We consider and rebut a recent argument that alleges that digital images explode the autographic/allographic distinction. Regardless, there is another familiar problem with the distinction, especially as Goodman formulates it: it seems to entirely ignore an important sense in which all artworks are historical. We note in reply that some artworks can be considered both as historical products and as (...) formal structures. Talk about such works is ambiguous between the two conceptions. This allows us to recover Goodman's distinction: art forms that are ambiguous in this way are allographic. With that formulation settled, we argue that digital images are allographic. We conclude by considering the objection that digital photographs, unlike other digital images, would count as autographic by our criterion; we reply that this points to the vexed nature of photography rather than any problem with the distinction. (shrink)
The Identical Rivals Response to Underdetermination.Greg Frost-Arnold & P. D. Magnus - 2009 - In P. D. Magnus Jacob Busch (ed.), New Waves in Philosophy of Science. Palgrave-Macmillan.details
The underdetermination of theory by data obtains when, inescapably, evidence is insufficient to allow scientists to decide responsibly between rival theories. One response to would-be underdetermination is to deny that the rival theories are distinct theories at all, insisting instead that they are just different formulations of the same underlying theory; we call this the identical rivals response. An argument adapted from John Norton suggests that the response is presumptively always appropriate, while another from Larry Laudan and Jarrett Leplin suggests (...) that the response is never appropriate. Arguments from Einstein for the special and general theories of relativity may fruitfully be seen as instances of the identical rivals response; since Einstein's arguments are generally accepted, the response is at least sometimes appropriate. But when is it appropriate? We attempt to steer a middle course between Norton's view and that of Laudan and Leplin: the identical rivals response is appropriate when there is good reason for adopting a parsimonious ontology. Although in simple cases the identical rivals response need not involve any ontological difference between the theories, in actual scientific cases it typically requires treating apparent posits of the various theories as mere verbal ornaments or computational conveniences. Since these would-be posits are not now detectable, there is no perfectly reliable way to decide whether we should eliminate them or not. As such, there is no rule for deciding whether the identical rivals response is appropriate or not. Nevertheless, there are considerations that suggest for and against the response; we conclude by suggesting two of them. (shrink)
Reliability on the Crowded Net: Finding the Truth in a Web of Deceit.P. D. Magnus - 2001 - In MacHack proceedings.details
On-line, just as off-line, there are ways of assessing the credibility of information sources. The Internet, although it arguably makes for nothing wholly new in this regard, complicates the ordinary task of assessing credibility. In the first section, I consider a specific example and argue that Internet content providers have no clear interest in resolving these comlications. In the second, I consider four general ways that we might assess credibility and explore how they apply to life online. Finally, I argue (...) that even careful information gathering may pose subtle pitfalls but that some of these may be mitigated on-line. (shrink)
Preserving the Autographic/Allographic Distinction.Jason D'cruz & P. D. Magnus - 2015 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 73 (4):453-457.details
Forall X (UBC Edition).P. D. Magnus & Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa - 2020 - Creative Commons: Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0.details
This is an open-access introductory logic textbook, prepared by Jonathan Ichikawa, based on P.D. Magnus's forallx. This (v2.0, July 2020) is intended as a stable, ready-for-teaching edition.
Forall X: An Introduction to Formal Logic.P. D. Magnus - 2005details
An introduction to sentential logic and first-order predicate logic with identity, logical systems that significantly influenced twentieth-century analytic philosophy. After working through the material in this book, a student should be able to understand most quantified expressions that arise in their philosophical reading. -/- This books treats symbolization, formal semantics, and proof theory for each language. The discussion of formal semantics is more direct than in many introductory texts. Although forall x does not contain proofs of soundness and completeness, it (...) lays the groundwork for understanding why these are things that need to be proven. -/- The book highlights the choices involved in developing sentential and predicate logic. Students should realize that these two are not the only possible formal languages. In translating to a formal language, we simplify and profit in clarity. The simplification comes at a cost, and different formal languages are suited to translating different parts of natural language. (shrink)
Gustav Magnus Und Sein Haus: Im Auftrag der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, Ed. Dieter Hoffmann, Stuttgart: Verlag Für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften Und der Technik, 1995. [REVIEW]Gabriel Finkelstein - 1998 - Technology and Culture 39 (3):568-569.details
Acting on a Ground : Reasons, Rational Motivation, and Explanation.Magnus Frei - 2016 - Dissertation, Fribourgdetails
When someone does something for a reason, what are the reasons for which she does what she does? What is her 'motivating reason', as it is sometimes put? The simple answer is: it depends on what is meant by 'motivating reason'. Non-Psychologists hold that motivating reasons are what the agent believes. I have shown that given that we understand 'motivating reasons' as what I term 'grounds', this is quite correct, as what we believe is what plays the role of a (...) ground. However, we have to be careful not to confuse the role of a ground and the role of an explanans. For the conflation of those two roles can occlude the truth in Non-Psychologism. What the Non-Psychologist about Grounds should say is that what plays the role of an explanans, when someone acts on a ground, is a motivation-fact. She should also say that there are two kinds of motivation-facts: those that include normative reasons and those that do not. (shrink)
Cicero philosophus. Ciceros philosophische Schriften im Lateinunterricht.Magnus Frisch - 2020 - In Cicero als Bildungsautor der Gegenwart (Ars Didactica – Alte Sprachen lehren und lernen; Bd. 6). Heidelberg: pp. 9-33.details
Liebeskunst – Kann man Liebe lehren und lernen?Magnus Frisch - 2013 - IANUS 34:50-68.details
Der Artikel stellt eine Unterrichtseinheit für die Lektürephase des Lateinunterrichts dar, die vor allem für die Sekundarstufe II geeignet ist. Die vorzustellende Unterrichtsreihe geht von der Fragestellung "Kann man Liebe lehren und lernen?" aus, wobei zunächst herausgearbeitet werden soll, was wir und was die Schüler unter "Liebe" verstehen, und dann allgemein und in Bezug auf unsere eigene Lebenswelt diskutiert wird, ob sich Liebe lehren und lernen lasse, sei es durch Ratgeber, Flirtschulen, oder Tipps von anderen. Im Anschluss beginnt die Lektüre (...) mit dem Proömium der Ars amatoria (ars 1, 1-40), in dem Ovid die eingangs erwähnte These aufstellt und die Liebe mit der Seefahrt und dem Kampf vergleicht, die man ja ebenfalls lernen könne und müsse, und das Programm seines "Lehrbuchs" vorstellt: ein Mädchen finden, es für sich gewinnen, der Beziehung Dauer verleihen. Im Anschluss daran wird die These Ovids diskutiert, sein Konzept wird mit dem moderner Liebesratgeber verglichen, sein Verständnis von "Liebe" wird näher charakterisiert und mit dem Vorverständnis der Lerngruppe zu "Liebe" und deren lernbarkeit verglichen. Um das Konzept besser zu verstehen, werden einige seiner "Tipps" aus den beiden ersten Büchern in kurzen Auszügen - ohne die langen mythologischen Exkurse - im Original, teils auch zweisprachig, gelesen. Zum Abschluss der Reihe kommt [Ovids] Eingangsthese gründlich auf den Prüfstand. Ein Leserbrief an Ovid dokumentiert das Textverständnis und die inhaltliche Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema. Die Unterrichtsreihe ist für die Oberstufe gedacht und nimmt ca. 12-16 Unterrichtsstunden in Anspruch. Zum Artikel gehören die aufbereiteten Textauszüge sowie ein Tafelbild und eine Übersicht über das Lernvokabular (Aufbauwortschatz zur Lektürereihe). (shrink)
Metrik Im Unterricht. Gründe – Ziele – Wege.Magnus Frisch - 2018 - In Metrik im altsprachlichen Unterricht (Ars Didactica - Marburger Beiträge zu Studium und Didaktik der Alten Sprachen; Bd. 4). Speyer: Kartoffeldurck-Verlag Kai Brodersen. pp. 11-20.details
Philosophische Texte im Altsprachlichen Unterricht.Magnus Frisch - 2011 - Forum Schule. Mitteilungsblatt des Hessischen Altphilologenverbandes 58:28-36.details
Der Aufsatz befasst sich mit der Lektüre philosophischer Texte im Latein- und Griechischunterricht. Er diskutiert Kriterien der Themen- und Textauswahl; erörtert Möglichkeiten der Motivierung der Schüler zur aktiven Auseinandersetzung mit philosophischen Themen und Texten sowie die Möglichkeit der Behandlung philosophischer Themen und Texte bereits in der Lehrbuchphase.
Review of: "Lydia Krollpfeifer, Rom bei Prudentius. Dichtung und Weltanschauung in 'Contra orationem Symmachi'. Göttingen: Edition Ruprecht 2017 (Vertumnus. Berliner Beiträge zur Klassischen Philologie und ihren Nachbargebieten; Bd. 12)." In: Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2018.06.22. [REVIEW]Magnus Frisch - 2018 - Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2018:2018.06.22.details


text:
package com.amazonaws.services.iotanalytics.model;

import java.io.Serializable;
import javax.annotation.Generated;

/**
 *
 * @see AWS
 *      API Documentation
 */
@Generated("com.amazonaws:aws-java-sdk-code-generator")
public class CreateDatasetContentResult extends com.amazonaws.AmazonWebServiceResult<com.amazonaws.ResponseMetadata> implements Serializable, Cloneable {

    /**
     *

     * The version ID of the dataset contents that are being created.
     *

     */
    private String versionId;

    /**
     *

     * The version ID of the dataset contents that are being created.
     *

     *
     * @param versionId
     *        The version ID of the dataset contents that are being created.
     */

    public void setVersionId(String versionId) {
        this.versionId = versionId;
    }

    /**
     *

     * The version ID of the dataset contents that are being created.
     *

     *
     * @return The version ID of the dataset contents that are being created.
     */

    public String getVersionId() {
        return this.versionId;
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    /**
     *

     * The version ID of the dataset contents that are being created.
     *

     *
     * @param versionId
     *        The version ID of the dataset contents that are being created.
     * @return Returns a reference to this object so that method calls can be chained together.
     */

    public CreateDatasetContentResult withVersionId(String versionId) {
        setVersionId(versionId);
        return this;
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    /**
     * Returns a string representation of this object. This is useful for testing and debugging. Sensitive data will be
     * redacted from this string using a placeholder value.
     *
     * @return A string representation of this object.
     *
     * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
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        sb.append("{");
        if (getVersionId() != null)
            sb.append("VersionId: ").append(getVersionId());
        sb.append("}");
        return sb.toString();
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    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (this == obj)
            return true;
        if (obj == null)
            return false;

        if (obj instanceof CreateDatasetContentResult == false)
            return false;
        CreateDatasetContentResult other = (CreateDatasetContentResult) obj;
        if (other.getVersionId() == null ^ this.getVersionId() == null)
            return false;
        if (other.getVersionId() != null && other.getVersionId().equals(this.getVersionId()) == false)
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        return true;
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    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
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        int hashCode = 1;

        hashCode = prime * hashCode + ((getVersionId() == null) ? 0 : getVersionId().hashCode());
        return hashCode;
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    @Override
    public CreateDatasetContentResult clone() {
        try {
            return (CreateDatasetContentResult) super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Got a CloneNotSupportedException from Object.clone() " + "even though we're Cloneable!", e);
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Pitt administrators have told the Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board they plan challenge the graduate student petition to hold a union election, organizers said Wednesday.
Pitt will look to convince the board that graduate students aren't employees. The labor board in February ruled that graduate students at Penn State were considered employees and could unionize.
Pitt spokesperson Kevin Zwick would not confirm that Pitt hired the law firm or respond to questions asking if tuition or taxpayer funds are going toward paying the lawyers. Zwick said Pitt is going through the process set by the labor board to establish their view that graduate students aren't workers.
"The University of Pittsburgh remains committed to the success of all students, and we will continue doing what we do best: partnering with graduate students—individually and collectively—to support their growth and success," he said.
Graduate students in October filed a petition with the labor board to hold a union election, indicating that organizers collected union cards from 30 percent of students. But Pitt maintains that graduate students are only students, not employees, a position strongly opposed by the organizers.
Shaaban said GSOC and University legal representatives talked during a conference call Wednesday. The call was held so that the University could either agree with GSOC's ability to hold an election or challenge it, she said.
Shaaban said the administration and GSOC will argue their cases in an upcoming labor board hearing. If the Board determines that Pitt graduate students are employees, the administration will be required to present an Excelsior list — a list filed by the employer stating the names and addresses of all eligible bargaining unit employees. The Pennsylvania Labor Board will then be able to check the filed union cards and certify if 30 percent of graduate students have signed union cards.
Shaaban said a date for the hearing is currently being arranged by both parties' legal representatives.
"Both the Pennsylvania state law and the recent board determination are on our side, so we feel confident we will make our case and it will be very clear that grad student employees are employees," she said.


text:
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Jack Scharf, Certified Lay Minister
I am blessed, as a certified lay minister, to serve on a volunteer basis in a number of different capacities for our church: director of the Adult Spiritual Education, chair of the Finance Committee, assistant to the Senior Pastor, worship liturgist, and worship lay speaker. I am a retired health care executive from the Atlantic Health System. I received an M.A. degree in Philosophy from Ohio State University, an MBA from Seton Hall University, and a M.T.S. from Drew University. I am also a Fellow of the American College of Healthcare Executives. My faith journey has been especially impacted by my Walk to Emmaus in November, 1998, which literally changed by life. My favorite prayer, no surprise, is the Serenity Prayer: "God, grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things that I can, and the wisdom to know the difference."
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The local elections have proved to be a success for the Labour Party in Plymouth and Exeter overnight, but could that result be repeated in Cornwall?
Labour took control of both Plymouth and Exeter City Councils in last night's elections with the party hailing it as a message from the South West to Conservative Prime Minister Theresa May.
But the key here is that in Exeter Labour retained control of the city council, making no gains, and in Plymouth it was a case of Labour taking back control by winning four seats from the Conservatives.
The difference in Cornwall is that in local elections Labour has always been a minority party at County Hall and has never had control of the council.
Following last year's Cornwall Council elections Labour and the Labour and Co-operative Party picked up just five seats out of the 123 up for grabs. That's just one more than Mebyon Kernow and far behind the Conservatives with 46, Liberal Democrats on 37 and 30 independents.
The Labour group also has one less member now after group leader Tim Dwelly left earlier this year to sit as an independent. Mr Dwelly decided to leave the party after 30 years saying that it was no longer the party he joined and claiming he had been subjected to intimidation.
Mr Dwelly has said the Labour Party in Cornwall has been taken over by those who have far left views - a division which has been mirrored across the country.
However, while the Labour Party did not make significant gains in Cornwall's local elections last May, it was a different story in the General Election the following month.
While the Conservatives took all six Parliamentary seats in Cornwall Labour leapfrogged the Lib Dems into second for the proportion of votes taken.
In 2017 the Tory share of the vote was 48%, with Labour second with 27% and the Lib Dems on 23%.
Just two years earlier Labour had been lagging in fourth place with just 12% of the vote behind the Tories on 43%, Lib Dems on 22% and UKIP with 14%.
The result last year was hailed as a success for Labour, particularly in St Austell and Newquay where candidate Kevin Neil was runner-up to Steve Double and forced former MP Stephen Gilbert into third place.
Mr Neil was celebrating last night after he won a seat on Plymouth City Council.
In Truro and Falmouth , Jayne Kirkham came second behind Conservative MP Sarah Newton , having won 21,331 votes. Her score represented 37.7% of the votes and a 22% swing in favour of Labour. She has since been elected to Cornwall Council and decided not to put her name forward as the next prospective MP candidate , citing personal matters and the influence of the far-left Momentum group.
The general election results in Cornwall last year were thought to indicate a shift towards Labour and it was thought that this would be built on with the party set to look at targeting seats in future elections.
However the shift in the Labour Party towards the far left appears to have fractured support in Cornwall, evident from the way that long term members such as Mr Dwelly have left.
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn was in Plymouth today hailing the result there saying: "What you've done in Plymouth is stand up for the people. This is the result across the whole of the south west. Labour is back in this part of Britain!"
With a week being a long time in politics the three years that Cornwall will have to wait before going to the polls again could see many more changes to the political landscape before then.
And with Cornwall Council set to face a shake-up in 2021 when it will be slimmed down from 123 councillors to just 87 it will be interesting to see what impact that has on the elections.
However Cornelius Olivier, Labour councillor at County Hall, said he thought there could be a shift towards Labour in the next local elections, adding: "The results for Plymouth were some of the best for Labour in the country. One of the reasons they did will is because people in Plymouth are worried about the government policies about defence and that is an issue that will influence people in Cornwall as well.
"If you look at how we did in the general election in Cornwall and the small size of the Labour group at Cornwall Council I think that will shift. There was a shift at the general election and we have seen party membership grow at a pretty incredible rate.
"My slight qualifier is that the shrinking of the council could affect us, it will be more difficult to reach people. The larger the ward the more spread out it is and more mix between rural and urban areas. That plays into the hands of the political organisations which have more money."That does make it harder but I don't doubt that there will be substantially more Labour councillors next time."


text:
Doin' My Thang refers to:

"Doin' My Thang", a song by Zion I from True & Livin'
"Doin' My Thang", a song by Shanice from her self-titled album


A foolish stunt by the Daily Telegraph and 103 Tory company leaders has backfired, with business chiefs now facing calls for a boycott of their companies from angry voters.
Although the Telegraph claims that these people are supporting the Conservative Party in a personal capacity, they are blurring the lines by using their high profiles in companies to try to add gravitas to their Tory support.
Companies are not able to vote and companies are not affected by the worst of the Tory policies, such as benefits cuts, privatisation of the NHS and running down of local services. In fact, many of these policies - such as NHS privatisation, "workfare", and allowing zero-hours contracts - are there for the advantage of companies, not individual voters.
Williamson says "Business people should stay out of politics" and adds "They should have already learnt lessons from the referendum on Scottish independence. The CBI tried to interfere and got it wrong. These people should realise that it's foolish to mess with the electorate when their business is at stake."
"I am urging people to now boycott these companies to send a message to their directors and owners to say why they are doing so."