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Category: Chilean Navy
Chilean cruiser Chacabuco (1898)
Armada de Chile – 1897-1902
The longest-living cruiser of South America
Chacabuco was a 1890s British-designed protected cruiser by Philip Watts at Elswick in 1897, and a sister shp to the Japanese Takasago. She was modernized during WW2 and had a fairly long career until 1952. In fact she was still around in 1959, pending her fate.
Context: The Argentine-Chilean naval arms race
The Argentine–Chilean naval arms race, was initiated by the Chileans in 1887, acquiring the battleship Capitán Prat, and the protected cruisers Presidente Errázuriz and Presidente Pinto. In the return Argentina ordered the Libertad and Independencia, and later the Veinticinco de Mayo and Nueve de Julio.
Chile naturally could not rest idle, and 1892 ordered in UK one of the most formidable cruiser at the time, Blanco Encalada. In 1895, not to be undone, Argentina ordered ARA Buenos Aires, to what the Chilean answered with another, even more massive cruiser, the Esmeralda, and later Ministro Zenteno.
Next Argentina went with four armored cruisers built in Italy, Garibaldi class. To what Chile replicated in 1896 with O'Higgins and in 1901, with two further orders confirmed, Chile, ordered two battleships, which turned out to be the second-class Swiftsure class Constitución and Libertad.
In the same move, they also ordered the protected cruiser Chacabuco. Eventually as Argentina was also to order two battleships, Great Britain came to the rescue and force a treaty between those nations. The strain on Chile has been enormous in particular, as its started o commit, like a gambler, its gold reserve to pay for new acquisitions. Eventually due to the tight links between UK and Chile, which was highly dependent for some deliveries, did not want to risk the country's future economy and this resulted also in the cancellation of the two pre-dreadnoughts, which were taken over by the RN to combat the Russians in the far east. The treaty whi peut and end to the rivalry was signed on 28 May 1902
Her sister ship IJN Takasago at Portsmouth
At the end of this however, Chacabuco was completed as a sister-ship of the IJN Takasago, an export class cruiser of Sir Philip Whatt's Elswick cruiser of 1896. Same design, with a balanced armament with two main 8-in guns and a serie of 4.7 in secondaries.
She was launched on 4 July 1898 and was far too close to completion for cancellation at the signing of the agreement between Chile and Argentina, so she was completed and acquired in 1902, just before the treaty was applied.
Chacabuco on 15 October 1902
Chacabuco was named originally, and provisionally Fourth of July, was actually a battle in Feb. 12, 1817, securing José de San Martín's south patriots a decisive success against Spanish Royalists north of Santiago, Chile. It mostly secured the Independence of Chile, also after a campaign by José Miguel and Juan José Carrera on the one hand, and Bernardo O'Higgins on the other. The latter became rightfully so an important warship name as well in the Chilean Navy.
Design of the Chacabuco
Her sister ship Takasago on Brasseys
Hull & main characteristics
Classic Watt's design at Armstrong Whitworth with a forecastle and poop, main guns on these decks, and secondary guns at battery deck below, some on sponsons and under well design protective masks, just as the main guns. Forward bridge above the conning tower, military mast fore and aft with fighting tops and spotting platforms, two funnels heavenly spaced and small platform aft for redunncy plus quarterhouse. Both masts had limited rig for optional sails, never mounted. Projectors were also mounted either side of the main bridge platform wings.
She carried small boats along the amidship flying bridge, along the funnels and eight air grates, vents and ducts. There was a single steam pinnace, a picket boat, two dingheys, two yawls. It could have been possible to have the 3-pounder guns dismounted and carried on board to cover landing parties, but no wheeled mount was provided for them. The anchors were three, fitted on sloped plates forward of the forecastle deck, one port and two starboard.
Chacabuco entered service with the typical Victorian livery of 1898, black hull, upper deck white and superstructures in "sand canvas" (masts, funnels, bridges). The main guns shields were whote, as the gun shields. She had a golden-looking armories at the prow like most war vessels of the time. This was changed in overall white, and supestructure partly in dark grey in 1907-1908. Probably at the time of WW2, she had an overall medium grey livery, and still was painted that way after refit in WW2 and until the end of her career.
Armor protection of the Chacabuco
It matched the caliber of her main guns, and concrned the belt, the armored deck, and some details of her battery decks and gun shields:
Main waterline belt: 4.5-in (114 mm) sloped
Armored deck: 1.75-4.5-in (44-114 mm)
Conning Tower: 3-in (76mm)
Gun shields: 4.5 in (114 mm)
Elswick 8-in guns and pivot, showing its elevation
2x 8-in/45 Elswick
The EOC 8 inch 45 caliber designed in 1894 and operational in 1895. These were Pattern S guns on a single pedestal mount and enveloping shield. It fired a separate loading bagged charge and 116 kg (256 lb) projectile at a rate of fire of 2 rpm and muzzle velocity of 790 m/s (2,600 ft/s) and max firing range of 18 km (11 mi) at 30°.
10x 4.7-in/40 Elswick
Designed from 1885, this ordance uses a separate loading QF AP or HE 45 pounds (20.41 kg) shell to a – 20° elevation, 5–6 rounds per minute at 1,786 feet per second (544 m/s), max range 10,000 yards (9,100 m) at 20°. All shielded, they were located along the battery deck (five, including two in niches and recesses in the forecastle).
12x 12-pdr vickers
The 1893 QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun uses a single-motion screw breech, for 15 rpm at 2,210 ft/s (670 m/s) and 11,750 yd (10,740 m) range at 40° elevation. There four four along the battery deck either side (8 in all), alternating the 4.7 in guns with simple flat shields and taller mounts. The last four were installed under the bridge's wings fore and aft and in hull's recesses fore and aft.
6x 3-pdr Hotchkiss
1885 standard QF gun firing a fixed QF 47 × 376 mm R 3 kg (6.6 lb) shell with charge, 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) alone 47 mm (1.9 in) projectile at 30 rpm, 571 m/s (1,870 ft/s) and max 5.9 km (3.7 mi) at +20°.
8x 0.303 Maxim LMG
Singe mounts, difficult to locate and only stated by a few sources. Not Conways for example.
3x 18-in TTs
Standard Whitehead model, above waterline, presumably two broadside, one at the bow which is visible on photos. One reload for each.
Later in 1941 six 6-in/40 guns were installed. If prewar vintage, they had the following specs: 6.6 tons with a barrel length of 240 inches (6.096 m), firing a 100 pounds (45 kg) QF, separate cartridge and shell at 5-7 rounds per minute and 2,154 feet per second (657 m/s). It could elevate to 20° and its max range is 10,000 yards (9,140 m).
It was rather standard with power two shafts driven by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines fed by the steam coming from six cylindrical boilers, rated for a total of 15,700 ihp (11,700 kW) and a designed speed of 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph).
Specifications of Chacabuco (1898)
Dimensions 109.7 m oa x 14.2 m x 5.2 m (360 x 46 x 17 ft)
Displacement 4,160 long tons (4,230 ST) FL
Propulsion Two shaft VTE, 6 cyl. boilers, 15.700 ihp
Speed 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph)
Range Unknown
Armament 2x 8-in/40 (8-in), 10x 4.7 in/40, 12x 3-in, 6x 3 Pdr, 3 TTs.
Armor Armored deck 1.75-4.5 in, gun shields 4.5 in, CT 3 in
A (very) long service history
Chacabuco in 1898, just completed.
In the middle of 1902 it sailed from Portmouth under the command of the ship's captain Pedro Nolasco Martínez. It was part of a flotilla also made up of destroyers O'Brien, Thomson and Merino Jarpa. During her journey to Chile, she stopped in Cherbourg and participated in the national holidays of France (14 of July 1902).
Chacabuco arrived in Valparaíso by October 1902 in Chile, and started routine patrols, later interrupted by hydrographic duties in Chilean waters. In 1903, on a courtesy trip, she visited Buenos Aires, Montevideo and Bahía Blanca. She was fitted to carry out hydrographic surveys in the area between Antofagasta and Coquimbo.
After the 1906 Valparaíso earthquake she came there to assist the overwhelmes security services, helping maintaining order, preventing damage on property and pillage; She used her artillery to destroy some buildings, her crew helping to remove debris and controlling acts of looting.
She also took a role of assistance in the Santa María School massacre in 1907. From 1907 to 1911 he was part of the National Squad. She was present in 1911 in the British Royal Navy fleet review, held in honor of the coronation of King George V.
In 1914-18 Chile remained neutral, and she kept a watchful eye on south Atlantic possible German attack on neutral or Chilean trade fleet. The British escorted the vessels well in order to keep importing what Chile had to offer. When the battle of Coronel happened, Chacabuco was far away.
In 1917, she sailed to support the transport SS Casma which ran aground in the Picton channel. She carried out later an hydrographic mission, a survey of the Picton Pass, updating maps.
Also in 1917, Great Britain ceded to Chile in compensation for the seizure of the battleship Valparaíso, six Holland-class submarines built in the United States. Chacabuco moved to New London in Connecticut to escort them to Chile.
While she cruised back home, she troured several cities, stopping in Charleston, Havana, Kingston, Arica before reaching Valparaíso. On board, she also brought three million dollars in gold bullion, as payment for the sale of saltpeter to the United States.
Cacabuco in 1900
Chacabuco made another relief effort, this time during the November 10, 1922 Vallenar earthquake, between Atacama and Coquimbo.
As part of the National Squad until the end of 1928, passing in Talcahuano to the reserve until 1941.
Due to her age, she was placed in reserve in 1928. The admiralty wanted to use her as training ship, possibly with a conversion in order to be rearmed with modern ordnance, and partial reconstruction and accomodations. Discussion went nowhere as the economical situation of Chile prevented new acquisitions.
Chacabuco in Punta Arenas, circa 1920
Chacabuco's second life: 1942-50
In 1941, amazingly, Chacabuco was still held in reserve, in a degraded state. As a vessel of the 1890s she was completely obsolete. This time again Chile maintained its neutrality, but feared that encounters with German U-Boats would led to a declaration of war. As the only cruiser available, Chacabuco was brought out of reserve and the admiralty conducted a survey for a possible reconstruction.
By then there were no other cruisers available in the Chilean Navy and was too precious to be converted as a training ship. Instead, she was fully modernized to the latest standards. Her hull was modified, her armament was changed to six more modern 6 inch/50 guns and a revised AA with Hotchkiss 57 mm guns.
Profile of Chacabuco as modernized in WW2.
In 1941, her modernization was carried out, consisting of changing its main armament for 6 6"/50 cannons and the installation of extra anti-aircraft machine guns. Deflectors were installed in the funnels and she was provided with anti-submarine equipment and paravanes to search for mines. The command bridge was enlarged, and her habitability was improved in order to be used as a training ship, with new accomodations.
At this time, her armament comprised still her two 203mm/45 main guns, under better shields, ten 120mm/40 and twelve 76mm/40 AA plus six 47mm/40 guns and three 450mm TT. But six 152mm/50 EOC tirpedo tubes were added, as well as four single 57mm/40 Hotchkiss AA guns. In 1945, this was altered to four 57mm/40 and ten 20mm/70 Mk 4 Oerlikon AA guns.
Chacabuco at anchor in Valparaíso, after her modernization concluded in 1942. This involved the modernization of the bridge, renovation of boilers, new funnels, removal of the mizzen mast and main 8 inches guns, as well as four secondary pieces 4.7 inches. Of the latter, six were left. Later in 1945, ten 20mm anti-aircraft pieces were installed. Original photograph of the time. Source: Martin Skalweit Herter Collection src.
In 1942, she joined the Squadron and carried out drilling work between Caldera and Valparaíso, rectified some notable points in Coquimbo and carried out the survey of the port of Punta Arenas.
In 1943 she quelled the Papudo uprising. In 1944 she was based in Matanzas cove. In 1945, she carried out the survey of the Herradura de Guayacán cove and Punta Tortuga. In January 1946, her crew was sent to control a coal miners' strikes. During all these years and until 1947, in addition to the aforementioned hydrographic works, she was part of the National Squadron, as flagship on various occasions.
Chacabuco became flagship alternating with battleship Almirante Latorre, and after the war, was modified to assume the peacetime role of midshipmen school cruiser, with new accomodations, a role that she held only from from 1949 to 1950, making for a 50 years career.
In December 1950, after carrying out three training cruises within the national coastline she called the Talcahuano port, where she was definitively placed out of commission.
Chacabuco was put in reserve again for almost ten years, only stricken from the lists on 15 December 1959. She was by then sold to the Compañía de Acero del Pacífico (Pacific Steel Company) for scrapping.
Conway's all the world's fighting ships 1906-21 and 1922-47.
web.archive.org – from armada.cl
Garrett, James L. "The Beagle Channel Dispute: Confrontation and Negotiation in the Southern Cone".
Sater, William F. "The Abortive Kronstadt: The Chilean Naval Mutiny of 1931".
Scheina, Robert L. Latin America: A Naval History 1810–1987.6.
Somervell, Philip. "Naval Affairs in Chilean Politics, 1910–1932".
Worth, Richard. Fleets of World War II. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2001.
Museo Naval y Marítimo – Valparaíso, Armada Chile. ed. Cruceros de instrucción 1936-1954
On armada.cl
Chacabuco 1898 wikipedia es
armada.cl archive
Book: Historia de la Marina de Chile, Carlos López Urrutia
Armada de Chile – 1894-96
The largest Chilean cruiser of WW1: Esmeralda – The previous Cruiser Esmeralda, a 1884 British-built ship was soled to Japan on 5 february 1895 to Japan, and became the Izumi, participating to the Battle of Tushima. Before that, in 1891, the Chilean admiralty was embroiled into a vivid naval rivalry with Argentina, the first, eventually closed after difficult negociations in London. There was second one, the "battleship race" initiated by the Brazilians in 1907.
Esmeralda in 1896
The first rivalry called the Argentine–Chilean naval arms race, started by the Chileans which purchased in 1887 three important vessels, the battleship Capitán Prat, and the Presidente Errázuriz and Presidente Pinto, protected cruisers made in France and UK respectively. The Argentinians ordered two armored ships, the Libertad and Independencia and the next years the armored cruiser Veinticinco de Mayo and Nueve de Julio. Chile replicated in 1892 with the Blanco Encalada, another protected cruiser, and in 1895, the Argentines ordered the Buenos Aires, followed by the Chileans with the cruisers Esmeralda and Ministro Zenteno, Argentina with the Garibaldi (From the prolific Italian class of the same name), Chile in 1896 came with the O'Higgins and the Argentines bought two more of the Garibaldi class, San martin and Pueyrredón, and hammered the point by also ordering again two more ships of the same type, the Rivadavia and Moreno. In 1901, Chile, not to be undone, ordered two battleships, second-class Swiftsure class pre-dreadnoughts, named Constitución and Libertad, and the protected cruiser Chacabuco. Argentina was to order two even more massive battleship to Ansaldo when negociations in Great Britain put this madness to an end. Indeed Chile was using an increasing part of its gold reserve to pay for them, risking the country's future economy for what was considered, even inside the country as a naval folly.
Large model of the Esmeralda, kept in Swiss archives.
Increased tensions, near state of war and near-bankrupcy of both rivals pushed the UK, by then, THE respected superpower on the international stage, to start a negotiations process with Argentina and Chile, and argued for a resolution. This was largely due to their strong economic interests in the region, massive exports of raw materials (including Chilean nitrates for explosives and Argentine grain) and also its own trade goods to both countries, likely to be severely disrupted. Talks were at first held in Santiago de Chile, between the British ambassador and Argentine ambassador and local foreign minister and President, Germán Riesco.
Three Pacts were agreed, signed on 28 May 1902, ending the dispute. Naval armaments were limited, and both countries were forbidden of any new acquisitions for five years, unless giving an eighteen months advance notice. Those under construction were resold to the builder, UK. Chile's battleships became the Swiftsure class, Japan obtained a cruiser, and the last two Garibaldi class armored cruisers were also resold to Japan (Kasuga class). The two planned Argentine Battleships were never ordered, Garibaldi, Pueyrredón and Capitán Prat were partially disarmed.
The Esmeralda could originate to pay homage to the Line Regiment 7 "Esmeralda" which in 1820 participated in the Pacific War, or to Vasco Da Gama's Galleon during his second expeditions to the Indies in 1503. It was also given before 1894 to a 1753 and 1733 Spanish Frigates involved in the region, or the one captured by the Chileans in 1820 (likely) or the 1855 steam Corvette which participated in the second war of the Pacific. There was also a 1885 unprotected Cruiser of the same name. After the 1890s protected cruiser was discarded, the name was passed onto a 1946 frigate and the sailing schoolship of the Chilean Navy as of today. It is perhaps the most remembered ship name by the Chileans.
Genesis of the design
Both to replace the previous Esmeralda, sold to the IJN on 15 November 1894. The funds also helped purchasing a more modern ship. The Chilean Admiralty obtained a vote for the parliament to purchase another cruiser, despite the expensive Chilean Civil War (1891) and finally ordered her on 15 May 1895. Previously, they had seen the Argentinians purchase the ARA Buenos Aires on 27 November 1893, added to the earlier Veinticinco de Mayo and the more recent Nueve de Julio which entered service also in 1893. ARA Buenos Aires has been a Philip Watts design built on private funds by Armstrong-Elswick. Meanwhile the Blanco Encalada, purchased for £333.500, just entered service. She was closely based on the Japanese Yoshino cruiser design, with some alterations.
For the Esmeralda, the Chilean looked at both the Argentine designs and their own Encalada, a 4,420 tons ship. The Buenos Aires, purchased on stocks was displacing more, 4,788 long tons, and armed about the same, with two main guns (8 in) and ten secondaries (6 in) for the Chilean cruiser, whereas the Argentinian choose to mix four 6-in and six 4.7 in (119 mm)/45 QF guns instead. They loose in broadside weight but gained much in terms of rate of fire. Therefore for the next design, the Chileans choose an even heavier 6-in battery, to just overwhelm their adversary in a single broadside, expecting to disable much of the secondary battery at the same time. A very ambitious ship, the Esmeralda was also the first fitted with torpedo tubes, and significantly heavier and better managed Harvey armor. She was also to be as fast as the Buenos Aires, one knot faster than the Encalada, although design figures were only reached by overheating the boilers. All this made the displacement rose to 7,032 long tons (7,145 t), nearly 3,000 tons more than the previous cruisers.
ARA Buenos Aires.
After the Esmeralda was released, Argentina opted for an Italian design instead of British one, the 6800 tonnes Garibaldi-class, which sported 10 in guns instead of 8-in, had a larger battery of 6-in (10), and added to this six fast-firing 4.7 in guns to keep and edge on the rate of fire, plus a good overall armor, but at the expense of speed.
Design of the Esmeralda
Blueprint of the Esmeralda, part of a 1890s review of Elswick cruisers
Philip Watts, the lead designer of Vickers Armstrong gained over time the patina of late recoignition by authors and historians alike for his role in the worldwide advances in cruiser designs, as during his career he probably drawned more cruiser blueprints than anyone else in History. The main reason was the fantastic capabilities of the Vickers yards to deliver these classes of ships on the export market almost like sausages, and to both camps if necessary, like in the Chilean-Argentinian case. The foggy and controversial figure of Basil Zarahoff was not stranger to this either, also feeding on tension areas like later between Russia and Japan. Watts designed 19 cruisers for customers on a broad spectrum, from Romania to the United States, Italy, Portugal, Brazil and Japan (and many battleships including the HMS Dreadnought). He was replaced in 1912 by Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt and became an adviser for the admiralty.
Watts in 1895 when receiving Chilean specifications could not really take on an existing design as a basis. The contemporary Powerful class were giant cruisers designed for the sole purpose of beating the Russian Gromoboi and Russia, and the earlier Edgar class (1890) were very different ships although of a similar tonnage. Therefore he simply took the previous Blanco Encalada and scaled it up. It is particularly evident when seeing both blueprints and silhouettes. Both had two center spaced funnels, two short masts with military tops, and their main bridge was located behind the mainmast. They were also both flush-deck.
Nevertheless, the Esmeralda being much longer (20 meters), larger (2 meters) and with a higher draught, the flush-deck hull was also taller, which avoided the use of a turtleback forward deck and wave breaker in front of the forward main gun, for example.
Another difference, outside the armament, was the enclosed deck superstructure, allowing to built enclosed corner casemates, whereas the Encalada secondary guns were all in open air sponsons. Construction-wise, the ship was steel-hulled, wood and copper-sheated.
Brassey's depiction of the Esmeralda
Armor protection of the Esmeralda
Brassey's drawing of the Esmeralda
Protection was rather standard but with haigher figures than the previous cruisers: The armoured belt was 152 mm thick (6″), extending 350 feet in the central section and connected to an armoured deck between 25,4 and 50,8 mm (1-2″). There was no specific protection for the machinery or ammo rooms. In addition there were 18 ASW built-in compartments. She was considered one of the most powerful cruisers in the world, incorporating the latest technological advances.
Armament of the Esmeralda
Stern view of the ship in the 1900s
The main armament comprised the classic 208 mm (8 "/40), four guns in all in thick shields fore and aft.
The secondary armament was impressive, all made of 152 mm ,6 "/ 40) guns, sixteen in all.
To deal with torpedo boats, eight 12-pounder cannons, nine 6-pound cannons, 2 3-pound cannons and 8 Maxim machine guns were installed.
In addition these ships had three torpedo tubesof 18 inches (457 mm) on the water line, one in the prow, two in the hull, submersible.
Powerplant of the Esmeralda
She was fitted by two propellers connected to four-cylinder, TE (triple expansion), and later two modern cylindricical model replaced them diring her 1910 refit, with two multitubular Niclausse models. Thanks to this increase in power, she could reach 23 knots.
After her service commission, she joined the main cruiser Squadron. Nothing is noted about her service years. On May 2, 1910, she sailed alongside the O'Higgins on a state cruise to Buenos Aires, to participate in the Naval review of the centenary of the Argentine Republic. Later on September 14, she participated in the Great Naval review celebration, on the occasion of the centenary of Chile. Both gestures underlined the good will between countries after the 1890s naval race, but this coincided with the "dreadnought race".
In 1910, still, until the end of the year, Essmeradla was taken in hands in a dockyard for refitting. She was given new cylindrical boilers, multicubular models from Niclausse and the removal of four of her 152 mm (6-in) cannons from the main superstructure. She stayed active during WW1 and the early 1920s but was outdated by technological advances she was discharged and decommissioned in 1930, after which she was sold on auction for scrapping in 1933.
Specifications of Esmeralda (1897)
Dimensions 132.89 m/142.72 m oa x 15.98 m x 6.25 m
Displacement 7,032 long tons (7,145 t) FL
Propulsion Two shaft VTE, 6 cylindrical boilers, 16,000 ihp-18,000 ihp on forced draft
Speed 22,25 knots (42.13 km/h; 26.18 mph)
Range 8,000 km? 550 t normal/1350 t wartime coal reserve
Armament 2 x 208 mm/40 (8-in), 16 x 152 mm/40 (6-in), 8 x 12 Pdr, 9 x 6 Pdr, 2 x 3 Pdr, 8 Maxim MGs, 3 TTs.
Armor 6 in (152 mm) belt, armored deck 25,4-50,8 mm (1-2 in) thickness
Author's illustration of Esmeralda in the early 1900s.
Worth, Richard. Fleets of World War II. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2001. ISBN 0-306-81116-2. OCLC 48806166.
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmeralda_(1896)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Esmeralda
See on ISSUU (escuadra nacional, p.115)
More photos:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Esmeralda_(ship,_1895)
Posted on July 4, 2019 January 11, 2023
Almirante Latorre, Almirante Cochrane (1916)
The Roots of local naval rivalry
Last of the "dreadnought race": Chile's Latorre class – Third naval power of South America, Chile at some point in 1890 possessed certainly the largest and most powerful navy of the continent, before the Argentines ordered four brand-new armoured cruisers in Italy (The Garibaldi class). The 1902 tripartite agreement ("Pactos de Mayo"), sanctioned by UK, ended the Chilean-Argentine naval arms race, ongoing since 1880. Soon after, Brazil in 1907 revealed to the world she has took the very bold step of ordering two dreadnoughts in UK.
After the Minas Geraes class was out, threatening the very existence of both the Argentine or Chilean navies, Argentina counter-attacked with the order in 1910 of two larger dreadnoughts in US shipyards, the Rivadavia class.
Relaunch of the naval race
The Chilean government took the measure of the threat as her only active "battleship" at this point was the French-built 1889 Capitán Prat, an ironclad from a by-gone era, demilitarized by treaty since 1902. The main concern was more the building of the Rivadavia class in relation to the Argentine–Chilean boundary dispute. This was a complicated situation as despite both nations ordered many ships in British yards, the British government had extensive commercial interests in the area.
In 1902, the other strong gesture was to purchase the two Chilean battleships in construction. Now with the Argentines stepping out of the treaty, Chile wanted to respond in February 1906 already. Naval plans however were delayed by a major earthquake in 1906 and a financial depression in 1907, which impacted also greatly the nitrate market, the Chilean economy was linked to.
Order and bidding process (1910-1912)
On 6 July 1910, the National Congress of Chile passed a bill, allocating £400,000 pounds sterling for six destroyers, two submarines, and two large battleships.
Their names were chosen in a naval commission and submitted later to approval, Almirante Latorre and Almirante Cochrane. The United Kingdom was certainly the most certainly sure to be chosen due to its unique bonds with the Chilean Navy. The long-standing close relationship existed since the 1830s. Chilean naval officers were trained on British ships and a local academy was literally created by the Royal Navy. The relation was much stronger than the Anglo-Japanese alliance. Of course this privileged relation has one underpinning reason: Nitrate, used notably for explosives the Royal Navy depended upon. This was translated in 1911 by a British naval mission requested by Chile.
The Iron Duke, the blueprint for the design of the Latorre, with some additions making her larger and better armed.
When the order was known, the United States actively advocated for their own shipyard order, sending Henry Prather Fletcher in Chile in September 1910. He had previously implemented President William Howard Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy" in China but in Chile her met resistance, perhaps fuelled by the 1891 Baltimore Crisis, a sentiment confirmed The US naval attaché; The Chilean bidding process specifications were indeed mirroring the latest armament and armor of British battleships. However after pressuring the commission, Fletcher obtained an extension to the bidding process to allow US shipyards to participate;
Meanwhile, the Germans ably sent the battlecruiser Von der Tann on a South American cruise, "widely advertised as the fastest and most powerful warship afloat". US and British shipyards, not to be undone, started to sent ships of their own. The USS Delaware on a ten-week excursion to Brazil and Chile with the pretext of carrying back the deceased Chilean minister Anibal Cruz, while the British sent an armored cruiser squadron. During her stay in Chile, USS Delaware was fully opened to Chileans personal except sensitive data about the new fire-control system, and Fletcher announced soon after the willingness to provide a $25 million loan to support the purchase. But this came to nil.
The final decision eliminated Germany, and eventually securing a loan from the Rothchilds, awarded one order to Armstrong Whitworth on 25 July 1911. The design was prepared by J.R. Perret, the same pen that draw the Rio de Janeiro. The US arenals still pushed to place a contract for the main guns, their 14-inch/50 caliber guns, but the Chilean Navy only ordered them for coastal batteries. A second dreadnought was ordered in June 1912, assorted by Six Almirante Lynch-class destroyers to J. Samuel White. The official order was published on 2 November 1911.
Development & construction of the Latorre class
The design was modified to mount sixteen 6-in (152 mm) rather than initial twenty-two 4.7-in (120 mm) guns planned, making the displacement jumped by 600 long tons (610 t), to 28,000 long tons (28,449 t). Draft was augmented to 33 feet (10 m), and the top speed fell from a quarter-knot, to 22.75 knots. The general drawing resembled the contemporary Orion and Iron Duke classes, with five twin axial turrets, a battery of ten heavy caliber guns. This was less than the twelve of the Minas Geraes and Rivadavia, but woth a larger caliber, they can outrange them and bringing each time (and slightly faster) a heavier broadside. Moreover, their rangefinders and fire control systems were certainly more modern and provided a much greater accuracy.
The Latore was laid down less on 27 November, 1911, ans so far her specs made her the largest ship that Armstrong had ever built, and the largest battleship at this point. The second, ordered on 29 July 1912, was laid down on 22 January 1913 only, as she has been delayed by Rio de Janeiro occupying her slipway.
Almirante Latorre was launched on 27 November 1913 in an grand ceremony attended by many dignitaries and Chile's ambassador, Agustín Edwards Mac Clure, christened by his wife, Olga Budge de Edwards. At this point, the massive hill weighed 10,700 long tons alone. The ship was conducted to a working pier for completion.
The First World War broke out and all work on Almirante Latorre (named after Juan José Latorre) was halted. She was formally purchased on 9 September by Government for the Royal Navy, not forcibly seized to avoid backlash, because of Chile's own particular "friendly neutral" status. She was eventually completed as work resumed on 30 September 1915, slightly modified for British service.
She was commissioned on 15 October as HMS Canada. Meanwhile, Cochrane's construction was also halted for the duration of the war. She was purchased eventually on 28 February 1918, but only to be converted to an aircraft carrier, but labour shortages, workers quarrels with the direction and lower priority slowed her completion. She made a long career later as HMS Eagle.
Design of the Latorre class
The Almirante Latorre class was basically a slightly redesign of the Iron Duke class, with a longer hull at 661 feet (201 m) overall, so 39 feet (12 m) longer. Her designed featured also less forecastle and more quarterdeck. She had larger funnels for a better draft and an aft mast. Above all, total displacement was a good indicator of her scale with 28,100 long tons (28,600 t) standard and up 31,610 long tons (32,120 t) full loaded whereas it was 25,000 tons/29,500 FL the the Iron Dukes. Latorre's beam was 92 feet (28 m) versus 90 ft (27.4 m) but was "shallower" with a mean draft of 29 feet (8.8 m) versus 32 ft 9 in (9.98 m), which was always a good thing but for stability.
Armament of the Latorre class
The class main battery was composed of ten 14-inch/45 cal. guns mounted in five axial dual turrets as for Iron Duke class. The same twin turrets superfiring fore and aft was kept, but the extra fifth single turret in the middle was separated by the aft superfiring pair by the rear superstructure and a mast. The superstructures design allow to fire in chase and retreat up to a certain angle, with a margin of security to avoid blast damage.
The Elswick Ordnance guns fired a 1,586-pound (719 kg) shell at 1507 ft/s (764 m/s). Their useful range at max elevation (−5° – +20°) was 24,400 yards (22,300 m). Fourteen has been manufactured for the Latorre, four kept as spares to replace worn-out barrels in mid-life, Kept by the arsenal to be sold later, but they were ultimately scrapped in 1922 unlike those for Almirante Cochrane. There would be reused after a while as the ship was converted. These guns were therefore a rarity, the only 14-inch 45-calibre naval gun manufactured by the company. A few others were also produced for Japan but requisitioned in 1914 and later used as railway guns at the front. The exact calibre was 355.6 mm, and muzzle velocity ranged from 2,450 ft/s (747 m/s) (1,586 lb shell) or
2,600 ft/s (792 m/s) (1,400 lb shell) depending of the projectile. Iron Dukes's 13.5-inch (343 mm) guns and their range was up to 23,820 yards (21,780 m) at 20° at a slightly lesser muzzle velocity.
The secondary battery comprised sixteen 6-inch (152 mm) Mark XI guns. 155 of these ordnance pieces were built, weighing 19,237 lbs (8,726 kg), for a barrel length of 300 inches (7.620 m), a bore of 50 caliber, firing a 100 pounds (45.36 kg) shell filled with Lyddite, Armour-piercing cap or Shrapnel. The exact calibre was 152.4 mm. Its muzzle velocity was 2,900 feet per second (884 m/s), range 18,000 yards (16,000 m) at 22.5° elevation (less in barbettes).
They were completed by two 3-inch 20 cwt AA guns plus four saluting/DP 3-pounders. Close combat provision also included the traditional four submerged 21-in (533 mm) torpedo tubes. Two of the 6-inch guns located farthest aft were removed in 1916. They were indeed blast damaged by the amidships 14-in turret, o the total fell to fourteen.
Masked version of the standard 6-inch (152 mm) Mark XI guns (HMS Melbourne).
Propulsion of the Latorre class
Almirante Latorre was powered by Brown–Curtis and Parsons steam turbines producing an output of 37,000 shaft horsepower, on four propellers. The group was fed by 21 Yarrow mixed-firing boilers in separated boiler rooms. Top speed was around 22.75 knots (26.18 mph; 42.13 km/h). In comparison, the Iron Dukes powerplants were rated for 29,000 shp (22,000 kW), for a weaker top speed of 21.25 knots (39.36 km/h; 24.45 mph).
For their autonomy they carried 3,300 tons of coal and 520 tons of oil (all metric) could be carried. Theoretical range was 4,400 nautical miles (5,100 mi; 8,100 km) at 10 knots, a far cry of the Iron Dukes 14,000 nmi.
The armor belt range from 4 to 9-inch (102 -229 mm) on the ends, while her bulkheads were 3-4.5 in (76-114 mm).
Main turrets were protected by 10-in (254 mm) on the faces, 102 mm for the sides and 76 mm for the roof. Associated barbettes were 4-10 in (102-254 mm) while the conning tower was 11-inch (280 mm) thick. The armored decks ranged from 1 to 4 in (25-102 mm).
These figures were much lower compared to the Iron Dukes, which Belt was thicker, up to 12 in, as well as the Bulkheads at 8 in.
The Barbettes (10 in) were comparable but Turrets (11 in face and sides) were slightly thicker, while decks were thinner at 2.5 in max.
Almirante Latorre's service life
Model of the Battleship Almirante Latorre at the Valparaiso Museum – Courtesy of Triqui Bala.
A Veteran of Jutland: HMS Canada
When the War broke out in Europe, the Chilean battleship was formally purchased by the British government on 9 September 1914, renamed HMS Canada. Modifications included two open platforms (the bridge was removed) and a mast between the two funnels on which was mated a derrick to service launches. Fitting-out completion was over on 20 September 1915, she was commissioned on 15 October.
At first she served with 4th Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet, and fought at Jutland, 31 May–1 June 1916. She fired 42 main guns rounds and 109 lighter 6-in shells during the battle. She reported neither any hit or casualties but disabled the SMS Wiesbaden in two salvoes at 18:40 and fired on another unknown vessel around 19:20. She also fired with her secondary battery on German destroyers.
After the battle she was transferred to the 1st Battle Squadron in June 1916 and from late 1917 to mid-1918 received better rangefinders and range dials. Two of the aft 6-inch secondary guns were removed (blast damage). Flying-off platforms were later added atop the two superfiring turrets. She joined the reserve in March 1919 instead of being sent in the Baltic, on disposal for Chile or other purposes.
Indeed at that time there was a debate in Chile about what types of ships could bolster the fleet. British surplus warships were on offer, including two Invincible-class battlecruisers. However there was a rocky debate bout this acquisition, some promoted cheaper and more modern submarines and aircrafts instead; Other South American countries also were weary of another naval arms race.
Logically, Chile eventually purchased HMS Canada with four destroyers in April 1920. These were indeed the original orders of 1914. In addition total cost was less than a third of the amount Chile was to pay originally. Therefore HMS Canada was renamed Almirante Latorre again. She was formally handed on 27 November 1920, departing Plymouth with destroyers Riveros and Almirante Uribe; The squadron was under the command of Admiral Luis Gomez Carreño. In Chile, there was a ceremony held by president Arturo Alessandri on 20 February 1921 and the new battleship became the flagship of the navy.
As flagship of the Chilean Navy
Almirante Latorre frequently carried the Chilean president in official venues or events. In the aftermath of 1922 Vallenar earthquake for example, Almirante Latorre carried President Alessandri there, bringing humanitarian equipments, personal, rations, clothing and money. By that time the whole Chilean Navy was limited to the Latorre, a cruiser, and five destroyers. But the lack of a second battleship compared to Brazil and Argentina was deeply resented despite Almirante Latorre being individually superior. Her escort, a unique old cruiser, was not really useful.
In 1924, Almirante Latorre visited Talcahuano for the inauguration of a new naval drydock and after the fall of the January Junta in 1925 she carried President Alessandri at a Naval Review in Valparaíso. President Alessandri would also receive Edward, Prince of Wales on board, started negotiations for a British naval mission in 1926.
During the 1929-31 refit in the United Kingdom, four additional anti-aircraft guns were placed in the aft superstructure.
Modernization at Devonport
After a new partnership was signed with UK, Almirante Latorre sailed there for a modernization at Devonport in 1929. Departing in the Pacific coast she past Balboa an crossed the Panama Canal, refuelled at Port of Spain on 28 May 1929, crossed the Atlantic past the Azores and arrived in Plymouth on 24 June. Modernization included rebuilding her bridge, while her fire control system was comprehensively modernized and extended to serve the secondary armament as well. Her old steam turbine engines were also deposed and replaced by new models and boilers converted to oil-fire only.
A new mast was erected between the third and fourth turret. The hull received anti-torpedo bulges. A brand new anti-aircraft battery was installed on the superstructure. This took two years to complete and the ship departed after trials to Valparaíso on 5 March 1931, carrying two 33-long-ton (34 t) tug boats stored on her aft deck. She also received an aicraft catapult.
1931 Mutiny
South America is not stranger to coups, revolutions, rivaly between arms and mutiny. In 1931 While was hit badly by the 1929 stock crash crisis, seeing President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo leaving the office. Wages for civil servants fell to down 30% and naval personal in the Chilean Navy went on open revolt. After midnight 1 September, the crews jailed the officers and took the ships in the whole navy, taking advantage of the boxing tournament in La Serena were the sailors opposed to the mutiny. They elected a committee to sent requests to the government for full restoration of their salaries and punish those responsible for the Chilean economical depression. They will send later a list of twelve demands.
The Government was so keen to obey, fearing workers would join the movement across Chile. They asked the assistanvce of the US Navy and air force to assist them quelling the rebellion, which was flatly refused. Vice President Manuel Trucco choiced a path of reconciliation, and admiral Edgardo von Schroeders obtained a restpite. However the 4th fleet returned, all the assets of the mutineers on land were seized and the fleet was attacked by the air force. Only the submarine H4 was damaged while Almirante Latorre had a near-miss. This demonstration sapped the morale of the mutineers which asked for a truce. Almirante Latorre sailed later to the Bay of Tongoy with Blanco Encalada, and leaders were sentenced to death while others ended in jail.
The Latorre in WW2
In 1933 economic depression was still on hands and the Navy had to make budget cuts. Latorre was deactivated at Talcahuano, the crew dispersed and rendered to civilian life. She was not the only ship concerned, mothballed with a small caretaker crew which just ensured all ships were maintained in operational state. 1937 saw her sent for a short refit in the Talcahuano dockyard. The catapult was landed and AA was added. When the war broke out, the Latorre was definitely obsolete, even her AA was unsufficient and her protection was no longer relevant. However after the losses at Pearl Harbor, the US Government was desperate enough to ask Chile to purchase the Almirante Latorre and a few destroyers, which was declined.
The Latorre was fully reactivated nonetheless and participated in neutality patrols until the end of the war. She later joined a state of semi-active reserve but suffered a fatal boiler accident in 1951, killing three. She was not repaired and instead mothballed in Talcahuano, used as a storage hulk and decommissioned in 1958. She was sold the next year to a Japanese shipbroker.
Specifications of Latorre (1921)
Dimensions 181.3 x 29.30 x 8.4m (594 x 98 x 27 ft)
Displacement 28,600 t, 32,120 t FL
Propulsion 4 shafts Brown-Curtis & Parsons turbines, 21 Yarrow Boilers, 37,000 hp
Speed 22.75 knots (42.13 km/h; 26.18 mph)
Range 10,000 km at 10 knots
Armament 10 x 356mm/50 (14in) (5×2), 16 x 152mm/50 (6in), 2x76mm AA (3in), 4x47mm (1.9in) saluting, 2x533mm TTs (21in).
Armor Belt: 9in (230mm), deck 1.5in (38mm), turrets, barbettes 10in (254mm), CT 11-in (280mm)
Author's illustration of Almirante Latorre, ex-HMS Canada
Author's illustration of HMS Eagle, ex-Almirante Cochrane, never delivered and converted. The Chilean Government thought to ask her back but the cost of rebuilding her in original state was staggering.
Burt, R. A. British Battleships of World War One.
Gill, C.C. "Professional Notes". Proceedings 40: no. 1 (1914)
Livermore, Seward W. "Battleship Diplomacy in South America: 1905–1925".
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Almirante_Latorre_(ship,_1913)
https://web.archive.org/web/20080608084301/http://www.armada.cl/site/unidades_navales/336.htm


text:
Bossier Press-Tribune
Sports-Free
High school football: Benton downs Minden, runs record to 6-0
The Benton Tigers ran their record to 6-0 Friday night, pulling away in the second half for a 43-21 District 1-4A victory over the Minden Crimson Tide in Minden.
The Tigers have sole possession of first place in the district at 3-0. Minden, which had a four-game winning streak snapped, dropped to 4-2 and 2-1.
While 6-0 and a No. 3 state ranking looks pretty, Moore told his team after the game that the journey is still just beginning and the Tigers haven't accomplished anything yet. All their goals are still ahead.
"Honestly, if we lose the next four 6-4 probably gets you in the playoffs," he said. "But do you want to go in that way? Certainly not when you're capable of doing more. We set a goal and our goal was to win every game, one at a time, but our goal also was to win the district championship."
The Tigers flipped the script from their previous two games Friday night. After getting off to slow starts in wins over Bossier and Northwood, Benton got off to a great start against Minden, taking a 16-0 lead.
But the Tide used two long TD passes from Seth Tyler to Decorium Brim to get within two early in the third quarter.
After the team's traded turnovers, Benton dominated the rest of the game. Garrett Hable hit Doyle Adams Jr. for a 57-yard score and Jermaine Newton went in from two yards out after the Tigers blocked a punt.
Those TDs and the conversions gave the Tigers a 30-14 lead.
Minden didn't score again until it was 43-14 and it was a defensive TD with Benton's second-team offense in the game.
"We had a great start and a great finish and in the middle right there just kind of had a little bit of a lull," Moore said.
Newton and Keldric Moody both rushed for more than 100 yards. Newton had 192 yards on 26 carries and the one TD. Moody had 106 on 13 carries and two TDs.
Hable completed eight of 16 passes for 150 yards. He also rushed for 54 yards on seven carries and scored twice.
Adams caught four passes for 86 yards.
Except for the two big pass plays, Moore was pleased with the play of his defense, which contained Minden speedster Patrick Heard for the most part.
"We found some things that were working pretty well," he said. "They were having trouble blocking and we did a good job of containing the Heard kid. He didn't do much tonight. I think he had one decent run. Other than that we did a pretty good job with him.
"I think he's their best weapon so if we can shut them down we felt like they had to beat us a different way. That was really big to get him slowed down."
Benton visits North DeSoto on Thursday. The Griffins (4-2, 1-2) defeated Bossier 53-18 Friday night.
— Russell Hedges, rhedges@bossierpress.com
Russell Hedges
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Ms. Katie Gueorguieva-Ledford encourages students in her class to perform at the annual Class Recital, as well as at Honors' Recitals, Master Classes, concerts, and competitions.
Students who choose to take the MTAC Certificate of Merit Evaluations and achieve Excellent grades in Piano Performance and Music Theory, have the opportunity to participate in the MTAC Honors' Recitals.
Copyright 2011 Katie Gueorguieva-Ledford, M.M.. All rights reserved.


text:
Home SoccerPremier League Table Arsenal, Tottenham Win; Premier League Scores, Standings: Wk 26
Premier League TableSoccer
Arsenal, Tottenham Win; Premier League Scores, Standings: Wk 26
written by JEFF BRODRICKS February 15, 2016
Arsenal v Leicester City English Premier League top of the table clash
LONDON, Sporting Alert – Complete results and scores from the English Premier League games that took place over the weekend in Week 26.
Title contenders Arsenal and Tottenham both grabbed important wins, while chasers Manchester City and Manchester United, and leaders Leicester City all fell to defeats at the weekend.
Arsenal got back on course to win the title this season after edging Leicester City 2-1 at home to cut the difference atop of the English Premier League standings to two points heading into the Week 27 fixtures.
The Gunners sealed the all-important three points through a stoppage time goal from Danny Welbeck, who scored the winner five minutes into stoppage time play.
"In the last two training sessions he was very strong," Wenger said about the former Manchester United forward.
"Everyone is extremely happy for (Welbeck) because he has been out for 10 months which is an eternity for a player."
Welbeck added: "It has been a bit of a rollercoaster for me, missing a lot of football … it was difficult.
"To get that winning goal is a beautiful feeling."
Theo Walcott had earlier cancelled out a Jamie Vardy 45 minute penalty which gave the Foxes a 1-0 lead at halftime.
Leicester City were reduced to 10 players after Danny Simpson was sent off in the 54th minute after the defender picked up two yellow cards in the opening minutes of the second half.
Despite the defeat, the Foxes still lead the Premier League standings with 53 points, with Arsenal and Tottenham on 51 points each.
Leicester City manager plans to give his players some time off from the club this week.
"I said to (the players), `Don't worry. It's OK. You are top of the league with two points more,'" Foxes coach Claudio Ranieri said. "They go, I don't know where. Dubai? Wherever they want."
"They go, I don't know where. Dubai? Wherever they want."
Tottenham moved into second place with a battling 2-1 victory over Manchester City to signal their intentions of catching Leicester City at the top of the league.
After a scoreless opening 45 minutes, Harry Kane scored a 53rd-minute penalty kick to give Spurs the lead, but Manchester City struck back through rising attacker Kelechi Iheanacho, who netted the equaliser in the 74th minute.
Tottenham secured all three points on the day when midfield playmaker Christian Eriksen scored the winner seven minutes from time.
Liverpool also landed a much-needed victory on Sunday after fit-again Daniel Sturridge inspired the Reds to a dominating 6-0 victory over Aston Villa.
Besides Sturridge, James Milner, Emre Can, Divock Origi, Nathaniel Clyne and Kolo Toure also placed their names on the scoresheet for Liverpool in the one-sided affair.
But the shocker in the English Premier League on Week 26 came on Saturday where relegation-threatened Sunderland beat Manchester United 2-1 to cast further doubt over Louis van Gaal's future at Old Trafford.
Sunderland took the lead in the third minute of play when Wahbi Khazri scored off the post from a free-kick.
Manchester United got back into the game when Anthony Martial netted a neatly chipped equaliser in the 39th minute to send both teams locked at 1-1 going into the halftime break.
However, an own goal from goalkeeper David De Gea in the 82nd-minute gave the win to the Black Cats.
Elsewhere in the Premier League on Saturday, Chelsea blasted Newcastle United 5-1, Swansea City were edged 1-0 by Southampton, Everton also fell 1-0 to West Bromwich Albion, Watford secured a 2-1 victory over Crystal Palace, Bournemouth went down 3-1 to Stoke City, while Norwich City and West Ham United ended 2-2.
English Premier League Scores – Week 26
Aston Villa 0 Liverpool 6
Arsenal 2 Leicester City 1
Manchester City 1 Tottenham 2
Chelsea 5 Newcastle United 1
Sunderland 2 Manchester United 1
Bournemouth 1 Stoke City 3
Crystal Palace 1 Watford 2
Everton 0 West Bromwich Albion 1
Swansea City 0 Southampton 1
Norwich City 2 West Ham United 2
Standings on Week 26 – Premier League
Standings P W D L F A Pts
1 Leicester City 26 15 8 3 48 29 53
2 Tottenham Hotspur 26 14 9 3 47 20 51
3 Arsenal 26 15 6 5 41 23 51
4 Manchester City 26 14 5 7 48 28 47
5 Manchester United 26 11 8 7 33 24 41
6 Southampton 26 11 7 8 34 24 40
7 West Ham United 26 10 10 6 40 31 40
8 Liverpool 26 10 8 8 38 36 38
9 Watford 26 10 6 10 29 28 36
10 Stoke City 26 10 6 10 27 32 36
11 Everton 26 8 11 7 46 35 35
12 Chelsea 26 8 9 9 38 36 33
13 Crystal Palace 26 9 5 12 27 32 32
14 West Bromwich Albion 26 8 8 10 24 32 32
15 AFC Bournemouth 26 7 7 12 30 44 28
16 Swansea City 26 6 9 11 24 34 27
17 Norwich City 26 6 6 14 30 50 24
18 Newcastle United 26 6 6 14 27 49 24
19 Sunderland 26 6 5 15 32 50 23
20 Aston Villa 26 3 7 16 20 46 16
Anthony MartialArsenal newsEnglish Barclays Premier LeagueENGLISH PREMIER LEAGUE STANDINGSLeicester Cityliverpool fcmanchester city newsmanchester unitedTottenham
JEFF BRODRICKS
Just like James, Jeff works hard at providing the best possible news and reports for football fans. Some of his work includes getting starting lineups and scores in England and around Europe.
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Tender For Suspension hanger pin (hardchromed) for 4.5 KW/12 KW, 130 Volts, 93 Amp. SG coaches for brushless AlITEM LIST :- (1) Suspension hanger pin (hardchromed) for 4.5 KW/12 KW, 130 Volts, 93 Amp. SG coaches for brushless Alternator. Make:- Part No. A-4036(JS) of KEL-Pvt. Ltd. (RDSO Approved): or equivalent of HMTD/ KEL/ Presstech/ PIPL/ I.C. Electrical/ Steslite. Note;- (i) Offer along with OEM 's authorization certificate & One year guarantee paper to be submitted. (ii) OEM's challan / invoice is to be submitted with bill.


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Super Slime! | Susan Akass | MAKEetc.
Home › Kids' Craft › Super Slime!
Kids have gone crazy for slime! They can't get enough of it and there's huge kudos in being able to make your own. In Super Slime! Susan Akass offers a brilliant variety of safe homemade recipes including fluffy, glow-in-the-dark, crunchy, rainbow glitter and starburst slime. With easy-to-follow step-by-step instructions and vibrant photos of every slime, the recipes are bright, clear and easy to understand. As well as helping children to develop their creative skills, for added value Susan explains the science behind the slime, which offers an educational element without detracting from the fun. With perfect results every time, Susan Akass's squishy and stretchy creations will be hugely satisfying for every slime-obsessed child.


text:
Poole, John, Ed.D. student in curriculum and instruction
Pople, Clair Elizabeth, Portland State University
Potts, Ann Dorothy, University of North Carolina Wilmington (United States)
Potts, Ann D., University of North Carolina at Wilmington (United States)
Powell-Brown, Ann, University of Central Missouri (United States)
Protacio, Maria Selena, Western Michigan University (United States)
Putnam, David E., College of Arts and Sciences University of Maine at Presque Isle (United States)
Putnam, JoAnne W., College of Education University of Maine at Presque Isle Presque Isle, Maine (United States)
Quaye, Stephen John, Miami University
Rahatzad, Jubin, Purdue University (United States)
Ramirez, Pablo Cortes, Arizona State University, Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College (United States)
Ramirez, Pablo Cortes, Arizona State University (United States)
Ramos, Paloma, California State University, Los Angeles
Rao, Shaila, Western Michigan University (United States)
Rastogi, Tanvi, Rutgers University (United States)
Reed-Danahay, Deborah, University at Buffalo, SUNY (United States)
Reingold, Roni
Renganathan, Sumathi, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (Malaysia)
Reynolds, Kelly, University of Wyoming
Reynolds, Martyn, Victoria University Of Wellington, New Zealand
Reynolds-Marniche, Dana W., Eastern University (United States)
Richardson Bruna, Katherine, Associate Professor, Iowa State University (United States)
Richardson Bruna, Katherine, Iowa State University
Riendeau, Diane, Deerfield High School
Riitaoja, Anna-Leena
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We're on the edge of summer which means winter is on its way, and comfort food is definitely on the agenda!
This particular blog is for all of those who have spent their long summer evenings outside foraging (legally we hope!) for fruit and still have bundles of fresh produce left over from their summer salads… The go-to dishes for using up edible goods are usually pies and crumbles, along with other sweet desserts. We're feeling a bit jammy this year – so let's make jam!
The best thing about jam is that you can use it all year round and you can use it with some of the most simplest of cuisines to brighten up your misty mornings. You can mix it in with your morning porridge, plod it on top of your toasty crumpets or scoop it up with a wedge of bitter sweet cheese – oh so tasty!
Before you start making your strawberry and rhubarb jam you will need to sterilise your jam jars and equipment. This is very simple to do; all you need is a pot of VWP Cleaner Steriliser and warm water.
How to sterilise: Dissolve 1 – 2 teaspoons of VWP in a gallon of warm water and soak your equipment for a good 10 – 15 minutes. Rinse all equipment under cold running water. For extra dirty equipment use a stronger solution and leave it to soak for longer.
After doing this place a small plate in the fridge to chill as you will need it for testing at the end. Make sure you rinse the fruit well.
Slice your rhubarb into small equal cubes and hull your strawberries. Place into a jam pan and drizzle the lemon juice over the top of the fruit. Next, sprinkle the jam sugar to the mix and cook on a low heat until the fruit is soft and oozing with juice. Stir occasionally with a spoon until the sugar has vanished ready for boiling.
To hull: Hulling means to de-core your strawberries – removing the leaf and hard centre.
Using an everyday potato masher squish the cooked fruit until it turns to pulp and then bring to a boil. Every so often your jam will develop a layer of "froth" that will sit on top of your mixture, simply scoop it away whenever it appears.
Jam is cooked until it reaches setting point, this is usually at 105ºC; you can use a specialised jam thermometer to measure the temperature of your preserve.
Testing the setting point: To see if the jam has set properly, you will need to use the plate that you chilled in the fridge earlier. Using your wooden spoon, scoop up a small amount of the mixture and plop it onto the plate. Wait for the mixture to cool, so that you don't burn yourself, and then push your finger through the jam and see if it wrinkles. If your mixture does wrinkle then that means that it is done; if it doesn't then that means it needs to be cooked for longer.
For a smooth jam you will need to press the fruit through fruit straining bags with a spoon into your clean jars. However, if you prefer your jam to have a natural seedy texture to it, then simply pour the mixture from the jam pan straight into the jars. Then seal and label your jars.
Top Tip: To create less mess when filling up your jars you can use a funnel that has been specially designed for loading up the jam jars.
The refreshing and sweet taste of summer fruits is sure to aid you through those long winter months. So now you can tick off the box that says "hibernation food" on your preparation list because you are all set for feasting your way through winter.
P.S. Homemade preserves make great Christmas presents!
Jam, Jam jars, Kilner, Le Parfait, Lefheit, making jam, Preserving, PYO, Rhubarb Jam, Setting Point, Strawberry Jam, Summer Fruits. Bookmark.


The shortlist for the 12th annual Startups Awards has been announced – with ActionCOACH Hull and Ebsford Environmental from Yorkshire making the cut as two of the UK's brightest new businesses.
Based in Hull and Wakefield respectively, ActionCOACH Hull and Ebsford Environmental are joined by finalists from across the country, all of whom are hoping to take home a prestigious Startups Award when the winners are announced in a glittering ceremony on 27 November.
ActionCOACH Hull is one of six finalists in the Franchisee of the Year category – one of the most hotly contested Awards this year, while Ebsford Environmental has been shortlisted in the Innovative Business of the Year category. The companies will also go head to head in the People's Champion category, an award voted for by the general public.
Franchisee for the Hull branch of business coaching chain ActionCOACH, Pamela Featherstone bought into the franchise in 2012 and has won a raft of awards including North UK Coach and Most Improved.
Ebsford Environmental provides advanced, bespoke solutions for aquatic restoration and vegetation management. Its range of services include the eradication of invasive species – in particular Japanese knotweed, large scale de-silting, and flood defence.
A panel of 24 leading entrepreneurs and businesspeople will now whittle the shortlist in each category down to one outstanding, award–worthy, company.
This year's judging line up boasts a stellar line up, including Dragons' Den star Touker Suleyman, much-loved British designer Cath Kidston MBE, Divine Chocolate founder Sophi Tranchell MBE and notonthehighstreet.com co-founder Holly Tucker MBE, as well as co-founder of Innocent Drinks Jon Wright, JUST EAT CEO David Buttress and Simon Franks, co-founder of LOVEFiLM.
With the Startups Awards 2015 more popular than ever before, receiving a 40 per cent increase in entries compared to last year, the judges face a tough task indeed.
David Lester, founder of Startups.co.uk, said: "Congratulations to Action Coach Hull on being named a finalist at the Startups Awards 2015 – that is no mean feat!
Startups Awards 2015 sponsors include Simply Business, Nominet, Big Red Cloud, The Made Simple Group, haysmacintyre, RBS and Experian.


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Home » vietnambreakingnews » Vietnam farmers get death, long jail terms for murder in deadly land row
Vietnam farmers get death, long jail terms for murder in deadly land row
A Vietnam court sentenced one farmer to death and given multiple-year jail terms to two others this week for fatally shooting three employees of a company in a land dispute in October 2016. A prolonged conflict between Long Son Co. and a group of farmers who had planted crops on a piece of land already allocated to the company in Dak Nong Province turned violent, and ultimately deadly, on the morning of October 23, 2016. As some of the Long Son Co. employees, 'armed' with shields and knives, rushed to the disputed land with a tractor to 'level' it, two farmers fought back with sports guns, eventually killing three of the 'intruders' on the spot, while injuring 13 others. 'Unjustified verdicts' Four farmers and two members of Long Son Co. involved in the deadly land row began standing trial on Tuesday. On Wednesday, the Dak Nong People's Court imposed capital punishment on Dang Van Hien, who is responsible for all the three deaths, while sentencing two other farmers, Ninh Viet Binh and Ha Van Truong, to 20 years and 12 years behind bars, respectively. All of the three were convicted of murder. Another farmer, Doan Van Dien, was given a nine-month jail term on charges of "concealing crimes" for helping Hien dodge police detention after his murder. The court also sentenced Nghien Thien Xuan Suu, deputy director of Long Son Co., to six months of imprisonment, and his assistant, Pham Cong Thien, to four years behind bars for "destroying or…
Vietnam farmers get death, long jail terms for murder in deadly land row have 257 words, post on tuoitrenews.vn at 2018-01-05 09:02:59. This is cached page on VietNam Breaking News. If you want remove this page, please contact us.
High-profile banker Nguyen Duc Kien, former Vice Chairman of the AsiaCommercial Bank (ACB) Founding Council still faced a sentence of 30-yearimprisonment as declared by the Hanoi Court of Appeals on December 15. Nguyen Duc Kien at the Hanoi Court of Appeals on December 15. InJune 2014, Kien, 50, was sentenced to 30-year imprisonment by the HanoiPeople's Court on four counts of illegal trading, fraud forappropriation of assets, tax evasion, intentional violations of theState's economic management regulations causing serious consequences. In addition to being jailed, Kien was fined over 75 billion Vietnamese dong (3.55 million U.S. dollars) for tax evasion.Duringthe first…... [read more]
A former Malaysian policeman has been sentenced to three years in jail for smuggling three Vietnamese illegal immigrants, but he sought to defer the sentence to file an appeal, Bernama reported. Abdul Hamid Othman was found guilty at a Friday trial for taking the three Vietnamese through an immigration post in December 2014, and the court ordered him to serve the jail term immediately, the Malaysian news agency said. The defendant has asked the court to defer the sentence as he wanted to file an appeal to a higher court, the report said. The judge has allowed the deferment on…... [read more]
Of the total, some have been freed while others have had their terms commuted by between 3-6 months. Earlier on April 28, the provincial People's Court also announced a decision to reduce jail terms for 20 prisoners who have performed well at the provincial police's detention camp. Two of the prisoners were released ahead of their terms. All the released promised to try to integrate into the community and live a law-abiding life after returning home.... [read more]
An appeals court in Hanoi on Thursday upheld jail terms for a Vietnamese blogger and his assistant, concluding that they had hurt the state's interests with their posts. Blogger Nguyen Huu Vinh was previously charged for "abusing democratic freedoms to infringe upon the interests of the state" and was sentenced to five years in prison in March this year. His assistant, Nguyen Thi Minh Thuy, was given a three-year sentence. They appealed the sentences. During the 10-hour hearing on Thursday, Vinh said he was innocent. The two bloggers asked to be released immediately. The court, however, rejected their appeal and…... [read more]
At a trial in Ho Chi Minh City on March 26, the supreme court rejected all the appeals by Pham Thi Ngoc Tuyet, 42, Duong Van Chanh, 65, and his son Duong Quoc Nghia, 30. They were sentenced by a court in the southern province last December. Other members of the ring, Ka Thuy Linh and her Chinese husband Dai Chang Sheng were sentenced to three years each. Six of their accomplices received jail terms of between two and seven years.Only Tuyet, Chanh and Nghia appealed last year's ruling, saying they committed the crime due to limited legal knowledge.The case was busted…... [read more]
HCM CITY — An appeals court in HCM City yesterday decided to reduce by three months a 9-month jail sentence awarded to teenager Pham Thi My Linh for slapping the face of a traffic policeman on duty in District 12. Linh had been awarded the 9-month jail term by the court of first instance, the district People's Court, in August last year. The 18-year-old later appealed the decision, asking for a suspended sentence to help her continue her studies. The appeals court yesterday rejected her request, but granted a reduction in the sentence, taking into consideration her confession, expression of…... [read more]
Photo tienphong HCM CITY (VNS) — The appeal court of HCM City's People's Supreme Court, yesterday, upheld the sentences of three persons on charges of offering and accepting bribes. The court upheld the seven-year jail term to the former chief of the southern province of Bac Lieu's People's Committee's Secretariat, Bui Thanh Hong for accepting a bribe from the Bac Lieu Housing Construction and Development Joint Stock Company. The court also upheld the 13-year imprisonment sentence to the company's former deputy director Tran Thanh Tung for offering the bribe. The company's former director Pham Minh Quang was also sentenced to…... [read more]
A Vietnamese man was sentenced to death on Wednesday for leading a gun fight that killed three members of a company who were destroying his fields. Dang Van Hien, 42, was convicted of murder, so were his two accomplices Ninh Viet Binh and Ha Van Truong who received 20 and 12 years in jail. Two other men participating in the fight received four and six years for destroying property, and another received nine months in jail for concealing the crime. According to the indictment, Dak Nong Province in the Central Highlands granted 1,000 hectares (2,470 acres) of forest land to…... [read more]
Vietnam's top prosecutors on Wednesday ratified charges against the once-rising political star Dinh La Thang and six other former oil officials for their roles in the infamous multi-million-dollar graft case at OceanBank. Thang, who served as board chairman of the state-owned oil giant PetroVietnam (PVN) from 2006 until 2011, may receive 10-20 years in jail if found guilty of "deliberately violating state regulations on economic management, causing serious consequences." The remaining six suspects, including OceanBank's former deputy general director Nguyen Xuan Son, as well as PVN's former deputy general director Ninh Van Quynh, also face similar charges and punishments. Additionally,…... [read more]
PRETORIA – Star athlete Oscar Pistorius is spending his first night in jail as he starts serving a five-year sentence behind the towering walls of a grim South African prison after a sensational trial for killing his girlfriend. The "Blade Runner" is just one of more than 7,000 inmates of the Kgosi Mampuru prison in Pretoria, where he was taken after being sentenced for shooting dead model Reeva Steenkamp on Valentine's Day last year. Judge Thokozile Masipa on Tuesday ordered Pistorius to serve a maximum five years in prison for culpable homicide after a seven-month trial watched live by millions…... [read more]


Published: Nov. 24, 2015 at 08:16 a.m.
Updated: Nov. 24, 2015 at 03:50 p.m.
The mad rush to add Dontari Poe to your fantasy team is on.
The Chiefs' nose tackle scored from a yard out on Sunday in one of his four offensive snaps. He is the fullback in a formation the team calls "Poe-Heavy" and in the process of humiliating the Chargers over the weekend, Poe also set an NFL record: As of Tuesday morning, he is the heaviest player to ever score an NFL touchdown.
"I think it was an NFL record," Kansas City head coach Andy Reid joked after Sunday's game, via the team's official site, "but we'll have to go weigh him, here."
Poe is actually 11 pounds heavier than William "Refrigerator" Perry, who, according to the Chiefs, was 335 pounds the last time he crossed a goal line.
The scary thing is that Poe is far more athletic, too. For those who don't remember, he was the workout darling of the 2012 combine, a player who hurled up 44 reps on the bench press and ran a sub-5 40-yard dash at almost 350 pounds. On Sunday, he actually jumped over the Chargers' defensive line to score the touchdown and didn't look half bad doing it, either.
The score and the record were a convenient vehicle to look back at some of Poe's performances over the years. He toils in relative anonymity on the defensive line but has arguably been one of the 10 best players at his position every year since he was drafted. Taking the combine workout warrior is often a tremendous risk, especially when he potentially elevates a full round. But Poe has been remarkably consistent and is on pace to hit another remarkably high snap count in 2015.
The good news is that, like J.J. Watt, the offensive touchdowns will shine a light on Poe's defense, which deserved more attention all along.


The group that I ride with decided to venture out to Hobble Creek Canyon and ride to Strawberry Reservoir. We met at the Wal-Mart in Springville, UT.
The trail starts at the end of the left (north) fork of Hobble creek canyon. The trail begins as an easy dirt road with a small water crossing (seasonal). There is a Boy Scout camp at the start of the trail. The first few miles you may run into boy scouts hiking along the road. Be careful we noticed they weren't overly bright and like to dart out in front of you.
The trail wonders up and out of the canyon at which point you gain elevation rapidly. The trail to Strawberry goes in a Northeasterly direction. There are lots of trails in this area. If you head north shortly before Strawberry peak you can ride to south end Wallsburg valley. If you continue north-east, the trail will take you to the top of Strawberry Peak. There are a few miles of rocky terrain to ride to get to the peak. It is doable on a motorcycle but it is not for the novice motorcycle rider. Atvs have no trouble on the rocks but again some experience is required. I have ridden this trail on both a Yamaha Raptor 700 sport atv as well as a 4×4 Yamaha Grizzly. I have also driven these trails in various Jeep Wranglers without any trouble.
Strawberry peak is above the tree-line. The peak also has incredible views and mobile phone service. It also hosts Utah Communications Agency Network (UCAN) communications equipment on it. The site is run by a large solar panel for power.
From Strawberry Peak, you can continue north and ride into Wallsburg canyon area. Wallsburg canyon is a great little canyon with Wallsburg creek that flows to Deer Creek Reservoir. We were heading towards Strawberry so from Strawberry Peak we headed South East. About 1.8 miles southeast of Strawberry Peak is the trail to Daniel's Summit, it heads east. I have never ridden to Daniels Summit but I have heard they are atv and snowmobile friendly. I do know that the food is delicious. One way is about 17 miles directly to Daniel's.
We continued south past the Daniel's Summit trail and followed along Strawberry Ridge (Google Map). From Strawberry ridge you can follow any number of trails east to the lake.
We rode within a few miles of the lake but due to fuel concerns we didn't proceed further. I know that you can ride to the lake and to the marina without any difficulty. Bryant's Fork Road (trail) to the marina is about 14 miles south of Strawberry Peak. The trail connects to Forest Service Road 131 and goes to the marina. There are other lake access points along these trails.
There are hundreds of camping spots along these trails.
Other areas that are accessible from these trails include: Right Fork Hobble Creek Canyon, Diamond Fork Canyon, and Spanish Fork Canyon.
This is a great atving area. While this area is frequently used, this area is remote so please use caution and prepare for any emergency you may encounter. Please wear the proper safety gear including: helmet, gloves, eye protection long pants and appropriate footwear. It is patrolled frequently by forest rangers. Be sure to license your vehicles and make sure that certifications and insurance are in place before using these lands. Please Stay only on the designated trails.
Meeting about 1000 head of sheep on a steep trail.
62 miles of great riding.
Parking is along the road. The road is narrow. Be sure to park far enough off the road to allow traffic both directions. Be sure not to park at the end of the road. This is a school bus turn around area. You can be ticketed. We went on a busy Saturday and there were only about 8 vehicles parked at the trailhead.
The view of the backside of the Wasatch Mountains. Mount Timpanogos is center right.


The Evolution earthing mat is a heavy duty carbonised rubber mat measuring 25 x 68 cm. Both sides of the mat are conductive with the top side smooth and the bottom side textured so it will not slip. It comes with a 5 year warranty.
The mat can be used on the floor by your desk or TV chair to keep your feet on. It will work fine with socks on as the slightest moisture from your feet will create conductivity. As a desktop mat you can lay your wrists on it and use one side as a mouse pad. Our earthing mat is very easy to keep clean. Just wipe the top side with a soapy cloth and rinse with water and scrub the backside with a brush.
The earthing mat needs to be connected to ground to either a ground rod, adapter plug or ground clamp. Your new mat comes with a 5 m connection cord. An adapter cord is available for those of you that already have an adapter plug or ground rod from Earthing so you can use your existing connection. (Evolution standard is 10 mm snap button and 4 mm male contact. Earthing standard is 4 mm snap button and 4,7 mm male contact).
DVD film "Heal for Free"


text:
namespace System.Net
{
    using System.Net.Sockets;

    using NativeSocket = Microsoft.Llilum.Net.SocketNative;

    public static class Dns
    {
        public static IPHostEntry GetHostEntry(string hostNameOrAddress)
        {
            //Do we need to try to pase this as an Address????
            string canonicalName;
            byte[][] addresses;

            NativeSocket.getaddrinfo(hostNameOrAddress, out canonicalName, out addresses);

            int cAddresses = addresses.Length;
            IPAddress[] ipAddresses = new IPAddress[cAddresses];
            IPHostEntry ipHostEntry = new IPHostEntry();

            for (int i = 0; i < cAddresses; i++)
            {
                byte[] address = addresses[i];

                SocketAddress sockAddress = new SocketAddress(address);

                AddressFamily family;

                family = (AddressFamily)address[1];

                if (family == AddressFamily.InterNetwork)
                {
                    //This only works with IPv4 addresses
                    uint ipAddr = 0;
                    ipAddr |= ((uint)address[7] << 24)  & 0xFF000000;
                    ipAddr |= ((uint)address[6] << 16)  & 0x00FF0000;
                    ipAddr |= ((uint)address[5] << 8)   & 0x0000FF00;
                    ipAddr |= ((uint)address[4])        & 0x000000FF;

                    ipAddresses[i] = new IPAddress((long)ipAddr);
                }
            }

            ipHostEntry.hostName = canonicalName;
            ipHostEntry.addressList = ipAddresses;

            return ipHostEntry;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Come to The Mall of Cyprus for our 10th Birthday Party, this Saturday, 23 September, between 3pm and 7pm.
Spin our Birthday Wheel of Fortune and get the chance to win big prizes from our shops!
3 winners will get 500 Euros, 300 Euros and 200 Euros respectively in shop vouchers!


LOS ANGELES, CA (December 4, 2018) – Mark your calendars as Lifetime presents an all-star slate of biopics featuring remarkable women with incredible stories – Nellie Bly, Victoria Gotti and Olivia Newton-John – along with two new intense thrillers inspired by true stories for its winter 2019 movie slate. Headlined by Christina Ricci, Judith Light, Marcia Gay Harden, Kellie Martin, Victoria Gotti and Delta Goodrem, Lifetime will feature five weeks of premieres every Saturday at 8pm PT/ET, beginning January 19.
The Lifetime feature is inspired by Nellie Bly's undercover stay at the impenetrable Women's Lunatic Asylum and stars Golden Globe® and Emmy® nominated actress Christina Ricci (Monster), two-time Tony award-winner, Golden Globe and Emmy nominee Judith Light (Transparent, The Assassination of Giannni Versace) as Matron Grady and Josh Bowman (Revenge).
Inspired by a true story, Love You to Death is a shocking tale of a mother and daughter who are nothing like they seem, their tumultuous relationship ending in a brutal murder. Camile (Oscar® winner Marcia Gay Harden, 50 Shades features, Code Black, Point Blank) and Esme (Emily Skeggs, Miseducation of Cameron Post, Mile 22) are well-known in their community – Esme as the sickly, child-like wheelchair-bound daughter, and Camile as the perfect caretaker and mother. They seem a perfect pair until Camile is found stabbed to death in her home, and Esme has vanished, believed to be kidnapped by the killer. But when Esme is found, a terrible secret emerges. Esme was not kidnapped. Instead she ran away with her boyfriend (Brennan Keel Cook) after working with him to murder Camile. More than that, Esme is perfectly healthy, mentally and physically, and has been a victim of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy, forced to believe she was ill by her controlling, abusive mother.


With Sympathy Metal Die Cut by Elizabeth Craft will give an added touch to any paper project. They are compatible with most leading die-cutting machines. With Sympathy is a must have for your card making ventures. This 5 1/2" x 4 1/2" inch package contains one steel die. Design: With Sympathy. Made in USA.