Silvina Bettini is a bubbly young woman with purple makeup and matching earrings who lives six blocks from a soybean field in central Argentina. Already the mother of one child, she had hoped for another until a medical survey by a German NGO in April 2013 suggested her blood is contaminated with agrochemical residue from pesticides, including a toxic insecticide that is banned in most countries. Now she's worried about what could happen to her baby.
"I am afraid that if I get pregnant, my child will have a malformation, or that I might lose him or her," Bettini told VICE News. She was seated just blocks away from another soybean field sprayed with pesticides in Malvinas, the poorest municipality of the Cordoba province, Argentina's central farming belt.
"This complicates one's life," she said. "As a mother, I don't want to inflict this pain on a child."
Like many residents of Argentina's farming communities, Bettini is concerned by a growing list of cases of birth defects, cancers, and other health problems that locals and some experts attribute to the ubiquitous use of agrochemicals in Argentina's agriculture industry, the country's economic engine. Argentine officials and Monsanto, the American agribusiness giant that manufactures the most common type of the herbicide, deny that the health problems are linked to the chemicals.
The agrochemical issue is most evident in Argentina's soybean industry. The country is the world's third-largest producer of soybeans. The crop is a staple ingredient of livestock feed, and therefore plays a part in almost every bite of commercially produced meat in the world. At the same time, most of Argentina's soybeans — 98 percent — are genetically modified.
Because Argentina is the world's biggest soybean exporter, selling significantly more soybean to foreign markets than Brazil or the United States, the soy sent from Argentina to the rest of world may pose a threat to global food security if levels of agrochemicals in exported products are not properly monitored, experts told VICE News.
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Argentina's government has been reluctant to aggressively tackle the industry's dependence on Monsanto, the leading producer of genetically modified seeds. Monsanto-produced soybean seeds grown in Argentina are modified to be resistant to Roundup, the company's flagship herbicide.
Roundup contains glyphosate, a type of herbicide that allegedly contributes to a host of health problems. Despite the purported risks, glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide on the planet. And its use in Argentina has only grown since the country introduced genetically modified crops.
The country's farmers use more than twice the quantity of agrochemicals per acre as US farmers do, according to a recent AP analysis of government and pesticide industry data.
"There is a direct relation between spraying pesticide on soy and corn fields and the diseases observed among the communities living around the fields," pediatrics specialist Medardo Avila-Vazquez told VICE News in the city of Cordoba.
There is a tampon shortage plaguing the women of Argentina. Read more here.
The World Health Organization sets the limit of glyphosate content at 20 miligrams per kilogram in food products. According to Avila-Vazquez, "soy shipments from Argentina contain 100 miligrams per kilogram of glyphosate in soybean," a claim backed by Testbiotech, a German research group that opposes GMOs. That's "a very big quantity of poison in food," Avila-Vazquez said.
The types of diseases found among "sprayed people" have dramatically changed in the provinces of Cordoba, Santa Fe, and Chaco since Argentina started using pesticides on cultivated crops in 1996, Avila-Vazquez said.
Doctors have noticed more cancers, miscarriages, and birth defects since then, reports show. In the northeastern Chaco province, one of the poorest regions in the country, birth defects quadrupled in the 2000s.
Andres Carrasco, the late head of the molecular embryology lab at the University of Buenos Aires, found in a 2010 study that glyphosate produces "neural defects and craniofacial malformations" in human embryos, which can lead to miscarriage.
Equally worrisome, Argentina is using more and more pesticides each year as plants Roundup is designed to eliminate develop resistance to the chemicals. In 1996 and 1997, three liters of glyphosate per year per hectare were applied, but Argentine farmers needed 14 liters of glyphosate to cover the same area by 2013, according to Avila-Vazquez.
Monsanto has turned to South America as a crucial growth market. Monsanto sold 7.5 percent of its products to Argentina in 2013, compared to 5.9 percent in 2010, according to one report.
After decades of asserting that its glyphosate-based Roundup herbicide was safe, Monsanto said in October that it plans to restrict the product's sale in Argentina.
The company did not respond to questions about herbicide use in Argentina and declined to be interviewed when contacted by VICE News. Fernando Giannoni, Monsanto's director of corporate affairs for southern Latin America, told Bloomberg the company plans to create a register of herbicide users and only sell products to "certified appliers."
"Of course we don't recommend that it's applied near urban populations, nor schools or rivers," Giannoni was quoted as saying. "I don't rule out that in the future we could sue farmers that apply our product incorrectly."
He blamed health problems on farmers who misuse the company's chemicals.
"What's happening is that there's 5 percent of people that are using our product irresponsibly and this causes damage that applies to all farmers," he said. "As an industry we need to close ranks so that everyone applies the product responsibly and expose those who don't."
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It's unclear how the new restrictions will affect soy production. So far, Roundup use remains widespread in Cordoba's farmlands.
According to the 2011 medical survey that included Bettini, seven out of 11 people tested in the town of Malvinas had glyphosate residue in their blood that exceeded the safety limit set by the UN's Food and Agricultural Organization for soybean products used for food and animal feed.
The findings may explain the numerous medical problems Malvinas residents have suffered in recent years, ranging from miscarriages to respiratory illnesses. Locals have claimed for years that the spraying of pesticides and herbicides on fields next to the town caused their health issues.
Not everyone agrees that the cultivation of genetically modified crops in Argentina is detrimental.
"None of these claims [are] objective, reliable, or scientific," Juan Cruz Molina, the secretary of agriculture of the Cordoba province, told VICE News. "If we were not using GMOs, we would use much more agrochemicals and much more fossil fuel."
Proponents of genetically modified crops say there is no scientific evidence that proves they are harmful.
"Unquestionably, glyphosate is one of the least toxic herbicides," Dr. Juan Dellacha, director of the Argentine Forum on Biotechnology, told VICE News at his office in Buenos Aires. "The campaign against GM agriculture [...] is due to the lack of real understanding of science and the advantage of GMOs."
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Argentine citizens and health advocates remain skeptical, however, and have been standing up against genetically modified crop cultivation and pesticide use. Social movements have railed against Monsanto and the country's reliance on biotechnology in agriculture.
In June 2014, activist organizations in the Cordoba province won an unprecedented battle with Monsanto, stalling the Missouri-based company's plan to set up a $192 million facility in Malvinas to produce genetically modified corn. Construction at the site has been suspended pending an environmental assessment.
Activists won another victory in 2012, after the first trial in Argentina and Latin America of farmers prosecuted for environmental contamination because they applied agrochemicals to their fields. It was the first time that criminal law was used to judge a pollution case.
The lawsuit was the result of the efforts of a group of women from the working-class neighborhood Ituzaingó Anexo, on the outskirts of Cordoba city.
Farmers have sprayed agrochemicals for years in the small town of 5,000.The women had children's blood samples tested, and the results allegedly showed a link between exposure to glyphosate and cancers, thyroid disorder, lupus, and respiratory diseases.
"For many years, [farmers] fumigated these fields with very carcinogenic products and now there are houses [nearby]," Marcela Ferreyra, one of the founders of the organization Mothers of Ituzaingó Anexo, told VICE News.
After the women discovered that the cancer and infant mortality rates in the community were much higher than the national average, the municipality banned spraying by hand within 500 meters of the town.
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In June 2014, after the Cordoba justice system halted construction of the proposed Monsanto facility in Malvinas, the province adopted stricter environmental policies.
The new laws guarantee an impact evaluation — including a public hearing — prior to government authorization of projects that could significantly affect the environment. Lawmakers and citizens can also initiate a referendum on large projects if they gather enough signatures.
Responding in an email to VICE News' questions about agrochemicals in Argentina and the stalled plant in Cordoba, a Monsanto representative wrote that the company "is preparing a new study on the environmental impact that fits the requirements of the new law."
For now, there are no compensation policies in Argentina for people who claim they were sickened by agrochemicals.
"The only legal actions available in Argentina are related to non-compliance with the spraying of areas of exclusion and non-compliance with distances [of area of spraying from people's homes]," Jonatan Emanuel Baldiviezo, coordinator of Argentina's environmental lawyers association, told VICE News.
Ferreyra, the cofounder of the Mothers of Ituzaingó Anexo activist group in Cordoba, said her newborn died because he had a face and a hand malformation and lacked a diaphragm. Doctors at the Neonatal Hospital in the city of Cordoba did not tell her it was due to her exposure to agrochemicals spraying. Ferreyra said she was forced to hire a lawyer to get "the clinical story" of what happened to her child.
"It's hard because everybody knows that there is a health problem in Ituzaingó, but it is difficult for [the government] to accept this problem," said Norma Herrera, another cofounder of the Mothers of Ituzaingó Anexo group.
Herrera has a 16-year-old daughter who was diagnosed with leukemia at the age of three. She said doctors told her that agrochemicals sprayed close to her house caused her daughter's disease.
Argentina's government has consistently disregarded claims of sicknesses due to agrochemicals spraying, and still heavily supports transgenic agriculture. Farming is the motor of the nation's economy. More than 70 percent of businesses in the country are linked to agriculture, which includes feed and fertilizer companies, said Dellacha, the director of the Argentine Forum on Biotechnology.
"I am not aware of any negative aspects," Molina, the Cordoba agriculture secretary, said.
With a 35 percent export tax, the agricultural sector brought $7.5 billion in revenue for the Argentine government in 2013.
Two members of Malvinas Lucha Por La Vida, the resistance movement that fought to block the Monsanto plant's installation, showed VICE News the soy fields in front of the stalled site. They pointed out that the fields are illegally located less than 200 meters from the closest residence.
"We will stay here until there is absolutely no chance that Monsanto will return to Malvinas," one of the activists said.
New prosecutor in Jewish bombing case accuses Kirchner of a deal with Iran — again. Read more here.
Follow Kamilia Lahrichi on Twitter @kamilialahrichi.


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Local honorees are (front row, from left), Quinn Hawkesworth, Jane Morison, Bonnie Elosser, Merry Jennings, (middle row) Heidi McElroy, Amanda Aldridge, Charlotte Parsons, Nancy Johnson, (back row) Anndrena Belcher, Cornelia Kodkani-Laemmli and Michele Plescia. Not pictured: Barbara Kingsolver.
ABINGDON, Va. � Several local women in the arts were recognized during a reception held on March 6 at The Barter Caf� in Abingdon.
The event kicked off the regional celebration for the statewide initiative, "MINDS WIDE OPEN: Virginia Celebrates Women in the Arts."
• Michele Plescia, Artistic Director, Bristol Ballet.
"MINDS WIDE OPEN" is the first statewide celebration of its kind. Between March and June of 2010, thousands of special programs and events including plays, choreography, compositions, and exhibitions of paintings, photography or films that have been created by women or feature women as the primary focus, will occur across the Commonwealth to honor contributions by women to arts and culture.
Barter Theatre productions that are part of "MINDS WIDE OPEN" include "The Diary of Anne Frank" and "Dead Man's Cell Phone" (currently playing through April 2010), "Violet" (a southern musical celebrating the courage and adventures of a young woman as she discovers the true meaning of healing and self), "Always...Patsy Cline" (a true story celebrating the musical pioneer) and "The Blue-Sky Boys" (a celebration of the creative and playful genius that landed the first man on the moon and winner of Barter's Appalachian Festival of Plays and Playwrights) by contemporary playwright Deborah Brevoort.
Many events throughout the region are also part of "MINDS WIDE OPEN", including William King Museum's exhibition "An Educated Woman: Art from Girl's Schools and Woman's Colleges" on view through July 11, 2010 in Abingdon, Va., and the Pro-Art Association's exhibition "Women In and Out of the Kitchen" on view March 31, 2010 in Wise, Va.
For more information on "MINDS WIDE OPEN: Virginia Celebrates Women in the Arts," visit www.vamindswideopen.org. All events held in conjunction with the statewide initiative are listed.


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National Park Belovezhskaya Pushcha
Protected by the UNESCO, Belovezhskaya Pushcha is one of the oldest and largest forest massifs of the plain Europe. It is located in the territory of Brest (Kamenets and Pruzhany Districts), Grodno (Svisloch District) Regions as well as in the territory of Poland (around 57 thousand ha). The length of the Belarusian part of the forest reserve is over 60 km from north to south, from 10 to 50 km from west to east, the total area is 163,505 hectares.
The beginning of the Belovezhskaya Pushcha protection is related to the 15th century when the Polish king Yagailo reduced the right to hunt in this territory only to himself and his cousin, the Great duke of Lithuania Vitovt, in 1409. In the modern understanding, the forest reserve became an environment territory in 1921 when it was in Poland, and a nature reserve was organized with the area of around 5 thousand hectares. After the second world war, Belovezhskaya Pushcha was divided by the state border. The reserve was left on the Polish side, and the Belarusian part of the forest massif became a nature reserve that was renamed to the state reserve and game husbandry in 1957. In 1991, within the limits of the forest reserve, the first national park in the Republic of Belarus, Belovezhskaya Pushcha, was established.
Created on the territory of Belarus, the National park Belovezhskaya Pushcha stretches for more than 60 kilometres from south to north and 10 to 50 kilometres from west to east. It is situated within Grodno and Brest regions and has the area of 163.5 thousand hectares. The area of the Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park in the territory of Poland is about 11 thousand of hectares.
During 1957-1991, Belovezhskaya Pushcha had the status of the national hunting reserve. In 1991, it was reorganized into the State National Park. On December 14, 1992, according to the decision of the UNESCO, the most preserved part of ancient plants of the National Park was included into the World Heritage Sites. In 1993 Belovezhskaya Pushcha got the status of the biosphere reserve.
The National Park Belovezhskaya Pushcha is the complex nature protection and research institution and is under supervision of the Department of Administration of the President. It plays a vital role in the tourism and recreation industry of Belarus being part of:
preservation of reference and rare natural complexes and nature objects;
scientific research on development and implementation of scientific methods of biological variety preservation;
study of nature objects and complexes;
development and implementation of scientific methods of nature protection and environmental management;
organization of ecological education and accomplishment;
preservation of cultural heritage (objects of ethnography, history, palaeontology, etc);
tourism promotion;
recreational activities;
complex management on the basis of traditional methods and cutting-edge technologies of nature management;
Belovezhskaya Pushcha is a unique floral region. The geographical position, weather and soil conditions determine the plant kingdom variety. The territory of Belovezhskaya Pushcha is divided into functional zones, which allows to apply not only passive but also active methods of plant and animals population protection.
Belovezhskaya Pushcha is the unique nature object with full diversity of Belarusian forests both by species composition, age, productivity and by forest types. The site of virgin forests of Europe with enormously reach flora and fauna complex is preserved here. The average age of the forests is more than 100 years, the maximum — 200-300 years, and individual giant trees live 300-600 years. The good example is the Patriarch oak which age is about 600 years. This oak is 28,5 high and has more than 2 metres in diameter.
Out of 25 species of trees, growing in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, the most common are pine, spruse, Common oak, hornbeam, black alder, aspen, pendent weeping and white birch, maple. Only in Belarus one can find silver fir and durmast, which are entered in the Red Book of the Republic, in their natural environment.
The marshes of Belovezhskaya Pushcha occupy about 9% of the whole territory. As the atmospheric composition regulators, they play a very important role in maintaining the ecosystems stability and preservation of biological diversification of not only plants but also animals.
The kingdom of herbaceous plants is extremely rich, about 80% are perennial plants. In the territory of Belovezhskaya Pushcha exist 61 species of rare plants protected in the Republic. The most well-known for their healing powers are bastard-balm and mountain arnica. One of the most beautiful species are double buttercup, gladiolus, lady's slipper — an orchid with the biggest flowers. The ancient forest is rich for different moss, lichen and mushrooms.
The fauna of Belovezhskaya Pushcha includes more than 10 thosand species. Up to date the list of mammals exits of 59 species. Of most interest is the bison which is entered into the International Red Data Book. This is the largest animal in Europe of the bison genus. The weight of males is 850 kilograms, body length 350 cm, height at crest — 195 cm. Bison is the live monument of the European fauna, national pride of Belarus and a special symbol of the National Park Belovezhskaya Pushcha. The history of bison protection — is a dramatic example of species salvation. The efforts for bison salvation in Belovezhskaya Pushcha started: in Poland in 1929, in Belarus in 1946. Nowadays around 300 bisons live in Belovezhskaya Pushcha.
Apart from bisons, other ungulate animals are repersentred in the Pushcha including red deer, roe, elk and wild boar.
There are 12 species of mammal predators. The largest are wolf, lynx, fox, raccoon dog, badger and otter. Smaller predators are stone and common marten, American mink, polecat, ermine, weasel.
The avifauna of Belovezhskaya Pushcha is extremely reach and diversified. Here one can find about 250 species of birds out of 310 existing in Belarus. This is much more than in any other national park of our country or Poland. About 180 species nest. Due to the well-preserved biotopes, in Belovezhskaya Pushcha live 64 out of 74 species from the second edition of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Belarus. There are eagle owl, horned owl, black stork, bittern, aquatic warbler, erne. Out of European endangered species here nest greater spotted eagle, and some mixed couples of greater spotted eagle and lesser spotted eagle. Belovezhskaya Pushcha is possibly the only place in Europe were nest all 10 species of woodpeckers found in Europe.
In Belovezhskaya Pushcha live 7 species of reptiles, 11 species of amphibians. Ichthyofauna is represented by 27 species of fish and lamprey. More than 10.000 of insects is found in Belovezhskaya Pushcha.
Belovezhskaya Pushcha is not only the centre of scientific research, it is also the large tourist centre of the Republic. The reach nature, historic and cultural heritage attracts Belarusian and foreign tourists. In the territory of the park the burial mounds of the first inhabitants - yatvyags, their cult boulders are preserved to the present day. The estate of Tadeusz Tyszkewicz, Polish general and senator is preserved almost intact. Amateurs of antiquity shall travel along the road which was built at the time of reign of the last Polish king Stanislaw Poniatowski and visit the picturesque glade were in former times the charcoal was burnt, bison feeding-rack built in 1907. The pride of Belovezhskaya Pushcha is the Museum of Nature with its reach collection of animals inhabiting the Pushcha. In large open-air cages not far from the museum one can see different species of animals in their native habitat.
Belovezhskaya Pushcha retained the hunting tradition in order to regulate the livestock of wild ungulate animals. In order to improve the population and to provide conditions for natural forest turnover selection shooting and capture of animals is effected. Different groups of visitors may choose walking, horsed, motor journeys for one or two days. The tourists may use hotels with comfortable rooms, guest houses. There is billiards, sauna, bathhouse, swimming pool, gym, guest glades, tourist camps.
In 2003 in Belovezhskaya Pushcha the estate of Grandfather Frost very attractive both for children and adults was built. The estate functions all year round and tens of thousand of people have already met there with fairy-tale characters, feast their eyes upon wonderful buildings and wooden sculptures.
During the excursion in the national park, visitors can:
learn the peculiarities of the primeval forest and its inhabitants, various landscapes, lakes
they can see beaver dams, a 600-year-old oak, the only indeciduous liana in Europe - European ivy
visit the nature museum and the estate of the Belarusian Farther Frost
inspect houses with animals, the Tsar's Road -a strategic motorway Pruzhany-Belovezha-Hainowka opened in 1903, and have a lot of fun!
Belovezhskaya Pushcha is the national symbol, the visit card of our Republic and the pride of Belarusian people.
Национальный парк Браславские озёра
Сотни живописных озер, первозданная природа и необычный рельеф ледникового периода сделали Браславский край одним из самых прекрасных уголков Беларуси. В 1995 г. на уникальной природной территории Белорусского Поозерья создан Национальный парк "Браславские озера".
Национальный парк Припятский
Национальный парк "Припятский" предлагает познакомиться с историко-археологическим и культурным наследием, особенностями быта местного населения и богатейшей природой Припятского Полесья. Расположен национальный парк в Припятское Полесье, раскинувшемся по обе стороны реки Припять в среднем ее течении.
Национальный парк Нарочанский
Национальный парк "Нарочанский" – одна из пяти особо охраняемых природных территорий Беларуси. Отличительной особенностью и уникальностью этого Национального парка является самая большая в Беларуси курортно-оздоровительная зона: ежегодно здесь отдыхают, укрепляют здоровье и проникаются яркими впечатлениями более 100 тыс. человек.
Национальный парк Беловежская пуща
Беловежская пуща является одним из национальных символов Беларуси, ее визитной карточкой и уникальным туристическим центром международного масштаба. Это крупнейший лесной массив Европы, сохранивший до наших дней свой дремучий первобытный облик и ставший «убежищем» для сотен реликтовых видов животных и растений, в том числе редких, занесённых в "Красную книгу Республики Беларусь".
Брестская область Витебская область Гомельская область Минская область

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Buying a gun in New York to Require Social Media Account Access and Character References
July 26, 2022 OFFGRID Survival OFFGRID Survival News 0
The New York Senate has just approved a bill, Senate Bill S51001, requiring those who buy a gun to provide all their social media accounts and references attesting to their "good moral character."
The Assembly passed the bill Friday night, and soon after, Gov. Kathy Hochul signed it into law.
"This, to me is the embodiment of what it means to be an American. In honor of our Fourth of July weekend, I look forward to signing the legislation as soon as it's finished," Gov. Kathy Hochul said at a press conference following the vote.
The bill will also basically ban you from carrying your firearm almost anywhere in New York, including all businesses, unless they explicitly post signage indicating you are allowed to carry in their store.
Weapons will also be barred from places of worship, public transit, sports arenas, parks, libraries, government buildings, playgrounds, entertainment venues, protests, and businesses that serve alcohol, among other venues.
The new law will also require background checks for ammunition purchases with information on the buyer's "date, name, age, occupation and residence" entered into a state database, according to the legislation.
The unconstitutional bill comes after the Supreme Court already ruled that a New York State gun-control law restricting the ability to carry handguns outside of the home was unconstitutional.


Despite initial outrage, Penn students seem to be yielding to the changes in Huntsman Hall's opening hours. Last week, a planned sit-in to protest the decision passed without making a splash, ending after just 15 minutes. Twenty-nine years ago, however, when Wharton administrators tried to limit the hours of another popular study spot, Penn students took on a stronger fighting stance.
In August 1989, when Wharton announced that Steinberg-Dietrich Hall would be closed at midnight daily instead of remaining open for 24 hours, students staged a multi-day sit-in, eventually pushing the administration to reverse its decision.
Unlike last Thursday's protest, which attracted just eight students, the one in 1989 attracted a boisterous crowd of students and lasted for two consecutive nights, The Daily Pennsylvanian reported at the time. The protests also sparked a series of student activity, including petitions and meetings with administrators that eventually led to the re-opening of Steinberg-Dietrich Hall as an around-the-clock study hall.
At the time, the issue that had students riled up wasn't student wellness but University finances.
Graduate students also voiced criticism, condemning the University for placing economic considerations above the academics needs of its students. The Undergraduate Assembly, which released statements acknowledging the frustrations of students, passed a resolution demanding replacement 24-hour study facilities by the first week of October.
And so on Oct. 1, two months after Wharton's initial decision, Steiny-D reopened full-time.
"We made student needs very clear, set a deadline together, and they met student needs by the deadline," Karsch, the former UA chairperson, said at the time. "This is the perfect example of the success of student representation."
Unlike in 1989, efforts to fuel student activism in response to the change in Huntsman Hall's hours have not been quite as successful. Even though more than 300 students marked "going" to the planned sit-in last week, less than 3 percent of them turned up.
Another distinction this time is the reason for the closure. Wharton administrators have said closing Huntsman Hall from 2 a.m. to 7 a.m. is part of a wider initiative to improve wellness, adding that the decision is not saving the University any significant costs.
"The idea was to really emphasize student wellness. We want students to go home at a reasonable hour and sleep," Director of Wharton Student Life Lee Kramer said. "We're hoping this is a positive step for campus and that students will be receptive to it."


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Glossary of Giving
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Harper's Story
Endowment Establishment
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Endowment Minimum Levels
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MUSCF Gifts of Stock
Foundation policies
Giving Glossary
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Development Office parking and directions
MUSC Foundation parking and directions
Use our glossary to better understand common terminology regarding charitable giving.
Annual Gift
A donation given monthly, quarterly, or yearly to support reliable monies for ongoing programs and services.
A gift of property or assets to a beneficiary as defined in a will. A bequest may be of a specific sum, a percentage, or the residue of an estate, and may consist of cash, securities (stocks and bonds), life insurance proceeds, real estate, and/or personal property.
Capital Gift
A gift made to build or renovate a physical facility.
A permanent fund invested to produce income, with only a portion of the investment earnings being spent. The rest of the earnings are channeled back into the fund so that the endowment grows and becomes a perpetual source of funding. Over time, a well-managed endowment grows faster than the usual rate of inflation, providing a continual source of funding.
Gift Annuity
A gift structured to provide income for the donor and possibly a secondary beneficiary. The annuitant (the person investing funds) receives a contract or agreement stating that the MUSC Foundation will pay the annuitant a fixed income for life with payments to start immediately or at some set future time.
Gift-in-Kind
A contribution of equipment, supplies or other tangible resources, as distinguished from a monetary gift Life.
Income Gift
A gift that allows the donor or someone designated by the donor to receive income for life, after which the MUSC Foundation receives the use of the gift for the purpose specified by the donor. Life income gifts are often used by supporters who need the income their assets can provide during their retirement years, but wish to make a significant gift to the MUSC Foundation.
A donation from an employer matching an employee's charitable contribution, thereby doubling or even tripling the amount of the contribution. Learn how to make a matching gift.
Naming Opportunity
A chance for donors to name a building, a portion of a building, a scholarship, or a professorship, often in honor or memory of a loved one.
A gift which immediately benefits the MUSC Foundation. Outright gifts include cash, securities (stocks and bonds), real estate, tangible personal property, matching gifts and gifts-in-kind.
Planned Gift or Gift Planning
A gift that anticipates the donor's future circumstances and is often made as part of retirement or estate planning. Learn more about Gift Planning.
A promise to give at a later date, allowing donors to delay a single payment or spread gift payments over time.
A donation of stock which may allow the donor to avoid capital gains tax on the appreciation in market value of the shares. Learn how to make a stock gift.
Any arrangement in which property is to be held and administered by a trustee for the benefit of those for whom the trust was created. Depending on the type and how it is established, a trust may be revocable (changeable) or irrevocable (not changeable).
Unrestricted Gift
A donation made without specifications as to how it should be used. Such gifts allow the MUSC Foundation to apply the gift where it is most needed.


Q. What are some of your favorite runs in Steamboat?
A. My favorite run in Steamboat is Heavenly Daze, unless there is fresh snow. Then I am out hiking around the Chutes.
Q. Where is the coldest place you've ever boarded?
A. The coldest was in Banff, Canada. We had a couple events at Mt. Norquay and it was -40 degrees.
Q. Do you have a signature article of clothing you wear when competing?
A. My belt buckle. It's a Professional Bull Riding (PBR) Tour buckle that is about four inches in diameter. I have it on every time I am out on the snow.
A. Make sure you're always having fun, whether it's with snowboarding or life in general.
A. By getting out in the fresh air. My favorite is to get out and go for a long hike on a mountain trail.
A. My warm-up playlist is always getting refreshed with different types of music, but you can always find some Eagles songs on it.
Q. What's the best bumper sticker you've ever read?
A. I am the Stig.
A. If I am not still competing, I will probably be living back on Cape Cod working as a car mechanic.
Q. If you couldn't snowboard, what other sport would you like to play professionally?
A. If I wasn't snowboarding professionally I would like to either play hockey or BMX bike race. I did both growing up and I wish I stayed with it.
Q. Which chairlift in Steamboat do you think has the best views?
A. I like going up the gondola and looking out over the town. It's almost like you can see what's going on anywhere in town.
Q. If you had a superpower, what would it be?
A. I would want to fly. I have always thought it could be cool to be able to fly to and from anywhere.
Q. If you could speak any language fluently, what would it be?
A. German. It is the most common language used on the World Cup tour and I think it would be cool to be able to speak it.
A. My first wish would be to go to space. The second would be time travel. And the third, to drive a Formula One race car.


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Q: Limitations of Saving into Core Data iOS First apologies if this is not a suitable question. But it seems like a good place to ask.
Theoretically speaking, is their a limit to the amount of data that can be & should be stored/saved within core data of an App.Would saving large amount of data, such as text, images etc within core data damage the app in any way or cause issues to its performance.
I am creating an App where users can search items from an external API. If the users likes an item they can store them into their personal "favourites item list". I want save that favourites list data as core data. Keeping in mind that the list could grow fast, depends on the users.
Thanks in advance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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One in five Tinder matches are queer as more young people open up to LGBT+ dating
One in five matches on dating app Tinder are between people of the same gender in the US and UK.
However, new research has found that young LGBT+ people are far more likely to be out online than they are 'in real life' (IRL).
The research looked at people aged 18 to 25 – Gen Z – and found they wanted to be their authentic selves.
Despite this, 41% of non-binary young people and 78% of trans young people are open about their identity online but not in real life.
Overall almost two-thirds of Gen Z (61%) say they find it difficult to be themselves openly. Meanwhile just 13% are out to IRL family and friends.
The survey also demonstrated that Gen Z uses dating apps for self-discovery.
Well over half (68%) of the 18 to 25-year-olds said dating apps help them meet people from different backgrounds.
Moreover, more than a third (35%) are more open to dating different genders than they were three years ago. And one in five of Gen Z said they would enter into a non-traditional relationship, like polyamory.
Multiple sexual orientations
Tinder unveiled a new function called 'Orientation' a year ago.
It's available for users in the US, UK, India, Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. And it allows people to choose up to three sexualities from a list including: straight, gay, lesbian, bisexual, demisexual, asexual, pansexual, queer and questioning.
So far, 62% of Tinder members have used Orientation. And Gen Z are particularly keen.
They are 20% more likely to use this feature than others and 37% more likely to choose more than one orientation. Notably many in this age group are now describing themselves as 'questioning and straight'.
Meanwhile Gen Z also has different attitudes than past generations to who they date and what they value. Polling organization YouGov conducted additional research for Tinder in the UK to measure these shifting views.
The young people said good looks and humor are now less important. 48% of 18 to 25-year-olds want a date to be authentic above everything else, compared to 18% wanting someone funny or 4% someone polite.
Moreover, 79% believe tolerance is a fundamental value in society. But 62% believe that, while acceptance of sexuality is better than before, there's more work to be done.
Tinder is now rolling out its Orientation feature to more countries. Elie Seidman, the company's CEO, said:
'At Tinder, we believe everyone deserves to feel seen, which starts with the ability to authentically be yourself. That's why we introduced both the Orientation and More Genders features. Our younger members, Gen Z, are leading the way to a more inclusive world.'
[Syndicated Content]
Published on GayStarNews Read the original article
Author: Tris Reid-Smith
GSSyndicated


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Craddocke Surname Ancestry Results
Our indexes 1000-1999 include entries for the spelling 'craddocke'. In the period you have requested, we have the following 8 records (displaying 1 to 8):
cracroft cracroft-rice cracrofte cracton cracumba cracy cradackott cradacott cradale cradall cradarton cradcock cradcutt cradde cradden craddescumb' craddick craddin craddoc craddock craddock-jones craddocks craddok craddoke cradduck craddy crade cradel' cradelegh cradeley cradeleye cradell craden cradgenton cradick cradin crading cradle cradler cradley
Inhabitants of Cambridge (1504-1635)
Cambridge comprised fourteen ancient parishes, plus the university (which was extra-parochial), in the diocese of Ely. The church of St Mary the Great (as opposed to St Mary the Less) in the Market Place (juxta forum) has churchwardens' accounts surviving from 1504 onwards. Those from 1504 to 1635 were transcribed by J. E. Foster for the Cambridge Antiquarian Society and published in 1905. The two churchwardens were chosen annually: the previous year's churchwardens each chose another parishioner: those two then each chose three other parishioners: the resulting eight then chose the new year's churchwardens, the wardens of the Light of the Rood, and the wardens of the Mass of Jesus. Auditors were also chosen, usually out of the eight, to examine all the wardens' accounts at the end of the year. The churchwardens' accounts are largely concerned with the costs of repair of the church and its furnishings, and include the names of tradesmen and workmen. Each Easter a rate called Easter money was raised was raised from all householders in the parish, and additional rates are occasionally levied for unusual expenses, such as steeple reconstruction. These 'Easter book' lists give a complete list of householders for the parish, excepting the poor. The church's income also included the rents from some houses in the parish, and the names of the tenants appear. The offices of the Light of the Rood and the Mass of Jesus were abolished during the Reformation. The accounts of the Light of the Rood, i. e., for candles burnt before the crucifix, often include a list of sums received for funerary diriges (dirges) for the year, from which the year of death of the more prosperous parishioners can be traced in this early period.
CRADDOCKE. Cost: £4.00.
PCC Probates and Administrations (1648)
The Prerogative Court of Canterbury's main jurisdiction was central and southern England and Wales, as well as over sailors &c dying abroad: these brief abstracts, compiled under the title "Year Books of Probates", and printed in 1906, usually give address, date of probate and name of executor or administrator. They are based on the Probate Act Books, cross-checked with the original wills, from which additional details are, occasionally, added. The original spelling of surnames was retained, but christian and place names have been modernised where necessary.
Bury St Edmunds area testators and legatees (1370-1650)
A number of wills proved and registered in the courts of Bury St Edmunds Commisary and Sudbury Archdeaconry were selected by Samuel Tymms 'more with a view to illustrate the peculiar customs and language of the period than the topology or genealogy of the district' and transcribed for publication by the Camden Society in 1850. Most of those after 1450 are in English.
London Marriage Allegations (1611-1660)
London, Essex and part of Hertfordshire lay within the diocese of London. In the later 17th century the individual archdeaconry courts issued marriage licences, but for this period the only surviving material is from the overarching London Consistory court. The main series of marriage allegations from the consistory court was extracted by Colonel Joseph Lemuel Chester, and the text was edited by George J. Armytage and published by the Harleian Society in 1887. A typical later entry will give date; name, address and occupation of groom; name, address and condition of his intended bride, and/or, where she is a spinster, her father's name, address and occupation. Lastly we have the name of the church where the wedding was going to take place. For the later years Colonel Chester merely picked out items that he thought were of interest, and his selections continue as late as 1828, but the bulk of the licences abstracted here are from the 17th century.
Royalist delinquents in county Durham and Northumberland, their successors, tenants, debtors and creditors (1648-1660)
King Charles I was executed 30 January 1649, the kingship was abolished and government by a Council of State was established 14 February 1649. Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector 16 December 1653; died 3 September 1658; and was succeeded by his son Richard, who abdicated 24 May 1659. Charles II was established on the throne 29 May 1660. From 1648 to 1660 parliament sequestrated royalists' estates, restoring many by a process of heavy fines called compounding; this was administered by the Committee for Compounding, working through county committees. These raised considerable amounts of money, money which was vitally necessary for maintaining the parliamentary army's campaigns to subdue opposition in the three kingdoms - England, Scotland and Ireland. The raising and delivery of these monies was the responsibility of the Committee for Advance of Money (C. A. M.). The records of these committees were detailed and extensive, amounting to about 300 volumes, and were calendared for the Public Record Office by Mary Anne Everett Green. Abstracts of the county Durham and Northumberland entries were collated by Richard Welford with a manuscript transcript of the proceedings of the parliamentary commissioners in county Durham surviving in Durham cathedral library, and published by the Surtees Society in 1905. The persons named in these abstracts are not only the delinquents themselves, and those who succeeded them in their estates, but tenants, debtors and creditors, and local constables and officials of the committees.
Leicester Hearth Tax (1664)
The Michaelmas 1664 hearth tax returns for the city of Leicester, transcribed by Henry Hartopp mainly from the original collectors' books in the Public Record Office (Exchequer Lay Subsidy county Leicester 251/4). The names are listed by ward, with the number of hearths. The latter part of the list for each ward consists of the names of those not chargeable by reason of poverty. Hartopp annotated the heading for each ward with a list of the streets comprised.
Allegations for marriages in southern England (1660-1669)
The province or archbishopric of Canterbury covered all England and Wales except for the northern counties in the four dioceses of the archbishopric of York (York, Durham, Chester and Carlisle). Marriage licences were generally issued by the local dioceses, but above them was the jurisdiction of the archbishop, exercised through his vicar-general. Where the prospective bride and groom were from different dioceses it would be expected that they obtain a licence from the archbishop; in practice, the archbishop residing at Lambeth, and the actual offices of the province being in London, which was itself split into myriad ecclesiastical jurisdictions, and spilled into adjoining dioceses, this facility was particularly resorted to by couples from London and the home counties, although there are quite a few entries referring to parties from further afield. The abstracts of the allegations given here usually state name, address (street in London, or parish), age, and condition of bride and groom; and sometimes the name, address and occupation of the friend or relative filing the allegation. Where parental consent was necessary, a mother's or father's name may be given. The ages shown should be treated with caution; ages above 21 tended to be reduced, doubtless for cosmetic reasons; ages under 21 tended to be increased, particularly to avoid requiring parental consent; a simple statement 'aged 21' may merely mean 'of full age' and indicate any age from 21 upwards. These are merely allegations to obtain licences; although nearly all will have resulted in the issuing of the licence, many licences did not then result in marriage.
Promoters of New England (1656-1686)
The Record Book of Meetings of the Corporation for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England (generally known as the New England Company) from 1656 to 1686 was edited by George Parker Winship for the Prince Society and published in 1920. The promoters of the venture were largely merchants of the city of London and their relatives, and as much of these minutes refers to the society's property around London as to the comings and goings of adventurers.


Children love pasta. Alright, maybe that's an overstatement, but it is the favorite food of a lot of youngsters. Children probably like it because of the dish's smooth, creamy texture. For parents, it is an easy recipe to make. Parents who serve this dish can brim with satisfaction knowing that their children are getting plenty of veggies.
Boil at least 4-5 glasses of water in a pot. Add penne pasta, a teaspoon of cooking oil, and some salt. Cook till the pasta is 90% done. Read the instructions on the packet so you know just how long to cook the pasta. Normally, penne pasta takes 12-13 minutes to cook. Drain the water completely. Run cold water over the pasta. Rinse, drain the water once again. Keep aside.
Heat oil in a deep-bottomed pan. Throw chopped onion. Saute till it turns the golden color. Add ginger-garlic paste. Continue sautéing for a minute or till the raw aroma disappears.
Except tomato, throw chopped vegetables into the pan. Cook for 3-4 minutes on low fire. Add tomato. Mix well. Keep covered the pan for 5 minutes. The content cooks properly due to the steam inside.
Open the lid, add garam masala, red chili powder, coriander powder, and salt. Stir for 2 minutes or till the raw smell goes away.
Add cooked pasta. Toss the contents so that the spices evenly coat on them. Pour tomato ketchup onto the dish. Mix thoroughly.
Add chopped coriander leaves. Give a toss. Spread grated cheese evenly on the top. Gently stir. Take off the fire.
Delicious Indian-style pasta is ready to serve. Serve just like that! Enjoy the yummy taste!


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Home » TV » The Mandalorian: 5 Questions We Need Answered Heading Into Season 3
The Mandalorian: 5 Questions We Need Answered Heading Into Season 3
Posted on December 26, 2020 | by Tom Chang | Comments
The Mandalorian provides some of the most entertaining television and following major events like the Disney Investors' call and the second season finale, there are questions to emerge about the future of the series and the Star Wars franchise as a whole. Here are my five questions surrounding what will happen in the future.
© 2020 Lucasfilm Ltd. & ™. All Rights Reserved.
What Becomes of Grogu?
The biggest reveal of the second season of the TV series is who Grogu's master is. Given what the series and the cards they were shown, there were feasible names from established canon who could be it from Mace Windu (Samuel L. Jackson) since we never saw a body in Revenge of the Sith (2005) or Rebels protagonist Ezra Bridger (voiced by Taylor Gray). Anyone, but Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) would probably be seen as a letdown. It makes sense since Luke was trained by a foundling in Yoda (Frank Oz).
One of the unintended consequences of introducing such a popular character is now it's just as much Grogu's show as it's Mando/Din Djarin's (Pedro Pascal). It's hard not to imagine the show without Grogu becoming more tempered by the Force. Given the importance of Luke, I don't see the series using him more than just the one-off appearance. Sure, you can entertain all the "Sebastian Stan as Luke" fantasies all you want, but he's probably not doing any other serious television work outside of The Falcon and the Winter Soldier for Marvel and whatever features come his way. An older Grogu who can speak seems to make sense if the character is to have a presence again in season three.
Will The Mandalorian have a Time Jump?
This ties into the first question with Grogu being 50 years of age, how much more training will Luke need to give him before he's ready? Obviously, the 30 year-gap between Return of the Jedi (1983) and The Force Awakens (2015) leaves a wide-open door of possibilities. Given how Temuera Morrison has his own series in The Book of Boba Fett in 2021, we probably won't see him again in The Mandalorian as his "debts" are likely paid in full. We can also see Din in Mandalore becoming a reluctant ruler or still maintaining contact with Bo-Katan Kryze (Katee Sackhoff), last left in an awkward moment following his duel won against Moff Gideon (Giancarlo Esposito) and obtaining the darksaber. Will Din accept Mandalore in his homecoming? Or will he continue his life as a bounty hunter?
Image courtesy of Lucasfilm
What of the Remaining Galactic Empire?
Moff Gideon is still a big deal in the Galactic Empire, but he's a prisoner of the New Republic. So is this when the Empire starts becoming the First Order? The infrastructure wasn't exactly explained much. It would be nice to see the beginnings of Snoke, who's either up-and-coming on his way to rising the ranks. As other series like Ahsoka are announced, we can also start to see a build-up to the new shows. Grand Admiral Thrawn, who was first introduced in the Expanded Universe and later finally realized in physical form on Rebels. Voiced by Lars Mikkelson, they can choose to stick with him for the live-action form or have one with better name recognition like they had for Ahsoka Tano with Rosario Dawson playing her live-action counterpart to the voice of Ashley Eckstein on the animated shows. It's up in the air the presence of the empire and/or First Order at this point.
Will We See More Organized Crime in Star Wars
As space westerns go, The Mandalorian strayed close to familiar territory focusing a large part still on the Rebels/New Republic vs. Empire. The series still reminded you who the "good guys" are despite its futile attempts to blur the moral lines of the universe. One of the elements teased, but not more thoroughly explored is how you have a criminal underworld like Crimson Dawn or the Hutts. Will we see more self-contained stories that don't involve the franchise's two biggest factions? Because there's tons of oppression in the Star Wars galaxy and it's not solely doled out by the empire/First Order.
Darth Maul, photo from Disney.
Did Lucasfilm Open the Spinoff Can of Worms?
Disney announced two direct spinoffs and the potential for more with their investors' meeting. On paper, they seem like slam dunks with the installed popularity of characters like Ahsoka Tano and Boba Fett. One can argue that Grogu can grow up imparting his Baby Yoda wisdom on his journeys as well if they so desire. Where does this leave characters like Cara (Gina Carano), Greef Carga (Carl Weathers), Peli Motto (Amy Sedaris), or Migs Mayfield (Bill Burr)? Will any of them have continued roles on The Mandalorian or will they bounce around to other series as well acting like Dawson did as Claire Temple on the Marvel Netflix shows?
About Tom Chang
I'm a follower of pop culture from gaming, comics, sci-fi, fantasy, film, and TV for over 30 years. I grew up reading magazines like Starlog, Mad, and Fangora. As a professional writer for over 10 years, Star Wars was the first sci-fi franchise I fell in love with. I'm a nerd-of-all-trades.
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Posted in Disney+, Opinion, Star Wars, TV, TV | Tagged ahsoka tano, bleeding cool, cable, Din Djarin, giancarlo esposito, Grogu, mandalorian, moff gideon, opinion, Pedro Pascal, Review, rosario dawson, spinoffs, streaming, television, tv
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Today's retrò post from Carpe Diem Haiku Kai is castle which was first posted in February of 2013.
The valley I live in (Sarca Valley) sprawls under the ruins of a castle which sits on a mount, like a brooding hen. It's interesting to imagine what life must have been for so many long centuries. Last weekend, I visited the castle once again. It was a special occasion as one of the pathways had been renovated making the walk around the grounds safer. The city council organized guided tours for the occasion with various experts on the history of the castle, but also about the flora and geological period of our valley. I was intrigued that the Conti D'Arco family originally came from Mantua, a city that I lived in years ago and of which I have fond memories. It gave me a feeling somehow of continuity.
Now, if Arco's castle would only reveal some of the stories of those bygone days!
Ah ... but it has and fascinating they are!
I think that those brooding walls can tell stories if we could just tune into their wavelengths.
You're right Bjorn and in the 80s the local archeologists began to dig out the stories.
Sometimes ... especially in winter.
Very good take on the theme. The editing of the photo is very well done, too.
The brooding gives the castle a forlorn but expectant air.
Lovely comment ... thanks for dropping by.


Every day is Kristallnacht in Palestine. Israeli security forces attack, brutalize, murder or injure nonviolent Palestinians with impunity.
They're ruthless. They're lawless. It's standard practice. Crimes too grave to ignore occur multiple times daily.
Soldiers, border guards and police harass, intimidate and terrorize Palestinians ruthlessly.
They hold an entire population hostage.
Fear is constant. It's pervasive. Collective punishment is official Israeli policy. Peaceful public demonstrations are prohibited.
So are free expression and movement. Population centers are isolated. Borders are closed. Occupation harshness denies Palestinians control over their own land.
Normal daily life is nonexistent. Economic strangulation is imposed. Institutionalized racism reflects official Israeli policy.
Curfews, roadblocks, checkpoints, separation walls, electric fences, and other barriers are standard practice.
Neighborhood incursions, land, sea and air attacks, bulldozed homes, land theft, ethnic cleansing, slow-motion genocide, targeted killings, political assassinations, mass arrests, torture, and gulag imprisonment reflect daily life.
Fundamental human and civil rights are verboten. Crimes of war and against humanity repeat without redress.
Wanting to live free in sovereign Palestine is called terrorism. So is legitimate self-defense.
Fishermen are attacked at sea. Soldiers shoot Palestinian children for target practice. Farmers in their fields are vulnerable.
Working at the wrong time risks arrest, injury or death. Crops and orchards are destroyed. Settlers commit regular attacks. Courts provide no help.
Slow-motion genocide reflects official Israeli policy. Gazans suffer horrendously under siege. They're being suffocated.
Media scoundrels blame victims. Vital truths are buried. Israeli crimes are suppressed. The myth of the region's only democratic state persists.
Democracy is fantasy. Hardliners run things. They do so ruthlessly. They do it lawlessly.
Palestinians have no rights whatever. Israeli Arab citizens have too few to matter.
Amira Hass once lived in Gaza. She knows firsthand what goes on. She writes about Occupied Palestine harshness. She does so regularly.
It's done to "reduc(e) the number of Palestinians living nearby," she said. It's to prevent what Israel calls illegal construction.
Building on their own land without permission is considered criminal. Israel controls so-called Area C.
It comprises over 60% of West Bank land. It includes vital Palestinian water resources Israel stole.
It designated about 18% of West Bank land closed military zones. It's one among other ways it steals land.
Thousands of Palestinians in dozens of communities are affected. They lived on their land for generations. It doesn't matter.
Occupation changed things. They're terrorized. They're dispossessed. They're mostly in Jordan Valley and Dead Sea communities.
They're vulnerable. They're victimized for not being Jews. Living in Occupied Palestine risks life and limb.
On May 15, Israeli forces murdered two Palestinian children. They shot them in cold blood.
They wounded eight civilians. One child was injured. He's in serious condition. He may not survive.
Two gunned down children threatened no one. They were commemorating the 66th Palestinian Nakba anniversary. They did so near Ofer Prison.
Dozens of Palestinian men, women, students and children participated. They headed toward Ofer's gate.
Israeli forces closed it. They stood guard. They threatened demonstrators. Palestinians responded.
They set tires ablaze. They threw stones. Soldiers used rubber-coated metal bullets, tear gas, sound bombs and live fire.
Two deaths and eight injuries followed. Israel disdains Palestinian lives. Jewish ones alone matter.
These type incidents are commonplace. So are similar ones.
On May 19, 12-year old Ahmad Qasim was arrested. Israeli soldiers broke into his home. He's wanted for interrogation.
He's detained. He awaits military kangaroo court trial. For what isn't clear. Guilt by accusation is official Israeli policy.
He likely faces imprisonment. Imagine treating a 12-year old this way. Israel makes no distinction between children and adults.
Doing so violates Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) provisions. Palestinian children are violently arrested. They're beaten. They're blindfolded.
They're painfully shackled. They're isolated. They're sleep-deprived. They're brutalized in other ways.
They're physically and verbally abused. They're given limited access to water, food, toilet facilities and medical care.
They're isolated from family members and lawyers. They aren't told their rights.
Confessions are extracted under duress. They're forced to sign them in Hebrew they can't read.
They're threatened with physical violence, death, and sexual assault against themselves (and/or) family members.
They're treated like subhumans. High crimes to grave to ignore are commonplace. Generations of Palestinian children suffered.
Nadim Ahmed Nowarah and Mohammed Mahmoud Odah Abu Thaher Israel's latest victims. Video evidence showed Israeli soldiers murdering them in cold blood.
Rigat Kissis heads DCI-Palestine. "These acts by Israeli soldiers may amount to war crimes, and the Israeli authorities must conduct serious, impartial, and thorough investigations to hold the perpetrators accountable for their crimes," he said.
Palestinian officials accused Israel of "excessive and indiscriminate violence." At the same time, illegitimate president Abbas does nothing to help.
He actively collaborates with Israel. He's done so for many years. He betrays his own people. He's Israel's enforcer.
He governs extrajudicially. He has no legitimacy whatever. He represents Quisling rule. He's more stooge than leader.
He subverts Palestine's liberating struggle. Collaborating with the enemy is treason. He's guilty multiple times over.
Clear video evidence showed otherwise. It was independently made. Eyewitnesses confirmed what happened. Israeli soldiers committed cold blooded murder.
Some stone throwing occurred earlier. None ever warrants live fire responses. Police states operate this way.
Israel denied using live fire. Autopsies proved otherwise. Dozens of Palestinians are murdered annually.
Palestinian lives don't matter. Brute force is official Israeli policy. Nonviolent unarmed Palestinians are murdered in cold blood. Young children are treated like adults.
On May 20, B'Tselem obtained full video footage. Four security cameras provided it. They're installed on the building opposite the incident.
It's "available to the media at B'Tselem's offices," it said.
"We have made available two sequences, containing footage from two opposing cameras, depicting the moments of the killing," it added.
B'Tselem analysis refutes Israeli lies. Soldiers used live ammunition. Circumstances revealed no justification whatever.
Evidence shows killings were "willful." Israel stands guilty as charged.
B'Tselem obtained expert medical opinions. Autopsies concluded deaths by live fire. Bullets were found in wounded victims.
They weren't rubber-coated ones. Eyewitnesses described live gunfire sounds. It's different from firing rubber-coated bullets.
Israeli open-fire regulations are clear. They leave no ambiguity. They prohibit live fire at all times.
Except when soldiers' lives are threatened. Clear video evidence showed no danger whatever.
Nadim was shot while walking peacefully. He threatened no one. Mohammed was shot in the back. Both youths were murdered in cold blood.
B'Tselem demands a full investigation. They want one "into the military's incorrect version of the incident conveyed to the media," it said.
Whitewash for sure will follow. It's longstanding Israeli practice.
Cold blooded murder is swept under the rug. It's done so routinely. Unjustifiable killings are called self-defense.
Dead Palestinian children don't lie. They deserved better. Their corpses prove crimes too grave to ignore.
It bears repeating. Israel stands guilty as charged. It's not the first time. For sure not the last.


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Der Contrat Première Embauche,  abgekürzt CPE, dt. Vertrag bei Ersteinstellung, war in Frankreich Teil der Umsetzung des Flexicurity-Konzepts der Europäischen Union und sollte einen weiteren Typus von Arbeitsverträgen einführen. Das Gesetz wurde am 10. Februar 2006 von der Nationalversammlung ratifiziert und unter dem Druck eines landesweiten Schüler- und Studentenprotestes am 7. April von der Regierung zurückgezogen.

Am 16. Januar 2006 hatte der Premierminister Dominique de Villepin das Gesetz angekündigt. Dieser Vertrag wäre anwendbar auf Arbeitnehmer unter 26 Jahren in Unternehmen mit mehr als 20 Mitarbeitern gewesen. Während der ersten zwei Jahre des Arbeitsverhältnisses hätte der Angestellte ohne Begründung und ohne Vorwarnung entlassen werden dürfen.

Im Gegensatz zum Contrat nouvelle embauche (CNE), der sich nur an kleine und mittlere Unternehmen richtet, hätte der CPE allen Unternehmen offengestanden. Er wäre begleitet von einer dreijährigen Freistellung des Arbeitgebers von allen Lohnnebenkosten gewesen.

Der CPE war Teil des Gesetzentwurfs Loi pour l'égalité des chances (französisch: "Gesetz für Chancengleichheit"). Laut UMP sollte er auch eine Reaktion auf die Unruhen in Frankreich 2005 darstellen, ohne Kündigungsschutz sollen mehr Jobs für Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene besonders in den Vorstädten entstehen.

Der Änderungsantrag, welcher den Contrat Première Embauche in den Entwurf einfügte, wurde von der französischen Nationalversammlung in der Nacht vom 8. auf den 9. Februar 2006 in einer Marathonsitzung beschlossen. Der ganze Entwurf wurde am 10. Februar von der Nationalversammlung ohne Abstimmung ratifiziert, da nicht innerhalb des Zeitrahmens von 24 Stunden nach Anwendung des "49.3" ("quarante-neuf-trois", Artikel 49, Absatz 3 der Verfassung = Beschluss einer Gesetzesvorlage durch die Assemblée nationale ohne Abstimmung) durch den Premierminister am 9. Februar ein Misstrauensantrag eingereicht wurde. Die Nationalversammlung kann sich einem 49/3 nur widersetzen, indem sie innerhalb von 24 Stunden einen Misstrauensantrag einreicht und die Regierung infolge des Misstrauensantrages stürzt.

Laut einer Umfrage des CSA-Instituts für die Zeitung Le Parisien vom 30. März 2006 war die große Mehrheit der Franzosen (83 %) für eine Rücknahme des CPE.

Es kam seit März zu landesweiten Massendemonstrationen, Protesten und teilweise Besetzungen von Institutionen und Universitäten durch Jugendliche und Studenten, etwa der Sorbonne, die von der Polizei gewaltsam geräumt wurde.

Am 7. April 2006 gab die französische Regierung schließlich nach den anhaltenden Protesten bekannt, sie werde das Gesetz "sofort" zurückziehen und durch eine Neuregelung ersetzen, an dessen Ausgestaltung Arbeitgeberverbände und Gewerkschaften beteiligt werden würden.

Ausgestaltung des CPE

Wie beim Contrat nouvelle embauche wird dem Unternehmer die Möglichkeit gegeben, seinen Angestellten während der Dauer einer Probezeit ohne jeglichen Grund zu kündigen. Als Ausgleich steht einem Gekündigten eine Abfindung von 8 % der Summe des bis zur Kündigung erhaltenen Gesamtlohnes zu, nach mehr als 4 Monaten Betriebszugehörigkeit zusätzlich zwei Monate lang eine Beihilfe von 490 Euro pro Monat. Die Abfindung muss vom Arbeitgeber getragen werden und braucht vom Arbeitnehmer nicht versteuert zu werden, für die Beihilfe kommt der Staat auf. Anzumerken ist, dass eine Kündigung in diesem Falle juristisch gesehen eben keine Kündigung, sondern nur eine Beendigung der Probezeit darstellt. Dies erklärt den Charakter der einseitigen Kündigungsmöglichkeit ohne jegliche Begründung oder Vorwarnung. Die Kündigung bedarf allerdings einer Vorwarnung, wenn die Arbeitsverhältnisse mehr als einen Monat gedauert haben.

Praktika und befristete Arbeitsverhältnisse werden auf die zweijährige Probezeit voll angerechnet, so sie in derselben Firma erfolgt sind. Auch befristete Arbeitsverhältnisse können als Contrat Première Embauche gestaltet werden.
Ein Jugendlicher, welcher über einen solchen Vertrag eingestellt wurde, hat ab dem zweiten Monat Betriebszugehörigkeit das Recht auf 20 Stunden Weiterbildung pro Jahr. Unklar ist, wie ein Angestellter dieses Recht durchsetzten soll.

Alle 18- bis 25-jährigen als CPE Angestellten haben Anrecht auf den sogenannten Locapass. Dieser erleichtert es eine Wohnung zu mieten, indem die Kaution für die Wohnung als Darlehen zur Verfügung gestellt sowie eine Bürgschaft über bis zu 18 Monatsmieten übernommen wird.
Ein CPE ist juristisch ein unbefristeter Arbeitsvertrag. Der französische Premierminister Dominique de Villepin und Baudouin Prot, Vorsitzender der Vereinigung der französischen Banken, betonen, dass dieser Arbeitsvertrag auch den Zugang zu Bankkrediten erlaubt. Dennoch brauchen Banken und andere Kreditvergeber keine Begründung für eine Ablehnung eines Kredits an Angestellte mit einem CPE-Vertrag.

Reaktionen

Kontra

Kirche
Der Erzbischof von Dijon, Roland Minnerath, bezeichnete das Vorhaben als Angriff auf die Rechte des Einzelnen.

Gewerkschaften
Die Gewerkschaften verurteilen die Unsicherheit, welche der CPE schafft, sowie die Aushöhlung des Arbeitsrechts. Sie bemängeln die Behandlung von Arbeitern als "Wegwerf-Objekte" (salarié jetable).

Standpunkt der Gewerkschaft Confédération française démocratique du travail (CFDT):
Einen prekären Arbeitsvertrag speziell für Jugendliche zu entwickeln, stellt eine seltsame Wahrnehmung von Generationengerechtigkeit dar. Es ist nichts anderes als eine altersabhängige Diskriminierung, die dem, was Jugendliche an sozialem Zusammenhalt erwarten dürfen vollkommen entgegensteht. Jugendliche haben das gleiche Recht auf Berücksichtigung wie alle anderen Angestellten.

Standpunkt der Gewerkschaft Union syndicale Solidaires:
Diese Maßnahme wird die Arbeitslosigkeit nicht verringern, auch wenn Villepin das behauptet. Die Einstellungsbremse befindet sich nicht im Inhalt unserer Arbeitsverträge: Firmen stellen nur dann Personal ein, wenn sie es auch brauchen! Der CPE wird alle anderen Arbeitsverträge zurückdrängen. Denn wenn man Unternehmen einfache Wegwerf-Arbeitskräfte anbietet, werden junge Arbeitskräfte bald zwei Jahre lang erpresst werden, da die Arbeitgeber nie genug haben können! (Pressemitteilung vom 26. Januar 2006).

Standpunkt der Gewerkschaft Confédération générale du travail (CGT):
 Die CGT befürchtet die Erpressung von Beschäftigten zu Überstunden und unbezahlter Mehrarbeit zu Zwecken der Gewinnmaximierung, wenn Arbeitgeber ihren Angestellten ohne Grund kündigen können.

Die Gewerkschaft Confédération nationale du travail (CNT) schreibt in einem Flugblatt:
Dieser neue Vertrag erlaubt es […], die Angestellten dem Willen ihres Bosses vollkommen zu unterwerfen. Die Geschäftsführer können jetzt Leute einstellen wie es ihnen gerade passt, ohne sich mit den "Schikanen" wie Kündigungsfristen, Begründungen von Kündigungen oder Abfindungen befassen zu müssen. Dazu kommt: Wie soll man es wagen, seine Rechte in Anspruch zu nehmen und sich zu verteidigen, wenn man von einem Tag auf den anderen einfach so gefeuert werden kann?

Studentengewerkschaften und Jugendorganisationen

In einer gemeinschaftlichen Anstrengung haben sich verschiedene Jugendorganisationen (Angestelltengewerkschaften, Studentengewerkschaften, politische und kulturelle Gruppierungen wie die UNEF, Jeunes CGT, MJS, MJCF, UEC, Fédération SUD Étudiant, UNL, JCR, PRS jeunes, UNSA jeunes, JRG, Jeunes Verts und die Fédération Léo Lagrange) zusammengeschlossen und zur Bildung lokaler Protestgruppen aufgerufen.

Zwei weitere Studentenorganisationen (Confédération étudiante (Cé) und FAGE) protestieren ebenfalls gegen den CPE, haben sich dem Bündnis allerdings nicht angeschlossen.

Nach den Protesten vom 7. März hat der Präsident der UNEF alle Universitäten aufgefordert, sich dem Streik anzuschließen.

Politische Parteien
Standpunkt der Parti socialiste (PS):
Dieser neue Vertrag ist keine neue Chance für die Jugendlichen, sondern stellt nichts anderes als ein weiteres Geschenk an die Unternehmen dar, welche jetzt ohne Begründung ihre Angestellten loswerden können. Sollte der CPE beschlossen werden, dann wird er nicht nur die unbefristeten Arbeitsverträge, sondern auch die Zeitverträge ersetzen. Und zwar ohne irgendeine Auswirkung auf die Arbeitslosigkeit.

Standpunkt der Parti communiste français (PCF):
Die Regierung Villepin und die MEDEF täuschen nur vor, sich um das Problem der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit zu kümmern, welches in Frankreich besonders gravierend ist, indem sie die Unsicherheit von allem und jedem betont und Arbeitgeber von Sozialversicherungsbeiträgen freistellt. Mit den Contrat nouvelle embauche und dem CPE stehen die Rechte der Arbeitnehmer noch stärker unter Beschuss. (CN vom 24. Februar 2006)

Standpunkt der Union pour la démocratie française (UDF):
 Die UDF stellt sich gegen den CPE. François Bayrou kritisiert besonders, dass eine Kündigung keinerlei Rechtfertigung oder Begründung mehr bedarf. Bildungsminister Gilles de Robien hat sich trotzdem positiv zum CPE geäußert.

Standpunkt der Ligue communiste révolutionnaire (LCR):
 Die LCR lehnt den CPE aus prinzipiellen Gründen ab, setzt auf eine außerparlamentarische Mobilisierung gegen diese und andere als neoliberale Angriffe von Kapital und Regierung empfundene Maßnahmen: jetzt ist der Augenblick, die Rechten, den Neoliberalismus und die UnternehmerInnen in die Knie zu zwingen; jetzt geht es darum, durch eine gemeinsame Mobilisierung aller Lohnabhängigen und Jugendlichen eine Politik zu stoppen, die auf Entlassungen, Prekarisierung und Repression setzt, und dieser illegitimen Regierung und ihrer reaktionären Politik ein Ende zu bereiten. (Resolution des Kongresses der LCR, 19.–22. Januar 2006)

Standpunkt der Lutte Ouvrière (LO):
 Die LO geht von der Annahme aus, dass der CPE die Rechte der abhängig Beschäftigten zugunsten der Unternehmer beschneidet und zu einer weitergehenden Deregulierung der Arbeitsverhältnisse und zur Prekarisierung der Lebenssituation gerade junger Arbeiter beiträgt. Stoppen lasse sich der CPE durch die Mobilisierung der von diesen Maßnahmen Betroffenen, der "Druck der Straße" könne die Regierung zur Rücknahme von CPE und CNE zwingen.

Pro

Arbeitgeberverbände

Der Arbeitgeberverband MEDEF hat die Schaffung des CPE mit der Begründung begrüßt, dass es keine Altersbeschränkung gebe. Dominique de Villepin wird mit den Worten zitiert, dass "ein Unternehmen, welches zwei Jahre lang in einen Jugendlichen investiert hat, sich nicht einfach so von ihm trennen wird."

"Das Leben, die Gesundheit, die Liebe ... alles ist riskant. Warum sollte es der Arbeitsplatz nicht sein?" Laurence Parisot, Arbeitgeberverband MEDEF, 9/2005

Jean-François Roubaud, Präsident des Verbandes mittelständischer Arbeitgeber (CGPME), beglückwünscht die Regierung dazu, die Belebung des Arbeitsmarktes zu fördern, statt der sozialen Beihilfen.

Jugendorganisationen
Die Jeunes Populaires, die Jugendorganisation der regierenden UMP, stimmt der Position des Arbeitgeberverbandes MEDEF zu. Die Studentengewerkschaft UNI unterstützt den CPE als "einen unbefristeten Vertrag" und "einen echten sozialen Fortschritt" im Bezug auf Abfindungen, wenn der Arbeitsvertrag gekündigt wird.

Politische Parteien
Die regierende Union pour un Mouvement Populaire unterstützt mit allen ihren Mitteln dieses für sie essenzielle Gesetz. Auch die rechtsextreme Front National hatte sich grundsätzlich positiv über das Vorhaben geäußert.

Landesweite Proteste

Protestaktionen, Besetzungen und Streiks finden landesweit an 64 der 84 Universitäten statt. Auch die Präsidenten einiger Universitäten (Nantes, Toulouse) haben sich hinter die Studenten gestellt und in offenen Briefen den Premierminister dazu aufgefordert den CPE zurückzuziehen.

 Am 7. Februar 2006 kam es in Frankreich landesweit zu Protesten und Demonstrationen gegen das neue Gesetz, an welchen sich zwischen 220.000 und 400.000 Personen beteiligten.

 Am 7. März sind in ganz Frankreich neue Proteste aufgeflammt, an welchen sich zwischen 400.000 (Polizeiangabe) und 1.000.000 Menschen (Gewerkschaftsangaben) teilgenommen haben.

 Am Abend des 8. März wird ein Gebäude der Sorbonne von bis zu 200 teilweise randalierenden Studenten besetzt, bis zu 800 weitere protestieren davor. Das Gebäude wird in der Nacht vom 10. auf den 11. März von Einheiten der CRS geräumt. Die Polizisten, welche aus dem Gebäude heraus mit Stühlen und Feuerlöschern beworfen werden, setzen Schlagstöcke und Tränengas ein. 31 Polizisten und ein Student werden verletzt. 11 Personen werden festgenommen. Einige Beobachter verglichen danach die Stimmung mit derer während der Mai-Unruhen von 1968. Die Bilanz nach der Räumung: zerstörte Tische und Stühle, zerschlagene Scheiben, die Wände mit Parolen wie "Nous ne travaillons jamais" ("Wir werden niemals irgendwas arbeiten!") beschmiert. Der stellvertretende Rektor Nicolas Boudot resümiert: "Die Uni-Besetzer haben nicht weniger als sechs Seminarräume, fünf Büros, zwei Vorlesungssäle und alle Getränkeautomaten zerstört." Darüber hinaus wurden 200 Türen zertrümmert und 65 Kellerräume verwüstet. Zusätzlich zum Sachschaden von bis zu einer Million Euro beklagt die Universität den Verlust fast eines Dutzends unersetzbarer, historischer Bücher, welche die Besetzer im Innenhof verbrannt haben.

 In der Nacht zum 15. März kam es nach einem Marsch auf die Sorbonne zu erneuten gewaltsamen Ausschreitungen, bei denen mindestens neun Demonstranten festgenommen und mindestens neun Beamte verletzt wurden.

 In der Nacht zum 17. März weiten sich die Studentenproteste erneut aus. Nach einem zunächst friedlichen Demonstrationszug von der Place d'Italie nach Sèvres-Babylone kam es zunächst zu Zusammenstößen zwischen Autonomen und der Polizei, wobei ein Zeitungsstand abgebrannt wurde. Später versammelten sich wieder Demonstranten vor der Sorbonne und forderten den Abzug der Polizei, die das Hauptgebäude und das umliegende Viertel weiter abgesperrt hielt. Bei Ausschreitungen an der Place de la Sorbonne wurden mehrere Geschäfte und Bars verwüstet und ein Buchladen angezündet, worauf die Polizei das ganze Viertel zwischen Sorbonne, Odéon und St. Michel räumte. Hierbei wurden etliche Personen festgenommen, die sich an den Verwüstungen beteiligt oder später in kleinen Gruppen Autos und Fensterscheiben zerstört haben sollen. Nach Angaben der Polizei handelte es sich bei den Festgenommenen nicht um Studenten, sondern um "autonome Krawallmacher"; 92 Polizisten sowie 18 Demonstranten wurden verletzt, 187 Protestierende festgenommen.

 Am Samstag, dem 18. März gingen in Frankreich zwischen 500.000 und 1,5 Millionen Menschen auf die Straße. Besonders hierbei war, dass erstmals sonst verfeindete Gewerkschaften miteinander demonstrierten. Alleine in Paris beteiligten sich zwischen 80.000 und 350.000 Menschen an einem Demonstrationszug von Denfert-Rochereau zur Place de la Nation. Auch an diesem Tag kam es wieder zu schweren Auseinandersetzungen mit der Polizei. Zunächst verlief die Pariser Veranstaltung friedlich, bis am Ende der Veranstaltung am Rand der Demonstration ein Auto angezündet wurde und die Fenster von zwei Geschäften zu Bruch gingen. Obwohl sich die Situation zunächst wieder beruhigt hatte, beschloss die Polizei die Demonstration gewaltsam aufzulösen, wobei auch friedliche Demonstranten verletzt wurden, insbesondere Cyril Ferez, der, wie später bekannt wurde, ins Koma fiel. Die aufgebrachte Menge wurde von dem Platz in Nebenstraßen getrieben, wo die Demonstranten brennende Barrikaden errichteten, weitere Autos anzündeten und zahlreiche Geschäfte zerstörten. Später verlagerte sich der Schwerpunkt wieder auf das Quartier Latin, wo die Polizei einen Sit-in von ca. 500 Studenten, die die Freigabe der Sorbonne forderten, gewaltsam auflöste. Es kam auch hier zu Ausschreitungen, bei denen die Absperrungen um die Sorbonne teilweise niedergerissen wurden. Es wurden 166 Demonstranten festgenommen, 17 Demonstranten und 7 Polizisten verletzt.Die Gewerkschaften forderten die Regierung auf, das Gesetz innerhalb von 48 Stunden zurückzunehmen, und drohten mit einem Generalstreik.

 Am Wochenende vom 18./19. März fand in Dijon ein Treffen mit Vertretern der bestreikten Universitäten statt, bei dem die weiteren Aktionen landesweit koordiniert wurden.

 Am Dienstag, dem 21. März versammelten sich gegen 16 Uhr nach einem friedlichen Demonstrationszug in Paris, der von der Place d'Italie nach Port Royal führte, einige Demonstranten vor der Absperrung des Boulevard Saint Michel auf der Höhe der rue Soufflot. Es kam zu einigen kleineren Ausschreitungen, bei denen die Polizisten von Jugendlichen unter anderem mit Farbbeuteln und brennenden Matratzen beworfen wurden. Gegen 18:30 Uhr löste sich die Versammlung langsam wieder auf.

 Für den 28. März war ein nationaler Protesttag geplant worden, an dem landesweit mehr als 3 Millionen Menschen auf die Straße gingen, in Paris kam es abends wieder zu Krawallen. In Rennes wurde der Bahnhof besetzt, in Caen blockierten tausende Demonstranten die Präfektur des Regierungsbezirks Calvados mit Barrikaden, die Polizei setzte Tränengas ein.

 Am 5. April 2006 fand in Mulhouse zwischen 15 und 17 Uhr eine Großdemonstration mit mehreren tausend Teilnehmern statt, die völlig friedlich verlief.

Siehe auch
 Contrat nouvelle embauche
 Probezeit
 Kündigungsschutz
 Prekarisierung, Prekariat
 Studentenprotest
 Unruhen in Frankreich 2005

Quellen

Weblinks

Deutsch
 Artikel des Handelsblattes: Frankreichs Jugend demonstriert wegen Kündigungsschutz
 Artikel der Welt: Proteste gegen de Villepins Reformen
 Artikel der taz: Proteste gegen zwei Jahre Probezeit
 Artikel der FAZ: Polizei stürmt Sorbonne-Universität in Paris
 Artikel über den Protest bei Indymedia: 1 Million Menschen demonstrieren gegen CPE
 Telepolis am 17. März: Eskalation der Gewalt in Paris
 Hintergrundartikel bei Telepolis vom 13. März 2006: Proteste gegen Aufhebung des Kündigungsschutzes darin enthalten "Die Vorgeschichte des Contrat première embauche"

 Telepolis am 29. März zu Strategien und Erfolgsaussichten der Kontrahenten: Nach dem Massenprotest
 Fotoessay auf photografree.net: CPE – Tränengas und Jimi Hendrix
 Émilie Schwan: La rupture conventionnelle: Die genehmigungsbedürftige Aufhebung des Arbeitsverhältnisses nach französischem Recht Köln, Univ.-Diss. 2016

Französisch
 Weblog mit ausführlichen Berichten:
 Artikel in der französischsprachigen Wikipedia Contrat Nouvelle Embauche
 Artikel in der französischsprachigen Wikipedia zum Gesetzespaket Loi pour l'égalité des chances, in welchem der CPE enthalten ist
 Artikel in der französischsprachigen Wikipedia zur "Anti-CPE Bewegung" Mouvement anti-CPE
 Veröffentlichung im Journal Officiel de la République Française, entspricht in etwa dem deutschen Bundesgesetzblatt: LOI no° 2006-396 du 31 mars 2006 pour l'égalité des chances (1)
 Umfrage des CSA-Instituts vom 30. März 2006 über die Haltung der Franzosen zum CPE
 Der Artikel 49, Absatz 3, der Verfassung

Arbeitsrecht (Frankreich)
Historische Rechtsquelle (Frankreich)
Rechtsquelle (21. Jahrhundert)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Wherever you are in your journey, USGBC supports your studying by means of a variety of education opportunities and resources. It's student-directed and creates a virtual studying space that's safe and cozy to navigate. General knowledge, what you learn out of your life as you get older.


If you have used the infamous words in the past or present – "Catch me on payday," it is time to make a change!
More importantly, you have to prepare yourself for the unexpected between the first and the fifteenth!
So what can you do if you ball on payday, but not so much the next?
Adopt what I like to call paycheck budgeting! This concept is simple. When you receive your paycheck, create a budget for the period your paycheck covers. For instance, if you are paid on the first and the fifteenth, create a budget for that duration. Remember, you don't have to go at it alone. Consider using budgeting apps, such as Mint.com to help.
Just like the old saying goes, "Don't let your cash burn a hole in your pocket!" Simply put, once you obtain your paycheck, let it marinate! Create a plan and think about how you can best use your resources until you are paid again. Consider creating or building a cash-reserve so that when your payday arrives again, your funds are not completely exhausted.
Of course, the most important thing to do at each payday is to put some money aside for a rainy day and believe me, that rainy day is certain to come! A great rule of thumb is to commit to save at least 10- to 15-percent of your income. But no matter if it is $20 or $200, setting aside a certain amount consistently will quickly help you build your savings.
You have to remember: no one deserves your money more than you. So before paying your bills, pay yourself first. If you are a tither, pay God first! Either way, putting yourself before your bills is a great way to not only build your cushion, but build your wealth.
Listen, no matter where you turn or go, there is always going to be someone who wants your hard earned money. Whether it is an overcharge on your utility bill, incorrect charges from a vendor, or upgrades at your favorite store, you have to understand what you can and cannot afford.


text:
CSX Clinchfield Santa Train
Illustration by Otto M. Vondrak. Not all routes shown. Not an official map. ©2011 Carstens Publications, Inc.
Marrowbone 23 Tom's Bottom Haysi
Clinchco 83
83 80 Fremont 63 58 St. Paul Dungannon 65
Ft. Blackmore 65
23 Kermit Waycross 33 11w
Kingsport 81
VIRGINIA TENNESSEE
58 Dante 460 Elkhorn City 80 83
runs through more pastoral scenery, generally for the remainder of the run to Kingsport. Ahead are the gift stops at Dungannon and Fort Blackmore; just north of Dungannon is the famous Log Cabin Curve, also known as Os- borne's Curve, a popular spot for rail- fan photographers. At Fort Blackmore, the Veterans Memorial Bridge on Vir- ginia Route 72 affords the photograph- er a great angle of the train and the gaggle of people at the gift stop. If the weather is overcast, a nice going away shot can be had from this bridge as the train rolls south and starts around the broad, sweeping Monkey Curve. Of course, no railfan photography of
the Santa Train would be complete without a photo of the train crossing the legendary Copper Creek Viaduct, near Speers Ferry, Va. While not the tallest or longest bridge on the former Clinchfield, the span is certainly one of the most spectacular. Along US High- way 23, the relatively new Clinchfield Heritage Wayside, built and main- tained by the Virginia Department of Transportation, provides an excellent spot to park and set up for photos. A short distance south of Copper
Creek, the tracks punch through Clinch Mountain Tunnel, second longest bore on the Clinchfield, and in- to the tiny hamlet of Kermit, Va. There's a gift stop at Kermit, followed by another at Waycross, Tenn. Chasing the train to Kermit can be done, but on-
ly at the expense of a photo at Copper Creek; the train chaser is required to drive all the way from Copper Creek to Gate City and then more or less back- track — on the other side of Clinch Mountain — the entire distance back to Kermit. The industrial city of Kingsport,
Tenn., is far and away the largest burg on the Santa Train's route, so it only follows that here you'll find the largest crowd. The streets of Kingsport will seemingly be bursting at the seams with hoards of jubilant spectators, waiting not only for Santa's arrival, but the city's annual Christmas pa- rade as well. Just minutes after 3:00 p.m., after
an all-day trek through three states, the Santa Train arrives in Kingsport. Santa detrains near the stately brick Clinchfield depot and boards a Kingsport City fire ladder truck to bring up the rear of the Christmas pa- rade. The Santa Claus Special is an opera-
tion steeped in tradition and holiday cheer, for children, adults, and railfans of all ages. For more information about the CSX Clinchfield Santa Train, you can visit the Kingsport Chamber of Commerce web site at www.kingsport chamber.org. You can also find the Santa Train on Facebook.
Special thanks to Mike Tisdale for his help with the preparation of this article.
KENTUCKY VIRGINIA