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Royal Air Force Museum
Situated on the historic site of Hendon's London Aerodrome in Colindale, our North London Museum, is one of two sites belonging to the U.K's only national museum that tells the story of the Royal Air Force through its people and collections.
It's Britain's only national museum devoted wholly to aviation (it's split between this site and RAF Cosford in the Midlands), with over 100 aircraft from around the world, from very early designs to current jets and military aircraft.
The museum displays a number of permanent exhibitions, including one entitled Our Finest Hour, which uses film, audio and special lighting to recreate the atmosphere of the Battle of Britain. The Aeronauts Interactive Centre has over 40 'hands on' experiments to help visitors to understand how an aircraft flies.
Housed in five huge buildings and covers aviation history from early balloon flights to the latest jet fighters. An upper floor allows visitors to overlook the hangars, while platforms allow you to get close to the aircraft.
The museum also has a huge collection of photographs, mostly black and white, while the library has tens of thousands of printed works from the 18th century to the present time. A film and sound collection boasts some 7m feet of film, dating from the pioneering days of flight (the earliest reel is from 1910) to the present day see The Royal Airforce Museum website for an extensive archive of exhibitions.
Look out for…
Experience the Red Arrows in the Black Hawk flight simulator
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All information is drawn from or provided by the museums themselves and every effort is made to ensure it is correct. Please remember to double check opening hours with the venue concerned before making a special visit.
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The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustave Jung (1875–1961) was one of Freud's closest collaborators until he broke off to form his own school of analytical psychology. While clearly grounded in Freudian psychoanalysis, Jungian analytical psychology moves away from the dominance of libido and toward a mystical understanding of the human unconscious. Interestingly, Jung came from a long line of clergymen. His father was a minister in the Swiss Reformed Church.
Fairly early in his career, Jung worked in Zurich at the renowned Burghölzli clinic under Eugen Bleuler, a prominent psychiatrist and the originator of the term "schizophrenia." Here Jung became involved in research with word association, detecting unconscious meaning through the way people grouped words together. This work led him to Freud's psychoanalytic research and the two men met in 1907. An intense and dynamic collaboration followed but ended acrimoniously in 1913 following a 1912 publication in which Jung was critical of Freud's work. From 1913 on, Jung referred to his own work as analytical psychology to differentiate it from Freudian psychoanalysis.
Carl Gustave Jung (1875–1961) was a protegé of Freud who broke away in 1913 to found his own school of Analytical Psychology (Library of Congress).


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text:
Q: how to return the collection of multi node or edge in neo4j using cypher I want to visualization the data of neo4j which I need to return all the nodes and edges of some subgraph.
For example in my graph there are these relationship, (:User)-[:RATED]->(:Movie)-[:HAS_GENRE]->(:Genre), (:User)-[:SIMILAIRITY]->(:User). I want to show the subgraph which the center is a specified movie.
The relevant segment of this code is shown below.
    @Query("match (u:User)-[r:RATED]->(m:Movie)-[hg:HAS_GENRE]->(g:Genre) where m.id={0} return  id(u) as id, case labels(u)[0] when 'Genre' then u.name when 'User' then u.id when 'Movie' then u.title end as caption, labels(u)[0] as type "
        + "union "
        + "match (u:User)-[r:RATED]->(m:Movie)-[hg:HAS_GENRE]->(g:Genre) where m.id={0} return id(m) as id, case labels(m)[0] when 'Genre' then m.name when 'User' then m.id when 'Movie' then m.title end as caption, labels(m)[0] as type "
        + "union "
        + "match (u:User)-[r:RATED]->(m:Movie)-[hg:HAS_GENRE]->(g:Genre) where m.id={0} return id(g) as id, case labels(g)[0] when 'Genre' then g.name when 'User' then g.id when 'Movie' then g.title end as caption, labels(g)[0] as type")
    List<NodeInfo> findMovieRelevantNodes(int movieId);

    @Query("match (u:User)-[r:RATED]->(m:Movie)-[hg:HAS_GENRE]->(g:Genre) where m.id={0} return id(u) as source,type(r) as type, id(m) as target, case type(r) when 'HAS_GENRE' then r.probability when 'SIMILARITY' then r.similarity when 'RATED' then r.rate end as caption "
        + "union "
        + "match (u:User)-[r:RATED]->(m:Movie)-[hg:HAS_GENRE]->(g:Genre) where m.id={0} return id(m) as source,type(hg) as type, id(g) as target, case type(hg) when 'HAS_GENRE' then r.probability when 'SIMILARITY' then r.similarity when 'RATED' then r.rate end as caption")
    List<EdgeInfo> findMovieRelevantEdges(int movieId);

@QueryResult
public interface NodeInfo {
    @ResultColumn("id")
    int getId();

    @ResultColumn("caption")
    String getCaption();

    @ResultColumn("type")
    String getType();
}

@QueryResult
public interface EdgeInfo {
    @ResultColumn("source")
    int getSource();

    @ResultColumn("type")
    String getType();

    @ResultColumn("target")
    int getTarget();

    @ResultColumn("caption")
    String getCaption();
}

It looks like redundant and performace-poor. So is there are some better ways to rewrite these cypher queries.

A: Try this:
match (u:User)-[r:RATED]->(m:Movie)-[hg:HAS_GENRE]->(g:Genre)
where m.id={0}
return  {id:id(u), caption:u.id} as user,
        {id:id(m), caption:m.title} as movie,
        {id:id(g), caption:g.name} as genre;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The OWASP Zed Attack Proxy is a powerful open source web application security assessment tool. Even in passive mode, where it just inspects the traffic generated by your browser, it can give valuable pointers for securing your web application against abuse.
In this blog post I will explain how to configure your browser to use the OWASP ZAP Proxy to click through a web application running on local host. Also I will explain its various findings and how to solve them.
I will be using OWASP Zap version 2.2.2, which can be downloaded here. As its a proxy it will sit between your browser and the web application allowing it to inspect all traffic. Think of it as a man-in-the-middle :-). The first thing that needs to be done is making sure that your browser is using the ZAP as a proxy. If you're using Firefox 24 or better you're in luck as version 2.2.2 contains the a 'Plug and Hack' feature which allows automatic configuration of Firefox and includes a command line interface in the browser. The button is on the Quick Start page in ZAP.
For all other browsers, you will need to open your connection settings and configure a proxy.
Make sure you set the host to localhost and the port to 8080, these are the default ZAP proxy ports. Make sure to use these settings for all protocols.
Now when you surf to a website the ZAP proxy will log all HTTP requests and responses and tell you if something is wrong with them.
Most of the time when I develop a web application I let it run on port 8080. In this case that is not possible as the ZAP proxy is using that port. Also its using port 8081 for its AJAX proxy. So the web application needs to be reconfigured running on a different port. If you're using the tomcat7-maven-plugin its easy as you can just change the port in the configuration tag to another value, like 8082. Alternatively you can reconfigure ZAP to use a different port in 'tools' -> 'options' -> 'Local proxy'. Remember to also reconfigure your browser to use the changed proxy port.
Now with your web application and ZAP running, point your browser to the URL of the application and hit enter and see what happens!
You will notice that the URLs you navigate and all the resources required to render the page will be displayed in the Sites tab on the left of the screen (you can expand the nodes to see a directory like view of all URLs accessed). In the middle section of the screen there are the request and response tabs. Here you can examine all the details headers and content of the request and responses. In the bottom of the screen there are History, logging all requests sequentially, and the Alerts tab. When there is something potentially wrong with a request or response a warning will appear here. In the right part of this tab there is an explanation of the issue. Clicking on the URL with the alert will display the offending part in the response tab.
Also notice the top left drop down box, it allows you to set the mode ZAP is working in. Safe mode is sufficient for now, the other options, protected and standard mode, also allow offensive tests to be performed.
While navigating through your web application, more and more warnings will appear (at least it did with mine :-) Below I have compiled a list of the alerts I was able to create and what can be done about them in terms of Java software development.
The container or web application is using URL rewriting to put the Session ID in the URL. This is typically used as a fallback if the browser doesn't support cookies as a session mechanism. When the Session ID is in the request it may be bookmarked, cached or disclosed in the referer header. This is bad as it allows session hijacking.
If you use a container supporting an older Servlet specification where are container specific ways to do this. For example in Tomcat 6 you can put the disableURLRewriting="true" attribute in the context.xml.
This alert is triggered when ZAP thinks an error message containing implementation details (such as a stacktrace or a file path) is present in the response. This is bad as this information can be used to launch further attacks against the web application. The solution? Have a generic error page and log the stacktrace. In the Servlet API 3.0 this can be done in a one-liner in the web.xml. For older Servlet versions a little more work is needed.
If the Content-Type header is missing in the response the browser must guess the content.
The secure flag of a cookie makes sure that the cookie is only used over HTTPS connections. If it is not set, it may also be used over non HTTPS connections allowing for session hijacking. In a Servlet API 3.0 container you can set the secure tag to true in the web.xml to make the cookie https only.
The page includes one or more script files from a third-party which is outside the control of this web application and as such may contain 'unexpected' functionality.
For more information see RFC2616.
Most users find remembering a password hard so they are quite happy with the browser remembering them. However this also imposes a security risk: any one using that browser can now access the application protected by the password. If you want to disable the password auto-complete feature you can add the autocomplete="off" attribute to the input tag that will hold the password.
A private IP address such as 10.x.x.x, 172.x.x.x or 192.168.x.x has been found in the HTTP response body. This may be helpful for further attacks targeting internal systems.
Besides the Content-Type header its also possible to serve some options with it using the X-Content-Type-Options. One of them is the nosniff option which prevents browsers from guessing the right content type if for some reason the wrong one was specified. This is risky as it may trick your browser into loading a page disguised as something else (an image for example). Read this for more details. Adding a header is easy using for example a Servlet filter. The upcoming Spring-Security 3.2 has built in support for this and other headers.
Without this header present your web application may put into an IFRAME on any another page, perhaps as part of a clickjacking scheme. The X-Frame-Options header allows you to specify which domains may put your web application into an IFRAME. See RFC7034 for more details.


text:
Q: GCP project owner can't list builds or triggers I have the owner role on a GCP project. I created 2 build triggers, which are visible to me in the console.

I want to list these triggers using a service account and the node.js client.
I made a custom role and assigned cloudbuild.builds.viewer and I think the following should work, but it does not:
$ gcloud projects get-iam-policy myprojectid --flatten="bindings[].members" --format='table(bindings.role)' --filter="bindings.members:build-trigger-viewer@myprojectid.iam.gserviceaccount.com"
ROLE
roles/cloudbuild.builds.viewer
$ gcloud iam service-accounts keys create trigger-viewer-credentials.json --iam-account=build-trigger-viewer@myprojectid.iam.gserviceaccount.com
$ GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS=trigger-viewer-credentials.json node
> var {CloudBuildClient} = require("@google-cloud/cloudbuild")
> var cb = new CloudBuildClient()
> await cb.listBuildTriggers({projectId: "myprojectid"})
[ [], null, null ]

Backing up from that, I've realised that for some reason listing these triggers or even builds from gcloud also fails.
$ gcloud beta builds triggers list
Listed 0 items.
$ gcloud builds list
Listed 0 items.

Just to verify I'm not insane:
$ gcloud projects get-iam-policy myprojectid | rg -A 1 user:myuser@mydomain.com
  - user:myuser@mydomain.com
  role: roles/container.admin
--
  - user:myuser@mydomain.com
  role: roles/gkehub.admin
--
  - user:myuser@mydomain.com
  role: roles/owner

Does anyone have any thoughts on what might be happening?

A: As mentioned by the documentation, the command gcloud beta builds triggers list will list all the triggers in the global scope.
In your image you show that the triggers are in northamerica-northeast1 so you may need to use the —-region flag.
In the case of the code you may need to set the parent as especified in this doc which is the region where the trigger lives (API reference), otherwise you're getting global triggers.
await cb.listBuildTriggers({
projectId: "myprojectid",
parent: "projects/myprojectid/locations/northamerica-northeast1"
})

If the account didn't have permissions, you would get a 403 error and not empty results.
This also applies for gcloud builds list.


text:
HomeGOVERNMENTLockdowns have killed millions say experts
Lockdowns have killed millions say experts
Which was the result intended (or why do it?)
March 6, 2021 Steve Cook GOVERNMENT, HEALTH, HUMAN RIGHTS, Terrorism, VACCINES 0
Two Leading Swedish Health Experts Explain That COVID Lockdowns Have Killed Millions of People
by Arjun Walia
SOURCE: Collective Evolution [highly recommended]
The Facts:Professor Anna-Mia Ekström and Professor Stefan Swartling Peterson have gone through the data from UNICEF and UNAIDS, and came to the conclusion that least as many people have died as a result of the restrictions to fight covid as have died of covid.
Reflect On:Why are scientists who publish data and share their research and opinions that go against the mainstream narrative censored, ridiculed, ignored and never given any air time on mainstream media networks? Are they in the majority?
"Over the course of this pandemic I have often wished that Hans Rosling was still alive. For those who are unaware, he was a medical doctor and a professor at Karolinska Institutet who had a particular interest in global health and development. In 2012, Time magazine declared him one of the 100 most influential people in the world. During the last few months of his life, in 2017, he wrote an excellent book called "Factfulness", that summed up most of his thinking, and described how many of the things people "know" about the world are completely wrong. Hans Rosling is something of a hero of mine, and if he was still alive, I'm sure he would have contributed to bringing some sanity to the current situation. With his global influence, I think people would have listened….Two of Hans Rosling's former colleagues at Karolinska Instituet, professor Anna-Mia Ekström and professor Stefan Swartling Peterson, have gone through the data from UNICEF and UNAIDS, and come to the conclusion that at least as many people have died as a result of the restrictions to fight covid as have died of covid directly."
The quote above comes from Sebastian Rushworth, a medical doctor in Sweden. Reading his recent blog post, I came across the fact that, as you can see above, two of Hans Rosling's former colleagues at Karolinska Instituet, professor Anna-Mia Elkström and professor Stefan Swartling Peterson, have gone through the data from UNICEF and UNAIDS, and come to the conclusion that least as many people have died as a result of the restrictions to fight COVID as have died of COVID directly. I verified this using multiple sources, and it's true, these professors did in fact come to this conclusion, and there are many sources expressing this. They have been interviewed about their findings on SVT, the Swedish public broadcaster. If you speak Swedish, you can watch a documentary that discusses their conclusions here. (source)(source)
Before we go any further, I'd like to mention that lockdowns may have in fact killed more people already given the fact that we know deaths being marked as "COVID" deaths, in many cases are not actually a result of COVID. For example, Ontario public health clearly states that deaths will be marked as COVID deaths whether or not it's clear if COVID was the cause or contributed to the death.
Dr. Ngozi Ezike, Director of the Illinois Department of Public Health stated the following during the first wave of the pandemic,
If you were in hospice and had already been given a few weeks to live and then you were also found to have COVID, that would be counted as a COVID death, despite if you died of a clear alternative cause it's still listed as a COVID death. So, everyone who is listed as a COVID death that doesn't mean that was the cause of the death, but they had COVID at the time of death.
Professor Anna-Mia Elkström and professor Stefan Swartling Peterson haven't been the only ones to express concerns. The consequences of lockdowns are many, and we are choosing this approach for a virus with a 99.95 percent survival rate for people under the age of 70, and a 95 percent survival rate for people over the age of 70. That said, we do know that the primary reason is to avoid hospital systems from becoming overburdened by apparent COVID cases.
Lockdown harms were pondered early on in the pandemic, a report published in the British Medical Journal titled Covid-19: "Staggering number" of extra deaths in community is not explained by covid-19″ has suggested that quarantine measures in the United Kingdom as a result of the new coronavirus may have already killed more UK seniors than the coronavirus has during the months of April and May .
Bhattacharya, MD, PhD wrote an article for The Hill titled "Facts, not fear, will stop the pandemic." In it he points out a number of facts regarding the implications of lockdown measures, which also include that fact that:
Internationally, the lockdowns have placed 130 million people on the brink of starvation, 80 million children at risk for diphtheria, measles and polio, and 1.8 million patients at risk of death from tuberculosis. The lockdowns in developed countries have devastated the poor in poor countries. The World Economic Forum estimates that the lockdowns will cause an additional 150 million people to fall into extreme poverty, 125 times as many people as have died from COVID.
Let's not forget about the mental/psychological consequences of lockdowns as well, along with the economic factors.
Furthermore, many scientific publications have shown that lockdowns have no impact on the spread of the virus. For example, a study published by four medical professors from Stanford University has failed to find evidence supporting the use of what they call "Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions" (NPIs) like lockdowns, social-distancing, business closures and stay at home orders. According to the study, these measures have not been sufficient and are not sufficient to stop the spread of COVID and therefore are not necessary to combat the spread of the virus.
A group of doctors and scientists published an essay for the American Institute for Economic Research explaining and presenting the data as to why they believe lockdowns are not only harmful, but useless to combat COVID. In the essay they present a multitude of studies supporting the same conclusions found in the Stanford study cited above. You can read that here.
Another issue with the pandemic is the problem of false positives. A number of reputable sources, including many public health officials have raised concerns about the potential of false positives, especially when testing asymptomatic people. Many of these people, and based on my research the majority of them, will actually be "false positives." Meaning they don't have the virus, and/or are not capable of transmitting it to others. Of course, Facebook fact checkers and others argue otherwise, and herein lies another challenge. With fact checking comes censorship of differing opinions, and thus many are not hearing about these other perspectives because they are being shut out. Should we not be allowed to explore other credible perspectives?
You can find read more about that (PCR testing and false positives) and access sources for that claim, here.
The Censorship of Science
What's plagued scientists who share the type of information shared above is the censorship they experience. For example, a letter to the editor published in the New England Journal of Medicine titled "Open Schools, Covid-19, and Child and Teacher Morbidity in Sweden" expressed that:
"Despite Sweden's having kept schools and preschools open, we found a low incidence of severe Covid-19 among schoolchildren and children of preschool age during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic…No child with Covid-19 died…Among the 1,951,905 million children who were 1 to 16 years of age, 15 children had Covid-19, MIS-C, or both conditions and were admitted to an ICU, which is equal to 1 child in 130,000."
According to a recent article published in the British Medical Journal:
"The Swedish government has said that it will strengthen laws on academic freedom after a leading Swedish academic announced that he was quitting his work on COVID-19 because of an onslaught of intimidating comments from people who disagreed or disliked his research findings."
The leading Swedish academic is the one who published the paper referenced above.
Below is a tweet from Professor Jay Bhattacharya, a medical professor from Stanford who is also referenced earlier in the article.
At the end of the day, what does it say about our world when so many scientists, credible information, and data is censored? What does it say when only one side of the coin is emphasized and pushed by our governments and mainstream media while the other side is ridiculed, ignored, unacknowledged and, when it does manage to gain traction and reach the masses, it's labelled as a "conspiracy theory?"
Below is a tweet from Martin Kulldorff, a Professor of Medicine at Harvard University. Along with Bhattacharya and Dr. Sunetra Gupta, professor at Oxford University, an epidemiologist with expertise in immunology and one of the world's foremost infectious disease experts, the Great Barrington Declaration started.
If there's one thing that's for certain, it's the fact that open and transparent scientific debate should be encouraged, not shut down and censored. I've said it many times before, it's odd how someone like Dr. Anthony Fauci can achieve instant virality through mainstream media yet tens of thousands of experts in the field never see the light of day.
Science is being suppressed for political and financial gain. Covid-19 has unleashed state corruption on a grand scale, and it is harmful to public health. Politicians and industry are responsible for this opportunistic embezzlement. So too are scientists and health experts. The pandemic has revealed how the medical-political complex can be manipulated in an emergency—a time when it is even more important to safeguard science. – Dr. Kamran Abbasi, executive editor of the prestigious British Medical Journal, editor of the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, and a consultant editor for PLOS Medicine. He is editor of the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine and JRSM Open. Taken from his published a piece in the BMJ, titled "Covid-19: politicisation, "corruption," and suppression of science."
Even If We Weren't In A Lockdown, We Should Still Be Questioning Our "Normal.
"This is an important question at the moment, and we are seeing it in everything from alternative media to mainstream media. As we saw with Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau, even politicians are warning their citizens that what you see happening now will be the 'new normal' to some extent. What do they mean by this? Should we want things to go back to how they were prior to this pandemic? Do we have a future of even more restrictions in sight?
From my perspective, I don't want things to go back to 'normal'. Why do I say this? Because I ask myself the question: was life prior to, and even during this pandemic, truly allowing humanity to thrive? Was it anywhere even close to what humanity is capable of? Or is it a society and world designed out of programming that has convinced us to accept basic survival as being how we should live… as normal?
This can be a question for everyone no matter where you live on this planet. Whether the weekly rat race is reality or whether having to worry about whether you will get your next meal is your reality, is this truly how we want to live and what humanity is capable of?
If not, then how can we shift the conversation to begin exploring how we might change the way we live in our society?
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Bhanu P. Jena Laboratory
EDITORIALS ON CONTRIBUTION
Brief Narrative on Porosome Discovery & Cell Secretion Mechanism
"Discovery of the porosome—the secretory portal at the cell plasma membrane—and its role in the process of secretion by cells, which is fundamentally important for physiology and medicine"
Summary: Secretion is a fundamental process through which cells communicate with their environment and exchange information in a multicellular context to reach homeostasis and sustain life. For decades, the prevailing worldview had been that secretion operates as an all-or-none event—'complete fusion'—in which vesicles traffic to the cell surface, where the secretory-vesicle membrane fuses with and completely incorporates into the cell plasma membrane. The vesicle contents then diffuse away from the cell. This hypothesis, although attractive at first glance, had several key setbacks. First, it predicted a quantization of secretory products packaged into each secretory vesicle, when in fact, secretory vesicle size greatly varies even within the same cell, sometimes as much as 6-fold. Second, the level of additional regulation necessary to rapidly and precisely internalize and sequester vesicle-associated lipids and proteins following incorporation into the cell plasma membrane seem unnecessarily complex, given the tens of thousands of different membrane lipids and their differential distribution even between the same bilayer leaflets. Third, following a secretory episode, partially empty secretory vesicles accumulate within cells as observed in electron micrographs, demonstrating that secretory vesicles are capable of incomplete content release.
Bhanu P. Jena therefore hypothesized some 25 years ago, the presence of a tunable dial at the cell plasma membrane for secretory vesicle docking and fusion without full vesicle collapse, and the generation of hydrostatic pressure within vesicles to drive vesicular contents to the cell exterior. Through the use of atomic force microscopy, he identified nanoscale transmembrane cup-shaped lipoprotein structures, and named them 'porosome,' that have since been implicated in a wide range of secretory events. The family of proteins that make up the porosome has been biochemically identified and the mesoscale structure of the complex has been well characterized through atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy and solution X-ray methods. Defects in one or more porosome components have measurable, often highly potent, effects on the regulation of secretion, establishing links between point mutations and secretion-defective disease states such as cystic fibrosis that were previously correlative and are now causative. The discovery of the porosome solved the conundrum of fractional discharge of intra-vesicular contents from cells by providing an explanation for regulated graded secretion. Porosomes are cup-shaped supramolecular lipoprotein structures at the cell plasma membrane ranging in size from 15 nm in neurons, to 100-180 nm in endocrine and exocrine cells and composed of about 30–40 proteins. In comparison, the 120 nm nuclear pore complex is composed of nearly 1,000 protein molecules.
The discovery of the porosome, formation of SNARE ring complex at the porosome base to establish continuity between the porosome and the secretory vesicle membrane, and the molecular mechanism of secretory vesicle volume regulation, has brought about a clear and compelling understanding of the fractional intra-vesicular content release from cells during secretion. Additionally, it has raised new questions that the Jena laboratory and others continue to investigate: (a) What is the full set of cellular parameters regulating components of the porosome, and how do they act in concert to achieve a tuned output as a secretory portal? (b) Are porosomes serving multiple duties in cells beyond controlled fractional intra-vesicular release? (c) Are there different subclasses of porosomes where different secretory vesicles carrying different cargo dock and fuse? The impact and reach of the porosome discovery, and the associated findings ranging from understanding the fundamental cellular processes and the emergence of multicellularity, to detecting and preventing secretion-mediated disorders, have come to light.
Porosome Discovery & Cell Secretion Mechanism: Nearly 25 years ago, the Jena laboratory made the fundamental discovery of a new cellular structure called the 'porosome', and since, has elucidated its morphology, composition, function as the universal secretory machinery in cells, and has functionally reconstituted the porosome complex in lipid membrane and in live cells.
We can briefly summarize a time line of the discovery of the porosome and its participation in cell secretion: (a) the elucidation of the porosome structure, its chemical composition, and functional reconstitution into artificial lipid membrane and in live cells (4-14, 43-45); (b) the molecular assembly of membrane-associated t-SNARE proteins at the porosome base and v-SNARE proteins in the secretory vesicle membrane in a ring or rosette configuration resulting in the establishment of continuity between the opposing bilayers or 'fusion pore' formation in the presence of calcium (15-23,38); and (c) the molecular mechanism of secretory vesicle volume increase required for intra-vesicular content expulsion with great precision during cell secretion (24-30,42), provide a molecular understanding of the fractional release of intra-vesicular contents from cells during secretion. Consequently, publications from other laboratories on the porosome complex, and the involvement of various porosome proteins in secretion and in secretory defects (37,47-62), attest to the critical role played by the porosome in health and disease. It took nearly 20 years for the porosome to be included in textbooks, including the popular Medical Physiology textbook, co-edit by Walter Boron & Emile Boulpaep.
Since the 1950s, it was believed that secretory vesicles completely merge with the cell plasma membrane during secretion, resulting in release of the entire vesicular contents—an all or none mechanism. While this provides one mechanism for cell secretion, the observation of partially-empty vesicles in cells following secretion [Fig. 1] is incompatible with complete vesicle merger, suggesting the presence of an additional mechanism that allows partial discharge of intra-vesicular contents during secretion. In a Nature article [1993 Nature 363:497– 498], Erwin Neher wrote: "It seems terribly wasteful that, during the release of hormones and neurotransmitters from a cell, the membrane of a vesicle should merge with the plasma membrane to be retrieved for recycling only seconds or minutes later." Jena hypothesized that the proposed mechanism involves a plasma-membrane structure, which would prevent the collapse of a secretory vesicle at the cell plasma membrane, instead enabling the vesicle to establish transient continuity with the cell plasma membrane, expel a portion of its contents, and disengage while remaining partially filled [Fig. 1A (see "√" mark), Fig. 1B]. This mechanism would enable the cell to retain the integrity of both the vesicle membrane and the cell plasma membrane.
The late Bruno Ceccarelli was a pioneer in the field of 'transient' or 'kiss-and-run' mechanism of secretory vesicle fusion at the cell plasma membrane enabling fractional release of intra-vesicular contents. Ceccarelli (1) proposed in 1973 the presence of such a process in cells. Then in 1990, Wolfhard Almers (2) hypothesized that the fusion pore (continuity established between the vesicle membrane and the cell plasma membrane), results from a "preassembled ion channel-like structure that could open and close". In a later 1992 review, Julio Fernandez (3) opined that the difficulty in observing such channel-like structures, was the lack of ultrahigh- resolution imaging tools to monitor their presence directly and study their dynamics in live cells.
Fig. 1a. Electron micrographs of rat peritoneal mast cells, in resting (A, extreme left) and following secretion (B, extreme right). Note the fractional release of intravesicular contents following secretion (B) (J. Exp. Med. (1975) 142:391-401). This fractional release of intravesicular contents could only be achieved via the porosome (P)-mediated transient fusion mechanism shown (√).
Fig. 1b: Schematic drawing of porosome-mediated fractional release of intravesicular contents from the cell during secretion. Secretory vesicles dock at the porosome base via t-SNAREs present at the porosome base and v-SNAREs present at the secretory vesicle membrane to form a t-/v-SNARE ring complex, establishing continuity between the opposing membranes [fusion pore] through which pressurized intra-vesicular contents [intra-vesicular pressure established via active transport of water through aquaporin or water channels (AQP) at the secretory vesicle membrane] are expelled to the outside during cell secretion. Following secretion, the t-/v-SNARE rosette complex is disassembled by NSF-ATP and the fused lipid membrane is cleaved by dynamin-GTP. The resultant partially empty vesicle then dissociates from the porosome at the cell plasma membrane.
In the mid-1990s, motivated by the goal of identifying cellular structures at the plasma membrane involved in the regulated fractional release of intra-vesicular contents from cells, Jena employed the then-newly-developed imaging modality of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to study the morphology and dynamics of live pancreatic acinar cell surface at the nanometer scale during secretion. The major breakthrough came in 1995–1996, when Jena observed circular pit-like structures containing 100–180 nm depressions or pores [Fig 2A, B] at the apical plasma membrane of pancreatic acinar cells, where secretion is known to occur. During secretion, the depressions or pores grew larger, returning to their resting size following completion of secretion. Jena reported these results on January 1, 1997 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (4). Five years later, new results from his laboratory established that the observed depressions are secretory portals at the cell plasma membrane (5,6). In January 2002 and February 2003, the Jena laboratory reported in two seminal studies, one in Cell Biology International (5), and the other in the Biophysical Journal (6), that following stimulation of cell secretion, gold-conjugated amylase antibodies (the starch-digesting enzyme amylase being a major intra-vesicular product secreted by the exocrine pancreas) accumulate at depressions, establishing depressions to be secretory portals in the cell (5,6) and the name 'porosome' was thereafter assigned to these structures. The study reported in the Biophysical Journal (6), further demonstrated the presence of t-SNAREs at the porosome base facing the cytosol, firmly establishing porosome structures to be secretory portals (6). Finally, using the conventional approach of electron microscopy (EM), Jena and colleagues obtained electron micrographs (see Fig 2, top left and right) of porosomes at the apical plasma membrane (PM) of pancreatic acinar cells with docked secretory vesicles called zymogen granule (ZG). In Fig 2A, the porosome membrane (POM, yellow arrowhead) associated with the ZG membrane (ZGM) is shown. In March 2002, the Jena laboratory in collaboration with Lloyd Anderson reported in Endocrinology (ref. 7, Fig 2 cover illustration lower right), the structure of porosome as well as porosome dynamics at the cell plasma membrane in growth hormone (GH) secreting cells of the pig pituitary gland, as well as the accumulation of GH-immuno-gold at porosome openings following secretion in these cells (7). The results further demonstrate porosome to be plasma membrane-associated secretory portals in cells. In the same year in a separate study, the Jena laboratory reported porosome structure-dynamics in chromaffin cells (8), and in September of 2003 (9) following isolation of porosome from acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas, and determination of its composition and reconstitution into lipid membrane, the porosome was demonstrated as the universal secretory portal in cells (9). In the same study (9), morphological details of the porosome complex associated with docked secretory vesicles was revealed using EM (9) [Fig. 2A]. Finally, in 2015–2016, isolated porosomes were functionally reconstituted in live insulin-secreting beta cells of the endocrine pancreas (10) by the Jena laboratory, establishing its critical function as the universal secretory machinery in cells and its promise in therapy.
In the past 20 years following the initial discovery of the porosome—and employing a combination of approaches such as AFM, biochemistry, electrophysiology, conventional EM, mass spectrometry, and SAXS— the Jena group and other laboratories have demonstrated and reported the presence of porosomes in all secretory cells examined, including perhaps, most significantly, neurons [Fig. 2C, D; Fig. 3] (11-14). Studies by Jena and his research team and those of other colleagues, establish this new cup-shaped supramolecular lipoprotein structure at the cell plasma membrane to be the secretory portals that performs the specialized task of fractional release of intra-vesicular contents from cells during cell secretion (12-14). Thus, the discovery of the porosome provides new understanding on how cells secrete, resulting in a paradigm-shift in our understanding of the secretory process in cells.
Fig. 2. Porosomes in the exocrine pancreas (A, B), neurons (C, D), growth hormone cell (Journal cover). (A) Electron micrograph of a single porosome at the apical plasma membrane (PM) of a pancreatic acinar cell showing the porosome membrane (POM, yellow arrowhead) associated with the membrane of a secretory vesicle called zymogen granule (ZGM). A circular ring structure (blue arrowhead) forms the neck of the porosome complex. (B) AFM micrograph of the apical surface topology of a live pancreatic acinar cell, demonstrating the presence of four openings or porosomes (one indicated by the yellow arrowhead). Porosomes in the exocrine pancreas range in size from 100-180 nm in diameter. (C) Electron micrograph of a neuronal porosome (red arrowheads) with a docked synaptic vesicle (SV) at its base, in the presynaptic membrane (Pre-SM) of the nerve terminal. Note the central plug in the porosome complex. (D) AFM micrograph of a neuronal porosome at the presynaptic membrane in an isolated synaptosome. Note the central plug (red arrowhead). The neuronal porosome is an order of magnitude smaller (10-17 nm in diameter) in comparison to the porosome in the exocrine pancreas. (Extreme Top Right) Electron micrograph of porosome (Fig 2 top left and right) next to a microvilli (MV) at the apical plasma membrane (PM) of a pancreatic acinar cell with docked secretory vesicle or ZG. (Extreme Lower Right) AFM micrograph of the apical surface topology of a live GH cell from pig pituitary demonstrating the presence of 100-180 nm in diameter porosomes (black circular openings). [Images obtained from: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1997) 94:316-321; Biophys. J. (2003) 85:2035-2043; Cell Biol. Int. (2004) 28:699-708; J. Microscopy (2008) 232:106-111; Endocrinology (2003) 143:1144-1148.
Fig. 3. Docked synaptic vesicles at the neuronal porosome in the presynaptic membrane of the nerve terminal, observed using AFM, EM, and small angle X-ray solution scattering (SAXS). (a) AFM micrograph obtained in fluid of a synaptic vesicle (SV) docked at the cup-shaped porosome complex (P) at the cytosolic compartment of the presynaptic membrane. Note the 35 nm SV docked to a 15 nm porosome complex. (b) An EM micrograph of a 35 nm SV docked to a 15 nm P at the presynaptic membrane [Cell Biol. Int. (2004) 28:699-708]. Note the central plug of the porosome complex in the EM micrograph. (c) The averaged SAXS 3-D structure of synaptic vesicle (purple) docked at the cup-shaped neuronal porosome complex (pink) at the presynaptic membrane in isolated synaptosome is presented (Bar = 10 nm) [Micron (2014) 56:37-43]. Note that AFM, EM, and SAXS, all demonstrate similarity in the docking and interaction of synaptic vesicles with the neuronal porosome complex.
The significance of the porosome discovery is reflected by the many publications on porosomes and associated transient fusion mechanism accompanied by fractional release of intra-vesicular contents from cells during secretion. In 2011 the porosome in hair cells was discovered by Dennis Drescher [Cell Biol. Int. Rep. (2011) 18:31-34]; in 2010 porosome in RBL-2H3 and BMMC cells were reported by Gang-yu Liu [J. Phys. Chem. B. (2010) 114:5971-5982]; porosomes in the exocrine pancreas have been further elaborated by the groups of Elshennawy in 2011[J. Am. Sci. (2011) 7:835-843]; Constantin Craciun in 2013 [Micron (2013) 44:137-142] and by the group of Mzia Zhvania [Micron (2012) 43:948-953, Fig. 4].
Fig. 4. Electron micrograph of docked synaptic vesicles (SV) at the base of a cup-shaped neuronal porosome complex (P) in the presynaptic membrane (PSM) of the nerve terminal, observed using electron microscopy. Micron (2012) 43:948-953.
Porosomes have also been discovered and extensively studies by the group of Márcia Attias in the unicellular pathogen Toxoplasma Gondii in 2011[J. Structural Biol. (2011) 177:420-430]; by Mzia Zhvania in normal and diseased cat and dog brain neurons in 2012 [Brain Res. Bull (2012) 87(2-3):187; Cell Tissue Biol. (2012) 6:69-72; Micron (2012) 43:948-953 [Fig. 4]; and by the group of Ilan Hammel and Isaac Meilijson in 2012 [J. R. Soc. Interface (2012) 9:2516-2526]. It has also been demonstrated in the exocrine, endocrine, and neuronal cells that "secretory granules are recaptured largely intact following stimulated exocytosis in cultured endocrine cells" [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (2003) 100:2070-2075]; "single synaptic vesicles fuse transiently and successively without loss of identity" [Nature (2003) 423:643-647]; and "zymogen granule exocytosis is characterized by long fusion pore openings and preservation of vesicle lipid identity" [Proc. Natl. Acd. Sci. (2004) 101:6774-6779]. Similarly, in recent years, a great number of porosome-associated proteins such as chloride, calcium, and potassium channels, rab's, SNAREs, dystrophin, dynamin, NSF, heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins, GAPs, and myosin, among others have been implicated in secretion and diseases resulting from secretory defects (37,47–62).
Membrane fusion and secretory vesicle volume regulation for fractional release of intra-vesicular contents from cells: In the past two decades, the Jena laboratory has also contributed to our understanding of the fundamental molecular process involved in Ca+2 and SNARE-mediated membrane fusion (15–23), and on secretory vesicle volume regulation required for the regulated fractional release of intravesicular contents (24–30) via the porosome during cell secretion. This process enables cells to precisely regulate the discharge of a portion of their intra-vesicular contents during a secretory episode, while retaining full integrity of both the vesicle membrane and the cell plasma membrane.
Assembly of the native membrane-associated t-/v-SNARE complex and membrane fusion: In 1988 Richard Scheller discovered a secretory vesicle associated membrane protein (VAMP-1 or v-SNARE; ref. 31), and then in 1992 he and his team discovered another important protein present in the plasma membrane called syntaxin. Syntaxin is one of the two target SNARE or t-SNARE proteins (32). Then in 1989, Michael Wilson discovered SNAP-25, the other t-SNARE protein (33). Understanding the properties of the three SNARE proteins in membrane fusion requires a molecular understanding of their interactions, with the different SNARE proteins being present in opposing membranes (VAMP-1 in secretory vesicle membrane, and syntaxin and SNAP-25 in the cell plasma membrane). Because SNAREs are membrane-associated proteins, crystals of membrane-associated SNARE complex are required for X-ray crystallography. This has not been possible due to solubility problem of such membrane proteins. To circumvent issues associated with the solubility of membrane associated SNAREs, Axel Brunger and Reinhard Jahn in 1998 truncated the hydrophobic membrane anchoring domains of syntaxin and VAMP, to obtained crystals of a non-membrane associated t-/v-SNARE complex. Utilizing X-ray crystallography, Brunger and Jahn determined the atomic structure of the soluble SNARE complex at 2.4Å, which they reported in Nature (34). It was unclear however, whether the structure of the resolved soluble SNARE complex was identical to the native membrane-associated SNARE complex.
To address this issue, the Jena laboratory carried out high-resolution AFM studies combined with electrophysiological measurements. In a study reported in the Biophysical Journal in 2002 (15), they demonstrated that in the absence of membrane association, SNAREs fail to appropriately interact with each other or establish continuity between the opposing bilayers in presence of calcium. The Jena group further demonstrated for the first time that VAMP-1 proteins present in one membrane interacts with syntaxin and SNAP-25 proteins present in an opposing membrane, to assemble in a rosette or ring configuration, establishing continuity between the opposing bilayers in the presence of calcium (15-23). While it had been hypothesized that the interaction between t-SNAREs and v-SNARE present in opposing bilayers form rosette or ring structures (35), structural studies using high resolution AFM confirming this was first reported by Jena in the 2002 in the Biophysical Journal (15) [Fig. 5], and further established using high resolution EM (18-23). This SNARE rosette arrangement between opposing bilayers during membrane fusion is now widely accepted as the fundamental structure of the t-/v-SNARE complex associated with membrane fusion and cell secretion, and is widely published (36,37).
Role of Ca2+ in membrane fusion: In the 1970's, the late Demetrious Papahadjopoulos had proposed the involvement of inter-membrane Ca2+-phospholipid complex in the fusion of opposing lipid membranes (38). To determine the involvement of Ca2+ in membrane fusion at the atomic level, the Jena group performed X-ray diffraction studies involving t- and v-SNARE reconstituted liposomes (16). Results from this study demonstrated that SNAREs overcome the repulsive forces between the opposing negatively charged lipid membranes to bring them within a distance of 2.8Å (16). They therefore concluded that if calcium was involved in the bridging of opposing bilayers via oxygen of the phospholipid head groups, calcium must be present at the site where the t- SNARE vesicles and v-SNARE vesicles make contact. t-SNARE vesicles and v-SNARE vesicles associated in the absence of calcium, would therefore fail to establish continuity between the opposing bilayers since hydrated calcium (with 6 water molecules surrounding it) measuring nearly 7Å would be unable to fit within the 2.8Å spacing separating the two opposing membranes. In 2004, this hypothesis was tested and confirmed experimentally by the Jena laboratory (17).
Fig. 5. Actual t-/v-SNARE ring complexes or rosettes formed following the interaction between membrane-associated t-SNAREs and v-SNAREs. Top panel is a schematic drawing depicting the interaction between t-SNAREs and v-SNAREs in opposing vesicles. AFM micrographs of the actual SNARE complex rings or rosettes are presented in the top right panel, in the middle panel, and in the right lower panel (15,16).
From these results, Jena further hypothesized that, following bridging of the opposing phospholipids by hydrated Ca2+, the loss of coordinated water associated with Ca2+ as well as those associated with the oxygen atoms of the phospholipid head groups must result in local dehydration, lipid mixing, and membrane fusion. In collaboration with Jeff Potoff, Jena tested this hypothesis using blind molecular dynamic simulations involving dimethyl phosphate (DMP), calcium, and water molecules (14). Confirming this hypothesis, results from the study demonstrated that hydrated Ca2+ is capable of bridging phospholipid head groups, and that this process results in the expulsion of water from both phospholipid head groups and Ca2+ (39). The simulation further demonstrated that the distance between the anionic oxygen in DMP bridged by Ca2+ is 2.92Å, which is in close agreement with the 2.8Å reported from X-ray diffraction measurements (16). These findings provide new insights into our understanding of the chemistry of membrane fusion in cells.
Secretory vesicle volume increase, and regulated content expulsion during cell secretion: In the early 1990s it was reported that secretory vesicles undergo an increase in volume during cell secretion (40,41). However, the molecular mechanism underlying volume regulation of secretory vesicles, and the role of this volume increase on secretory vesicle function during cell secretion, was poorly understood. Studies by the Jena laboratory showed that water channels or aquaporin in conjunction with several ion channels present at the secretory vesicle membrane regulate vesicle volume through GTP-binding G-proteins (24-30). The role of various ion channels at the secretory vesicle membrane was also demonstrated using single vesicle patch studies (42). In 2004, Jena and his research team reported that secretory vesicle volume increase is a requirement for the regulated release of intra-vesicular contents from cells (26). The relative increase in vesicle volume during cell secretion is proportional to the fraction of the intra-vesicular contents expelled.
In summary, studies by the Jena laboratory in the past over 25 years has demonstrated the presence of new cup-shaped lipoprotein structures at the cell plasma membrane called porosomes—the universal secretory machinery in cells—and elucidated the involvement of the porosome in the regulate fractional release of intra-vesicular contents from cells with exquisite precision involving membrane fusion and secretory vesicle volume regulation. Jena and his research team have isolated the porosome from a number of secretory cells including neurons, determined its composition, functionally reconstituted it in lipid membrane and live cells, and determined its dynamics and high-resolution structure using a variety of approaches including AFM, EM, and SAXS. Complementing the regulation of the porosome function, their studies have further contributed to our understanding of membrane fusion and secretory vesicle volume regulation, both required for the regulated fractional release of intra-vesicular contents during cell secretion. These results provide for the first time a molecular understanding of the regulated fractional release of intra-vesicular contents from cells during secretion. Recent studies by the Jena laboratory using mass spectrometry, demonstrate interaction between the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the porosome complex in human airways epithelia, shedding light on the possible regulatory role of CFTR on the quality of mucus secretion via the porosome complex (43). Results from this study provide critical insights into the etiology of CF disease and for potential therapies. Similarly, their recent studies using mass spectrometry provide understanding of the lipidome of the neuronal porosome complex (44), and the role of Hsp90 in porosome assembly and structure-function (45, 46). To determine the distribution of proteins within the porosome complex, the Jena laboratory is currently engaged in single particle electron crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, X-ray solution and neutron scattering, and chemical cross linking followed by mass spectrometry. In a recent publication (10), they report for the first time the functional reconstitution of the insulin-secretion porosome complex into live insulin secreting cells, resulting in an increase in the potency and efficacy of glucose-stimulated insulin release, and a promise for therapeutic applications. In the past 15-years, there have been scores of publication by other laboratories on the porosome complex and the involvement of various porosome proteins in secretion and in secretory defects, some referenced here (37,47–62), attesting to the critical role played by the porosome in health and disease.
Reflecting on the Porosome Discovery
In the past 400 years since the invention of the light microscope, which led to the discovery that the unit of life the cell, we have witnessed an explosion in our understanding of life. This new understanding has taught us that Nature is the ultimate architect and engineer, capable of designing and building the most effective and efficient living unit the "Cell" and the precision nanomachines within, to undertake various life functions. Cellular nanomachines are a marvel of Nature, undertaking with great precision the vital cellular tasks like synthesis of new proteins life's building blocks to their proper folding and assembly, their transport, and their secretion from within the cell to the outside. Secretion is required for cell–cell communication such as neurotransmission for coordination, thought, memory, smell, vision, taste, and hearing, for the digestion of food, for endocrine control such as insulin release in response to elevated blood glucose, and for release of immune products in response to a foreign antigen such as a pathogenic bacteria or virus, among others.
Each discovery of a nanomachine—such as the proteasome or cell's garbage disposal; chaperonin, the protein folding machinery in cells; the ribosome, the protein synthetic machinery in cells; the signal recognition particle, the address tag in cells for protein targeting, and the porosome, -the secretory machinery in cells, all central to life, health and disease, are a gift to science and humanity.
The porosome discovery by Jena and his group and his international collaborators, and the data from other laboratories, are incontrovertible, that such a structure exists and is important for life processes. Moreover, the porosome comprises well-known proteins—there is nothing magical here—but these well-known proteins assemble in a beautiful and highly functional way that no one would have imagined -a major paradigm shift. However, a problem with paradigm shifts is that (as Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) so elegantly put it: there are three stages of Truth: (a) First it is ridiculed, (b) Then violently opposed, and (c) Finally accepted as self-evident. Images of the native porosome complex, is right there in front of us to marvel in Nature's beauty !
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Brief Narrative of Porosome Discovery:
Narrative on Contributions of Jena & Lab.pdf


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Top Australian journalists and editors are demanding further details of allegations they helped foreign media report George Pell's child sexual abuse verdict while it was suppressed. More than 30 news organisations and editorial staff are facing charges of contempt of court and aiding and abetting overseas media over their coverage of the cardinal's convictions. Their lawyer, Matthew Collins QC, labelled the case "as serious as it gets" in a Supreme Court hearing on Monday, suggesting guilty findings could have a chilling effect on open justice in Australia. Among the allegations is that organisations scandalised the court and aided and abetted foreign publications in the days after Pell was found guilty of five child sexual abuse charges by a jury in December. Suppression orders prevented publication of the verdict in Australia until February. Victoria's Director of Public Prosecutions says a series of publications and broadcasts on December 13 last year were in contempt. But the allegations of aiding and abetting relate to 32 news reports from various unnamed media outlets between December 11 and 18. "How could it be said that conduct occurring on December 13 aided and abetted foreign publication on the 11th and 12th of December?" Dr Collins asked. He questioned whether organisations were alleged to have contacted overseas organisations with details on the case or encouraged them to publish. None of the overarching allegations provided in original court documents give specifics of the individuals facing charges, Dr Collins said. Some claims refer to editors by virtue only of their job title, while others are only mentioned as being authors of specific articles. Among those named are Herald Sun editor Damon Johnston, The Age editor Alex Lavelle, Sydney radio shock-jock Ray Hadley and Today show host Deborah Knight. "None of the publications or broadcasts named Pell or even identified the charges he was found guilty of," Dr Collins said. "Nowhere does it say what the respondents are said to have done ... which is necessary for a contempt of this kind," he later added. Dr Collins defended those accused of scandalising the court by saying that in many cases they had done nothing more than have a "robust discussion" of a topic already the subject of public interest. Contempt carries a maximum penalty up to five years in prison. Dr Collins said the allegations faced by the 36 journalists were not garden variety contempt and he could find no precedent in Australian law. "This is as serious as it gets in terms of convictions, fines and jail time," he said, suggesting guilty findings could also have a "chilling effect" on open justice. Justice John Dixon also urged that consideration be given to how the case would be run, whether as a single trial or 36 individual matters. He ordered prosecutors file detailed statements of claim against all individuals facing charges by May 20 and the defence file responses by June 21. The parties must return to court for a further directions hearing on June 26. Organisations are standing by their stories, including News Corp, which said it would "vigorously defend all charges and resolutely stand by our editors and journalists". Cardinal Pell is appealing his convictions and denies any wrongdoing. Australian Associated Press
https://nnimgt-a.akamaihd.net/transform/v1/crop/frm/silverstone-feed-data/8cf9c4e7-a32f-4fb8-8d1f-264c7e8f5480.jpg/r0_74_800_526_w1200_h678_fmax.jpg
Foreign influence among Pell media charges
Karen Sweeney
Media organisations face contempt charges over the coverage of the George Pell case.
Top Australian journalists and editors are demanding further details of allegations they helped foreign media report George Pell's child sexual abuse verdict while it was suppressed.
More than 30 news organisations and editorial staff are facing charges of contempt of court and aiding and abetting overseas media over their coverage of the cardinal's convictions.
Their lawyer, Matthew Collins QC, labelled the case "as serious as it gets" in a Supreme Court hearing on Monday, suggesting guilty findings could have a chilling effect on open justice in Australia.
Among the allegations is that organisations scandalised the court and aided and abetted foreign publications in the days after Pell was found guilty of five child sexual abuse charges by a jury in December.
Suppression orders prevented publication of the verdict in Australia until February.
Victoria's Director of Public Prosecutions says a series of publications and broadcasts on December 13 last year were in contempt.
But the allegations of aiding and abetting relate to 32 news reports from various unnamed media outlets between December 11 and 18.
"How could it be said that conduct occurring on December 13 aided and abetted foreign publication on the 11th and 12th of December?" Dr Collins asked.
He questioned whether organisations were alleged to have contacted overseas organisations with details on the case or encouraged them to publish.
None of the overarching allegations provided in original court documents give specifics of the individuals facing charges, Dr Collins said.
Some claims refer to editors by virtue only of their job title, while others are only mentioned as being authors of specific articles.
Among those named are Herald Sun editor Damon Johnston, The Age editor Alex Lavelle, Sydney radio shock-jock Ray Hadley and Today show host Deborah Knight.
"None of the publications or broadcasts named Pell or even identified the charges he was found guilty of," Dr Collins said.
"Nowhere does it say what the respondents are said to have done ... which is necessary for a contempt of this kind," he later added.
Dr Collins defended those accused of scandalising the court by saying that in many cases they had done nothing more than have a "robust discussion" of a topic already the subject of public interest.
Contempt carries a maximum penalty up to five years in prison.
Dr Collins said the allegations faced by the 36 journalists were not garden variety contempt and he could find no precedent in Australian law.
"This is as serious as it gets in terms of convictions, fines and jail time," he said, suggesting guilty findings could also have a "chilling effect" on open justice.
Justice John Dixon also urged that consideration be given to how the case would be run, whether as a single trial or 36 individual matters.
He ordered prosecutors file detailed statements of claim against all individuals facing charges by May 20 and the defence file responses by June 21.
The parties must return to court for a further directions hearing on June 26.
Organisations are standing by their stories, including News Corp, which said it would "vigorously defend all charges and resolutely stand by our editors and journalists".
Cardinal Pell is appealing his convictions and denies any wrongdoing.


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Lince Dorado (San Juan, 11 de maio de 1987) é um lutador de luta livre profissional porto-riquenho que atualmente ele trabalha para a WWE no programa Smackdown Live . Dorado é melhor conhecido por suas passagens na Chikara e em várias outras promoções do circuito independente.

Carreira na luta livre profissional

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2012–2013)

Em 4 de outubro de 2012, Dorado participou de um dark match na Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), enfrentando Kazarian. Em 12 de janeiro de 2013, Dorado participou da gravação do X-Travaganza (foi ao ar em 5 de abril de 2013), lutando em uma luta Xscape de sete lutadores, que foi ganho por  Christian York.

WWE

Cruiserweight Classic (2016)

Em 3 de abril de 2016, Dorado foi anunciado como participante do WWE Cruiserweight Classic. O torneio começou em 23 de junho com Dorado derrotando Mustafa Ali na primeira rodada. Em 14 de julho, Dorado foi eliminado do torneio por Rich Swann na segunda rodada. Em 22 de julho, foi relatado que Dorado tinha assinado um contrato com a WWE.

Raw (2016–presente)

Em 16 de setembro, Dorado foi anunciado da divisão de pesos-médios. Dorado fez sua estreia no Main Event de 21 de setembro, perdendo para Rich Swann. Em 10 de outubro, Dorado se uniu com Sin Cara para derrotar Tony Nese e Drew Gulak. Em 13 de dezembro, Dorado sua estreia no 205 Live, onde empatou contra Mustafa Ali.

Na luta livre profissional

Movimentos de finalização
Chikara Special (Kneeling step-over head-hold wrist-lock seguido por um ganho ma perna distante do oponente)
Lynxsault (No-handed springboard moonsault)
Shooting star press
Shooting star senton – 2007
Standing moonsault side slam, às vezes da terceira corda
Movimentos secundários
Anaconda vise
Cartwheel corkscrew suicide senton ou suicide plancha – adotado de Helios
Corkscrew somersault leg drop
Diving crossbody
Double springboard seated senton
Facebreaker DDT
Flip DDT
Leap of Faith (Standing or a running frankensteiner em um oponente na terceira corda) – adotado de Jigsaw
Moonsault, às vezes enquanto de pé ou enquanto aplica um corkscrew
Várias variações de chute
Backflip fora da corda superior transicionado para um drop
Dropsault
Enzuigiri
Rolling wheel
Sole
Tiger feint
Senton
Sitout scoop slam piledriver
Standing shooting star press – adotado de Equinox
Suicide dive
Vertical suplex powerbomb

Alcunhas
"The Golden Lynx of Lucha Libre"
"The Feline Phenomenon"
"Purrfect 10"
"The Sultan of the Shooting Star Press"
Temas de entrada
"Eye of the Tiger" de Survivor
"Engel" de Rammstein (Used as a member of the Bruderschaft des Kreuzes)
"Golden Rush" de CFO$ (WWE; 2016–presente)

Campeonatos e prêmios
Championship Wrestling Entertainment
CWE Tag Team Championship (1 vez) – com Jon Cruz
Chikara
King of Trios (2008) – com El Pantera and Incognito
La Lotería Letal – with Jimmy Olsen
Dreamwave Wrestling
Dreamwave Alternative Championship (1 vez)
F1RST Wrestling
Sweet Sixteen Tournament (2009)
Force One Pro Wrestling
Force One Pro Wrestling Heritage Championship (1 vez)
Full Impact Pro
FIP Florida Heritage Championship (1 vez)
Garden State Pro Wrestling
GSPW Championship (1 vez)
GSPW Title Tournament (2010)
NWA Florida Underground
NWA Florida Flash Championship (2 vezes)
I Believe In Wrestling
SCW Florida Cruiserweight Title Tournament
Independent Wrestling Revolution
Revolucha Cup (2008)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI colocou-o em 239º dos 500 melhores lutadores na PWI 500 em 2010
Riot Pro Wrestling
RPW Tag Team Championship (1 vez) – com Aaron Epic
Southern Championship Wrestling
SCW Florida Cruiserweight Championship (1 vez)
SCW Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 vez)
Outros prêmios
Team HAMMA FIST Championship (1 vez)

Recorde nas Luchas de Apuestas

Ligações externas

Naturais de San Juan (Porto Rico)
Lutadores de luta profissional de Porto Rico

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: GraphDB - get paths among different types of nodes I have a graph DB (using Neo4J) consisting of 5 types of nodes, e.g. filename, type1, type2, type3 and type4.
CREATE (:type1{name:type1_A})
CREATE (:type1{name:type1_B})

CREATE (:type2{name:type2_A})
CREATE (:type2{name:type2_B})

CREATE (:type3{name:type3_A})
CREATE (:type3{name:type3_B})

CREATE (:type4{name:type4_A})
CREATE (:type4{name:type4_B})

CREATE (:filename{name:1A_2A_3A_4A})
CREATE (:filename{name:1A_2A_3A_4A_another})
CREATE (:filename{name:1A_2B_3A_4A})
CREATE (:filename{name:1A_2A_3B_4A})
CREATE (:filename{name:1A_2A_3A_4B})

For each filename, I created 4 links (with same relationship name) as follows:
MATCH(n:type1 {name:'type1_A'}) MATCH(f:filename {name:'1A_2A_3A_4A}) CREATE (n)-[:linked_to]->(f)"
MATCH(n:type2 {name:'type2_A'}) MATCH(f:filename {name:'1A_2A_3A_4A}) CREATE (n)-[:linked_to]->(f)"
MATCH(n:type3 {name:'type3_A'}) MATCH(f:filename {name:'1A_2A_3A_4A}) CREATE (n)-[:linked_to]->(f)"
MATCH(n:type4 {name:'type4_A'}) MATCH(f:filename {name:'1A_2A_3A_4A}) CREATE (n)-[:linked_to]->(f)"

and so on for the other filenames.
Now, for instance, I'd like to get all paths involving filename nodes linked to type1_A AND type2_A AND type3_A AND type4_A. In this case, I except '1A_2A_3A_4A' and '1A_2A_3A_4A_another' nodes and corresponding paths to type1_A, type2_A and type3_A nodes.
Can anyone suggest me the corresponding Cypher query?
Thanks

A: Try the below and see if gets you what you're looking for.
MATCH
  (f:filename),
  (t1:type1 {name: "type1_A")-[t1lt:linked_to]->(f),
  (:type2 {name: "type2_A")-[:linked_to]->(f),
  (:type3 {name: "type3_A")-[:linked_to]->(f),
  (:type4 {name: "type4_A")-[:linked_to]->(f)
RETURN f, t1, t1lt


text:
Child Nutrition Services encourages families to provide adequate funds in their student's meal account. Negative meal account balances need to be paid in full by the end of the school year. Funds can be deposited anytime by sending cash or check to school with your child or by making a deposit online at the MySchoolBucks website.
All balances left in meal accounts at the end of the school year will automatically be carried forward for students continuing in any Rockwood School. If a student graduates or moves out of the school district, a refund can be requested.
How To Request a Refund
Notify the cafeteria manager, call (636) 733-3252, or submit to the cafeteria manager a signed note from a parent/guardian requesting a refund. Please include a student/staff ID number when requesting a refund. Refunds over $10.00 will be issued by a Rockwood School District check. A check will not be issued without complete parent information, including first and last name and address.
If the parent/guardian chooses to have a student pick up a cash refund for an amount less than $10.00, a signed note must be sent to the cafeteria manager giving the student permission to receive the refund if funds are available.
The dollar amount of the refund will reflect the funds available when the refund is processed.
Refunds must be requested within one school year. Unclaimed funds will then become the property of Rockwood Child Nutrition Services and applied to the Random Acts of Kindness donation program for students in need who have negative balances in their meal accounts.
Families may also choose to donate the remaining meal account balance to a student in need within our district by contacting the Child Nutrition Services office at (636) 733-3252.


text:
Epidemiology and course
Last Updated on Fri, 24 Aug 2018 | Mental Health
The prevalence of narrowly defined repetitive self-mutilation is unknown. Available studies, however, suggest that repetitive self-mutilation is more common in women than men, usually begins early in life (e.g. late childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood), and may persist for 10 to 15 years. Associated psychopathology and comorbidity
Repetitive self-mutilation often co-occurs with other Axis I and II psychiatric disorders, especially mood, substance use, eating, psychotic, and borderline personality disorders. For example, in a 1983 review of 56 cases from the literature of patients with the 'deliberate self-harm syndrome', 45 per cent of patients were depressed, 41 per cent were psychotic, and 36 per cent were substance abusers.(28) In another evaluation of 54 psychiatric inpatients with 'self-injurious behaviour', eating disorders were the most common associated ICD-10 Axis I diagnosis, present in 54 per cent of patients, followed by substance use (33 per cent), affective disorders (20 per cent), and schizophrenic disorders (18 per cent). (29> Borderline and histrionic were the most frequent personality disorders, present in 52 and 23 per cent of the group, respectively. However, 22 per cent of patients did not fulfil criteria for any personality disorder.
Break Free From Passive Aggression
This guide is meant to be of use for anyone who is keen on developing a better understanding of PAB, to help/support concerned people to discover various methods for helping others, also, to serve passive aggressive people as a tool for self-help.
Most Effective Ovarian Cyst Treatments
When Your Loved One Has Borderline Personality Disorder
Eating Disorders Self-Help and Recovery Tips
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Event


Compact Quad . Mini Cars & Go-Kart Manufacturers.
The COMPACT quad is designed to be used in areas where available space is at premium Steering is by a single hidden wheel positioned within the car, decreasing the turning radius by 50%.


text:
Back to Press Share This Post
Press — July 18, 2018
Wing Eating Contest
By lhummel
The Greene Turtle Sports Bar & Grille® in North Wales Holds
First Annual Chicken Wing Eating Competition on July 28
Chicken Wing Eating Competition is in celebration of National Chicken Wing Day on July 29
Come celebrate National Chicken Wing Day a day early at The Greene Turtle Sports Bar & Grille®in North Wales! On Saturday, July 28, from 3:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m., guests can participate in the first annual Chicken Wing Eating Competition. Joe Krause from The High School Sports Show will be the event's emcee. Participants can register online or at the restaurant ahead of the event. In addition, the North Wales Police Department and the North Wales Fire Department will be challenging each other for the opportunity to hold a Funds for Friends event at the restaurant to raise money for the charity of their choice.
All participants will receive their first beer on the house. There will be 15 participants in each round, with the winner of each round receiving a prize. The winners of each round will meet in the finale where one winner will be awarded the grand prize of $500.
Guests can register in person at the restaurant or online through EventBrite
The Greene Turtle Sports Bar and Grille®
1100 Bethlehem Pike
About The Greene Turtle Sports Bar & Grille® and The Greene Turtle Franchising Corp.:
First opened in Ocean City, MD., in 1976, The Greene Turtle Sports Bar & Grille® today includes 46locations in markets across Maryland and extending into Washington, D.C., Virginia, West Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Long Island, New York. Combining comfort food, a casual atmosphere and a sports bar theme marked by big screen TVs broadcasting local and national events, "The Turtle" has become a popular year-round destination where families, friends and fans of all ages feel at home. CBS Baltimore named The Greene Turtle Sports Bar & Grille® among the best local spots to enjoy "March Madness." Information is available online at www.thegreeneturtle.comand www.facebook.com/thegreeneturtle.
The Greene Turtle Sports Bar and Grille® in North Wales is proud to offer special promotions and programs at its restaurant, including Kids Eat Free Tuesdays, 15% off for Veterans and Active Duty Military Members, Half Price Happy Hours and Live Bands every Friday and Saturday.
Monique Smallow Shannon Stern
Maroon PR Maroon PR
Monique@MaroonPR.com Shannon@MaroonPR.com


African wedding ringbearer Dashiki shirt and pants with a matching kufi hat. Perfect for kids birthday, wedding ring bearer and Christening occasions ( Fit Sizes 4-13yrs. old) Available in all colors.
Please select your dashiki color and size by Age.


text:
Google Maps Hacks
Autor Schuyler Erle
Wydawnictwo OReilly Media
Wydawnictwo: O'Reilly Media
Data wydania: 17 stycznia 2006
Rich Gibson
Schuyler Erle
Want to find every pizza place within a 15-mile radius? Where the dog parks are in a new town? The most central meeting place for your class, club or group of friends? The cheapest gas stations on a day-to-day basis? The location of convicted sex offenders in an area to which you may be considering moving? The applications, serendipitous and serious, seem to be infinite, as developers find ever more creative ways to add to and customize the satellite images and underlying API of Google Maps.
Written by Schuyler Erle and Rich Gibson, authors of the popular Mapping Hacks, Google Maps Hacks shares dozens of tricks for combining the capabilities of Google Maps with your own datasets. Such diverse information as apartment listings, crime reporting or flight routes can be integrated with Google's satellite imagery in creative ways, to yield new and useful applications.
The authors begin with a complete introduction to the "standard" features of Google Maps. The adventure continues with 60 useful and interesting mapping projects that demonstrate ways developers have added their own features to the maps. After that's given you ideas of your own, you learn to apply the techniques and tools to add your own data to customize and manipulate Google Maps. Even Google seems to be tacitly blessing what might be seen as unauthorized use, but maybe they just know a good thing when they see one.
With the tricks and techniques you'll learn from Google Maps Hacks, you'll be able to adapt Google's satellite map feature to create interactive maps for personal and commercial applications for businesses ranging from real estate to package delivery to home services, transportation and more. Includes a foreword by Google Maps tech leads, Jens and Lars Rasmussen.
O autorze/autorach:
Rich Gibson is a Perl/Database programmer in Santa Rosa CA. He has worked professionally with computers since 1982 when he created Public Utility Rate Case Models in SuperCalc on an Osborne II. His current fascination is creating tools to aid in the acquisition, management, and presentation of information with a geographic component. He is currently converting an old golf cart into a mobile geo annotation platform.Rich is active with the NoCat Community Network in Sebastopol, California, and is the primary developer of NoCat Maps (http://maps.nocat.net/).
View Rich Gibson's full profile page.
Schuyler Erle is a freelance writer and software engineer. After several years developing web applications for O'Reilly, Schuyler has recently moved on to pursue his interest in free networks, digital cartography, the Semantic Web, and technology for social and political change. He is the chief architect of NoCatAuth, a leading Open Source wireless captive portal. His interest in digital cartography stems from a life-long fascination with maps and mapmaking, coupled with his experience as a co-founder of the NoCat community network in Sonoma County, CA, where he collaborated in the development of geographic analysis tools for wireless networking.
View Schuyler Erle's full profile page.


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