text:
Solo brunette teen enormous dildo jerk lingerie
Teen Female-Teen Female, Male Domination
jegv11
By Ed Rider Many thanks to HMAuthor for all the hard work in editing and improving this story from a previous version. Brad was like a giant rag doll being dragged along the floor. Bob was on one side of him, and Jake was on the other. They were holding him under his shoulders while his feet trailed behind them.
When he was able to lift his head for a few seconds, Brad could see what he called the three C's at least when he wasn't using the full c-word. He knew it was them, because their firm round rears were bouncing in their tight-fitting jeans and getting him hard, even as drunk as he was. He knew they hated the nickname he called them, but he didn't care. He didn't care much what anybody in the Animal Husbandry 101 class thought about him.
The two guys were strong, but he was bigger and stronger. As for the three girls, Sammie, Sally and Molly, they were hot, and he wanted them, whether they wanted him or not. Three weeks into the semester, he hadn't gotten anywhere with them, except crude fondling and mauling whenever one of them got close enough.
They had learned within the first few days what a Neanderthal he was, but they were all farm girls, so they never reported him. For them, he was just a stupid, ornery bull, like some of the troublesome animals they had to deal with growing up. They stayed out of his way, and they talked to each other about how to break and tame the wild bull, but they hadn't come up with any ideas until today. Actually, Brad was the one who had found their solution for them.
After an exhausting day of learning how to use the artificial cow from New Zealand, the six of them were relaxing in the break room with some beers. As usual, Brad was loud and rude, and as he tossed back beer after beer, he became increasingly abusive.
"You three C's need to be mounted by a real bull," he said with a nasty leer, "just like those bulls we brought to the fake cow today. I'm the only real bull in the room who can satisfy you. Are you ready to take a look at what I'm going to put under your tail.
Come over here, and I'll show you." He laughed his loud, ugly laugh. "Before this class is over, I'm going to mount each of you, just like those bulls mounted that cow. And then you can collect my specimen." He laughed even louder. His five classmates sat at a table on the other side of the room sipping their beers and talking quietly, trying to ignore him. But during his last tirade, Sally sat up straight and gave her attention to him. As she listened, a smile came over her face.
She turned to the other four. "I've got it," she said, and she began laughing. "I know what we're going to do with Brad to shut him up. Starting tomorrow, he's going to be as cooperative as a trained dog." "What are you talking about?" asked Molly.
"He just gave me the idea," said Sally. "Help me work out the details." As she had predicted, Brad got things started when he fell out of his chair onto the floor. That's when they knew he was so drunk that he wouldn't be any trouble. Now the two boys were dragging him down the hall to the animal pens while the three girls were walking ahead and discussing their plan. "Just a second," said Sally, stopping the group. "I've got to get something." She ran down a side hall and came back holding the two video cameras and tripods they were using to film some experiments in one of the classrooms.
They continued dragging Brad until they reached the large, empty room with the device from New Zealand. It was simple. The foundation was a souped-up go-kart, with a solid, steel roof. On top of the roof was a sturdy metal platform that was completely covered in cowhide.
In the back of the platform, there was a hole through the cowhide, and inside the hole was something soft and flesh-like for the bull's pleasure.
Someone would operate the go-kart, and when a bull was brought in, the slowly moving kart with the artificial vagina would entice the bull and arouse him, and the bull would try to mount it. By maneuvering the kart, the operator would position it for the bull to insert his penis into the artificial cow vagina.
Then the bull would thrash on top of the kart and give up a specimen, which went down the fake vagina into a receptacle.
That was how it worked when all went smoothly. Some bulls were bashful bulls, or at least they couldn't produce their semen without extra stimulation. They had to be sedated so that the students could handle them, and then the students used other methods to get results. One was hand manipulation of the bull's anatomy.
This involved massaging the testicles, but also something that only an aggie would ever do, reaching into the bull's anus and finding his ampullae and prostrate and massaging those. The girls didn't bat an eye when it was their turn. They were proud that their manipulations were so effective that the bashful bulls gave up their specimens almost instantly.
They joked with Bob and Jake that they would do the same for them if the boys ever needed to produce a specimen. They learned this technique even though it was rarely used now. Instead there was a device that looked like a vibrator that was inserted into a bull's anus and turned on to provide electric stimulation.
It worked almost every time, and hand insertion was only resorted to in the rare cases when the bull didn't respond to the electric device. Bob and Jake pulled the cowhide off the top of the artificial cow, and everybody looked at the structure underneath.
There was a heavy iron scaffold attached to the roof of the go-kart, and on top of that was the metal platform that the bull came down on. Attached to the scaffold was the artificial vagina. "It's gonna work," yelled Sally, and the girls began giggling. "Wow!" said Jake. "I don't know," said Bob. "OK, Bob and Jake, lift him up," said Sally. The two men raised Brad in the air and pushed him between the pipes of the scaffold on the roof of the go-kart. Once inside the structure, he looked like he was in a jail cell.
He began thrashing as they lay him on his back. The girls climbed up next to Brad, and Sammie unbuckled his belt, while Sally and Molly pulled off his boots and tugged at his pants legs. Soon the jeans were flying onto the floor, followed by his boxers.
They left his socks on. "He looks more ridiculous that way," explained Sally, and the girls laughed. Brad tried to resist as they turned him onto his stomach. Jake climbed up and pushed Brad's head and chest down as the three girls lifted his bottom up and pushed his knees under him.
They maneuvered him toward the back of the kart, lifting his rear until he was right next to the receptacle. His legs were spread apart until his anus was at exactly the same height as the fleshy funnel that accepted the bull. They detached the device from the frame and moved him back, so his anus would line up with the hole in the cowhide. "This is gonna work," shouted Sally triumphantly.
Brad moaned. "Not so fast," said Bob. "The next part is the hardest." He and Jake got some rope and tied Brad to the iron piping. Most of the rope was around his chest, but they placed some rags where the rope touched his naked skin to prevent rope burns.
He could now move the upper part of his body a little, but his rear was immobile. They stepped back from the go-kart and looked up at Brad. "Wow!" said Jake. "Let's get going," said Sammie. "Sally, you get some cushions for his head. Molly, you get the equipment. Jake, Bob and I need to sedate Mr. Big Stuff and bring him here." They all hurried off. Sally heard Brad bellowing as they came back to the specimen collecting room.
He had sobered up enough to discover his position, and he realized how he got there. His curses mingled with demands for them to set him free. Sally walked around to where his head was facing, and when he saw her, the curses got louder and nastier "Brad," she said quietly, but he ignored her.
She tried again twice and then yelled at him, "No one can hear you because there's nobody here but us. If you don't shut up, I'm not going to tell you what we're doing." She walked away. Brad tried to spit at her and resumed his yelling and cursing. But in a few minutes, he stopped.
Then, in a normal voice, he said, "Come back, Sally." Sally heard him, and walked back in front of him, carrying the two large couch cushions. "Lift your head, Brad," she said, "and I'll put one of these under your head.
It will be a lot more comfortable than the hard metal." He lifted his head as she came up to him, and she placed one pillow under it. Standing next to him, she said, "Now turn your head this way so you can look at me and talk to me without smothering yourself." As he turned his head, she took the other large pillow and stuffed it on the other side of his head, between his head and some pipes. It effectively prevented him from turning his head in that direction.
He could now only put his face straight down into a pillow or turn it sideways in her direction. "What are you doing?" he yelled again but stopped when she told him to quiet down. "We are conducting an experiment," she told him calmly. "It's an experiment in animal husbandry, human physiology and human psychology.
Remember, Mr. Big Stuff, the shy bull who wouldn't mate with this artificial cow the other day? We're going to try to mate him with you, using what worked on him the other day. And we've set up the video cameras to record our experiment. The human psychology part involves behavior modification and starts after we finish the physical experiment." Brad listened to her in stunned silence. "So the five of you are going to kill me," he said after a moment. "That's murder.
No human can survive the weight of that bull." "Don't be stupid, Brad. You aren't going to be killed, only humiliated. You are in the middle of this thing, so you are protected by the metal scaffold on top of you, just like Bob will be while he's driving the kart.
The bull may flop on top and scare you a little, but you will only come in contact with one long part of him. And it's so long that we have to make sure that you don't take all of it in. That's why we've sedated Mr. Big Stuff." "Oh, here's Molly with the equipment and Sammie, Bob and Jake with Mr. Big Stuff. He looks very sleepy right now.
If you shut up, I will tell you what we're doing each step of the way, OK." "First, Molly is bringing me the lubricant and the long rubber tube. Do you feel my two fingers pushing the lubricant inside you?" Brad began yelling, "Help! Help!" at the top of his lungs as Sally removed her fingers and started inserting the tube. She pushed it in very slowly as the others stood next to her and watched. Whenever it seemed to come to something blocking it, she pulled it out a little, then wiggled it until it got past whatever was stopping it.
Finally, it wouldn't go in any further. "Molly, hand me that red permanent ink marker," she said. "Now I'm marking on this tube how deep you are, because we need to estimate how much of Mr. Big Stuff to put in you. We're going to have to use math because right now he's limp. But we have a record of how long he is fully extended, and we'll compare that to your depth and then calculate how much of his limp penis to put inside you.
If we put too much in, when the penis wakes up, it might push forward enough to hurt you, and we don't want that to happen." Brad looked at her questioningly.
"Yes, Brad, you are not going to be screwed by a bull. That would be too dangerous. This experiment is just to see what happens when an unstimulated bull is inserted into a loudmouthed asshole and then gets stimulated.
Now stay right here while we do some calculating." A few minutes later, his five classmates were pulling the bull toward him. "Look," said Sally, reaching down to Mr. Big Stuff's loosely hanging organ. "See where I marked him." It was a thick red circle all the way around the bull's penis, about halfway between the tip and testicles. "That corresponds to this on the tube." She pointed to a red circle that marked what seemed like an impossible length of tube.
All that couldn't have been inside him, he thought. He saw them pull the bull away from his view and he heard them grunting and breathing heavily as they moved him around.
Then came a huge crash on top of him. They had managed to lift the front part of the bull's body high enough to drop it on top of the artificial cow. He saw Bob get into the kart driver's seat below him and start the vehicle up. Slowly, he put it into reverse, while Sally was yelling instructions from the back.
The other four held the bull and moved him in combination with the reverse drive of the go-kart until most of the bull was draped over the cart and he was standing on his hind legs pushing against Brad. Bob stopped the kart and got out and looked approvingly at what he saw. An out-of-breath Sally began talking again. "Whew! We've got him lined up at the spot," she said.
"Now comes the hard part. You can thank Molly for this part of the experiment. Let's see if it works." He saw Molly going toward the rear end of the bull with some stuff in her hand.
When she sat down, he could no longer see her. In a few minutes, he heard some whistling and clapping, and Sally announced to him, "She did it. Molly found some thin rubber tubing, almost as thin as those straws in cocktails. It's pretty stiff, but slightly flexible. She tied one end to Mr. Big Stuff's penis, close to the tip, with strong thread. The idea is for the tube to stay tied to the bull's tool but let us disconnect it at the right time.
Now we need to put a lot more lubricant inside you." The same tubing as the first time was pushed up inside him until the red mark was reached.
A funnel was inserted into the outside end of the tube, and Jake climbed up the side of the cart and lifted the funnel in the air with one hand and poured liquid from a plastic bottle into it with the other.
"We're filling you up with oil," said Sally. "It's for your own protection. OK, Jake, it looks like it's starting to back up. That's enough." Brad felt full, like after a meal, and his stomach was bulging from all the oil in his colon and intestine.
He suddenly felt something else. It was big and thick, and it was going slowly through the oil into him. "We're starting to put Mr. Big Stuff into you," said Sally. "Molly's tubing is working great. She's pushing it in, and it's pulling Mr. Big Stuff in with it. We're going to do this very slowly even though you've got a ton of oil in you and Mr. Big Stuff's thing is pretty flabby right now. So there's no danger." The thing may have been flabby, but it seemed to get thicker the further in it went, and Brad began squirming and grunting.
Sally leaned down to his ear and whispered, "That's great, Brad. I've got cameras focused on your face and ass and a microphone at each end, so the more sound and expression you can give us, the better this production is going to be." After that he tried to control himself, but he realized that the facial expressions he made while trying not to make expressions were probably worse than before and so were the little pants and squeaks he made when he tried to stop grunting.
Finally, the horrible stretching feeling inside him just took over, and he didn't even realize that he was violently shaking his rear trying to push out the invader while he was roaring out his anger. It took about five minutes, and then there was applause again and some whistles. "It's all the way in to the red mark," said Sally. "It's only a percentage of the distance of the tube, but we're allowing for expansion. Now bear with us because Molly's going to start wiggling the little tube tied to Mr.
Big Stuff." He felt a fluttering from the rim of his anus to deep inside of him. It went on for a few minutes until Molly yelled out, "It's off." "Great," said Sally. "Molly managed to get the thread that tied Mr. Big Stuff to the tube loose, and now she's going to carefully pull the tube out." Brad barely felt the thin tube coming out.
It was like a little tickle beside the horrible stretching feeling. "Now, we're ready to begin the experiment," said Sally. "You've got a huge, sedated bull on top of you, and a lot of his soft organ inside of you. Can we get him to fertilize you using the methods we learned in class? First, Sammie is going to stimulate his testicles. She's reaching under the bull and massaging them.
Bob, zoom out on camera two so you can see her and her hands and still see Brad's stuffed rear. If this works, we should start getting some reaction from Mr. Big Stuff and Brad, too." Brad felt nothing for a few minutes, but then inside him, he started to feel a slight expansion and a slight hardening. At least he thought so. He thought it might be his imagination, but real or not, the discomfort level was growing. He was now panting and grimacing.
"Success," said Sally. "Now, Molly is going to do the most disgusting part. She gets extra credit for this. She's lifting up Mr. Big Stuff's tail with one hand.
The other hand has a rubber glove on it that goes all the way up to her shoulder, and she's sticking it into Mr.
Big Stuff's asshole looking for the two important organs. "I think I found them," said Molly. "I'm beginning to massage them." Brad felt the bull shifting over him, and for the first time, he heard breath coming from the bull's nostrils. He began to feel like a rubber balloon was being blown up inside him.
It hurt all over, but especially right at his anus. The tip of Mr. Big Stuff's organ also seemed to be pushing out and deeper into him.
It was going so high that it felt like it would burst through his insides and come out his mouth. He was squirming like a toad, panting like a dog and squeaking like a mouse. Something had to give, and it was the lubricant. It was being squeezed out of him like the juice from a lemon, and he heard it plopping down on the top of the go-kart. "I'm pulling my arm out of Mr.
Big Stuff's ass now," said Molly, but for Brad, there was no relief. "Mr. Big Stuff looks like he's almost as big as he can get," said Sally. "It's a good thing we didn't put more of him in you. You should see how much there is left over.
Well, so far we've managed to arouse him, but that's not enough. We've got to get his specimen, and we're going to add to the drama by getting your specimen, too, Brad.
Jake, position yourself at Mr. Big Stuff's rear with the electric stimulator. I'm going to position myself with the suction pump at Brad's penis." Until then, Brad had been totally unaware of his own equipment, so great was the agony in his rear. Now he noticed that the organ he liked to brag about was hanging forlornly in front of him. There was no way he was going to be able to give any specimen to anyone with that droopy, flabby thing, he thought, and he laughed. The laugh ended in a moan because it hurt him inside.
Sally held up one of the lab's small suction devices to the tip of his penis and turned on the compressor. "Don't worry, Brad," she said.
"I've turned the power down so low that it's barely sucking." And it was true. He didn't feel a thing except the pain inside him. But a minute later, he realized that it must have been working because he felt his penis growing. "Just like Mr. Big Stuff," said Sally brightly. "There's a way to stimulate every animal." Soon his long tool was rock hard. Sally turned off the machine and reached below him to swish her hands through a big puddle of lubricant that had come out of him. One of her hands began massaging his testicles while the other stroked him.
Despite the pain in his rear, he began responding, and breathing faster. When he started groaning louder, Sally yelled out, "He's coming. Quick, Jake, the stimulator, now! Whoa!" The "Whoa!" was because a second after Brad started spewing his semen, there was a huge thunderclap, or at least it sounded like that.
It was the sound of Mr. Big Stuff rising off the go-kart and smashing back down on top of it. As he did so, his penis came out of Brad a few inches and then shoved back into him and erupted.
Brad felt it and thought it was like a pressurized water hose had been pushed into him and turned up all the way. Maybe it was his imagination again, but the discomfort level rose to a breaking point before it finally stopped.
The five classmates didn't say anything at first. Brad looked at them, and they looked at him. He felt mortified and couldn't speak. Finally, Sally said something. "That was amazing," she said in a quiet voice.
"It was a lot more exciting than I ever thought it would be." Then Brad noticed that all five were breathing hard and red-faced. Oh no, he thought, they were getting off on the whole thing. Sally was the first one to shake herself back to reality. She was not sorry for Brad, but now she was finding it hard to remember how angry she was at him, because she had just had one of the biggest orgasms of her life, standing up and with no one, not even herself, touching her.
"OK, Brad," she finally said. "There's a couple more parts of this that belong to Experiment 3, the one about modifying human behavior. We're going to film this part, too." "Here's what's going to happen.
Mr. Big Stuff has given you his stuff, and he's now getting soft again. We're going to slowly pull his thing out of you. It's going to hurt, but you've still got a lot of lubricant in you, along with all of his stuff, so it won't be too bad, but we should get some more great body language, facial expressions and sounds.
"Then we're going to put him back in his pen and move you to the floor and put you on those cushions. We'll keep your ass in the air, but this time you'll be on your back. We're going to lift your legs up and pull them back until we can tie your feet together behind your head. The girls will pull them slowly to avoid any muscle strains, and we'll put pillows behind your back to support you.
Your head will be leaning down on the other side of this cushion, and we're going to pull your asshole back until it's right over your mouth and then push it down and tie it in place. Your ugly asshole will be close enough to kiss your ugly pie hole. Then we're going to use this rubber bulb syringe and pump your ass full of air.
"When your ass is full of gas, Mr. Big Stuff's come and the lubricant inside you is going to want to come out.
You're going to want to fart really bad. You'll probably hold back a while, but eventually, you're going to have to let go, and when you do, the stuff inside you is going to shoot into your face like shot from a shotgun. And once you start farting, it will be hard to stop, and more and more of it will gush out, like a flood. It's going to cover your face.
You will close your eyes and your mouth, but when it fills your nose, it will cut off your air, so you'll have to open your mouth to breathe, and then it will fill your mouth and you'll have to swallow it to keep from choking.
"We're going to be here through the whole disgusting process and get all of it on video. Then we're going to untie you and leave. If you haven't opened your eyes by this time, I suggest you do so then and go right to the animal stalls to hose yourself down.
We'll leave your pants there for you. Then I suggest you come back here and clean everything up and go home and think. "Even though you're a jerk, you're a farm boy, like us, so we know you're not going to turn us in, because farm boys don't ask other people to clean up their messes. "We'll see you in class tomorrow morning, and we'll pretend like nothing happened. I can't tell you we'll never talk about this, but we'll keep it to ourselves.
I have a feeling that no matter where we go from here, we'll have reunions to watch the video together. No one else will ever see it. "At least, that's what all of us prefer. It all depends on you. We could sell the video to a website and make you famous all over the world. Wherever you go, you would immediately meet people who have watched it. But this is not about money.
It's an experiment in modifying human behavior. If it's successful, you will be a different person tomorrow polite and considerate, especially to women. And you'll stay that way the rest of your life. We're not going to stalk you, but if we find out you've reverted to your old ways, you'll know we know as soon as one of your friends tells you that you are a new Internet star.
"It all depends on you. If the experiment is a success, we may even become friends down the road and have some good times together as aggies. If the experiment is a failure well, I don't even want to think about that. I'm sure it's going to be a success. "OK, guys, I think Mr. Big Stuff is soft again. Let's start pulling him out of Brad now. Remember, very slowly."
Tags: Female Domination Body modification Teen Female-Teen Female Enema Exhibitionism
Scratchez
damn, that was a worthy finish. whatta cumslut.
gotos
damn im just trying to get the ph achievements
b0yst0ys
That is one pretty pussay!
crazyben35
You would have my permission to do it rough< IMG src images/ smile. png>
JmataionsOfficial
First Stormy, now you are going to get sued by Angelina?
Cuplex99
The Queen is back
Send N.
When can we schedule this? lol
narutohentai1
Amateur outdoor orgasm and black...
DudeHoldMyBeer
Pole dancer in fishnets gets...
SirGodofFuck
Brunett babe sucks and fucks...
Perloff
Superb brunette wife Audrey Bitoni...
jayfunky40
Hot brunette teens licking and...
sonsofguns
Tomoka matsunami nasty in car...
Foolie2times
Fucking this brunette teen chick...
thedevilinsideme
Cougar sticks dildo in her...
KillerKing69
Cfnm dommes jerk off guy...
Kaskellott
Hung dick rider jerks off...
nilgambor
Straight amateur dude sucked off
ThatsWhatSheSaid27
Perfect candid hotties in short...


The fishing here in The Florida Keys remains strong. There are plenty of bonefish, permit, snook, and redfish to be found throughout Florida Bay. The tarpon fishing continues to produce as well despite Mother Nature's efforts against us. I'm looking forward to the rest of April. It's one of my favorite months to fly fish for tarpon in Islamorada. Both the Oceanside and Backcountry will provide great action this month.


text:
Tim Cook Confirms Apple Watch Outside U.S. Availability In April, Promises Ton Of Apps At Launch
By Zayed Rehman | March 3rd, 2015
Apple CEO Tim Cook has revealed that the Apple Watch will be available on international shores in the month of April. Cook also discussed some Apple Watch development on the app front as well, teasing us with signs of things to come when the wearable becomes eventually available. Head over the jump for further details on what Apple fans are likely to experience in April.
According to 9to5Mac, Cook, speaking at the Berlin flagship Apple Store last week, had told employees that the launch of the Apple Watch will not be exclusive to the U.S. and that the wearable will be headed to Germany, all in the month of April. This means that it will be launching in other international countries too in April.
Speaking to the employees ahead of the 'Spring forward' media event set for the 9th of March, Cook also hinted at the array of apps the Apple Watch would likely be used for, according to 9to5Mac. The smartwatch will be able to act as a wireless keycard for unlocking rooms in some of the best hotels across the world, and this is something that earlier reports had hinted at as well following the initial announcement of the Apple Watch. In this respect, Starwood Hotel had already stated that it has been working with Apple on such an app for the Apple Watch. There were also discussions about third-party apps heading to the watch to take full advantage of the various fitness and health trackers packed into it, where Cook is terming the development as "really, really fantastic." Oh and users will also be able to use the watch to pay at Panera Bread, one of the early adopters of the Apple Pay facility.
Apple is also looking to take the watch into the enterprise environment as well, and Cook talked about how Salesforce.com has been developing software for the Apple Watch. Salesforce has been a long-time partner of Apple for enterprise solutions.
The Apple Watch is likely to be shipped with only a few pre-loaded apps as such, and third-party app development is likely to be a major contributor to its much anticipated success, akin to the iPhone.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Figuring out how much wine you need for a party might seem like an impossible task until you realize there are a few questions that will lead to simple answers that assure the success of your party. Once you have identified your questions and answers, check with the most knowledgeable wine merchant you can find, add a few bottles to take care of emergencies, and you are well on your way to a successful party.
One, 750-millimeter bottle of still wine = 6, 4-ounce glasses.
One bottle of champagne is 24-26 ounces and referred to as a quart in the trade. This is not a true measure but the bottle usually produces about 6 flutes or 7 saucer glasses of champagne.
A case of champagne = about 72 drinks.
Matching wine glasses are not necessary but if all your glasses for a particular type wine are the same size you have a better chance for portion control and less waste; also, they look better. If you really lack enough glasses but like to give parties, a trip to the restaurant supply store might be in order. They will have a range of sizes and grades that are not overly expensive, but all of them will most likely offer a sparkling presentation.
Ideally, you should have enough glasses to avoid excessive glass washing during the party.
The equivalents offered here are based on 4-ounce servings. Before party day, select glasses to be used, pour a 4-ounce serving into each size glass (red wine, white wine, etc.), and become familiar with how the wine looks in the glass so that you will be able to measure by eye.
The amount of wine depends, somewhat, on the size of the glass. Large bubble glasses should not be filled more than half way; smaller wine glasses should be filled no more than ½ to ¾ inch from the top. Four ounces that fail to reach these marks will not necessarily seem skimpy but will give the wine plenty of room to breathe.
Four-ounce flutes or tulip-shaped glasses retain champagne bubbles better than saucers.
Cocktail parties sometimes seem odd to visitors from other countries, but the American cocktail party has taken its place around the world as an interlude for socializing and having a bite to eat to fortify oneself before dinner.
When the invitation specifies the party is from 6:00 to-8:00 p.m., this usually means the cocktail party is a prelude to dinner or another event. If cocktail party hours are later, 6:00-9:00, 7:00-9:00, or simply invite guests to come at 7:00 p.m., guests have the right to expect food and drinks to be more substantial.
A fairly conservative, but reliable guideline, is three drinks per guest per hour.
Always take a close look at your guest list. Heavy drinkers and teetotalers seem to balance themselves out, but young guests usually signal additional beer drinkers.
Adjust your wine order so that you will always err on the side of excess. Unopened cases, and usually unopened bottles, can be returned. Also, this is the perfect time to restock your personal wine supply.
There is more to serving wine at a party than figuring out the number of bottles and placing the order.
Keep things simple but offer a small choice among red and white, sweet and dry. Ask the wine merchant for specials or suggestions if you are unsure.
If there is a special wine, like May wine in spring, an ice wine in season, or champagne at Christmas, that you would like to feature, make this a highlight of the event backed up by offerings from your liquor cabinet.
Always make sure your personal liquor supply is in good order to fill a special request.
This bench mark of three drinks per hour will stand you in good stead for almost any party, from a cocktail party to a sit-down dinner party where you might pair wine with food offerings. Remember, if you err, always do so on the side of excess.
2. Are Sports Drinks Meant For Non-Athletes?


text:
Q: Interface for plugins to implement in .Net I want to implement a plug-in system in my .net application, without the use of MEF.
My application loads and creates instances of types, that are contained in the DLLs.
There is an interface (IPluginContract) that the main application assembly uses to load dll types, and this very same interface is used by the dll projects (the plug-ins) to implement it.
So different projects need access to the same interface.
I can realize this requirement by pushing the interface class into a separate Class Library, that both main app and the plug-ins will reference.
Is it a correct way to work around the described problem?

A: Yes, pushing your interfaces out into a shared library is a preferred solution. You then only need to distribute this library to plugin developers, which could be considered as lightweight, but the plugin will be coupled to an exact version of the interface.
Another solution is a convention based solution, where plugin writers have types that "conform" to an interface e.g. have appropriate methods on a class which they can point to via a config file. You can then use reflection, IL generation, etc, to wire this up to a concrete internal interface\proxy. The benefit here is that plugins are then not hard-wired to a specific interface version, so there is more flexibility in versioning.
You could also consider versioning by maintaining all versions of your interface e.g. IPlugin_1, IPlugin_2, etc. It's then up to plugin writers to implement whichever version, and for you to be able to handle each version.

A: We have successfully taken two different approaches to this issue depending on the circumstances at the time (time to market, implementation difficulty, internals exposure concerns, etc):
1) Move the interface into its own DLL. This works well if the plugins don't need any other support objects/functions/data embedded in your main application DLL or if you don't want to expose public members in your main DLL to plugin writers.
2) Leave the interface in the main DLL. We have primarily used this when the refactoring cost to move the interface and associated classes was too high or when the plugins were completely self-contained (i.e. we author them for customers).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Energy changes and intermolecular attractions MCQs, energy changes and intermolecular attractions quiz answers to learn online college chemistry courses. Learn liquids and solids multiple choice questions (MCQs), energy changes and intermolecular attractions quiz questions and answers. Career assessment test on london dispersion forces, types of solids, metallic solids, properties of crystalline solids, energy changes and intermolecular attractions test prep for chemistry certifications.
Practice liquids and solids test MCQs: hexane has maximum value for enthalpy change in vaporization, which is, with choices 7kj/mole, 23kj/mole, 30.1kj/mole, and 4kj/mole for online chemistry degrees. Prepare assessment test for scholarships, online learning energy changes and intermolecular attractions quiz questions for competitive assessment in chemistry major.


We can all agree that Adrienne our favorite Cheetah Girl & Rob Kardashian's ex has GREAT taste whenever it comes to fashion. I don't know what projects she has in store right now BUT what I do know is that she is KILLIN' the game on and off the red carpet as well as at a few events.
Check out below some of my FAVORITE Adrienne outfits.
I JUST ordered the patch color dress, its affordable and in PLUS size!!! *faints* You can find it by designer bauxilly. and Feel free to check out my blog! I just followed you.
I did not know she had this much style! Cute stuff!


text:
Hildegarde TOEWS
March 14, 1952 – Sept. 20, 2007
It began in mystery and it will end in mystery, but what a savage and beautiful country lies in between.
After a brief, intense and most noble battle with cancer, Hildegarde Toews, beloved wife of John; mother of Lara (Casey), Karina and Elena; sister of Walter (Elsie) and Erwin (Ruth) Neufeld, was borne into the arms of her Creator God on Thursday, September 20, into a place of perfect peace and rest.
The daughter of Russian-Mennonite immigrants, Hildegarde took pride in her cultural heritage and practiced the faith of her parents and grandparents. She lived life intentionally and widely, with a rare, sometimes brazen outspoken confidence , and countless passionate pursuits that included reading, walking around Mill Lake (always stopping to pick up garbage and to remove "visual pollution" from telephone posts), travelling in North and South America and Europe, movies, musicals, and all things made with butter.
Family remained her focus to the end, and the love and prayers of her countless friends and relatives sustained her during her last three weeks on earth.
Hildegarde is survived by numerous in-laws, nieces and nephews, cousins, friends and aunts and uncles, including her namesake Tante Hilda Kamada, and Uncle Ed and Tante Frieda Pankratz.
Hildegardes was predeceased by her parents Jacob (1982) and Katie Neufeld (2003). Her family takes comfort in the wealth of memories she left behind, as well as her recently expressed sentiment, "There are worse things than death." But oh, how she will be missed!
A viewing will be held at Emmanuel Mennonite Church from 7:00 – 8:00 pm on Sunday, September 23, the first day of fall, her favorite season. Burial to take place at 2:00 pm on Monday, September 24 at Maclure Road Mennonite Cemetery, followed by a memorial service and reception at 6:30 pm at Emmanuel Mennonite Church.
In lieu fo flowers, donations to MCC (MEDA) or BC Cancer Agency are gratefully accepted.
Wiebe & Jeske


text:
Aniplus Asia to simulcast "Back Arrow" this Winter
ANIPLUS Asia announced on Monday that it will broadcast upcoming anime series "Back Arrow" as part of its Winter 2021 simulcast.
The series will premiere Friday, January 8 at 24:30, Philippine time.
[Simulcast Announcement]
In a world where the Wall is revered as God, a man without memories seeks answers from beyond, but gets embroiled in conflict…
BACK ARROW premieres on ANIPLUS this Winter!✨
📣Premieres 8 January, Friday 24:30 [23:30 id/th]
*Schedule may change pic.twitter.com/6l4abX3Mv6
— ANIPLUS Asia (@ANIPLUSAsia) January 4, 2021
"Back Arrow" is an upcoming original anime series produced by Studio VOLN. It is directed by Goro Taniguchi with Kazuki Nakashima as writer. Taniguchi previously worked on Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion and its sequel.
ANIPLUS Asia describe the series' story as follows:
ANIPLUS Asia is available in Philippines via Skycable channel 139 and Cignal channel 75.
For more updates, visit www.aniplus-asia.com or their Facebook page.
"Voltes V: Legacy" releases new teaser for live-action series, premieres 2023
Kizuna Ai anime project unveils story plot, new visual
The Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime film to be released worldwide


$10 Presale HERE, $15 at the Door…Buy your tickets early!
On the heels of two sold-out performances by the Invincible Czars, jazz saxophonists Richard Oppenheim and Rene Saenz return to URBAN-15 as the second installment of our Sonic Provocation series, which provides a setting for sound artists to showcase original material, taking it out of the laboratory and into the ears of the public.
Multi-instrumentalists versatile in all genres of reed music, Oppenheim and Saenz are nationally recognized jazz saxophonists who have performed across genres—from Tejano to jazz, country and rock to blues—and with such noted musicians as Marvin Gaye, Tito Puente, and Count Basie. Taking full advantage of the creative freedom offered by the Sonic Provocation series, Oppenheim and Saenz's performance eschews easy listening or covers of jazz standards for experimentation, with the jazz duo at times playing in parallel and at times in conversation—the simultaneous monologues/spontaneous dialogues of the title—in an exploration into the nature of improvisation.
In this highly abstract performance–with 20 minutes of improv followed by intermission, drinks, and audience interaction followed by another 20 minute set–Oppenheim and Saenz are sure to challenge and provoke listeners, but also reward their intellectual curiosity. How do we create distinctions between sonic beauty and sonic discord? When is music? Bring your thinking ears!
Seating is limited to 80, and tickets are $10 presale HERE but rise to $15 at the door, so buy now! Event is BYOB.
← The Invincible Czars Return to URBAN-15 Jan. 27 & 28!


You might think that AP classes are tough, and you might be right. But that doesn't mean that you aren't up to the task. If you are willing to work hard, you'll find that the qualities you use in other parts of your life can help you achieve your goals. AP brings the college experience to your high school with the opportunity to earn college credit at thousands of universities. More students are ready for AP than you'd think. Roll up your sleeves and find out what AP can do for you. All Advanced Placement courses in Norman Public Schools are available for any student who has successfully completed the pre-requisite course requirements. Please see your counselor if you are interested in enrolling in AP courses.


text:
package pubsub.forwarding;

import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.Arrays;

import pubsub.RequestHandler;

/**
 *
 * @author tsilo
 */
public class FwdInfoHandler implements RequestHandler {

    public static final byte[] REQUEST_VLID = {0};
    public static final byte[] REQUEST_MTU = {1};
    private final byte[] EMPTY_BUFFER = new byte[0];
    private final FwdComponent fwdComponent;
    private byte[] mtuBytes = null;

    public FwdInfoHandler(FwdComponent fwdComponent) {
        this.fwdComponent = fwdComponent;
    }

    @Override
    public byte[] handleRequest(byte[] requestData) {
        if (requestData == null || requestData.length == 0) {
            return EMPTY_BUFFER;
        } else if (Arrays.equals(requestData, REQUEST_VLID)) {
            return this.fwdComponent.getVLID().getBytes();
        } else if (Arrays.equals(requestData, REQUEST_MTU)) {
            return MTUtoBytes();
        }

        return EMPTY_BUFFER;
    }

    private byte[] MTUtoBytes() {
        if (mtuBytes == null) {
            int m = this.fwdComponent.getMTU();
            ByteBuffer b = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
            b.putInt(m);
            mtuBytes = b.array();
        }
        return mtuBytes;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


UHQ Construction is an experienced local roofer serving communities throughout Greenwood and Indianapolis, IN. Unlike other companies, we're not worried about volume and we don't take our responsibilities lightly. Our professionals will work until you are completely happy with the work that we do. No matter how big or small the job is, we won't walk away until you say it's done.
We serve customers within a 60-mile radius of our office. If you're unsure whether we might service your location, please contact us and we can discuss your individual situation.
UHQ Construction is locally-owned and -operated company, and we love helping our residential and commercial customers improve their properties. We pride ourselves on being honest and straightforward with our customers.
Whether you need to update your vinyl siding or you need comprehensive storm damage repair services, UHQ Construction can assist you with all of your home improvement needs. Since 2014, we have been building a reputation for being a trusted and skilled company. Schedule an appointment now by calling us at (317) 884-3140 or by filling out our online form.
Great company with great service!!
We had a wonderful experience getting our siding replaced by UHQ Construction. They kept us informed the whole time, let us know of any changes, and the crew was respectful and courteous. They made the process so easy and we're completely happy with the results.
Good job with the service.
All was fine and all done on time.
All was fine. It was a surprise to have some things fall off the walls inside the house!
Fantastic Service. Quality Work. Great Staff.
Easy to work with. Corey was a great sales person.
UHQ did a great job helping me with my roof replacement after my home received hail damage!
UHQ took their time with us and made sure we understood the project and worked with us every step of the way to make sure the job went great!
Replace old T1-11 siding with James Hardie fiber cement.
UHQ fixes a bowing sealing and installed flashing on a patio door that was leaking.
Replaced old and rotting siding on a home in historic Butler-Tarkington with new James Hardie Siding.
Roof was damaged by Hail. UHQ Construction Replaced with Owens Corning Shingles.
Put new vinyl siding on the back of a home that was badly damaged by a fire. It looks like new.
Replace bad and rotting siding with James Hardie Siding.
Completed Roof Repair and Soffit Repair where a electrical bracket leaked and rotted out the soffit. We repaired with wood.
Home owner had old failing roofing and siding. New roof, vinyl siding, fascia, and gutters were installed.
Roof was damaged by wind. Insurance paid for replacement. It was replaced with Owen's Corning Shingles and new gutters were installed.


text:
\section{Introduction}
QCD has two important characteristics. First, due to asymptotic freedom, quark interaction in high energy is weak. Second, since quarks do not exit in isolation, the inter-quark force in low energies increases with quark distances \cite{2}.
Because of the high masses of such quarks as $b$, $c$, $t$ in comparison to positronium, phenomenological potential models could be used for meson spectroscopy. Heavy quarkonium spectrum is a good means of investigating static interaction \cite{3} and the mass of heavy quark is an essential requirement for exploiting this investigation.
The quark masses are of prevalent interest among high energy physicists, however, it is impossible to measure directly the heavy quark masses because of the confinement of the quarks within the hadrons.
The heavy quark masses could be defined indirectly through analyzing their effects on the hadrons \cite{6}.\\

The precious information about the quark-antiquark ($q$-$\bar{q}$) interaction for ground and excited states of the mesons can be obtained by comparing the experimental data with the theoretical predictions \cite{2}.
In QCD Lagrangian, the quark mass parameters are not related to the quark masses which are used in the potential models. In these Lagrangians, therefore, a more common definition of mass which depends on the renormalization scheme is used.
Two different definitions of mass are often used in the renormalization of the QCD Lagrangian; $\overline{MS}$ mass and pole mass. The pole mass and the $\overline{MS}$ mass are renormalized quark masses in the on-shell renormalization scheme and in the modified minimal subtraction scheme, respectively. The mass definition that we use depends on the physical situation \cite{7}.
$\overline{MS}$ scheme is the most popular renormalization scheme for QCD perturbation. Non-perturbative effects at high energies or short distances are of little significance.
The most QCD calculations are performed by using $\overline{MS}$ scheme which is applicable for both light and heavy quarks. This scheme is also of use in estimating the quark masses in Standard Model. For all the above, $\overline{MS}$ scheme is considered as a perfect scheme for studying the physical properties of quarks. \\

The paper is organized as follow. In Sect. \ref{MS and Pole Mass} we explain $\overline{MS}$ and pole mass and the relation between these two masses. In Sect. \ref{Lippmann-Schwinger Equation} we present the non-relativistic Lippmann-Schwinger integral equation for two quark bound state by using a local interaction. In Sect. \ref{Potential and Mass Spectrum} we have introduced a potential model for heavy quark systems and we have presented our numerical results for the mass spectrum and $\overline{MS}$ mass for these systems. Finally a conclusion is given in the Sect. \ref{Conclusion}.

\section{$\overline{MS}$ and Pole Mass} \label{MS and Pole Mass}

In this paper we study the heavy quarks. For a heavy quark, $m\gg\Lambda_{QCD}$ \cite{8}, where $\Lambda_{QCD}$ is the scale of strong interaction in QCD, and its magnitude is approximately 200 MeV. We list the bare heavy quark masses used in this work in the Table \ref{table1}.

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption {The bare heavy quark masses. }
\begin{tabular} {ccccccccccc}
 \hline quark &&&&&&&&&  mass (GeV) \\\hline\hline
 {$ c $} &&&&&&&&&{$ 1.51$}\\
{$ b $} &&&&&&&&&  {$ 4.88 $} \\
{$ t $} &&&&&&&&& {$ 174 $} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
 \label{table1}
\end{table}

One of the results of analyzing the heavy quark spectrum is that the position of the pole in the propagator is considered as the pole mass \cite{7}. The difference between the quark mass and the pole mass is considered as an imaginary part (which is a multiple of $\Lambda_{QCD}$) \cite{9}:

\begin{eqnarray}
m_{Q} &\equiv& m_{pole}-\delta \hat{m}, \label{eq1} \\
\delta \hat{m}&=& i \, \delta m=i \, Im( m_{pole}), \label{eq2} \\
Im( m_{pole}) &=& const. \times \Lambda_{QCD}. \label{eq3}
\end{eqnarray}

 The relation between these two masses is:
\begin{equation}
m_{pole}=m_{\bar{MS}} [1+M(\bar{\alpha}_{s})],
\label{eq4}
\end{equation}
 where:
\begin{equation}
M(\bar{\alpha}_{s})=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}P_{n} \bar{\alpha}_{s}^{n+1},
\label{eq5}
\end{equation}
where $P_{n}$ is a function of $n_{l}$ ($n_{l}$ is the quark flavor) and $\alpha_{s}$ is the strong interaction constant. For three-loop order, the relation is\cite{3,4,4-2,5}:

\begin{equation}
m_{Q}=\bar{m}_Q(\bar{m}_Q) \left [   1+ \frac{4}{3} \frac{\alpha_s  (\bar{m}_Q ) }{\pi}  +\xi_{2} \biggl( \frac{\alpha_s (\bar{m}_Q ) }{\pi} \biggr)^2 +\xi_{3} \biggl( \frac{\alpha_s (\bar{m}_Q ) }{\pi} \biggr)^3 \right],
\label{eq6}
\end{equation}

where $m_{Q}$ is the pole mass, and ${\bar{m}_{Q} (\bar{m}_{Q})}$ is the running mass in {$\overline{MS}$} scheme and $\xi_{2}$ and $\xi_{3}$ are a function of $n_{l}$ which are given explicitly in Ref. \cite{18} as:
\begin{eqnarray}
\xi_{2} &=& 13.44 - 1.041 \, n_{l}, \\
\xi_{3} &=& 194(5) -27.0(7) \, n_{l}+0.65 \, n_{l}^2.
\label{eq20}
\end{eqnarray}

If $m_{pole}$ is substituted in terms of $\bar{MS}$ mass, then the static energy of the quark-antiquark system could be \cite{10}:
\begin{equation}
E_{tot}(r)=2\,m_{pole}+V_{QCD}(r).
\label{eq7}
\end{equation}

 Of course, the inter-quark force could be used instead of the total energy because the perturbative extension of F(r) is far more convergent than the potential \cite{11}:
\begin{equation}
F(r)=-\frac{d}{dr}E_{tot}(r)=-\frac{d}{dr}V_{QCD}(r).
\label{eq8}
\end{equation}

\section{Lippmann-Schwinger Equation for Two-Body Bound State} \label{Lippmann-Schwinger Equation}

The bound state of two particles which interact by potential $V$ is described by homogeneous Lippmann-Schwinger equation:
\begin{equation}
\left | \psi \right > =G_{0} \, V \left | \psi \right > ,
\label{eq9}
\end{equation}
$G_0=\frac{1}{E_b-H_0}$ is the free two-body propagator, where $E_{b}$ is the binding energy of two-quark bound state and $H_0$ is free Hamiltonian.
In configuration space the equation (\ref{eq9}) turns out as:
\begin{equation}
 \psi ({\bf r})=-m\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\int d^3 r' } \frac{e^ {-\sqrt{m\, \left | E_{b} \right |} \, \left |{{\bf r}- {\bf r'} }\right | }}{\left |{{\bf r}- {\bf r'} }\right |} V(r' ){ \psi ({\bf r'} )},
\label{eq10}
\end{equation}
where $m$ is the average mass of bare quarks. The compact form of the equation (\ref{eq10}) is:
\begin{equation}
{ \psi (r)}=\int_{0}^ {\infty}dr'  M(r,r') \, { \psi (r' )},
\label{eq11}
\end{equation}
 where:
\begin{equation}
M(r,r')=-\sqrt{2} \, m \, \pi^{3/2} \, \int_{-1}^ {1} dx' \, \frac{e^{-\sqrt{m \, \left | E_b \right | } \, \sqrt{r^2+r'^2-2r r' x' }   }}{\sqrt{r^2+r'^2-2rr' x' } } \\
r'^2 \, V(r').
\label{eq12}
\end{equation}

The eigenvalue integral equation (\ref{eq11}) can be written schematically as:
\begin{equation}
K(E) \left | \psi \right > =\lambda(E) \left | \psi \right > ,
\label{eq13}
\end{equation}
where $K(E)$ stands for the kernel of eigenvalue equation, which is energy-dependent. $\lambda(E)$ is the eigenvalue, and $\left | \psi \right > $ denotes the two-body wave function. For a physical solution of the eigenvalue equation \ref{eq13} and to obtain the binding energy of the system, i.e. $E=E_b$, one should solve this equation to obtain the eigenvalue $\lambda=1$. The integral equation \ref{eq11} can be solved by iteration or direct methods. Since there is not any shifted argument in the wave function amplitude, i.e. $\psi (r' )$, it would be easier to solve this integral equation directly, without using any iteration procedure. In order to solve the integral equation \ref{eq11}, we should first discretize the continuous configuration and angle variables \cite{12}. To this aim, for discretization of both configuration and angle variables we use the linear mappings by using the Gaussian quadrature grid points, where $r_i$, $r'_j$ and $x'_k$ are the mesh points corresponding to $r$, $r'$ and $x'$ variables with number of mesh points $N_r$, $N_{r'}$ and $N_{x'}$, correspondingly. By these considerations, the eigenvalue equation \ref{eq11} can be written as:
\begin{equation}
{ \psi (r_i)}=\sum_{j=1}^{N_{r' }} \, W_{r'_j} \, M(r_i,r' _{j}) { \psi (r' _{j})},
\label{eq14}
\end{equation}
where the matrix elements of the kernel $M(r_i,r' _{j})$ can be obtained from equation \ref{eq12} as:
\begin{equation}
M(r_i,r'_j)=-\sqrt{2} \, m \, \pi^{3/2} \, \sum_{k=1}^{N_{x'}} \, W_{x'_k} \, \frac{e^{-\sqrt{m \, \left | E_b \right | } \, \sqrt{r_i^2+r_j'^2-2r_i r'_j x'_k }  }}{\sqrt{r_i^2+r_j'^2-2r_i r'_j x'_k } } \,
r_j'^2 \, V(r'_j),
\label{eq15}
\end{equation}
where $W_{r'_j} $ and $W_{x'_k}$ are the point weights of Gauss-Legendre polynomials.
In the last step by diagonalization of the kernel of eigenvalue equation:
\begin{equation}
K(r_i,r'_j)=W_{r'_j} \, M(r_i,r'_j),
\label{eq16}
\end{equation}
one can obtain the binding energy of two-quark system for each energy level.

\section{Potential and Mass Spectrum} \label{Potential and Mass Spectrum}

 Many potential models have been proposed for inter-quark interaction. Some of them suit for light hadrons, and some other are suitable for heavy hadrons. For example, the models proposed by A. De R\'ujula et al. are not used to describe the light-quark systems \cite{13}, Martin models apply well to nonrelativistic calculations of heavy mesons \cite{14} and Cornel potential is appropriate for heavy and light hadron systems \cite{15,15-2}.

 In this paper, we have used the Martin potential (low-power potential) to study the mass spectrum of heavy mesons such as $b\bar{b}$ and $c\bar{c}$ systems \cite{14}.
The functional form of the Martin potential is given by:

\begin{equation}
V(r)=b_{m}+a_{m}(c_{m}\,r)^{0.1},
\label{eq17}
\end{equation}
where the parameters of potential are:
\begin{equation}
b_{m}=-8.064 \, GeV,\ \ \ a_{m}=6.898\, GeV,\ \ \ c_{m}=1\, GeV.
\label{18}
\end{equation}

Accordingly, in the first step, i.e. estimating the binding energy for bottomonium and charmonium, has turned out to submit reasonable findings based on the mass formula.
We have shown our results for the mass spectrum of bottomonium and charmonium systems in Tables 2 and 3 in comparison to other theoretical results and experimental data.

\begin {table} [h]
\centering
\caption{Calculated bottomonium (b\={b}) mass spectrum (in unit GeV) for Martin potential and
for spin=1.}
\begin{tabular}{ccccccccccccc}
\hline state &&&& Ref. \cite{16} &&&& our work &&&& experiment \cite{17} \\ \hline \hline
1S &&&& {$ 9.46 $}&&&&{$ 9.45 $} &&&&{$ 9.460 $} \\
2S	 &&&&{$ 10.03 $}&&&& {$ 10.051 $}&&&&{$10.023 $} \\
3S &&&& {$ 10.36 $}&&&&{$ 10.32 $}	&&&&{$ 10.355 $} \\
1P &&&&{$9.90 $} &&&&{$ 9.89 $} &&&& {$ 9.9$}\\
2P &&&& {$ 10.26 $}&&&&	{$ 10.249 $} &&&&{$ 10.26 $} \\
1D &&&&{$ 10.15 $}&&&& {$ 10.169 $}	&&&&{$ 10.161 $} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table2}
\end{table}

\begin {table}[h]
\centering
\caption {Calculated charmonium (c\={c}) mass spectrum (in unit GeV) for Martin potential and
for spin=1.}
\begin{tabular}{ccccccccccccc }
\hline  state  &&&& Ref. \cite{16} &&&& our work &&&& experiment \cite{17} \\\hline
1S  &&&& {$ 3.097 $} &&&& {$ 3.07 $}  &&&& {$ 3.068 $} \\
2S	 &&&& {$ 3.69 $}&&&& {$ 3.75 $} &&&&{$ 3.672 $} \\
3S &&&& {$ 4.78 $} &&&& {$ 4.09 $}	 &&&& {$ 4.040$} \\
1P  &&&& {$ 3.528 $} &&&& {$ 3.528 $} &&&& {$ 3.525$}\\
2P &&&& {$ 3.944 $}&&&&	{$ 3.963 $} &&&& {$ - $} \\
1D  &&&&{$ 3.806$} &&&& {$ 3.803 $}	&&&& {$ 3.779 $} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table3}
\end{table}

In order to be able to calculate the running mass in $\overline{MS}$ scheme for heavy quarks from equation \ref{eq6}, we need to extract the pole mass $m_{pole}$ from the calculated mass spectra, our results for the pole masses are as:

\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{l}
m_{b}(2-loop)\simeq 4.72 \, GeV, \\
m_{c}(2-loop)\simeq 1.4 \, GeV.\\
\end{array}
\label{eq19}
\end{equation}

By using the following values for coefficients $\alpha_{s}$ and $\xi_{2}$, which are taken from Ref. \cite{3}, for $b$ for $c$ quarks:

\begin{eqnarray}
\alpha_{s}(\bar m_{b}) &\simeq& 0.217 \nonumber \\
\xi_{2} &\simeq& -9.27
\label{eq21}
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{eqnarray}
\alpha_{s}(\bar m_{c}) &\simeq& 0.31 \nonumber \\
\xi_{2} &\simeq& -10.31
\label{eq22}
\end{eqnarray}
and by considering the mass poles given in equation \ref{eq19}, we can obtain the $\overline{MS}$ masses, which are given in Table \ref{table4}.
The comparison of our numerical results with the values reported by the Particle Data Group (PDG) \cite{19,21}, indicates that the two sets of results are in good agreement .
\begin {table}[h]
\centering
\caption {The running mass in $\overline{MS}$ scheme for heavy quarks.}
\begin{tabular}{ccccccccc }
\hline
 meson  &&&& Refs. \cite{19,21} &&&& our work \\\hline \hline
$\overline{m_{b}}(\overline{m_{b}})(2-loop)$ &&&&{$ 4.19 $} &&&&{$ \simeq 4.33 $} \\
$\overline{m_{c}}(\overline{m_{c}})(2-loop)$ &&&&{$ 1.23 $}&&&&{$ \simeq 1.35 $} \\
$\overline{m_{t}}(\overline{m_{t}})(2-loop)$ &&&&{$ 166 $}&&&&{$ \simeq 166.36 $} \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table4}
\end{table}

 The top quark mass is an important parameter in standard model at high energies \cite{20}. Top quark has a width of $\Gamma\cong1.5\, cm $, which is larger than $\Lambda_{OCD}$. Because of this short lifetime, top quark decays very quickly. $\overline{MS}$ mass, which is a short-distance mass, could be determined very accurately \cite {21}.
For $t$ quark, we follow the same procedure. However, a mass spectrum does not exist for this unstable meson by having a short lifetime \cite{21}.

 We have solved the Lippmann-Schwinger equation for this meson by using the Martin potential and we have shown our numerical results for $t\bar{t}$ binding energy for both spin 0 and 1 states in table (\ref{table6}).\\

\begin {table} [h]
\centering
\caption{t\={t} binding energy for both s=0 and 1 states. The parameter A denotes the spin coupling coefficient. The stability interval \cite{12} is related to the configuration cutoff which has been considered in numerical solution of the eigenvalue integral equation \ref{eq10}. }
\begin{tabular}{ccccccccccccc }
\hline spin &&& {$A[MeV^{3}/c^{6}]\times10^{10}/h^2$}  &&& {$ BE \, [MeV]$}  &&& stability interval $[fm^{-1}]$ \\\hline \hline
s=1  &&& {$-449.01 $}  &&& {$-11.296 $}  &&& {$ [0.3,0.4],[0.44,1.2] $} \\
s=0  &&& {$45.759 $}  &&& {$ -36.948 $}  &&& {$ [0.3,0.4],[0.43,1.1] $} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
 \label{table6}
\end{table}

By using the following values for the coefficients $\alpha_{s}$ and $\xi_{2}$ \cite{22}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\alpha_{s}(\bar{m_{t}}) &=& 0.1085 \nonumber \\
\xi_{2} &\simeq& -10.31
\label{eq23}
\end{eqnarray}
we obtain the $\overline{MS}$ mass for $t$ quark which is given in Table \ref{table4} and is in good agreement with corresponding values reported  in Refs. \cite{19,21}.

We would like to add the comment that the integral equation \ref{eq10} is singular for the confining potentials, and consequently the calculated energy eigenvalues would not be in agreement with the exact analytic binding energies.
To overcome this problem one can use a regularized form of the confining potentials to remove
the singularity of the kernel. To this aim one can keep the divergent part of the potential
constant after exceeding a certain distance, which creates an artificial barrier. So, we have fixed the potential in the stability interval and our numerical calculations show that the physical eigenvalue $\lambda=1$ is quite stable in this region for configuration cutoffs.

 \section{Conclusion} \label{Conclusion}
 We have used the Martin potential to study the heavy quark systems by solving the homogeneous Lippmann-Schwinger equation without considering the relativistic corrections and also the spin-dependent effects. We have obtained the mass spectrum for the heavy mesons and our numerical results are in good agreement with other theoretical results and experimental data as well.
We have calculated the pole mass by fitting the mass spectrum of $b$ and $c$ quarks to other references. We have specified the running mass $\overline{MS}$ for these systems. Our obtained masses are close to the findings reported by the Particle Data Group.
For $t$ quark, we have verified the stability interval of regularized form of the Martin potential.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
M. R. Hadizadeh acknowledge partial financial support from the Brazilian agency
Funda\c c\~ao de Amparo \`a Pesquisa do Estado de S\~ao Paulo (FAPESP).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Gently exfoliates & helps keep skin clear of breakouts all day, every day.
Clearasil® Gentle Facial Scrub gently exfoliates & to remove dead skin cells and helps keep skin clear of breakouts all day, every day.
Use every day in the morning and evening.
Dispense product into hands, lather and massage gently onto face avoiding the delicate eye area.
Rinse thoroughly with warm water.


Timbuktu Safaris designed by you, built by us.
Timbuktu is an interactive platform that allows travellers to design and customise their own trip to Africa from a selection of hundreds of handpicked lodges and curated itineraries. Once complete, their individually-designed trip is then sent to our team of experts on the ground in each country across Africa, who using their expertise and knowledge, will book all the arrangements saving time and money on agent fees.


A former top aide to Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein has been killed in fighting in Iraq, officials there said Friday. Izzat Ibrahim al Douri, 72, had long been wanted by the United States after the ouster of Saddam in 2003. He was said to have helped the rise of the Islamic State militant group in Iraq.
Al Douri was reportedly killed during an operation by Iraqi government troops and allied Shiite militias, Reuters reported. Raed al Jubouri, governor of Salahuddin province north of Baghdad, called al Douri's death "a major victory." He said DNA testing would be conducted on the body to confirm that al Douri had indeed been killed.
Previous reports of al Douri's death or capture have surfaced in the past decade or so, but this one was said to be the most credible, the BBC reported. The Saudi news channel al Arabiya showed an image of what was reportedly his body.
The head of the provincial council in Salahuddin, however, said al Douri's death had not been confirmed, Reuters reported. Other officials said they were fairly certain of his death but were awaiting confirmation through medical testing.
Al Douri was the leader of the Naqshbandi Order, an insurgent group, and has been called a mastermind behind the rise of the Islamic State, also known as ISIS. "For sure this will have an impact on them," said Jubouri, the provincial governor.
The Naqshbandi Order was formed in 2006 as part of the Sunni insurgency that arose after the U.S. invaded Iraq in 2003 and toppled Saddam Hussein. According to research by Stanford University, members of the group may have provided "critical assistance" to ISIS, and "Al-Douri himself may be acting as a commander of ISIS forces." It also noted that the rapid rise of the Islamic State in Iraq in 2014 probably was made possible by help from al Douri's Naqshbandi Order.


text:
What's New - Home - Login
Member $avings: $44,490,886.64 | Books Available: 1,374,900 | Members Online: 453
Swap Used Books - Buy New Books at Great Prices!
How To Swap Books Sign Up Search
All Books PBS Market (New Books)
Book Browser Advanced Search Books Posted Today Member Book Reviews Award Winning Books NYT Best Sellers Most Traveled Copies Club Wish List
Discussion Forums Book Lists
Club Lists My Book Lists My Watched Lists Create a List
Blog Donations
School Donation Program In Memory of... Military Donation Program Friends of PBS
Live Chat Box-O-Books Maps The Eclectic Pen Fun Stuff
20 Questions Sudoku Bookmark Creator
Wishes Requests Posts Swappers Referrers Reviewers
Pulse of PBS Spread The Word
Invite Friends Bookmarks Facebook Page Facebook App More
Photo Gallery Recipes Club Tag Cloud Member Testimonials
How To Swap Books? Browse Help Docs Ask the Librarian PBS Member Icons Live Help
PBS Market (New Books) Go Shopping Buy Credits Buy PBS Money Upgrade Membership Gift Certificates Transfer Credits
How to Swap Books Sign Up Login Community Help Center Kiosk
Search - List of Books by Karin Kallmaker
Karin Kallmaker (born 1960) is the prolific American author of lesbian fiction whose works also include those originally written under the name Laura Adams. Her writings span lesbian romance, lesbian erotica, and lesbian science-fiction/fantasy. Dubbed the Queen of Lesbian Romance, she publishes exclusively in the lesbian market as a matter of personal choice..
Lesbian Romance Novels more � � less
Considered a master at characterization, Kallmaker's work reflects the interior lives of her lesbian heroines, set primarily in romance novel situations. "Credible and spirited" protagonists also face contemporary social challenges, resulting in a body of work that reflects lesbian community history since her debut novel, In Every Port (1989), which included events surrounding the assassination of Harvey Milk in 1978. Her second novel, Touchwood, established her as a writer with "a sure sense of the power of language and of the power of eros." Her typical heroine is "the kind of indestructible and talented woman we all dream we could be -- much like Molly Bolt in Rubyfruit Jungle."
In spite of publishing the majority of her work as lesbian romance genre fiction, "there's something original to every book", featuring "complex stories of believable, vulnerable lesbian characters who grow strong through facing tough issues." Deeply influenced by mentor Katherine V. Forrest as an emerging writer, her fifth novel, Painted Moon, was hailed as "the next Curious Wine," and remains one of her most popular novels, fifteen years after its original publication. Crediting Jane Austen as a foremother of the modern novel, Kallmaker's Just Like That is a lesbian version of Pride and Prejudice.
Another homage-by-genre-twist novel is Christabel, inspired by the Samuel Taylor Coleridge poem of the same name. Written initially under the pen name Laura Adams, Kallmaker dedicated the novel to Jeannette Howard Foster for her examination of the lesbian subtext, moving her to retell the story with the women triumphant. Her ability to push the boundaries of genre fiction while maintaining her popularity is epitomized by Maybe Next Time, "an engrossing, compelling story of redemption, healing and surviving," which won a Lambda Literary Award.
Her novels include the Golden Crown Literary Society and Lambda Literary Foundation award-winning 18th & Castro, In Deep Waters 1/2, Just Like That, The Kiss that Counted, Maybe Next Time, and Sugar. Her writing career began with Naiad Press, one of the shaping publishers of lesbian fiction. In 2001, she placed her work as Laura Adams with a new press, Bella Books. After Naiad Press closed in 2003, she moved the remainder of her lesbian romance titles to Bella. In 2008, she joined Bella Books as the press's first Editorial Director.
↑ Hide "Lesbian Romance Novels" Section ↑
Short Stories and Essays more � � less
A "cleverly inventive" short story writer, she has published more than five dozen short stories in collections from her own publishers, as well as anthologies from publishers like Alyson, Circlet Press, Bold Strokes, and Haworth Press. The genre of her stories go from vanilla romance to explicit erotica. In a May 2006 interview with Q Syndicate, Kallmaker discussed some of the resistance she faced to the idea that a romance writer could also write erotica. "...Part of my goal for writing erotica was to decriminalize lesbian sex for lesbians, especially those in committed couples and those who don't live in an urban Mecca with an out-and-proud sex-positive attitude." Volumes containing her lesbian erotica short stories have won awards from the Golden Crown Literary Society and the Lambda Literary Foundation.
Published essays have dealt with issues of identity for the author. In 1993, she wrote "When I Grow Up I Want to Be a Lesbian" for Multicultural America: A Resource Book for Teachers of Humanities and American Studies, which explored the disconnect between different stages of coming out, when she first observed the community but did not yet feel a member of it. Ten years later, after the birth of her two children: "For many years I was, by all outward appearances, a suburban married woman.." In 2007, in Love, Castro Street, her essay "Where One Size Fits All" concluded the award-winning anthology with "No matter what my clothing of the day might be, from a shy writer offering to sign her first novel to a seeming soccer mom with two kids in tow, Castro Street has never refused me entry. The potholes, the crowds, the scary traffic are still there, but somehow the street is larger than ever."
A complete listing of short stories and essays in anthologies is available on the author's website.
↑ Hide "Short Stories and Essays" Section ↑
Science Fiction and Fantasy Novels As Laura Adams more � � less
Under the pen name Laura Adams, Kallmaker has written lesbian science-fiction and fantasy titles that include a "chilling brush with reality." Though the novels include strong lesbian romance story lines, their themes revolve around the power of lesbian community and spirituality.
↑ Hide "Science Fiction and Fantasy Novels As Laura Adams" Section ↑
Writing Career more � � less
In Every Port (1990)
Touchwood (1991)
Paperback Romance (1992)
Car Pool (1993)
Painted Moon (1994)
Wild Things (1996)
Embrace in Motion (1997)
Night Vision (1997) (writing as Laura Adams)
Christabel (1998) (writing as Laura Adams)
Making Up for Lost Time (1998)
Watermark (1999)
The Dawning (1999) (writing as Laura Adams)
Unforgettable (2000)
Frosting on the Cake (2001) (short stories)
Tunnel of Light 1: Sleight of Hand (2001) (writing as Laura Adams)
Substitute for Love (2001)
Tunnel of Light 2: Seeds of Fire (2002) (writing as Laura Adams)
Maybe Next Time (2003)
All the Wrong Places (2004)
New Exploits 1: Once Upon a Dyke (2004) (with Johnson, Szymanski, Watts)
One Degree of Separation (2004)
Sugar (2004)
Just Like That (2005)
New Exploits 2: Bell, Book and Dyke (2005) (with Johnson, Szymanski, Watts)
18th & Castro (2006) (short stories)
New Exploits 3: Stake through the Heart (2006) (with Johnson, Szymanski, Watts)
Finders Keepers (2006)
New Exploits 4: Tall in the Saddle (2007) (with Johnson, Szymanski, Watts)
In Deep Waters 1: Cruising the Seas (2007) (with Radclyffe)
Christabel (Second Edition) (2008)
In Deep Waters 2: Cruising the Strip (2008) (with Radclyffe)
The Kiss That Counted (2008)
Warming Trend (2009)
Stepping Stone (2009)
Above Temptation (2010)
↑ Hide "Writing Career" Section ↑
Works in Translation and Other Formats more � � less
Numerous novels have been translated for distribution in France ( KTM Editions), Germany ( Verlag Krug & Schadenberg), Spain ( Egales) and the Czech Republic ( LePress). Some titles have also been acquired for hardcover editions by InsightOut Book Club, a division of the Quality Paperback Book Club. Most of her titles are also available in e-Book format. A complete listing of works in translation is available on the author's website.
↑ Hide "Works in Translation and Other Formats" Section ↑
Awards more � � less
2010 - Stepping Stone — Lambda Literary Award Finalist, Lesbian Romance
2009 - The Kiss that Counted — Lambda Literary Award Winner, Lesbian Romance
2009 - The Kiss that Counted — Golden Crown Literary Award Winner, Ann Bannon Popular Choice
2009 - In Deep Waters 2: Cruising the Strip - Lambda Literary Award Winner, Lesbian Erotica co-authored with Radclyffe
2008 - In Deep Waters 1: Cruising the Seas - Golden Crown Literary Award Winner, Lesbian Erotica co-authored with Radclyffe
2008 - Finders Keepers - Golden Crown Literary Award Finalist, Lesbian Romance
2008 - Finders Keepers - Golden Crown Literary Award Finalist, Ann Bannon Popular Choice
2007 - 18th & Castro — Golden Crown Literary Award Winner, Lesbian Erotica
2007 - 18th & Castro — Lambda Literary Award Finalist, LGBTQ Erotica
2007 - Finders Keepers — Lambda Literary Award Finalist, Lesbian Romance
2006 - Just Like That — Golden Crown Literary Award Winner, Lesbian Romance
2006 - New Exploits 2: Bell, Book and Dyke - Golden Crown Literary Award Finalist, Lesbian Fantasy co-authored with Julia Watts, Therese Szymanski and Barbara Johnson
2006 - All the Wrong Places —Golden Crown Literary Award Finalist, Lesbian Romance
2006 - All the Wrong Places — Lambda Literary Award Finalist, Lesbian Erotica
2006 - All the Wrong Places — Lambda Literary Award Finalist, Lesbian Romance
2005 - Sugar - Golden Crown Literary Award Winner, Lesbian Romance
2005 - New Exploits 1: Once Upon a Dyke - Lambda Literary Award Finalist, Fantasy co-authored with Julia Watts, Therese Szymanski and Barbara Johnson
2004 - Maybe Next Time — Lambda Literary Award Winner, Romance
2003 - Tunnel of Light 2: Seeds of Fire - Lambda Literary Award Finalist, Fantasy
2002 - Substitute for Love - Lambda Literary Award Finalist, Romance
↑ Hide "Awards" Section ↑
Other Recognitions more � � less
2004 Alice B Medal - The Alice B Readers Award for body of work
2008 Selected as guest lecturer, Distinguished Author Series, Stonewall Library and Archives
2008 LJ Maas Memorial Award for mentorship of new and emerging writers
↑ Hide "Other Recognitions" Section ↑
Personal Data more � � less
Born 1960, Sacramento, California.B.A., Business Administration, California State University, Sacramento.Kallmaker has 18 years experience with non-profit financial management. Workplaces, such as an association of home and health care service providers to the elderly, a private lender investing in projects to benefit low income people, and a half-year at an oil refinery, have provided background for many of her novels.
Kallmaker and her partner of more than 30 years reside in the San Francisco Bay Area. They were married on August 25, 2008, and are the mothers of two children, Kelson and Eleanor.
↑ Hide "Personal Data" Section ↑
This author page uses material from the Wikipedia article "Karin Kallmaker", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0
Total Books: 63
Available Only List
2018 - My Lady Lipstick (Paperback)
Genres: Romance, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Books
2016 - Captain of Industry (Paperback)
2012 - Love By the Numbers (Paperback)
Genre: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Books
2012 - Rollercoaster (Paperback)
2010 - Frosting on the Cake 2 Second Helpings (Paperback)
2010 - Above Temptation (Paperback)
2009 - Es Begann Mit Einem Kuss [The Kiss That Counted - German Edition] (Other)
Genres: Literature & Fiction, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Books
2009 - Stepping Stone (Paperback)
2009 - Warming Trend (Paperback)
2009 - The Dawning (Paperback) → Paperback
2008 - Night VIsion (Paperback)
Genres: Romance, Science Fiction & Fantasy, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Books
2008 - The Kiss That Counted (Paperback)
2008 - In Deep Waters 2 Cruising the Strip (Paperback)
Genres: Literature & Fiction, Romance, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Books
2008 - Christabel (Paperback) → Paperback
2007 - Tall in the Saddle New Exploits of Wild West Lesbians (Paperback)
2007 - In Deep Waters Vol 1 Cruising the Seas (Paperback)
2007 - Stake Through the Heart New Exploits of Twilight Lesbians (Paperback)
2007 - Finders Keepers (Paperback)
2006 - 18th Castro (Paperback)
2005 - Just Like That (Paperback)
2005 - Bell Book and Dyke New Exploits of Magical Lesbians (Paperback)
2005 - Car Pool (Paperback) → Paperback
2005 - Paperback Romance (Paperback) → Paperback
2004 - Sugar (Paperback) → Hardcover
2004 - Wild Things (Paperback) → Paperback
2004 - All the Wrong Places (Paperback)
2004 - Substitute for Love (Paperback) → Paperback
2004 - Unforgettable (Paperback) → Paperback
2004 - Once Upon a Dyke New Exploits of Fairy Tale Lesbians (Paperback)
2004 - Making Up for Lost Time (Paperback) → Paperback
2004 - One Degree of Separation (Paperback) → Hardcover
2003 - Ese Abrazo Que Pretendia Darte [Embrace in Motion - Spanish Edition] (Paperback)
2003 - In Every Port (Paperback) → Paperback
2003 - Touchwood (Paperback) → Paperback
2003 - Watermark (Paperback) → Paperback
2003 - Embrace in Motion (Paperback) → Paperback
2003 - Unvergessen [Unforgettable - German Edition] (Paperback)
2003 - Frosting on the Cake (Paperback) → Paperback
2003 - Painted Moon (Paperback) → Paperback
2003 - Maybe Next Time (Paperback) → Hardcover
1995 - Carpool (Paperback) → Paperback
1993 - Paperback Romance the Music of Love (Paperback)
Forge of VIrgins (Paperback)
Post Books
Book Browser
Club Tag Cloud
NYT Best Sellers
Newbery Medal Winners
Books Posted Today
Mobile / Smart Phone
How to Swap Books
Ask the Librarian
Widgets & APIs
Box-O-Books
Pulse of PBS
SwapaCD.com
US Patent Number 7,877,315 | Copyright © 2004 - 2019 PaperBackSwap.com. All Rights Reserved.
Thank you for your patience


text:
SRT Viper GTS-R ALMS car
The SRT Viper will be joining the American Le Mans series in August, adding to the already epic line-up of teams and cars
by: Oliver Hill
The 2013 SRT Viper GTS-R will make its premier track appearance next month. SRT will be running an identical pair of track-ready Vipers, and they will begin competing in the American Le Mans Series at Mid-Ohio on 4 August.
These GT class models are tuned and fettled incarnations of the production car and they have been designed and developed by US motorsport firm Riley Technologies, who fitted the large rear wing, body kit and revised bonnet.
Due to class rules and regulations the car will weigh no less than 1245kg, churn out between 450 and 500 bhp and is limited to 180 mph. The Viper looks to have some serious competition in its group this year with the likes of the Aston Martin Vantage, Corvette C6.R, Porsche 911 GT3 RSR, Ferrari F458 Italia and last year's winner, the BMW M3 GT all scrapping for the title.
Visit/features/22907/hyundai-i30-fastback-n-versus-the-col-de-turini
Hyundai i30 Fastback N versus the Col de Turini
We take the Hyundai i30 Fastback N up the Col de Turini, a 31km stage of the Monte Carlo World Rally Championship


text:
Paranthropus è un genere estinto di ominidi, vissuto in Africa centro-orientale fra i 2,7 e circa 1 milione di anni fa.

Storia
Nel 1938 lo studente Gert Terblanche rinvenne a Kroomdrai, sito fossilifero a circa 70 km da Pretoria, una parte di cranio ed una mandibola completa di un ominide: i resti vennero analizzati dal paleontologo scozzese Robert Broom, che ne ipotizzò l'appartenenza a una nuova specie denominata Paranthropus robustus.

Il 17 luglio 1959, Mary Leakey rinvenne nella gola di Olduvai, in Tanzania, i resti fossili di un esemplare che venne inizialmente denominato Titanohomo mirabilis: nei pressi dell'esemplare vennero rinvenuti anche degli utensili risalenti all'Olduvaiano e delle ossa animali con segni di scarnificazione. La scoperta del nuovo ominide doveva essere pubblicata sul numero di Nature del ferragosto 1959, ma a causa di uno sciopero degli editori venne posticipata al settembre dello stesso anno: durante questo periodo, Louis Leakey poté studiare ulteriormente il fossile, denominato Dear Boy, deducendo che si trattava di un membro della famiglia degli australopitecidi istituita da Broom. Tuttavia Leakey trovò venti differenze fra il fossile da lui scoperto e gli Australopithecus dello scozzese, perciò decise di ribattezzarlo Zinjanthropus boisei ( da zinj, parola araba indicante la costa orientale dell'Africa, mentre il nome della specie venne scelto per onorare Charles Boise, finanziatore della spedizione dei Leakey).
Dopo la morte di Broom nel 1951, Raymond Dart osservò i resti di Dear Boy, rigettandone la possibile ascrizione al genere Paranthropus in quanto riteneva il fossile vicino alla linea evolutiva di Homo, al contrario delle altre specie scoperte fino ad allora. Tuttavia, la decisione di mantenere la specie in un genere a sé stante cozzava con la moda allora in voga di accorpare quante più specie possibile al medesimo genere, provocando scontri fra Leakey ed altri insigni studiosi come LeGros Clark e Melville Bell Grosvenor: alla fine, Dear Boy venne classificato come Paranthropus boisei.

Tassonomia
Il nome del genere deriva dalla combinazione del prefisso greco para- ("accanto") con la parola greca ἄνθρωπος (ànthrōpos, "uomo"):  la traduzione del termine Paranthropus è pertanto "accanto all'uomo", con riferimento al fatto che tutte le specie ascritte a questo genere sono vissute attorno ai 2 milioni di anni fa in zone dove ai tempi stavano affermandosi le prime specie del genere Homo.

I primi ominidi ascrivibili al genere Paranthropus apparvero 2,7 milioni di anni fa, per poi estinguersi senza lasciare tracce attorno a un milione di anni fa: ciò vuol dire che mentre le specie di Australopithecus si estinsero prima o poco dopo l'apparizione dei primi esponenti del genere Homo (Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, perfino Homo erectus), i Paranthropus appaiono nei giacimenti fossiliferi in concomitanza con questi ultimi e vivono assieme ad essi, percorrendo un proprio ramo evolutivo parallelo. Si pensa che essi rappresentino una biforcazione della linea evolutiva degli australopitechi, che da un lato ha portato agli Homo primitivi, mentre dall'altro è continuata nei Paranthropus.

Al genere vengono ascritte tre specie:
 Paranthropus aethiopicus
 Paranthropus boisei
 Paranthropus robustus
Tuttavia, fra gli studiosi vi è un'aperta polemica sulla necessità o meno di accorpare il genere Paranthropus ad Australopithecus, del quale sembra essere una sorta di continuazione. Fino alla fine degli anni novanta, i membri del genere venivano classificati come Australopithecus, mentre attualmente la loro classificazione come Paranthropus è fondamentalmente accettata come corretta.

Di seguito l'albero filogenetico secondo uno studio del 2019:

Morfologia e comportamento
Le specie del genere Paranthropus avevano postura eretta ed andatura bipede: misuravano circa 130-150 cm d'altezza ed avevano un corpo tozzo e muscoloso. Le mani erano munite di pollici opponibili che consentivano una presa sicura e anche movimenti di precisione, mentre l'opponibilità del pollice del piede era andata perduta gıà nell'antenato degli australopitechi, per meglio supportare l'andatura eretta.

Il cranio presentava una mandibola assai sviluppata e un'accentuata cresta sagittale (simile a quella dei gorilla) per supportare l'attaccatura di imponenti muscoli temporali: i canini sono poco sviluppati, mentre premolari e molari appaiono grandi e muniti di smalto ispessito. Tali caratteristiche indicano una dieta principalmente vegetariana, a base di radici, frutta e semi.
La capacità cranica era pari al 40% circa rispetto a quella dell'uomo moderno, ma era a sua volta superiore in percentuale a quella degli Australopithecus propriamente detti: per questo motivo, si ritiene che le specie del genere Paranthropus quasi certamente non avessero un linguaggio, mentre non si è sicuri se questi ominidi fossero soliti utilizzare utensili (sono stati ritrovati utensili in pietra nei pressi di fossili di Paranthropus, ma non si sa se questi fossero stati fabbricati da questi ultimi o dai contemporanei Homo) oppure avessero imparato a controllare il fuoco (vi sono correlazioni dirette fra il fuoco e questi ominidi, ma gli indizi in proposito sono pochi e ben si prestano a ingenerare confusione).

A livello corporeo, i Paranthropus rimanevano molto simili ai loro progenitori australopitechi, fatta eccezione per le maggiori dimensioni. Tuttavia, rispetto agli Australopithecus e agli Homo, questi animali apparivano meno propensi a vivere nella savana, preferendo invece le zone ricoperte da boscaglia o foresta. Anche la loro dieta ne pregiudicava l'adattabilità a nuovi ambienti, in quanto i Paranthropus erano spiccatamente vegetariani, fattore questo che ne ha con molta probabilità pregiudicata l'espansione geografica.

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Ominidi
Primati fossili

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I know, hold back your excitement.. RedLegg has a new office building & we moved in this weekend. We will be starting there Live today. Lots of room for new people to come on board & lots of room for the big Legg parties that are held at lunch and after work every day..? Exciting Stuff.
New office addres is 2045 W Grand Ave Chicago IL 60622.
Just a skip & a hop from our old location but much more roomy & perfect. Come on over & visit sometime!!
This entry was posted in office and tagged new office.


2016 ford f150 Apple/Android -- Carplay/Auto Update!!
Hey everyone, In this video i give out some basic 1st time buyer advice for someone thinking about buying a Rv. (trailer or motorhome). Hope you like it!
Top dollar for your trade in!
This Video is about how to get the most money for your trade in. Doesn't matter if its a car, truck or any vehicle. Don't get taken advantage of or screwed next time you trade in your vehicle. Dealerships make the most amount of money on used cars. They want your trade in for the least amount possible so they can make the most amount possible on the vehicle your trading in. Put yourself in charge of the situation and gain the upper hand or at least be aware next time you go to a dealership. Hopefully this helps and saves everyone some money! I do not hate salesman or think they should not make any money. What they do is tough, believe me i do it day in and day out. It's frustrating at times. They should get a fair commission and the customer should get a fair deal. Check out my salesman tells all video which will help you get control of the entire car buying process. Besides that enjoy this video on How to get the most money for your TRADE IN!
Salesman tells all (2), watch before you buy!
watch before you buy! In this video i give you 5 tips/advice on how to help you throughout your next car purchase. hopefully this salesman tells all pt 2 video helps you out and makes your life a little easier next time you go into the dealership or are considering buying your next vehicle.i think these 5 tips is something everyone should know if you don't already. tip number 5 is great because it will help you with the negotiating process.
Entry Level Or Mid Level Travel Trailer?
What's up guys in this video I show you some basic differences between a mid-level trailer and entry-level trailer. Is it worth it to go to a mid-level trailer? Or save yourself the money?
Im Calling out all 2wd haters! This video is just to give you some differences between 4wd and 2wd. why would i or someone else buy a 2wd and not a 4wd truck. Hopefully these tips help you make your decision on what you want to buy next. truck in this video is a 2016 ford f150 xlt 2wd truck. You can see more videos on my truck. Click on my channel and check out some more videos!
6 light bars on this f150!?!
This video i fix my squeaking/creaking brake pedal on my 2016 jeep wrangler jk unlimited sport s. This thing drove me nuts so hopefully this helps you if you have the same issues. thanks for watching.
Be Careful...What grille to buy?
Tire choices? Do they last?
2016 F150 Anzo Tail Lights Upgrade!
The time has come finally! The acura is sold and the new vehicle is coming. what should i get? truck? jeep? i need to find something asap! This video is just a quick update.
Just had 35" Mikey Thompson's tires, 17" pro comp Rockwell rims and a 3.5" rough country lift installed. This is a update on the work I had done to the Jeep. More videos to come, thanks for watching everyone!
Watch before you buy a new vehicle!!
Link for flares - https://www.crov.com/p/fender-flare-for-jeep-wrangle-jk-07-15-jf2002_olqQvWDYYcVC.html In this video I get rid of the stock fenders and put steel tube fenders on my wrangler jku . I love the way it looks, check It out!
I just bought my Acura and I'm ready to sell my new car already. Well it's used but new to me lol. Hope you guys like this video. 5 reasons I don't like my car I just got. Hope you enjoy! And hope this helps you before you buy your next Acura!
thanks for everyone who has subscribed this is an update on where i have been and what car i got. more videos to come, time to figure out what direction i want to take this channel as it continues to grow.
Whatsup everyone, glad to be back and with my new/used jeep i just bought. in this video i talk a little bit about the process. what i paid and where i bought it. i also do a small walkaround the jeep. many more videos to come. looking forward to it and also posting more!!!
In this video i try to remove some hard water spots. They're really bad and some of the worse i have seen. So does it really work? Watch and see what you think!
what can a small/new Youtuber make?
Hey guys in this video i show you how i make my car payment with just two videos that i have posted on youtube and you can do it to. Hopefully showing my revenue and what videos i make money on will hope motivate you to start posting. this is what a small youtuber like myself makes. Thanks for watching!
In this video i show you how much i appreciate all my subscribers. Thanks for the support and more videos to come. I will pick a winner around September 10th. Also i try lens tint (clear coat) for the first time. See how it goes.


You open a Visio or AutoCAD file in SI 2015 and none of the "SI 2015" stuff loads, e.g. no Project Editor or D-Tools SI 2015 Shapes window open.
This is likely due to Visio or AutoCAD having been installed after the SI 2015 Client was installed, so our Add-Ins for these could not be loaded.


text:
Wood Panel - Circle & Square
20mm 30mm 40mm 50mm 60mm 70mm 80mm 90mm 100mm 120mm 150mm 200mm 250mm 300mm 400mm
Round / 20mm - $6.99 Round / 30mm - $0.03 Round / 40mm - $0.04 Round / 50mm - $0.04 Round / 60mm - $0.04 Round / 70mm - $0.05 Round / 80mm - $0.05 Round / 90mm - $0.06 Round / 100mm - $0.07 Round / 120mm - $0.08 Round / 150mm - $0.12 Round / 200mm - $0.24 Round / 250mm - $0.39 Round / 300mm - $0.44 Round / 400mm - $0.77 Square / 20mm - $6.99 Square / 30mm - $0.03 Square / 40mm - $0.04 Square / 50mm - $0.04 Square / 60mm - $0.04 Square / 70mm - $0.05 Square / 80mm - $0.05 Square / 90mm - $0.06 Square / 100mm - $0.07 Square / 120mm - $0.08 Square / 150mm - $0.12 Square / 200mm - $0.24 Square / 250mm - $0.39 Square / 300mm - $0.44 Square / 400mm - $0.77
Decrease quantity for Wood Panel - Circle & Square
Increase quantity for Wood Panel - Circle & Square
This wood panel is designed to be strong while remaining surprisingly light. Also, its unprimed raw surface can be prepared to accept virtually any artistic medium. For example, the wood panel is suitable for oil painting, acrylic pouring, wood burning, and other general craft supplies.
Finally, wood panel painting will add a touch of elegance to your home décor. Create beautiful designs on it with colorful paints or floral-themed decoupage papers. This is an incredible alternative to the canvas!
Material: boxwood
Styles: circle and square
Size: 20mm, 30mm, 40mm, 50mm, 60mm, 70mm, 80mm, 90mm, 100mm, 120mm, 150mm, 200mm, 250mm, 300mm, and 400mm


A client of mine recently sent me this question. It's a good one, and one I get asked frequently: Q: I have an orchid question, when it stops blooming at the very end and then starts sprouting lower on the side, do I cut where it stopped growing?
A: If the stalk is completely yellow/brown and the blossoms are spent, you can cut it back to about an inch from where the blossom stalk originated from the plant. If there's still some green in the stalk then cut it back to the branching sprout, but leave about 1/4 inch above the node( which is indicated by a small leaf-like bract clinging to the stalk).
Do you have a plant problem that needs diagnosis? Are you curious about finding out what herbs love to grow in the desert? How about setting up a drip irrigation system to keep plantscaping and flora in the garden fresh all year long? I'd love to help! Tweet, post on Facebook, leave me a comment, or contact me with a gardening question (or two) that has been puzzling you. I will post your question, along with my answer, in the coming weeks on my blog.
My gardening brain is ready and waiting to help you with all your plantscaping questions. Want to learn more about La Fleur Plantscapes + Fresh Flora? Check out my website or contact me for a free consultation. I look forward to hearing from you.
Now that we've covered what edible annuals will flourish against a hardy backdrop of winter perennials, let's discuss what flowering annuals work well in the Tucson winter garden. There is one flowering annuals I would like to focus on, although there are many other flowering annuals that will do well in our climate for winter growing: Pansies. Pansies are exceptionally colorful, cold hardy, can tolerate varied levels of sun without stress, and require minimal care to thrive. Though all pansies are technically violas, not all violas are pansies. It is common to hear the names "pansy," "viola" and "violet" interchanged in the world of gardening. True pansies are derived from the Viola family, Viola tricolor to be exact. Pansies are planted the world over, but have done particularly well in North America. Said to resemble a thoughtful human face, pansies come in a variety of colors such as gold, red, purple, white, and yellow. Normally, a pansy takes two years to bloom and produce seeds, but because of mass cultivation of this favorite flower, most pansies purchased at your local nursery will bloom the first year planted - some in as little as nine weeks! Pansies will tolerate freezing temperatures, but need well-drained soil and at least partial sun to thrive. Pansies are a perfect border for garden spaces, and fill gaps in container gardens with a pop of color quite nicely. And since there are multiple colors and varieties of pansies to chooses from, you can plant this beautiful flower for years and enjoy a new effect each time you plant it.
Have you had success planting pansies in your garden? What other winter flowers do you cultivate in your yard? I'd love to hear about it! Leave a post in the comments section or contact me. I'd love to give you a complimentary consultation to help you design the winter garden space of your dreams. Check out La Fleur Plantscapes + Fresh Flora for more information.


It seems to me that many people who are Windows-entrenched, even if Microsoft causes them grief, will stick with it because they don't want to learn a new OS. Me, I never really did learn any OS, so I was a good candidate for starting on Linux.
I even learned how to write shell scripts and picked up regular expressions, but had no idea these had anything to do with "programming" until I went to a LUGOD talk on regular expressions. To me, they were just "commands". I learned how to use them in answer to, "Mike, how do I get my computer to do [this-or-that]?" He'd say, "oh, yes, that's very simple: here are the commands you need, watch where you put spaces, here's what the pipe is for...." Sometimes I'd get unexpected results (like if I typed a capital L when I should've used a lower-case one), but it's no worse for a user than choosing the wrong option from a bazillion choices in pull-down menus.
A while back, Mark and Bill were teaching a week-long intense Linux class. As I recall, people would come out of those courses knowing more about their computer than many Windows users know about their computer after years of using it. Penguin Power!