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Home Conference 2019 Annual Conference Notate, Document, Score: Body culture & visual culture
Notate, Document, Score: Body culture & visual culture
Session Convenors
Paisid Aramphongphan, De Montfort University
Hyewon Yoon, University of New Hampshire
This session will examine the intersections of body culture and visual culture across time, encompassing notation, performance and experimental scores, photographic documentation, film, and other archival sources. Rather than focusing on rubrics traditionally understood as dance, such as choreography and performance designed for time-limited showings, the papers examine body and movement as an expanded field of practice, and how that fits within, emerges out of, and/or shapes a particular social and historical context.
Click here to view or download this session's abstracts
Speakers and Papers
The Body between Text and Performance in the Theatre of Tristan Tzara
Erica O'Neill (University of Glasgow)
Tristan Tzara's play The Gas Heart features a dance interlude: a diagram of assorted letters under the direction 'Dance of the gentleman fallen from a funnel in the ceiling onto the table'. Sarah Bay-Cheng argues that Tzara's diagram eludes stage direction: the illustration resists translation to the stage as 'embodied action', animating the text in place of the corporeal body. However, what if we read in Tzara's play a form of performance notation: an illustration to be translated as a physical equivalent to typography.
This paper will discuss Tzara's theatrical work as an expanded field of artistic practice in which the body is simultaneously limited and emancipated. Tzara's text occupies a dual position in Dada's history: as a document exclusive of performance, and as a performance score, exemplifying the Dada paradox best described in his 1918 manifesto, written 'to show that you can perform contrary actions at the same time…' In Tzara's theatre, the body becomes a dialectic between text and performance.
At an historical juncture when society witnessed physical deformation resulting from WWI's trench warfare, Tzara named The Gas Heart characters as living body parts (Eye, Nose, Mouth, Ear, Neck and Eyebrow). Separated from the whole, they become disembodied limbs: simultaneously liberating and disassembling corporeality. By the additional inclusion of an illustration/notation, Tzara emancipates the performing body by posing what the fractured body of the dancing gentleman might look like in performance. Employing a dramaturgy of fragmentation, Tzara refigures a body anchored in its historical, cultural and artistic moment.
'An explosion of energy somewhere in the centre of the body': Yvonne Rainer's written reflections on dance instruction (1959–62)
Tom Hastings (University of Leeds)
his paper focuses on the movement work that preceded the composition of Yvonne Rainer's signature dance, Trio A (1966). In her 1968 commentary, 'A Quasi Survey', Rainer calls Trio A a 'continual and unremitting revelation of gestural detail' – an enigmatic formulation that invokes activity extrinsic to the performance situation. Reading carefully through her notebooks (1959–62; archived at the Getty), this paper responds to Trio A's so-called 'revelation' by analysing her recorded negotiations of different kinds of dance instruction. It focuses on a series of journal entries that see Rainer reflecting on improvisation sessions shared with fellow dancers Simone Forti and Nancy Meehan, during May and June 1959. These sessions constituted a 'relatively socially-closed' site through which Rainer, Forti, and Meehan were able to adapt drills and technique transmitted by Merce Cunningham and Martha Graham, prior to the formation of the Judson Dance Theater in 1962. Transactions between movement exploration and linguistic tropes form the basis for a study of notation vis-à-vis the category of expression. Critical theorist Carrie Noland has produced an excellent reading of this category in relation to Cunningham's gifting of the transition, parsing its embodied and semiotic modes. As Rainer observed in 1959, 'He tells you what to do, but not how to do it'. Reading with Noland, this paper considers the unmodulated and continuous movement of Trio A as the summation of back-region transactions between competing forms of instruction. In doing so, it expands the study of Rainer's dance at the intersection of archival readings and critical theory.
The Dialectic of Wex
Judith Rodenbeck (University of California, Riverside)
rom 1972 to 1977 the German painter Marianne Wex undertook an extensive research project aimed at demonstrating the cultural nature of gendered physical postures, accumulating a monumental archive of photographs of residents of her hometown of Hamburg, pictures reshot from popular magazines such as Der Spiegel, and images from the world history of figurative sculpture. A large-scale display of nearly 5,000 images culled from this archive was shown in 1979 as a sequence of mounted panels and then published in book form in German and English. Let's Take Back Our Space: 'Female' and 'male' body language as a result of patriarchal structures is remarkable on many counts, not the least of which is Wex's dialectical account, told in pictures and in prose, of her own political and personal coming-to-consciousness of the extent to which patriarchal biopolitics shaped her own life kinaesthetically, emotionally, and socially. The book thus deploys both the language of then-developing kinesic analysis alongside ethnographic self-study. It also serves as a remarkable document of feminist visual practice during the heavy years that led to and culminated in West Germany's 'autumn' of 1977; and, practically Warburgian in aspirations, it stands as a key utterance in the long history of photography's engagement with human motion, on the one hand, and with the archive, on the other. The project considers Wex's project in three art contexts: its lineage within the realm of photographic practice; its relation to contemporaneous conceptual projects; and its profound – and direct – dialogue with behavioural psychology and cybernetics.
OUT SCORE: Live and invariable renderings
Sozita Goudouna (Onassis Scholars Association)
The paper will discuss methods of translating three-dimensional work into a two-dimensional format and the ways a movement score can define the future of architecture, engineering, and our built environment by examining the expanded art project OUT SCORE: Khoros/Choros (the same word, with different intonation, means dance and space in Greek) that will take place at the sculpted theatre of Aixoni and at 'T' Space in Rhinebeck US in May 2019 with the participation of Maria Hassabi, among other visual artists. The project draws a parallel between the two spaces, and attempts to reopen the sculpted theatre that was inaugurated with an international celebration of Yiannis Xenakis in 1992, within the exceptional surrounding of Mt Hymetus Aixoni Quarry.
OUT SCORE is a research programme and exhibition that generates encounters between dance, performance and the visual arts, in relation to the complex notions of notation and score, and the ways they have emerged in the second decade of the century. The paper will investigate the ways movement organically changes over space, and the ways our actual environment, live space, and surroundings can be adjusted by movement. It will also examine the distance between the printed material and the actual experience of the performance, as well as the ways that contemporary performance can form a specific 'body language' with its own signs and connotations that can define another discipline, such as architecture and sustainable engineering.
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Clean, comfortable cottage in a quiet location. Easy to find and great location for visiting the rest of the island. Would definitely recommend to others.
Absolutely beautiful cottage, finished to a high standard and has a very homely feel. Ideal location on the island, with a gorgeous beach just 100 yards down the road.
We have just spent a wonderful week at North View. The cottage is beautiful and fantastic with a toddler, it was lovely to have a safely enclosed patio space. The location is perfect for the beach and a short pretty walk along the esplanade to Seaview. We will be back!
Disappointing. Amenities in the house were really lacking. Also very steep stairs. The property lists itself as being child friendly however, no stair gate to put up and exceedingly steep stairs you have to navigate at night as the toilet is downstairs - not fun! Also bear in mind there is nowhere to park outside the property when you need to unload and pack up and parking is a 5 min walk away. Also a good 20 min walk to Seaview.


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Wizards of the Coast's new RPG studio Archetype is looking like BioWare 2.0
James Brightman
Drew Karpyshyn has joined James Ohlen and Chad Robertson at the fledgling studio, which Karpyshyn says 'reminds me of my early days at BioWare.'
Wizards of the Coast, known for its games based on Magic: the Gathering and Dungeons & Dragons, announced a brand-new development studio a couple weeks ago. Austin, Texas-based Archetype Entertainment isn't a support studio for Wizards' portfolio, however. The new development house is led by former BioWare director James Ohlen and former BioWare head of live services Chad Robertson. They have the singular goal "to create the greatest story-driven role-playing games in the world."
If that mission sounds like BioWare's, it's likely no coincidence. BioWare has gone through many changes underneath the EA umbrella, and its struggles with product launches like Anthem have been plain to see. Robertson witnessed BioWare's problems first-hand before leaving last November, but joining with former BioWare lead James Ohlen, who's worked on titles like Baldur's Gate, Dragon Age: Origins, Neverwinter Nights, and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic must feel like a chance to start over and rekindle some of that special RPG sauce many feel BioWare has been missing.
Just this week, former BioWare writer Drew Karpyshyn also joined Archetype as the studio's lead writer, as the company continues "assembling a world-class team to build a multi-platform role-playing game set in a new science fiction universe." Karpyshyn, notably, was the lead scribe on Mass Effect 1 and 2, and he's also worked on Baldur's Gate, Knights of the Old Republic, and Dragon Age. Even before Archetype further grows its development team, this trio of BioWare alumni should serve as an incredible foundation.
On his blog, announcing his new role at Archetype, Karpyshyn remarked that Archetype definitely has that feel of BioWare's glory days.
"I haven't been this excited to work on a project in a long, long time!" he enthused.
"I've been in the video game industry for twenty years now. When I started at BioWare, everything was fresh and exciting. It was a dream job – talented people working together to create epic games like Baldur's Gate, KOTOR, Mass Effect and Dragon Age. But as we grew and became more successful, things changed. We became more corporate," Karpyshyn lamented.
"We were less able to make what we loved, and the teams were pushed to create games based on market research rather than our creative instincts and passions. My dream job became just a job, and I lost the enthusiasm and excitement I once had. But with Archetype, my passion has been rekindled. The feel in the studio reminds me of my early days at BioWare; I can feel the magic in the air."
Karpyshyn admitted that Archetype has "big shoes to fill" if it's going to live up to the legacy of BioWare's greatest hits, but the opportunity to do something fresh was too good to pass up.
For Archetype and studio director Ohlen, starting something fresh (and likely on a smaller scale than BioWare's teams) also should enable the developer to be a bit more nimble. Ohlen told GameInformer in 2018 after leaving BioWare that being game director on Star Wars: The Old Republic "often felt like I was the captain of the Titanic and I could just steer it a teeny tiny bit if I put all my efforts into it."
He reflected on his 22-year tenure: "...sometimes you just need a change. Other times, people want to get more, get back to getting their hands dirty with creative, and it's really difficult to do that when you're on a big team of 1,000 people and you're supposed to be delivering hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue. There's a lot of responsibility there that kind of gets in the way of your ability to really get into the creative process."
Later in that GameInformer interview, Ohlen acknowledged how much stress has impacted game studios at the AAA level. "There's just a lot of burnout there … that's why I'm not going to be rushing to get back in… So if you see me working on something, it'll be because I really want to work on it and no other reason."
Passion is not missing at Archetype. Creating new IP is always a risky endeavor, but as the studio builds out its team and Ohlen communicates his creative vision, this should be a developer to keep an eye on.
(Former) Editor-in-Chief
James has been covering the games industry since the early 2000s and was previously the editor of GamesIndustry.biz. He loves Zelda, Metroidvania-style games, action adventure and single-player narratives. He's also the proud father of twin boys and is obsessed with good coffee and Yankees baseball. You can reach him @bright_pixels on Twitter.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In 2003, the NPCA was changed to the National Playground Contractors Association Inc, so they could admit playground contractors worldwide to the organization. Headquartered in Harrisburg, PA, the Board of Trustees, which is comprised of thirteen volunteers from the industry, governs and is accountable for fiscal responsibility as well as the direction of the organization.
Be licensed as required in the area in which they are working.
Carry the appropriate liability and workers' compensation insurances - NPCAI provides members with an in-house liability insurance program.
Be certified by the National Playground Safety Institute (NPSI).
In their effort to promote playground safety and to advance playground construction as a legitimate trade, the NPCAI offers a newsletter and a qualified contractor program.
1. Stoddard, Curtis. "The National Playground Contractors Association." Today's Playground. March 2004. p. 8.
2. The Playbook, 2006-2007. p.18.


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NCT's Taeyong will be absent due to injuries due to LIVE concerts and other activities
Stray child members share New Year goals, what they think are their strengths, and more
Hwang In Yeob talks about how he played his first lead role in "True Beauty", the wrong impressions people often have of him, and much more
Lee Se Young talks about working with Shin Sung Rok again on "Kairos", cutting her hair and much more
Naeun from April confirmed to MC 2020 SBS Gayo Daejeon in Daegu
Observe: The cast of "True Beauty" shares what they have learned from one another, describes their characters, and more
in Kpop
YG announces plans to release solo albums for WINNER's song Mino and Kang Seung Yoon
On August 13th, YG Entertainment released an announcement regarding the two members' upcoming solo albums. The full explanation can be found below:
Hello. This is YG Entertainment.
We briefly provide news about the new music releases of WINNER members Song Mino and Kang Seung Yoon.
Song Mino plans to release a full-length solo album in October.
Since this is the production of a full length album of over 10 songs rather than a single or mini album, it took longer than expected and he is currently focusing on the final stages of recording.
When we factor in the remaining second half of production and the shooting schedule for the music video, we expect the solo album's release time to be in October.
Kang Seung Yoon is focused on his role in the new MBC miniseries "Kairos," which premieres in October, and he does his best to impress as an actor. He took time out of his busy schedule to work on his solo music at the same time and steadily.
With his drama shooting schedule overlapping his music production schedule, it is still difficult to predict a specific album release schedule, but both members have expressed their desire to release full-length albums, so YG will share the opinions of the Respecting and supporting artists as ours will be our first priority and our best with the aim of the fall releases.
YG always listens carefully to the voices of the fans and we always strive to give back for the generous support of the fans. We sincerely thank the fans for the unchanging affection and anticipation and ask for support for Kim Jin Woo and Lee Seung Hoon, who have been serving in the military since April after the release of WINNER's third studio album "Remember".
Previous article UP10TION's Kim Woo Seok transforms into a lonely soul with emotional scars in "Twenty Twenty".
Next article Nana experiences different attempts with different people in "Into The Ring"
UP10TION's Kim Woo Seok transforms into a lonely soul with emotional scars in "Twenty Twenty".
Nana experiences different attempts with different people in "Into The Ring"
© 2020 by ed7even.com


We have covered a lot of ground so far this semester, even with all the snow days. We need to begin to review for our final exam, which is approaching fast.
Today, for our warm up, we're going to be practicing determining the output of snippets of Python code. Below I have included a list of review questions in a PDF file. Open the file and respond to each item. You are welcome to do whatever necessary to respond correctly, including typing the code and running it, and/or searching the internet.
Your answers should be submitted to me via email. Just open a new email and type a list of your answers (#1-#24). Piece of cake. This is due today in class.
Short week! Have a good weekend.


Summary: This paper examines several geometric problems that turn out to be intimately related, ranging from mathematical folklore to motion-planning in robotics.
Jacob Goodman received his Ph.D. at Columbia University in 1967, under the direction of Heisuke Hironaka. In addition to algebraic geometry, he has worked in topological graph theory and discrete geometry, and has coauthored a series of papers with Richard Pollack focusing on the interplay between geometric and topological properties of configurations of points and arrangements of hyperplanes and their generalizations.
He is coeditor in chief of Discrete & Computational Geometry, a journal of mathematics and computer science published by Springer-Verlag.
Janos Pach received his Ph.D. at Eötvös University, Budapest, in 1980, under the direction of Miklós Simonovits. He is a senior research fellow at the Mathematical Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, working mainly in combinatorics, discrete geometry, and computational geometry. He is a frequent visitor at the Courant Institute, New York University.
Chee K. Yap was born in Singapore in 1952, grew up in Malaysia, and attended MIT (B.S., 1975) and Yale (Ph.D., 1980). Since 1981, he has been at the Computer Science Department of the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University. He is an editor of S.I.A.M. Journal of Computing and the Journal of Computer and System Sciences. His research interests are mainly (ultimately) algorithmic, whether in the guise of complexity theory, symbolic and algebraic computation, computational geometry, or robotic 'applications' as in this article.


Alvaro Morata and Marco Asensio led the way as a much-changed Real Madrid eased to a 7-1 win at third-tier Cultural Leonesa in the Copa del Rey round-of-32 first leg on Wednesday.
Madrid's esteemed attacking trio of Karim Benzema, Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale were among those rested, but the visitors cruised in their absence, with the brilliant Morata and Asensio both scoring twice.
Zinedine Zidane's men needed a helping hand from Cultural for the opener, though, as Gianni Zuiverloon scored an early own goal, before Asensio added a second just after the half-hour mark.
LaLiga leaders Real enjoyed a blistering start to the second period, with Asensio's long-range second sandwiched between two clinical Morata finishes inside the first nine minutes.
Their sixth goal was the pick of the bunch, though, as centre-back Nacho Fernandez scored a sensational acrobatic effort.
The hosts pulled one back towards the end through Benja Martinez, but Mariano Diaz nodded in a late seventh as Madrid take what should be an unassailable lead into the second leg at the Santiago Bernabeu on November 30.
Cultural managed to keep their illustrious visitors at bay for all of six minutes.
The breakthrough came in fortuitous circumstances, though, as Toni Kroos' right-wing free-kick was headed on by James Rodriguez and Zuiverloon deflected the ball beyond his own goalkeeper.
Madrid almost had a second shortly after, but this time Jorge Palatsi was able to rescue the home side, palming away Isco's diving header.
Cultural's already remote hopes suffered a blow in the 19th minute, as their captain and former Madrid academy player Antonio Martinez was forced off with an injury.
But they pressed on and almost levelled soon after, as Toni Suarez raced on to Julen Colinas' clever flick and forced Kiko Casilla into a smart stop.
Real made the most of that let-off and grabbed a second in the 32nd minute – Asensio collecting Lucas Vazquez's low pass and playing a disguised effort into the bottom-right corner.
Madrid remained the dominant force, but Referee Daniel Trujillo spared Cultural an even tougher task nine minutes before the break, as he refused to send Yeray Gonzalez off for appearing to headbutt Kroos during an altercation.
Morata added a third within a minute of the second half starting, as he latched on to a wayward pass from a defender, charged into the left side of the area and coolly slotted through the goalkeeper's legs.
That proved to be the start of a Madrid onslaught, as they netted another two goals by the 55th minute – Asensio driving in from 25 yards, before Morata turned in a deflected right-wing cross with a neat finish inside the area.
The sixth arrived halfway through the second period, Nacho latching onto James' inviting lofted pass on the edge of the area before finding the top-left corner with a remarkable scissor-kick.
Cultural did at least give the home fans a reason to cheer, as Benja smashed in following a cutback with six minutes to go, but Madrid grabbed another at the death – Mariano heading in a right-wing cross.


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is located in Makinohara, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.

Crude oil was discovered at Sagara Village in May 1873, and hand-pumping operations began almost immediately. From 1874, Nippon Oil (the predecessor to modern ENEOS) began mechanical pumping operations. The Sagara field was the only producing oil field on Japan's Pacific coast, and was the first in Japan to use oil pumps. At the height of its production (in 1884), some 600 people were employed, and the field was producing 43,000 barrels of oil (721 kiloliters) per year. The oil was very light, and could be used in automobiles without refining.

Production stopped in 1955, with the advent of cheap, imported oil. On November 28, 1980, the oil field was proclaimed a natural monument and protected cultural property by the Shizuoka Prefectural government, and was transformed into a public park.

In popular culture

The Sagara Oil Field was mentioned in the Japanese manga series "Dr. Stone", as a place to produce crude oil after the collapse of civilization and global trade.

References
 Island Arc, Origins of hydrocarbons in the Sagara oil field, central Japan. Volume 15 Issue 3, Pages 285 - 291.

Oil fields in Japan
Parks and gardens in Shizuoka Prefecture
Makinohara, Shizuoka

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Delain, település Franciaországban, Haute-Saône megyében
Delain,  holland szimfonikus metal együttes


I have a little Raspberry Pi that I hope will be the home of the future pididu.com . It runs Raspbian Linux, which is basically Debian. Here are the steps I followed to get Sendmail working with DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM). I admit that this is something that most people will not need, so feel free to skip this article.
The lone dot at the beginning of the last line closes and sends the message. Check Yahoo mail to see that the message was received. Note that I don't use gmail for this test, which might reject mail from an unknown source as spam.
which should show the record previously entered.
There may be a line starting with SOCKET= in there as the default. Comment that out, and uncomment the line of the form SOCKET=inet:12274@localhost . The port number does not have to be 12274 – choose one to suit yourself. Save and quit.
Note that the above must be done again any time the file /etc/default/opendkim is changed. This may no longer be required in future versions of opendkim. I hear a bug report has already been filed.
Now configure sendmail to use opendkim to sign outgoing mail.


Vesta, a Lubrizol Company, creates custom medical manufacturing devices through silicone fabrication from its ISO 13485 certified facilities. Our products consist of silicone tissue expanders, sheeting, patches, and other silicone medical devices. Vesta takes pride in the quality of our products and maintains quality staff on our team.
In the Victor, Montana location, we have several ISO 7 and ISO 8 certified clean rooms within our campus. Our controlled environment allow for multiple line operations to occur efficiently without compromising on quality.
Sets the direction and drives the execution of an effective safety culture across Vesta sites in collaboration with the senior leaders of the business and the corporate HSES leaders. This is a sole contributor role that will report directly to the General Manager, but functionally coordinating with each Vesta site leadership team. The successful candidate will be a self-starting leader who enjoys the challenges of daily involvement with production workers and team.
Plans, directs and manages the safety, health, environmental and security programs to assure compliance with applicable laws and regulations, corporate policies and standards and their consistency with Lubrizol's Health, Safety, Environment and Security policy. Provides direction, sets and executes strategy for continuous improvement in HSES performance and programming.
Investigates accidents and promotes safety conscious work performance and training programs.
Develops, collects, and analyzes safety metrics and determines the appropriate programs for improvement.
Conducts root cause analysis and recommends and implements actions to drive safety improvements.
Conducts assessments to ensure compliance with government HSES laws, standards, regulations, as well as, corporate policies and standards.
Provides professional guidance, technical support and interpretation of compliance to HSES standards, laws, regulations and industry standards.
Collaborates across the division to build and leverage best practices and tools and operates as a key stakeholder on the Vesta senior leadership team.
Assists site HR with management of Workers Compensation claims in conjunction with corporate legal and HSES teams.
Coordinates, implements and manages all HSES programs, regulatory permits and certifications for all Vesta facilities.
Drives continuous HSES improvement. Acts as a change agent to improve safety culture.
Bachelor's degree in science, engineering, or technical major. Preferred at least 2+ years related experience in health, safety and environmental management and compliance or equivalent experience.
Knowledgeable of both safety and environmental regulatory requirements.
Demonstrated ability to develop and improve HSE programs.
SiMatrix is located in the heart of the Bitterroot Valley of Western Montana, within Ravalli County. Surrounded by the Bitterroot and Sapphire mountain ranges, the Valley provides scenic views and immediate access to the Anaconda-Pintler and Selway-Bitterroot wilderness areas. Our location allows for almost immediate access to the Clark Fork and Bitterroot Rivers, hiking, fishing, camping, rock climbing, hunting, snowmobiling, and skiing at Lost Trail Pass or Snowbowl Resorts. SiMatrix has two locations within the Bitterroot Valley. Our primary location is just south of Victor and the second site is located in Hamilton, Montana.


The Marina is designed to provide separate zones for everyone in the family, along with plenty of space for living, relaxing, entertaining, studying and tinkering.
Featuring the perfect children's zone, a separate living room is centred amongst three of the bedrooms and the main bathroom.
The home theatre and open plan living, dining and alfresco space provides the luxury of ample space for children and adults, while the kitchen with huge walk-in pantry is just one example of the extensive storage built into this family home.
A study nook, garage workshop space and two robes in the master bedroom, one built-in, provide further spaces to keep your home well ordered and luxuriously stylish.
If style, space and the conveniences of modern living are what you're after, the Marina is for you.


Kanye's G.O.O.D. Music Associate Malik Yusef Denies ID Theft ... I'm Not Scamming Anybody!!!
Malik Yusef says he was doing work on Kanye West's behalf to arrange a New York Fashion Week show but it didn't work out ... but it's definitely not the shady scheme it's being made out to be.
We broke the story ... Kanye's G.O.O.D. Music associate is accused of forging the rapper's signature to strike a deal with Philipp Plein to stage a NYFW event with Ye performing, and then making off with at least $750,000.
Yusef strongly denies those allegations and tells us it was business as usual as he negotiated with Plein to get some "futuristic t-shirts" at Fashion Week. He claims Kanye was aware of the pending contract, but when it became clear Ye wasn't going to perform ... he let Plein know the deal was off.
Malik claims he didn't touch a dime of Plein's money and even sent it back to him. He's adamant he's not scamming anyone and points out he's been working with Kanye for years ... and they run a foundation together.
Yusef insists he's never taken anything from Kanye, adding ... "I barely take his f***in' advice."
On Twitter, he's also responded to a suggestion he might be getting set up, saying ... "Its actually less against me and more against @phillip_plein but I ain't going either tho."
Sources close to Kanye tell us a different story, though ... saying Kanye never committed to anything and had no idea about the show Yusef was communicating to Plein about.
A rep for Kanye adds, "Malik Yusef is certainly in no position to negotiate a deal, receive money, or forge Kanye's signature or sign any contracts on his behalf."


It's a black magic blend that cast a spell over judges at the Great Taste Awards.
Marsden-based Dark Woods Coffee wowed the judges to win a clutch of two-star and three-star awards at the 2017 competition, which celebrates the very best in food and drink.
Dark Woods Coffee and Magic Rock Brewery previously collaborated on a triple coffee porter produced and sold by Magic Rock, which has proved a hit with bars, retailers and beer drinkers.
The firm's other three-star products in 2017 are two unique coffees from a very small producer group in Panama called "La Huella" – with the judges enjoying the "complexity of aromatics and fruit flavours" within the coffees.
Dark Woods, run by Damian Blackburn, Paul Meikle-Janney and Ian Agnew, supplies customers including farm shops, caterers, restaurants, cafes and cake shops.
Damian, roaster and coffee buyer at Dark Woods, said: "We never expected to achieve this level of success in Great Taste, but to feel that real teamwork has been involved this year makes it even more satisfying.
"Our awards in 2016 undoubtedly helped to raise our profile and boost sales, so there's a tangible impact.
"And these awards are perfectly timed as we'll be serving coffees all weekend (Aug 5 and 6) at Magic Rock's annual summer Food & Drink Festival." The festival takes place at Magic Rock's Willow Lane premises.
Judged by more than 500 food critics, chefs, cooks, restaurateurs and producers, Great Taste is widely acknowledged as the most respected food accreditation scheme for artisan and speciality food producers. The 2017 contest reaches its finale on Monday, September 4, at the Intercontinental Park Lane Hotel, London, when the regional Golden Fork winners and Great Taste Supreme Champion will be revealed.


Pomerantz LLP issued the following announcement on March 22.
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Respectful experienced carers to support you when you need it.
Palliative care offers the same level of expertise and support you would receive in a hospice, at a hospital or with specialists, but palliative care gives you more options and greater choices plus the comfort and privacy that only your own home can offer.
We understand the intricacies and challenges of supporting a loved one with an advanced or life threatening illness. Everyday Prestige Inhome Care supports clients and their families during this difficult time by giving them the opportunity to spend their last stages or final moments in their own home, surrounded by the people and things that they love.
completely tailored to each client.
Fulfilling a loved one's wish to live out their days at home can be stressful, demanding and often confusing. Prestige Inhome Care takes care of everything so you can focus on the things most important to you.
Every aspect of in home palliative care is completely tailored to each client. Prestige Inhome Care can accommodate most cultural requirements, spiritual needs and special requests.
Your Case Manager will work with you to establish a flexible, tailored, unique support program, which is reviewed regularly ensuring, we meet your changing needs and those of your loved one.
Prestige Inhome Care offers the highest quality care with the flexibility to start, stop and change your care or move to hospice at anytime, for any reason.
Medically sound: we work with multidisciplinary teams, specialists, hospitals and anybody who is involved in your care. Our clients and their loved ones are supported by our clinical team who have extensive palliative experience and knowledge to deliver the highest level of quality care.
Flexible: start, stop and change your care / carers or move to hospital / hospice at anytime for any reason. Our clients are not locked into a set number of hours so you can increase or decrease as needed or even cancel at last minute if circumstances change.
Client centred care: it is more effective, comforting and dignifying to receive individualised care on a one-to-one basis in your home rather than be one of many patients tended by many nurses in a hospital.
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Ease suffering: active treatment, dietary advice, and medication support manage the symptoms and the course of the disease to relieve pain, discomfort and suffering.
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BCS Instructor Graham Melloy heads up onto the Arctic Plateau of the Cairngorms.
After a very busy period at work prior to going out of the country for six months I found myself with some free time on my hands. Apart from the normal family stuff on the calendar I decided that an overnight trip to the Cairngorms to shake off the cobwebs was just the ticket. It was minus seven on the Moray coast when my son and I set off and it was still minus seven when we got to the ski centre car park so it was going to be a tester.
Between the pair of us we had more Fjallraven than the new Cotswolds in Inverness when we set off for our trek with the Kaipak 58 the bag of choice and having used it many times it still never fails to let me down. Even though we were only out for one night with the temperatures as they were and the ever unpredictable weather that we have all experienced on the plateau we had to ensure we had all the necessary kit and this bag can take a fair amount without all the unnecessary straps and gubbins we find on gear these days.
It was with relative ease that we headed up the hill skirting to the western side of Coire an Lochain with some detours due to ice patches up on to the plateau with striking views all round working our way across to Hell's Lum Crag to get a good view of Loch A'an which was covered in ice with the plan to drop down to the shelter stone. With the amount of ice on the ground and fast fading daylight the sensible decision was to backtrack and cross Coire Domhain towards Coire Raibeirt to find a nice spot to pitch the tent with good views. We chose a nice spot to the south east of the Cairngorm summit overlooking the saddle with great views down towards the Fords of A'an.
The Keb Endurance 2 is a gleaming bit of kit and takes no time to erect though with the ground frozen putting the pegs in required some size 9 action! Once that was up and our gear stashed we had a wander along the edge of Stac an Fharaidh along towards Ciste Mhearad taking in the views and enjoying the silence. The temperature was still very low but the wind was definitely picking up when we got back to the tent in darkness to get some food on the go and my LED Lensor H7R.2 lit the place up like a football stadiums floodlights! This sudden change of weather whilst not unusual definitely made us re-evaluate our plan for the next day.
parachute…..try it!) With the wind increasingly getting stronger I got up to check that the pegs and guy lines were still intact and I was nearly blown off my feet but all was well. Sleep was interrupted by the wind throughout the night and at about 2am I thought the tent was going to take off but the guy lines held out and the poles stayed strong. Daybreak brought a calm of sorts and the plan was to head off to Cnap Coire na Spreidhe and beyond to locate the El Alamein refuge but with a heavy fog and the wind picking up again it was the sensible thing to head down off the hill at our own pace.
So with plenty more excursions planned over the next few weeks before heading to warmer climates this was definitely a much needed shake out. The Fjallraven gear never fails to amaze me and the Keb jacket was ideal for this trip with the Eco shell over the top when required. The tent was excellent and the Primus Winter gas did exactly as it said on the tin compared to the normal Primus gas I also took along to conduct a comparison.
Here's to the next one and a bit longer and hopefully more snow!


ThisisBigBrother.com - UK TV Forums - View Profile: Dia.
I'd be more interested if if meant he was leaving XIV, the game desperately needs new blood and a new direction.
Possibly but I dunno, I think it's going to be another Idyllshire in that they won't announce it beforehand. Perhaps will take over a Garlemald settlement and that will be the hub.
It would make sense for DNC to be more supportive, I just hope that it's fun to play and not convoluted. Give me the ranged equivalent of RDM and I'll be happy.
I'm hoping we get some Dancer details soon, I've come round to the idea of it being Ranged but I HOPE it plays nothing like MCH or BRD.
I'm hoping for something functionally similar to a melee DPS in terms of focusing on combo actions and such. I hope it's not a convoluted mess like MCH nor a boring dot machine like BRD. A ranged with positionals would be interesting and kinda fitting considering it's a dancer class and a lot of movement would make sense.
I think I'm just glad to be done with Ala Mhigo for the moment tbh.
Yeah, I thought Yotsuyu's survival was cheap but the whole 3.2 and 3.3 storyline was excellent from beginning to end. She was one of the best written characters in the game, easily.
I doubt the First will since it took an alternate path from the Source so I think the only characters that will cross over will be the Scions and the Crystal Tower catboy. When it comes to job quests, I imagine they'll just all take place on the Source. I can see them taking the opportunity to give some old areas some love this time around.
I wonder what the end game location will be? Rowene's not likely going to get to the First so I'm assuming the Rhalgr's/Mor Dhona/Idyllshire location will be on the Source, possibly, like Idyllshire, it's a place that they haven't revealed yet.
Not letting us to enter the city of Ala Mhigo properly was a mistake and plus Ala Mhigo was never really sympathetic. Doma however was always excellent. Yotsuyu is one of the best characters they've ever created.
I do hope that this expansion isn't filler, they said originally that we're gonna take the fight to Garlemald but how can that be when there's no Garlemald areas in the game? There's so many mixed messages it's getting annoying.
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My friend T and I went to the country because our mate Matthew, who lives there, needed a cat-sitter. As usual, I had an ulterior motive. Within a week, three people accused me of being some kind of Londonista, clueless about rural life. I was going to prove them wrong. So Matthew hid his cottage key under a log (which doesn't happen often in east London), and we set off to his ramshackle Somerset thatch.
Actually, the accusers are wrong. I know all about country living, I tell T as we leave. I grew up in Sussex, Somerset and rural Wales via Georgia (USA). I didn't even make it to London until I was 24. I'm practically Heidi in a leather jacket. Or Tess of the D'Urbervilles in a hoodie.


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Home » Find Laws » Prison Laws » Prison » A History of Prison in the World
The concept of a penal colony or jail can date as far back to around 400 B.C. in Jerusalem, where dungeons were used to hold prisoners that were incarcerated for committing crimes.
However, jail as it is known today is more closely related to the jail system that was implemented in Britain during the 19th century, arising out of the philosophy and views of Jeremy Bentham. Prior to Bentham, a penal colony or jail was simply a holding place or facility for criminals awaiting hanging. Bentham would be responsible for imparting the notion that having criminals incarcerated could also be used as punishment, which was a completely revolutionary concept at the time.
In the United States, the history of jail and the penal colony can be traced back to the colonies established in Pennsylvania, in particular, William Penn's colony. William Penn would abolish some of the punishment tactics and codes from England that seemed too severe for the crime. Death was a common punishment, even for what can be considered minor crimes. Aside from major crimes such as murder, imprisonment in jail was used as a punishment, along with fines and labor.
Prisons were mostly used to hold those awaiting trial, witnesses, and even those that owed debts, though this would change with the onset of the American Revolution. As more people would become incarcerated, penal colonies would have to expand and become larger in order to house more inmates. One of the first major prison facilities that was constructed in the United States would also be founded in Pennsylvania, which would become known as the Eastern State Penitentiary, which began construction in 1822 and would be completed in 1836.
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A History of Prison in the World
Essential Gay Marriage Information
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"Días como Éstos" es el episodio número 6 de la segunda temporada de la serie de televisión ER.

Producción
"Días como Éstos" marca la entrada a la serie del personaje de Gloria Reuben, la asistente médico Jeanie Boulet, lo que también provoca el alargamiento del tema musical de entrada de la serie.

Episodios de ER
Episodios de televisión de 1995


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When defects dominate: Rheology of nanofibrillated cellulose suspensions
Hubbe, M. A. (2021). "When defects dominate: Rheology of nanofibrillated cellulose suspensions," BioResources 16(1), 16-18.
Conventional rheological tests can be difficult to carry out in the case of suspensions of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). Such suspensions tend to migrate away from the walls of a rheometer device, leaving a low-viscosity layer. The very high aspect ratio of typical nanofibrillated cellulose particles favors formation of tangled clusters. But application of hydrodynamic shear can cause fragmentation of those clusters. It is proposed in this essay that some focus be placed on the fragments of entangled clusters of NFC and interactions between them at their fractured surfaces. The condition of near-uniform, defect-free structures of nanocellulose spanning the volume within a sheared suspension might be regarded as an unlikely circumstance. Isaac Newton started with a very simple equation to start to understand rheology. It is proposed that a similarly bold and simplified approach may be needed to account for the effects of broken entangled clusters of NFC on flow phenomena, their assessment, and their consequences related to industrial processes.
Martin A. Hubbe
Keywords: Nanocellulose suspensions; Wall depletion; Shear thinning; Entanglement; Viscosity
Contact information: North Carolina State University; Dept. of Forest Biomaterials, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA; Email: hubbe@ncsu.edu
Suppose that you woke up tomorrow morning in a completely transformed world. For instance, just imagine yourself as Alice in Wonderland, Rip van Winkle, or Jonathan Swift's protagonist Gulliver when visiting the land of the Lilliputians. A question that you would face, when confronted with such changed circumstances, is whether the "rules of the game" that you have relied upon for so long would still apply. On every previous morning when you woke up, you bent yourself at the hips and you were able to sit up. But when one is being held down by innumerable tiny threads, as in the case of Gulliver, such ingrained habits and routines just might not work.
Starting way back with Isaac Newton, the rules of the road for evaluating and predicting the flow of liquids and fluid suspensions have become well established. Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, first published in 1687, set forth the well-known relationship between the applied shear stress and the induced flow of a simple, i.e. "Newtonian" liquid. Of course, real fluids may contain particles, soluble polymers, and either attractive or repulsive forces among them. Such features can give rise to flow phenomena that violate Newton's linear relationship between shear rate and shear stress. A few of these phenomena are encountered routinely by papermakers when they prepare and spread aqueous coatings of minerals onto the paper surface. For example, formulators of "coating colors" for paper know that such mixtures of pigments, binders, and additives in water tend to be "pseudo-plastic" when being changed from the stationary state, but that they can become "dilatant" when subjected to very high rates of shear. In addition, the same suspensions also can be "thixotropic," meaning that they show hysteresis. Their resistance to flow is different depending on whether one is increasing or decreasing the shear rate. With each added complexity, the science of rheology has expanded and become more enriched. In effect, more terms have been added to Newton's basic equation. In parallel with the development of concepts and mathematical expressions, new generations of precise equipment have emerged, making it possible to measure stresses and strains by rotational or oscillatory approaches. But then, along came nanofibrillated cellulose.
I first became aware of the potentially troublesome nature of nanocellulose suspensions while working as a product development scientist for a large paper company. I was working to develop a piece of equipment to sense the zeta potential of fiber suspensions and to automatically run a titration to determine their cationic demand (Hubbe 2001). Someone told me that the best way to convince them that the device was ready for serious consideration would be to put a suspension of papermaking fibers in a tank, pump them continuously through a "flow loop", and set up my device to make automatic measurements repeatedly over a period of several days. That's what we did, and the first day everything was fine. On the second day it was necessary to open up the device and clean off a screen. On the third day the screen clogged up immediately, even when freshly cleaned. The continuous stirring and pumping of the ordinary kraft pulp suspension had converted the material into highly fibrillated cellulose – maybe even nanocellulose – and it no longer followed the rules of behavior for an ordinary pulp suspension.
To be fair, problems related to the rheology of suspensions of cellulosic fibers already were well known even before nanocellulose had come to the attention of papermakers. For example, Bennington et al. (1990) found that they needed to develop specialized equipment to be able to evaluate in the shear stress of fiber suspensions. If they employed ordinary "couette flow-type" equipment to make the measurements, the fibers tended to move away from the solid walls of the device, leaving a low-viscosity layer where "wall slip" would occur. To overcome this phenomenon, they attached rectangular baffles on both the inner and the outer walls of their couette device.
Issues of wall-slip and depletion of particles near to the wall surfaces of rheology-measuring devices become yet more pronounced when using such equipment to evaluate nanocellulose suspensions (Hubbe et al. 2017). It was proposed in the cited work that nanocellulose particles undergo repeated entanglement followed by fragmentation of clusters of nanocellulose. The tendency for nanocellulose entities to become entangled with each other appears to exacerbate the tendency for solids-free zones to form near to the surfaces of the rheology-measuring equipment. When comparing data from many different studies of suspensions of nanofibrillated cellulose, there appeared to be two distinct tracks. One of the tracks, associated with relatively high values of shear stress at a given shear rate, appeared to be associated with contiguous structures filling the volume within the measuring cell of the device. A second track, with shear stress values as much as three factors of ten lower for the same solids content, appeared to represent systems in which the nanocellulose structures did not fill all of the volume. For the latter systems it was proposed that fragments of nanocellulose clusters existed apart from each other, with channels of relatively particle-free water between them. Koponen (2020) analyzed those findings and came to the conclusion that phenomena resembling wall slip are not isolated to wall regions when NFC suspensions are subjected to shear. Rather, such phenomena appear to occur at points throughout the volume of such suspensions. Evidence of relatively solids-free zones within sheared NFC suspensions were shown clearly by optical coherence tomography tests.
The aspect ratios of nanofibrillated cellulose are so high that they are seldom reported. When looking at micrographs to quantify NFC fibril widths, which are often in the range of 10 to 40 nm, it is difficult to simultaneously try to figure out whether there is a continuous structure having a length of 10 m, 100 m, or maybe even 1000 m. The two types of dimension are hard to capture in the same micrograph. In addition, when NFC is produced mainly by mechanical shearing, one typically obtains a network-like structure rather than a suspension of individual fibrils.
It is proposed here that part of the answer is to stop expecting such material to follow the rules that rheologists have established for particle suspensions. What can be done instead? Here are some ideas:
Treat the fragments of semi-broken NFC flocs as the suspended matter, rather than focusing on the individual NFC.
Consider the potential contribution to resistance to flow when two such fragments of entangled NFC rub up against each other or mutually roll past each other in shear flow.
Consider the flows of water into and out from such fragments of NFC clusters as they change their shapes to accommodate the somewhat crowded conditions within a sheared system.
Attempt to model some of the fragmentation and re-entanglement phenomena.
I have read that Isaac Newton got quite angry when he first encountered people who questioned his theories. I have to admit that I am even less brave than Isaac, since at this point all I have offered are qualitative descriptions, not even an equation that could be tested. The challenge may lie in coming up with suitable simplifying models that capture the essence of rheological effects to be expected from collections of fragments of NFC flocs in a sheared suspension. Just think, if a graduate student is able to tackle this problem, maybe yet another term can be added to Newton's expression.
Bennington, C. P. J., Kerekes, R. J., and Grace, J. R. (1990). "The yield stress of fibre suspensions," Can. J. Chem. Eng. 68, 748-757. DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450680503
Hubbe, M. A. (2001). "Method for determining electrokinetic properties of papermaking furnish," U.S. Patent No. 6,176,974, Jan. 23.
Hubbe, M. A., Tayeb, P., Joyce, M., Tyagi, P., Kehoe, M., Dimic-Misic, K., and Pal, L. (2017). "Rheology of nanocellulose-rich aqueous suspensions: A Review," BioResources 12(4), 9556-9661. DOI: 10.15376/biores.12.1.2143-2233
Koponen, A. I. (2020). "The effect of consistency on the shear rheology of aqueous suspensions of cellulose micro- and nanofibrils: A review," Cellulose 27, 1879-1897. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-019-02908-w
Newton, I. (1687). Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, London.


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Hot Tea, Falls on Ice and Election of Benefits: What Qualifies for Auto Accident Benefits?
by Ryan Alkenbrack
Created: July 20 2020
This past May, I wrote a blog about hot coffee spills and other unusual cases where injured people were found to be eligible for accident benefits from their motor vehicle insurer. The Licence Appeal Tribunal (LAT) has released two recent decisions that shed further light on these types of situations.
What qualifies for auto accident benefits isn't always clear.
As mentioned in my previous blog that you can find here, there have been a number of unusual situations over the years where a person is injured in or around a motor vehicle and has been found eligible for benefits under their motor vehicle policy, despite the fact that they were not driving at the time of their injury. Here are some examples to review.
M.P vs. Allstate Insurance Company of Canada – Hot Tea Spill
This case is very similar to those that I wrote about in the last blog; an individual obtained a hot cup of tea from a drive-through window, drove away, stopped at a red light and then noticed that the lid was not securely fastened to the cup. The applicant then attempted to move the cup, spilling hot tea on herself. She applied to her insurer for accident benefits who denied the application on the basis that the spill did not occur in the regular use and operation of the motor vehicle.
The LAT agreed that the accident resulted from the ordinary use of the automobile, but agreed with the insurer that there were "intervening acts" that were not part of the "ordinary course of things". In cases where there is an intervening act that is not a normal or ordinary risk when using or operating a motor vehicle, the insurer will not be responsible for paying accident benefits.
The LAT ultimately decided that the drive-through employee's failure to secure the lid, and the applicant's actions (moving the cup and attempting to secure it after noticing it was loose) were intervening acts which made her ineligible for accident benefits.
K.P. vs. Aviva General Insurance – Slipping on Ice while walking to get into a Lyft
This case was released on April 17, 2020, and involved an individual who was injured in January when she slipped and fell on ice on the driveway of her parents' home. At the time of her fall, she had been walking down the driveway to get into a rideshare vehicle (Lyft). She applied for accident benefits with her motor vehicle insurer who denied benefits on the basis that she was not involved in an "accident" within the meaning of the legislation.
The LAT had to decide on two issues in this case. The first was whether the use or operation of a motor vehicle caused the injuries. The second issue was whether slipping on the ice was an "intervening act". If the fall was an "intervening act" that would mean that the operation of the vehicle was not a direct cause of the injuries and therefore the claimant would not be eligible for accident benefits.
The LAT found the applicant's only reason for walking down the ice-covered driveway was to get into the car to be transported to her doctor and therefore there was no doubt that the "use and operation" of the motor vehicle must have begun when the Lyft driver accepted the applicant's ride request.
For the second issue, the LAT stated that there were two separate independent direct causes of the injury, the icy snow-covered condition of the driveway and the fact that the Lyft could not pull up to the front entrance. In their decision, the adjudicator states that because one direct cause of the injury was the use and operation of the car (walking to get into the car), the applicant should be entitled to accident benefits.
G.N.K vs. Aviva Insurance Canada – Important Case on Election of Benefits
If someone is injured during the use or operation of a motor vehicle, as part of the application process for accident benefits, the individual may be eligible for income replacement benefits (IRBs) or non-earner benefits (NEBs). In certain cases, an applicant may be eligible for both, in which cause they have to elect to receive one or the other. This election takes place by way of a standard form.
In this case, the applicant elected to receive income replacement benefits for lost income. After a review of the file, the insurer determined that the amount payable was $0 because of the applicant's receipt of other disability benefits. The applicant argued that, because he was found to be ineligible for IRBs, in hindsight, the original election was invalid and he should be able to re-elect to receive non-earner benefits.
The LAT disagreed and found that where someone may be entitled to either IRBs or NEBs, and makes an election, regardless of whether this election is made in error or by mistake, that election is final regardless of any change in circumstances afterwards. The LAT concluded that an applicant may only re-elect in cases where they are found to be catastrophically impaired after the original election.
Cases involving possible auto accident benefits claims can be difficult to decide: Bonn Law can help.
These decisions show that every case is unique and that there should be a careful analysis of every accident benefits case to ensure your rights are being protected. If you are injured in a motor-vehicle related incident, Bonn Law is here to help.
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The Lisfranc ligament plays an integral role in providing stability to the midfoot. Variable clinical presentations and radiographic findings make injuries to the Lisfranc ligament notoriously difficult to diagnose. Currently, radiographic evaluation is the mainstay in imaging such injuries; however, ultrasound has been suggested as a viable alternative. The objective of this study was to evaluate the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability in the measurement of the length of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament using ultrasound imaging in healthy, asymptomatic subjects.
The dorsal Lisfranc ligaments of fifty asymptomatic subjects (n = 100 feet) were imaged using a Siemens SONOLINE Antares Ultrasound Imaging System© under low, medium, and high stress loads at 0° and 15° abducted foot positions. The lengths of the ligaments were measured, and Interclass correlation coefficients were used to calculate within-session intra-rater reliability (n = 100 feet) as well as between-session intra-rater reliability (n = 40 feet) and between-session inter-rater reliability (n = 40 feet).
The within-session intra-rater reliability results for dorsal Lisfranc ligament length had an average ICC of 0.889 (min 0.873 max 0.913). The average ICC for between-session intra-rater reliability was 0.747 (min 0.607 max 0.811). The average ICC for between-session inter-rater reliability was 0.685 (min 0.638 max 0.776).
The measurement of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament length using ultrasound imaging shows substantial to almost perfect reliability when evaluating asymptomatic subjects. This imaging modality methodology shows promise and lays the foundation for further work in technique development towards the diagnostic identification of pathology within the Lisfranc ligament complex.
Injuries to the Lisfranc complex account for 0.2% of all orthopedic injuries . This rare injury has a frequency of approximately 1 case per 55,000 persons each year . Lisfranc complex injuries are most commonly high-energy injuries that occur when an axial load or rotational force is brought on a foot fixed in a plantar-flexed position . Often males in the third decade of life sustain such an injury as a result of a fall from a height, a motor vehicle accident, or a sporting injury . Despite its low frequency, around 20% of initially presenting Lisfranc joint injuries in emergency departments are either unrecognized or misdiagnosed , suggesting that the current evaluation methods of midfoot pain are unreliable. It is crucial to find a technique that consistently evaluates midfoot pain because injury to the Lisfranc joint can have potentially long-term complications when treatment is inadequate, inappropriate, or delayed due to an initially missed diagnosis. Complications include chronic pain, arthritis, and functional loss due to ligamentous injury . The Lisfranc ligament complex, which spans between the medial cuneiform and base of the second metatarsal, is critical in providing stability to the midfoot . The ligament complex is divided into three distinct segments, dorsal, interosseous, and plantar (Figure 1). The interosseous segment is the largest and strongest while the dorsal segment is the smallest and weakest . Current methods of evaluating the integrity of the Lisfranc ligament complex rely heavily upon standard radiographs which have high false negative rates . High false negative rates of the current diagnostic techniques demand re-evaluation. Exploring new applications of other existing, readily available modalities could lead to a more accurate diagnosis.
Cross-sectional illustration through the Lisfranc joint. C1 = Medial cuneiform, M2 = 2nd metatarsal base, M3 = 3rd metatarsal base, Red = dorsal Lisfranc ligament, Blue = interosseous Lisfranc ligament, Green = plantar Lisfranc ligament.
Care must be taken when evaluating a patient presenting with midfoot pain because Lisfranc injuries are reported to be one of the most common types of injuries in malpractice cases against radiologists and emergency physicians . Meticulous history taking usually shows that patients with Lisfranc ligament complex injuries have severe pain at the time of injury, at a much higher pain rating than would be expected with an ankle or another midfoot sprain . Clinical examination usually reveals dorsal midfoot swelling that is painful upon palpation, often accompanied by ecchymosis  and the inability to bear weight .
Currently accepted diagnostic guidelines state that Lisfranc ligamentous instability is seen with greater than 2 mm of diastasis between the medial cuneiform and the base of the second metatarsal as seen on standard radiographs . The most accepted diagnostic technique is weight-bearing radiographs, compared to the contralateral side . Manual stress radiographs can also be used to detect diastasis, but stress views can be quite painful and a significant level of anesthesia must be obtained . Weight-bearing and stress radiographs do not always detect the medial cuneiform-second metatarsal diastasis. There are variable radiographic findings with variations in foot supination-pronation and with orientation of the x-ray beam . Furthermore, Nunley et al. found that low energy sprains to the Lisfranc ligament complex could produce enough pain to limit athletes from playing sports but show a completely undisplaced joint on weight-bearing radiographs . In a recent study Raikin et al. assessed the use of magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of Lisfranc ligament complex injuries when compared to intraoperative findings. In their study, 90% of unstable Lisfranc complexes were correctly classified with a sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of 94%, 75%, and 94% respectively  suggesting that direct visualization of the Lisfranc ligament complex with MRI is an accurate method for detecting instability. In their study, the plantar Lisfranc segment was the best predictor of midfoot instability.
Pure Lisfranc ligamentous injury may be present with few radiographic changes and variable physical findings . Because of these shortfalls in standard radiographs, a diagnostic technique providing direct ligamentous visualization is advantageous. While only MRI has the ability to evaluate all three segments of the Lisfranc ligament , ultrasound has been proposed by Woodward et al. as viable diagnostic technology to view Lisfranc ligamentous injuries . Using ultrasound, the integrity of the interosseous segment of the Lisfranc ligament must be inferred upon by imaging the dorsal Lisfranc ligament. This is due to the narrow medial cuneiform-second metatarsal articulation which makes sonographic visualization of the interosseous segment impossible. Their study advocates using the dorsal Lisfranc ligament as an indirect sign of interosseous Lisfranc ligament disruption . They concluded that when the dorsal Lisfranc ligament is intact, the interosseous segment is likely intact as well; however, when the dorsal segment is disrupted in conjunction with an increased diastasis between the medial cuneiform and second metatarsal base, the interosseous segment of the Lisfranc ligament is likely torn .
When compared to MRI, ultrasound is much more portable and less time consuming. The subject can be comfortably positioned as the technician gathers imaging without the apprehension of laying in an MRI unit. Ultrasound is also considerably less expensive than MRI . It gives dynamic, real-time imaging to view the structures surrounding the ligament allowing the technician to assess any other soft tissue abnormalities. This is all done without any radiation emitted toward patient or technician, like radiography . Although ultrasound has distinct advantages to radiography and MRI, to our knowledge there is currently no literature to support the reliability of using ultrasound imaging to take measurements of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament. We would like to determine if ultrasound imaging measurements of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament can be acquired in a consistent manner. The aim of this study was to determine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of measuring the length of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament protocol in non-symptomatic young adults using diagnostic ultrasound, under both unloaded as well as under physiologically/clinically reasonable load conditions.
Fifty healthy subjects for a total of one-hundred (n = 100) asymptomatic feet participated in the project. Inclusion criteria for the subjects required that they were free from current foot pain, without any musculoskeletal disabilities, and between the ages 20 to 45. Exclusion criteria included any subject who had a prior foot surgery, congenital foot abnormality, trauma to the feet within the last 10 years, allergy to ultrasound transmission gel, and currently pregnant females. Written informed consent was obtained from each test subject prior to participation in the study. Institutional review board approval was received from the Des Moines University human subjects committee before beginning the project.
A commercially available calf raise apparatus (Figure 2) was purchased and was modified in-house to allow for lower leg placement directly under the knees with the tibia perpendicular to the ground and both knee and ankle joints positioned at 90° relative angles. A Siemens SONOLINE Antares Ultrasound Imaging System© (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc., Issaquah, WA) with a 10.0 MHz linear array transducer was used to acquire images of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament. Ultrasound images were saved in digital format for off-line measurement of the ligament length using in-house written software in MATLAB© (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA).
In-house modified calf raise apparatus with force plate under the loading pad. Subject's knee and ankle are both flexed at 90° with the tibia perpendicular to the ground. The 0° and 15° abducted footprints can be visualized as well as the parallel lines drawn on the dorsum of the subject's foot parallel to the Lisfranc ligament.
The dorsal Lisfranc ligament was sonographically assessed under low, intermediate, and high stress loads (approximately equivalent to non weight-bearing leg weight, bipedal stance, and single leg stance respectively) at 0° and 15° abducted foot orientation positions. Stress conditions were applied using the seated calf raise apparatus loaded with weight plates. The moment arm ratio of knee compression location to weight plate load location was 16/45 and the loads used were such to achieve zero, fifty and one hundred percent of each subject's body weight. Foot prints with 0° and 15° of abduction were used to ensure the two appropriate foot orientation positions. Three trials at each stress/foot angle condition were completed with a randomized protocol. Subjects' feet were assessed independently of each other, resulting at 18 ultrasound images (3 trials of the 6 stress/foot angle conditions) taken for each foot during each testing session.
The reliability of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament length measurement under each stress/foot orientation condition was determined with ICCs by using analysis of variances (ANOVA) on SPSS version 18.0. The ICC model 2 for a single measurement (ICC 2,1) was used for all reliability analyses of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament length measurements. The following illustration (Figure 3) demonstrates how reliability was determined using an exemplar stress/foot orientation condition on an example subject. Fifty subjects (n = 100 feet) reported for an initial session with Examiner A (D.D.R.). Within-session intra-rater reliability was determined comparing the 3 trials for each of the six conditions.
Illustration of reliability levels using sample images from the respective conditions. The sonogram images connected with color codes (yellow, green, and red) reflect (Within-session Intra-rater; Between-session Intra-rater; and Between-session Inter-rater, respectively) levels of reliability. The boundaries of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament are identified with the colored arrowheads on each sonogram. (E = Examiner, S = Session, T = Trial, the numbers reflect incremental levels).
Twenty randomly selected subjects (n = 40 feet) were asked to return at least 24 hours later for a second session with D.D.R. performing the same ultrasound protocol. Between-session intra-rater reliability was determined comparing trial one of each condition from the initial session to trial one of the same condition from the second session with the same rater.
Another set of twenty randomly selected subjects (n = 40 feet) were asked to return at least 24 hours after their earlier session to be measured by Examiner B (J.J.M.). Both examiners were trained similarly and performed the same randomized protocol. Measurements taken from the initial session with D.D.R. and the session with J.J.M. were compared to determine between-session inter-rater reliability, using the first trial of the corresponding conditions. The ultrasound examiners, D.D.R. and J.J.M., had no formal ultrasound training prior to this experiment; however, a musculoskeletal trained radiologist instructed them specifically in the ultrasound imaging and measurement of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament length. Both examiners were afforded the opportunity of multiple practice sessions prior to approval of their technical skills and procedures with respect to the imaging and measurement of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament length (as described below).
Subjects were seated in the calf raise apparatus with their knee and ankle relative joint angles at 90° and foot flat on the weight-bearing surface. Parallel lines were drawn on the dorsum of the foot in line with the dorsal Lisfranc ligament direction to ensure proper probe alignment. The ultrasound transducer was maintained in parallel orientation to the drawn lines throughout the procedure. Transmission gel was liberally applied directly to the skin superficial to the dorsal Lisfranc ligament for optimal transducer contact and signal penetration. Each randomly assigned stress/foot orientation condition was loaded prior to placing the transducer to the skin. Starting from the dorsomedial distal foot, the ultrasound probe was placed perpendicular to the skin surface, mid-shaft over the first metatarsal. The probe was moved proximally up the long axis of the first metatarsal in search for the first metatarsal-medial cuneiform joint congruence. Distal to the congruence, it was noted that the metatarsal base slopes toward the joint space which is marked by the hypoechoic synovial fluid. Proximal to the congruence, 0.5-1 centimeters onto the medial cuneiform, the probe was shifted laterally until the dorsomedial edge of the second metatarsal base came into view. The dorsal Lisfranc ligament lies within this area between the medial cuneiform and the second metatarsal base (Figure 4). This ultrasound imaging protocol was designed by the musculoskeletal trained radiologist and was used to train the examiners.
Close-up sonographic image of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament. C1 = Medial cuneiform, M2 = 2nd metatarsal base, Dashed line with cross hairs indicate the boundaries of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament.
Fifty subjects (25 male and 25 female) participated in the study with an average age of 24.74 years (min 21; max 32), average weight of 75.3 Kg (min 44.1; max 119.5), and an average height of 173.9 cm (min 153.4; max 192.1). The average foot length was 25.4 cm (min 19; max 30), and the average foot width was 9.5 cm (min 8.0; max 11.5). The average length of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament at all conditions was 7.01 mm (min 4.16; max 11.36), which corresponds to 2.76% foot length and 7.38% foot width.
Our findings are arranged according to within-session intra-rater (Table 1), between-session intra-rater (Table 2), and between-session inter-rater (Table 3). The average reliability and the 95% confidence intervals are included for each condition (foot angle by stress load) separately. The average ICCs found are not consistent across conditions for the within-session intra-rater or the between-session intra/inter-rater measurements (Tables 1, 2 and 3). The ultrasound measurement of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament length was shown to be more consistent with the foot in the 15° abducted position and under higher stress load (Table 4, reflected in bold).
According to Fleiss et al., ICC values greater than 0.75 represent Excellent reliability, while 0.75 to 0.40 represent Good to Fair reliability and values less than 0.40 represent Poor reliability . Landis et al. similarly describes ICC values from 0.81-1.00 as Almost Perfect, while ICCs of 0.61-0.80 show Substantial Strength of Agreement .
With respect to within-session intra-rater reliability (Table 1), the ICCs for all conditions are considered Almost Perfect according to Landis and considered well above the Excellent benchmark as defined by Fleiss. For between-session intra-rater reliability (Table 2), a majority of the ICCs fall within Landis' Substantial Strength of Agreement category while one condition (high stress load at 15° abducted foot position) has an ICC 0.811 which is Almost Perfect. Finally, the between-session inter-rater reliability (Table 3) ICCs are within Landis' Substantial Strength of Agreement category for all conditions. One condition (high stress load at 15° abducted foot position) reaches Fleiss' Excellent standard with an ICC 0.776. The average overall ICCs decreased from within-session intra-rater to between-session intra-rater to between-session inter-rater (0.889, 0.747, and 0.685 respectively) (Tables 1, 2 and 3).
Prior to the development of any diagnostic imaging protocol intended for clinical use there is a need of a well-established, documented and reliable measurement technique that provides objective data for assessment purposes. This way clinicians can be assured that their results/measurements are meaningful. According to the aforementioned reliability scales [16, 17], our data suggests that our methodology using ultrasound to image and measure the dorsal Lisfranc ligament length is convincingly reliable.
The measurement protocol we used seems extremely reproducible within a session, as shown by the within-session intra-rater ICCs. This reflects the consistency in measurement of the same individual within a single session and is well above the excellent mark. As expected, the reliability drops when there is at least 24 hours between ultrasound analyses. The between-session intra-rater ICCs reflect the consistency in measurements taken by a single examiner over two different sessions, and they show a decrease in reliability for each condition as compared to within a single session. Furthermore, the between-session inter-rater ICCs again show an overall decrease in reliability as compared to only one examiner. These differences, however, are small suggesting that similarly trained examiners can produce reliable results. We believe that the overall average ICCs using this novel ultrasound imaging and measurement protocol of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament length are remarkably high. Consideration must be taken that the examiners while having no formal musculoskeletal sonography training went through an extensive protocol specific training with a practicing musculoskeletal trained radiologist prior to participation in the current study. Our results suggest that clinicians with comprehensive knowledge of Lisfranc joint anatomy who undergo appropriate training in the use of ultrasound imaging technology and in the measurement of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament length will be able to duplicate reliably this ultrasound imaging/measurement protocol and obtain sonographic images of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament in a consistent manner.
It is interesting to note that the high stress load and 15° of foot abduction show the most reproducible measurements. Our data suggests that single leg standing with the foot 15° externally rotated provides a possible, clinically feasible position for Lisfranc ligament sonographic assessment. Similar to the radiographic protocols, patients presenting with acute pain from Lisfranc ligamentous injuries may not tolerate full weight-bearing, especially in an abducted position which appears to unlock the Lisfranc joint and renders it unstable . A diagnostic nerve block could be administered prior to ultrasound evaluation to avoid patient guarding against weight-bearing. However, low and medium stress loads (representing non weight-bearing and bipedal stance, respectively) show substantial reliability.
Our findings suggest performing the dorsal Lisfranc ligament ultrasound imaging and measurement protocol with the patient's foot at 15° externally rotated and at full weight-bearing on the affected limb to ensure the most reliable results. Weight bearing condition is consistent with the recommendations made for radiographic imaging of the Lisfranc joint . Although it is not advocated to use ultrasound to replace standard radiographic imaging in a patient presenting with midfoot pain, it is believed that ultrasound imaging is a reliable adjunctive modality, especially when there is high clinical suspicion of a Lisfranc ligament strain injury despite negative radiographs.
Evaluation of Lisfranc joint pathology typically begins with conventional radiography; however, radiographs often show false-negative findings, and multiple studies have shown conventional radiographs to be unreliable in detecting Lisfranc ligamentous injuries . While clinicians traditionally look for diastasis between the medial cuneiform and second metatarsal base of greater than 2 mm, a Lisfranc ligament injury may be associated with a diastasis less than this . In some cases of Lisfranc ligament injury, the dorsal Lisfranc ligament may appear hypoechoic and edematous on ultrasound  while radiographs are negative. Although many clinicians are hesitant to recommend/use ultrasound imaging, it is less expensive, safer, and can be used in a more dynamic setting than both x-ray and MRI, making it a promising diagnostic technique for Lisfranc ligament pathology assessment.
The use of the seated calf raise apparatus, while afforded us the opportunity to consistently and accurately simulate physiologically/clinically feasible weight-bearing stress loads on the foot, is not a clinically available device. No musculoskeletal trained imaging technicians were involved in this experiment. The ultrasound examiners were podiatric medical students who had detailed knowledge of Lisfranc joint anatomy through a comprehensive lower extremity anatomy course and received extensive training from a practicing musculoskeletal trained radiologist specific to the imaging protocol used in the study. Specifically, the ultrasound training pertained to diagnostic ultrasound and its applications to soft tissue visualization with emphasis on the foot. The training lasted slightly longer than a month with regular meetings that amounted to an estimated minimum of 40 hours of practice. The inter-rater reliability protocol used in the current study was also between-session, and as such, it likely gave poorer inter-rater outcomes than is actually the case. The imaging/measurement of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament length was undertaken here as suggested by the literature to reflect the structure and potential pathology of the Lisfranc joint complex .
The use of a novel ultrasound imaging and measurement protocol for the dorsal Lisfranc ligament length in asymptomatic subjects has been reported for both intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. It has been determined that the most reproducible images were obtained with the foot in 15° externally rotated orientation and full weight-bearing. Further studies are needed to assess the potential use of this protocol in the clinical setting and the use of ultrasound imaging and measurement of the dorsal Lisfranc ligament length as a diagnostic tool for patients with symptomatic midfoot pain. This imaging modality holds promise as a fast, inexpensive addition to the standard Lisfranc complex injury assessment.
David D. Rettedal, BA, and Joshua J. Marshall, BA, are podiatric medical students at Des Moines University, College of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Des Moines, IA, USA.
Nathan C. Graves, DPM, is a former Des Moines University, CPMS student, currently a resident at Shands/University of Florida, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
Katherine Frush, DPM, is an Assistant Professor at Des Moines University, College of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Des Moines, IA, USA.
Vassilios Vardaxis, PhD, is a Professor for the Department of Physical Therapy and the Director of Research for the College of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA.
Des Moines University Radiology Department.
American Podiatric Medical Students Association (APMSA) Corporate. Advisory Board grant funded.
Iowa Osteopathic Education & Research (IOER) grant funded.
DDR carried out data collection and drafting the manuscript. NCG carried out the literature review and drafting the manuscript. JJM carried out data collection and drafting the manuscript. KF carried out clinical guidance of the study and revising the manuscript. VV carried out the oversight, design, statistical analysis, and the multiple revisions of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.


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Innovations that May Shape the Future
Surival Breeds Innovation
As Plato once opined, necessity is the mother of invention. New generations arise, and each one is confronted with a unique set of challenges. Whether they are faced with war, drought, famine or other difficulties, they strive to overcome these obstacles. While finding ways to survive, humans have also sought ways to make life better, easier and more efficient. It is in meeting these necessities that some of mankind's greatest innovations have seen their genesis.
That spirit of invention continues to thrive today. Could anyone have imagined the prevalence or even the existence of smartphone technology a generation ago? Technological innovation moves quickly. What was new just a year or two before is obsolete now. We have become a people accustomed to newer, better and quicker everything, and the inventions just keep coming.
1. Google Smartwatch
One of the most interesting and potentially life-changing inventions that is now in development is a Google smartwatch that may help diabetics keep a better handle on blood sugar levels without using a needle. To use the device, a person places a detachable component of the watch over their finger. A microparticle is shot to the skin's surface, neatly and painlessly taking a blood sample. The component is then reattached to the watch where it can precisely determine the user's blood glucose levels. Google filed a patent application for this innovation. However, they decline to say whether or not the device will soon be on the market. If it should come to fruition, it's clear that the apparatus would greatly improve the quality of life of the millions of people around the world who suffer from diabetes.
2. Engineered Farming
Another fascinating innovation comes from a network of university researchers from America, the U.K. and Australia. They are working to develop genetic tools that would enable the world's farmers to boost crop yields to incredible levels. Scientists involved envision a world in which food shortages are a thing of the past thanks to the specialized engineering of plants that allows them to use sunlight far more efficiently. Dubbed C4 photosynthesis by researchers, the invention draws on the more efficient growth rates of sugarcane and corn, re-engineering them to make new varieties of rice and wheat that could potentially feed the world. With hunger a thing of the past, who knows what kinds of new inventions would be enabled?
3. Nanobots
Other researchers visualize a future in which nanobots can be deployed into the bloodstream in order to combat disease. Such nanobots might be used to deliver life-saving chemotherapy with only a fraction of the side effects or to create blood clots that might help with more efficient wound healing. Though still in the early stages, it's easy to imagine how nanobots might revolutionize human health and longevity.
Artificial intelligence has been on the horizon for some time, but technology is finally catching up to the imagination of science fiction writers. Researchers are closer than ever to cracking the code that will enable them to "solve intelligence," making it possible to create from silicon a consciousness that successfully mimics human sensibilities.
Each of these innovative ideas needs intellectual property protection in order to thrive. If you have inventions that are in development, then you need to protect them. Contact Texas patent attorney Jeff Williams to learn about how you can protect your ideas and get your free consultation.
Author: Jeff Williams
Jeff Williams is an experienced mechanical engineer and lawyer that consults closely with clients in a strait forward and clear manner. He brings a particular set of strengths and unique perspectives to the firm. Jeff received a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Arizona State University in 2005. He was an engineer for a number of years at a number of large corporations before pursuing his law degree. He graduated from Texas A&M University School of Law (formerly Texas Wesleyan University School of Law) with a J.D. in 2010. By combining his education and prior work experience into the field of intellectual property law, Jeff has developed key skills to fully assist clients. View all posts by Jeff Williams


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Addict Insight
Portugal: Putting Down the Weapons in the War on Drugs
Drug abuse solutions in Portugal have shifted from blame to accountability making them the new model for recovery. Thirteen years ago they responded with the big guns in attempting to quell the country's drug epidemic by doing what most countries are afraid to do: shifting the responsibility for reducing the demand for drugs and coping with dependency issues from the Ministry of Justice to the Ministry of Health.
This is a definite acknowledgment and call-to-action in response to the controversial debate about whether addiction is a disease or a character flaw.
Portugal, once the European country having some of the highest levels of hard drug use, rejected the antiquated "War on Drugs," and replaced it with a recovery-based approach in which drug use and personal possession (including marijuana, heroine, cocaine and methamphetamines) is decriminalized and addicts are presented with options for treatment.
Persons who have been found guilty of possessing small amounts of drugs are given the choice to reduce jail time with the proposal of therapy. Jail, while a form of punishment is also a tool to remove dangerous persons from society. Because many people are erroneously imprisoned for possession of insignificant amounts of drugs, there are countless arguments against removing them from society: potential damage to their psyches and the financial burden it places on governments. Incarceration has become ineffective and counterproductive in returning useful members of society back to their communities. Portugal's new plan of action addresses the need to rehabilitate the root of the problem as opposed to punishing the behavior. People guilty of possessing small amounts of drugs are presented to a board made up of a psychologist, social worker, and legal adviser to suggest appropriate treatment (which the addict may refuse without criminal punishment) instead of jail.
Critics in the poor, socially conservative and largely Catholic nation complained that decriminalizing drug possession would open the country to drug tourists and exacerbate Portugal's drug problem. It didn't happen.
The Cato Institute (a public policy research organization dedicated to the principles of individual liberty) commissioned a report in April 2011 and the results suggest otherwise:
Illegal drug use among teens has declined, rates of new HIV infections caused by sharing of dirty needles dropped and the number of people seeking treatment for drug addiction more than doubled in the five years after personal possession was decriminalized.
Portugal has the lowest rate of lifetime marijuana use in people over 15 in the EU: 10%. The most comparable figure in America is in people over 12: 39.8%; Proportionally, more Americans have used cocaine than Portuguese have used marijuana.
Between 2001 and 2006 in Portugal, rates of lifetime use of any illegal drug among seventh through ninth graders fell from 14.1% to 10.6%. Drug use in older teens also declined. Lifetime heroin use among 16-18 year olds fell from 2.5% to 1.8%. New HIV infections in drug users fell by 17% between 1999 and 2003.
Death related to heroin and similar drugs were cut by more than half.
The number of people on methadone and buprenorphine treatment for drug addiction rose to 14,877 from 6,040, after decriminalization, and the considerable money saved on enforcement allowed for increase funding of drug free treatment as well.
Property theft has dropped dramatically (50% – 80% of all property theft worldwide is caused by drug users).
Portugal's government is better able to manage and control the problem far better than virtually every other Western country does.
Portugal is demonstrating to the rest of the world that the War on Drugs has been ineffective and is based on spreading fear through conjecture. The country has defused the booby trap of a penal mentality and is utilizing their firsthand proof that health and treatment in place of prison cure problematic drug use. Adverse drug policies and criminal retribution have done more damage across the world. Don't you think it's time for the U.S.A. to wave the white flag and surrender to a medical resolution?
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