text:
China at it again: Journalist, activist emails hacked
Mirror mirror on the wall, who is the most evil of them all... Chinese hackers are at it again.
By Doug Hanchard for ZDNet Government | March 31, 2010 -- 06:00 GMT (23:00 PDT) | Topic: Collaboration
Mirror mirror on the wall, who is the most evil of them all... Chinese hackers are at it again. According to a New York Times article, journalists who report on Chinese news, along with human rights activists, and a unidentified law professor based in the U.S., all of whom had yahoo email accounts, unbeknownst to them, had their email settings changed to send duplicate emails to a different email account. The NYT report does not identify the email address destination.
The NYT article says at least 10 journalists accounts were hacked:
Kathleen McLaughlin, an American freelance journalist in Beijing who sits on the board of the Foreign Correspondents' Club of China, said the group has confirmed that 10 journalists, including herself, had their accounts compromised.
Like the others, said she received a message from Yahoo on Thursday indicating that her account had been disabled because, according to an automated message, "we have detected an issue with your account."
She said she contacted Yahoo but has yet to receive an explanation of what happened. "Someone is clearly targeting journalists," she said. "It makes me feel very uncomfortable."
A request for comment from Yahoo went unanswered. Yahoo was heavily criticized when it disclosed several individuals' information to the Chinese government in 2006. Yahoo, a founding member of the Global Network Initiative (GNI), in 2008 sold control of its search engine business in China to Alibaba soon after. Yahoo did not appear before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee on Human Rights and the Law March 7th of this year. The NYT states the attacks began last Thursday, which concurs with Google's announcement and policy change in China, redirecting its search site to Hong Kong and eliminating censorship of content and pulling out of mainland China and moving search operations and servers to Hong Kong. The saber rattling has been ongoing ever since with Google and China taking potshots at each other through the press.
Has the Chinese government run amok? China has been angered on several fronts by U.S. interests: President Obama's visit in Nov '09 which discussed human rights; trade agreements; the Dalai Lama White House visit two weeks ago; public lashing at Copenhagen (Global Warming); currency valuation; Google's full court press to change its agreement; and -- the icing on the cake -- U.S. arms sales to Taiwan. The government retaliated in sequence: it threw Copenhagen negotiations into toilet, held steady on its currency, sold billions of U.S. Treasury bonds, told Google to comply to the law as they promised upon starting operations. China followed through with several other minor embargoes which made no sense including the military.
The U.S. Navy got tangled up in the mess during Thanksgiving with the planned visit of the U.S.S Kitty Hawk on its last cruise prior to decommissioning next year. The Kitty Hawk has visited Hong Kong several times throughout its service and is the last non-nuclear powered aircraft carrier in U.S. naval service. The Chinese Government announced prior to the Dalai Lama visit to the White House that the carrier could be refused entry to Hong Kong which had been planned months in advance. Officials in Hong Kong then refused entry one day prior to its scheduled arrival. Pacific Fleet then ordered the carrier to head to its Far East home port Yokosaka Japan. The Chinese then changed their minds at the last minute, a misunderstanding they claim, but by that time Pacific Fleet Command had ordered the ship to continue onwards to Japan. Hundreds of relatives of crew members had flown to Hong Kong in anticipation of the Kitty Hawk's port visit during the holiday. In 2006, the Kitty Hawk had a close encounter with a Chinese submarine.
Yesterday China signaled it wanted to reduce the friction between the two countries as reported by Reuters;
While those tensions have not evaporated, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang indicated that his government wanted to lower the temperature of contention.
"China appreciates President Obama's and Deputy Secretary of State Steinberg's positive stance on promoting China-U.S. relations," Qin told a regular news conference in Beijing.
Qin did not give any details of Zhang's discussions with Obama and Steinberg. But Qin said his government "took seriously the U.S. side's reiteration of its principled commitments on the Taiwan and Tibet issues."
China says the United States must accept that Taiwan and Tibet are part of "one China." Washington has urged Beijing to address those disputes through peaceful dialogue.
"Recently, there have been uncalled for disturbances in China-U.S. relations, and this does not suit our common bilateral interests," added Qin.
Sam Diaz's story reveal outages on Google's search engine continue. Other reports suggest that Google Mobile is now completely blocked from mainland China user access. As I have written in previous articles, Google needs to pull out of China completely if it is to follow through its publicly announced corporate philosophy, or stay and comply with Chinese law. Yahoo needs to decide what to do with its minority ownership of Alibaba since it no longer has policy or management control of its services inside the country. It's not known what kind of security settings the law professor in the U.S. had configured or where it was setup (Asia or the U.S.). Yahoo offers sign in protection to users in Canada and the U.S. but offers no guarantee that email is secure and protected from redirection. In Yahoo's defense, the NYT article reports that it was Yahoo security officials that alerted the users their email account security had been compromised. The ZDNet Government feedback audience usually offers two pieces of advice; pull out of China or block China from accessing the world. I'm beginning to think one or both of these ideas make a lot of sense.
EFF: Gmail vulnerable to snooping: SSL certificates often faked
NYT: China Counters Google position. Partners begin divorce proceedings
Google wants R&D and sales to stay in China - but is that realistic?
Copenhagen: It's all about trade, not global warming, and China is the target
Commerce Secretary: Patent delays are a scandal
Google on the defensive, vulnerable; China risks international and U.S. response
China's Internet policy begins new arms race
Apple, Facebook, Twitter, HP decline to testify re: Human Rights and Law
China: Google has never officially complained about attack
US Trade Rep unsure if legal options exist to negotiate China Internet restriction
Sec. Clinton releases global Human Rights Report: China and Iran Internet Freedom highlighted
US Strategic Command recognizes cyber security challenges
Intelligence community warns Senate committee of increased terror threats
Internet attack defense: License and registration please...
China Smart Office Productivity Enterprise Software CXO
More from Doug Hanchard
UK election campaigns begin. Social media to play important role
Government : US
Comcast wins U.S. Appeal Court case, denies FCC oversight authority
Shuttle Discovery launch marks the beginning of the end
What's inside your home is yours, except computer files
Microsoft says Teams now has 13 million daily active users
Microsoft continues to add more incremental features to Teams, two years after it first launched its competitor to Slack.
Three-quarters of US millennials believe job-hopping has helped advance their careers
If you manage millennials and millennial managers at work, you had better get more tech into the workplace to stop job-hopping, according to a new report. ...
Logitech Zone Wireless Plus, hands on: A comfortable and functional headset for work and play
Microsoft wants to start marketing Microsoft 365 as a single product in its new fiscal year
Microsoft is stepping up its efforts to market Microsoft 365 -- its subscription bundle of Windows 10, Office 365 and Enterprise Mobility + Security -- in a more integrated way. And ...
Good technology and worker happiness go hand in hand
Workers with access to technology that helps them work more productively helps them reduce their stress levels, according to a new report.
Microsoft and Adobe deliver on a three-year old Office 365 customer request
Office 365/SharePoint Online users can now view, share edit and edit PDFs without first having to download them first.
Slack surges to $23 billion valuation in public market debut
The workplace collaboration player made its trading debut via direct listing on the New York Stock Exchange Thursday under the ticker symbol WORK.
Microsoft gives Immersive Reader the AI treatment
Microsoft is turning its Immersive Learning tool into an Azure Cognitive Service and partnering with do-it-yourself computer-building kit maker Kano to develop a $300 Windows ...
Google brings Dialogflow support to Hangouts Chat
Google said on Wednesday that it's bringing expanded bot support to its team-based messaging platform Hangouts Chat.


text:
Rate recession likely: ACT Research
COLUMBUS, Ind. – A freight recession is likely, and a rate recession even more likely, according to the latest North American Commercial Vehicle Outlook published by ACT Research. The truck…
Winner of Highway Angel of the Year award revealed
LAS VEGAS, Nev. – Brian Snell of Pottle's Transportation has been named the 2018 Highway Angel of the Year. The former paramedic, Marine Corps veteran, and rescue worker at Ground…
Lion 8 electric truck comes to life in Quebec
SAINT-JEROME, Que. – Quebec-based Lion Electric Company is already known for its electrified school buses, but it has now revealed an electric Class 8 truck for its lineup in…
Volvo demonstrates connected vehicle technologies
CARSON, Calif. – Volvo Group recently demonstrated the potential of connected vehicle technologies integrated with traffic signal data, using a Volvo VNL. The demonstration of Eco-Drive was done along two…
Three new rest stops to open in Alberta
AMTA holds grand opening of new Edmonton facility
NTEA address cites Canadian policy work, association support
INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. – The NTEA opened its annual meeting with the singing of O Canada this morning, and there were plenty of references to Canadian initiatives being tackled by…
Canada-U.S. trade likely to suffer further
INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. – North American trade is being conducted in a "climate of suspicion and retaliation" and is not likely to improve anytime soon. That was the sobering message from…
Utilimaster reveals electric and grocery delivery designs
The new last-mile grocery delivery vehicle includes a temperature-controlled truck body with a cargo area that can be divided for refrigerated, frozen, and ambient temperature goods. INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. – Spartan…
Freightliner co-creating electric vehicles with customers
INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. – Freightliner's electrification strategy involves staying close to customers and having them actively participate in the design process through a concept called co-creation. Greg Treinen, advanced technology marketing…
Ford introduces new F-600, Transit
INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. – Ford announced at the Work Truck Show a new F-600 Super Duty chassis cab. The Class 5 truck has a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 22,000…
Electric trucks are all the rage, but now the focus turns to charging requirements
Conference addresses various modes of transportation to service Canada's north
WINNIPEG, Man. – Accessing Canada's northern communities is changing along with the region's climate. With trucks traveling on ice roads and other cargo coming in by aircraft, additional ways to…
Dana purchases Drive Systems segment of Oerlikon Group
MAUMEE, Ohio – Dana announced today that it has completed the acquisition of the Drive Systems segment of the Oerlikon Group, including the Graziano and Fairfield brands. According to Dana,…
How to use social media to your advantage
MISSISSAUGA, Ont. — Want to grow your social media presence and be reflected as a reputable, professional business online? Then listen to your audience. That was the advice from Kimberly…
OOIDA opposes size and weight increases
GRAIN VALLEY, Mo. – The Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association (OOIDA), along with a coalition of other organizations, has penned a letter to U.S. Congress opposing increases to commercial vehicle sizes…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
The Catalogue of Life, 3rd January 2011

#### Published in
Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19:335. 1981

#### Original name
null

### Remarks
null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Description This house was built about 1924 and the photo was taken in 1999. In 1930, the house was occupied by Walter H. and Ella McCollum. In 1935, Dr. H. G. Dunn, a dentist, lived there with his wife Helga. In 1939, Dr. Harold O. Meisenheimer M.D. lived there with his wife Virginia. In 1943, it was the home of W. B. Lakey with his wife Elsa. Also living there in 1943 was Marguerite Felsch. This item is part of the collection of the Arlington Heights Historical Society (http://www.ahmuseum.org).


SOURCE: Simon King`s Utilities Group Pty Ltd.
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA--(Marketwired - October 05, 2015) - A Remote Code Execution Vulnerability has been discovered in the latest version of WinRAR, which remains unpatched in version 5.21, as described in detail at the URL http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Sep/106 on Wednesday last week. ZIPmagic offers 100% free file compression functionality and is the ideal upgrade for the 500 million WinRAR users who are affected by this security flaw. In fact, even without this vulnerability, the benefits offered by ZIPmagic as listed at http://www.zipmagic.co/features.html would justify the completely free upgrade from WinRAR to ZIPmagic. Similarly, while Corel charges $60 for the WinZip with WinZip Courier package, functionality of which are met and exceeded by ZIPmagic's excellent file compression offering as illustrated in detail at http://www.zipmagic.co/screenshots.html, ZIPmagic is offered for completely free.
ZIPmagic's 100% free file compression is plug-in extensible, having no innate knowledge of any particular data compression type. ZIPmagic ships with two plug-ins: The first is built on the latest stable version of the excellent open source 7-Zip stack, which outperforms most popular compressors (including RAR) in file compression tests, and also supports RAR5 archives, which 7-Zip itself cannot extract. The second plug-in is the 100% WinZip compatible ZIPX format, including support for JPEG and audio compression.
ZIPmagic's free file compression also offers a unique level of integration with Windows Explorer, displaying 85 archive types supported by its two present plug-ins as native file system folders; including RAR, 7Z, and ZIPX files. Operations such as drag&drop, copy&paste, and double-click transparently extract, compress, and edit files contained inside compressed folders. When a file is changed in its editor and saved, ZIPmagic even offers to update its original copy in the "archive folder" with the new version.
ZIPmagic's free file compression offering is further strengthened with a host of more unique tools: "Find Smallest Archive" creates archives using every compression format supported by ZIPmagic plug-ins, objectively creating the smallest archive possible with a single right-click in Windows Explorer on any live set of files and folders. "Recursive Extract", again a single right-click in Windows Explorer, exhaustively extracts any selected archive, including all nested archives inside it; until no more archives remain. A regular extraction right-click operation on multiple archives in Windows Explorer starts all extraction processes simultaneously when ZIPmagic detects the underlying storage is an SSD -- exponentially accelerating extraction speeds.
ZIPmagic's 100% free file compression also offers stand-alone applications and wizards to work with archives outside of Windows Explorer. A Microsoft Outlook Add-In seamlessly compresses outgoing attachments, with archive type selection just single click on the ZIPmagic Outlook Ribbon Bar (a feature WinZip charges an extra $30 for). A secure transparent archive previewer is also supplied for Outlook.
ZIPmagic can afford to provide file compression outclassing both WinZip and WinRAR, and especially the vital support services that are necessary for organizations to standardize on any product, 100% free; thanks to its rapidly expanding transparent disk compression business. There have been absolutely no vendors offering transparent disk compression for PCs since the early 1990s, despite the thousand-fold increases in CPU power in the two decades that have passed since. ZIPmagic is the first and only vendor addressing this glaring gap with disk compression for modern 32-bit/64-bit Windows operating systems; reducing the total costs of ownership for SSDs, non-upgradeable tablets, and servers.
Even installing ZIPmagic is a breeze, compared to WinZip and WinRAR: The intelligent InstallAware Wizard takes a single-click to install or uninstall ZIPmagic, supporting all operating systems from Windows XP through to Windows Server 2016, whether 32 bit or 64 bit, from a single setup package.
ZIPmagic Software is the inventor of transparent disk compression for Microsoft Windows, and the technology leader in the data compression industry. For more information, a free unrestricted 30 day trial download, OEM bundling inquiries for SSD manufacturers, fixed-storage/non-upgradeable tablets, and VPS/dedicated server bundling inquiries for web hosting companies, please visit www.zipmagic.co.
About this company Simon King`s Utilities Group Pty Ltd.


text:
Skelmorlie Castle stands on the eastern shore of the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, at the north-western corner of the county of Ayrshire.  The structure dates from 1502, and was formerly the seat and stronghold of the Montgomery Clan. The modern village of Skelmorlie lies to the north of the castle.

History
The name is given as 'North Skelmoirluy' on Robert Gordon's map of 1636–52; 'Skelmurly' on John Adair's map of 1685; and 'Skelmorly' on William Roy's map of 1745–47. The origin of the name may be 'shelter leeside of the great rock' and 'Skel-' may be equivalent to 'Skeir' and 'Skerries.'

The Cunninghame family
During the reign of Robert III (1390–1406) the lands of Skelmorlie were held by the Cunninghames of Kilmaurs; in about 1460 the northern portion passed into the hands of the Montgomeries as Skelmorlie-Montgomerie, the remainder continuing as Skelmorlie-Cunninghame. Anne, sister of Alexander de Montgomerie married a Cunninghame of Kilmaurs and this may explain the division of the lands.

The Montgomerie family

The Lairds or Barons
On 6 June 1461 Sir Alexander de Montgomerie of Ardrossan, the first Lord Montgomerie, granted the lands of Skelmorlie to his second son by Margaret Boyd (daughter of Sir Thomas Boyd of Kilmarnock), George, thereby was the founder of the cadet branch, the Montgomeries of Skelmorlie. George was also granted the lands of Lochliboside, Hartfield, and Colpy in the Barony of Renfrew. Another view is that Skelmorlie Castle was built by a brother of Hugh, the first Earl of Eglinton. This Hugh was the son of the second Lord Montgomerie and the grandson of the first Lord Montgomerie. John was the second laird and he married Marion Dalzel, by whom he had a son, Cuthbert, the third laird. Cuthbert married Elizabeth, daughter of Patrick Houston of that Ilk and their eldest son George became the fourth laird. George married Lady Catherine Montgomerie, youngest daughter of Hugh, first Earl of Eglinton. They had a large family and the eldest, Thomas, became the fifth laird. Thomas died in 1566 and his brother Robert inherited Skelmorlie, as well as Lochransay, Synnock, and Lochliboside.

Robert Montgomerie, seventh laird, was knighted by James VI and in 1628 created a baronet by Charles I. He was the son of another Robert; his mother was Dorothy, daughter of Lord Sempill. This Sir Robert married Margaret, daughter of Sir William Douglas of Drumlanrig.

The sixth laird, Robert, murdered Alexander Cunninghame, commendator of Kilwinning Abbey at his castle and palace of Montgreenan in 1586, following the murder, by the Cunninghames, of the fourth Earl of Eglinton. The elder Sir Robert and his eldest son where in revenge killed by Patrick Maxwell of Newark Glasgow.

The Baronets

Sir Robert, the seventh laird and first baronet, was one day discovered by Patrick Maxwell in Newark Castle; presumably also bent on revenge for his father and brother. Patrick is recorded as saying Come down Robin, out o' that corner, come down, man, to me, who did you so good a turn as to make you young laird and auld laird o' Skelmorlie in one day. Patrick and Sir Robert in fact became friends. Sir Robert married Margaret, daughter of Sir William Douglas of Drumlanrig. She was a famous beauty and the subject of ballads by Alexander Montgomerie of Hessilhead.

The third baronet and ninth laird, Sir Robert, married Antonia, co-heiress of Sir James Scott of Rossie in Fife, by whom he had four sons and four daughters. This lady was an ardent covenanter and her husband was repeatedly fined for her attendance at conventicles. Robert died in 1685 and was succeeded by his son James. They had seven sons and four daughters.

Sir James, fourth baronet and tenth laird, was a member of the 1689 Parliament and Convention, like his father Robert. It is recorded that his mother wrote in 1684, severely chastising him for not providing for her and her four fatherless children. He was one of those chosen to administer the oath (the offer of the Crown) to King William and Queen Mary in London. He was dissatisfied with his reward of Lord Justice-Clerk and become a supporter of the deposed King James II, joining him at St Germains in France; despite this support Sir James, a Protestant, was not fully welcome by the Catholic King James and despite a promise to create him Earl of Ayr, he died, of 'vexation', in September 1694 in London. He had married Lady Margaret Johnston, daughter of a co-conspirator, the Earl of Annandale They had two sons, Robert the elder and William.

The Lord Provost of Glasgow, Hugh Montgomerie of Busbie, purchased the estate from the fourth baronet; taking possession in 1731 and inheriting the title as 6th baronet and eleventh laird. In 1687 he married Lilias Gemmel, daughter of Peter Gemmel, merchant in Glasgow and Christian Boyd his wife. Hugh was one of the commissioners appointed to negotiate the union with England, serving as a member of Scotland's last parliament. He was appointed to the first parliament of the United Kingdom as the representative for Glasgow. Hugh died in 1735 without issue and being the last direct descendant, the title became extinct.

The Skelmorlie estate passed to the 4th baron's daughter, Lilias, who married Alexander Montgomerie of Coilsfield. Lilias's son Hugh became the 12th Earl of Eglinton and his brother held the property of Annick Lodge. Lilias had five sons and three daughters and died in 1783, a few weeks before her husband. She sold her lands in Renfrewshire and purchased lands contiguous with Skelmorlie.

Heraldry

Arms – Montgomerie of Skelmorlie are the combined arms of Montgomerie (quarterly, first and fourth on blue, with three fleur de lis in gold) and Eglinton (quarterly, second and third on red, three gold rings with each with a gem stone. A white sword, point downwards, in the middle of the quarters.) Crest – a heart with an eye over it. Motto – Tout bien ou rein (everything well (done) or nothing (attempted))

Skelmorlie Aisle

The ornate tomb in the Skelmorlie Aisle at Largs was built by Sir Robert Montgomerie of Skelmorlie, as a resting place and memorial to his beautiful wife Margaret Douglas, killed in a riding accident; kicked by her horse, following a fall in public at the Colm Fair. Her presence was said to haunt Skelmorlie Castle, but reputedly the presence left after the fire of 1959. Sir Robert is also interred at the aisle in a lead coffin.  A third coffin within the tomb is said to be that of Sir Hugh Montgomerie of Eaglesham, a hero of the Battle of Otterburn.

Sir Robert is said to have carried out many acts of charity and mortification of his person following a change of character following his wife's death. He spent many nights praying for his salvation in the vault. His lead coffin carries the inscription (translated from the Latin) – I was dead before myself; I anticipated my proper funeral; alone, of all mortals, following the example of Caesar. This Caesar was Charles V who had his obsequies carried out before his death. This unusual inscriptions may be explained by his habit of praying alone in the burial vault for excessively long periods of time, as if he was already 'dead' and occupying his tomb.

A story is told of a local warlock bringing the Devil along with him to do a mischief to Sir Robert, however the laird was deep in prayer as usual and the Devil was forced to give up on his evil intent.

A stylised view of Skelmorlie Castle is seen in one of the painted panels on the ceiling of the aisle.

The castle and grounds

The original Skelmorlie Castle may have stood on a motte which is situated in a defensive position on a promontory on ground lying between a small burn and the Skelmorlie Water at NS 213 660.

The oldest portion of the present day castle was built in 1502 and added to in 1636, when corbelling and parapets were removed, whilst angle turrets, later roofed, were added. Timothy Pont in his survey of Cunninghame around the year 1600 describes Skelmorlie Castle as  "a fair well built house. It is certainly, in point of situation, a very pleasant and most delightful place, with its old-fashioned gardens, terrace and shrubbery. The view from it over the Firth of Clyde, to the opposite islands of Bute, Arran and Cumbraes, is not to be surpassed in picturesque scenery by any prospect in Britain". The baronial hall was on the first floor and as a more modern day dining room it had the Montgomerie coat of arms on the roof with the date 1762. The castle chapel, converted in the 19th century to stables and servants' quarters, still stands at the western side of the southern courtyard. Sir Robert's 17th range survives in part.

Skelmorlie tower is very similar in dimensions and internal arrangements to those towers at Little Cumbrae, Fairlie, and Law.

The grounds in the early 19th century are described as "beautifully laid out, and covered with rich and luxuriant woods. The principal disadvantage of this fine old mansion, as a modern residence, is certainly the difficulty of ascent to it, from the steepness of the hill on which it stands; but otherwise an agreeable, nay, delightful summer retreat." In the 1855 OS survey a bowling green and a sundial, possibly a Scottish sundial, are shown. The old baronial mill still exists in the name 'Milnburn' close to the Skelmorlie Water and Skelmorlie Mains is marked.

The silhouette of the keep has remained largely unchanged for over five centuries. This red sandstone rubble construction was rough-cast harled in the early 1960s following a fire in 1959, which burnt out the upper floors of the keep and of the west wing. The wing was demolished and the keep restored; the architects were Noad and Wallace of Glasgow.

Historic Scotland listed Skelmorlie Castle and the separate subsidiary buildings (17th Century Turret House and former Chapel, and Victorian Mews) on the south side of the southern courtyard as "Category B" in 1971.

Occupants since the 19th century

Major-General James Montgomerie, of Wrighthill, M.P. for Ayrshire lived at the castle for a long period in the early 19th century, being the brother of the 12th earl and grand-uncle to the 13th earl. During this time the castle remained as a little altered, but run down example of a tower castle.

The castle was tenanted during the period 1852 to 1890 by John Graham (1797–1886) of Glasgow, a textile and Port wine merchant (W. & J. Graham & Co. of Oporto established 1820), who was also a great patron of the Arts with an outstanding collection.  He rebuilt the castle in 1856 by restoring the old tower at his own expense, and adding the mansion house which joined two old buildings, with the permission of the Earl of Eglinton. His architect was William Railton of Kilmarnock.

The 16th Earl of Eglinton moved here from the abandoned Eglinton Castle Montgomerie family seat in the mid-1920s, but it was sold by the 18th Earl of Eglinton, having been leased to the Wilson family since 1956. The 16th Earl died at Skelmorlie Castle in 1945. The castle became the property of the Wilson family in the mid-1970s, also the owners of the meat canning factory at Eglinton Castle, Kilwinning.

The castle was advertised for sale in 2007 and passed to new private owners in the summer of 2009.

Archaeology
The RCAHMS record that a stone axe, about inches long, was found in a field at Skelmorlie (NS 19 67) and is now preserved in the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow. A 'Judge's Mound', a possible Moot hill existed at the top of the Shaw Glen.

The Serpent Mound
Near to the castle at Meigle is a 100-foot-high artificial mound, said to have been the site of Sun and serpent worship. A Dr Phenè discovered this structure, and excavations revealed a paved platform shaped like a segment of a circle, together with many bones and charcoal. The mound itself may well be entirely natural; however, the paved platform is a genuine artifact; it is not listed by the relevant authorities.

Micro-history
In 1666 the feu duties payable on the lands of Ormescheoch (Armsheugh) held by the Laird of Skelmorlie were £00 16s 08d.

References
Notes

Sources

 Boyd, John Rev (1879), An 1879 Guide to Wemyss Bay, Skelmorlie, Inverkip, Largs and the surrounding districts with maps and illustrations. Paisley : Alexander Gardner.
 Eglinton Archive, Eglinton Country Park.
 Campbell, Thorbjorn (2003). Ayrshire. A Historical Guide. Edinburgh : Burlinn. .
 Clan Montgomery Society of North America. 1983 Tour of Scotland.
 Dobie, James D. (ed Dobie, J.S.) (1876). Cunninghame, Topographized by Timothy Pont 1604–1608, with continuations and illustrative notices. Glasgow: John Tweed.
 Fullarton, John (1864). Historical Memoir of the family of Eglinton and Winton. Ardrossan : Arthur Guthrie.
 Harvey, William. Picturesque Ayrshire. Dundee : Valentine & Sons.
 Johnston, James B. (1903). Place-Names of Scotland. Edinburgh : David Douglas.
 Leighton, John M. Strath-Clutha or the Beauties of the Clyde. Glasgow : Joseph Swan, Engraver.
 Love, Dane (2003), Ayrshire : Discovering a County. Ayr : Fort Publishing. .
 MacGibbon, T. and Ross, D. (1887–92). The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries. V 3, Edinburgh.
 Macintosh, John (1894). Ayrshire Nights' Entertainments. Kilmarnock : Dunlop and Drennan.
 Millar, A. H. (1885). The Castles & Mansions of Ayrshire. Glasgow : Grimsay Press. .
 Muniments of the Royal Burgh of Irvine. Ayrshire & Galloway Archaeological Association. 1891.
 Paterson, James (1863–66). History of the Counties of Ayr and Wigton. V. – II – Cunninghame. Edinburgh: J. Stillie.
 Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historic Monuments of Scotland. Website.
 Smart, Walter (1968). Skelmorlie. The Story of the Parish Consisting of Skelmorlie and Wemyss Bay. Published by The Skelmorlie and Wemyss Bay Community Centre.
 Strawhorn, John (1994). The History of Irvine. Edinburgh : John Donald. .

External links
 The Murder of Alexander Cunninghame and Cunninghame of Clonherb by Sir Robert Montgomerie of Skelmorlie
 Skelmorlie History. Accessed : 2010-01-04
 Skelmorlie. Duncan's Castles. Accessed : 2010-01-03
Commentary and video on the Skelmorlie Aisle and the history of the Montgomerie family

Castles in North Ayrshire
Clan Montgomery
Buildings and structures in North Ayrshire
Category B listed buildings in North Ayrshire
Listed castles in Scotland
History of North Ayrshire
Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to log in to CouchDB without entering username & password When I try to log in to my remote CouchDB instance from my script, a popup login appears.
I want my script to log into CouchDB without the user having to enter the password (I'm authenticating users with the Google People API and then authenticating my offline app against a single CouchDB instance).
Instead of using the username and password in my code, CouchDB is demanding a new one each time, via the popup.
PouchNotesObj = function (databasename, remoteorigin) {
'use strict';

    Object.defineProperty(this, 'pdb', {writable: true});
    Object.defineProperty(this, 'remote', {writable: true});
    Object.defineProperty(this, 'formobject', {writable: true});
    Object.defineProperty(this, 'notetable', {writable: true});
    Object.defineProperty(this, 'searchformobject', {writable: true});
    Object.defineProperty(this, 'errordialog', {writable: true});
    Object.defineProperty(this, 'dbname', {writable: true});

    var databasename = 'pouchcontacts';

    var remoteorigin = 'https://<remote.path>:6984';
    var hostUrl = 'https://<myapp>.appspot.com/';

    this.dbname = databasename;
    this.pdb = new PouchDB(databasename);
    var remoteDB = new PouchDB(remoteorigin + '/pouchnotes', {skip_setup: true});
    this.remote = remoteDB;

//from https://github.com/pouchdb-community/pouchdb-authentication/issues/121
    var user = {
      cname: 'myusername',
      password: 'mypassword'
    };

    var pouchOpts = {
      skip_setup: true
    };
    var ajaxOpts = {
      ajax: {
        headers: {
            'X-Auth-CouchDB-UserName': 'myusername',
            'X-Auth-CouchDB-Roles': 'user',
            'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
          'Authorization': 'Basic ' + window.btoa(user.cname + ':' + user.password),
          'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' : hostUrl,
          'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET, DELETE, PUT, OPTIONS',
          'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials': true,
          'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'Content-Type, X-Requested-With'
        }
      }
    };
    remoteDB.login(user.cname, user.password, ajaxOpts, function (err, response) {
      if (err) {
        if (err.cname === 'unauthorized' || err.cname === 'forbidden') {
          console.log('Unauthorised user');
        } else {
          //return this.remote.all_docs();
          console.log('Successful login');
        }
      }
    });
    this.remote.info()
      .then(console.log.bind(console))
      .catch(console.log.bind(console));

// https://glebbahmutov.com/blog/synching-db/

      this.pdb.replicate.to(this.remote, {
          live: true,
          retry: true
        }).on('change', function (change) {
          console.log('data change (replicate TO): ', change)
        }).on('error', function (err) {
          console.log('sync error (replicate TO): ', err)
        });
      this.pdb.replicate.from(this.remote, {
          live: true,
          retry: true
        }).on('change', function (change) {
          console.log('data change (replicate from): ', change)
        }).on('error', function (err) {
          console.log('sync error (replicate from): ', err)
        });
   };

Update:
I have now configured my CouchDB instance with all the parameters required for Proxy Authentication.
My script now looks like this:
/* Login to CouchDB on remote */
            var pouchOpts = {
              skip_setup: true
            };
            var ajaxOpts = {
              ajax: {
                headers: {
                    'X-Auth-CouchDB-UserName': 'my-user-name',
                    'X-Auth-CouchDB-Roles': 'user',
                    'X-Auth-CouchDB-Token': hex_hmac_sha1('couch_secret', 'Brookes'),
                    'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
                  'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET, DELETE, PUT, OPTIONS',
                  'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials': true,
                  'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'Content-Type, X-Requested-With'
                }
              }
            };

            var remoteSession = 'https://my-couch-server:6984/_session';
            remoteSession.login(ajaxOpts, function (err, response) {
              if (err) {
                if (err.cname === 'unauthorized' || err.cname === 'forbidden') {
                  console.log('Unauthorised user');
                } else {
                  //return this.remote.all_docs();
                  console.log('Successful login');
                  var remoteDB = new PouchDB('https://my-couch-server:6984/pouchnotes', {skip_setup: true});
                }
              }
            });

            /*end couch login*/

The error message I am getting is remoteSession.login is not a function
If I go to _session on my CouchDB host, I get the following:

{"ok":true,"userCtx":{"name":"my-admin-user","roles":["_admin"]},"info":{"authentication_db":"_users","authentication_handlers":["cookie","default"],"authenticated":"default"}}

A: CouchDB provides a token based authentication mechanism that may help in your case.
I point you to another answer where this mechanism is proposed.
The Proxy Authentication is described here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We run weekly swing dance classes on Mondays at the Nomad teaching the classic dances from the 1920-40s, including the Lindy Hop.
Our level 1 classes are suitable for complete beginners and are run on a drop-in basis which means there is no need to book in advance or bring a partner. Just turn up whenever suits you and be ready for a fun evening!


Originating in Venice, Italy, the first written recording of the word "gondola" dates all the way back to 1094. Gondolas, considered luxury coaches for the social elite, were primarily used as transports for the rich and powerful. Nowadays, they are known as the most romantic boats from the most romantic city on Earth.
Gondolas have captured the hearts of Venetians and tourists all over the world; for this reason, gondolas can be found in other parts of the world: even Texas. Located in the heart of Irving by the most serene waters Texas has to offer, Gondola Adventures brings florid European romanticism to the people of the Dallas/Fort Worth region.
"Our cruises can come with everything from a beverage and chocolates all the way up to a full three-course meal presented on the gondola, and everything in between from lunch, appetizer, to dessert cruises," says Vice President Elisa M. Mohr. "These come customized with selected menu options as well as specialty enhancements such as floral bouquets, scattered rose petals, and a personal photographer."
Whether launched on Venice's Grand Canal near the Basilica dei Frari or on the Mandalay Canal and Lake Carolyn in Las Colinas, Texas, the unflinching tradition of the gondola dictates that couples kiss under every bridge. Greeting others in Italian while drifting by and enjoying stunning sunsets on the water are also suggested.
Perfect for romantic proposals, special celebrations, fun and romantic anniversaries, date nights, special occasions, family gatherings, weddings, unique elopement ideas, or simply "just because," many guests opt to include a message-in-a-bottle, one of the most signature pieces of any Gondola Adventures experience.
"The message is sent to us via e-mail from the client ahead of the cruise date. After being printed on high quality parchment-style paper, it's rolled up and tied with a ribbon, then placed in a corked bottle in the back of the gondola," says Mohr.
"During the cruise, the gondolier discreetly places the bottle in the water, turns the boat around, and asks the intended recipient to retrieve it from the water," says an enthusiastic Mohr. "Of course the message-in-a-bottle is even more of a hit with our marriage proposal clients? After all, what lady wouldn't like to receive such a romantic message from her special someone in the form of a message, floating in a clear glass bottle?"
The company's Venetian-style gondolas are expertly rowed by professional gondoliers trained in the fine art of Venetian rowing, using the same oars and oarlocks used by Venetian gondoliers. Uniquely suited to Texan weather conditions, the company's covered gondolas can seat up to ten, are powered by quiet but capable motors, and come equipped with canopy covers providing protection from unexpected rain or the beating sun. The "Bellissima" is a quaint little boat, best for two: the perfect choice for bride and groom getaways.
"Believe it or not, the gondoliers in Venice don't really sing to their guests, but most of our gondoliers do- each in his or her own special way," says Mohr. "The mark of a good gondolier is often how they read their passengers and adjust accordingly."
Gondolas provide feelings of elated joy, romance, excitement, and oh yes, adventure. Thanks to Gondola Adventures, Old World romantic tradition has found a treasured home in the Lone Star state.


Cut the lemon into wedges. Peel the garlic. Peel the shallots and cut them into halves.
Put the flour in a shallow pan and lightly dredge the chicken legs in it. Shake the legs to remove excess flour.
Swirl the olive oil in a large roasting pan and place the chicken legs in it.
Season the chicken legs with Herbes the Provence.
Arrange the lemon wedges, the garlic cloves and the shallots around the chicken.
Add vermouth to the roasting pan.
Put the roasting pan in the oven and roast for approximately 30 minutes.
Baste the chicken legs with the pan juices, and then continue roasting for another 20 – 30 minutes until the chicken is cooked through.
Decorate with sprigs of thyme before serving.
Herbes de Provence is a mixture of dried herbs. Commercial blends inspired by the Provence region of France became available under this name in the 1970s. Herbes de Provence is not a name with a EU Protected Geographical Status and the exact ingredients will vary from one manufactorer to another.
Examples of other herbs that are quite often found in commercially available Herbes de Provence mixtures are oregano, basil, fennel and sage.
Lavender is a popular ingredients for Herbes de Provence mixtures intended for the North American market, but rare in other parts of the world.


The mission of the council is to develop a comprehensive plan that promotes the development of quality child care in San Joaquin County through community education, collaboration and advocacy.
High quality child care is affordable and accessible to children of all ages.
Parents have the information and skills needed to make sound choices and decisions about their child's education and care while they work or attend school.
Community members work together to accomplish and maintain our vision for quality care and education for children.
Connect and network with individuals like themselves.
Fulfill and accomplish goals for children and families and providers of Early Childhood Education.
Advocate for families and providers in the outlying areas of San Joaquin County.
Avail themselves to abundant resources for staff development.
The council meets the first Wednesday of each month at 8:30 a.m. All meetings are open to the public.


I've been blasting the original and the Jermaine Dupri & Trey Songz remix for some time now, but here is the official remix featuring man of the moment, the Louis Vuitton Don himself..Kanye West.
I like this remix a lot, the beat was always a classic, it's hypnotic synths and the kind of drums that you just cannot help but to nod your head to, DJ Class really put together something special for the clubs with I'm the Ish. Kanye as always does not disappoint, the song was catchy as it is, Kanye West has just made it even more so, as he did on the official remix for Lil' Wayne – Lollipop, the Chi-Town rapper/producer puts his own twist with clever rhymes and a post 808's & Heartbreaks flow. Another hit to add to the large collection and major props to DJ Class for creating such a classic.
…heres a middle finger to all you 808 haters!


text:
Updated Riak Database Features Graphical Operations Dashboard, Diagnostics
Latest release of open source, scalable database boosts synchronization performance for multi-data center deployments, features new installation diagnostics, improves operational control.
Note: ESJ's editors carefully choose vendor-issued press releases about new or upgraded products and services. We have edited and/or condensed this release to highlight key features but make no claims as to the accuracy of the vendor's statements.
Basho Technologies has released Riak 1.1, the latest version of the company's flagship open source database. Riak 1.1 is a combined effort from the core Basho engineering team and Riak's growing community that has produced a stable, scalable NoSQL database.
Riak 1.1 boosts data synchronization performance for multi-data-center deployments, provides operating system and installation diagnostics, and improves operational control for very large clusters. Riak 1.1 delivers a range of new features and improvements including:
Riak Control, an open source, intuitive administrative console for managing, monitoring, and interfacing with Riak clusters
Riaknostic, an open source, proactive diagnostic suite for detecting common configuration and runtime problems
Enhanced error logging and reporting
Improved resiliency for large clusters
Automatic data compression using the Snappy compression library
Additionally, Riak EDS (Enterprise Data Store), Basho's commercial distribution based on Riak, features major enhancements, primarily for multi-data center replication:
Introduction of bucket-level replication, adding more granularity and robustness
Several distinct data center synchronization options are now available, each optimized for different use cases
Significant improvement of data synchronization across multiple data centers
Using Riak Control, users can see a snapshot of the health of their cluster and access detailed information on each of their nodes. An "actions panel" allows the administrator to add, take down and remove nodes from clusters with the simple push of a button. With Riaknostic, administrators can run a series of checks, inspecting the operating system and Riak installation for potential problems, then provide recommended resolutions. Riaknostic was designed so that it is relatively easy for developers and the development community to incorporate new diagnostics.
Riak is available open source for download at basho.com/resources/downloads. Additional information can be found at basho.com.


text:
KOE WETZEL'S INCREDIBLE MUSIC FESTIVAL
Koe Wetzel's first Incredible Music Festival back in March in Lindale, TX was only the beginning...
Review by Brad Coolidge
Photos by Brad Coolidge & Andrew Quinn
Fireworks kicked off Koe Wetzel's set (photo by Brad Coolidge)
When a festival is named for a band, or in this case, hosted entirely by one such band, it puts an immense amount of pressure on a single organization. However, that didn't seem to bother East Texas native, Koe Wetzel, or his Red 11 Music management team last weekend at the Panther Island Pavilion in Fort Worth, TX. Koe and the boys are are still riding the huge wave of their latest immensely popular album, "Harold Saul High", the follow up to their 2017 breakthrough album, "Noise Complaint." They, along with a handful of great sponsors put together an amazing experience this past weekend, giving the sellout crowd a raucous time and certainly exceeding the expectations of most. Somewhere north of 10,000 fans (I've heard as high as 15,000) turned up to see a stellar lineup and enjoy the carnival-like atmosphere, which included a ferris wheel and giant water slide. The night was even capped off by a fireworks show! The environment was fan-friendly, never seemed overcrowded, and always felt lively… to put it mildly.
Koe Wetzel (photo by Brad Coolidge)
The lineup was stacked with the likes of Chris Colston, Cody Canada & The Departed, and Parker McCollum. The grand finale was of course Koe Wetzel and an over-the-top pyro and laser-filled show that did not disappoint. Chris Colston, a fellow East Texas native, warmed the crowd up first and played a handful of new songs, including his newly released single, "Bonnie & Clyde."
Chris Colston (photo by Brad Coolidge)
Cody Canada and The Departed were up next, just as the sun was beginning to set on the Fort Worth skyline behind the stage. Along with longtime friend Jeremy Plato on bass, and Eric Hansen on drums who make up The Departed, Cody was also joined by several guest musicians including a young Wyatt Wilson of Stillwater, OK on guitar and Cody's sons Dierks on guitar and Willy on drums for a few songs. This is why I keep listening to and loving Cody Canada. He's a legend in the Red Dirt Music community (a fact he used to dispute but has come to grips with), and instead of sitting high on that throne and resting on his laurels, he uses his influence and experience to pass on all that he knows to the younger generations and gives them a chance to shine. Seeing young talent up on stage with the veterans like Cody, Jeremy, and Eric was one of the highlights of the evening.
Cody Canada & The Departed (photo by Andrew Quinn)
After the Departed's incredible set, Parker McCollum hit the Panther Island Pavilion stage. Parker, who has been a fixture on the Texas live-music scene since 2013, recently signed with Universal Music Group Nashville. He also recently collaborated with NBC's The Voice season four winner, Danielle Bradbery, on a cover of Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga's "Shallow." With over 50 million streams on Spotify and a massive 380,000+ monthly listeners, McCollum is certainly a force to be reckoned with himself. I don't think there was a song he played that he didn't have a chorus of fans singing along to. Fans can expect to hear new music from him in the very near future!
Parker McCollum (photo by Andrew Quinn)
As Parker and his band left the stage, the crew immediately began getting the stage ready for Koe, which included hoisting a giant white screen to cover the stage so an intro video could play. The anticipation in the crowd could be felt, but they managed to entertain themselves by making shadow puppets and obscene gestures in the light of the video projector, before the video began. After the video played and the screen fell, Koe Wetzel took the stage to fireworks, lasers, and lots of pyrotechnics. The riff-heavy "February 28, 2016," played superbly by guitarists Michael Odis Parrish and Shyloh Powers, immediately hooked the enthusiastic sweaty mass of fans that turned up their adrenaline levels another notch. As with most Koe Wetzel shows as of late, the crowd showed their appreciation by crowd surfing and bombing the stage with various articles of clothing, which turns into a show of it's own in many ways. Koe played a variety of songs from his breakthrough album "Noise Complaint" and his new album "Harold Saul High," including new crowd favorites like "Sancho" and "Ragweed." The end of the evening was capped off by a pretty impressive fireworks show and the hopes that Koe Wetzel's Incredible Music Festival will be around for many years to come!
Koe Wetzel (photo by Andrew Quinn)
Mile 0 Fest 2020
Whiskey Myers | 10.19.2019
THE RED HEADED STRANGER


text:
package com.syaku.modules.category;

import java.util.*;

import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import org.apache.commons.lang.*;

import com.syaku.core.util.*;
import com.syaku.core.parser.*;

public class CategoryController extends ActionCategory {
  private Logger log = Logger.getLogger( this.getClass() );

  // 분류 등록 및 수정
  public String procCategoryInsert() throws Exception {
    String module_orl = param.value("module_orl");

    try {
      sqlMap.startTransaction();

      daoCategory.getCategoryInsert(param);
      daoCategory.createCategoryObject2Xml(module_orl);

      sqlMap.commitTransaction();

      MESSAGE.put("error","false");

    } catch (Exception e) {
      log.error(e.toString()); // 로그 출력
      MESSAGE.put("message",e.toString().replaceAll("\n",""));
      MESSAGE.put("error","true");

    } finally {
      sqlMap.endTransaction();
    }

    inputStream = Object2Xml.toInputStream(MESSAGE,"UTF-8");
    return "xml";
  }

  public String procCategoryMove() throws Exception {
    String module_orl = param.value("module_orl");

    try {
      sqlMap.startTransaction();

      daoCategory.getCategoryMove(param);
      daoCategory.createCategoryObject2Xml(module_orl);

      sqlMap.commitTransaction();

      MESSAGE.put("error","false");

    } catch (Exception e) {
      log.error(e.toString()); // 로그 출력
      MESSAGE.put("message",e.toString().replaceAll("\n",""));
      MESSAGE.put("error","true");

    } finally {
      sqlMap.endTransaction();
    }

    inputStream = Object2Xml.toInputStream(MESSAGE,"UTF-8");
    return "xml";
  }

  public String procCategoryDelete() throws Exception {
    String category_orl = param.value("category_orl");
    String module_orl = param.value("module_orl");

    try {
      sqlMap.startTransaction();

      Map mapSch = new HashMap();
      mapSch.put("category_orl",category_orl);
      mapSch.put("module_orl",module_orl);

      daoCategory.sqlCategoryDelete(mapSch);

      sqlMap.commitTransaction();

      MESSAGE.put("error","false");

    } catch (Exception e) {
      log.error(e.toString()); // 로그 출력
      MESSAGE.put("message",e.toString().replaceAll("\n",""));
      MESSAGE.put("error","true");

    } finally {
      sqlMap.endTransaction();
    }

    inputStream = Object2Xml.toInputStream(MESSAGE,"UTF-8");
    return "xml";
  }

}


Sunday's reception marking the final public display of Mary Jeffrey's Christmas village at Valley United Methodist Church in Marion was a bittersweet affair.
Jeffrey has set up her display of houses, churches, stores, schools, and people bustling about on the streets of the village for each of the last 12 to 15 years. The display covers seven large tables. A lighthouse shines a beacon, Santa talks to children after stepping off a plane, a one-horse carriage takes people down the street, Salvation Army bell-ringers seek to make Christmas better for the poor, people buy Christmas trees at a tree lot, and children play in the snow.
Jeffrey visited with people who came to take pleasure in seeing the village one last time before it fades into Christmas history.
She remembered the first piece she purchased nearly 30 years ago. It was a church.
"The second one was the school because I taught for 30 years," Jeffrey said. She still volunteers at Marion Elementary School.
Her family helped her collect the pieces. Grandson Clinton Jeffrey first went shopping for village pieces with her when he was 4.
When Jeffrey begins packing the pieces back in their boxes Dec. 26, she knows it will be a poignant task.
"Family and friends will get pieces of the collection they love.
Jeffrey's eyes filled briefly with tears.
"I probably need a special day to look at each piece and say goodbye," she said.
Not only is the village beloved by her and her family, it is also beloved by the members of the church where she has displayed it so many years.
Susan Robson came to see the village's final display carrying a fragrant loaf of freshly-baked bread for Jeffrey.
"Thank you for doing this all these years," Robson told her.
The village can be viewed through Christmas. Appointments can be made by calling the church office at (620) 382-3142.


Fisheries.co.uk - Hawford Bridge Fishery, Hawford, near Worcester, Worcestershire.
Visitors to Hawford Bridge can enjoy an angling break at the venue by staying in one of the three self-catering holiday cottages which overlook the site.
All three cottages have two bedrooms and sleep four people. They include a fully equipped kitchen/dining room, a lounge and two double bedrooms with shower room, wash hand basin and toilet. Outside, each has its own patio area. For further information on availability and booking telephone 07403 999793 or to see more photographs Click here.
Little publicised and rarely advertised, this delightful venue with its one mile stretch of the River Salwarpe is just a few yards from the busy dual carriageway between Worcester and Ombersley - and yet could be in the middle of nowhere.
If visiting the fishery for the first time you have to keep an eye open for the fishery signs and wooden five-bar gate which marks the entrance to the fishery off the dual carriageway. Go through the gates and follow the track which weaves its way through the trees and bushes to the top lake and then around the fishery, guiding anglers to several areas where where they can park near the lakes.
Speak to the regulars who fish there and they freely tell you they love the place - and in hot weather, with the ghost, common and mirror carp cruising just under the surface, you can see why.
Indeed, Hawford Bridge has become renowned locally for its large head of ghosties which provide anglers with plenty of sport. And whilst the carp are no record breakers, a 20lb ghostie, common or mirror will give any angler a test of skill and nerve when on lighter tackle or underweight pole elastic - particularly when there are ample reedbeds or lily pads to make a bolt for.
The lakes also hold some impressive perch which top 4lbs, chub to a similar size, a good dosing of roach, rudd and bream - and for those so enlightened, eels to 5lb and gudgeon to a full-fighting 2ozs!
Only coarse fish pellets should be used as halibut and trout pellets are not allowed and anglers should purchase their feeder pellets from the fishery. As with most venues these days, keepnets are only allowed in matches and neither surface baits nor groundbait should be used.
With plenty of vegetation both on the bankside and in the water, the fishery's maturity belies the fact that it was only completed in 1992.
Covering 40 acres, the latter stages of its development have been carried out by Trevor Smith, a lifelong angler who has lived in the area all his life and who still takes time out to go fishing and remains a regular on the Worcester match circle.
With plenty of space between pegs, some of which form hideaways between the bushes and shrubs, Hawford Bridge is a very lush and pleasant fishery which also offers a one mile of single and double bank fishing on the River Salwarpe, which joins the River Severn a short distance away.
Varying in width from a few metres to about 12 metres wide and up to two metres deep, the river (pictured left) is a popular match venue and holds some decent fish including barbel between seven and 8lbs. Open from June 16th, it offers pegs which are 22 yards apart and provide some interesting runs and features for both pleasure and match anglers.
It all adds up to making a fishery which will appeal to anglers who want to fish a venue where they feel they could be miles from anywhere and to match anglers who enjoy a bit of friendly competition.
The furthest water from the entrance, the 15-peg The Bridge is typical of the Hawford Bridge waters in that the trees and bushes form a nice backdrop whilst there is plenty of bankside cover and the island, open water or beds of reeds to fish to.
As with all the fishery's waters, this holds a good head of ghost carp which, along with the mirrors and commons, run to 20lbs, with the bonus of Leather Carp to 12lbs. Well stocked with roach and rudd about 8ozs and bream to 2lbs, it also holds some good perch which have been caught to over 4lbs and which are well worth catching, particularly in the winter months when they fall to maggots or worm.
The chub run to a similar size as the perch and there are some eels to 5lbs, plus a plentiful supply of gudgeon, a good number of which weigh 2oz or more and which can provide great sport in their own right if you set out to catch them.
About an acre in size, The Bridge's main feature is the central island with most pegs offering plenty of open water or beds of reeds to fish to. Down at the far dam end overlooking the caravan park about six feet of water can be found whilst about nine feet can usually be found mid way to the the island.
The most popular method for anglers after the carp is the pole with pellets, caster or sweetcorn fished up in the water only six inches to a foot deep. If the bites aren't forthcoming, move to the bottom.
Whether fishing the pole or waggler, it usually pays either to fish very close in or towards the reeds, with fish usually being able to be taken at virtually any depth.
Fishing the bays against the island with the long pole feeding little and often can produce good results and is how the fishery match record of 212lbs was set in July 2010. When you get the fish feeding it can become one after another.
With no particular hot pegs on any of the lakes, matches can be won from anywhere whilst decent pleasure catches can be had from wherever you can get a float in.
And when the locals tell you to fish close in, they mean close in. Because the banks are cut straight down, your float can be only six inches from your feet and the fish still take it. The cut banks also mean you can fish close in to the reeds in the margins, although if you want to get out to the reeds by the island the pole can probably get closer than the waggler.
When pole fishing for the carp, a 16-18 elastic is recommended by Trevor Smith who suggests 0.16 to 0.21 lines and a 14's hook. Waggler anglers should go for line strengths between 4lbs and 6lbs if going for the smaller carp and silver fish, although even the bigger carp can be landed on a soft rod if you play it on the clutch.
As with all waters, it pays to plumb the depth because up to four feet of water can be found round the rushes.
The car parking areas for The Bridge can be found by driving down the perimiter road around the fishery.
Again about two acres in size, Broomhill is similar in character to The Bridge with its central island and beds of margin and open water reeds providing plenty of features for both fish and angler. There are 20 varied pegs to choose from.
For the most part Broomhill is again about six feet deep throughout, shallowing towards the islands but still being about four feet deep around the beds of reeds.
Again holding ghosties, mirrors and commons to about 20lbs, Broomhill has much the same spread of fish as The Bridge, although there are a lot more rudd which can be great fun running as they do to between 12ozs and 1lb. For the most part these are caught up in the water.
Broomhill also holds more chub than The Bridge, although at between 2lbs 8oz and 3lbs these are not quite as big although they can prove interesting to catch. These fall predominantly to sweetcorn, casters, maggots, pellet and luncheon meat.
The overhandging willow trees around Broomhill make it a great stalking water, enabling anglers to keep in the shade of the trees and either fish into a selected swim or pick off individual fish just under the surface.
Alternatively you can pick pegs which fish out into open water and up to the island. Once again, fishing in the margins or up against the island or reeds is the local's favourite technique although plenty of fish are also caught in open water.
Already showing are the large number of small carp to about 1lb which were stocked in the lake in October 2005. These are providing great sport.
Once more Broomhill has a good head of bream and perch, although the perch are not as big as in The Bridge running to only 1lb 8oz, although the bream can run slightly bigger, up to 3lbs. The bream tend to fall more to pellet and sweetcorn and again maggots and caster are prime baits for the perch.
The fish in Broomhill can be caught all over and at any depths, although fishing on the bottom is generally good for all species. In warmer weather the carp come to the surface and can be taken fishing just a few inches deep on pole or waggler.
Whilst anglers can generally get away fishing fairly light with 3lbs to 5lbs line, if targeting the double-figure carp they need to fish slightly heavier as overhanging bushes and reeds can be very unforgiving to light tackle when a determined double is on the other end.
In addition to sweetcorn and pellets, luncheon meat is also a good bait for the carp and bream whilst caster, maggots, pellets, worm and sweetcorn are good all round baits for carp of all sizes and the silver fish.
It is again typical of the Hawford Bridge lakes in that, whilst not as surrounded by trees and shrubs as the other two, Penlake has distinct reed beds and a central island giving plenty of features and interest.
Holding 25 pegs, this is the fishery's main match venue with the average size of fish being between 2lbs 8oz and 3lbs, although there are a fair number of bigger fish, mainly ghost carp, to 10lbs and a handful of specimens to 17lbs.
Although there are no bream in Penlake, there are a large number of silver fish, particularly roach to just over 2lbs, rudd to about 10oz, perch to 1lb 8oz and chub to just under 3lbs. The large head of silver fish ensurers that Penlake fishes well all year round.
About five feet deep around the sides and dropping off to eight feet in the centre at the road end, Penlake fishes much the same as the other two Hawford waters.
Pellet, sweetcorn and small pieces of luncheon meat work well as do casters, maggots and worms.
Because of the island and reed beds, precision is best obtained on the pole, although you do not need to fish far out as the margins again also hold the fish.
If fishing the waggler it will pay to clip off the line once you have the distance to prevent snagging the island bank or reeds.
When pleasure fishing the water, it again pays to fish tight in the margins and to feed little and often when you have attracted the fish to your swim.
Car parking for Penlake can be found to the right by the caravan next to the pool and by driving around the perimiter road to the far side of the water.
Six feet deep in the centre with a flat and even bottom, the lake has a three metre wide shelf running about a metre deep all around the sides, providing opportunities for fishing shallow close in or deeper further out.
Built over two years ago and allowed to establish its own natural environment, the pool was heavily stocked predominantly with carp between 8oz and 2lbs with the 2lb fish now topping the 4lb mark and expected to provide exciting sport during matches.
Although it is still to early to say which methods and baits fish best on Reddings, it is expected that good results will be obtained whichever method is adopted due to the high concentration of fish.
A tributary of the River Severn which joins the main river about half a mile downstream, the River Salwarpe is typical of many small rivers in that, although not large and wide, it offers a variety of pegs and swims and holds some decent fish - not least amongst them the barbel and carp which at 7lbs to 8lbs give a good account of themselves in the narrow river and need holding to keep them out of trouble.
A large number of pike, several of them 20lbs in weight, have come out of the river, fish believed to have come from the nearby derelict Droitwich-Worcester Canal which flooded in 2000.
The river is mainly 1.5 to 2.0 metres deep throughout the match length, where the banks and access path are strimmed in time for the opening of the rivers on June 16.
With 40 match pegs 25 yards apart and plenty of bankside vegetation, trees and bushes, the river offers different challanges and opportunities depending on the peg you draw or choose. In addition to the 40 match pegs there are a further 60 pleasure pegs on the near bank running downstream to the A449 bridge.
As well as the barbel and good numbers of roach, chub and dace, the stretch is home to some good river perch which can top the 3lb mark and even go to nearly 4lbs. Trotting a nice worm downstream or along the sides accounts for many a nice fish when pleasure angling, whilst match anglers will probably want to fish the pole for the roach, dace and chub, hoping to pick up one or two of the bigger fish along the way. This technique lends itself to fishing caster or maggots and feeding with hemp.
In parts the river is worth ledgering with an Arlesey Bomb fished on 6lb or 7lb line tied to a Size 8 to 12 hook and baited with 10 to 12mm halibut pellet or piece of luncheon meat. In addition to the chub and carp, this is a good way of landing a nice barbel as well.
Hawford Bridge has its own website where information on the fishing and holiday accommodation is available and will regularly updated throughout the year.
In addition, the site also contains a diary of coming events, information on local attractions, pubs and restaurants and an interesting video taken of the fishery.
To visit their site, just follow this link.
Hawford Bridge Fishery is about five minutes drive from Junction 6 of the M5 motorway. On leaving the M5, take the A449 heading out towards Kidderminster and Ombersley. As you pass over the river at Hawford Bridge you will see the entrance to a caravan park on the other carriageway. Turn right at the Chatley turn and do a U-turn heading back towards Worcester. In approximately 350 yards, just before the entrance to the caravan park, you will see the metal five bar gate opening onto a track. Keep your eyes peeled - you can easily miss it. Please note that there is no access to the fishery from the caravan park.
Following the track through the trees will bring you out onto Penlake.


QAI (Quality Assurance International) is a leading USDA-accredited organic product certifying agency. Founded in San Diego, California in 1989, QAI has been an active leader in the organic industry, advocating for high integrity organic regulations since its beginning. QAI is committed to ensuring organic integrity at every link in the organic production chain and providing excellent customer service, domestically and internationally. Today, QAI is a member of the NSF International family of companies.
From the land on which the product is grown, to the post-harvest facilities and processing plants, to the retail store where it is available for purchase, QAI verifies organic integrity with every link. QAI brings organic industry knowledge and expertise to many sectors of the industry including crop production, food manufacturing, personal care products, dietary supplements, livestock, honey, maple syrup, poultry and eggs, sea vegetables, dairy, mushrooms, hydroponics, greenhouses, distribution, retail and foodservice.
Operating throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America, Japan, and the European Union, QAI is dedicated to fostering organic food production to benefit both people and planet while providing educational outreach to the organic community and consumers.


text:
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide to carbohydrates via several metabolic pathways that provide energy to an organism and preferentially react with certain stable isotopes of carbon. The selective enrichment of one stable isotope over another creates distinct isotopic fractionations that can be measured and correlated among oxygenic phototrophs. The degree of carbon isotope fractionation is influenced by several factors, including the metabolism, anatomy, growth rate, and environmental conditions of the organism. Understanding these variations in carbon fractionation across species is useful for biogeochemical studies, including the reconstruction of paleoecology, plant evolution, and the characterization of food chains.

Oxygenic photosynthesis is a metabolic pathway facilitated by autotrophs, including plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. This pathway converts inorganic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or aquatic environment into carbohydrates, using water and energy from light, then releases molecular oxygen as a product.  Organic carbon contains less of the stable isotope Carbon-13, or 13C, relative to the initial inorganic carbon from the atmosphere or water because photosynthetic carbon fixation involves several fractionating reactions with kinetic isotope effects. These reactions undergo a kinetic isotope effect because they are limited by overcoming an activation energy barrier. The lighter isotope has a higher energy state in the quantum well of a chemical bond, allowing it to be preferentially formed into products. Different organisms fix carbon through different mechanisms, which are reflected in the varying isotope compositions across photosynthetic pathways (see table below, and explanation of notation in "Carbon Isotope Measurement" section). The following sections will outline the different oxygenic photosynthetic pathways and what contributes to their associated delta values.

Carbon isotope measurement
Carbon on Earth naturally occurs in two stable isotopes, with 98.9% in the form of 12C and 1.1% in 13C. The ratio between these isotopes varies in biological organisms due to metabolic processes that selectively use one carbon isotope over the other, or "fractionate" carbon through kinetic or thermodynamic effects. Oxygenic photosynthesis takes place in plants and microorganisms through different chemical pathways, so various forms of organic material reflect different ratios of 13C isotopes. Understanding these variations in carbon fractionation across species is applied in isotope geochemistry and ecological isotope studies to understand biochemical processes, establish food chains, or model the carbon cycle through geological time.

Carbon isotope fractionations are expressed in using delta notation of δ13C ("delta thirteen C"), which is reported in parts per thousand (per mille, ‰).  δ13C is defined in relation to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB, 13C/12C = 0.01118) as an established reference standard. This is called a "delta value" and can be calculated from the formula below:

Photosynthesis reactions
The chemical pathway of oxygenic photosynthesis fixes carbon in two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions.

The light-dependent reactions capture light energy to transfer electrons from water and convert NADP+, ADP, and inorganic phosphate into the energy-storage molecules NADPH and ATP. The overall equation for the light-dependent reactions is generally:2 H2O + 2 NADP+ + 3 ADP + 3 Pi + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 3 ATP + O2The light-independent reactions undergo the Calvin-Benson cycle, in which the energy from NADPH and ATP is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds via the enzyme RuBisCO.

The overall general equation for the light-independent reactions is the following:3 CO2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H+ → C3H6O3-phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 Pi + 6 NADP+ + 3 H2OThe 3-carbon products (C3H6O3-phosphate) of the Calvin cycle are later converted to glucose or other carbohydrates such as starch, sucrose, and cellulose.

Fractionation via RuBisCO

The large fractionation of 13C in photosynthesis is due to the carboxylation reaction, which is carried out by the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, or RuBisCO. RuBisCO catalyzes the reaction between a five-carbon molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (abbreviated as RuBP) and CO2  to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid (abbreviated as PGA). PGA reacts with NADPH to produce 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde.

Isotope fractionation due to Rubisco (form I) carboxylation alone is predicted to be a 28‰ depletion, on average. However, fractionation values vary between organisms, ranging from an 11‰ depletion observed in coccolithophorid algae to a 29‰ depletion observed in spinach. RuBisCO causes a kinetic isotope effect because 12CO2 and 13CO2 compete for the same active site and 13C has an intrinsically lower reaction rate.

13C fractionation model

In addition to the discriminating effects of enzymatic reactions, the diffusion of CO2 gas to the carboxylation site within a plant cell also influences isotopic fractionation. Depending on the type of plant (see sections below), external CO2 must be transported through the boundary layer and stomata and into the internal gas space of a plant cell, where it dissolves and diffuses to the chloroplast. The diffusivity of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular reduced mass (relatively to air), causing 13CO2 to be 4.4‰ less diffusive than 12CO2.

A prevailing model for fractionation of atmospheric CO2 in plants combines the isotope effects of the carboxylation reaction with the isotope effects from gas diffusion into the plant in the following equation:

Where:

 δ13Csample is the delta-value of the organism for 13C composition
δ13Catm is the delta-value of atmospheric CO2, which is = -7.8‰
 the discrimination due to diffusion a = 4.4‰
 the carboxylation discrimination b = 30‰
 ca is the partial pressure of CO2 in the external atmosphere, and
 ci is the partial pressure of CO2 in the intercellular spaces.

This model, derived ab initio, generally describes fractionation of carbon in the majority of plants, which facilitate C3 carbon fixation. Modifications have been made to this model with empirical findings. However, several additional factors, not included in this general model, will increase or decrease 13C fractionation across species. Such factors include the competing oxygenation reaction of RuBisCO, anatomical and temporal adaptations to enzyme activity, and variations in cell growth and geometry. The isotopic fractionations of different photosynthetic pathways are uniquely characterized by these factors, as described below.

In C3 plants

A C3 plant uses C3 carbon fixation, one of the three metabolic photosynthesis pathways which also include C4 and CAM (described below). These plants are called "C3" due to the three-carbon compound (3-Phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA) produced by the CO2 fixation mechanism in these plants. This C3 mechanism is the first step of the Calvin-Benson cycle, which converts CO2 and RuBP into 3-PGA.

C3 plants are the most common type of plant, and typically thrive under moderate sunlight intensity and temperatures, CO2 concentrations above 200 ppm, and abundant groundwater. C3 plants do not grow well in very hot or arid regions, in which C4 and CAM plants are better adapted.

The isotope fractionations in C3 carbon fixation arise from the combined effects of CO2 gas diffusion through the stomata of the plant, and the carboxylation via RuBisCO. Stomatal conductance discriminates against the heavier 13C by 4.4‰. RuBisCO carboxylation contributes a larger discrimination of 27‰.

RuBisCO enzyme catalyzes the carboxylation of CO2 and the 5-carbon sugar, RuBP, into 3-phosphoglycerate, a 3-carbon compound through the following reaction:

The product 3-phosphoglycerate is depleted in 13C due to the kinetic isotope effect of the above reaction. The overall 13C fractionation for C3 photosynthesis ranges between -20 to -37‰.

The wide range of variation in delta values expressed in C3 plants is modulated by the stomatal conductance, or the rate of CO2 entering, or water vapor exiting, the small pores in the epidermis of a leaf. The δ13C of C3 plants depends on the relationship between stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, which is a good proxy of water use efficiency in the leaf. C3 plants with high water-use efficiency tend to be less fractionated in 13C  (i.e., δ13C is relatively less negative) compared to C3 plants with low water-use efficiency.

In C4 plants

C4 plants have developed the C4 carbon fixation pathway to conserve water loss, thus are more prevalent in hot, sunny, and dry climates. These plants differ from C3 plants because CO2 is initially converted to a four-carbon molecule, malate, which is shuttled to bundle sheath cells, released back as CO2 and only then enters the Calvin Cycle. In contrast, C3 plants directly perform the Calvin Cycle in mesophyll cells, without making use of a CO2 concentration method. Malate, the four-carbon compound is the namesake of "C4" photosynthesis. This pathway allows C4 photosynthesis to efficiently shuttle CO2 to the RuBisCO enzyme and maintain high concentrations of CO2 within bundle sheath cells. These cells are part of the characteristic kranz leaf anatomy, which spatially separates photosynthetic cell-types in a concentric arrangement to accumulate CO2 near RuBisCO.

These chemical and anatomical mechanisms improve the ability of RuBisCO to fix carbon, rather than perform its wasteful oxygenase activity. The RuBisCO oxygenase activity, called photorespiration, causes the RuBP substrate to be lost to oxygenation, and consumes energy in doing so. The adaptations of C4 plants provide an advantage over the C3 pathway, which loses efficiency due to photorespiration. The ratio of photorespiration to photosynthesis in a plant varies with environmental conditions, since decreased CO2 and elevated O2 concentrations would increase the efficiency of photorespiration. Atmospheric CO2 on Earth decreased abruptly at a point between 32 and 25 million years ago. This gave a selective advantage to the evolution of the C4 pathway, which can limit photorespiration rate despite the reduced ambient CO2. Today, C4 plants represent roughly 5% of plant biomass on Earth, but about 23% of terrestrial carbon fixation. Types of plants which use C4 photosynthesis include grasses and economically important crops, such as maize, sugar cane, millet, and sorghum.

Isotopic fractionation differs between C4 carbon fixation and C3, due to the spatial separation in C4 plants of CO2 capture (in the mesophyll cells) and the Calvin cycle (in the bundle sheath cells). In C4 plants, carbon is converted to bicarbonate, fixed into oxaloacetate via the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase, and is then converted to malate. The malate is transported from the mesophyll to bundle sheath cells, which are impermeable to CO2. The internal CO2 is concentrated in these cells as malate is reoxidized then decarboxylated back into CO2 and pyruvate. This enables RuBisCO to perform catalysis while internal CO2 is sufficiently high to avoid the competing photorespiration reaction. The delta value in the C4 pathway is -12 to -16‰ depleted in 13C due to the combined effects of PEP carboxylase and RuBisCO.

The isotopic discrimination in the C4 pathway varies relative to the C3 pathway due to the additional chemical conversion steps and activity of PEP carboxylase. After diffusion into the stomata, the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate concentrates the heavier 13C. The subsequent fixation via PEP carboxylase is thereby less depleted in 13C than that from Rubisco: about 2‰ depleted in PEP carboxylase, versus 29‰ in RuBisCO. However, a portion of the isotopically heavy carbon that is fixed by PEP carboxylase leaks out of the bundle sheath cells. This limits the carbon available to RuBisCO, which in turn lowers its fractionation effect. This accounts for the overall delta value in C4 plants to be -12 to -16 ‰.

In CAM plants
Plants that use Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, temporally separate their chemical reactions between day and night. This strategy modulates stomatal conductance to increase water-use efficiency, so is well-adapted for arid climates. During the night, CAM plants open stomata to allow CO2 to enter the cell and undergo fixation into organic acids that are stored in vacuoles. This carbon is released to the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed to prevent water loss, and the light reactions can drive the necessary ATP and NADPH production. This pathway differs from C4 photosynthesis because CAM plants separate carbon by storing fixed CO2 in vesicles at night, then transporting it for use during the day. Thus, CAM plants temporally concentrate CO2 to improve RuBisCO efficiency, whereas C4 plants spatially concentrate CO2 in bundle sheath cells. The distribution of plants which use CAM photosynthesis includes epiphytes (e.g., orchids, bromeliads) and xerophytes (e.g., succulents, cacti).

In Crassulacean acid metabolism, isotopic fractionation combines the effects of the C3 pathway in the daytime and the C4 pathway in the nighttime. At night, when temperature and water loss are lower, the CO2 diffuses through the stomata and produce malate via phosphenolpyruvate carboxylase. During the following day, stomata are closed, malate is decarboxylated, and CO2 is fixed by RuBisCO. This process alone is similar to that of C4 plants and yields characteristic C4 fractionation values of approximately -11‰. However, in the afternoon, CAM plants may open their stomata and perform C3 photosynthesis. In daytime alone, CAM plants have approximately -28‰ fractionation, characteristic of C3 plants. These combined effects provide δ13C values for CAM plants in the range of -10 to -20‰.

The 13C to 12C ratio in CAM plants can indicate the temporal separation of CO2 fixation, which is the extent of biomass derived from nocturnal CO2  fixation relative to diurnal CO2 fixation. This distinction can be made because PEP carboxylase, the enzyme responsible for net CO2 uptake at night, discriminates 13C less than RuBisCO, which is responsible to daytime CO2 uptake.  CAM plants which fix CO2 primarily at night would be predicted to show δ13C values more similar to C4 plants, whereas daytime CO2 fixation would show δ13C values more similar to C3 plants.

In phytoplankton
In contrast to terrestrial plants, where CO2 diffusion in air is relatively fast and typically not limiting, diffusion of dissolved CO2 in water is considerably slower and can often limit carbon fixation in phytoplankton. As gaseous CO2(g) is dissolved into aqueous CO2(aq), it is fractionated by both kinetic and equilibrium effects that are temperature-dependent. Relative to plants, the dissolved CO2 source for phytoplankton can be enriched in 13C by about 8‰ from atmospheric CO2.

Isotope fractionation of 13C by phytoplankton photosynthesis is affected by the diffusion of extracellular aqueous CO2 into the cell, the RuBisCO-dependent cell growth rate, and the cell geometry and surface area. The use of bicarbonate and carbon-concentrating mechanisms in phytoplankton distinguishes the isotopic fractionation from plant photosynthetic pathways.

The difference between intracellular and extracellular CO2 concentrations reflects the CO2 demand of a phytoplankton cell, which is dependent on its growth rate. The ratio of carbon demand to supply governs the diffusion of CO2 into the cell, and is negatively correlated with the magnitude of the carbon fractionation by phytoplankton. Combined, these relationships allow the fractionation between CO2(aq) and phytoplankton biomass to be used to estimate the phytoplankton growth rates.

However, growth rate alone does not account for observed fractionation. The flux of CO2(aq) into and out of a cell is roughly proportional to the cell surface area, and the cell carbon biomass varies as a function of cell volume. Phytoplankton geometry that maximizes surface area to volume should have larger isotopic fractionation from photosynthesis.

The biochemical characteristics of phytoplankton are similar to C3 plants, whereas the gas exchange characteristics more closely resemble the C4 strategy. More specifically, phytoplankton improve the efficiency of their primary carbon-fixing enzyme, RuBisCO, with carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCM), just as C4 plants accumulate CO2 in the bundle sheath cells. Different forms of CCM in phytoplankton include the active uptake of bicarbonate and CO2 through the cell membrane, the active transport of inorganic carbon from the cellular membrane to the chloroplasts, and active, unidirectional conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate. The parameters affecting 13C fractionation in phytoplankton contribute to δ13C values between -18 to -25‰.

See also

RuBisCO
Isotope geochemistry
Intrinsic KIE of RuBisCO
 Paleoclimatology

References

Isotope separation
Isotopes of carbon


Your worries, your cares, your sadness, your fears. Et cetera.
What I'll be doing this weekend. But hey - TGIF!
Happy Year of the Goat. Or Sheep. Or Ram.
I don't actually know the difference. Let's just make it work, people.
Loved last night's comedy jam session with Hari Kondabolu, Aparna Nancherla, Sabrina Jalees and Ali Wong for APA Institute at NYU! Felt like home. Crazy love. Thanks for doing what you do.
Here are some sketches. Disclaimer: these are not the jokes. These are my fond memories of the jokes. Go see them live.
New York is a funny place. I love it more than happiness itself.
Throw some love on it and keep going.
Winter coma or hella zen?


This past year my husband and I turned 55. We are an active couple, and currently have a larger home with two college age children. As we approach the "Senior Status" we've thought about downsizing and given some consideration to what our new home would need to support us, as we get older. I looked at the buying behaviors of couples ages 55-65 and wanted to share information that may be helpful when considering a retirement home.
Size is Important: Carefully proportioned spaces. No wasted space, no redundant rooms. Eat in Kitchens or smaller dining spaces and living spaces that are spacious, with open floor plans.
Low or No maintenance: Both exterior and interior finishes requiring little to no maintenance allowing more time for a recreational lifestyle, creating time to travel and pursue passions and hobbies.
Connecting the Indoors with the Outdoors: This age group wants a connection with the outdoors for everything from entertaining to personal space. Some of the popular amenities include floor-to-ceiling windows, French doors or sliding, full glass door walls and that lead to porches and patios as added functioning living spaces.
Rooms that are flexible: Rooms that are multi-functional, to accommodate visits from adult children and their growing families as well as visiting friends. Designs that keep elements simple and flexible so it is easy to adapt spaces as a family's needs evolve. A room that can become a craft room, exercise room, a guest bedroom, or a game room.
A Home that supports independence at all ages. Open floorplans with flowing spaces that accommodate the use of wheelchairs or walkers with wider doorways and hallways. Eliminating steps curb-less showers, outlets places a bit higher and bathrooms that can be easily adapted with grab bars as needed.
Great Kitchen design: Kitchens should be designed with multiple counter heights for comfortable food prep, lots of storage and elevated wall ovens and dishwashers. Lighting: Glare free sources, automatic and motion activated switching. Well lighted areas like hallways.
Updated and Trending Design: The 55+ buyer looks for finishes and features that are current and reflect their vibrant personalities and preferences. It's the time of life to splurge. Spa-like master bathrooms are at the top of a wish list that includes smart home systems, home entertainment systems, outdoor kitchens and the like.
Storage, is Important: The design should take advantage of creative opportunities to offer storage in unused spaces such as in window seats, in nooks below stairs and garages.
Pet Friendly: Many older adults will keep a pet as a companion. Spaces for washing the pet, and dedicated spots for feeding and sleeping should be considered.
Sleepy Hollow Lake is a community that offers independent living for families and Seniors. So if you are considering building a new home and are looking for an active community check out their booth#133 located on the 1st floor of the Albany City Center.
See you soon! Just one week away from the 38th Annual Times Union Home Expo!!


Variables in the C programming language, which 86Duino uses, have a property called scope. This is in contrast to early versions of languages such as BASIC where every variable is a global variable.
A global variable is one that can be seen by every function in a program. Local variables are only visible to the function in which they are declared. In the 86Duino environment, any variable declared outside of a function (e.g. setup(), loop(), etc. ), is a global variable.


text:
Q: Simple code not working Hello guys I want to show the database on my website using this code which is given below but it's giving me annoying error again and again. I have tried everything but nothing is working it give me same error notice
Here is the error Notice
Notice: Undefined index: name in C:\xampp\htdocs\test3\index.php on line 15

Here is the PHP Code
<?php
$connect = mysql_connect("localhost","root","123");

if(!$connect) {
    die("Failed to Connect: " . mysql_error());
    }
    if (!mysql_select_db ("login")){
        die("Failed to Select DB: ". mysql_error());
    }

    $results = mysql_query ("Select * from users ");

    while($row = mysql_fetch_array($results)){
        echo $row['name'];
    }
?>

I have also tried to replace mysql_fetch_array($results) with this mysqli_fetch_assoc($result) and it's also not working please run this code yourself and then give me that code. Thanks

A: you can use var_dump() to check the result
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($results)){
        var_dump($row);
    }

check the output,  whether field name exists

A: <?php
$host="localhost"; // Host name

$username=""; // Mysql username

$password=""; // Mysql password

$db_name="test"; // Database name

$tbl_name="members"; // Table name

// Connect to server and select databse.

mysql_connect("localhost", "root", "abcd")or die("cannot connect");

mysql_select_db("testDB")or die("cannot select DB");

$sql="SELECT * FROM login WHERE userid='$myusername' and password='$mypassword'";

$result=mysql_query($sql);

//you can then mysql_fetch_array or mysql_fetch_ob

...

?>

this will surely help you

A: Your database "login", table "users" doesn't have a column "name". That could be because of a typo with CaSe sEnsitivitY or other just missing.

A: You can also simply do it this way to avoid confusion on the if's

mysql_connect("localhost","root","123") or die("Failed to Connect");
mysql_select_db ("login") or die ("cannot connect to db");
$results = mysql_query ("Select * from users ");
while($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($results))

{
 echo $row['name'];
}

Since the error refers to the name, you might want to check your users table if the column name exists.


The wait is over and so, finally it is here. Magento 2.3 , the most awaited version of the year. It is obviously better than Magento 2.2 because of the powerful and fresh features it brings to the table. It is certainly a bane for Magento developers whose tasks will definitely get easier and they will be able to build better front-end and back-end of e-commerce stores.
Great! Magento 2.3 will be completely compliant with the features of PWA (progressive web app). As you may know, PWA will be a key thing in any developer's mindset from now on. To implement it, Magento has been going ahead beginning with the development of PWA Studio – a comprehensive suite of tools that allow you to develop, deploy and maintain a PWA storefront on Magento 2.
So, let us understand what is PWA.
Graph QL opens up data retrieval possibilities for PWA by allowing a user to request exactly the data that you need and also giving the ability to join data in a single request. To keep it short, you can efficiently get more data in a fewer API requests.
So, using Graph QL allows a Magento PWA to be quick and efficient even on slow networks.
This version of Magento will follow the declarative database schema, allowing developers to define database structures and changes in XML files, instead of defining within install scripts. Magento 2.3 will convert the XML schema files into SQL statements and execute them.
Doing this, will be very beneficial for Rollback Support which means taking the database to a previous defined point.
It enables to process a large number of API requests asynchronously without waiting for the response from the server.
It gives you the ability to accomplish batch processing with smoothness which is a huge plus point for big websites with regular huge volumes of API requests i.e. inventory imports, order status updates from the ERP systems etc. This will be a huge time-saving benefit for Magento e-commerce which heavily relies on data import through API's.
Elastic search is a search power working on the base of the Lucene library. It comes powered with a distributed, multi tenant-capable, full-text search engine comprising an HTTP web interface and some schema-free J SON documents. Elastic search is built in Java and is released to the developers as open source under the terms and conditions of the Apache License.
It is a powerful and recommended search tool for searching in e-commerce websites.
Compliance for PHP 7.2 will be added in Magento 2.3. This will permit Magento 2.3 e-commerce stores to stay abreast of the latest supported technologies. So, now let us understand what magic the PHP 7.2 version will bring about. It will bring new development features, enhanced performance and better security.
MSI allows merchants to look after all inventory sources without any alien extensions or platforms. This functionality empowers stock management in different locations so that merchants can properly reflect their physical stores in Magento 2.3 system for fulfillment purposes.
It clearly means a better coordination and synchronization amongst multiple inventory sources.
WYSIWYG editor is upgraded which will make the store development much easier and smoother.
It brings new and better features for a highly customization WYSIWYG: Widgets, variables and media gallery are executed as plugins and can be defined everywhere or on a per shop instance.
The Page Builder function permits the merchants to create customized pages without any need to write code. In fact, this function is the simply the cumulation of current simple drag-and-drop interface based on the revised Blue foot CMS extension.
It means it will be easier to build pages than ever before.
In granular cache management ACL, you can control exactly which user roles can view and delete the Magento caches.
In this way you can control how each and every user can handle cache management.
Magento 2.3 also adds google reCAPTCHA and two-factor authentication to protect against malicious attempts to access your Magento admin panel. This additional punch of security has become a trend among many web applications.
It is an advanced 2 step security feature to distinguish humans and bots and keeps your Magento login secure.
So, what are you waiting for? Contact us immediately and get the latest fully equipped Magento 2.3 e-commerce store and get your online business flying sky high. We would definitely deliver you the best with our vast experience and certified Magento developers, who will turn your ideas into reality.


2*You can wash the silicone with water and anti bacterial soap,rinse with clen hot water and pat day with a lint-free cloth or towel.
3*Avoiding leaving you Massager in direct sunlight and Never expose it to extreme heat. Store it in dust-free, cool and ventilate and keep it away from fire.