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Common Stream Invertebrates
Why Study Bugs?
Aquatic insects and similar organisms have a long taxonomic history. Ever since the first fly rod was cast, fishermen have sought to understand the cuisine of their quarry. Stream ecologists may occasionally wet a line too, but they seek to understand the organisms for other reasons. Invertebrate populations act as indicator organisms for the ecosystem. How so?
For one thing, they represent a low point on the food chain. That is, if you could trace back what each one had for lunch, you would find it was either plant matter or something else that just ate plant matter. Basically, they are not very far from the autotrophic introduction of energy into the ecosystem. As such, their response to ecosystem disturbance is quite immediate.
Compared to "higher" organisms, they have simpler physiology. When a pollutant enters its small domain, an invertebrate is capable of limited adjustments to survive. Generally, an organism's response to pollution can be to adapt, flee, or perish. Most aquatic invertebrates are capable of limited physical, spacial movement, so escape is often not an option.
These characteristics make invertebrates excellent indicator organisms. Some species have a "reputation" for being pollution intolerant. Their presence indicates minimal disturbance in its habitat. Some species, classified as tolerant are capable of withstanding stresses, more so than pollution-sensitive species. An over abundance of tolerant species indicates pollution.
Another consideration that makes invertebrates good candidates for ecosystem assessments is their size and ease of collection. It's not that stream ecologists are lazy, but logistics must be a consideration. A terrestrial comparison could best illustrate the advantage. To assess a prairie ecosystem, you could capture a representative sample of buffalo. Granted they would be relatively easy to key out to the species level, but darn tough to net and take back to the lab. Perhaps a representative sample of field mice would be more suited to your time schedule and budget.
What Are Invertebrates?
Invertebrates are those organisms without a backbone, representing roughly 95% of the species on earth. For the purposes of biomonitoring, it is usually only macroinvertebrates that are sought. Loosely defined, these are the invertebrates that can be seen with the naked eye. Populations of microscopic animals have a huge impact on aquatic ecology, but are not as easily recognized and studied. It's common to refer to macroinvertebrates as insects, but this is not technically accurate. Most of the organisms included in macroinvertebrate studies are insects, at varying stages of their life cycles. Also included however, are crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic worms, spiders, and others.
Body Adaptations
The types of organisms you can expect to find in stream ecosystems, while quite diverse, all have certain adaptations in common. Evolution has provided clever alterations in their morphology that make life in a current more tolerable.
Many of the alterations are designed, not to withstand current, but to avoid it. For example most lotic mayfly species are flattened dorso-ventrally (from top to bottom). This allows them to live in the boundary area right near the stream bottom where the flow is minimal. The flattened body also makes them less likely to sink in mucky bottoms. Other morphological adaptations include a comparatively small size, allowing them to scoot into tiny crevasses, safe from the dangerous current.
If current avoidance is not the goal, organisms may exhibit a streamlined body shape, which makes short, rapid bursts of swimming more successful. In some of the fastest-flowing streams, you may find species with various forms of suckers. They will literally suction-cup themselves to a rock and go about their business. All aquatic insects have tarsal claws, but they are better developed in lotic organisms. In this manner they cling to periphyton, submerged vegetation, or even an inorganic substrate.
Some organisms, like our friend the black fly, produce silky or sticky secretions to attach themselves to the substrate like glue. An ingenious feeding technique used by some stream macroinvertebrates is to extend a silken net into the current, wait for a drifter to become ensnared, and then reel them in. Some researchers have seen actual "pantries" where these organisms have stored net-captured food. Caddisflies are big silkers. Often they will avoid drifting away by creating a house out of rocks to withstand the current, and then use silken nets to capture dinner. The same ballast approach is used by snails and clams. These organisms are filter feeders who siphon ambient water, retaining the zooplankton load. Some caddisflies prefer light-weight plant debris for home building and excrete silk strands to tether themselves securely to the substrate.
Insect Life Cycles
A true distinction between terrestrial and aquatic insects cannot be made. Many insects inhabit aquatic areas only during brief stages of their ridiculously short life cycle. Also, a good stream biologist should be familiar with those organisms considered terrestrial, since there are frequent "drop ins" from the riparian canopy. You can also observe winged species, like a wayward wasp, trapped in the surface film of slow-moving waters. An understanding of the life cycles of macroinvertebrates is crucial for identification, since an organism can change drastically in appearance.
The life cycle for most aquatic insects, that is from egg stage to egg stage, is usually about one year, with many exceptions. Most start as an egg, with 10 billion brothers and sisters, in an egg sac of some sort. The individuals emerge either as larvae or nymphs. Nymphs are what you may view as "baby" bugs, since they very closely resemble the adults. These organisms pass through stages which are collectively considered an incomplete metamorphosis. They will outgrow and shed their exoskeleton, passing through 3-5 instars - still very much resembling the adult. Dragonflies, beetles, and true bugs, stoneflies, and mayflies all have this type of life cycle. The nymphs of dragon flies are called naiads.
Organisms that emerge from the egg in a larval stage are said to have a complete metamorphosis, and will pass through the larval stage, to form a pupa, and then form an adult. These early stages do not even remotely resemble the adults. The changes that lie ahead are really quite incredible. The larvae will often have affectionate names all their own - like maggots. These are the larvae of flies. The larvae of butterflies are called caterpillars. Among stream organisms, the true flies and caddisflies are examples of this type of life cycle.
Common Taxa
Listed below are common taxa you could expect to find in a stream macroinvertebrate study. Techniques for capturing these are included under the Invertebrates section. Remember, some of the organisms have only a brief aquatic stage before emerging as adults; others are aquatic throughout their lives.
Stoneflies (Plecoptera)
As adults these are winged terrestrial insects, usually not far from running water. The nymphs are recognized by having two tails, actually called cerca. They basically are quite a sluggish lot, occurring among mats of organic debris, and under stones. Their feeding habits range from herbivory to carnivory, and a glance at their mouth parts should allow you to place them at the correct deli counter. In many stonefly species, the mating is accompanied by drumming - although I wouldn't listen for it. The drumming is species-specific, and some dialects have actually been detected! In the New Hampshire Biomonitoring Program, the most commonly encountered family of stoneflies is Perlidae. Unlike some other insect orders, stoneflies are rarely referred to by any other common name - just all basically called stoneflies. I'm sure they all have nick-names for each other, which we are not privy to.
Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
These too are terrestrial as adults, usually remaining near water. Initially the larvae can be confused with stoneflies, but a fairly constant distinguishing trait is the presence of three (not two) "tails". Mayflies also usually have gills on each abdominal segment. The larval organisms are extremely diverse with many specialized adaptations to habitat. Most species are scrapers and collectors, feeding on a variety of detritus and algae. The families most often encountered in the Biomonitoring Program are Baetidae and Heptageniidae.
Caddisflies (Trichoptera)
This is one of largest groups of aquatic insects. They are best known for their ingenious retreats and portable cases they construct. Some are saddle-case makers, others are tube makers, and still others create a silken purse. Basically when you observe a pile of debris slowly maneuvering along the bottom of a stream, it's probably a caddislfy larvae. The construction of the case is very significant in identifying the organism family. To speciate them, you usually must extricate them from their tiny homes. Be sure to cover them after you do this, as they are likely to get a chill. In New Hampshire streams, one of the most common families is Hydropsychidae. These are actually distinguishable by not building a case at all, but by creating an amorphous net case that is usually destroyed upon collection.
Lethocerus is one of the meanest-looking critters you might encounter in aquatics. Fortunately they aren't common stream dwellers. Other members of this order have whimsical names like water striders and back swimmers. They all have mouth parts modified for piercing and sucking. Many of the true bugs are aquatic throughout their lives, leaving the water only to migrate. Hemipterans pass through five instars, all looking very similar, and very much like the adult. The predominant taxa in New Hampshire streams is extremely variable. Since these organisms frequently take advantage of surface films, they are not commonly found in riffle habitats. However, in stream backwaters, Belostomidae, the Giant Water Beetle, can usually be found.
Beetles (Coleoptera)
Most beetles encountered in stream surveys are aquatic throughout their lives. They are recognized by having leathery forewings covering their body. The metamorphosis is complete, with the larvae vaguely resembling the adults. After passing though 3-5 instars, the larvae excavate a terrestrial pupation site. Most transform into adults in about 3 weeks. The swift water habitat is not a favorite among beetles. However, one of the most common families is Psephenidae, the Water Penny. In the larval form this organism is greatly flattened and looks - well - like a penny. All instars look identical, with pupation occurring in the last larval skin. The adults are found under logs and rock, and do not feed. Bummer.
True flies (Diptera)
Larval flies live nearly everywhere, in the soil, in ponds and streams, in the sea. The order contains many familiar insects, like the black flies, midges, craneflies and mosquitoes. The Dipteran order actually contains very few predacious feeders; most are scrapers or grazers. As primary consumers, they are very significant indicator organisms. One of the most common genera is Chironomidae, the midges. The adults are non-biting but tend to swarm in enormous numbers to make them pesky. Speaking of pesky, how 'bout those blackflies? Simulidae are notorious biters - actually just the females bite. This is not merely bothersome, but they can also be disease carriers. The larvae are found in streams with particularly swift current, often in proliferation. Here again, ecological common sense (don't we all have this?) must prevail. As much as we love to hate them, black flies are a major food source, as larvae in the aquatic habits, and also as adults for terrestrial predators.
Dragonflies (Odonata)
Dragonfly nymphs and adults are active predators. Lazier nymphs take the sit-and-wait approach, while the over-achievers slowly stalk their prey. Nymphs have external wingpads, chewing mouthparts, and the labium (lower lip) modified into a shovel-like extendible structure. The order is divided into two suborders. Zygoptera are damselflies and Anisoptera are true dragonflies. And no, this is not a division of boys against the girls. Adult damselflies are smaller, more slender and delicate than the suborder Anisoptera. All odonate nymphs (naiads) are carnivorous, each with capturing schemes customized for their habitat. One of our most common families, Gomphidae will burrow into the mud or silt bottom so that only the eyes and rear are above the surface. Here they lie and wait, sometimes for days at a time, waiting for prey to come within reach. The human population would have a drastically different look if everyone waited to eat until food came within reach. Hmmm.
Dobsonflies and Alderflies (Megaloptera)
These are some of the largest aquatic organisms you might encounter in a stream survey. They are all predaceous (vicious?) and have a complete metamorphosis. The larvae exit water to pupate in the soil or leaf litter. The larvae can be recognized by having long spiracles and tracheal gills on the abdominal segments. The larval stage of some Megalopterans can last 2-3 years, which is considerable compared to most other aquatic insects. The dobsonfly, also called a hellgrammite, is a very popular live bait among fishermen. Some hellgrammites can grow to be 5 inches long and can deliver a nasty pinch.so watch those toes!
There are others, you know
Although aquatic insects represent the majority of organisms collected during a stream survey, they form only a part of the invertebrate communities of most freshwater habitats. At a minimum, students of aquatic ecology should have a casual familiarity with other freshwater macroinvertebrates. One of the main reasons is that these other invertebrates are often intimately associated with the insects as food, predators, parasites, or competitors for available resources or space.
One of the most readily identifiable "non-insect" aquatic macroinvertebrates is the Aquatic Earthworm (Annelida, Oligochaeta). These segmented, cylindrical worms are well represented in freshwater habitats and may be found in silty substrates and among the debris and detritus of streams and rivers. Some are associated with algae mats in the slower reaches and pools. Some aquatic worms such as the tubificid worm tolerate low dissolved oxygen and are often found in large writhing communities in polluted streams and rivers.
Here's a frightening thought: there are over 63 species of freshwater leeches (Hirudinea)in North America. Although leeches have a reputation for being bloodsuckers, not all species are actually blood-feeding ectoparasites. The freshwater forms of leeches can be found on the substrate or attached to host animals in a wide variety of aquatic habitats. What do leeches do if they're not sucking on our toes? The food habits of other leeches include scavenging and preying on other invertebrates such as aquatic insects, mollusks, and other worms - and fellow leeches.
Snails, mussels and clams are also found in streams and rivers. Some snails feed exclusively on encrusted growths of algae while others are detrivores or omnivores. Mussels occur on or in the substrate and they generally feed by filtering planktonic (drifting) microorganisms out of the water. The soft body parts of snails, mussels and clams are eaten by a number of fish as well as some other animals such as muskrats.
Probably the most recognizable organism that doesn't belong in the aquatic insect community is the crayfish (Decapoda). Crayfish occur in a wide variety of shallow freshwater habitats from swamps, wetlands, ponds, streams and rivers. They are benthic and spend the daylight hours hiding under stones, logs and debris. They retreat backwards rapidly when disturbed and use their powerful front claws as defensive weapons. Crayfish may be herbivores, detrivores, omnivores or carnivores where they use their claws to cut or crush food. These claws can also be used to pinch fingers and toes so be careful not to back a crayfish into a corner!
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text:
Robert John Thornton
b.? d.21 January 1837
MB Cantab(1793) MD St And(1805) LRCP(1812)
Robert John Thornton, M.D., was the son of Bon-nell Thornton, M.B.,a man well known for his wit, humour, and literary acquirements, the translator of Plautus and joint editor with Colman of the Connoisseur; who died in 1768, leaving this his youngest son quite a child. After a good preliminary education, partly under the private tuition of the Rev. Mr. Taylor, rector of Kensington, he was entered at Trinity college, Cambridge, as a member of which he proceeded bachelor of medicine in 1793. He then visited Edinburgh, Dublin, and Paris, for the purpose of acquiring additional information, and in 1797 commenced business in the metropolis, where, having become a convert to the views of Dr. Beddoes, he made the administration of "factitious airs" a leading feature of his practice, which he paraded before the public in a manner unusual with the more respectable of his brethren, and therefore occasioning no little dissatisfaction among them.
Dr. Thornton was for some time physician to the Marylebone dispensary, and he succeeded Sir James E. Smith at Guy's hospital as lecturer on botany, a science to which he was ardently devoted. He was created doctor of medicine by the university of St. Andrew's 4th November, 1805, and was admitted a Licentiate of the College of Physicians 6th January,1812.
Dr. Thornton early in his career ruined himself in a gigantic literary speculation, the publication of a work on botany of an extraordinary size, The Temple of Flora, with plates very splendidly coloured after nature. The pencils of Opie, Reinagle, Russell, Miss Burney, &c., were employed in its embellishment; and the muses of Seward, Maurice, Dr. Shaw, G. Dyer, &c., &c., were invoked to swell its triumph. In its best state it is a very splendid work, though scarcely bearing out the extravagant contemporary eulogiums that were lavished upon it.
The returns from the sale of this very costly undertaking by no means answered the author's expectations, and he had recourse to a plan which had been previously tried by Boydell and Bowyer—that of a public lottery. He succeeded in obtaining an Act of Parliament to legalise this measure; but the results were not sufficiently successful to restore his fortunes, and he was ever after a beggared man.
Dr. Thornton died in Howland-street, Fitzroy-square, 21st January, 1837.(1) He was a voluminous writer, and I am not sure that the following list comprises the whole of his published works—
The Philosophy of Medicine or Medical Extracts on the Nature of Health and Disease, including the Laws of the Animal Economy and the Doctrine of Pneumatic Medicine. 4 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1798; 4th edition, 5 vols. 8vo. 1809.
The Philosophy of Politics, or Political Extracts on the Nature of Governments and their Administration. 3 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1799.
The Temple of Flora; or Garden of the Botanist, Poet, Painter, and Philosopher; with picturesque plates in illustration of the Sexual System of Linnæs. Folio. Lond. 1799 -1804.
Facts decisive in favour of the Cow Pock. 8vo. Lond. 1802.
Plates of the Heart, illustrative of the Circulation of the Blood. 4to. Lond. 1804.
A complete Course of Lectures on Botany by the late William Curtis: with the Life of the Author. 3 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1804.
History of Medical Plants. 8vo.
Elements of Botany. 2 vols. 8vo.
Vaccinæ Vindiciæ, or a Vindication of the Cow Pock. 8vo. Lond. 1806.
Practical Botany, being a New Illustration of the Genera of Plants. 8vo. Lond. 1808.
The Philosophy of Botany. 4to. Lond. 1809.
Outlines of Botany, or an Introduction to that Science. 8vo. Lond. 1810.
A Family Herbal and Complete System of Medical Botany. 8vo. Loud. 1810.
A Grammar of Botany. 18mo. Lond. 1811.
A School Virgil. 12mo. Lond. 1813.
Illustrations to the School Virgil. Lond. 1814.
[(1) Gent.Mag., Of July, 1837.]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: EnvelopeRecipients: create can't create tabs I've got some code that work like a charm to create an enveloppe and add recipients using the Envelopes: create method.
Now i need to start using EnvelopeRecipients: create method to add some signers in an already created enveloppe.
Doc : https://developers.docusign.com/esign-rest-api/reference/Envelopes/EnvelopeRecipients/create
My code is working : i can create a new signer, no error is returned by the API but all the tags i try to add for this new user are not set.
I'am using the PHP SDK but i will just show you the data send by the SDK to the API.
{
  "signers": [
    {
      "clientUserId": 3,
      "email": "fakesigner@gmail.com",
      "name": "Fake Signer",
      "recipientId": 3,
      "routingOrder": 0,
      "tabs": {
        "dateSignedTabs": [

        ],
        "signHereTabs": [
          {
            "documentId": 1,
            "pageNumber": 1,
            "xPosition": 100,
            "yPosition": 100
          }
       ],
       "textTabs": [

        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}

The new user is created. All the properties are correct except for the tabs property : tabs = null
I double check it and i'am sure the tabs doesn't exist in the doc.
Same issue with all tabs type.
If this matter, my envelope status is sent.
Not sure if this issue come from my code, from the SDK or from the API.

A: Issue solved :
I don't understand why the method :
POST /v2/accounts/{accountId}/envelopes/{envelopeId}/recipients is not working but i've got the same result without error by using :
PUT /v2/accounts/{accountId}/envelopes/{envelopeId}
https://developers.docusign.com/esign-rest-api/reference/Envelopes/Envelopes/update
I suspect a bug in the API or in the PHPSDK regarding tabs in the first method.
Final working code :
    $envelopeApi = new DS\Api\EnvelopesApi($this->apiClient);

    //TEST
    $envelope = new DS\Model\Envelope();
    $addRecipients = new DS\Model\Recipients();
    $fakeSigner = new DS\Model\Signer();
    $fakeSigner->setName('Fake Signer');
    $fakeSigner->setEmail('fakesigner@gmail.com');
    $fakeSignerId = 50;
    $fakeSigner->setClientUserId($fakeSignerId);
    $fakeSigner->setRecipientId($fakeSignerId);
    $fakeSigner->setRoutingOrder(1);
    $fakeSignerTabs = new DS\Model\Tabs();
    $fakeSignHere = $tab = new DS\Model\SignHere();
    $fakeSignHere->setXPosition(100);
    $fakeSignHere->setYPosition(100);
    $fakeSignHere->setDocumentId(1);
    $fakeSignHere->setPageNumber(1);
    $fakeSignerTabs->setSignHereTabs(array($fakeSignHere));
    $fakeSignerTabs->setDateSignedTabs(array());
    $fakeSignerTabs->setTextTabs(array());
    $fakeSigner->setTabs($fakeSignerTabs);
    $addRecipients->setSigners(array($fakeSigner));

    $envelope->setRecipients($addRecipients);

    $updateOptions = new DS\Api\EnvelopesApi\UpdateOptions();
    $updateOptions->setAdvancedUpdate('true');

    try{
        $summary = $envelopeApi->update($this->accoundId, $envelopeId, $envelope, $updateOptions);
        var_dump($summary);
    } catch (DS\ApiException $e){
        $this->logger->error('Error while calling Docusign :' . $e->getResponseBody()->errorCode . " " . $e->getResponseBody()->message);
        throw $e;
    }

Hope it help someone.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Don't forget to get your entry in for the Children's and Youth duathlon on May 25th. The event consists of a run/bike/run in the various tristar distances. All details of the race can be found through the website and on entry central. We look forward to seeing you there.


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Ron Haviv
Ron Haviv is an Emmy nominated, award-winning photojournalist and co-founder of the photo agency VII, dedicated to documenting conflict and raising awareness about human rights issues around the globe.
In the last three decades, Haviv has covered more than twenty-five conflicts and worked in over one hundred countries. He has published three critically acclaimed collections of photography, and his work has been featured in numerous museums and galleries, including the Louvre, the United Nations, and the Council on Foreign Relations. Haviv's photographs are in the collections at The Houston Museum of Fine Arts and George Eastman House amongst others as well as numerous private collections.
Haviv has produced an unflinching record of the injustices of war and his photography has had singular impact. His work in the Balkans, which spanned over a decade of conflict, was used as evidence to indict and convict war criminals at the international tribunal in The Hague. President H.W. George Bush cited Haviv's chilling photographs documenting paramilitary violence in Panama as one of the reasons for the 1989 American intervention.
His film work has appeared on PBS's Need to Know and Frontline as well as NBC Nightly News and ABC World News Tonight. He has directed short films for ESPN, People Magazine, Doctors Without Borders, Asia Society and American Photography. Haviv's music videos have been on the MTV Europe and Sol Musica channels in Spain.
His first photography book, Blood and Honey: A Balkan War Journal, was called "One of the best non-fiction books of the year," by The Los Angeles Times and "A chilling but vastly important record of a people's suffering," by Newsweek. His two other monographs are Afghanistan: The Road to Kabul and Haiti: 12 January 2010.
Haviv has helped create multi-platform projects for Doctors Without Borders' DR Congo: The Forgotten War and Starved for Attention, Unicef's Child Alert for Darfur and Sri Lanka and the International Committee of the Red Cross's World at War.
Photography and Social Advocacy
A discussion with Ron Haviv and Ed Kashi, both of the internationally accla	...


text:
Two Views on the "Sign Gifts": Continuity Vs. Discontinuity
This is part of a series of occasional short essays from the "Professor's Soap Box." It is not intended to be a detailed exposition; rather, it is meant to give you food for thought and to challenge some popular ideas.
On any given day of the week, Christians can be found debating with one another over the "sign gifts"--that is, the spiritual gifts of tongues, prophecy, miracles, and healings. The debates center on a simple issue: Are they for today or not? There is no debate about whether these gifts were a part of the first-century Church. That part is assumed by all who embrace the Bible as the Word of God. Rather, the debate is whether these gifts have continued or have ceased. There is no debate that certain spiritual gifts have continued to today, such as teaching, mercy, administration, service, etc. But whether the more overtly supernatural gifts continued is a different matter. Again, the issue is not whether God is still powerful enough to work such miracles. Rather, the issue is whether he does so through individuals as special emissaries of his power. There is no debate over God's power, or even miracles. All true Christians know that miracles happen every day: every time a person places his trust in Christ the greatest miracle occurs, because that person's eternal destiny has just done a 180. The Spirit of God has broken through the shackles of sin and freed that person to see Jesus as he really is. That person is born again, receives a new nature, is indwelt by the Spirit of Christ, and has begun a journey of progress toward becoming like Christ. What greater miracle is there than that? Further, Christians know that God still performs lesser miracles, such as miracles of healing,1 or any number of answered prayers. The issue of whether the sign gifts continue or not, then, has nothing to do with God's power per se. But it has everything to do with the purpose of the sign gifts.
Continuity Vs. Discontinuity
This is more than fodder for an academic dialogue. To be sure, some theological issues are of that ilk. But not this one. If one Christian says that all tongues are of the devil and another says that you can't be saved unless you speak in tongues, these two obviously will not have the richest fellowship. Each one will look at the other as still unregenerate. But even less extreme views can produce some distancing. If one person says that tongues is not of God (whatever its source), and another says that it is of God, then the first will view the second person's spirituality as having some illegitimate elements to it, while the second will see the first as not letting God work in his life. In coming essays I will try to deal with these very pragmatic issues. (They are especially pragmatic when husband and wife, both Christians, have differing views.) But for now, I wish simply to explore one issue: the argument from continuity vs. discontinuity. I write this knowing full well that many Christians will get angered at what I am saying. I plead with you to listen and dialogue. We can only grow if we are charitable toward one another and submit to the Word of God as our final authority.
Those who argue that the sign gifts are for today generally hold to the argument from continuity. (They are called non-cessationists; within this group are charismatics and Pentecostals.) This argument essentially says that the sign gifts of the twentieth century are simply the sign gifts of the first century, that they have continued from day one unabated until today. Part of the argument derives its theology from the book of Acts, part of it from the New Testament as a whole. The sign gifts are everywhere, it is claimed. That is normative Christianity. And to the extent that we today are not experiencing these gifts, to that extent we are not experiencing the richness of the Spirit and the spiritual life that God intends for us to have.
There are others who argue that, with reference to these gifts, there is greater discontinuity than continuity. (They are called cessationists or non-charismatics.) Part and parcel of this argument is the nature and purpose of these gifts. This view claims that these gifts were essentially poured out on select individuals for the purpose of authenticating that God was doing something new. Surely the coming of Christ and the doing away with the Law and the inclusion of uncircumcised Gentiles into the spiritual community was radical stuff. When Jesus cleansed the temple and when he taught, his religious opponents wanted a sign. They knew that he was challenging the status quo. He had better back up his message with some miracles. So he gave them one big miracle: his own resurrection. End of discussion. Something new was afoot in Israel. God authenticated his message by raising him from the dead. Jesus invested supernatural authority in his own apostles (Matt 28:16-20) to bring this good news to the world. These apostles and certain others in the early church had a measure of some of these gifts. Whether they represent all Christians of all time or whether theirs was a special time and a special gift is the question.
I belong to the latter group. That is, I believe in a sufficient amount of discontinuity to warrant speaking of the sign gifts as having ceased. I will argue, in fact, that every true Christian has to belong to this latter category to some degree. I will offer two theses below, followed by several specific arguments backing them up.
Thesis One: To the extent that we see discontinuity between the first century and the twentieth in terms of the sign gifts, to that extent we are cessationists.
Thesis Two: The more we see discontinuity, the more we affirm that the purpose of the sign gifts was authentication rather than a display of normative Christianity.
All Christians hold to some measure of discontinuity, just as all Christians hold to some measure of continuity. But that there is any discontinuity at all is most significant: it indicates the Spirit of God is not working in exactly the same way today as he was in the first century. If so, then we must immediately ask: How normative is the book of Acts? Indeed, how normative are the sign gifts?
1. The Argument from the Close of the Canon
Only the radical fringe thinks that Scripture is still being written.2 Virtually all cessationists and non-cessationists agree that Scripture ceased to be produced with the death of the last apostle. With the death of John, the canon closed. What is the significance of this? Three things: (1) It is evident that the Spirit of God no longer is inspiring people to write Scripture. Hence, there is a measure of discontinuity between the first century and the twentieth. (2) Much of Scripture is prophetic in nature. In the least, a certain kind of prophecy apparently ceased in the first century (the kind that was of universal value to the Church). So one cannot simply say that prophecy continues today just as it did in the first century. (3) Significantly, many folks say that the biblical argument for the cessation of the sign gifts is inadequate. Ironically, these same folks are adamant that Scripture ceased in the first century. Yet the biblical arguments that the sign gifts have ceased are stronger than the arguments that the canon is closed. There is a certain inconsistency in their position. To be consistent, they should either affirm both the sufficiency of Scripture and the cessation of the sign gifts, or the inadequacy and incompleteness of Scripture and the continuation of the gifts. In fact, every time someone prophesies, they should have a discussion about whether such an utterance belongs in the Bible. That they don't do this implicitly argues that they, too, are in some measure cessationists.
2. The Argument from Errant Prophecy
Some would counter the above by arguing that apostolic prophecy no longer takes place, but non-apostolic prophecy does continue. Further, they say, non-apostolic prophecy can have some errors in it, while apostolic prophecy is error-free. (This argument is used because charismatics and Pentecostals regularly admit that their prophets are not perfect; their messages sometimes miss the mark.) The argument as sometimes presented is rather sophisticated and has some pretty decent scholars to back it up. However, it falters at three points: (1) This presupposes that non-apostolic prophecy in the NT was mixed with error, yet the passages used to prove this point don't yield such an interpretation naturally. (2) There is a pragmatic problem with the possibility that modern-day prophecies can be mixed with error. When a so-called prophet says, "Thus saith the Lord," the recipient of such a message ought to be able to bank on it. But there may be error in the message. How much is allowable? Perhaps the message is something like, "John, you need to quit your job and apply to General Motors." What if the prophet got it garbled from the Lord and the message was supposed to be, "John, you need to quit jogging around the General Motors plant?" or "John, you need to quit your job and apply to General Mills"? Obviously, errant prophecy gives the recipient little confidence and may, in fact, have disastrous results. (3) This point involves a key text. The argument is a bit difficult to follow, but important to think through. The key passage is Ephesians 2:20. There Paul says that the Church is built on the foundation "of the apostles and prophets." The Greek construction is such that it almost surely views two distinct groups (apostles, prophets) or two overlapping groups (probably "apostles and other prophets").3 If either of these is correct, then the Church is built, in part, on non-apostolic prophets. And if that is the case, then non-cessationists have a problem: Either the foundational prophets of the Church mixed error with truth (in which case, the New Testament itself is error-prone and is no longer our final authority) or else non-apostolic prophets were, like the apostles, without error in their prophecies. If the former is affirmed, then the Bible is abandoned as the final authority; if the latter is affirmed, then modern-day prophets do not have continuity with the first-century prophets. In short, if one embraces the Bible as authoritative, then one rejects modern-day prophets. Such prophets have no continuity with the first century.
3. The Argument from Faith-Healers
Several months ago, I was at a conference on pneumatology (the doctrine of the Holy Spirit). At the conference cessationists and non-cessationists were discussing their differences, in the midst of a broad confession of unity. There, some faculty members at a major Christian university stated that their founder never claimed to be a faith-healer. Yet, he had gone on thousands of crusades throughout the world, allegedly healing people in the name of Jesus. I asked for a clarification. They said that he had the gift of faith and that they knew of no one who had the gift of faith-healing today. By saying that he had the gift of faith, they admitted that when he prayed for someone that person did not always get healed. I believe that the gift of faith still exists today. It is not one of the sign gifts. What was curious in this discussion, however, was that these professors at a Pentecostal university knew of no one today with the bona fide gift of faith-healing. (Sure, they knew about several folks who claimed to have the gift. But they were as skeptical about these folks as most of the rest of us are.) Hence, they inadvertently agreed with cessationists that what was going on in the first century is not the same as is going on in the twentieth. In other words, by their own admission, they embraced discontinuity when it came to the sign gifts.
4. Miscellaneous Arguments for Discontinuity
There are several other arguments on the side of discontinuity. Some of these will take time to develop, but at least they should be put out on the table for discussion. First, where are the miracle-workers today? The gift of miracles (i.e., miracles that were other than healings) existed in the first century. But where are the miracle-workers today? Second, in the early church the gift of discernment was heavily employed. Today, although there are pockets of discernment here and there, by and large the charismatic movement caters to gullibility--so much so that one is often scorned and viewed as unspiritual if he raises questions about legitimacy or proper use of a particular supernatural manifestation. Third, many non-cessationists claim that the biblical basis for the sign gifts as a normal manifestation of the Spirit is to be found in Mark 16:9-20, especially verses 17-18. We will address in some detail this passage in a later essay, but suffice it to say here that the text is most likely not a part of Mark's gospel. The earliest manuscripts do not have these verses and the earliest patristic writers indicate extreme doubt about their authenticity. The vast majority of New Testament scholars today (including non-cessationist scholars) believe that these verses were added by a later hand. And even if these verses are part of Mark's gospel, it is probable that they speak of the sign gifts as authenticating signs, not normative manifestations. But all this is for a later time.
Continuity or discontinuity? In several major ways, there is discontinuity between the first century and the twentieth century as far as the sign gifts are concerned. This certainly raises questions about the legitimacy of such gifts today. We have not even addressed the historical evidence that after the first century those who have practiced the sign gifts have almost always been on the fringes of orthodoxy. From the second century until the beginning of the twentieth, such manifestations were almost unheard of in orthodox circles--yet God somehow was able to bring about great revivals (not to mention the Reformation) without such gifts taking center stage. How is that possible if they are normative expressions of the Christian faith?
Having said all this, a word of counsel must be added. Some readers will surely read into this piece an angry tone or a statement that their entire spiritual experience is illegitimate. Neither could be further from the truth. My concern for believers is borne of pastoral motives; it does not come from a a vendetta. I am deeply concerned about postmodernism's impact on the Church with its elevation of personal experience as the final authority for life. At the same time, I believe in the bigness of God. He is sovereign over all the affairs of life. None of us has it all together. No one has a corner on the truth. I think that charismatics do a lot that is right and cessationists do a lot that is wrong. We can learn from each other. I have already addressed this in brief;4 I plan to suggest some other, very specific points in later essays (some of which may well surprise my cessationist friends). But suffice it for now to say that if someone has embraced Jesus Christ as his or her Savior, then that person is in the universal body of Christ. And that means that we have much more in common than not.
1 The distinction here between God performing miracles and the continued existence of sign gifts has to do with the empowerment of the individual. Those who argue that the sign gifts have ceased do not argue that miracles have ceased. But they do argue that God is no longer granting individuals special powers to perform such miracles at will.
2 To be sure, there are some groups that claim to have their own prophets who have written inspired books. But such groups are always otherwise heretical. And they usually center around one strong personality who has brain-washed them into thinking that they have the truth with a capital T. We usually call them cults.
3 The construction in Greek is a plural personal article-noun-kai-noun construction. In the singular such a construction follows "Granville Sharp's rule." And Sharp's rule indicates that both nouns would refer to the same person. But nouns in the plural do not fit Sharp's rule. For example, "the men and women" in Acts 17:2 or "the Pharisees and Sadducees" in Matt 3:7 are plural personal constructions. Yet, it is obvious that men are not the same as women and Pharisees are not the same as Sadducees.
4 See my essay, "The Uneasy Conscience of a Non-Charismatic Evangelical."
Related Topics: Miracles, Spiritual Gifts
Daniel B. Wallace has taught Greek and New Testament courses on a graduate school level since 1979. He has a Ph.D. from Dallas Theological Seminary, and is currently professor of New Testament Studies at his alma mater. His Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament ... More


Description: This is the only northern European species with a characteristic striped appearance, and especially the female can not be confused with any other species.Female abdomen blackish with light edges and two light brown bands running back from the posterior eyes. Abdomen light grey with two distinct longitudinal brown bands becoming narrower at posterior end. Legs ringed in yellow-brown and dark-brown, the rings somewhat obscured by light-grey and brown hairs. The male has the same striped abdominal pattern as the female, but is so dark that the stripes are difficult to recognize. Abdomen, legs and palps sparsely covered with small, yellow hairs. Legs and palps uniform dark red-brown to black. Anterior eyes with narrow rings of white hairs. Size: Female 6-7 mm; male 5-6 mm.
Genus: Phlegra Simon, 1876. Characters of genus: The genus is characterized by ocular trapezium nearly twice as broad as long, by tarsi I and II having scopulae and by legs IV shorter than legs III. One species occur in North Europe, including Denmark, with one further species in Central Europe.


text:
Q: Initializing a zend form with variable data length I've been googling most of the day trying to find an answer to this, but I've finally admitted defeat.
I'm working on a form in Zend Framework that needs to be able to handle variable data lengths.  I have a form with some general fields that specify some general parameters (item name, language, etc) that are easy enough to deal with, but I've also got a subform called parameters which holds a variable number of key/value lairs that let you add generic parameters into the data.  Demonstration form follows:
<form>
    <input type="text" name="item_name" />
    <input type="text" name="item_lang" />
    <!-- etc -->
    <input type="text" name="parameters[1][key]" />
    <input type="text" name="parameters[1][value]" />
    <input type="text" name="parameters[2][key]" />
    <input type="text" name="parameters[2][value]" />
    <input type="text" name="parameters[3][key]" />
    <input type="text" name="parameters[3][value]" />
    <input type="text" name="parameters[4][key]" />
    <input type="text" name="parameters[4][value]" />
    <!-- and so on -->
</form>

Note: the above is a massive simplification of the actual form.  It's also manually built instead of being generated by zend_form.
The number of parameters can differ and can be handled client side with javascript, but I'm really struggling to initialize a form when populating it from pre-existing data for update.
I might have 2 parameters stored per item, I might have 20, I might have none at all.  So I need the form to have 2 or 20 or no parameters inputs depending on the initial state of the data.  Unfortunately the data is not available in init () because it's not in the form until you call setDefaults () on it.
This means I can't do a foreach() on the initial state of the form to generate the appropriate number of input boxes for the already-existing data.
I'm sure I must be missing something obvious, but the Zend documentation is pretty dreadful and I can't find any examples of this use case.  It surely can't be so uncommon that it's not supported in zend_form.  How do I go about generating the form in a state that allows for the initial state of the form to be variable?
ETA: The init() method on my form looks something like this (simplified to match the example):
public function init ()
{
    parent::init ();

    $this -> addElement ('text', 'item_name');
    $this -> addElement ('text', 'item_lang');
    $this -> addSubForm (new Zend_Form_SubForm (), 'parameters');

    foreach ($phantom_data as $key => $val)
    {
        $params = new Zend_Form_SubForm ();
        $params -> addElement ('text', 'key');
        $params -> addElement ('text', 'value');
        $this -> parameters -> addSubForm ($params, $key);
    }
}

A: You can make data avaialbe to form like
My_Form extends Zend_Form
{

protected $_myCustomData;

public function __construct($options = null,$myCustomData)
{
   $this->_myCustomData = $myCustomData;
    parent::__construct($options);  //Its important you call parent after above line or init will get call before initilizing customData
}

public function init()
{
  $this->_myCustomData ; //here you are free to use your custom data

}

}


Cheryl was born and raised in Fort Worth, Texas where she now lives with her husband, Danny, of 25 years and her three children Cameron, Briley & Hunter.
Prior to entering healthcare, Cheryl received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in English from Texas Woman's University in 1989. She was a high school English teacher in both the Hurst-Euless-Bedford and Arlington Independent School Districts, teaching at Trinity High School from 1989 to 1993 at Lamar High School from 1993 to 1996.
In 1998, she obtained a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Texas Woman's University, and over the past 16 years has worked as a Women's Services Educator, Labor & Delivery Manager and Labor & Delivery Nurse. She obtained her Doctor of Nursing Practice in 2012 from Baylor University and was licensed as a Certified Nurse-Midwife by the Texas Board of Nursing in 2013.
In May of 2014, Cheryl was employed by Texas Health Arlington Memorial Hospital to open a prenatal clinic to provide prenatal care to women of North Arlington in an attempt to reduce the infant mortality/maternal morbidity rate in Tarrant County. This high risk prenatal clinic exceeded its enrollment goal four-fold in the first five months after opening.
Cheryl comes to Women's Wellness at Flower Mound with a wealth of experience and a passion for women's health. Her belief is that all women deserve quality health care across the lifespan, and her personal mission is to provide patient-supported health care in a compassionate and healing environment. Her goal is to support women and their families through education and informed decision-making during the course of a health care partnership.
Dr. Paroski has been an active physician in Flower mound for the past 15 years. The adage "if you enjoy your work you don't work a day in your life" is one she says applies to her and her work.
She is a graduate of Stanford Medical School, Dr Paroski completed her residency at Stanford University Hospital and she is board certified in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Specializing in well women health maintenance, complete obstetrical care, menopausal management, laparoscopic gynecologic surgery, and infertility. She is currently the chief of Obstetrics at Presbyterian Hospital in Flower Mound.


text:
Hardware Guides for Gamers & Enthusiasts
Home » Hardware » Storage » SSD Ranking: The Fastest Solid State Drives
SSD Ranking: The Fastest Solid State Drives
January 8, 2020 Storage
Gaming PC Builder is reader-supported. When using links on our site to make a purchase, we may earn an affiliate commission.
A fast SSD is one of the few hardware upgrades that can instantly improve how you experience your PC. This is especially true when upgrading from a mechanical hard drive, but moving between generations (e.g. from SATA to NVMe/PCIe) may also make a noticeable difference.
This aim of this page is to provide a rough guide to the best and fastest solid state drives on the market. We base our rankings on an average of read/write speeds. However, for real-world performance and durability reasons, we give preference to DRAM-equipped, MLC-based drives.
We will dive into the details shortly, but first, these are the drives that we consider leaders in their respective form factors. They don't necessarily represent the best value but are definitely some of the speediest storage devices that you can put in a consumer PC today.
Best 2.5" SATA SSD
Samsung 860 PRO SSD 1TB - 2.5 Inch SATA III Internal Solid State Drive with V-NAND Technology (MZ-76P1T0BW)
Fastest M.2 PCIe Gen4
Gigabyte AORUS NVMe Gen4 M.2 1TB PCI-Express 4.0 Interface High Performance Gaming, Full Body Copper Heat Spreader, Toshiba 3D NAND, DDR Cache Buffer, 5 Year Warranty SSD GP-ASM2NE6100TTTD
Best Add-In Card
Intel Optane SSD 905P Series (960GB) (AIC PCIe x 4 3D XPoint)
Sequential read (max., MB/s)
Sequential write (max., MB/s)
Random read IOPS (4K/QD32)
100,000 IOPS
Random write IOPS (4K/QD32)
90,000 IOPS
Endurance rating
1,200 TBW (512 GB)
1,800 TBW
17,520 TBW (960 GB)
Store link
Note that our choice of M.2 drive currently requires an X570 motherboard and a Ryzen 3000 CPU to run at full speed over the PCI Express 4.0 interface. If you run any other system, we recommend the excellent Samsung 970 PRO instead.
For our more complete list of SSDs, we'll start with 2.5″ SATA drives. Today's high-end SATA SSDs are all bandwidth-limited compared to more modern interfaces/protocols such as PCI-express/NVMe (M.2 or add-in card form factors). So if your computer has an available PCIe M.2 slot, this is the form factor you should be looking at first.
Top 10 SATA SSDs
Top 10 M.2 PCIe/NVMe SSDs
Top 10 PCI-Express (add-in card) SSDs
Consumer Drives (2.5-inch SATA, 6 Gbps)
1. Samsung 860 PRO
Available Capacities: 256GB – 4TB
Interface: SATA III 6Gbps
560MB/s read (256GB)
550MB/s write (256GB)
This list has been maintained for many years now and Samsung has been on top since late 2012, starting with the somewhat legendary 840 Pro. Today you need to move on from the aging SATA interface to get noticeably better performance, but Samsung hasn't stopped improving on its flagship SATA product.
In 2020, this is still the impressive 860 PRO, which not only performs exceptionally well but has an endurance rating that is at least double that of its predecessor. And if previous Samsungs are an indication, the 300 TBW (terabytes written) rating for the 256 GB model up to 4,800 TBW for the 4 TB model (all use MLC NAND), might be conservative estimates. This, coupled with a 5-year warranty and great overall performance, makes the 860 Pro look very attractive indeed. If SATA is your only option, that is.
Check prices: Amazon, Newegg, Amazon UK
Reviews: AnandTech, Notebookcheck, Tom's Hardware
2. SanDisk Extreme PRO
Available Capacities: 240GB – 960GB
Interface: SATA 3 6Gbps
550MB/s read
520MB/s write
SanDisk's Extreme Pro has been around for several years but is still one of the best options in the SATA space. It's a direct successor to the Extreme II and is slightly ahead of its predecessor in most areas. Sequential read speed is 550 MB/s and write speed 520 MB/s (4K random read/write 100K/90K IOPS).
More importantly, though, SanDisk is confident enough to offer a 10-year warranty with the Extreme Pro – a unique offer in the consumer (or prosumer) segment. The 19nm MLC NAND is allegedly good for writing 22 GB of data per day for 10 years. Although the Extreme Pro is not particularly recent, it is still widely available and should definitely be on your shortlist when evaluating high-end SATA 6 Gbps drives.
Reviews: AnandTech, TweakTown
3. Samsung 860 EVO
The 860 EVO is Samsung's follow-up of its incredibly successful 850 EVO. Now the difference between these two will be very slim due to the aforementioned interface constraints, but that matters little – the 860 EVO still replaces its predecessor in this price range. And it will still be a great choice given Samsung's track record.
It performs very well considering it's a TLC-based SSD. Moreover it offers excellent endurance numbers at precisely half those of the 860 Pro at equivalent capacities (which is still much better than most competitors), as well as a 5-year warranty.
Reviews: Tom's Hardware
4. Crucial MX500
Crucial's MX500 uses TLC NAND and is a more direct competitor to the Samsung 860 EVO than the 860 PRO. That said, it offers great performance at a very attractive price point and is available in capacities up to 2 TB. Like the 860 EVO it is also backed by a 5-year warranty, but its endurance rating is lower than both the 860 Pro and EVO. It starts at 100 TB for the 250 GB model and ranges up to 700 TB for the 2 TB model, which is still more than sufficient for the average user.
The MX500 can compete with the 860 series in many areas, but rarely (if ever) surpass it. However, the price/performance ratio is excellent so this drive is a good choice for most SATA-limited systems.
Reviews: AnandTech, Guru3D
The 860 Pro's predecessor is still an excellent drive, but due to pricing and availability it is probably no longer the best option, but still good if you can find it at the right price. The 850 Pro series uses its own MEX controller in combination with 3D NAND (V-NAND) like its successor, which increases density without compromising performance. And it's still ahead of today's competition in many areas.
6. ADATA Ultimate SU900
Taiwanese manufacturer ADATA may have a smaller marketing budget compared to tech giants such as Samsung and SanDisk, but it's a company known for putting out well-performing, reliable products. The SU900 is not entirely on par with the speediest SATA drives but should be quick enough for most use cases. Neither should endurance be an issue, since it uses MLC (3D) NAND and ships with a 5-year warranty.
Reviews: Storagereview
7. OCZ Vector 180
As you may have noticed, there are plenty of older products in this list of SATA drives. The reason is something of a shortage of new SATA SSDs in the high-end (as in MLC) segment. So even though the Toshiba OCZ Vector 180 was released in 2015, it's still a viable option in 2020.
The Vector 180 uses 19nm Toshiba MLC NAND in combination with an OCZ Barefoot controller (formerly Indilinx). It is not quite on par with Samsung's top drives in terms of performance, but it's close enough. Also, the warranty is a very attractive five years or 50GB of writes per day.
Check prices: Amazon, Amazon UK
Reviews: Bit-tech
8. Transcend SSD370
560MB/s read (256GB and up)
460MB/s write (512GB and up)
The SSD370 uses a Transcend TS6500 controller (a rebranded Silicon Motion SM2246EN controller) with Micron 128Gbit 20nm MLC NAND. The random 4KB read reaches 75K IOPS and the random 4KB write goes up to 75K IOPS as well. Its incompressible sequential read performance is excellent, while write performance is not as great overall. However, the drive has other advantages than pure speed.
Transcend bundles it with a custom firmware which enables encryption. While DevSleep is supported, slumber power modes, particularly HIPM and DIPM, are not. The drive comes with a 3.5″ desktop adapter for older machines, as well the cloning utility SSD Scope. It also features "StaticDataRefresh", which is similar to what other drives do to correct data errors due to cell degradation.
Reviews: PCWorld, TomsHardware.com
9. SanDisk Extreme II
The Extreme II from Flash storage-giant SanDisk delivers excellent performance at a reasonable price point. It's a predecessor to the Extreme Pro (see above), and likewise pretty old but still going strong as of 2016. Its sequential read speeds of 550 MB/s and write speeds of 510 MB/s are complemented by very good random read/write figures as well (95K/78K IOPS).
SanDisk uses a controller from Marvell in this particular line of SSDs – a chip with the fanciful designation 88SS9187 (also known as Monet) – with SanDisk's own firmware and 19nm eX2 ABL MLC NAND (also from SanDisk), which makes for a particularly long-lasting combination according to several reports.
Reviews: HotHardware, AnandTech
10. ADATA SU800
560 MB/s read
520 MB/s write
The SU800 is ADATA's top-end TLC-based SSDs. It uses a Silicon Motion SM2258 controller and features SLC-mode caching as well as a DRAM write buffer. For a drive based on low-cost NAND, the endurance ratings are more than acceptable, at 400 TBW for the 512 GB capacity. Speaking of which, you can get the SU800 in a wide range of capacities starting from 128GB up to 2TB. The drive's random read/write figures are up to 90K/80K IOPS.
M.2 Drives (2280/2260)
Update: Check out our new, up-to-date listing of the best M.2 SSDs here.
1. Gigabyte Aorus Gen4
Interface: PCIe Gen4 x4 NVMe
Available Capacities: 500GB, 1TB, 2TB
5,000 MB/s read (1TB)
4,400 MB/s write (1TB)
If you own an X570 motherboard and AMD Ryzen 3rd-gen combo, you can reap the benefits of the PCI Express 4.0 interface. We will likely see more SSDs that take advantage of the increased Gen4 bandwidth soon. But for now, all M.2 PCIe Gen4 devices are based on the same combination of a Phison E16 controller and 96-layer TLC NAND from Toshiba. This includes the Aorus Gen4, Sabrent Rocket 4 and the Corsair MP600.
Since these drives all use essentially the same hardware, performance is similar as well – but no less impressive. Sequential read bandwidth approaches a full 5 GB/s. Peak write speeds are lower, but nevertheless exceed any PCIe 3.0 SSD by a fair margin. As usual, the smallest capacity is slightly slower.
Again, take note that you need a PCIe 4.0-capable setup to reach the advertised speeds. Otherwise, the SSD will still work but be capped by the Gen3 interface.
Reviews: MMORPG
2. Sabrent Rocket Gen4
Looking at the spec sheet of Sabrent's PCIe 4-enabled Rocket, you may notice that it's identical to the above Gigabyte Aorus. The reason is that they are identical because they use mostly the same components. Just like the Aorus – and several other PCIe 4.0 SSDs launched along with AMD's new platform – it uses Phison's E16 controller and the same Toshiba NAND.
However, the firmware is apparently not identical and the drives do differ in some real-world benchmarks, but not by much. Like its close relatives, this drive also peaks at 5 GB/s sequential read transfer rates over the new interface. You can get this drive with or without a sizeable heatsink on top.
3. Corsair Force MP600 Gen4
Interface: PCIe Gen4 x4 M.2
4,950 MB/s read (512GB)
2,500 MB/s write (512GB)
Here's yet another Phison E16-based SSD from Corsair that closely resembles the aforementioned Sabrent and Aorus drives. The Corsair Force MP600 uses the very same controller/NAND combo and also performs about the same.
Again, the firmware implementation may be slightly different, but the hardware is essentially the same. Like its competitors, Corsair's model also comes with a heatsink as Gen4 drives tend to run hot.
At the start of 2020, these Phison E16-based drives are still the fastest SSDs on the market when combined with the 3rd-gen AMD Ryzen or Threadripper platforms.
Available Capacities: 512GB, 1,024GB
3500MB/s read
2300MB/s write
If you want top performance and are willing to pay a bit more for it, then the Samsung 970 Pro is about as good as it gets in this form factor. Although in terms of everyday user experience, you would probably never be able to tell the difference between this an any of the other top contenders in this segment.
But an SSD is the sum of its parts, nothing more and nothing less. What sets the 970 Pro apart from many of its competitors (including the 970 EVO) is that it uses higher-quality MLC NAND, and will, therefore, last longer than its more affordable TLC counterparts. The endurance rating is 600 TBW (twice that of the comparable EVO) or five years (same as the EVO)
It will also perform better and more consistently thanks to the better NAND. This is particularly noticeable in the random write area, with 500,000 IOPS (4K, QD32) in both available capacities.
Reviews: StorageReview, TweakTown
5. Samsung 970 EVO Plus
Available Capacities: 250 GB, 500 GB, 1 TB
Instead of launching an entirely new model, Samsung updated its popular 970 EVO lineup (which is still available) with the 970 EVO in 2019. As the name implies, it is basically an improved version of the same SSD, using the same controller but denser, 96-layer TLC NAND and some additional tweaks. The improvements are particularly noticeable in term of write performance. Sequential transfer rates are up from 2,500 MB/s to 3,300 MB/s, meaning that it outperforms the 970 PRO in some cases.
According to Samsung, random write performance with the 970 EVO Plus has been improved by as much as 57% compared to the previous EVO.
6. WD Black SN750
Available Capacities: 250GB, 500GB, 1TB
3470MB/s read (500GB)
3000MB/s write (500GB)
Western Digital has been a giant in the storage industry for decades, but only recently started catching up in the SSD market following the company's acquisition of SanDisk.
This drive, which is a slight update of the WD Black 2018, uses SanDisk's 96-layer TLC flash, which brings some performance improvements over its predecessor. Its sequential transfer rates are high but differ quite a bit between capacities. This is particularly true for the drive's listed write speed, where the 250 GB drive (1,600 MB/s) is considerably slower than the 1TB variation (3,000 MB/s). The random figures are also more impressive in the larger capacities.
WD offers a 5-year warranty with these drives and the TBW rating is up to 600 TBW. All capacities except the 250 GB model are available with an optional heatsink that might help the drive perform consistently during extended high loads.
Available Capacities: 512 GB, 1 TB, 2 TB
While the 970 Pro was an improvement, Samsung's 960 pro is still a blazing-fast SSD. Like its successor, this m.2 drive supports 4 lanes of PCIe and uses NVMe for maximum bandwidth utilization and increased throughput. It uses Samsung's own Polaris controller in combination with Samsung MLC V-NAND.
The 960 Pro supports TGC Opal and AES 256-bit data encryption. In the random read/write area, it delivers up to 440K IOPS for 4KB (QD32) random read and 330K IOPS for random writes (also 4KB/QD32). Reduce the queue depth to 1 and it still reaches an impressive 14K IOPS/50K IOPS read/write. These numbers, by the way, apply to the higher-capacity drives, while the 512 GB model is slightly slower.
Samsung offers a 5-year warranty with the 960 Pro as well as impressive endurance ratings of 1200 TB for the 2 TB model, 800 TB for the 1 TB drive and 400 TB for the 512 GB version – higher numbers than the 970 EVO but lower than the Pro.
Reviews: AnandTech, ArsTechnica, Guru3D
As usual, Samsung's EVO series offers a feature set that is almost on par with its more expensive Pro counterpart but uses cheaper TLC NAND in combination with the same Phoenix controller. For most of us, the price/performance equation is more important than pure performance, and that makes the 970 EVO a solid option. Again, the difference between the top drives in the NVMe PCI-express segment will not be noticeable for most users.
The 970 EVO is actually, on paper, slightly faster than the 960 Pro in some areas, but it's slower in a few others due to the TLC NAND.
Reviews: StorageReivew, TweakTown
9. ADATA XPG SX8200 Pro
Available Capacities: 256GB to 1TB
Unlike Samsung's lineup, ADATA's 'Pro' designation does not imply that it's an MLC drive. It instead uses now-common 64-layer 3D TLC NAND, meaning that – like many similar drives – the listed sequential read and write speeds do not paint the whole picture. These drives normally use an SLC cache keep transfer speeds up, but only until the cache is full.
That doesn't mean that the SX8200 Pro is not a fast drive, because it is. It surpasses the Samsung 970 EVO in certain areas, with the help of a Silicon Motion SM2262 controller and a DRAM buffer. The warranty is five years and the TBW ratings start at 160 TBW for the 256GB model, which doubles in line with the capacities.
Reviews: TweakTown
10. Intel Optane SSD 800P
Available Capacities: 58GB, 118TB
640MB/s write (1 TB)
This drive is very difficult to categorize as it differs considerably from all of its competitors in more ways than one. While the sequential transfer rates may seem modest, the Optane 800P outperforms Samsungs Pro-series drives in many areas. This might compensate for the comparatively tiny capacities and the high cost, at least in specific use cases.
The reason why it's so different is that the Optane doesn't even use NAND Flash. Instead, it's equipped with Intel's own 3D X-Point memory, which has other characteristics, making it partly more similar to DRAM.
But at the end of the day, the average PC builder will have to compare NAND and 3D X-Point in terms of price/performance/capacity, and then the 800P may be a tough sell. An exception might be workstation users who put their drives through a heavy load on a daily basis, because no competitor offers the same endurance: 1.7 to 3.4 full drive writes per day for the duration of the 5-year warranty period.
Reviews: StorageReview, AnandTech
Top 10 Fastest PCI Express Add-In Card SSDs
1. Intel Optane SSD 905P
Interface: PCIe NVMe 3.0 x4
Form Factor: Add-in Card, HHHL (CEM 3.0)
Available Capacities: 480GB, 960 and 1.5TB
Up to 2600MB/s read
Up to 2200MB/s write
Random 4K Write: Up to 550K IOPS
Considering the overall performance scores that this drive racks up across various reviews, this may well be the fastest SSD in the world at this time. And it also has an endurance rating in a league of its own compared to other drives aimed at not-necessarily-professional users.
However, for the average user – including most professionals – this drive is probably overkill. But if you really want the best-performing drive, you'll be happy to learn that Intel has introduced a new endurance metric for it known as PBW, or petabytes written.
The 960 GB capacity has a PBW rating of 17.52, meaning you can write about 17.5 million GB to it before it wears down. Intel's 3D Xpoint memory, which appears to be practically invincible, is the reason why this drive is difficult to compare to regular NAND-based SSDs.
Check prices: Amazon, Amazon UK, Newegg
2. Intel Optane SSD 900P Series
Available Capacities: 280GB and 480GB
Only slightly behind its successor is the 950p's predecessor in Intel's Optane 900p-series. These drives also use 3D Xpoint memory, and while it may not show in the drives' raw sequential transfer performance, it's a very impressive SSD.
As is the endurance rating, which is 10 full drive writes per day for 5 years. Such characteristics mean that it's well suited not only for enthusiast builds but also for heavy-duty workstations.
Reviews: HotHardware
3. Corsair Neutron NX500
Form Factor: Add-in Card, HHHL
Available Capacities: 400GB, 800GB and 1600GB
In spite of its higher theoretical maximum transfer rates (measured with ATTO, according to Corsair), we will rank the Neutron NX500 from Corsair below the Optane 900p because real-world performance is consistently below according to the reviews we've seen (links below). It's apparently tough to compete with 3D Xpoint, but that doesn't mean that the NX500 is a low-end product. Among the small number of consumer-oriented PCIe drives currently available in the add-in card form factor, it's an attractive option given that the price point is reasonable compared to the Optane.
Reviews: AnandTech, Tom's Hardware
4. Plextor M8Pe
Available Capacities: 128GB, 256GB, 512GB and 1TB
Thanks to the now-ubiquitous M.2 slot, large PCIe add-in cards, or AIC, have become increasingly rare outside of the enterprise segment. Another one of a mere handful of manufacturers who still make drives for the form factor is Plextor.
The drive series with the less-than-inspiring name M8Pe uses 15nm Toshiba MLC NAND and is available in both M.2 and AIC form factors. There is also a newer version of the drive known as M8Se that uses less durable TLC NAND.
In terms of performance, the M8Pe should have no problems competing with mainstream M.2 drives, making it a potentially cost-effective solution if an AIC is what you need.
5. OCZ RevoDrive 350
Interface: PCI Express 2.0 x 8
Random 4K Writes: Up to 140K IOPS
The original RevoDrive was released well before the M.2 form factor took off, and was considered exceptionally fast at the time. However, now that it's not just competing with SATA drives, the RevoDrive will only appeal to a much smaller market.
There have been several SSDs in the series, but the RevoDrive 350 is the only one that's more widely available (and it's not particularly new).
Summary and Explanations
We've tried our best to compile the most comprehensive list of SSDs available and used this to create the lists you see above. Since there are new drives launched each month, we will update our list and ratings regularly. Also, if you think we've omitted something or need correction, don't hesitate to leave a comment!
Lots of abbreviations and technical terms are used on product pages and SSD discussions. If you are new to them they will, needless to say, be totally incomprehensible. We will attempt to explain some of them here.
What is SLC, MLC, TLC, and QLC?
An SSDs performance, as well as its life span, are to a large extent determined by the quality of the memory cells. Higher-quality memory not only performs better but can also be erased and written to a larger number of times before it wears out.
SLC (single-level cell) NAND Flash memory is more durable than MLC (multi-level cell, two bits per cell), which in turn is more durable than TLC (triple-level cell) NAND. Since recently, QLC (quad-level cell) drives such as the Samsung QVO are also available. Additional bits per cell affect performance negatively because it makes the cells considerably more error-prone. There are clever technologies that compensate for this, but in the end, there's no substitute for higher-quality NAND.
Unsurprisingly, high-end memory is also much more expensive to produce. There are zero SSDs today in the consumer space based on SLC memory, but some use MLC (like the Samsung PRO lineup).
Most consumer SSDs in 2020 use comparatively affordable TLC memory, but QLC is increasingly common.
SSD endurance: What's MTBF and TBW – Should I Care?
MTBF is short for "mean time before failure" and is more relevant for conventional hard drives than SSDs, which have no mechanical parts that are prone to failure over time. TBW (terabytes written or total bytes written) is a much more interesting number. This will give you is an indication of how much data can be written to the drive before it wears out. It's affected by the drive's capacity, spare capacity (so-called overprovisioning) and the quality of the NAND.
For a drive with a 300 TBW rating, 300 TB is the amount of data that the manufacturer guarantees can be written to it (usually in a mutually exclusive number of years). This is not to say that an SSD will necessarily fail after this amount of TB written. It's part of the warranty terms and an indication of its relative endurance.
Unlike other parts such as a CPU/GPU, a smaller production process as measured in nanometers (nm), is not a strong selling point, as this results in lower durability, all other things being equal. However, for the average home or office user, durability is rarely an issue, since any SSD will most likely outlive the rest of the computer by a wide margin. Just don't rely on low-cost drives with cheap NAND in a server or other environment with a high continuous workload
Fastest M.2 NVMe SSDs
Fix EA Origin Error Could Not Connect To Services
4TB SSD Roundup: All 4 TB+ Solid State Drives
How Fast are SSD Prices Dropping?
CFD Gaming PCIe 4.0 SSDs Shed Light on Phison PS5016-E16
Kingston A400 Review (120GB): Affordable entry-level drive
dick slinger December 6, 2019 at 2:19 am
Interesting that you did not list Samsung 1725a or b drives 3500/3000Mbps at 800,000 Iops or the PM983.
A valid point. Actually we did list enterprise/datacenter products originally. But since these can barely be obtained or used by the average mortal due to the cost and interface constraints, we decided to lessen the scope to just consumer drives.
Tech Homer January 19, 2020 at 9:45 am
Hello, This post was really helpful. I bought a corsair mp600 ssd and found out that it's a NVME type. May be that's the reason for higher speed. Right?
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text:
Als Sprinter wird eine Familie von Baureihen von Dieseltriebwagen im Vereinigten Königreich bezeichnet, die in den 1980er und 1990er Jahren von BREL, Metro-Cammell and Leyland hergestellt wurden. Sie sind in die TOPS-Klassen 150, 153, 155, 156, 158 und 159 eingeordnet. Die meisten haben Motoren von Cummins, 47 Einheiten der Klasse 158 wurden mit Motoren von Perkins Engines ausgerüstet. Die hydraulischen Getriebe sind von der Bauart Voith.

Begriff
Der Name Sprinter wurde von British Rail geprägt, um vor allem ihre bessere Beschleunigung im Vergleich zu den von ihnen ersetzten Triebwagen der ersten Generation zu bewerben. Anzeigen mit dem Text The Sprinters are coming wurden in den örtlichen Zeitungen geschaltet als die neuen Züge in Betrieb gingen. Oft wurden auch die in vielen Fällen verkürzten Reisezeiten betont, und die Fahrpläne wurden geändert, um dem Rechnung zu tragen. Die Konstruktion beruht auf dem Wagenkastentyp Mark 3, die Züge waren für längere Strecken als die unter Verwendung von Omnibusteilen gebauten Pacer gedacht.

Sprinter werden fast überall in Großbritannien eingesetzt, auf ländlichen Nebenstrecken ebenso wie im Pendlerverkehr um Großstädte oder im Überlandverkehr. Stand 2015 befanden sich die Züge dieser Baureihen im Einsatz bei Northern, Great Western Railway, Greater Anglia, Transport for Wales/Trafnidiaeth Cymru, South Western Railway, East Midlands Trains, West Midlands Trains, ScotRail und in ihrer meterspurigen Variante bei der Thailändischen Staatseisenbahn.

Prototypen

BREL and Metro-Cammell bauten je zwei Dreiwagenzüge als Prototypen der ersten Serien der Klassen 150/0 und 151.

Serienausführungen

Mit Ausnahme von 17 Einheiten der Klasse 158 und den 22 Einheiten der Klasse 159, die mit einem zusätzlichen Mittelwagen ausgestattet wurden, wurden alle Serienfahrzeuge als Zweiwagenzüge ausgeliefert. Die Einzelwagen der Klasse 153 sind Umbauten aus Klasse 155.

Klassen 150, 153, 155 und 156 haben eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 75 mph (121 km/h) und keine Klimaanlagen. Klassen 158 und 159 haben Klimaanlagen und eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 90 mph (144 km/h). Alle Einheiten bis auf die ersten beiden Lieferungen der Klasse 150 haben Übergangseinrichtungen an den Enden, so dass bei Mehrfachtraktionen die Passagiere während der Fahrt zwischen den Einheiten wechseln können.

Alle Züge der Sprinter-Familie haben Mittelpufferkupplungen der Bauart BSI und können daher untereinander und mit Zügen der Pacer-Klassen 142, 143 und 144 sowie den Turbostar der Klasse 170 in Mehrfachtraktion verkehren, jedoch nicht mit den Netorker der Klassen 165 und 166 wegen unterschiedlicher Verkabelung.

Klasse 150 (Sprinter)

Diese Baureihe war für den Pendlerverkehr gedacht. Im Unterschied zu allen anderen Sprinter-Bauarten haben sie Doppeltüren auf jeweils etwa 1/3 und 2/3 der Fahrzeuglänge. Unterklassen 150/0 und 150/1 sind mit Sitzen in der Teilung 3+2 ausgestattet und haben keine Übergangseinrichtungen, daher ist bei Mehrfachtraktion kein Übergang zwischen den gekuppelten Einheiten für Passagiere möglich.
Ähnliche Wagenkästen wurden auch bei der Klasse 450 der Northern Ireland Railways verwendet.

150/0
Die zwei Züge der Ursprungsausführung waren 2015 bei First Great Western im Einsatz.

150/1
Die 50 Züge der ersten Serienausführung wurden zunächst um Birmingham und Manchester eingesetzt und waren 2015 bei folgenden Gesellschaften im Einsatz:
 London Midland
 First Great Western
 Northern Rail

150/2
Die 85 gebauten Einheiten der Klasse 150/2 haben Übergangseinrichtungen und die Sitzteilung 2+2. Sie wurden bevorzugt auf längeren Strecken eingesetzt. Zeitweilig wurden einige Einheiten aufgelöst und ihre Wagen als Mittelwagen in Züge der Reihe 150/1 gekuppelt, so dass Dreiwagenzüge entstanden. 2015 war diese Unterbaureihebei folgenden Gesellschaften im Einsatz:
 Arriva Trains Wales
 First Great Western
 Northern Rail

950

Neben der Passagierausführung der Klasse 150 wurde eine einzelne Einheit mit denselben Wagenkästen gebaut, um auf Strecken mit niedriger erlaubter Achslast zur Inspektion der Gleise zu dienen.  Ursprünglich in die TOPS-Klasse 180 eingeordnet, wurde sie in die Klasse 950 für Dienstfahrzeuge umnummeriert, um die Nummernreihe für die ab dem Jahr 2000 eingesetzten Adelante-Züge aus der Coradia-Familie von Alstom freizumachen.

Klasse 153

Diese Einzelwagen wurden ab 1991/1992 von Hunslet-Barclay in Kilmarnock aus Zweiwageneinheiten der Klasse 155, die 1987–1988 von Leyland gebaut worden waren, umgebaut. Sie sollten auf schwach genutzten Strecken Einzeltriebwagen der ersten Generation ersetzen. Der Umbau beinhaltete den Einbau eines Führerstands an den bisherigen inneren Enden der Wagen. Die neuen Führerstände unterscheiden sich äußerlich geringfügig von den originalen, sind kürzer und ragen etwas in den Einstiegsbereich vor, so dass die Fahrzeuge nicht symmetrisch sind.

2015 waren diese Wagen bei folgenden Gesellschaften im Einsatz:
 Arriva Trains Wales
 East Midlands Trains
 First Great Western
 London Midland
 Northern Rail
 Greater Anglia

Klasse 155 Super Sprinter

Diese Triebwagen wurden 1987 und 1988 von British Leyland in Workington gebaut. Für die Wagenkästen fand eine Technologie Anwendung, die vom Leyland-National-Bus abgeleitet worden war. Von den ursprünglich 42 gebauten Einheiten sind nur noch 7 übrig, die meisten wurden in die Klasse 153 umgebaut. Ihre Höchstgeschwindigkeit beträgt 75 mph (121 km/h).

2015 waren diese Wagen im Einsatz bei
 Northern Rail

Klasse 156 Super Sprinter

Die Einheiten der Klasse 156 wurden 1987–1989 vom Metro-Cammell (jetzt zu Alstom gehörig) in den Washwood Heath Works in Birmingham gebaut.  Ihre Höchstgeschwindigkeit beträgt 75 mph (121 km/h). Wie die Fahrzeuge der Klasse 155 haben sie nur einfache Schiebetüren an den Wagenenden, da sie ursprünglich für längere Strecken mit wenigen Halten vorgesehen waren. Die Sitzteilung ist 2+2.

2015 waren diese Wagen im Einsatz bei
 East Midlands Trains
 Abellio ScotRail
Northern Rail
 Greater Anglia

Klasse  158 Express Sprinter

Die "Express Sprinter" der Klasse 158 wurden 1989–1992 von BREL in Derby gebaut. Sie ersetzten ältere Dieseltriebwagen und lokbespannte Reisezüge. Verglichen mit anderen Mitgliedern der Sprinter-Familie, vor allem der Klasse 156, weisen sie erhebliche Verbesserungen auf: vollständige Klimatisierung (außer in den Führerständen), eine auf 90 mph (144 km/h) angehobene Höchstgeschwindigkeit und Vorkehrungen für die Bewirtung der Reisenden durch Trolleys.

Damit ist die Klasse 158 besser für Langstrecken mit wenigen Halten geeignet als die älteren Sprinter-Baureihen und bietet Reisenden eine ruhigere und komfortablere Umgebung als diese. Die Sitzteilung ist 2+2 in der Standardklasse und 2+1 in der ersten Klasse, wo diese vorhanden ist. Die Wagen haben Schwenkschiebetüren.

Die meisten der aus zwei oder drei Wagen bestehenden Einheiten sind mit Motoren von Cummins ausgerüstet, 47 haben Motoren von Perkins erhalten.

2015 waren diese Wagen im Einsatz bei
 Arriva Trains Wales
 East Midlands Trains
 First Great Western
 Abellio ScotRail
 Northern Rail
 South West Trains

Eine Exportversion in Meterspur für die Thailändische Staatseisenbahn erhielt nach innen öffnende Schlagtüren und wurde als Vierwagenzüge geliefert.

Klasse 159 South Western Turbo

Ursprünglich als Dreiwageneinheiten der Klasse 158 gebaut, wurden diese vor Inbetriebnahme umgebaut. 22 Dreiwageneinheiten wurden für den Einsatz auf der West of England Main Line und auf den Strecken von London Waterloo nach Salisbury, Yeovil und Exeter von Network SouthEast gebaut. Sie ersetzten dort mit Lokomotiven der Klassen 50 und 47 bespannte Reisezüge. Gewöhnlich verkehren Sechs- oder Neunwagenzüge zwischen Waterloo und Salisbury und Drei- oder Sechswagenzüge zwischen Salisbury und Exeter. Einzelne Dreiwageneinheiten verkehrten westlich von Exeter bis zur Einstellung der Bedienung der Strecken durch South West Trains Ende 2009 (bis dahin bot diese Gesellschaft Züge von London Waterloo nach Paignton, Plymouth and Penzance an).

Einige anderswo überzählige Dreiwageneinheiten der Klasse 158, die 2007 auf die Route der West of England Main Line umgesetzt wurden, sind auf den Stand der Klasse 159 gebracht und als Klasse 159/1 neu eingeordnet worden.

2022 waren diese Wagen im Einsatz bei
 South West Trains

Nicht verwirklichte Projekte

Neben den produzierten Typen wurden zwei Bauarten vorgeschlagen, aber nicht verwirklicht.

Klasse 152

Anfang der 1990er Jahre schlug British Rail als Sparmaßnahme für schwach ausgelastete ländliche Routen vor, die Zweiwageneinheiten der Klasse 156 in Einzelwagen umzubauen, die in die Klasse 152 eingeordnet werden sollten. Zwar wurde die Idee eines Einzelwagen-Sprinters tatsächlich verwirklicht, aber durch Umbau der Klasse 155 in die Klasse 153.

Klasse 157

In den 1990er Jahren beabsichtigte Strathclyde Passenger Transport, seine Flotte von Fahrzeugen für den Pendler- und Vorortverkehr in und um Glasgow zu modernisieren, wozu ein neuer Sprinter-Typ beschafft und als Klasse 157 eingereiht werden sollte. Durch die finanziellen Einschränkungen, denen British Rail damals unterworfen war und die zur Privatisierung führten, wurde dieser aber nicht bestellt. Später wurde stattdessen die Klasse 170 beschafft.

Aufnahme

Auf vielen Strecken wurden die neuen Einheiten positiv aufgenommen. Während die Triebwagen der ersten Generation lange Jahre gute Dienste geleistet hatten, litt ihr Ansehen zunehmend unter mangelnder oder schlechter Unterhaltung, Verschmutzung und Abnutzung sowie Lecks der Abgasanlagen. Ungeachtet einiger Komfort und Stil der Ausstattung betreffender Einwände waren die Sprinter dank der Tatsache, dass sie sauber und neu waren, im ganzen Land willkommen.

Ein Nachteil der neuen Triebwagen war der eingeschränkte Blick aus den Fenstern. Die Fensterunterkanten in den Wagenkästen der Bauart Mk 3 liegen wesentlich höher als in den Triebwagen der ersten Generation, und Sitz- und Fensteranordnung sind schlecht abgestimmt. Dieses Problem betrifft viele von der Bauart Mk 3 abgeleitete Fahrzeugtypen. Besonders schlechte Sicht haben Reisende auf den Plätzen nahe den Türen, da ihnen die Taschen der Schiebetüren den Blick versperren, oder an den Enden der Wagen. Auch sind im Unterschied zu den Triebwagen der ersten Generation die Führerstandsrückwände nicht verglast, so dass die Passagiere keine Sicht auf die Strecke haben, was besonders von Kindern und Eisenbahnfreunden bedauert wurde.

Ersatz
Nach 20 und mehr Jahren Einsatzzeit haben die Bahnbetriebsgesellschaften begonnen, die Sprinter zu ersetzen. So ersetzte London Midland ihre alternde Flotte von Zügen der Klasse 150 durch Turbostars der Klasse 172. Für die Passagiere ist dies von Vorteil, da die meisten Sprinter keine Klimaanlage besitzen und ihre Höchstgeschwindigkeit nur 75 mph (121 km/h) beträgt. Da zur Ventilation die Fenster geöffnet werden, ist Geräuschbelästigung nicht selten, und die Türen an den Wagenenden sind nicht druckdicht. Die freigesetzten Züge wurden an andere Bahnbetriebsgesellschaften weitergegeben, um dort die Pacer zu ersetzen, die die Anforderungen an die Zugänglichkeit für Behinderte nicht erfüllen.

Die Express Sprinter der Klasse 158 sind auf vielen Strecken durch Turbostars und Coradia-Züge ersetzt worden, so dass sie selbst in niedrigere Dienste umgesetzt werden, wo sie ältere und weniger komfortable Sprinter ablösen, die ihrerseits Pacer-Triebwagen ersetzen. Sie wurden für die fünf Stunden dauernden Fahrten zwischen Norwich und Liverpool eingesetzt, als die Turbostar-Einheiten von dort unter einer neuen Franchise ab November 2007 zu London Midland umgesetzt wurden, und für die vierstündigen Fahrten  zwischen Birmingham Airport und Holyhead, wo sie die dort eingesetzten Züge der Klasse 175 für Fernverbindungen zwischen Holyhead, Llandudno, Manchester und Cardiff.

Weitere Informationen

Einzelnachweise

Verbrennungsmotortriebwagen
Triebfahrzeug (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Schienenfahrzeug (Metro-Cammell)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Shared Xauthority file I need to run an X server for use by my entire group. I trust the network so dont need to encrypt the traffic. I don't however want to use xhost and either disable acls or add every IP that would need to connect.
xauth meets my requirements in that it allows me to set things up such that only clients that present a valid MIT magic cookie can connect.
However, I am running into the problem where everytime X(using Xvnc here) is started it seems to generate a new magic cookie which I then have to distribute to all clients again. This presents some automation challenges.
I'd much rather generate a cookie once and distribute it to all legit clients and be done with that. Is this doable?
I tried to accomplish this by placing a pre-cooked Xauthority (not modifyable by user running server or client) file on an nfs share and setting XAUTHORITY var but this has the annoying side affect that every time i launch an xclient it logs "xauth:  not writable. changes will be ignored". How can I shut up the client about this? Note that I am not explicitly calling xauth when i see this. Something is calling xauth behind the scene when I launch xterm, for example.
Hope I explained the issue well enough to get some help. I can provide any additional info if needed.

A: The 'xauth: not writable' error is pretty harmless but to try and shut it up, for the accounts that will be using the shared Xauthority I would try creating an alias:
alias xauth='xauth -q'


For help with selecting the right Cardas product, please contact us at 541-347-2484, or support@cardas.com.
Our tech-support expert, Brian Von Bork, has been in the high-end audio industry for over a decade, with many of those years here at Cardas Audio. As a lifelong audiophile, Brian has a wealth of information not only about Cardas cables and parts, but about high end audio equipment of all sorts. Brian is available weekdays, 9AM - 5PM, PST.
In addition to high-end audio, Brian enjoys taking his motorcycle to track events, and is a big fan of the Portland Timbers soccer team.
For a deeper understanding of Cardas cables, and the materials, design & technology we use, please click here for the 'Insights' section of our website..


Flat Leather cord. 3x1mm. Camel mat. Best Quality.
Zamak. Magnetic clasp. Flat. 17x5mm. Silver. Inn.3x2mm.
Zama. Parallel. 6.5x4mm. Silver. Inn.3x1.8mm.
Flat Leather cord. 3x1mm. Dark brown mat. Best Quality.
Flat Leather cord. 3x1mm. Beige matt. Best Quality.
Flat Leather cord. 3x1mm. Grey mat. Best Quality.


Recoil in white-hot rage, rule-abiding commuters, as we present to you a batch of horrifying images plucked from the BART Idiot Hall of Fame, a Facebook page that posts photographs of bad behavior caught on BART. See the white male liberal take up an aisle to work on his laptop! Watch as a hooligan uses three seats for a mid-commute nap! Marvel at the rotting apple core wedged between seats!
Each photo here comes accompanied with one slice of commentary care of BART Idiot Hall of Fame's fan base. Also, for those in need of a refresher course, please memorize SFist's How to Behave on Public Transportation.


Welcome to the PDM Young Actors Workshop. Celebrating over 22 years of live theatre with the youths of Orange, Riverside, and Los Angels Counties.
1. They have a high level of self-esteem.
2. They have a high level of self-motivation.
With the use of Theatrics, Music, and Dance our program works on the ?Within Theory,? showing that all our achievements and success in life come from within. Also through ?Teamwork,? a word not unfamiliar to us because of its time-honored meaning. Each person in our program has an individual aspiration, level of skill, and attitude toward their duties. Since people think, feel, and respond according to their individuality, they sometimes do not consider the benefits of supporting and cooperating with others to achieve a common goal. This is where a skilled director will be able to pool their talents and train them to work together, compensating for individual strengths and weaknesses.
Our program continues to believe that without proper guidance, the youths of today will not develop the personal skills needed to overcome the obstacles that life has to offer. However, with the proper motivational training and environment, they will not see these as obstacles, but as challenges that they are ready to overcome.
The entire 8-week program is covered by a one time enrollment fee of $150.00. Every student enrolled is automatically in the show. Throughout the 8 weeks, the troupe will be taken through an intensive study of a theatre production from the audition, to the rehearsal, to a live performance. Parent involvement is crucial to our program's success; we rely heavily on volunteers, donations of materials, and time. The program offers a great opportunity to build new relationships and strengthen family ties.
Author: Carl M. Bendroff, M.Ed.
Paul-Dean Martin's Young Actors' Workshop is a program that reinforces California's State Content Standards for school age children. As a result, students who participate in Paul-Dean Martin's Young Actors' Workshop strengthen their proficiency in language arts, social sciences, math, and character education.
their comprehension, which in turn leads to an appreciation of literature.
Mr. Martin's workshop reinforces California's State Content Standards for Social Sciences by exposing students to time lines of historical events and by having the students portray important figures from the past. This helps students who participate in the Young Actors' workshop learn to understand the motives and decisions that influenced history.
Paul-Dean Martin's Young Actors' Workshop addresses California's Mathematics Content Standards, such as 'number sense' and 'measurement and geometry'. Through the physical experience associated with choreography, students learn to understand the relationship between timing and sequence (number sense). The students learn to position themselves through blocking, which involves the visualization of two-dimensional coordinate grids on stage. This improves the students' accuracy when mobilizing from point 'A' to point 'B' (measurement and geometry).
classical literature from different cultures. The students who participate in these workshops are exposed to the customs practiced by people throughout our world. By understanding their customs, Mr. Martin's students learn to replace prejudice with appreciation, caring, respect, and trust. These are crucial components for the success of character building.
Students who participate in Paul-Dean Martin's Young Actors' Workshop improve their ability of focusing on what they see, and of listening to what they hear. These important skills help students succeed in every area of their curriculum.
Mr. Martin, due to his patience and superb behavior management techniques, has demonstrated the ability to make the Young Actors' Workshop successful to a wide variety of students, including those in the primary and upper grades, as well as those with attention deficit disorder, and with other special learning needs.


Don't let its compact size and gorgeous design fool you. Coming in at just over one cubic foot, our 8" model is small enough to fit anywhere, yet packs one heck of a punch. Available in 8", 10" & 12" you can be sure your needs will be met.
Designed with dual custom aluminum drivers for efficient high-performance. Aluminum offers the perfect blend of strength and mass to keep the class D digital amp operating efficiently.
Powerful bass needs a sturdy cabinet. Every Bravus subwoofer is built out of strong HDF (High Density Fiberboard) and internally braced to reduce cabinet vibration to nearly nothing.
The efficient high current switching power supply allows maximum performance output and deep bass authority while maintaining the acoustic accuracy you expect.
Hook your new subwoofer up to any receiver or amplifier! Don't have a sub-out connection? You can use the left and right speaker outputs to make setup a snap.
We make it easy to upgrade your cord or take your subwoofer on the road.
Included with each Bravus subwoofer is a set of metal floor spikes with footers and a set of rubber feet.