text:
Ereignisse

Politik und Weltgeschehen

Europa

Napoleonische Kriege auf der Iberischen Halbinsel

 16. Januar: Dem britischen General John Moore gelingt es, während der Napoléonischen Kriege auf der Iberischen Halbinsel die französischen Truppen unter General Nicolas-Jean de Dieu Soult in der Schlacht bei La Coruña so lange aufzuhalten, bis alle Truppen aus der Stadt evakuiert sind, er kommt dabei jedoch selbst ums Leben.
 20. Februar: Die zweite Belagerung von Saragossa endet mit einem Erfolg der Franzosen. Die Spanier ergeben sich nach dreiwöchigem Häuserkampf.
 25. Februar: In der Schlacht von Valls besiegen die französisch-italienischen Truppen unter Marschall Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr die spanischen Truppen unter dem Schweizer General Theodor von Reding.
 29. März: Französische Truppen erobern Porto.
 12. Mai: In der zweiten Schlacht bei Oporto besiegen die Briten unter Sir Arthur Wellesley, Herzog von Wellington französische Einheiten unter Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult.
 27./28. Juli: Sieg der britisch-spanisch-portugiesischen Truppen gegen die französische Invasionsarmee in der Schlacht von Talavera de la Reina.
 19. November: In der Schlacht bei Ocaña kommt es zu einem Sieg des französischen Heeres unter Marschall Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult über die spanische Armee.

Fünfter Koalitionskrieg
 25. Februar: Erzherzog Karl von Österreich-Teschen und Wilhelm T. Freiherr von Steinmetzen schließen mit Herzog Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Oels die geheime Konvention von Wien zur Aufstellung einer Truppe von 2000 Soldaten, je zur Hälfte bestehend aus Infanterie und Husaren, die im Rahmen der Koalitionskriege unter der Führung und auf Kosten des braunschweigischen Herzogs gegen die Truppen Napoléon Bonapartes in Deutschland kämpfen soll.
 1. April: Der Schwarze Herzog Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel stellt die Schwarze Schar auf, ein deutsches Freikorps, das in den Befreiungskriegen bis 1815 gegen die Truppen Napoleon Bonapartes kämpft.
 9. April: Fünfter Koalitionskrieg: Das Kaisertum Österreich erklärt Frankreich und dessen Verbündeten, dem Königreich Bayern, den Krieg. Bereits am nächsten Tag dringt die von Erzherzog Karl von Österreich-Teschen befehligte Armee im Nachbarland ein.

 9. April: Tiroler Volksaufstand: Die Zwangsaushebung von Rekruten für die bayerische Armee löst in Innsbruck einen auf ganz Tirol übergreifenden Aufstand aus, dessen Führung Andreas Hofer übernimmt.
 12./13. April: Schlacht am Bergisel: Die Franzosen kapitulieren vor Andreas Hofer am Bergisel in Tirol.
 15. April: Der Österreichische Feldzug gegen das Herzogtum Warschau beginnt mit dem Einmarsch österreichischer Truppen in das Herzogtum Warschau. Er endet am 14. Oktober 1809 (siehe unten).
 16. April: In der Schlacht von Sacile zwingen im Fünften Koalitionskrieg österreichische Truppen im Friaul die französische Italienarmee zum Rückzug vom Schlachtfeld.
 19. April: Die Schlacht von Abensberg beginnt, in der die Franzosen unter Napoleon I. über die Österreicher siegreich bleiben. Am selben Tag werden in das Herzogtum Warschau eingedrungene österreichische Truppen in der Schlacht von Raszyn von polnischen Truppen geschlagen.
 19. April: Bei der Schlacht bei Teugn-Hausen verpasst der österreichische Erzherzog Karl von Österreich-Teschen eine Gelegenheit, durch Verstärkung der kämpfenden Truppe die von Marschall Louis-Nicolas Davout befehligte französische Armee vermutlich zu schlagen.
 24. April: Die Vorarlberger Volkserhebung 1809 beginnt. Bernhard Riedmiller, Siegmund Nachbauer und Christian Müller ziehen ungehindert in Bregenz ein.
 5. Mai: Im Gefecht bei Dodendorf zwischen dem Freikorps Schillsche Jäger einerseits und französischen und westphälischen Truppen andererseits gelingt es keiner Seite, einen entscheidenden Sieg zu erringen. Das Gefecht gilt als ein Vorläufer der Befreiungskriege gegen die französische Besatzung.
 7. Mai: Der französische Kaiser Napoleon Bonaparte behauptet in Wien, Papst Pius VII. habe als weltlicher Herrscher aufgehört zu regieren und annektiert damit faktisch den Kirchenstaat.

 13. Mai: Napoleon I. zieht zum zweiten Mal als Sieger in Wien ein – nach einer Belagerung und Beschießung Wiens am 12. Mai.
 17. Mai: Napoleon Bonaparte dekretiert die Annexion des Kirchenstaats für sein Imperium.
 17. Mai: In Malborgeth gelingt der französischen Armee der Durchbruch. Der österreichische Hauptmann Friedrich Hensel fällt.

 18. Mai: Am Predilpass fällt Hauptmann Johann Hermann von Hermannsdorf nach erbitterten Widerstand gegen die französische Armee. Hensel und Hermannsdorf ermöglichen damit den österreichischen Sieg bei Aspern.

 21./22. Mai: In der Schlacht bei Aspern nahe Wien schwindet Napoleon Bonapartes Nimbus der Unüberwindbarkeit seiner Truppen dahin. Die Österreicher unter Erzherzog Karl gewinnen die Schlacht des Fünften Koalitionskrieges. Erzherzog Karl riskiert es nicht, rasch an das rechte Ufer überzugehen und die erschöpften Franzosen zu vernichten, bevor sie Verstärkungen erhalten: seine Truppen haben einen Mangel an Munition und sind ebenfalls erschöpft.
 25./29. Mai: In der zweiten Schlacht am Bergisel während des Tiroler Volksaufstandes besiegen die Tiroler Schützen unter Josef Speckbacher und Andreas Hofer neuerlich bayerische Besatzungstruppen. Am 30. Mai zieht Andreas Hofer in Innsbruck ein.
 30. Mai: Die erfolglose Belagerung des Grazer Schloßbergs durch französische Truppen beginnt.
 5./6. Juli: Frankreichs Armee unter Napoleon Bonaparte besiegt das österreichische Heer in der Schlacht bei Wagram.
 6. Juli: Papst Pius VII. wird mit Billigung von Napoleon verhaftet und nach Frankreich gebracht. Der Papst hatte sich der französischen Annexion des Kirchenstaates widersetzt.
 8. Juli: In der Schlacht bei Gefrees zwingen österreichische Truppen die französischen Einheiten zum Rückzug.
 12. Juli: Erzherzog Karl von Österreich schließt mit Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont und André Masséna den Znaimer Waffenstillstand.
 30. Juli: die Walcheren-Expedition beginnt: 39.000 britische Soldaten landen auf der Halbinsel Walcheren in der niederländischen Provinz Zeeland, unter anderem um das verbündete Österreich zu entlasten. Wegen einer Fieberepidemie unter ihren Soldaten räumen die Briten nach und nach (bis zum 23. Dezember 1809) die Insel.

 1. August: Das Gefecht bei Ölper zwischen Truppen des napoleonischen Königreichs Westphalen und der Schwarzen Schar unter Herzog Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Oels endet mit einem taktischen Unentschieden.
 13. August: Andreas Hofer und Peter Mayr siegen mit den Tiroler Schützen in der dritten Schlacht am Bergisel neuerlich über bayerische, sächsische und französische Truppen.
 8. Oktober: Dem vormaligen Gesandten in Paris, Graf Klemens Wenzel Lothar von Metternich, wird vom Kaiser Franz I. in Wien die Führung des österreichischen Außenministeriums anvertraut.
 13. Oktober: Der 17-jährige Friedrich Stapß wird in Schönbrunn beim Plan festgenommen, Napoleon Bonaparte mit einem Küchenmesser zu töten. Für sein Attentat wird er vier Tage später erschossen.

 14. Oktober: Nach der Besetzung Wiens und dem Sieg in der Schlacht bei Wagram diktiert Napoleon dem Kaisertum Österreich den Frieden von Schönbrunn zur Beendigung des Fünften Koalitionskrieges. Österreich verliert seinen Zugang zur Adria und muss Salzburg an das Königreich Bayern abtreten. Westgalizien und Krakau, die Gewinne der Dritten Teilung Polens, kommen an das Herzogtum Warschau.
 1. November: Die vierte und letzte Schlacht am Bergisel geht für die Tiroler verloren. Der Tiroler Volksaufstand bricht wenig später zusammen.

 15. Dezember: Napoleon I. und Joséphine informieren die Familie über ihre Einigung zur Scheidung.
 Sprengung der Burg Theben durch napoleonische Truppen

Weitere Ereignisse in Europa
 5. Januar: Für Großbritannien schließt der Gesandte Robert Adair mit dem Osmanischen Reich den Dardanellenfrieden. Die Briten sichern der Hohen Pforte Hilfe im Falle einer französischen Bedrohung zu.
 13. Januar: Das Badische Judenedikt von 1809 stellt die Juden staatsbürgerlich gleich, beseitigt aber auch die bisherige traditionelle jüdische Gemeindeverfassung.
 13. März: Der schwedische König Gustav IV. Adolf wird durch eine Offiziersverschwörung entthront und auf Schloss Gripsholm gefangen gesetzt. Sein Onkel, der spätere König Karl XIII., wird daraufhin Reichsverweser.

 25. März: In Porvoo tritt die finnische Ständeversammlung zusammen.
 29. März: Finnland wird von Zar Alexander I. als Großfürstentum innerhalb Russlands geführt.
 31. Mai: In der Schlacht von Čegar nahe der Stadt Niš werden Rebellen im Ersten Serbischen Aufstand von osmanischen Truppen besiegt.

 6. Juni: Karl XIII. wird König von Schweden.
 17. September: Der Vertrag von Fredrikshamn beendet den Krieg zwischen Russland und Schweden um die Vorherrschaft in Finnland. Schweden tritt Finnland, die Ålandinseln sowie Teile von Lappland und Västerbotten an Russland ab.
 2. Oktober: Eine britische Flotte erscheint vor Zante (heute: Zakynthos) und verdrängt die geschwächte französische Garnison von sämtlichen Ionische Inseln (bis auf Korfu, das später erobert wird).
 25. November: Der britische Diplomat Benjamin Bathurst verschwindet in Perleberg, wo er eine Rast auf seiner inkognito geführten Rückreise eingelegt hat, am Abend auf ungeklärte Weise.
 10. Dezember: Der Dänisch-Schwedische Krieg geht mit dem Friedensschluss von Jönköping zu Ende, mit dem der Status quo ante wiederhergestellt wird.

Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika

 4. März: James Madison wird als vierter Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten in sein Amt eingeführt. Er löst seinen Parteikollegen Thomas Jefferson ab.

Lateinamerika
 25. Mai: In La Plata (später in Sucre umbenannt) kommt es zur "Revolución de Chuquisaca", dem ersten nach Unabhängigkeit strebenden Aufstand in Lateinamerika gegen die spanische Herrschaft.
 10. August: Ecuador erklärt erstmals seine Unabhängigkeit von Spanien.

Australien und Ozeanien

 Boyd-Massaker in Neuseeland

Wirtschaft
 11. Februar: Robert Fulton erhält ein US-Patent auf seine Version für ein Dampfschiff. Er hat frühere Entwürfe entscheidend modifiziert und verleiht der Seefahrt damit neue Impulse.
 22. Dezember: Der US-Kongress lockert wegen unerwünschter Auswirkungen den Embargo Act und begrenzt das Handelsverbot nur noch auf Großbritannien und Frankreich.

Wissenschaft und Technik
 16. August: Auf Initiative Wilhelm von Humboldts wird die Berliner Universität, die spätere Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin gegründet
 Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck trägt in seinem Werk Philosophie zoologique Gedanken zur Evolutionstheorie bei.

Kultur

 24. Januar: Carl Friedrich Zelter gründet in Berlin die erste deutsche Liedertafel.
 30. November: Die Uraufführung der Oper Pimmalione von Luigi Cherubini findet in Paris statt.

Gesellschaft
 18. Januar: Stiftung des Corps Hannovera Göttingen

Geboren

Januar/Februar
 1. Januar: Gustaw Zieliński, polnischer Schriftsteller († 1881)

 3. Januar: Moritz Bauschke, deutscher Schriftsteller, Verleger, Buchhändler und Publizist († 1851)
 4. Januar: Louis Braille, Erfinder der Blindenschrift (Brailleschrift) († 1852)
 4. Januar: Julius Adolph Stöckhardt, deutscher Agrikulturchemiker († 1886)
 10. Januar: Martin Fourichon, französischer Admiral und Marineminister († 1884)
 12. Januar: Emanuel von Friedrichsthal, österreichischer Reiseschriftsteller († 1842)
 12. Januar: Émile Loubon, französischer Landschaftsmaler († 1863)
 12. Januar: Leopoldo O'Donnell, Graf von Lucena, Herzog von Tetuan, spanischer General und Politiker († 1867)
 13. Januar: Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust, österreichischer Politiker († 1886)
 15. Januar: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, französischer Ökonom, Soziologe und Anarchist († 1865)
 19. Januar: Carl Wilhelm Arldt, deutscher Zeichner und Lithograf († 1868)

 19. Januar: Edgar Allan Poe, US-amerikanischer Schriftsteller († 1849)
 20. Januar: Sebastián de Yradier, spanischer Komponist († 1865)
 24. Januar: Carl Ludwig Gesell, deutscher Orgelbauer († 1867)
 24. Januar: Paul Theodor von Krusenstern, russischer Polarforscher († 1881)
 27. Januar: Auguste Delacroix, französischer Maler († 1868)
 28. Januar: Theodor Benfey, deutscher Orientalist und Sprachforscher († 1881)
 30. Januar: Georg Friedrich Blaul, deutscher Pfarrer und Dichter († 1863)

  1. Februar: Rupert Jäger, deutscher Lehrer und Philologe († 1851)
 3. Februar: Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, deutscher Komponist († 1847)
 3. Februar: Thomas Swann, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1883)
 7. Februar: Frederik Paludan-Müller, dänischer Schriftsteller († 1876)
 7. Februar: John P. Cochran, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1898)
 11. Februar: Karl Bodmer, Schweizer Maler († 1893)

 12. Februar: Charles Darwin, britischer Naturforscher († 1882)

 12. Februar: Abraham Lincoln, US-amerikanischer Präsident († 1865)
 15. Februar: Owen Jones, englischer Architekt und Designer († 1874)
 15. Februar: Cyrus McCormick, US-amerikanischer Landmaschinenerfinder und Firmengründer († 1884)
 17. Februar: Adolphe Claire Le Carpentier, französischer Musikpädagoge und Komponist († 1869)
 21. Februar: Wilhelm Dunker, deutscher Geologe, Paläontologe und Zoologe († 1885)
 24. Februar: Edwin von Manteuffel, preußischer Generalfeldmarschall († 1885)
 25. Februar: Morgan C. Hamilton, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1893)

März/April
 7. März: Wladimir Iwanowitsch Istomin, russischer Marineoffizier († 1855)
 8. März: Vinzenz Kreuzer, österreichischer Zeichner und Landschaftsmaler († 1888)
 9. März: Bettino Ricasoli, italienischer Staatsmann († 1880)
 9. März: Eliza Wille, deutsche Romanschriftstellerin († 1893)
 12. März: Gustav Werner, evangelischer Pfarrer und Stiftungsgründer († 1887)
 15. März: Joseph Jenkins Roberts, liberianischer Präsident († 1876)
 15. März: Karl Joseph von Hefele, römisch-katholischer Kirchenhistoriker und Bischof († 1893)
 15. März: William Cannon, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1865)
 19. März: Fredrik Pacius, deutscher Komponist († 1891)
 19. März: Moritz Ludwig Seyffert, deutscher Philologe und Pädagoge († 1872)
 20. März: Georg Varrentrapp, deutscher Mediziner († 1886)
 21. März: Carl Gustav Friedrich Hasselbach, Oberbürgermeister von Magdeburg († 1882)
 21. März: Jules Favre, französischer Politiker († 1880)
 23. März: Charlotte von Hagn, deutsche Schauspielerin († 1891)
 24. März: Joseph Liouville, französischer Mathematiker († 1882)
 27. März: Wilhelm Nikolai Böhtlingk, deutschbaltischer Quartärgeologe und Geomorphologe († 1841)
 27. März: Georges-Eugène Haussmann, französischer Stadtplaner († 1891)
 31. März: Otto Lindblad, schwedischer Komponist († 1864)

 1. April: Nikolai Gogol, russischer Schriftsteller († 1852)
 4. April: Benjamin Peirce, US-amerikanischer Mathematiker und Astronom († 1880)
 5. April: Karl Felix Halm, deutscher Altphilologe und Bibliothekar († 1882)
 6. April: Friedrich zu Schwarzenberg, Erzbischof von Prag († 1885)
 6. April: David Allen Smalley, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1877)
 7. April: Gaspard Auguste Brullé, französischer Entomologe († 1873)
 7. April: James Glaisher, englischer Meteorologe und Aeronaut († 1903)
 7. April: Edward Seguin, US-amerikanischer Opernsänger und Impresario († 1852)
 14. April: Friedrich Adolph Roemer, deutscher Geologe, Botaniker und Jurist († 1869)
 14. April: George Willem Vreede, niederländischer Rechtswissenschaftler und Rechtshistoriker († 1880)
 15. April: Hermann Graßmann, deutscher Mathematiker († 1877)
 17. April: Julie Rettich, deutsche Schauspielerin († 1866)
 19. April: Emil Braun, deutscher Archäologe († 1856)
 20. April: James C. Jones, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1859)
 23. April: Karl Wilhelm Ludwig von Hessen, Prinz von Hessen-Darmstadt († 1877)
 23. April: Eugène Prévost, französischer Komponist und Dirigent († 1872)
 28. April: Shimazu Nariakira, Daimyō der Provinz Satsuma († 1858)

Mai/Juni
 10. Mai: Peter Tunner, steirischer Bergbaupionier († 1897)
 12. Mai: Robert Charles Winthrop, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1894)
 13. Mai: Karl von Varnbüler, württembergischer Staatsminister und Reichstagsabgeordneter († 1889)
 15. Mai: Gottschalk Eduard Guhrauer, deutscher Literaturhistoriker († 1854)
 18. Mai: Harriet Low, US-Amerikanerin, die durch ihre Briefe und Tagebücher bekannt wurde († 1877)
 18. Mai: William Wilson, britischer Maschineningenieur († 1862)
 22. Mai: Bernhard Dunker, norwegischer Jurist und politischer Autor († 1870)
 23. Mai: Friedrich Christian Avé-Lallemant, deutscher Kriminalist, Schriftsteller und Sprachforscher († 1892)
 23. Mai: Hugo Ewald von Kirchbach, preußischer General († 1887)
 4. Juni: Columbus Delano, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1896)
 4. Juni: José Gutiérrez de la Concha, spanischer General und Politiker († 1895)
 6. Juni: Heinrich Ludolf Ahrens, deutscher klassischer Philologe († 1881)
 6. Juni: Timothy Shay Arthur, US-amerikanischer Schriftsteller († 1885)
 6. Juni: Karl Heinrich Koch, deutscher Botaniker († 1879)
 8. Juni: Richard W. Thompson, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1900)
 9. Juni: Giovanni Gentiluomo, österreichischer akademischer Maler, Opernsänger und Gesangslehrer († 1866)

 13. Juni: Heinrich Hoffmann, deutscher Arzt und Schriftsteller († 1894)
 13. Juni: Cristoforo Negri, italienischer Politiker und Schriftsteller († 1896)
 21. Juni: Wilhelm Wolff, Publizist und Weggefährte von Karl Marx († 1864)
 27. Juni: François Certain de Canrobert, französischer General und Marschall von Frankreich († 1895)

Juli/August
 7. Juli: Andreas Friedrich Trenckmann, deutsch-US-amerikanischer Lehrer und Farmer († 1883)
 9. Juli: Friedrich August von Quenstedt, deutscher Geologe und Paläontologe († 1889)
 13. Juli: Jacob Aicher von Aichenegg, deutscher Jurist und Politiker († 1877)
 16. Juli: Samuel Chappuis, Schweizer evangelischer Geistlicher und Hochschullehrer († 1870)
 16. Juli: Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-Rhetz, preußischer General der Infanterie († 1877)
 19. Juli: Jakob Henle, deutscher Anatom, Pathologe und Arzt († 1885)
 22. Juli: Heinrich Proch, österreichischer Komponist († 1878)
 24. Juli: Charles W. Cathcart, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1888)
 25. Juli: Ferdinand Redtenbacher, Pionier des wissenschaftlichen Maschinenbaus († 1863)
 27. Juli: Gottfried Pulian, deutscher Landschafts- und Architekturmaler († 1875)
 29. Juli: Étienne Vacherot, französischer Gelehrter und Philosoph († 1897)
 30. Juli: Charles Chiniquy, kanadischer Priester († 1899)
 6. August: Alfred Tennyson, britischer Dichter († 1892)
 10. August: Christian Friedrich Lessing, deutscher Arzt und Botaniker († 1862)
 12. August: William Huntington Russell, Mitbegründer der Yale-Geheimgesellschaft Skull and Bones († 1885)
 13. August: Julius Rupp, Theologe mit freikirchlicher Orientierung, Politiker des Vormärz († 1884)
 19. August: Heinrich Abeken, deutscher Theologe und preußischer Beamter († 1872)
 19. August: Ludvig Kristensen Daa, norwegischer Politiker und Publizist († 1877)
 19. August: Karl Gottfried Nadler, Jurist und Pfälzer Mundartdichter († 1849)
 26. August: Constantin von Alvensleben, preußischer General der Infanterie († 1892)
 26. August: Napoleon Nolsøe, färöischer Arzt († 1877)
 27. August: Hannibal Hamlin, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1891)
 28. August: Wilhelm Hiller von Gärtringen, preußischer Generalleutnant († 1866)
 29. August: Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., US-amerikanischer Arzt und Schriftsteller († 1894)
 30. August: Adolf Friedrich Hesse, deutscher Organist und Komponist († 1863)
 31. August: Oswald Heer, Schweizer Paläontologe, Botaniker und Entomologe († 1883)

September/Oktober
 4. September: Manuel Montt, Staatspräsident von Chile († 1880)
 4. September: Juliusz Słowacki, polnischer Dichter († 1849)
 5. September: Wilhelm von Breithaupt, deutscher Offizier († 1889)
 5. September: Minna Wagner, deutsche Schauspielerin und erste Ehefrau Richard Wagners († 1866)
 6. September: Bruno Bauer, deutscher Philosoph, Bibelkritiker und Schriftsteller († 1882)
 9. September: Jakob Fürchtegott Dielmann, Maler († 1885)
 9. September: Johann Daniel Eschenburg, Senator der Freien und Hansestadt Lübeck († 1884)
 12. September: Julius von Bose, preußischer General der Infanterie († 1894)
 15. September: James Y. Smith, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1876)
 20. September: Sterling Price, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1867)
 20. September: Albert Zimmermann, deutscher Maler († 1888)
 22. September: Friedrich Stehfen, Wohltäter († 1879)
 26. September: Philipp von Jolly, deutscher Physiker und Mathematiker († 1884)
 28. September: Elisabeth Concordia Crola, deutsche Malerin († 1878)
 4. Oktober: Albrecht von Preußen, preußischer Prinz und General († 1872)
 7. Oktober: Johann Heinrich Blasius, deutscher Zoologe († 1870)
 9. Oktober: Adolphe Franck, französischer Jurist und Philosoph, († 1893)
 12. Oktober: Johann Leonhard Appold, deutscher Kupfer- und Stahlstecher († 1858)
 12. Oktober: Friedrich Ferdinand Löwe, deutscher Schriftsteller, Bibliothekar und Übersetzer († 1889)
 16. Oktober: Hermann Henrich Meier, deutscher Geschäftsmann und Politiker († 1898)
 17. Oktober: Hermann Hendrichs, deutscher Schauspieler († 1871)
 20. Oktober: Eduard Degener, deutsch-US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1890)
 23. Oktober: August Howaldt, deutscher Ingenieur, Konstrukteur, Erfinder und Unternehmer († 1883)
 24. Oktober: Daniel Clark, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1891)
 26. Oktober: Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, deutscher Naturforscher († 1864)
 31. Oktober: John Stenhouse, schottischer Chemiker († 1880)

November/Dezember
 2. November: Georg Beseler, deutscher Jurist und Politiker († 1888)
 3. November: James Richardson, englischer Afrikaforscher († 1851)
 6. November: Christoph Friedrich Ammermüller, württembergischer Mediziner, Lehrer, Unternehmer, Publizist und Politiker († 1898)
 8. November: Richard Hartmann, deutscher Maschinenfabrikant († 1878)
 10. November: Moriz Adolph Briegleb, deutscher Politiker († 1872)
 10. November: David Einhorn, Rabbiner († 1879)
 11. November: Francesco Anzani, italienischer Offizier und Freiheitskämpfer († 1848)
 13. November: Archibald Hunter Arrington, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1872)
 13. November: John Adolphus Bernard Dahlgren, US-amerikanischer Admiral († 1870)
 17. November: Nicolai-Peter Ahlmann, deutscher Politiker († 1890)
 20. November: Gustav Körner, deutschamerikanischer Jurist und Staatsmann († 1896)
 22. November: Bénédict Augustin Morel, französischer Psychiater († 1873)
 25. November: Adolph E. Borie, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1880)
 26. November: Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson, deutscher Entomologe († 1848)
 29. November: Gabriel Ferry, französischer Schriftsteller († 1852)
 1. Dezember: Joseph Gungl, ungarischer Komponist († 1889)
 3. Dezember: Samuel Adler, Rabbiner († 1891)
 5. Dezember: Edmond Lebœuf, französischer General und Marschall von Frankreich († 1888)
 9. Dezember: Bertha Arndts, deutsche Schriftstellerin († 1859)
 9. Dezember: Kolmar von Debschitz, preußischer Generalleutnant († 1878)
 9. Dezember: Hermann Sauppe, deutscher Altphilologe und Epigraphiker († 1893)
 10. Dezember: George Goldthwaite, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1879)
 11. Dezember: Clemens de Lassaulx, deutscher Forstmann, "Vater des Eifelwaldes" († 1906)
 24. Dezember: Kit Carson, US-amerikanischer Pionier († 1868)

 29. Dezember: William Ewart Gladstone, britischer Politiker († 1898)
 29. Dezember: Albert Pike, US-amerikanischer Rechtsanwalt, General, Autor und Freimaurer († 1891)

Genaues Geburtsdatum unbekannt
 Chatschatur Abowjan, armenischer Schriftsteller († 1848)
 Samuel Ajayi Crowther, nigerianischer anglikanischer Missionar, Bibelübersetzer und Bischof († 1891)
 Anne Childes Seguin, US-amerikanische Opernsängerin († 1888)
 George F. Fort, US-amerikanischer Politiker († 1872)

Gestorben

Erstes Halbjahr
 3. Januar: Henri-Pierre Danloux, französischer Maler (* 1753)
 7. Januar: Johann Peter Wagner, deutscher Bildhauer (* 1730)
 13. Januar: Johanna Sebus, deutsche Lebensretterin (* 1791)
 16. Januar: John Moore, britischer General während der Napoleonischen Kriege (* 1761)
 6. Februar: Antoine Joseph Santerre, französischer Nationalgardist (* 1752)
 8. Februar: Anton Oehmbs, deutscher katholischer Theologe und Hochschullehrer (* 1735)
 13. Februar: Thomas Osbert Mordaunt, britischer Soldat und Poet (* 1730)
 14. Februar: Heinrich Franz, Graf von Rothenhaus (* 1738)
 22. Februar: Johann Ludwig von Cobenzl, österreichischer Staatsmann (* 1753)
 23. Februar: Dirk van der Aa, niederländischer Maler (* 1731)
 25. Februar: John Murray, 4. Earl of Dunmore, britischer Gouverneur der Provinz New York und der Kolonie Virginia (* 1730)
 27. Februar: Ernst Friedrich Hector Falcke, Bürgermeister von Hannover (* 1751)
 27. Februar: French Laurence, englischer Richter und Politiker (* 1757)
 6. März: Thomas Heyward junior, Unterzeichner der Unabhängigkeitserklärung der USA (* 1746)
 7. März: Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, österreichischer Musiktheoretiker und Komponist (* 1736)
 7. März: Jean-Pierre Blanchard, französischer Ballonfahrer (* 1753)
 13. März: Ernst Wilhelm Cuhn, deutscher Bibliothekar und Historiker (* 1756)
 18. März: Karoline Kaulla, deutsche Hoffaktorin und eine der reichsten Frauen Deutschlands (* 1739)
 21. März: Giuseppe Aglio, italienischer Kunsthistoriker (* 1717)
 23. März: Thomas Holcroft, englischer Schriftsteller und Übersetzer (* 1745)
 27. März: Joseph-Marie Vien, französischer Maler (* 1716)
 31. März: Thomas Smith, US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker (* 1745)
 1. April: John Haring, Delegierter des Staates New York im Kontinentalkongress (* 1739)
 16. April: Wassili Tschitschagow, russischer Admiral und Polarforscher (* 1726)
 17. April: Johann Christian Kittel, deutscher Organist und Komponist (* 1732)
 23. April: Theodor von Reding, Schweizer General in spanischen Diensten (* 1755)
 26. April: Bernhard Schott, deutscher Musiker und Musikverleger (* 1748)
 27. April: Darius Sessions, Vizegouverneur der Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (* 1717)
 1. Mai: François d'Arlandes, französischer Luftfahrtpionier (* 1742)
 1. Mai: Gottlieb Konrad Pfeffel, deutscher Schriftsteller und Pädagoge (* 1736)
 6. Mai: Leo von Seckendorff, deutscher Dichter (* 1775)
 8. Mai: Augustin Pajou, französischer Bildhauer (* 1730)
 17. Mai: Friedrich Hensel, österreichischer Offizier (* 1781)
 18. Mai: Johann Hermann von Hermannsdorf, österreichischer Offizier (* 1781)
 18. Mai: Leopold von Auenbrugger, österreichischer Mediziner und Librettist (* 1722)
 29. Mai: Johannes von Müller, Schweizer Historiker (* 1752)

 31. Mai: Joseph Haydn, österreichischer Komponist der klassischen Periode (* 1732)
 31. Mai: Jean Lannes, französischer General, Marschall von Frankreich (* 1769)
 31. Mai: Ferdinand von Schill, preußischer Offizier (* 1776)
 4. Juni: Nicolai Abildgaard, dänischer Maler, Bildhauer und Architekt der Neoklassik (* 1743)
 4. Juni: Francis Malbone, US-amerikanischer Politiker (* 1759)
 8. Juni: Thomas Paine, britisch-US-amerikanischer Schriftsteller und Erfinder (* 1737)
 9. Juni: Hans Moritz von Brühl, deutscher Diplomat, Wissenschaftler und Schachspieler (* 1736)

Zweites Halbjahr
 3. Juli: Joseph Quesnel, kanadischer Komponist, Schriftsteller und Schauspieler (* 1746)
 6. Juli: Jean Étienne Benoît Duprat, französischer General und Revolutionär (* 1752)
 6. Juli: Benjamin Ogle, US-amerikanischer Politiker (* 1749)
 7. Juli: Konstantin Ghilian Karl Freiherr d'Aspre von Hoobreuck, österreichischer Feldmarschallleutnant und Theresienritter (* 1767)
 7. August: Jonathan Trumbull Jr., US-amerikanischer Politiker (* 1740)
 8. August: Ueda Akinari, japanischer Schriftsteller (* 1734)
 11. August: Hans Joachim Bernet, Schweizer Bürgermeister (* 1725)
 13. August: Marc-Antoine Berdolet, französischer katholischer Bischof von Aachen (* 1740)
 18. August: Matthew Boulton, englischer Ingenieur und Unternehmer (* 1728)
 24. August: Michail Kamenski, russischer Feldmarschall (* 1738)
 30. August: Ignacy Potocki, polnischer Staatsmann und Schriftsteller (* 1750)
 4. September: Jacob Haafner, deutsch-niederländischer Reiseschriftsteller (* 1754)
 7. September: Rama I., König von Siam (* 1737)
 7. September: Caroline Schelling, deutsche "femme de lettres" (* 1763)
 14. September: Johannes Karasek, Anführer einer Räuberbande (* 1764)
 18. September: Gottfried Christoph Beireis, deutscher Arzt und Chemiker (* 1730)
 18. September: Johann Nepomuk Holzhey, deutscher Orgelbauer (* 1741)
 20. September: Simon Kramer, Kärntner Räuber; gilt als "Robin Hood von Kärnten" (* 1785)
 21. September: Alexander Reinagle, US-amerikanischer Komponist (getauft 1756)
 24. September: Johann Sebastian von Clais, deutsch-schweizerischer Uhrmacher, Erfinder und Unternehmer (* 1742)
 24. September: August Ludwig Hülsen, deutscher Philosoph der Frühromantik (* 1765)
 29. September: Claude-François Achard, französischer Romanist und Provenzalist (* 1751)
 29. September: Alexander Wilhelm von Arnim, preußischer Generalleutnant (* 1738)
 11. Oktober: Meriwether Lewis, US-amerikanischer Soldat und Entdecker (* 1774)
 16. Oktober: Friedrich Stapß, deutscher Attentäter (* 1792)
 19. Oktober: Johann Kasimir von Auer, preußischer Generalmajor (* 1736)
 30. Oktober: William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, britischer Politiker und Premierminister (* 1738)
 4. November: Samuel White, US-amerikanischer Politiker (* 1770)
 25. November: Johann George von Schütz, preußischer Beamter (* 1733)
 26. November: Nicolas Dalayrac, französischer Komponist (* 1753)
 2. Dezember: John Walker, US-amerikanischer Politiker (* 1744)
 31. Dezember: Franz Ignaz Beck, deutscher Komponist (* 1734)

Genaues Todesdatum unbekannt
 Dugazon (Jean-Henry Gourgaud), französischer Schauspieler (* 1743)

Literatur

Weblinks


text:
Deb Kocher records data after taking measurement on Lake Crabapple for a Snohomish County lake monitoring program. (Lizz Giordano / The Herald)
Nearly 30 years of keeping tabs on Snohomish County lakes
Volunteer monitors have become the "eyes and ears" of 31 lakes, tracking changes in the waterways.
by Lizz Giordano
Saturday, November 9, 2019 1:30am
Local NewsLynnwoodMaltbyTulalip
LAKE GOODWIN— Not long after Deb Kocher moved to a house along Lake Crabapple, she noticed a massive brown blob filling the lake coming from a stream on the eastern edge.
"I wanted to know what was going on," said Kocher, a retired small business owner.
She later learned someone had blocked the stream's mouth and once it was undammed sediment and mud flooded in unchecked.
That observation launched Kocher's 26-year journey monitoring the 37-acre lake, which sits north of the Tulalip Indian Reservation. Working with a Snohomish County Surface Water Management program, she paddles to the middle of the lake to measure water clarity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and to look for algae blooms twice a month May through October.
Then Kocher heads across to take the first of three water level readings. And once a month over the summer Kocher hauls back water samples, which are picked up by the county and analyzed at a lab.
Kocher is just one of 73 volunteers monitoring 31 lakes through the county's program. It started in 1992 with a five-year grant as a way to understand the baseline health of the lakes. When funding continued it became a way to track changes over time and watch for potential problems.
Snohomish County is one of the few counties in the state that monitors lakes, said Jen Oden, a water quality specialist for the county.
"Without volunteers it would not be possible to keep tabs on this many lakes," she said.
The observations are taken over the warmer months when the lake water is stratified and divided into layers.
"It's the most telling time to understand the lake health," Oden said.
The data is analyzed and compiled into an annual health report for the lake.
Over the years Kocher has seen big changes.
"When I first moved here I'd see tadpoles from the dock, but don't see them anymore," Kocher said. "A great blue heron used to come here to fish every day, but now you are lucky to see it a couple of times of month. The food source is not here for them anymore."
Without the regular monitoring, she said she might have missed these shifts.
"Some lakes are still in good health, but we're seeing red flags emerge," said Marisa Burghdoff, another water quality specialist for the county. "Other lakes, are in poor condition suffering from too much pollution."
Some volunteers like Kocher tend to stick around for decades. Nancy and Steve Dean, the longest-running monitoring participants, have been collecting data on Lake Martha located in the Seven Lakes area north of the Tulalip Indian Reservation since 1992.
"We haven't had to do much recruitment," Burghdoff said. "People who live on their lakes want to protect their resources."
Volunteers have helped catch algae blooms and invasive species early.
At Echo Lake near Maltby, monitors spotted Australian water clover near the boat launch in 2010. The beautiful but aggressive plant can spread rapidly. The early detection aided in the eradication of the invasive species, Burghdoff said.
"Volunteers are the eyes and ears, they see everything first," she said.
Lizz Giordano: 425-374-4165; egiordano@heraldnet.com; Twitter: @lizzgior.
To learn more about the program or volunteer visit www.lakes.surfacewater.info.
Deb Kocher takes a water level reading off her dock on Lake Crabapple for a Snohomish County lake monitoring program. (Lizz Giordano / The Herald)
Twice a month Deb Kocher paddles to the middle of Lake Crabapple to collect data. (Lizz Giordano / The Herald)
Deb Kocher is one of 73 volunteers monitoring 31 lakes through a Snohomish County Surface Water Management program. (Lizz Giordano / The Herald)
He went from an ID-checking doorman to a certified cicerone
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Chaerocina livingstonensis is a moth of the family Sphingidae that is endemic to Tanzania.

References

livingstonensis
Moths described in 2006
Endemic fauna of Tanzania
Insects of Tanzania
Moths of Africa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ministry Of Textiles Provided Financial Assistance to 508 Handloom Clusters in last 7 Years
06 APR 2022 Delhi A total of 508 handloom clusters provided need based financial assistance by the Ministry of Textiles across the country sinc [...]
Executive Pages
Meeting of Stakeholders held by the Committee on Cotton Production and Consumption
The Fourth Meeting of Stakeholders was held under the aegis of Committee on Cotton Production and Consumption for the Cotton Season 2021-2022 on 0 [...]
HomeInternational Business Pages
FTC Issues Final Rule for "Made in USA" Label Statements
Texman July 29, 2021 7:44 am
Final rule regarding "Made in the USA" claims
On July 14, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) published its final rule regarding "Made in the USA" claims. The rule does not impose any new requirements on businesses. Instead, it codifies the FTC's longstanding enforcement policy statement regarding U.S.-origin claims. By codifying this guidance into a formal rule, FTC can impose penalties for non-compliance. The rule applies to product labels and promotional materials associated with direct sales of a product, including electronic and written promotional materials.
The rule prohibits marketers from including unqualified Made in USA claims on labels and promotional materials unless:
Final assembly or processing of the product occurs in the United States;
All significant processing that goes into the product occurs in the United States; and
All or virtually all ingredients or components of the product are made and sourced in the United States.
The rule allows a marketer to seek an exemption, where evidence shows that an unqualified Made-in-USA claim is not deceptive and/or complies with alternative requirements designed to prevent fraud.
In September 2020, ACA submitted comments to FTC on its then proposed rule for codifying requirements for "Made in the USA" (MUSA) label statements.
FTC considers products with more than a de minimis amount of components manufactured outside the United States as violating its MUSA requirements. In 1997, FTC formalized that policy in its Enforcement Policy Statement on U.S. Origin Claims ("Policy Statement"), elaborating that a marketer making an unqualified claim for its product should, at the time of the representation, have a reasonable basis for asserting that "all or virtually all" of the product is made in the United States.
In its comments, the American Coatings Association (ACA), noted that companies interpret the threshold of "all or virtually all ingredients" differently, using varying amounts of trace level components of foreign or unknown origin. As such, ACA sought additional FTC guidance for companies to assure labels meet FTC requirements, prior to modifying labels. ACA suggested that FTC provide additional guidance addressing percentage values and/or other guidance to assist manufacturers in determining the amount of trace components of foreign or unknown origin that can be included in a product, where the product is labeled with an unqualified "Made in USA" statement. Thresholds would promote consistent information to consumers.
ACA underscored further complication by changes in supply of raw materials: ACA member companies typically purchase raw materials from distributors; and these raw materials may be mixtures with some foreign produced components or raw materials in bulk form with a higher purity than mixtures. Due to these muddying factors, consumers may not receive consistent messaging with unqualified MUSA label statements. Thresholds and additional guidance from FTC would offer some clarification.
FTC issued the final rule with an effective date of Aug.13, 2021, just 30 days after final publication. ACA had urged FTC to consider delaying the effective date by one to three years from publication, considering companies' good faith efforts to comply and navigate changing consumer perception. This would allow time for sale of old products already in distribution, often placed in distribution several years prior, while companies replenish supply with products with updated labels. Delayed enforcement would be consistent with FTC's statement that this rule would "strengthen its enforcement program and make it easier for businesses to understand and comply with the law." FTC declined, explaining that its rule codified existing guidance. In FTC's view the rule is clear as written. It therefore does not need to extend the effective date.
The American Coatings Association (ACA) is a voluntary, nonprofit trade association working to advance the needs of the paint and coatings industry and the professionals who work in it, including: manufacturers, raw materials suppliers, distributors, and technical professionals. ACA serves as an advocate and ally for members on legislative, regulatory and judicial issues, and provides forums for the advancement and promotion of the industry through educational and professional development services.
Source: The American Coatings Association (ACA)
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West Coast Council Sport and Recreation Review
This Sport and Recreation Plan provides an overview of the progress made since the preparation of the West Coast Council Sport and Recreation Plan 2010-2020 and identifies a vision and strategic plan to embrace sport and recreation opportunities into the future.
The Sport and Recreation Plan considers the following:
Review of the recommended strategies and actions indicated in West Coast Council Sport and Recreation Plan 2010-2020.
Assessment of the current usage of West Coast sports and recreation facilities.
Consultation with the community on current and perceived future usage of sports and recreation facilities.
Design of strategies that include opportunities for collaboration and resource sharing between sporting and recreation groups.
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"West Coast Council worked with Tredwell Consultants to deliver the Sport & Recreation Plan for the West Coast communities. At all times, Tredwell's consultants were professional, responsive and provided expert assistance in the development of our plan. They understood the constraints of a small Council, and with their extensive experience in working with remote communities and mining communities we felt they provided great value for money in providing real life solutions to our unique concerns."
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The final Master Plan positions Nhulunbuy as the regional hub for East Arnhem Land and provides a ten-year vision and…
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PHOTO GALLERY Tomorrow's Leaders rocked!
This year's Tomorrow's Leaders Convention was a major success, entrenching itself even further on the country's business, leadership and political calendar.
South Africa's premier leadership event, the Tomorrow's Leaders Convention (TLC) is set this year to be the biggest and best ever.
11 Mar 2014 - D. C.


text:
Meteorologist: A Warming Arctic Would Not Cause Increased Severe Weather or Temperature Extremes
By: Marc Morano - Climate DepotMarch 4, 2016 1:13 PM
A Warming Arctic Would Not Cause Increased Severe Weather or Temperature Extremes
by Chuck Wiese, Meteorologist, Weatherwise, Inc.
This paper is a critique Francis and Vavrus (2012), hereinafter FV (2012), by atmospheric scientists Jennifer Francis from Rutgers University and Steve Vavrus of the University of Wisconsin. Their paper can be downloaded here:
http://marine.rutgers.edu/~francis/pres/Francis_Vavrus_2012GL051000_pub.pdf
and an updated version here:
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014005/pdf
FV (2012) claims a measured decrease in the zonal or west to east wind component due to "arctic amplification" (AA) would increase jet stream meandering, increase the amplitude or "waviness" of the flow, and increase persistent long wave blocking patterns around the northern hemisphere. This, in turn, would increase severe weather, droughts, floods and temperature extremes.
To quote the authors directly:
"Two effects are identified that each contribute to a slower eastward progression of Rossby waves in the upper-level flow: 1) weakened zonal winds, and 2) increased wave amplitude. These effects are particularly evident in autumn and winter consistent with sea-ice loss, but are also apparent in summer, possibly related to earlier snow melt on high-latitude land. Slower progression of upper-level waves would cause associated weather patterns in mid-latitudes to be more persistent, which may lead to an increased probability of extreme weather events that result from prolonged conditions, such as drought, flooding, cold spells, and heat waves."
To quote the authors again, the effects described above are the result of arctic amplification, a term defined by the authors as:
"Arctic amplification (AA) – the observed enhanced warming in high northern latitudes relative to the northern hemisphere"
This definition seems to fit the claims made by NASA GISS and NOAA that temperature measurements of the arctic are warming at a much greater rate than anywhere else in the northern hemisphere.
To examine these claims by the authors, I will use an application of dynamic meteorology from atmospheric science and introduce the physics of Rossby waves, invoked by the authors as applicable to validating their claims as well as a few of the governing laws of motion that describe the behavior of these waves and how they would interact with a warming arctic.
The physics of wave motion can become a very math intensive discussion. For the sake of article simplification I will provide the steps of deriving these governing equations which used to be used in synoptic meteorology as a tool by forecast meteorologists in the appendix page of this article with use of the resulting equations to estimate how a particular wave pattern in the atmosphere will behave in a generalized sense.
This was before modern computing power enabled meteorologists to expand on these same ideas and obtain through that computing power a very complex and comprehensive set of equations that can deal with each hemispheric weather system and its associated Rossby wave individually and affect the answers of all in much greater specificity. BUT, this does not affect the purpose or conclusion derived in writing this article whatsoever.
Two terms come into the discussion which are important to define. They are the amplitude and length of a wave, called amplitude and wavelength respectively. In the diagrams below, the amplitude of a wave is the amount of northward and southward stretching it can assume in time, which would be along the axis in Cartesian coordinates, paralleling the north and south component of the wind, . It is a measure of the or north-south distance between a ridge and trough axis.
A high amplitude wave or flow means a greater distance between the ridge and trough peaks. These are called long waves in the westerlies and are considered full latitude waves often starting as low as 30 degrees north latitude and extending as high as 80 degrees north latitude. The wavelength is defined as the lateral spacing between the waves over 2 radians since the waves are of a trigonometric form and are measured along the axis or west-to-east direction in Cartesian coordinates, paralleling the west to east wind component, , referenced by FV (2012) as the "zonal wind flow".
FV (2012) claims Rossby wave physics shows arctic amplification (AA) and weakened horizontal temperature gradient will decrease the westerly or zonal wind component in the arctic. This decrease causes atmospheric waves to increase in number, amplify and stall over particular regions of the earth. This stalling increases severe weather, floods, and low temperature extremes under the troughs, and droughts with high temperature extremes under the ridges.
To examine FV (2012)'s claim, we need to define Rossby waves and look at how AA might change how Rossby waves behave. In the Appendix, we derive and explain the Rossby equation. Here, we will use the Rossby equation to demonstrate the first flawed assumption in FV (2012).
In Appendix 3, Eq (11) we derive,
= the zonal and hemispheric speed of the west winds
= the speed of the individual waves traveling within the flow
= the Rossby parameter
= the length between the waves spanning 2 radians
The terms that arrive from the general solution for in the appendix.
This is the Rossby equation, derived in 1939 by Carl Rossby, who became a famous scientist for his work in atmospheric dynamics. It is immediately apparent that based upon the computation of the mean zonal speed of the westerlies across the hemispheres, that a good idea can be surmised as to how many planetary waves we could expect to set up based upon the use of this equation.
For easterly moving waves which have a positive value of ,
because and .
For westerly moving waves which have a negative value of ,
because and , and the length of the waves would be relatively long instead of relatively short.
In other words, the higher the wave speed compared to the zonal current, the shorter the wave lengths.
As the waves slow in progression, we see that values of approach and we get much longer wave lengths for a given value of , hence less planetary waves around the hemispheres. The longest wave lengths are apparent when the waves actually retrogress in the atmosphere, in other words, move from east to west. In such a manner, we then have a negative number for and it is obvious the value of becomes greater than for the maximum wave length permissible.
In terms of the speed of the waves, the Rossby equation demonstrates that FV (2012) is incorrect, because as the waves slow with respect to the zonal winds, the wave lengths increase, which is the opposite of what they claim because that result decreases the waviness of the flow around the hemispheres. But what the authors also argue to claim more waviness to the jet stream (counter intuitive to the wave speed) is that the speed of the current or jet stream speed is declining due to arctic amplification weakening the horizontal gradient of temperature across the latitude lines.
To examine this, we will further simplify the Rossby equation by assuming the persistent scenario claimed by FV (2012) of stagnating weather patterns giving weather extremes results from the waves becoming stationary or standing in the flow which they occasionally do. We then set for wave speed and solve the Rossby equation for . The result is we get an arbitrary maximum wave length that depends on the zonal jet stream speed and latitude from the Rossby parameter
While it is apparent from this equation that the length between the waves can decrease from a declining zonal wind speed as claimed (a more wavy flow) it is also apparent that based upon the measured decline of the westerly winds in the data estimated by the authors (about a 14% decline) that this does not increase the number of waves with any weather significance around the hemisphere if one considers that impact over the range of speeds we find in the real atmosphere. The most common pressure level that is closest to a non divergent level required for use in the Rossby equation is near 600 millibars or just under 18,000 ft. The atmospheric range there is between .
Using this equation, I prepared a table below (Figure 3) which shows us the number of permissible standing waves based upon the speed of the zonal current at latitude 45 degrees North and 60 degrees North over the normal range of speed found and then with a 14% reduction. As we can see, it makes little difference and the number of waves or "waviness" in the flow remains nearly the same for most of the westerly wind speeds. So again, the authors are incorrect according to the Rossby physics.
Critics of the use of this equation will try and argue that it is over simplified in explaining the behavior of a chaotic system such as the earth's atmosphere and that wavelengths are much more unstable and non uniform in nature, unlike the limitation the mathematics places on the use of this equation. While part of that is true, it is also true that we do not use this equation alone to describe wave behavior in the atmosphere in an absolute sense.
Phasing equations and other physical equations determining the more complex motions of the atmosphere not related entirely to Rossby physics are used in weather models to incorporate the more complete set of governing behavior. BUT it is absolutely true that in a climatic sense such as what is claimed in FV (2012), this equation derived by Rossby gives us an accurate portrayal of how the waves around the hemispheres would behave and change in a general sense if their claims were true, for this equation is an important building block that sets the foundation for all of the other wave behavior and we see clearly in this part of the article that the waves would not behave as the authors claim in their peer reviewed paper.
The lateral spacing of the earth's planetary waves or wavelengths is only half of the problem at hand to check on the validity of the claims in FV (2012).
The second and just as critical component is examining how the amplitude of these waves would change if the westerly winds across the northern hemisphere began to slow because of AA or Arctic Amplification warming as the authors claim is happening, which according to their claims would cause the amplitude of the waves to increase.
Platzman (1947) derived an expression as an aid to solving for wave amplitude by deriving a trigonometric form that allows for the conversion of the earth's geometry in lateral spacing along latitude circles to project onto a mapping in Lambert conformal or stereographic coordinates. That can then be plugged into the Rossby physics as we show in the Appendix to derive an expression in spherical coordinates that can be solved for the amplitude of the Rossby waves.
In Appendix 2, we derive
Immediately, we can see a remarkable similarity of this expression versus the Rossby equation that describes the length of the waves. If we set aside the trigonometric terms for a moment, we see that in a standing wave format described above by , the only difference is we are not summing radians but just twice the quantity of the square root of multiplied by the trigonometric terms that size the amplitude.
Then is substituted for meaning that instead of a prior prescribed and mean or steady westerly wind belt, we now have a total and point specific wind velocity streamline vector whose wave amplitude is dependent not only on the magnitude of but on the DIRECTION of the wind vector that is described by the variables and . The subscript "1" refers to the wind direction at what we call the inflection point latitude of the waves, or when the wind streamlines make a clear break in direction from a trough to ridge axis.
Likewise, and are the maximum amplitude latitude and inflection point latitudes respectively of the waves which are typically found to be roughly one half of the amplitude of the waves from trough to ridge axis, as a rule of thumb. Now the variable or amplitude no longer has to be prescribed as a constant as it was in the case of the equation that described Rossby wavelengths, but varies with wind speed, direction and latitude, all prescribed in the above equation.
If we compare the physical meaning of what defines Rossby wavelength and speed in these equations, the corollary is clear. As the wind speed increases along the given waves, so must the amplitude and wavelength. As speed decreases, so must the amplitude of the waves and their respective wavelengths, with the maximum amplitude of the waves being realized when the inflectional direction has a backed wind direction to south or even east in the case of closed off low pressure streamlines. THIS IS CLEARLY IN CONTRADICTION AND OPPOSITE OF WHAT IS CLAIMED BY FV (2012).
To illustrate this point, let us take a case of demonstrating what happens to the wind direction and speed of the jet stream when it is exposed to increasing gradients of temperature, or the opposite effect of what FV (2012) claims is happening in their paper.
Have you ever wandered outside, looked up into the sky and felt the wind blowing against your back or face and then when looking up at passing clouds that they are moving from a totally different direction from the wind that blows against your face or back?
This happens frequently in the real world and is a visual example of what happens to the winds going upward in the vertical when the wind and its associated pressure surfaces no longer parallel the isotherms. When this happens, the atmosphere leaves the state of a more energetic stability and increases and liberates potential energy as the wind begins to blow more cross isothermal or at increasingly normal angles to the isotherms.
When this happens, the wind is now moving respective warm and cold air masses to different latitudes and longitudes and with the help of Rossby wave behavior, also allows the temperature difference over a fixed amount of space (the temperature gradient) to begin to increase. That process creates weather frontal systems that begin to generate lift and start the process of creating a low pressure system or storm.
In the illustrations below, we start with a developing low pressure system so that along the stacking lines of temperature gradient we have a cold front defined by those isotherms and the gradient of temperature is taken as 2 deg C across one hundred miles of latitude. The surface wind is completely normal to or at a 90 degree angle to the isotherms as the surface wind barb indicates 30 mph of wind from the west. The isotherms are oriented north to south for a west to east temperature gradient.
As the low pressure circulation begins development, the isotherms rotate 90 degrees from east to west to north and south as depicted with the wind remaining normal to the isotherms, thus pushing them eastward.
So what does this process do to the vertical wind profile?
We find that as storms develop, the vertical wind profile will shear with height, either backing from the surface wind direction (counterclockwise) or veer clockwise which depends on whether a colder or warmer air mass is headed towards you, respectively. But the speed of the wind also changes or shears with height, increasing as you go upward, and that is what we are interested in determining as the temperature gradients increase or decrease along such a system so that we can plug the results into the Rossby amplitude expression and see how the increasing or decreasing wind speed changes the wave amplitude.
In the examples below, the isotherms are oriented north to south so we want the portion of the thermal wind equation that represents how the thermal wind which parallels the isotherms will back the surface wind and increase it with height if we maintain the temperature gradient of 2 deg C through 500 millibars or about 18,000 ft of pressure altitude. The expression we need from Hess (1959) is
Where the derivatives of and are taken as finite increments as is then the change in the northward component of the wind for a fixed increment of geopotential height, .
The letter is the earth's gravity, the Coriolis parameter already defined, is the mean temperature of the layer of we are considering, which is 18,000 ft deep and the partial derivative of with respect to or the gradient of temperature on the west to east axis the isotherms are plotted on. This is also a finite quantity since it now has no other dependent variables.
The mean temperature of this layer is from a US standard atmosphere and therefore has a value of 270.25 deg K. Plugging in the relative numbers we have
The west wind at the surface is given as 30 mph so we convert to the like unit of meters per second and get . As stated, the thermal wind is a shear vector whose top is added to the bottom value to get the resulting wind at the top so
Then the resulting wind vector at 18,000 ft has backed from west to
or to the southwest at .
The magnitude of this wind vector is the square root of the sum of the squares of the west and south wind components respectively, therefore
So now we have a cold front and low pressure system whose temperature gradient through 18,000 ft of geopotential height maintains 2 deg C of temperature gradient across the front over 100 statute miles and results in the west surface wind direction and speed of 30 mph backing at 18,000 ft to a direction of true at .
With this result, notice that we now have the wind vector , so that we can go back to the Rossby amplitude expression to check on what amplitude this developing storm would likely generate.
The variables are the ridge axis wind direction and latitude, and and and (defining the wave amplitude from the inflection point) respectively for the cosine and secant.
In Fig 4 below, we must have a west wind direction, , for the ridge axis and the ridge axis latitude is degrees north or which we determine from the following steps.
At the inflection latitude, we have the variables and which are the inflectional latitude and wind direction. Taking those from the above for cosines we have and .
The wind vector magnitude was calculated to be or . The for the Rossby parameter is for 50 degrees north latitude. With the inflectional wind direction, speed and latitude, you then pick an arbitrary "first estimate" latitude for the maximum wave amplitude defined at the ridge axis with a west wind for .
We need to match the prediction of this maximum amplitude with the true latitudinal distance from to , keeping in mind that what the equation is doing is integrating the effect of Coriolis turning across the latitude lines from the Rossby parameter contained within.
Therefore, if our first estimate is too small a latitude change or amplitude, the equation will predict too large an amplitude compared to the true distance between latitudes selected. On the other hand, if our first estimate exceeds the true wave amplitude, the equation will predict an amplitude too small compared to the true distance between the estimated maximum amplitude latitude and the inflection latitude. The inflection latitude was arbitrarily chosen.
After narrowing the prediction estimates to match near the true latitudinal distance, we are able to correctly calculate the maximum Rossby amplitude from the inflection point. This gives
The maximum amplitude of this wave is 787 statute miles north of the inflection point to ridge axis latitude as depicted in Fig 4 below.
A verification of this answer is confirmed by cross checking it with CAVT trajectories, calculated from inflectional data by Hess & Fomenko (1955).
Note that we are not attempting nor does this equation predict the meridional displacement of the wave. For that can be easily referenced from the tables and we find from this that the amplitude peak is displaced 36 degrees of longitude east of 130 degrees west or at 94 degrees west longitude.
According to FV (2012), as the zonal winds decrease, we are supposed to see slowing progression of the waves with the amplitudes of the waves INCREASING as the zonal winds decrease from AA or Arctic Amplification warming BECAUSE OF THE DECREASING GRADIENT OF TEMPERATURE.
So in the first example given in Fig 4, we have an amplitude from the inflection point of 787 statute miles and the upper level wind speed at 18,000 ft of V = 58 mph. This results from a temperature gradient of 2 deg C per 100 miles of west to east distance as depicted and maintaining that gradient through 18,000 ft of geopotential height.
So if we increase the gradient of temperature in Fig 4 by 2.5 times 2 deg C to 5 deg C per 100 miles of west to east distance along the same front with the same west wind direction increased to 40 mph at the inflection latitude, we can repeat the calculations and check the answer for amplitude.
The result is that because the gradient of temperature is increased by a factor of 2.5 the wind vector at 18,000 ft now increases to 130 mph and backs yet further to 72 degrees from west or 198 degrees true at 130 mph as depicted in Fig 5. This result if FV (2012) is correct should give us a lower amplitude wave value compared to Fig 4.
Repeating the calculating steps from Fig 4 for Fig 5 gives
The maximum amplitude of this wave is 1,263 statute miles from the inflection point latitude. This is 60.5% greater than with the weaker temperature gradient depicted in figure 4, the exact opposite of what is claimed will happen in FV (2012) from decreasing winds due to decreasing temperature gradient from AA or Arctic Amplification warming. FV (2012) is clearly incorrect.
To further solidify these ideas, I invite the reader to examine figure 6 below. This diagram is well appreciated by meteorologists and describes the changing behavior of the atmospheres circulation as it goes through the accumulation and conversion phase of storing potential energy across the latitude lines caused by warming surplus energy from the sun at lower tropical latitudes all year that are pitted against the changing loss of this energy at the poles due to the axis of rotation of the earth tilted at 23.5 degrees with respect to the sun.
The diagram has four phases from A to D. The first phase in (A) is called the high index phase. This occurs when the latitudinal gradients of temperature are low. This phase is exactly what FV (2012) claims the earth is headed towards due to rapid warming of the Arctic caused by their claim of "Arctic Amplification".
It is called zonal flow in meteorological terminology. Notice the waves are flat and have a low amplitude as the equations tell us we would get. The speed of the jet stream is also slower in this state due to the weaker gradients of temperature across the latitude lines. Over time, and especially towards the season of winter, a much more rapid loss of energy to space by radiational cooling occurs near the polar region while the tropics continue to accumulate excess heat energy from the higher sun angles. As this temperature imbalance increases, so will the temperature gradients across the latitudes and speed of the jet stream.
Eventually, the travelling, shorter Rossby waves in this accelerating flow have a sufficient amplitude because of reaching a critical speed for baroclinicity begin to transport heat energy poleward from the tropics. This begins the process of cyclogenesis or storm development in the troughs and we begin the change to phases (B) and (C) that are called low index flow.
Jet stream speeds in this phase continue to INCREASE, not decrease, thus increasing the amplitude of the waves as the equations tell us. This continues until we reach phase (D) where individual closed circulations of high and low pressure occur. At this point, the maximum exchange of heat energy towards the poles and cold air from the poles towards the equator occurs and the storms and high pressure cells reach their maximum intensities and amplitudes.
Notice in this phase, just as the amplitude equation calculates, the maximum amplitudes not only occur with the higher wind speeds, but additionally from backing wind directions that exceed 90 degrees of deflection, or directions that begin to obtain an easterly component, often indicating the waves are retrogressing westward.
This process then begins the process of relaxing the latitudinal temperature gradients and from there, the Rossby wave physics begins deforming and filling the low pressure cells and the amplitude of the flow reverses back to high index and low amplitude with an initially stronger westerly jet stream due to its displacement to a more southerly latitude. As the temperature gradients continue to weaken, so does the jet stream and it once again begins migration to higher latitudes and starts repeating the process again beginning with phase (A).
FV (2012) cited in the introduction of this article is fatally flawed, incorrect and should be withdrawn by the authors. As shown here, there is no theoretical basis in which to ground FV (2012). Using the proper Rossby wave physics as illustrated here, these atmospheric waves (or commonly called planetary atmospheric waves that generate low and high pressure systems that create our weather, severe and otherwise) behave in the opposite fashion as claimed in FV (2012).
A warming Arctic that is supposed to be weakening the westerly wind belt across the northern hemisphere would create an entirely different effect on the earth's weather as FV (2012) claims. If FV (2012) claims were true, the physics governing these waves would require them to flatten in amplitude and migrate to a higher latitude, causing a much weakened effect on the Northern Hemisphere's weather patterns.
If FV (2012) claims were true, precipitation systems would weaken and migrate northward with the migrating jet stream. Storms, severe and otherwise would become far less common than today and would be replaced with problematic drought and much higher surface absolute and relative humidities. This increased low level moisture would lead to sporadic showers and thunderstorms in an ever expanding maritime tropical airmass environment, but not enough precipitation to forestall severe droughts.
By severe droughts, I don't mean regional droughts such as those experienced recently in California. But rather, droughts that would expand into a worldwide regime. Present-day droughts are nothing more than cyclical changes in the earth's climate system that have very definitive and repetitive cycles.
What is particularly disturbing about FV (2012) is not only is it incorrect and flawed, but it passed peer review. Now, after publication, FV (2012) has been lapped up by media, touted and referenced in their severe weather stories that report on hurricanes, tornadoes, severe thunderstorms, heat, cold, drought and any other weather calamity as "proof" their paper is correct. Nothing could be further from the truth.
The reader needs to understand that anytime we experience severe weather, it is proof that adequate COLD in the high latitudes and Arctic has been generated by the normal radiational cooling process by the earth that creates the adequate potential energy across the latitude lines to cause amplification of the jet stream waves and speeds that pushes this colder air southward to warmer latitudes that then creates the necessary temperature gradients to liberate that energy, creating storms as well as high pressure systems.
If the occurrence of severe weather is increasing worldwide, it is not a sign of a warming earth. It is the opposite of what climate hysteria claims, and an indication of a cooling, not warming earth.
The continued misuse, abuse and general trashing of important principles founded with atmospheric science remains as deplorable as ever by the groups promoting global warming from human CO2 emissions or by these same groups promoting climate hysteria by re-labeling this term "climate change".
Now that the flawed FV (2012) passed peer review, it allows media to blame any severe weather on "climate change." FV (2012) allows media to claim a wavier jet stream dips and meanders because the Arctic is supposedly getting warmer. All this is sheer nonsense and all demonstrably wrong.
I believe this flawed FV (2012) also shows how the quality of the scientific peer review process has been lowered in "climate science".
DERIVATIONS OF THE APPROPRIATE EQUATIONS FOR THIS ARTICLE
Large atmospheric waves as analyzed and seen on synoptic weather maps behave according to their derivation from the atmospheric vorticity theorem. Vorticity is another term used in atmospheric dynamics that describes spin motion characteristics in a stream flow of air such as the jet stream. The spinning behavior of the air in such a flow is generated by the spherical geometry of the earth and the earth's rotation by itself as well as speed shearing along these rivers of air that surround the earth at higher altitudes.
This introduces terms such as the Coriolis force and the Rossby parameter, each assuring because of the earth's rotation that the absolute vorticity of the earth be conserved across the lines of latitude from equator to pole, or defined as
= the Coriolis parameter, defined as
= the angular speed of the earth = x
= the selected earth latitude
= the relative vorticity about the vertical axis at any point on the earth and is defined as
where and are the respective west to east and south to north wind components.
So the time derivative of the sum of and being equal to zero means that if the relative vorticity about the vertical increases at a point, the Coriolis parameter must decrease an equal amount, which as we see is latitude dependent, so the rate of change of absolute vorticity at any point across the latitude lines is conserved and always zero but changes relative to the latitude, which defines the relative vorticity.
In the derivation of the Rossby wave equation, it should be noted that we need to use the rate of change of the Coriolis parameter, , so we take the derivative of with respect to , then in Cartesian coordinates,
a = the radius of the earth.
Note that represents the north-south axis which represents the changing lines of latitude from equator to pole and the derivative of is then divided by a which is the mean radius of the earth.
This gives us the change in the latitudinal dependent relative vorticity about the vertical in dimensions of because we divided by a.
An important physical characteristic of what we have done so far is to make it clear that the relative vorticity about the vertical increases with decreasing latitude. This has a significant meaning to the development of long waves and storm systems in the westerlies in that any wave cyclone or low pressure system that propagates along such a wave is subject to a "spin up" or intensification if it moves to a lower latitude and gains relative vorticity about the vertical. Likewise, northward moving systems lose relative vorticity to Coriolis turning and are subject to spin down or weakening.
Now we turn to the construction of the Rossby wave equation used in atmospheric science to check on the validity of the claims made by FV (2012). Assumptions need to be made to this construction that simplify the mathematics considerably, because we find if it is derived from the vorticity equation it winds up being a second order, non linear partial differential equation with a product of dependent variables because of the separate and wind components and Rossby parameter.
It is simplified considerably by making some assumptions that are actually beneficial to what meteorologists are interested in knowing about the behavior of these waves as they occur in the earth's atmospheric system. And because that is very large, we can eliminate some of the cross dependence in the equation by making the individual derivatives follow a point in the stream rather than a parcel of air directly so that the waves have a constant shape and follow a large river of air around the hemispheres that we actually see and define as the westerlies that encircle both hemispheres.
That large river of air is then taken as rather than a localized component and disturbances in the flow are perturbed by introducing a component, of velocity into the flow that is a function of the axis (west to east) and time, . As stated above, absolute vorticity on the earth is conserved so that from Hess (1, 16.4, 16.5)
If we describe the wind components to consist of a broad westerly wind current with a north/south wave pattern of infinite lateral extent, then the dependent variable can become independent of so that we have a system of waves in which the streamlines at any latitude are parallel to any other latitude. Then
If one were to follow a point moving in the west-east direction with speed , no changes will be observed in any of the variables. That is the operator
is an individual derivative following a point moving with speed . This is different than the derivative that would follow a parcel of air directly. With these assertions, the vorticity equation becomes
This is a difficult to solve nonlinear equation with a product of dependent variables. To simplify it we assume the above conditions describing as a large river of west to east moving air encompassing the entire hemisphere, with superimposed and smaller perturbations of and travelling within in it that are functions of and . The nomenclature is then
Then becomes the zero order of magnitude because it is very large compared to or as we choose to make those planetary waves about 1/10 as large as . So the perturbations are then a first order of magnitude to as they are an order of 1/10 on a logarithmic scale, and the additional resulting terms that follow from this rearrangement are an order of magnitude smaller yet, or 1/100 of on a logarithmic scale and because of this are of a second order of magnitude. We then end up with the following linear second order partial differential equation with constant coefficients
With the above stated analogy, the first two terms are then a first order of magnitude to but the third is a product of the first order magnitudes making it a second order magnitude or 1/100 as large as . The result of this is that the third term is sufficiently small to ignore. We can now simplify this differential equation to
Where is the Rossby parameter we have already defined and the newer term is the speed of the waves. A general solution to this equation as we have defined the functions is trigonometric and we have a solution with representing the maximum wave amplitude from trough to ridge axis. Then
Substituting for
Which then reduces the differential equation to
This is the Rossby equation that was derived in 1939 by Carl Rossby that describes the frequency of atmospheric waves by their lengths that become a function of their speeds from both the general speed of the westerly jet stream surrounding the earth and the speeds of the smaller waves themselves that traverse within the larger river of air called the westerlies.
One of the disadvantages of this equation is that it does not speak directly to the amplitude of these waves even though the maximum amplitude is specified in the general solution. That must be assumed a constant in the formulations described and vanishes as such in the final solution. I want to address this part of the problem with much greater specificity, so I will introduce more dynamics for a definition of the wave amplitudes.
As the Rossby waves are introduced in the prior solutions, the amplitudes like the wavelengths themselves must be a function of Coriolis turning as defined above. Martin (2, 3) notes this in writing the expression that the ratios of wind velocity along a streamline to radius of curvature of the flow is described by
Where and are the wind speed and radius of curvature of the flow respectively and and is the Coriolis parameter defined at an initial point along and a nearby point , respectively.
Which describes the magnitude of Coriolis turning and the prescribed latitudes and that affect it. Omega has already been defined as the angular velocity of the earth. is also equivalent to the Rossby parameter and product of latitudinal displacement which may be written as
Recalling and defined previously that the Rossby parameter is . The new variables are now and that define the latitudinal displacement of the wave along a particular meridian which defines the amplitude along the meridian or axis in Cartesian coordinates. The objective in quantifying the amplitude of Rossby waves is also to make the "flat earth" Cartesian coordinates to a spherical form that represents the true latitudinal distances of the earth. Platzman (1947) had achieved this by showing that if is the radius of the earth as earlier defined, then
where is the wind direction measured relative to a latitude circle on Lambert conformal or polar stereographic coordinates. Combining (12) and (15) yields
Resulting in
The first order approximation is
Consequently
Equation (17) is useful now because it can be further resolved in aiding the construction of a Rossby wave with the appropriate data. Namely, this equation can be further resolved to provide a definition of inflectional latitude and inflectional wind direction as defined by Martin (3) providing an inflectional streamline exists, which by definition will exist providing that
This would tell us that the cyclonic curvature radius on the left term must be larger than the effects of Coriolis turning on the right hand side. In most synoptic scale systems, we find this is almost always the case. But we are not interested in the actual construction of the complete wave, but rather, we want an accurate assessment of the wave amplitude regardless of the meridian that the ridge or trough axis positions itself on. The point of this article is to tie in wave amplitude with wind speed and wind speed to the claimed weakening latitudinal temperature gradients and cross check those computations with the claims made in FV (2012).
To do this, we can simplify (17) further by taking the arbitrary initial point as the inflection point or latitude which allows us to set the third term in brackets on the right hand side of (17) to zero. We would then be computing the wave amplitude from the inflection latitude point rather than from the full trough axis that involves . This would then be approximately one-half of a full trough to ridge amplitude. This is perfectly acceptable because the ridge axis is what these authors claim is expanding northward due to AA or Arctic Amplification warming. They claim this process is "stretching" the waves in amplitude and stalling them out leading to extreme and persistent weather events.
In reality, we would find that deepening or intensifying troughs most always carry higher jet speed strength as well that takes us to the inflection latitude to compute the wave amplitude from that point. So the trough axis often expands to a lower latitude from deepening as does the northward stretching or shrinking from wind speed along the streamlines. Following this procedure, equation (17) simplifies further and can be solved for .
This is the equation we want to cross check the Rossby wave amplitude. As a reminder that this equation does not give us a full trough to ridge amplitude, the subscripts and are introduced to define the amplitude from the inflection latitude respectively, not as was used in the Rossby wavelength amplitude that defines the maximum amplitude selected from trough to ridge axis.
Likewise, the initial points and now become the inflectional latitude and inflectional wind direction respectively and and are the wind direction at the ridge axis and ridge axis latitude respectively. At the ridge axis, the wind direction would always be from the west so that .
Then any arbitrary inflectional latitude, wind direction and speed can be chosen.
In this article, I selected 50 degrees North latitude but the wind direction and speed at this point was computed by changing the temperature gradients across an arbitrary frontal boundary to increase or decrease the directions and speeds accordingly to tie together the effects of temperature gradients, wind speed, direction and Rossby wavelength and amplitude to verify or nullify the claims made in FV (2012).
The set of equations to do this are now complete. However, I advise caution when attempting to use this equation in calculating low latitude wave amplitudes. Below 40 degrees north latitude, the importance of radius of curvature begins to dominate Coriolis turning and can result in higher wave amplitude projections resulting in a greater margin of error compared to the published actual CAVT trajectories.
Francis, J. A., and S. J. Vavrus, 2012: Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L06801, doi:10.1029/2012GL051000.
Hess, 1959: Introduction To Theoretical Meteorology. Library of Congress Card Number 59-9118, Chapters 12.8, 16.4, 16.5
Haltiner and Martin, 1957: Dynamical and Physical Meteorology. Library of Congress Card Number 57-8005, Chapter 20.
Martin, 1955: Generalization of Constant Absolute Vorticity Trajectories. Research paper number 7.
Hess and Fomenko, 1955: Constant Absolute Vorticity Trajectory Tables. Journal of Meteorology, Volume 1, Number 4
Platzman, 1947: Some Remarks on the Measurement of Curvature and Vorticity. Journal of Meteorology, Volume 4, pages 58-62.
March 2, 2016 By Dr. Ed Leave a CommentFiled Under: Chuck Wiese, Meteorology
Filed under: arctic, astrology, ice


Why is EC mum in face of flagrant foul play?
The EC derives its powers from a categorical provision in the Constitution.
The recent veto by China on the UN's banning of Masood Azhar, and our reaction to it, presents a good example of what is realistic appraisal.
The controversy about what damage was caused by our airstrike, is entirely irrelevant.
The proxy war that Pakistan is waging against us is not going to end soon.
The SC's directive was hailed as a victory by both the opposing sides — the BJP and Ms Banerjee.
For the BJP this is less of a headache as the saffron party has traditional allies left in only two states now — Maharashtra and Punjab.
The CBI has made a circus of itself, and no one knows when and how the curtain will finally come down on this unseemly spectacle.
Let us hope that the parliamentary elections in 2019 throw up a result that is good for the country.
The political climate is likely to remain surcharged, because the countdown to the next parliamentary elections has begun.
When our political leaders are culpable in taking discourse to its lowest common denominator, TV channels do the same.
For Hindus, the site where Lord Ram was born — irrespective of whether this can be historically proved or not — has very special significance.
Instead of that, we now have our PMs living in an improvised residence which clumsily combines thre bungalows.
The powerful need to have their egos massaged, and the supplicants must outdo each other in the most abject display of sycophancy.
The perception that there has been a huge defense scandal has hardly percolated down to the common people.
Diplomacy to be effective must be embedded in a strategic matrix.
There was a time in our country when even the most bitter political hostility was conveyed with civility.
The state of our economy is something like Maya.
The poet in Atalji often made him reclusive, and prone to staccato sentences which he left to the intelligence of the others to decipher.
Apart from the efforts of the BJP, much of the credit must go to Bihar CM Nitish Kumar, for his political acumen and operational dexterity.
English has, for historical reasons, become a language spoken by a great many people in the world.