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L'année 2015, à date, a été marquée par deux événements capitaux: Montcalm et Wolfe de Roch Carrier a été finaliste du Prix du gouverneur générale, Traduction, et… ma traduction de Arvida de Samuel Archibald a été finaliste du prix Giller.
Voici une photo de l'équipe Arvida au gala: moi-même, le directeur de Biblioasis Dan Wells, Samuel Archibald et l'éditeur Stephen Henigan.
Deux nouvelles traductions ont vu le jour en 2014: le deuxième tome des mémoires montréalaises de Jean Claude Germain, Of Jesuits and Bohemians (Le Coeur Rouge de la bohème), et la double biographie monumentale de Roch Carrier qui raconte l'histoire des deux généraux voué à mourir sur les Plaines d'Abraham, Montcalm et Wolfe. Me voice dans leur compagnie à l'évènement Books & Breakfast, en novembre, 2014.
Of Jesuits and Bohemians (Le Coeur rouge de la bohème), ma traduction du deuxième tome des mémoires de Jean-Claude Germain, sortira au mois de mai. Le livre parle des deux mondes qui ont accompagné la jeunesse de l'auteur: son école jesuite, et le monde bohémien de l'époque, avec ses attirances irrésistibles.
En bas, l'interview que j'ai donné à Julien Russell Brunet de Walrus Magazine, à l'occasion de mon prix du gouverneur général, 2013. En anglais.
Donald Winkler (left) accepts his prize from Governor General David Johnston.
Winnipeg-born translator and filmmaker Donald Winkler came to French through his mother, who moved from Romania to Canada around 1920, when she was fifteen, following the early death of her own mother. "She studied French there, and had this wonderful, idealistic attachment to the language," he explains over the phone. "It was connected to her nostalgia for her youth." Winkler subsequently took courses in university and, in the mid-1960s, spent a year and a half in Paris "teaching English and going to movies." Last week, in a ceremony at Rideau Hall, David Johnston presented Winkler with his third Governor General's Literary Award for translation—for Pierre Nepveu's poetry collection The Major Verbs (Les verbes majeurs). In Winkler's remarks of acceptance, he said, "My responsibility is to treat every text as an offering, to be transformed, but hallowed, as it is shepherded from one tongue to another." He is married to Sheila Fischman, an award-winning translator in her own right—in his words, the "doyenne of Canadian literary translation." The couple live together in Montreal. Julien Russell Brunet: Do you think about adopting another writer's voice when you translate? Or do you approach it more literally? Donald Winkler: You can talk about feeling your way into the identity of the writer you're translating. But, for me, it happens more on the level of the language. I don't want to diminish it in any way, and I'm not, but existentially translating is a very, very fascinating and sophisticated word game.
Véhicule Press
Julien Russell Brunet: How does poetry compare with the other forms you've taken on? Donald Winkler: Poetry is the pure, intense experience. When you're trying to choose the words you want to use, you have to be guided by the context in which the words are written. Sometimes, it's the meaning that takes priority. Sometimes, it's the music. Sometimes, it's the rhythm. You have to gauge these things as you're going along. It's kind of like a Rubik's Cube. Julien Russell Brunet: You've translated Nepveu on several different occasions now. Why are you drawn to his writing? Donald Winkler: I cut my teeth in translation on the poetry of Roland Giguère—an important Quebec poet who was influenced by the surrealists and lived through the Duplessis regime. His poetry is tight and surreal and full of verve and wordplay, and that was a real revelation to me. In some sense, I guess I was looking for something that would offer the same kind of challenge, and I found that in Nepveu's writing. I immediately felt a closeness to his poetry. I'm very happy I was able to win this award for him. Julien Russell Brunet: I'm not sure many Anglophones are familiar with Nepveu's work. How would you describe his poetry? Donald Winkler: It's visceral. His images are very concrete—not naturalistic, but concrete. And there's a kind of souffle and muscularity in his poetry, a kind of impetus where at times it's like you're tumbling down hill with the language. He's a gentle, self-deprecating guy in person, but when he gets in the groove in his poetry, he'll take off on these surreal riffs. He'll just let himself go and you have to keep up with him. Julien Russell Brunet: If you weren't a translator and filmmaker, what would you be? Donald Winkler: Growing up, I wanted to be a shortstop, but I didn't have the gift. I'd still like to be a shortstop. Julien Russell Brunet: You've worked on a variety of different projects now. Poetry and novels. Books on aviation, Glenn Gould, the cosmos, Riopelle, etc. Not to mention your film work. Any favourites? Donald Winkler: Seyhmus Dagtekin's stylized memoir, To the Spring, by Night, was a real labour of love. This is a guy who lives in Paris, but grew up in a tiny Kurdish village in the Turkish mountains. It was isolated, had no electricity, virtually no literacy, and was almost animist in nature: every rock, every spring had a spirit associated with it. He wrote this book that evoked that childhood and it's absolutely beautiful. The French is simple and stripped-down and I knew it would be hard to reproduce, but I fell in love with it.
Le 28 novembre, au Rideau Hall à Ottawa,on m'a décerné le prix du gouverneur général, 2013, pour la traduction français-anglais du recueil de poésie de Pierre Nepveu The Major Verbs (Les Verbes majeurs). Ce qui suit sont mes propos, en anglais, ce soir-là. "Tonight, in this hall, we are honouring language and its practitioners who, however unlike they may be one from the other, are all intensely aware that this human attribute is a thing of great power and nobility, but also that beyond this precinct there are arenas, not far off, where it is systematically tarnished, degraded, and impoverished. Where words of insight, words of wonder, are recast as words of pretence, words of evasion, words of belligerence, words of contempt. It has ever been thus. As a translator, my responsibility is to treat every text as an offering, to be transformed, but hallowed, as it is shepherded from one tongue to another. And my accountability is not only to my words and to their readers, but to one whose words, in another language, were set down at great personal cost, perhaps, and whose endeavour and intent must be given their due. This can only heighten one's sensitivity to the fact that in a world where much hangs in the balance, that balance may be tipped significantly by the weight of words, and how we choose to deploy them. "We will anxiously monitor the storms on the sun, we will welcome its fiery tongues, we will be nothing but spirit when the cold centuries come." Pierre Nepveu. May language be not a smoke screen, but a beacon. Thank you very much."
Eucalyptus, de Mauricio Segura (Biblioasis Publishers, traduction DW) a été déclaré un des 100 meilleurs livres de 2013 par des éditeurs à Amazon.ca.
Le 19 novembre, au gala du Quebec Writers' Federation au Théâtre Corona à Montréal, on m'a décerné le prix de traduction du fondation Cole pour ma traduction du recueil de poésie de Pierre Nepveu, The Major Verbs (Les Verbes majeurs). Une soirée joyeuse et chaleureuse. Pierre Nepveu était présent, et beaucoup d'amis. Mes félicitations à tous les lauréats et finalistes.
Ce soir, parmis un étalage impressionnant d'avions d'époque au Musée de l'aviation et de l'espace à Ottawa, le lancement de ma traduction de Taking Aviation to New Heights: A Biography of Pierre Jeanniot (Pierre Jeanniot: Aux commandes du ciel), publiée par les Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa. Présents étaient M. Jeanniot, Jacqueline Cardinal, co-auteur du livre (avec Laurent Lapierre), Lara Mainville, directrice de la maison d'édition, et plusieurs amis at anciens collègues de M. Jeanniot. Le livre rend hommage à un homme qui a fait des contributions énormes à l'aviation canadien et mondiale, et qui a mené une vie remarquable. Un deuxième lancement aura lieu à l'École des Hautes Études Commerciales à Montréal le 28 novembre.
Le 13 novembre, à Toronto, j'ai été déclaré le lauréat, 2013, pour le prix du gouverneur général, traduction français-anglais. Le livre ainsi honoré est ma traduction de Les Verbes majeurs, un recueil de poésie de Pierre Nepveu, avec le titre anglais The Major Verbs, publié par Signal Editions. Le prix sera décerné le 28 novembre, à Ottawa. The Major Verbs est aussi finaliste cette année pour le prix de traduction du Quebec Writers' Association. Le gagnant sera révélé à un gala à Montréal, le 19 novembre. Le 20 novembre je serai à Ottawa pour le lancement de Taking Aviation to New Heights: A Biography of Pierre Jeanniot, de Jacqueline Cardinal et Laurent Lapierre, que j'ai traduit pour les Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa. L'évènement aura lieu au Musée de l'aviation et de l'espace du Canada.


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Q: WordPress version update for security purposes Our developed website's uses WordPress as our CMS, but the problem is, the WordPress we are using are outdated (old version) our IT Department told us to update the WordPress we are using to avoid security issues.
My question is, if we update the version of the WordPress we are using, is it possible that we can get error from the back-end? (PHP code)
We are planning to try it in the localhost before we update it live.

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Q: Using Bitmap ArrayList to dynamically populate ListView I'm new to android so please be tolerant to my lack of knowledge.
My app is taking photos and saving them to Bitmap ArrayList, it works, i tested it, photos are displayable using ImageViews. Everything responsible for taking pictures looks like this:
//declaration
List<Bitmap> bmpList = new ArrayList<Bitmap>();

//onClick method of button for takin pics
public void takePic(View view){
    Intent intent = new Intent(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE);
    startActivityForResult(intent, 0);
}

@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data){
    if(requestCode == 0){
        Bitmap image = (Bitmap) data.getExtras().get("data");
        bmpList.add(image);
        adapter.notifyDataSetChanged(); //more about my adapter and stuff below
    }
}

I also have ListView, i'm extending ListActivity instead of just Activity becouse i found that working solution for dynamic String ArrayList in web. XML declaration of ListView: (with that method i don't have to declare it in the Java code)
<ListView android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/photoButton"
android:id="@android:id/list">
</ListView>

I also use Bitmap adapter:
ArrayAdapter<Bitmap> adapter;

and then initialize it inside of onCreate method:
adapter = new ArrayAdapter<Bitmap>(this, R.layout.item, bmpList);
setListAdapter(adapter);

item.xml is the problem i have. I don't know how to create working ListView item that contains ImageView capable of displaying my Bitmap ArrayList elements preferably on the left. I tried adding just a ImageView but app crashes after saving the photo. My go-to functionality is having photo on the left, short description in the middle and ratingbar on the right, clicking on item takes user to another Activity where one can modify the description and rating, also displaying photo in full size. Some kind of hint will go a long way! Thank you in advance!

A: You should implement a custom adapter, to work with your images, and inflate your list. You can find useful tutorial here, which describes how to use listViews and adapters, and how to create your own list items.
You can create your custom XML item layout like usual layout:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content" >

    <ImageView
        android:id="@+id/icon"
        android:layout_width="22px"
        android:layout_height="22px"
        android:layout_marginLeft="4px"
        android:layout_marginRight="10px"
        android:layout_marginTop="4px"
        android:src="@drawable/ic_launcher" >
    </ImageView>

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/label"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="@+id/label"
        android:textSize="20px" >
    </TextView>

</LinearLayout>

But for adding images to it, you must implement your own custom adapter.


Grooming the Havanese presents several challenges. The breed is typically shown with a long coat that requires daily attention. Also, the breed has a tendency to develop tear stains around the eyes and is susceptible to tooth problems, so regular dental care is important as well. You may decide to have your dog cut into a puppy clip if you don't plan to show. This is a shorter cut, but will still require you to brush your pet several times a week.
Separate the body hair in a straight line down the middle of the back, from the top of the head to the tail. This allows you to brush the hair one section at a time, which makes it easier to manage.
Spritz a small section of the hair with water with a squirt of conditioner added. Brushing dry hair may lead to breakage.
Start at the feet and work toward the midline, brushing small sections of hair. Start by brushing the hair up, then brushing it down before moving to the next section. Do one side of the dog, then reposition him and brush the other side.
Dampen a cotton ball with saline eye wash and wipe around the eyes. This prevents the hair from becoming discolored from tears.
Wipe out ears with a cotton ball dipped in ear cleaner.
Brush teeth with a regular toothbrush or one specifically designed for dogs. Toothpaste made specifically for dogs is safe for them to swallow and has an appealing taste.
Work with your dog daily starting while he is young. He will soon learn to be still while you groom him and enjoy the time together. Daily grooming prevents painful mats from forming.


Furniture from Carl Hansen & Søn is designed and produced to last for generations.
Every item of furniture produced by Carl Hansen reflects over 100 years of furniture history with respect and passion for craftsmanship.
All products by Carl Hansen & Søn can be found on their Carlhansen.com website and can be ordered from us.
We also have several models chairs and easy chairs by Carl Hansen on display in our store in Vorden (Gld), Achterhoek.


UC Berkeley, in partnership with UC Irvine and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, was awarded a five-year, multi-million dollar international research consortium that tackles water-related aspects of energy production and use. Three additional UC campuses – UC Davis, UC Merced and UCLA – and Massachusetts-based Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)-US are also part of the collaboration.
One of the goals of a new UC Berkeley-led research consortium, CERC-WEST, is to reduce the amount of water used in thermal power plants, like the one shown. (iStockphoto) One of the goals of a new UC Berkeley-led research consortium, CERC-WET, is to reduce the amount of water used in thermal power plants, like the one shown. Photo: iStockphoto.
The consortium, announced by the U.S. Department of Energy, is one of several technical tracks under the U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center (CERC), which was launched in 2009 by President Barack Obama and former Chinese President Hu Jintao to accelerate the transition to an efficient, low‐carbon economy while mitigating the long‐term threat of climate change. The energy-water track was announced in November 2014.
The Berkeley-led team is called the Clean Energy Research Center for Water Energy Technologies (CERC-WET).
The bilateral investment in CERC-WET will total $50 million over five years. The DOE will provide $12.5 million of the funding, and the remaining U.S. partners will match that for a total of $25 million. The remaining $25 million will come from the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology and its consortium partners.
Ashok Gadgil, UC Berkeley professor and Berkeley Lab scientist, will be leading the new CERC-WET consortium on energy and water technologies.
CERC-WET is charged with building the foundation for the technologies and expertise that will position the United States and China to continue to thrive in a future with constrained energy and water resources.
CERC-WET will target water use reduction at thermoelectric plants; treatment and management of non-traditional waters; improvements in sustainable hydropower design and operation; climate impact modeling, methods, and scenarios to support improved understanding of energy and water systems; and data and analysis to inform planning and policy.
The CERC-WET principal investigator is Ashok Gadgil, Distinguished Professor of Safe Water and Sanitation at UC Berkeley's Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and deputy of research at Berkeley Lab's Energy Technologies Area. Co-principal investigators of CERC-WET are Soroosh Sorooshian and Scott Samuelsen, both professors at UC Irvine's School of Engineering.
The CERC-WET team will leverage the resources and expertise of regional, national and global stakeholders, including the UC Office of the President, the Energy Foundation, GE Power and Water, Southern California Edison, Southern California Gas, Disney Research-China, Glacier Technologies, California Office of Trade and Investment and the California Energy Commission.


My first senior session this summer! One of many more to come I hope.
I love the graphic colors of this one. It was actually his idea to sit in front of the dumpster, and I'm so glad he did!
This is the water tower by the highschool where he hangs out. I like the angle of this shot.
Not sure if I'll see him again before we move, but you should tell him that I love the one with the watertower......so classic for him......and I like his smile in the b&w one.....and the last one is my favorite.
It looks like you really captured his interests/image and I bet he had a good time doing these with you. I knew he would like doing his sneior pics with you.


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23-year-old with 80 goals would be Arsenal's best shot to replace Alexandre Lacazette
December 15, 2021 February 25, 2021 by Toby Pearson
Celtic striker Odsonne Edouard has long been linked with a move to the Premier League, with Arsenal said to be one of the clubs who admire the 23-year-old.
Since signing for the reigning Scottish champions, Edouard has proven himself to be a bargain at just €15m. The former Paris Saint-Germain forward, who can also be play as a right winger, has spearheaded the Hoops' attack brilliantly and has continued to deliver despite the club's disappointing campaign so far.
The Sun, however, reported earlier this month the youngster could be set to seal a big money move to Italy during the summer citing bookmakers acepokies.net who have Serie A outfit AS Roma as the leading contenders to secure his signature at 3/1.
So far this season, the France U21 international has netted 15 times in 23 league appearances as well as contributing four assists. Edouard is far from a 'flash in the pan' having delivered consistently throughout his time north of the border, with 80 goals and 35 assists in 159 appearances since arriving at Parkhead proves that.
The Glasgow-based giants find themselves 18 points behind their fierce rivals in the league, and earlier this week Neil Lennon resigned from his position as manager. If the club, as was rumoured, struggled to keep hold of Edouard last summer, you can't help but feel that after such a sub-standard season it'll prove almost impossible to persuade him to stay another year.
Add to that the fact that Edouard's current deal is due to expire at the end of next season, the Scottish giants would most likely, reluctantly, sell their star man if a fair offer is tabled.
Despite the difficult financial situation Arsenal and many other clubs find themselves in as a result of the pandemic, a deal for Edouard feels achievable and he's a player whom, for many reasons, would be a good addition to Mikel Arteta's squad. The Gunners previously studied the possibility of signing Edouard last summer, but were put off by Celtic's reported £40m valuation.
While the north London side are not on the bookies' transfer odds, Mikel Arteta's chances of a swoop were boosted by Edouard's agency switch. For that, it's worth going with Arsenal at 6/1 with best us real money online casinos to sign the young Frenchman in the summer.
As well as being a prolific goalscorer, the Frenchman's physical presence makes him a great focal point around which to base your attack. With uncertainty regarding the future of Alexandre Lacazette, his compatriot (who happens to be approximately six years younger) feels like a good option to replace him.
At times this season, the gooner news outfit have struggled to break opponents down and have resorted to putting crosses into the penalty area frequently. However, this tactic hasn't always proven fruitful given the lack of a target man in the centre. In Edouard, if Arsenal were to sign him, they'd be getting somebody who carries a superior aerial threat but also enjoys running in behind defences.
Edouard is certainly more of an all-round striker than Lacazette and although the standard of the Scottish Premiership is lower than that of the English Premier League, he appears to have all the attributes of a top striker in the making.
It's not clear exactly how much it would take to prize the forward away from Celtic, however, given the current climate, if they are to set the bar too high, they could end up losing one of their most valuable assets the following summer for free.
The Gunners are unlikely to be the only ones interested in Edouard this summer but given the situations of both clubs and the player, if Arsenal were to pass up the opportunity to sign Edouard – they could end up regretting it.
Toby Pearson
Ranking The Top 7 Soccer Balls In The History Of The Beautiful Game
Report: Liverpool rocked as Man City prepares double swoop for Haaland & Reyna

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CEDIA's first year the the beautiful city of Denver delivers some great scenic shots. We have interviews with representitives for the AMX Mio Modero R-4, Philips Pronto Professional TSU9600, UEI SIRIUS Conductor and the Logitech Harmony 1000. Plus see RTI'S T2-C, M2, URC & RC's bowling party and the ever-popular annual amp toss!


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Uovo di pettirosso è un colore che deve il suo nome proprio dal particolare colore delle uova del pettirosso americano (Turdus migratorius, solo lontanamente imparentato col pettirosso europeo Erithacus rubecula). Il primo utilizzo di questo termine per indicare tale colore è stato fatto nel 1873.

Ne esiste anche una gradazione più chiara. Una curiosità è che tale gradazione più pallida ha ispirato il colore ufficiale delle confezioni di Tiffany&co, la famosa gioielleria newyorkese, che ha registrato come proprio colore personalizzato una variante di questa tonalità.

Voci correlate
 Blu Tiffany

Altri progetti

Gradazioni di ciano

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BRISBANE, Australia (AFP) – British and Irish Lions assistant coach Andy Farrell says Australia may have peaked a game early, after the Wallabies narrowly won the second Test to take the three-match series to a dramatic decider.
The Wallabies got up 16-15 in the final minutes in Melbourne after scoring the only try of Saturday's encounter through centre Adam Ashley-Cooper four minutes from time. The hosts then saw a potentially series-winning penalty kick from Lions superboot Leigh Halfpenny drop short after the full-time siren.
At a news conference late Sunday on Queensland's Sunshine Coast, where the Lions are having a few days break before heading to Sydney for Saturday's decider, Farrell rejected suggestions the Lions might find it hard to pick themselves up for the Third Test after winning the first Test 23-21 in Brisbane.
Instead defence coach Farrell said it could be Australia that feels the emotional let-down.
"I thought you saw after the game emotionally what it meant to Australia, especially the captain," Farrell told reporters, after watching James Horwill's emotional post-match tears.
"It meant an awful lot to them to stay in the race. How much that would take out of Australia I think would be interesting to find out this coming week."
Farrell said Australia rose to the occasion in Melbourne after the disappointment of falling just short in Brisbane and he was confident the Lions would do the same in Sydney.
"I think there's absolutely no doubt that we can definitely turn this hurt around within a couple of days and produce a performance that we know we're capable of," he said.
"I think we all realise that there's a fantastic performance in every team and I don't think we've seen that fantastic performance out of this squad yet.
"Hopefully you'll see the best at the last hurdle come Saturday."
The Lions are bidding to win their first series since 1997 and lost 2-1 on their last tour to Australia in 2001 after winning the first Test.
Farrell said the Wallaby scrum, which was sufficiently confident after some early dominance in choosing to re-scrum against the Lions rather than take a penalty kick, was given more leeway than the Lions by South African referee Craig Joubert.
"From what I could see there were a few decisions that went against us, especially early. But after that I thought you saw a dominant scrum going forward on quite a few occasions," he said.
"I did see a tighthead forward for Australia two foot up in the air - that says a lot to me.
"I think Australia are very street-wise, playing the referee. There's no doubt about that, they're very smart.
"And I'm not complaining at all, I thought the referee had a good game. But they're very street-wise.
"We got done for coming over the side of the lineout. Did they come over ours? Of course they did.
"Were they on the wrong side of the lineout and getting through the maul? Of course they did. But that's the game."


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Віктор Олексійович Литвин (3.10.1967—22.03.2022) — майор Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни, який загинув під час російського вторгнення в Україну.

Життєпис
Народився 3 жовтня 1967 року в Уманському районі Черкаської області.

Під час російського вторгнення в Україну в 2022 році служив у штабі окремої десантно-штурмової бригади. Загинув 22 березня 2022 року під час авіаудару в м. Костянтинівка Донецькій області.

Нагороди
 орден «Богдана Хмельницького» III ступеня (2022, посмертно) — за особисту мужність і самовіддані дії, виявлені у захисті державного суверенітету та територіальної цілісності України, вірність військовій присязі.

Примітки

Уродженці Уманського району
Померли в Костянтинівці


text:
Rational expectations
(Redirected from Rational-Expectations)
The stampede toward "rational expectations" — widely thought to be a "revolution," though it was only a generalization of the neoclassical idea of equilibrium—derailed the expectations-driven model building that had just left the station. In the end, this way of modeling has not illuminated how the world economy works.
- Edmund S. Phelps (2007)
Rational expectations is a hypothesis which states that agents' predictions of the future value of economically relevant variables are not systematically wrong in that all errors are random.
CONTENT : A–F , G–L , M–R , S–Z , See also , External links
Quotes are arranged alphabetically by author.
A–F[edit]
One troublesome aspect is the place of rational expectations macroeconomics in the often political debate over Keynesian economics. At least implicitly, many people feel that what's bad for the rational expectations viewpoint is good for the Keynesian one, and vice versa. But it is hard to see how the problems in using the rational expectations approach to explain monetary nonneutrality can alleviate the theoretical and empirical shortcomings of the Keynesian model.
Robert J. Barro, "Rational Expectations and Macroeconomics in 1984" (1984).
Using the popular macroeconomic models of the time, Lucas and Sargent showed how replacing traditional assumptions about expectations formation by the assumption of rational expectations could fundamentally alter the results. … Most macroeconomists today use rational expectations as a working assumption in their models and analyses of policy. This is not because they believe that people always have rational expectations. Surely there are times when people, firms, or financial market participants lose sight of reality and become too optimistic or too pessimistic. … But these are more the exception than the rule, and it is not clear that economists can say much about those times anyway. When thinking about the likely effects of a particular economic policy, the best assumption to make seems to be that financial markets, people, and firms will do the best they can to work out the implications of that policy. Designing a policy on the assumption that people will make systematic mistakes in responding to it is unwise.
Olivier Blanchard, Macroeconomics (7th Edition, 2017), Ch. 16 : Expectations, Output, and Policy
So monetary policy decisions tend to regress toward the mean and to be inertial—and hence biased in just the same way that adaptive expectations are biased relative to rational expectations. But errors like that, while systematic, will generally be small and will tend to shrink over time. And, in return, the system builds in natural safeguards against truly horrendous mistakes.
Alan S. Blinder, Central Banking in Theory and Practice. 1998
Most mainstream macroeconomic theoretical innovations since the 1970s (the New Classical rational expectations revolution associated with such names as Robert E. Lucas Jr., Edward Prescott, Thomas Sargent, Robert Barro etc, and the New Keynesian theorizing of Michael Woodford and many others) have turned out to be self-referential, inward-looking distractions at best. Research tended to be motivated by the internal logic, intellectual sunk capital and esthetic puzzles of established research programmes rather than by a powerful desire to understand how the economy works – let alone how the economy works during times of stress and financial instability. So the economics profession was caught unprepared when the crisis struck.
Willem Buiter, "The unfortunate uselessness of most 'state of the art' academic monetary economics" (2009)
Its development of Mises's theory of action anticipated much of the rational expectations idea that would later win Robert Lucas a Nobel Prize.
Eamonn Butler, Austrian Economics: A Primer.
The current macroeconometrics literature has proposed two ways to confront general equilibrium rational expectations models with data. The first, an estimation approach, is the direct descendant of the econometric methodology proposed 50 years ago by Haavelmo (1944). The second, a calibration approach, finds its justification in the work of Frisch (1933) and is closely linked to the computable general equilibrium literature surveyed e.g. in Shoven and Whalley (1984).
Fabio Canova, "Statistical inference in calibrated models." Journal of Applied Econometrics 9.S1 (1994): S123-S144.
The reason is that the second order properties induced by similar general equilibrium models are, in general, so different from those of actual data that some authors (e.g. Campbell and Shiller 1987, Frankel and Froot 1987) have concluded that the simple version of the rational expectations-efficient market hypothesis is severely flawed.
Fabio Canova. "Sensitivity analysis and model evaluation in simulated dynamic general equilibrium economies." International Economic Review (1995): 477-501.
The Keynesian econometric methodology developed by Klein and associates was criticized by Lucas in his 1976 "Critique of Econometric Policy Evaluation" on the grounds that microfounded structural equations should contain expectations of future variables. Since the parameters of these expectations should depend on the parameters of the rules followed by the policy authorities, Lucas argued that the rational expectations assumption would invalidate the practice of using fixed parameter models as policy guides.
The profession responded to the Lucas critique in two different ways. The first, introduced to economists in the book Rational Expectations and Econometric Practice, was to develop appropriate econometric methods to estimate parameters in rational expectations environments. The second, explained most clearly in Kydland and Prescott's (1996) article, "The Computational Experiment," was to develop a new methodology,calibration, that lowered the standards of what it means for a model to be successful by requiring that a good model should explain only a limited set of empirical moments.
Roger Farmer, Expectations, Employment and Prices, Ch. 5 A New Way to Understand Business Cycle Facts.
The rational expectations revolution of the 1970s threw out the textbook Keynesian apparatus because it did not cope well with the simultaneous appearance of high inflation and high unemployment in the 1970s. But the model could not have been rejected so quickly on empirical grounds if it was not already on weak theoretical foundations.
Roger Farmer, Expectations, Employment and Prices, Ch. 6 The Great Depression: Telling the Keynesian Story in a New Way.
In the early 1970s,... economists began to embrace the Rational Expectations Hypothesis (REH), according to which market participants' expectations are "essentially the same as the predictions of the relevant economic theory" (Muth 1961: 316). What has been largely overlooked is that, … REH theorists presume that the role of market participants' expectations in driving outcomes is not autonomous from the other components of the model. … Because REH models, by design, rule out an autonomous role for expectations, they are best viewed as derailing, rather than developing, the microfoundations approach.
Roman Frydman and Edmund S. Phelps, "Which Way Forward for Macroeconomics and Policy Analysis?" in Rethinking Expectations: The Way Forward for Macroeconomics edited by Roman Frydman and Edmund S. Phelps.
G–L[edit]
Nonetheless, as Paul Krugman's popular writings have indicated,economists' confidence in their ability to guide the economy and to advance the commonweal had significantly weakened after Heller's 1965 Godkin Lectures, mentioned earlier. The discovery of the "natural rate of unemployment" and development of the theory of rational expectations revealed the limitations of economists' macroeconomic policy tools.[The doctrine of rational expectations posits that the market will always anticipate government policy and will neutralize its intended effects.] Moreover, Krugman bemoaned the fact that "policy entrepreneurs" frequently displaced economists in providing economic advice to society. Referring to supply-side economics and other questionable economic doctrines, Krugman, using less than elegant words, suggested that a major task for economists must be "to flush such economic cockroaches down the toilet.
Robert Gilpin, Global political economy : understanding the international economic order, Ch 3. The Neoclassical Conception of the Economy.
The attack on Keynesian economics in the 1960s and 1970s by monetarists and by the theory of rational expectations undermined the intellectual foundations of development economics. The essence of this criticism was that there is only one economics, and that economics is a universal science equally applicable to all societies.
Robert Gilpin, Global political economy : understanding the international economic order, Ch. 12. The State and Economic Development.
The original Lucas version of the new-classical macroeconomics combined the undeniable appeal of rational expectations with two more dubious assumptions inherited from Friedman (1968), that is, continuous market clearing and imperfect information, to form the foundation of the famous "Lucas supply function" (more justly, the Friedman-Lucas supply function). Soon Sargent and Wallace (1975) extracted from Lucas's model its implication for monetary policy, the famous "policy-ineffectiveness proposition." The demonstration by Barro (1977) that one could interpret historical U.S. data to be consistent with the proposition and the theory brought new-classical economics to its shortlived period of peak influence.
Robert J. Gordon, "Fresh Water, Salt Water, and other Macroeconomic Elixirs."Economic Record. March 1989; pp. 177–84.
A contrast with John Taylor's approach to investigating the properties of models is instructive. Taylor's research program includes the use of computational experiments. It is well summarized in his recent book (Taylor, 1993). Like Kydland and Prescott, Taylor relies on fully specified dynamic models and imposes rational expectations when computing stochastic equilibria. However, in fitting linear models he uses all of the information on first and second moments available in the macro data when it is computationally possible to do so. The econometric methods used in parameter estimation are precisely described. Multiple sources of business cycle shocks are admitted into the model at the outset, and rigorous empirical testing of models appears throughout his analyses.
Lars Peter Hansen and James J. Heckman. "The empirical foundations of calibration." The Journal of Economic Perspectives (1996): 87-104.
Friedman's monetarist model is distinguished from Lucas's new classical monetary model in that Friedman imagines that people can be systematically mistaken about the true state of real wages for relatively long periods, while Lucas argues that people have rational expectations (i.e., they make only unsystematic mistakes) and, therefore, correct their judgments about the real wage quickly.
James Hartley, Real Business Cycles: A Reader. Chapter 1. The limits of business cycle research
Unlike in the Solow model, the factors important to the savings decision now enter separately from those important to the investment decision. Aggregate demand pathologies are, nonetheless, impossible, because in Lucas's model the same agents make both the savings and the investment decision, which insures ex ante coordination, and the agents have rational expectations, which insures that mistakes about the future course of the economy are necessarily unsystematic. Furthermore, the supply of labor responds elastically to temporarily high real wages: workers make hay while the sun shines.
Households' decisions are more complicated: given their initial capital stock, agents determine how much labor to supply and how much consumption and investment to purchase. These choices are made in order to maximize the expected value of lifetime utility. Households must forecast the future path of wages and the rental rate of capital. It is assumed that these forecasts are made rationally. A rational expectations equilibrium consists of sequences for consumption, capital, labor, output, wages, and the rental rate of capital such that factor and output markets clear.
James Hartley, Real Business Cycles: A Reader. Chapter 2. A user's guide to solving real business cycle models.
I could tell you a story about my friend and colleague Milton Friedman. In the nineteen-seventies, we were sitting in the Ph.D. oral examination of a Chicago economist who has gone on to make his mark in the world. His thesis was on rational expectations. After he'd left, Friedman turned to me and said, "Look, I think it is a good idea, but these guys have taken it way too far."
It became a kind of tautology that had enormously powerful policy implications, in theory. But the fact is, it didn't have any empirical content. When Tom Sargent, Lard Hansen, and others tried to test it using cross equation restrictions, and so on, the data rejected the theories. There were a certain section of people that really got carried away. It became quite stifling.
James Heckman, in "Interview with James Heckman" by John Cassidy (January 14, 2010).
In models of the use of information by rational agents, it is generally assumed that all will interpret the same signals in the same way. In the extreme case of the 'rational expectations hypothesis', it is held that through mere data-gathering, agents will become aware of the basic, underlying structure and mechanisms of the economy. This hypothesis likewise neglects the conceptual framing involved in the perception of data and the theory-bound character of all observation.
Geoffrey M. Hodgson, "The evolution of capitalism from the perspective of institutional and evolutionary economics" in Capitalism in evolution: Global contensions–East and West (2001).
The whole of academic macroeconomics is touched by the rational expectations hypothesis. Althought it has been criticized on conceptual grounds and as emprically inadequate, the rational expectations hypothesis sets a noncontroversial standard for modeling expectations in macroeconomics.
Kevin D. Hoover, "The Rational Expectations Revolution: An Assessment" (1992).
Muth is the Rosseau of the rational expectations revolution; Lucas is its Robespierre.
Along with the shift in focus to investigating the sources and nature of business cycles, aggregate analysis underwent a methodological revolution. Previously, empirical knowledge had been organized in the form of equations, as was also the case for the early rational expectations models. Muth (1960), in his pioneering work on rational expectations, did not break with this system-of-equations tradition. For that reason, his econometric program did not come to dominate. Instead, the program which has prevailed is the one that organizes empirical knowledge around preferences, technology, information structure, and policy rules or arrangements. Sargent (1981) has led the development of tools for inferring values of parameters characterizing these elements, given the behavior of the aggregate time series. As a result, aggregate economics is no longer a separate and entirely different field from the rest of economics; it now uses the same tools and empirical knowledge as other branches of economics, such as finance, growth theory, public finance, and international economics. With this development, measurements and quantitative findings in those other fields can be used to restrict models of business cycles and make our knowledge about the quantitative importance of cyclical disturbances more precise.
Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott, "Business cycles: Real facts and a monetary myth." (1990).
Under perfect foresight (rational expectations), a regime of sequential loan markets and spot markets in labor services also supports the optimal solution as a competitive equilibrium.
Robert G. King, Charles I. Plosser, and Sergio T. Rebelo. "Production, growth and business cycles: I. The basic neoclassical model." Journal of monetary Economics 21.2 (1988): 195-232.
At this point, readers may want to take a deep breath. Lucas's conclusions are far more sweeping than anything Friedman proposed, and his chain of logic seems much longer. Is it necessarily right?
The short answer is, of course, no. There are at least two weak links in the chain. The first is the proposition that a recession lasts only as long as firms are confused about the actual economic situation—in effect, that you can have a recession only as long as most people don't notice. This idea was implicit in the way that Friedman presented his natural rate argument, but it is something that few people other than economists find plausible (and it is possible to accept Friedman's views about stagflation without fully buying his notion that monetary policy works only by fooling people). The second weak link is the whole idea that firms set their prices by closely watching monetary policy or, worse yet, macroeconomic indicators that might help predict monetary policy.
Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity (1994), Ch. 1 : The Attack on Keynes
In the late 1970s Lucas and his disciples worked feverishly, attempting to produce theoretical models in which firms and households can observe stock prices and interest rates, yet still be subject of the kind of rational confusion needed to create booms and slumps. They failed. The theory underlying a rational expectations business cycle just didn't work out.
At the same time, it was becoming increasingly obvious that the rational expectation story didn't work in practice either. Here the difficulty is easier to explain: economic slumps last too long.
Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity (1994), Ch. 8 : In the Long Run Keynes is Still Alive
The hypothesis was more or less buried during the '60s. Arrow used it in his paper on learning-by-doing in the '60s. Prescott and I used it in that paper of ours on investment. People were aware of it, I didn't understand then how fundamental a difference it mad econometrically. I didn't realize that if you took it seriously you had to rethink the whole question of testing and estimation. I guess no one else did either, except for Muth.
Robert E. Lucas, in Conversations with Economists (1983) by [[Arjo Klamer]
Leonard Rapping's and my contribution to that volume was a partial equilibrium model of the labor market only. The idea was that agents had to base production and employment decisions on partial information and that this could lead them to decisions that to an omniscient observer would appear pathological. The new elements in my paper, relative to Phelps's outline, were its mathematical explicitness and its use of rational expectations. The example developed in the paper made it clear that the possibility of using monetary policy to stimulate production would depend on the information people have and could not be reliably described by a stable Phillips curve. But attempts to construct quantitative models of recessions based on this feature alone have not succeeded.
Robert E. Lucas Jr. Introduction in Collected Papers on Monetary Theory.
M–R[edit]
The "rational expectations" school holds that agents do not know the future, but they formulate their expectations on the basis of a satisfactory knowledge (i.e., a theory) of how the economy functions. If we add propositions to the effect that each agent's decisions are based on its maintained theory of system behavior, that general equilibrium theory is an apt representation of the world, and that those whose behavior is consistent with this apt theory will be successful, then an equilibrium and equilibrating view of the economy emerges. … If the economy does not conform to the general equilibrium theory, if it is endogenously unstable, and if units behave accordingly, then rational expectations will exacerbate instability.
Hyman P. Minsky, Stabilizing the Unstable Economy.
Macro rational expectations, as I have labeled the hypothesis, seems to say that expectations in an economist's model must be perfectly consistent with his model that embodies these expectations. In other words, the agents of his model must all share his views of the relevant economic mechanisms, as well as his data. Why? Because if he holds them they must believe they are God's truth and, if so, rational people can have no other views (and of course we should never ask how they would come by these views and data, that not even other specialists may have heard of yet, let alone accepted). I submit that this view is pretty absurd--I would almost say offensive! I certainly believe that I know more about economics and the economy than (almost) everybody else, and i can even prove it: If everybody shared my vies, then the economy could not be in today's troubles (though it might conceivably be in some different ones!).
Franco Modigliani, in Conversations with Economists (1983) by Arjo Klamer
Interestingly, recent research shows that herd behavior is consistent with rational expectations when information is imperfect, though the extent of the herd behavior may well be greater than can be explained by these models. The essential reason for volatility in financial markets, as emphasized by Keynes, is that market players respond to expectations. The value of any asset today depends on what others are expected to be willing to pay for it tomorrow, and that depends in turn (in a never ending chain) on what others are expected to be willing to pay the day after. These expectations are based on information about current conditions. Such information is inherently incomplete and costly to process. This makes it rational for everyone to glean information about the desirability of investing from the opinions and actions of others.
José Antonio Ocampo, Shari Spiegel, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, "Capital Market Liberalization and Development" in Capital Market Liberalization and Development.
Without capital markets extending infinitely far into the future, the economy will not necessarily converge to the long run equilibrium. There are paths which are dynamically consistent with rational expectations in the short run. While herding behavior is often attributed to investor myopia, these results suggest that bubbles may arise so long as investors do not look infinitely far into the future. However, even when investors look infinitely far into the future, it may not be possible for them to predict (on the basis of rational expectations alone) how the economy will evolve, if, for instance, there are multiple paths consistent with rational expectations.
The stampede toward "rational expectations"—widely thought to be a "revolution," though it was only a generalization of the neoclassical idea of equilibrium—derailed the expectations-driven model building that had just left the station. In the end, this way of modeling has not illuminated how the world economy works.
Edmund S. Phelps (2007) "Foreword,"in Roman Frydman and Michael D. Goldberg, Imperfect Knowledge Economics: Exchange Rates and Risk.
A still more extreme thesis is proposed by rational expectations theoreticians, among whom is the American Robert Lucas (b. 1937, Nobel prize in 1995). In a 1972 article, Lucas joined the assumption of markets in continuous equilibrium with that of rational expectations, originally formulated by Muth (1961), according to which 'expectations [...] are essentially the same as the predictions of the relevant economic theory'. As a consequence, economic agents learn to take account of public intervention in the economy, discounting its effects beforehand. Thus, for instance, deficit public expenditure, that is not financed by a contemporary increase in taxation, adopted by the government to stimulate aggregate demand, is counterbalanced by a reduction in private consumption, decided by private economic agents to put aside the savings with which to pay for the taxes which sooner or later will have to be introduced to pay for the public debt with which public expenditure is financed. In this context, the Phillips curve turns out to be vertical also in the short run: expansionary monetary and fiscal policy interventions may only produce an increase in the rate of inflation, not in the level of employment. … The rational expectations assumption, in the usual context of a one commodity model, also underlies a new theory of the trade cycle, the 'real cycle theory'. After dominating the scene in the 1980s, in the following decade rational expectations theory gradually lost ground, even if in the theoretical confrontation with representatives of the neoclassical synthesis the shaky nature of its theoretical foundations – the one-commodity model, common to their rivals too – has not been stressed.
A. Roncaglia, "The age of fragmentation" in The Wealth of Ideas.
S–Z[edit]
These ideas have implications not only for theoretical and econometric practices but also for the ways in which policymakers and their advisers think about the choices confronting them. In particular, the rational expectations approach directs attention away from particular isolated actions and toward choices among feasible rules of the game, or repeated strategies for choosing policy variables. While Keynesian and monetarists macroeconomic models have been used to try to analyze what the effects of isolated actions would be, it is now clear that the answers they have given have necessarily been bad, if only because such questions are ill-posed.
Thomas J. Sargent, "Rational Expectations and the Reconstruction of Macroeconomics" (1980).
I was reminded of how much I had misjudged the potential the profession would see in the time series rational expectations models. When I, as a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) around 1970 did some work on the econometrics of rational expectations time series models, I felt rather apologetic about the extreme assumptions in the models. I did not expect others to regard them as anything more than a passing gimmick. Richard Sutch had just written in his MIT doctoral dissertation (1968) an exposition of the coefficient restrictions implied for time series representations of long-term and short-term interest rates, but he never bothered to publish this work. I remember conversations with him and others about rational expectations models, and I did not come away thinking they were the wave of the future.
Robert J. Shiller (1984), Review of Rational Expectations and Econometric Practice by Robert E. Lucas, Thomas J. Sargent.
Neither historical experiences nor rational expectations models provide much guidance as to how market participants' expectations will respond in any particular situation. Each situation has its own distinctive characteristics, and there is ample evidence that many market participants' expectations do not conform to the strictures of the rational expectations hypothesis, whatever they might imply in these situations, each of which appear to be sui generis.
Joseph E. Stiglitz, José Antonio Ocampo, Shari Spiegel, Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, and Deepak Nayyar, Stability with Growth. Ch. 6. Open Economy Complications.
Market valuations can differ substantially and persistently from the rational expectation of the present value of cash flows without leaving statistically discernible traces in the pattern of ex-post returns.
Lawrence H. Summers, "Does the Stock Market Rationally Reflect Fundamental Values?" (1986).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Rational_expectations&oldid=2415419"


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Brian Tichy
Review: Graham Bonnet Band, FM, The Dead Daisies – Rock City, December 3rd, 2022
by Rockposer Dot Com! on December 6, 2022 December 6, 2022
Review: Graham Bonnet Band, FM, The Dead Daisies Rock City (December 3rd, 2022) Reviewer/Photographer: Dan Mann Graham Bonnet Band Well, what can I say about the first band that hit the stage at Rock City? Only that Graham Bonnet was one of 'the' rock singers I first heard when I started getting into rock music […]
The Dead Daisies Are Smashing The Charts, As They Get Ready For Their UK Tour
by Rockposer Dot Com! on October 20, 2022 October 20, 2022
Ahead of The Dead Daisies UK Tour, new album 'Radiance' (review here) is smashing the charts Worldwide. Says the band: "Our sixth studio album 'Radiance' is out today! Strap yourself in people, 'Radiance' is ten tracks of pure unadulterated rock. The thunderous rhythm attack of David, is accented by Doug's lightning licks and fretboard tease. […]
Review: The Dead Daisies – Radiance
by Rockposer Dot Com! on September 30, 2022 September 30, 2022
Review: The Dead Daisies – Radiance SPV (September 30th, 2022) Reviewer: David Mark Pearce First of all I love this band and I'm a massive John Corabi fan, which of course isn't much use when you have their latest album to review and JC has left the building some now two albums ago. I won't […]
The Dead Daisies Unleash New Single 'Face Your Fear'
by Rockposer Dot Com! on September 2, 2022 September 2, 2022
To celebrate their upcoming US Fall Tour, The Dead Daisies are unleashing 'Face Your Fear', a powerful new straight up driving rock track taken from their upcoming album 'Radiance'. With an intoxicating hook driven by Doug Aldrich's and David Lowy's dual guitars, Brian Tichy's monstrous rhythmic beats and Glenn Hughes' rock-solid bass and unmatched vocal intensity, this track will rock your socks off !!! "This song is about making peace with your personal fears and not fighting its grip. The intense groove and two chord simplicity is a great Album opener!" – Glenn Hughes The band are thrilled to release their sixth studio […]
All-Star Project Figure Of Speechless Release New Single 'Tunnel At The End Of The Light'
Figure Of Speechless are at it again with the new single 'Tunnel At The End Of The Light', which is also the title track of their upcoming album. The band is the brainchild of guitarist and songwriter Glen McMaster, who started the creative process for the songs back in 2020. In the following year, Derek Sherinian (Dream Theater, Alice Cooper, Billy Idol) joined McMaster and they started tossing ideas around and bringing together their thoughts immediately as a duo, sharing the very same passion for modern prog. Over four months, other high-profile veterans like Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal (Guns N'Roses, Sons of Apollo), Ray Alder (Fates Warning, Redemption), Tony Franklin (The Firm, Blue Murder) and Brian Tichy (Whitesnake, Billy Idol, Foreigner, Ozzy Osbourne) came on board. […]
'Hypnotize Yourself' Released Today As The Dead Daisies Complete Their EU Summer Tour At The Time To Rock Festival In Sweden
by Rockposer Dot Com! on August 5, 2022 August 5, 2022
The Dead Daisies cast a spell with their third single 'Hypnotize Yourself' from their upcoming new album 'Radiance'. After captivating audiences on their EU Summer Tour playing to tens of thousands of people across the European Union, the band perform their last show tonight at the Time To Rock Festival in Sweden. Energized and fully pumped, The Dead Daisies are eager to kick off their next round of dates in the USA this September. "The four chords that created early British Rock music, are here in one […]
Figure Of Speechless: Promising Allstar-Combo Reveals 'Tunnel At The End Of The Light'
After months, nay years of separation, solitude and hermitage, the desire to unite, cheer and get together seems to be ubiquitous – not only amongst us music fans, who have been longing for shows and festivals to start again, but also for those people who bring us so much joy and the bangers our starved […]
The Dead Daisies Radiate Some Heat With New Album 'Radiance'
The Dead Daisies are set to release their sixth studio album 'Radiance' on September 30th, 2022. 'Radiance' is ten tracks of pure unadulterated brilliant rock. The power of Doug Aldrich and David Lowy's dual guitars provide a wall of sonic nectar. Front man Glenn Hughes rock solid bass grooves and unmatched vocal intensity, still among […]


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Monkey See… Now, How NOT To Do
By John B. Koss
Wells Fargo's inadvertent production of personal identifying information ("PII") in a case involving a former employee became national news when the New York Times broke the story late last week. Discovery practices are hardly the stuff of salacious tweets and White House leaks, so when routine document production lands on the pages of the Times, you know something must be remiss.
By way of background, the Times reported that an attorney for Wells Fargo inadvertently produced confidential PII from approximately 50,000 customers to a former employee in response to a third party subpoena received in association with the former employee's defamation case against his brother (also a Wells Fargo employee). The 1.4 gigabytes of materials produced reportedly contained voluminous spreadsheets detailing customer identities, social security numbers, Taxpayer Identification Numbers, and information relating to specific accounts and investment portfolios. The document production came to light only after the former employee's attorney in a different action centering on a contract dispute (also involving the former employee's brother) informed Wells Fargo's attorney that the documents had been produced in the defamation action.
The makings of a soap opera?
Here's the full story: Former Wells Fargo employee Gary Sinderbrand sued his brother, and former business partner, Steven Sinderbrand, who remains a Wells Fargo employee, for defamation in New Jersey state court in 2016. Wells Fargo was not a party to that case. Brother Gary also sued brother Steven and Wells Fargo in April 2017 alleging breach of both a consulting and a separation agreement. On February 13, 2017, Gary's attorney in the New Jersey action served Wells Fargo with a third-party subpoena seeking electronic communications between Gary and other Wells Fargo employees. Wells Fargo agreed to conduct a search of four custodians' e-mailboxes using various search terms. An e-discovery vendor conducted the searches and, upon completion, Wells Fargo's attorney reviewed the search results, consisting of around 2,500 emails, marking them confidential or privileged.
Unfortunately, an apparent combination of user error and production miscommunications led to the production of confidential and privileged documents that had not been reviewed to which the PII was attached. Those documents were produced by Wells Fargo's attorney to Gary's attorney in the New Jersey action on July 6, 2017. Surprisingly, it was not until July 20, 2017 that Gary's attorney in the New York action notified Wells Fargo's attorney that emails containing privileged communications and PII had been produced. Subsequently, the production of these emails was made known to the Times, which broke the story on July 21, 2017.
Most problematically, the documents were produced by Wells Fargo's attorney without reference to any governing protective order or confidentiality agreement detailing steps to be taken by the parties to protect and minimize disclosure of PII. Moreover, without the benefit of such agreements, and the often attendant inadvertent disclosure clawback provisions, Wells Fargo and its attorney had no ability to seek the immediate return of the inadvertently produced PII without court intervention.
Wells Fargo's attorney has since moved for an emergency restraining order barring Gary or his attorney from retaining the documents in the New York action and the court in the New Jersey action has ordered Gary and his attorney to turn the CD containing the documents over to the Court pending a hearing. However, the cat, as they say, is out of the bag. And, while two judges will decide the fate of the documents for use in these respective cases, the reputational damage has already been done to Wells Fargo.
Avoid this fate!
While accidents happen in even the most carefully coordinated document production, keep these questions and suggestions in mind whenever your organization's data is going to be shared for purposes of litigation, whether with an outside attorney, a vendor, or, most certainly, an adversary.
Know your data
Where does PII manifest itself in your organization's records? PII is not just a concern for financial institutions and is more than social security numbers and account numbers in the traditional sense. Does your organization keep records that contain customer names with internal account identifiers, phone numbers, addresses (even zip codes), or other unique identifiers? What about HR files with employee contact information, information related to an employee's benefits, or direct deposit information? How about a customer service/contact logging database or application?
Know your files and engage actively with your attorney when discussing what documents may need to be collected, reviewed, or produced in association with the litigation. If there is a chance they contain employee or customer PII, make sure these documents are closely examined as they are collected.
Narrow what is shared
Specificity is key. What are the documents being sought in the litigation and what sources need to be considered? Can non-responsive documents or sources that contain PII be easily segregated from the collection of otherwise responsive documents? If documents containing PII or attaching it come into play, how can PII be redacted or anonymized to the extent it is not relevant to the claims at issue before any documents are queued for review?
Follow a strict collection and review protocol
How will documents be shared with your outside attorney or vendor? What safeguards will be put into place to guarantee that any documents containing PII will be redacted to the extent not relevant? What do the relevant state privacy statutes dictate with respect to the disclosure of PII?
Check, check, and re-check
Machines and technology are only as good as their operators. Even if you or your attorney have reviewed for PII and redacted or removed whatever PII can be omitted, make sure you have a sufficient quality control process in place to confirm that all instructions are followed and only documents that have been clearly reviewed and determined to be appropriately coded are batched for production.
Safeguard the production
When producing documents containing PII, make sure there is a mechanism in place to address inadvertently produced documents, inadvertently non-redacted documents, or documents lacking appropriate confidentiality coding. If you are a third party responding to a subpoena, ask the subpoenaing party if a protective order is in place that will apply to the document production. If not, discuss execution of a confidentiality agreement as a precursor to the production of documents. And always remember to consider restraints on the disclosure of produced documents beyond the immediate parties and case at hand, especially if you are a non-party responding to a subpoena.
John B. Koss
Mintz E-Data Consulting Group
Managing Director, E-Data Consulting Group
John B. Koss counsels Mintz clients on e-discovery and large data matters. He handles commercial litigation, investigations, and governmental inquiries, relying on his experience in practice and discovery project management. Previously, John led the Boston office of a major legal services firm.


- Analyze source systems and develop a detail functional specification for Reporting project.
- Work with data architect to support data model changes.
- Develop data mapping document with transformation rules between source systems and data mart.
- Build and support ETL mapping/workflows using Informatica tool.
- Facilitate the production release of new functionality and provide support of production issues. Work with ETL and business objects developers to resolve the issues.
- Work with business users to understand the requirements and translate it to technical specification.
- Support existing production applications.
- Minimum 8 years experience in an IT organization.
- 4 to 5yrs experience in a system analyst role.
- Over 5 yrs of strong database and SQL skills.
- Minimum 5-6 yrs of hands-on ETL development skills using Informatica 8.x.
- Experience in insurance industry is a BIG plus.
- Exposure to Navisys (STP & Unity) application is a big plus.
- Strong experience is creating Use Cases, Activity diagrams, functional specifications.
- Exposure Business Objects tool is required.
- Analytical skills, including the ability to critically evaluate the information gathered from multiple sources, reconcile conflicts, decompose high-level information into details, abstract up from low-level information to a more general understanding, and distinguish requests and solution ideas from requirements.
- Proven ability to work directly with the business community, handle demanding user groups, and communicate with internal clients at all enterprise levels.
- Writing skills, capability to communicate information effectively and provide quality documentation of processes.
- Ability to learn new concepts, systems, and software independently and quickly.


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 1: 473 (1821)

#### Original name
Clavaria cristata var. fimbriata Fr.

### Remarks
null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Sword Volcano Complex: split singles with Wyrm
August 10, 2005 by HD
The Sword Volcano Complex is currently working with the artist Wyrm (aka Allan Zane) on two 7" singles. The first of the 7" singles will be a split project.
The Sword Volcano Complex side will be a deep-listening track entitled "Malestrom 2", which is a companion piece to the "Malestrom" EP that was only issued privately a few years ago. The Wyrm side of this split 7" features a track with the working title of "Desultory Subterfuge Cipher" which has samples and effects by Bruce LaFountain as well.
The second 7" project will be a complete Wyrm release, but the two tracks "Abyss Antidote" and "Wrong Gede" have been retouched by The Sword Volcano Complex, with new samples and effects by Bruce LaFountain.
Two new Muslimgauze releases from Soleilmoon
Adult.: new D.U.M.E. EP
Pink Turns Blue: first album in 10 years


text:
Garcia: TOP backs Minjarez in county judge runoff
News // Gilbert Garcia
Gilbert Garcia, Metro Columnist
April 2, 2022 Updated: April 2, 2022 2:11 p.m.
Ina Minjarez, candidate for Bexar County Judge.
The Texas Organizing Project has officially endorsed Ina Minjarez in the Democratic runoff for Bexar County judge.
The nonprofit advocacy group, which organizes in Black and Latino working-class communities across the state, announced on Friday that it will back Minjarez, a four-term state representative, in her May 24 race against former District Court Judge Peter Sakai.
"TOP works every day to build power for Latino and Black families and Ina Minjarez is the best candidate to bring the change we need in Bexar County, so that everyone in our community can thrive," said Michelle Tremillo, TOP's executive director.
"TOP endorsed her because she's committed to creating a more equitable and transparent county government, increasing access to health care and affordable housing and also working with us to codify misdemeanor bail reform."
Political endorsements often carry little weight with voters, but the backing of TOP falls into a special category, because it's not merely a statement of support. It comes with a commitment from the organization to deploy its considerable on-the-ground political muscle.
TOP displayed that muscle in 2018 when it led a coalition on a petition drive to get a paid sick leave initiative on the San Antonio ballot. The coalition succeeded in securing 140,000 signatures.
Given the choice between putting it on the November ballot or passing a paid sick leave ordinance of its own, City Council reluctantly passed its own ordinance.
The city's paid sick leave ordinance came under legal challenge from various business groups. In November 2019, a week before the ordinance was set to take effect, Sakai issued a temporary injunction to block its implementation.
TOP's local impact was felt again in 2019.
That year, TOP stayed out of the first round of the mayoral election between incumbent Ron Nirenberg and then-Councilman Greg Brockhouse.
Brockhouse forced Nirenberg into a runoff and Nirenberg supporters feared the election was slipping away from the mayor.
A week before early voting began for the runoff, TOP endorsed Nirenberg and sent its forces out to knock on doors. The mayor prevailed by a margin of 2.2 percentage points.
Minjarez said Friday she believes TOP's endorsement will have a "major impact" on the county judge runoff.
"I have great respect for the Texas Organizing Project," Minjarez said. "I know that they don't take their endorsements lightly.
"They are a voice for those Black and brown communities that have been disenfranchised for so long. This is one of the endorsements I'm most proud of, and I'm happy they're getting involved in this race."
In assessing the race for county judge, TOP sent questionnaires to the three major candidates in the first round of the Democratic primary: Minjarez, Sakai and former mayoral staffer Ivalis Meza Gonzalez.
The questionnaire probed for the candidates' positions on the organization's six main policy priorities: housing, health care, immigration, criminal justice reform, economic justice and education.
"We don't just do politics," Tremillo said. "Our politics is in the service of our larger, value-driven policy platform."
While TOP held off on making an endorsement in the first round, organization members ultimately concluded that Minjarez best aligned with the group's positions.
"As we do for each candidate that we endorse at TOP, our members will be knocking on doors, phone banking and texting other TOP supporters and voters to show their support for Ina Minjarez," Tremillo said.
Sakai finished first in the March 1 primary, with nearly 41 percent of the vote. Minjarez received nearly 31 percent.
Given Bexar County's blueish political tint — and the fact that a Democrat, Nelson Wolff, has held the county judge post for the past 21 years — the winner of the Sakai/Minjarez runoff will be a favorite in the general election against Republican nominee Trish DeBerry.
During her tenure in the Legislature, Minjarez established herself as someone skilled at working across the political aisle, particularly on the issues of foster care and cyber bullying.
She grew frustrated last year, however, as GOP lawmakers pushed a culture-war agenda that included a restrictive new voting law seemingly inspired by former President Donald Trump's false claims that the 2020 election had been stolen from him.
After Wolff announced last October that he wouldn't be seeking another term, Minjarez decided to leave the Legislature and declare her candidacy for county judge.
If she wins, she'll be following in the footsteps of Wolff, who served four years in the Texas Legislature before his stint as county judge.
ggarcia@express-news.net | Twitter: @gilgamesh470
Gilbert Garcia
Reach Gilbert on
Gilbert Garcia is a native of Brownsville, Texas, with more than 20 years experience writing for weekly and daily newspapers. A graduate of Harvard University, he has won awards for his reporting on music, sports, religion, and politics. He is the author of the 2012 book, "Reagan's Comeback: Four Weeks in Texas That Changed American Politics Forever," published by Trinity University Press. One of his feature stories also appeared in the national anthology, "Da Capo Best Music Writing 2001."


Ehsan, S and Clark, AF and McDonald-Maier, KD (2009) Hardware based scale- and rotation-invariant feature extraction: A retrospective analysis and future directions. In: UNSPECIFIED, ? - ?.
Computer Vision techniques represent a class of algorithms that are highly computation and data intensive in nature. Generally, performance of these algorithms in terms of execution speed on desktop computers is far from real-time. Since real-time performance is desirable in many applications, special-purpose hardware is required in most cases to achieve this goal. Scale- and rotation-invariant local feature extraction is a low level computer vision task with very high computational complexity. The state-of-the-art algorithms that currently exist in this domain, like SIFT and SURF, suffer from slow execution speeds and at best can only achieve rates of 2-3 Hz on modern desktop computers. Hardware-based scale- and rotation-invariant local feature extraction is an emerging trend enabling real-time performance for these computationally complex algorithms. This paper takes a retrospective look at the advances made so far in this field, discusses the hardware design strategies employed and results achieved, identifies current research gaps and suggests future research directions. © 2009 IEEE.


Jack Del Rio, Derek Carr Lift Raiders Respectability in 2015?
With respected NFL lifer Jack Del Rio now in charge and talented young quarterback Derek Carr looking like the long-term answer for Oakland at quarterback (finally), the Oakland Raiders (3-13 SU, 8-8 ATS, 10-6 O/U) are simply looking to get back to being a respectable NFL franchise. The future NFL lines have Oakland as one of the long shots for the coming season, but the Raiders could actually be headed in the right direction after years of aimlessly floundering in futility. Thanks to this expert preview on Oakland's chances of cashing in on their Super Bowl 50 Odds you're going to have a great idea of just what to expect out of the Raiders over the course of the 2015 NFL regular season.
Despite winning just three games in 2014, the Oakland Raiders did have some good news, even if it wasn't nearly as much as they'd have liked. First and foremost, it appears as though the Raiders have finally found their franchise quarterback in surprisingly poised 2014 second round draft pick, Derek Carr. While the young signal-caller often struggled as does any rookie not named Dan Marino, Carr also showed composure beyond his years more often than not and was rarely the main reason when the Raiders did lose.
While Carr completed just 58.1 percent of his passes, he did manage to throw for 3,270 yards with 21 touchdowns and more importantly, just a dozen interceptions. Heck, the Raiders will even carry some momentum into the 2015 regular season, having won three of their final six games by beating a trio of teams in Kansas City, San Francisco and Buffalo, that all had postseason hopes until the final few weeks. Along the way, Carr threw eight TD passes and just three interceptions over the span. Oakland also saw first round draft pick, linebacker Khalil Mack show everyone why he was picked with the fifth overall pick in last year's draft. Mack looks like a sure-fire perennial Pro Bowler and finished the 2014 season with 75 tackles, four sacks and a forced fumble. The Raiders also finished a respectable 16th in pass defense (238.1 ypg) and full back Marcel Reece had a Pro Bowl campaign by averaging 4.0 yards-per-carry and catching 37 passes, but that's about it as far as the good news is concerned for Oakland.
There was plenty of bad news for the Raiders as well – on both sides of the ball too. While Carr showed a ton of promise and potential, Oakland finished dead last in total offense (282.2 ypg), including 26th in passing (204.7ypg) and dead last in rushing, averaging a pitiful 77.5 rushing yards per game.
It's kind of hard to win games when you can't score the ball or stop the other team from scoring as Oakland did for the vast majority of the 2014 regular season. Oakland ranked 31st in scoring by averaging a disgraceful 15.8 points per game while also ranking dead last (again?), in points allowed (28.2 ppg).
Let's take a look at Oakland's offensive statistics from this past season.
Here is a look at Oakland's team defensive statistics.
Here is a look at Oakland's team statistical leaders.
Oakland's quandary at the wide receiver position is pretty simple. Starters, James Jones and Andre Holmes are both better suited to being second-tier kind of receivers. Now, whether Oakland drafts Amari Cooper with the fourth pick in the draft or tires to address this need in free agency is another story all together. Personally, I take Cooper, who looks like he has the talent to go down as one of the best of his era. The Raiders could also go after veteran free agents like Randall Cobb, Hakeem Nicks, Michael Crabtree or Kenny Britt.
Second-year back Latavius Murray had a fantastic season in averaging 5.2 yards-per-carry ad 424 yards, but veteran former starter Darren McFadden hasn't reached the 1,000-yard plateau since doing so in 2010 and probably will be relegated to nothing more than a backup if he stays with the franchise. The Raiders can address their running back needs in the later rounds of the draft or via free agency, but they need to do something and in a hurry.
Veteran defensive end Justin Tuck is now 31-years-old and aging quickly and has racked up five sacks or fewer in three of his last four seasons. Veteran defensive tackle Antonio Smith is 33 and fading even quicker it would seem. Fifth-yearend C.J. Wilson had just two sacks and looks more like a backup than a starter leaving rookie defensive tackle Justin Ellis as the only 'safe' returning starter in my estimation. If the Raiders don't go for Amari Cooper, they could nab Nebraska defensive end/linebacker Randy Gregory to pair up with Khalil Mack and offseason rumors have persisted that former Denver Broncos tackle Terrance Knighton is likely to sign with the team to play for Del Rio.
I like second-year tight end Mychal Rivera, but the Raiders could use some quality depth here, likely in the form of a veteran pass-catching free agent.
With the fourth overall pick in the 2015 NFL Draft, the Oakland Raiders select…Alabama wide receiver Amari Cooper…or Nebraska defensive end. I personally don't think the Raiders can go wrong by picking either one of these talented collegiate stars, but Oakland really needs help at wide receiver more in my estimation. However, with an absolute ton of receiving talent in this year's draft and free agency, the Raiders could go after Gregory and try to really get after talented and cerebral AFC West signal-callers Peyton Manning, Philip Rivers and Alex Smith.
Oakland Raiders +30000 The Raiders are tied with Jacksonville and Tennessee for the lowest NFL betting odds to win Super Bowl 50, but I thin they're going to have a better chance at improving in 2015 than those two franchise, mostly because I believe they've got the best head coach and quarterback of the three rebuilding franchise.


HIV cure? A second patient is HIV-free after undergoing a bone marrow transplant intended to treat cancer.
A patient in London is HIV-free, doctors announced this week in what appears to be an astounding case.
A patient who was diagnosed with HIV in 2003 has become the second patient ever known to be cured of the infection that affects close to 37 million people worldwide after receiving a bone marrow transplant intended to treat cancer, doctors say. The patient received the stem cell transplant from a donor with a rare CCR5 mutation that allows HIV resistance in May of 2016 to treat his Hodgkin's lymphoma.
The London patient, who is remaining anonymous, also underwent chemotherapy. He took antiretroviral therapy drugs for HIV until September of 2017, doctors say. His drug regiment was much less harsh than the only other known patient who was cured of HIV.
He has been HIV-free, in remission, for 18 months, according to tests.
In a research letter set to publish Tuesday in the peer-reviewed journal Nature, doctors who treated him say this proves that the Berlin patient cured of HIV in 2007 wasn't an anomaly and HIV remission is possible.
"Everybody believed after the Berlin patient that you needed to nearly die basically to cure HIV, but now maybe you don't," said Dr. Ravindra Gupta, a virologist at University College London who presented the findings at a conference in Seattle, The New York Times reports.
The first patient to be cured of HIV, Berlin patient Timothy Ray Brown, underwent two bone-marrow transplants also for cancer treatments, took a cocktail of drugs and experienced serious complications that put his life in danger. At one point, doctors induced a coma. He survived the ordeal, coming out of it without HIV. Over a decade later, he is still considered cured. Treatments that have tried to replicate Brown's result in other HIV patients have failed, until now.
Gupta's team says the London patient's treatment isn't conventional for all HIV patients, but does offer hope for future HIV and AIDS treatments.


text:
Q: how much to sort data in php vs. mysql? I'd like to group an array that I've returned from a mysql database. I've named the array $item_info and I'd like to group it by folder_id.
First, two related questions:

*

*Is doing a single query to get the data below and creating new array keys always (or most likely) faster than 2 separate queries (one involving the desired GROUP BY and the other not).

*From what I read on SO it seems it is best to keep the MySQL query simple and sort out the data with PHP. Comments on that general philosophy?

here's what my database gives back:
$item_info=array(
 array("id"=>"1", 'folder_id'="1", "img"=>"/images/button_01.gif"),
 array("id"=>"2", 'folder_id'="1", "img"=>"/images/button_02.gif"),
 array("id"=>"3", 'folder_id'="2",  "img"=>"/images/button_03.gif"),
 array("id"=>"4", 'folder_id'="2", "img"=>"/images/button_04.gif"),
 array("id"=>"5", 'folder_id'="3", "img"=>"/images/button_05.gif"),
 array("id"=>"6", 'folder_id'="3", "img"=>"/images/button_06.gif")
);

here's how i'd like to array:
$item_info=array(
 array(
   array("id"=>"1", 'folder_id'="1", "img"=>"/images/button_01.gif"),
   array("id"=>"2", 'folder_id'="1", "img"=>"/images/button_02.gif")
 ),
 array(
   array("id"=>"3", 'folder_id'="2",  "img"=>"/images/button_03.gif"),
   array("id"=>"4", 'folder_id'="2", "img"=>"/images/button_04.gif")
 ),
 array(
   array("id"=>"5", 'folder_id'="3", "img"=>"/images/button_05.gif"),
   array("id"=>"6", 'folder_id'="3", "img"=>"/images/button_06.gif")
 ));

A: Since you already have the data in RAM, grouping in PHP seems more than reasonable, since it takes not a lot of processing.
You might want to try
$item_info_tmp=array();
foreach ($item_info as $ii) {
    if (!isset($item_info_tmp[$ii['folder_id']]))
        $item_info_tmp[$ii['folder_id']]=array();
    $item_info_tmp[$ii['folder_id']][]=$ii;
}
$item_info=array_values($item_info_tmp);


text:
Thursday, October 19, 2017 by Ron Susek
Today, I want to ask you a soul-searching question. But first, I must tell you an incredible story in today's edition of FaithWalk: Courage for the Journey.
@GoldenQuill Publications
. . . lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven . . .
(Matthew 6:20)
In the years of 1938-1939, Sir Nicholas Winton singlehandedly began to rescue Jewish children from the Holocaust. He was 29. He successfully brought 669 Jewish children from Czechoslovakia to Great Britain and helped them find new families who gave them a home. Most of the children's parents would perish in the Auschwitz Concentration Camp.
Winton never mentioned the children to anyone. One day, some fifty years later, his wife, Grete, found a notebook in the attic containing names and pictures of all the children that her husband had saved.
His wife gave the notebook to a journalist and Winton was invited to appear on a television program. He did not know that the audience was comprised of all the people whose lives he had saved. Now adults, they all came to thank him personally. When counting the 669 children that he saved, along with their offspring of children and grandchildren, to this date, Sir Nicholas Winton saved the lives of over 15,000 people.
The people whose lives he saved never knew who did this kind act until contacted by the television program. They came with profound thankfulness, hugging and kissing the man who helped them escape the gas chambers to live full, robust lives, and bear children that would have otherwise never existed.
Sir Nicholas Winton was knighted in 2003 and died in 2015 at the age of 105. This picture shows him at age 105.
Here is a soul-searching question - one that has followed me for years. When you and I die and go to Heaven, how many people will be there because of you . . . because of me?
Sharing the pure and simple Gospel was exceedingly important to Jesus, who said, "The harvest is plentiful, but the laborers are few; therefore pray earnestly to the Lord of the harvest to send out laborers into his harvest" (Matthew 9:37-38).
It was He who gave eleven disciples the commission that must be the mission of every believer. He said, "Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age"(Matthew 28:18-20).
As you pray for God to send laborers into the harvest field, and as you bear witness to the Gospel in obedience to the Great Commission, you will probably experience two warm greetings when you arrive in Heaven. The first and most important one will be to hear Jesus say, "Well done". The second will be to hear people whom you have brought to faith say, "Thank you!"
Sir Winton nobly helped children extend their years on earth. Are you and I helping people of all ages to enjoy the life that never ends?
Always remember . . . Immanuel: God is with you!


text:
Q: Getting the last 25 rows of a table using eloquent I am currently transitioning my website to laravel and I am having problems turning the following SQL into eloquent:
(SELECT * FROM `messages` WHERE `lobby`='$lobbyid' AND `timestamp` > '1' ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 25) order by id'

I have tried:
return DB::table('messages')
                ->select('*')
                ->where('lobby', $lobbyid)
                ->where('timestamp', '>', 1)
                ->orderby('id', 'desc')
                ->limit(25)
                ->orderby('id')
                ->get();

But the second order by simply gets ignored. As the title suggests, this query is meant to get the last 25 messages of a specific lobby chat. The sql itself works I just need help converting it to eloquent if possible.

A: I think you need to get 25 results from query and then Reorder array in php
$result = DB::table('messages')
                ->select('*')
                ->where('lobby', $lobbyid)
                ->where('timestamp', '>', 1)
                ->orderby('id', 'desc')
                ->limit(25)
                ->get();

Reorder array:
$result= array_sort($result , 'id', SORT_ASC);

function array_sort($array, $on, $order=SORT_ASC){

    $new_array = array();
    $sortable_array = array();

    if (count($array) > 0) {
        foreach ($array as $k => $v) {
            if (is_array($v)) {
                foreach ($v as $k2 => $v2) {
                    if ($k2 == $on) {
                        $sortable_array[$k] = $v2;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                $sortable_array[$k] = $v;
            }
        }

        switch ($order) {
            case SORT_ASC:
                asort($sortable_array);
                break;
            case SORT_DESC:
                arsort($sortable_array);
                break;
        }

        foreach ($sortable_array as $k => $v) {
            $new_array[$k] = $array[$k];
        }
    }

    return $new_array;
}

Or use will use Laravel Raw query:
 DB::raw((SELECT * FROM `messages` WHERE `lobby`='$lobbyid' AND `timestamp` > '1' ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 25) order by id')

A: You should try this with Eloquent query:
Message::where('lobby', $lobbyid)
       ->where('timestamp', '>', 1)
       ->orderBy('id', 'desc')
       ->take(25)
       ->get();

Note: Message is Model name.


CBRE has facilitated the sale of North Main Apartments at Steel Ranch, a 228-unit community in Louisville, Colo. Dan Woodward, David Potarf and Matthew Barnett represented the seller. In late 2018, the team also brokered the $99.5 million portfolio sale of Creekside at Palmer Park and Woodland Hills, two Colorado communities totaling 488 units.
Located at 1724 Steel St., North Main Apartments at Steel Ranch is 23 miles north of downtown Denver and 9 miles east of Boulder, Colo. The asset is within walking distance of several dining and shopping establishments. Nearby large employers include Boulder Community Hospital, CenturyLink, Oracle and Ball Corp.
Completed in 2013, the property spreads across 7.6 acres and encompasses seven buildings. The one- to three-bedroom floorplans range from 656 to 1,349 square feet. All units feature washer/dryers, while common-area amenities include a 24-hour health and fitness club, heated swimming pool, yoga studio, covered bike storage, media room and community dog wash.
"North Main is a thoughtfully built community that offers favorable rents, a convenient location for both entertainment and employment and a Class A alternative to denser surrounding areas. High home prices and rents compel many residents who work in northwest Denver to look outside the City of Boulder for housing," Barnett, senior vice president with CBRE Capital Markets, said in a prepared statement.