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The teenage queen was embraced by France in 1770. Twenty-three years later, she lost her head to the guillotine. (But she never said, "Let them eat cake")
Richard Covington
Marie-Antoinette, her children, and Madame de Tourzel face the mob at the Tuleries on June 20th, 1792. The Tuileries, 20th June 1792
Late September sunlight filters onto the blue velvet furnishings of the jewel-box theater built for Marie Antoinette at Versailles. The painted, original backdrop depicts a rustic farmhouse hearth, and I can just imagine the young queen reveling in her role as a shepherdess while her witty friends and dull husband, French king Louis XVI, applaud politely.
At the time I was there, the theater was closed to most visitors (it is now open to the public from April 1 through October 31), and I wanted to take full advantage of my access. "Go ahead. Have a good, long look," said Christian Baulez, Versailles' chief conservator.
On the way out, Baulez, who has worked at the former royal palace for four decades, locked the gate with a heavy iron key. "From time to time, you have to visit a spot like the theater when there's no one else around to give the place a chance to trigger an emotional reaction," he said. "You're thinking about other things, then all of a sudden, you're totally surprised. It's a state of grace, an aura you sense—even after 40 years here."
The frivolous 14-year-old Austrian princess who came to France to marry the future king, Louis XVI, developed strength and character over the years. Public Domain
To escape palace life, Marie Antoinette built a hideaway for herself and her intimate friends that included cottages equipped with couches, stoves, and billiard tables. Creative Commons
Thought of as the power behind the throne, Marie Antoinette prophesied, "They are going to force us to go to Paris, the King and me, preceded by the heads of our bodyguards on pikes." Public Domain
The Austrian Empress Maria Theresa gave birth to her fifteenth child, Marie Antoinette, on November 2, 1755. Wikipedia.com
After Louis XVI's execution, Marie Antoinette was transferred to the Conciergerie Prison, dubbed "death's antechamber." Public Domain
"The moment when my ills are going to end is not the moment when courage is going to fail me," the former queen (sketched en route to the guillotine) said shortly before her execution. Public Domain
Marie and children embracing King Louis XVI before his execution
King Louis XVI with Marie and their children © Bettmann/CORBIS
© Bettmann/CORBIS
Arrest of Marie and Louis XVI at Varennes © Bettmann/CORBIS
Marie condemned by the Revolutionary Tribunal © Bettmann/CORBIS
I did not commune with Marie Antoinette's ghost, as some claim to have done. But I had to admit that there is a poignancy about the playhouse and its fantasy world. Less than a decade after the theater's inauguration in 1780, the curtain would come crashing down on the French monarchy and its Austrian-born queen, who seemed to grow in moral stature as she approached the guillotine.
With the possible exception of the Corsican-born Napoleon, another outsider who overstayed his welcome, no one haunts French history like the Hapsburg princess. The frivolous, high-spirited tomboy who arrived at Versailles at age 14 was quickly embraced by her subjects. Yet by the time of her execution 23 years later, she was reviled.
Thrust into a social and political hurricane, Marie Antoinette, biographer Stefan Zweig wrote in the 1930s, was "perhaps the most signal example in history of the way in which destiny will at times pluck a mediocre human being from obscurity and, with commanding hand, force the man or woman in question to overstep the bounds of mediocrity." Ultimately, even Marie Antoinette herself grasped how suffering gave her fortitude. "Tribulation first makes one realize what one is," the queen wrote in August 1791, soon after the royal family's failed escape attempt from their detention in Paris.
Marie Antoinette's fairy tale turned tragedy has spawned biographies, fictionalizations, operas, plays, ballets and memoirs. Even her hairdresser and her executioner published ghostwritten recollections. And, like the 300 gowns the queen ordered each year, the story is a perfect fit for Hollywood. The 1938 film Marie Antoinette, starring Norma Shearer and Robert Morley, is considered a classic of historical melodrama. Now, Sofia Coppola has directed a new interpretation, with Kirsten Dunst and Jason Schwartzman in the lead roles. Based largely on British biographer Antonia Fraser's 2001 biography, Marie Antoinette: The Journey, the new film, also called Marie Antoinette, was released in the United States last month. "I was struck by the fact that Louis and Marie were teenagers—he was 19 when he was crowned, she was 18—in charge of France at the most vulnerable time in its history," says Coppola. "I didn't set out on a campaign to correct the misperceptions about her; I just wanted to tell the story from her point of view."
Each year millions of visitors flock to Versailles and Fontainebleau, where the queen maintained a second palace, to admire her exuberant tastes in furniture and décor. But it is her furtive love life that arouses the deepest interest—and sympathy. Tarred by pamphleteers for sexual wantonness, she was actually rather prudish, at least according to her brother, Austrian emperor Joseph II. Despite a number of innocent flirtations, she deeply loved—probably with Louis' tacit approval, according to a confidante—only one man: Swedish military attaché Count Axel Fersen.
Although Marie Antoinette initially condescended to her husband, she eventually developed a genuine fondness for him. For his part, Louis was completely devoted to her and never took a mistress, exhibiting a restraint virtually unheard of in an 18th-century French king.
Whatever Marie Antoinette's faults—in addition to her renowned extravagance, she was unable to comprehend the French people's thirst for democracy—she did not respond to news that starving Parisians had no bread by saying: "Let them eat cake." According to Fraser, this monumental indifference was first ascribed, probably also apocryphally, to Maria Theresa, the Spanish princess who married Louis XIV more than a century before Marie Antoinette set foot in France. Still, for more than two centuries, historians have debated whether Marie Antoinette bore the blame for her fate or was a victim of circumstance. Although she remained a fervent supporter of absolute royal power and an unrepentant enemy of democratic ideals, her many acts of compassion included tending to a peasant gored by a stag and taking in a poor orphan boy and overseeing his education. "She was so happy at doing good and hated to miss any opportunity of doing so," wrote Madame Campan, the First Lady of the Bedchamber. The softhearted queen, it seems, hungered more for tenderness than power.
The opposite might be said of her mother, Austrian empress Maria Theresa, who regarded her eight daughters as pawns on the European chessboard, to be married off to seal alliances. She barely paused in her paperwork to give birth on November 2, 1755, to her 15th child, In France, Louis Auguste, the 11-year-old grandson of French monarch Louis XV, became a prime matrimonial candidate when, in 1765, his father, Louis Ferdinand, died, making the grandson heir to the throne. Within months, 10-year-old Antoine was unofficially pledged to Louis to cement the union of the Hapsburgs and Bourbons—bitter rivals since the 16th century.
Dispatched to Vienna in 1768 by Louis XV to tutor his grandson's future wife, the Abbé de Vermond encountered an easily distracted 13-year-old who could barely read or write her native German, much less French. But "her character, her heart, are excellent," he reported. He found her "more intelligent than has been generally supposed," but since "she is rather lazy and extremely frivolous, she is hard to teach." Blessed with thick, ash-blond hair, large, grayish blue eyes and a radiant complexion, Marie Antoinette possessed a delicate beauty, marred only slightly by a pouty Hapsburg lower lip.
For her May 1770 wedding, she was escorted to France amid an entourage that included 57 carriages, 117 footmen and 376 horses. Arriving in the forest of the royal château of Compiègne, some 50 miles northeast of Paris, the 14-year-old Antoine, now called by the more formal Marie Antoinette, impulsively dashed up to Louis XV ("Après moi, le déluge"), waiting with his grandson outside their carriage, and curtsied, instantly winning over the king, who kissed her. Perhaps intimidated by her forwardness, the 15-year-old bridegroom gave her a perfunctory kiss, then hardly glanced at her as she chatted away with the king on the ride to the château. The awkward, myopic heir apparent suffered from feelings of unworthiness, despite a facility for languages and a passion for history, geography and science.
Louis Auguste de Bourbon and Marie Antoinette were married on May 16, 1770, in the royal chapel at the palace of Versailles. The next day, news that the union had not been consummated spread through the court. It was only the beginning; by all accounts, the marriage went unconsummated for seven years. By this time, Louis XV had died (of smallpox, in 1774) and his teenage grandson had acceded to the most powerful throne in Europe.
After encouraging her daughter to "lavish more caresses" on her husband, Maria Theresa dispatched her son, Joseph II, as she put it, to "stir up this indolent spouse." Whatever he said apparently did the trick; in any case, the couple wrote to thank him. Many historians conclude that Louis suffered from phimosis, a physiological handicap that makes sex painful, and that he eventually had surgery to correct the problem. Biographer Fraser, however, contends that the pair were simply, as Joseph reported to his brother Leopold, "two complete blunderers."
Added to any sexual frustration Marie Antoinette may have felt was her homesickness ("Madame, My very dear mother," she wrote, "I have not received one of your dear letters without having the tears come to my eyes.") and her rebellion against court etiquette ("I put on my rouge and wash my hands in front of the whole world," she complained in 1770 of a daily ritual at which dozens of courtiers hovered). She sought escape in masked balls, opera, theater and gambling. "I am terrified of being bored," the 21-year-old queen confessed in October 1777 to her trusted adviser, Austrian ambassador Comte Florimond Mercy d'Argenteau.
Where Louis was indecisive, thrifty and over-serious, Marie Antoinette was quick to make up her mind, extravagant and lighthearted. He loved being alone, tinkering with locks; she craved the social whirl. When Louis went to bed, around 11 p.m., Marie Antoinette was just revving up for a night of festivities. By the time she awoke, around 11 a.m., Louis had been up for hours. "My tastes are not the same as the King's, who is only interested in hunting and his metal-working," the queen wrote to a friend in April 1775. And what exorbitant tastes she had! She bought a pair of diamond bracelets that cost as much as a Paris mansion. She sported towering bouffant hairdos, including the "inoculation pouf," a forbidding confection that featured a club striking a snake in an olive tree (representing the triumph of science over evil) to celebrate her success in persuading the king to be vaccinated against smallpox.
Informed of her daughter's behavior by Mercy, Maria Theresa fired off letter after letter warning Marie Antoinette to mend her ways. "You lead a dissipated life," the mother railed in 1775. "I hope I shall not live to see the disaster that is likely to ensue."
Cloistered in the luxury of Versailles, the royal couple was oblivious to their subjects' plight. A failed harvest had made the price of grain skyrocket, and mobs were rioting in the streets of Paris, demanding cheap bread. Crushing taxes were also taking their toll on the populace. Meanwhile, the queen gambled recklessly, ordered expensive jewelry and clothes and spent a fortune on creating her own private domain at Versailles—the Petit Trianon. The three-story neo-Classical château was originally built on the grounds of Versailles in 1762-68 by Louis XV for his mistress Madame de Pompadour. Louis XVI had given it to Marie Antoinette in June 1774, a few days after he became king, when she asked for a hideaway. ("This pleasure house is yours," he told her.) "She wanted a domain reserved for her intimate circle of friends," says Baulez, as we tour the Trianon. "But unfortunately, this exclusion made everyone else at court jealous." Palace gossip spun outrageous tales about "scandalous" and "perverse" goings-on at the Trianon, giving anti-monarchist pamphleteers material for salacious underground cartoons. How could the queen spend the nation's money, at a time of financial crisis, on her private hideaway, critics asked.
But Marie Antoinette seemed blind to the criticism. She directed architect Richard Mique and artist Hubert Robert to conjure up a sylvan fantasy of artificial streams, grottoes and winding paths. (During nighttime galas, a Temple of Love rotunda and a glass music salon were illuminated by wood fires hidden in trenches in the ground.) In 1784, the two designers created what, from the outside, appeared to be a hamlet (the Hameau) of cracked and tumbledown cottages, which, in fact, were appointed with comfortable couches, stoves and billiard tables. A working farm completed what Zweig satirized as "this expensive pastoral comedy," though tales of the queen herself herding sheep are false, Baulez insists. The overall effect of the Petit Trianon was—and remains—quaintly charming, but the total bill, including the Hameau, came to more than two million francs (the equivalent of more than $6 million today). To this day, the Petit Trianon—silk hangings, wall coverings, porcelain dinner services, furniture—bears Marie Antoinette's stamp, with flower-mad motifs in cornflower blue, lilac and green. "She loved ornamentation," says Baulez. "She wasn't interested in dignity, but the picturesque. She had the tastes of an actress, not an austerely regal queen."
In one salon is the exquisite harp Marie Antoinette played well enough to accompany Antonio Salieri, the Hapsburg court composer and Mozart rival she invited to visit. In an adjoining room, Baulez shows me the infamous pale blue boudoir with mirrored interior shutters that the queen could raise and lower at will. "People imagined mirrors surrounding a bed for secret trysts," he says, "but she was just trying to keep curious passersby from peering inside." Whatever trysts there were did not include Louis, who spent not a single night at the Petit Trianon, although he did occasionally pop by to read to himself in a little rowboat.
Fersen was the more frequent guest. The queen went so far as to furnish an apartment above hers for him. By October 1787, they were exchanging clandestine letters about such prosaic domestic details as where to put a stove. Unraveling the details of their relationship has kept biographers guessing for more than 200 years, largely because Fersen destroyed substantial portions of his journal and a great-nephew to whom his letters were entrusted censored some and suppressed others. "I can tell you that I love you," Marie Antoinette declared in one letter back to him.
They had met at a Paris opera ball in January 1774, when Fersen, the 18-year-old son of a wealthy Swedish nobleman, was making the grand tour. The young queen invited him to several balls at Versailles, but not long after, he left for England. Four years later he returned to the French court as a young military officer and, according to Comte Francois Emmanuel de Saint-Priest—Louis' future minister of the interior—"captured the queen's heart." In early 1779, Fersen signed on to fight on behalf of France in the American Revolution, in part perhaps to escape the queen's growing infatuation. When he returned to Versailles four years later, in June 1783, he wrote to his sister, swearing off marriage because: "I cannot belong to the only person to whom I want to belong, the one who really loves me, and so I do not want to belong to anyone." That summer, he visited Marie Antoinette nearly every day.
By now the 27-year-old queen—mother of a 4 1/2-year-old daughter, Marie Thérèse Charlotte,and a son, the Dauphin Louis Joseph Xavier, nearly 2—had blossomed into a full-figured beauty, with luminous eyes and a demeanor some saw as dignified, others as haughty. As a young princess, she had burst into tears when Mercy had pressured her to get involved in politics; now she scolded the French foreign minister for excluding Joseph II from the peace process with England, though to little effect.
Some two years later, around the time her second son, Louis Charles, was born, Marie Antoinette became the victim of one of the most byzantine swindles in history. A fortune hunter named Jeanne de Lamotte Valois persuaded the gullible Cardinal de Rohan that she was a close friend of the queen's—though Marie Antoinette had never heard of her. Lamotte's lover, Rétaux de Villette, forged letters purportedly from the queen imploring the cardinal to buy a necklace of 647 diamonds costing 1.5 million francs ($4.7 million today). Writing as the queen, de Villette said "she" was too embarrassed to ask Louis for so expensive a present and was relying on the gallant cardinal to obtain it for her. The queen would, of course, repay him.
After a clandestine meeting in the palace gardens with a woman hired by Lamotte to impersonate the queen, Rohan was hooked. When jewelers delivered the necklace to the cardinal, he gave it to Rétaux, disguised as the queen's footman. Lamotte's husband then smuggled it to London to be sold off in pieces. When the jewelers demanded payment in August 1785, Marie Antoinette was livid with rage and Louis ordered Rohan arrested.
The subsequent trial caused a sensation. The Paris Parliament defied the king's command to convict the duped cardinal and acquitted him. Lamotte was flogged, branded on her breast with a V for voleuse (thief) and tossed into prison. And though Marie Antoinette was not on trial, she might as well have been. "The queen was innocent," Napoleon observed years later, "and, to make sure that her innocence should be publicly recognized, she chose the Parliament of Paris for her judge. The upshot was that she was universally regarded as guilty."
The affair of the necklace provided further fodder for scandal-mongering pamphleteers and journalists already intent on portraying the queen as greedy and corrupt. From then on, she could do no right. Her embarrassment made Louis more vulnerable than ever. Beset by severe food shortages, weighed down by taxes, resentful of royal absolutism and inspired by the egalitarian example of an independent United States, French citizens were growing increasingly vocal in their demands for self-government. In May 1789, to avert the nation's impending bankruptcy (a series of wars, years of corruption and Louis' support of the American Revolution as a means of weakening England had depleted the French treasury), the king convened the Estates-General, an assembly of representatives of the clergy, nobility and commoners that had not met since 1614. As Marie Antoinette's carriage wound from the palace through the streets of Versailles to welcome the gathering, crowds along the way stood in sullen silence. In a sermon at the town's Church of Saint Louis, the Bishop of Nancy railed against the queen's profligate spending. (Dubbed Madame Deficit, the queen was increasingly blamed for the country's desperate financial situation, although she had in fact already cut back on personal expenses.) At the time of the Bishop's sermon, however, the 33-year-old mother was consumed with anxiety over her older son, the gravely ill Dauphin. Within a month, the 7-year-old prince would be dead of tuberculosis of the spine.
Historians trace the French Revolution to that summer of 1789. On July 14, some 900 Parisian workers, shopkeepers and peasants—fearing that the king, who at the queen's urging had moved a large number of troops to Versailles and Paris, would dissolve the representative National Assembly—stormed the Bastille prison to seize arms and ammunition. Marie Antoinette tried to convince her husband to put down the insurrection, but not wanting to provoke an all-out conflict, he refused, effectively ceding Paris to the revolutionaries. Comte Honoré de Mirabeau, leader of the increasingly anti-monarchist National Assembly, observed that the queen had become "the only man at court." In the weeks that followed, the Assembly did away with age-old privileges for the aristocracy and clergy, declared a free press, got rid of serfdom and proclaimed the Rights of Man.
A little before noon on October 5, a mob of several thousand market women, armed with pikes and sickles, set out from Paris' Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) on a 12-mile trek to Versailles to protest a lack of jobs and the high cost of bread. By evening, thousands more, some carrying guns, had joined them in front of the palace. After dithering over what to do, Louis finally decided to seek refuge in the distant Rambouillet château. But when his coachmen rolled out the royal carriages, the crowd cut the horses' harnesses, stranding him and his family.
Around five o'clock on the morning of the sixth, rebels surged toward the queen's bedroom, killing two guards. A terrified Marie Antoinette leapt out of bed and raced to the king's apartments. Louis, meanwhile, had dashed to her bedroom to rescue her, but finding her gone, doubled back with their son to join her and their daughter in the dining hall of his quarters. By this time, the Marquis de Lafayette, commander of the National Guard, had arrived with Guard troops and temporarily restored order.
But the throng, swollen to some 10,000 people, began clamoring to take Louis to Paris. When someone cried out for the queen to show herself on the balcony, she stepped forward, curtsying with such aplomb that the mob grew silent, then burst into cries of "Long live the queen!" But Marie Antoinette sensed that the reprieve would be short-lived. Retreating inside, she broke down. "They are going to force us to go to Paris, the King and me, preceded by the heads of our bodyguards on pikes," she said. Her words proved prophetic. Within hours, the triumphant procession—indeed with the guards' heads on pikes—was escorting the captive royal family to the old Tuileries palace in the capital.
Although the king and queen were not locked in, and in theory could have left the palace had they chosen to do so, they withdrew into self-imposed seclusion. The king seemed unable to act. "Taking the place of her husband (whom everyone thrust contemptuously aside as an incurable weakling)," writes Zweig, Marie Antoinette "held council with the ministers and ambassadors, watching over their undertakings and revising their dispatches."
"She was decisive where he was indecisive," biographer Antonia Fraser says in a new PBS documentary Marie Antoinette. "She was courageous when he was vacillating." She dashed off letters in cipher and invisible ink to other European sovereigns, pleading with them to invade France and shore up the king's crumbling authority, but to no avail. Meeting secretly with Mirabeau in July 1790, she won the influential legislator over to the cause of preserving the monarchy. By December, however, she was devising a contingency plan to flee Paris for Montmédy, near the Austrian-controlled Netherlands. There the royal couple planned to mount a counterrevolution with troops under the command of Royalist general Francois-Claude Bouillé. When Mirabeau died in April 1791 without securing the Assembly's promise to retain Louis as king in a constitutional monarchy, Louis and Marie Antoinette put their plan into action. But instead of following Bouillé's advice to make the trip in two light carriages, the queen insisted on keeping the family together in a lumbering coach called a berlin, encumbered with a silver dinner service, a clothes-press, and a small wine chest. (Fersen had made the arrangements, even mortgaging his estate to pay for the carriage.) Late in the evening of June 20, 1791, the royal family, disguised as servants, slipped out of the capital. Fersen accompanied them as far as Bondy, 16 miles east of the Tuileries. While the horses were being changed, he pleaded with Louis to let him continue with the family rather than reuniting at Montmédy two days later as planned. Louis refused, perhaps, suggests biographer Evelyne Lever, because he thought it humiliating to be under the protection of his wife's lover. Also, Fraser says in the PBS film, Louis didn't want people to think a foreigner had helped them get away.
In Varennes, 130 miles east of Paris, a band of armed villagers accosted the king, who had been recognized inside the conspicuous berlin, and forced the royal entourage into a municipal official's house. When a small contingent of Royalist troops arrived to free them, Louis vacillated, then, fearing a confrontation with the steadily growing mob brandishing arms outside the house, declined the troops' help, choosing instead to wait for Bouillé. Had Fersen, a trained officer, been allowed to stay with the group, he might well have taken more decisive action and helped lead the family to safety. Instead, emissaries dispatched by the Assembly arrived with orders to return the family to Paris. Crowds of angry Parisians lined the streets as the king and queen were taken back to the Tuileries palace, where they were held captive by National Guardsmen. Louis was caricatured as a castrated pig, while the queen was portrayed as a wanton traitor.
The Assembly allowed Louis to remain as a figurehead on the throne to legitimize a proposed new constitution, but he had little actual political power. Meanwhile, at the same time Marie Antoinette was secretly lobbying moderate republicans in the Assembly for a constitutional monarchy, she was also writing to European rulers that the "monstreuse" constitution was "a tissue of unworkable absurdities" and the Assembly "a heap of blackguards, madmen and beasts." Although Louis privately detested the constitution, on September 14, 1791, he took an oath to uphold it, agreeing to share power with the elected Legislative Assembly.
In Stockholm, Fersen had persuaded the Swedish king to back a new escape attempt. In February 1792, the daring count—by now branded an outlaw for his role in the flight to Varennes—snuck into the heavily guarded palace and spent some 30 hours with the queen. Toward the end of his visit, Louis showed up and rejected Fersen's scheme for escape through Normandy. Around midnight of Fersen's second day, Marie Antoinette bade him farewell—for the last time.
In April, under pressure from the Assembly, Louis declared war on Austria, which was preparing to invade France to restore Alsace (occupied by the French) and obtain full liberty for the royal family. Rightly suspecting that the king and queen were plotting with the enemy, an armed mob stormed the Tuileries on August 10, killing more than a thousand guards and noblemen. Louis and his family fled on foot through a courtyard to the nearby Assembly building, where they begged the representatives for protection.
The Assembly, however, voted to have the king, queen, their son and daughter, and the king's sister Elisabeth locked up in the Temple tower, a forbidding medieval fortress in the center of Paris. On September 20, the new revolutionary National Convention, the successor to the Assembly, met for the first time. The following day they abolished the 1,000-year-old monarchy and established the Republic.
For the former royal family, now prisoners in the Temple tower, the next two months passed improbably in something like domestic tranquility. While the king schooled his 7-year-old son, Louis Charles, in the dramas of Corneille and Racine, the queen gave Marie Thérèse, 13, history lessons, played chess with her husband, did needlework and even sang at the harpsichord. Then, on November 20, Louis' letters to foreign powers plotting counterrevolution were discovered in a strongbox hidden in the Tuileries. Louis was taken from his family, locked up on the floor below them and, on December 26, put on trial. Maximilien Robespierre, a chief architect of the Revolution, and the fiery journalist Jean-Paul Marat were among the many radical leaders who testified against him during a three-week trial. "It is with regret that I pronounce the fatal truth," proclaimed Robespierre, "Louis must die, so that the country may live." After a unanimous vote by members of the Convention (with a few abstentions) that Louis had conspired against the state, members of the more moderate revolutionary faction argued that the former king should be confined until the end of the war with Austria, then sent into exile. Even English philosopher Thomas Paine, elected to the Convention as a hero of the American Revolution, pleaded for the royal family to be banished to America. But it was not to be. Louis, 38, was condemned to death on January 16, 1793. He was allowed to spend a few hours with his wife, son, daughter and sister before being led to the guillotine on January 21 and executed before a crowd estimated at 20,000.
Six months later, on August 2, the Widow Capet, as Marie Antoinette was now known, was transferred to the Conciergerie, a dank prison dubbed "death's antechamber." Louis' sister, Elisabeth, Marie Thérèse and Louis Charles remained in the Temple tower. Later that month, the queen recognized among her visitors a former officer, the Chevalier Alexandre de Rougeville, who dropped at her feet one or two carnations (accounts differ) containing a note that said he would try to rescue her. A guard spotted the note, and when public prosecutor Antoine Fouquier-Tinville learned that Royalists were scheming to free the former queen (the plan became known as the Carnation Plot), he moved to put her immediately on trial.
Emaciated and pale, Marie Antoinette maintained her composure at the trial, a grueling 32-hour ordeal carried out over two days. She responded with eloquence to the prosecutor's litany of accusations—she was guilty, he said, of making secret agreements with Austria and Prussia (which had joined with Austria in the war against France), of shipping money abroad to Louis' two younger brothers in exile and of conspiring with these enemies against France. Accused of manipulating the king's foreign policy, she coolly replied: "To advise a course of action and to have it carried out are very different things."
On the first day of the trial, the prosecution delivered a bombshell, presenting testimony by young Louis that he had sex with his mother and his aunt. (Caught masturbating by his jailer, the boy had invented the story to shift blame onto the two women.) The former queen summoned up a stirring denunciation. "Nature refuses to answer such a charge brought against a mother," she replied. "I appeal in this matter to all the mothers present in court." The prosecutor's ploy backfired as the audience reacted with abashed silence. But the trial's conclusion was foregone. With civil war threatening to destroy the new Republic, "Marie Antoinette was deliberately targeted," says Fraser in the PBS production, "in order to bind the French together in a kind of blood bond." Found guilty of treason, the former queen was sentenced to die.
On the eve of her execution, Marie Antoinette wrote a last letter, to her sister-in-law, entreating Elisabeth to forgive young Louis for his accusations and to persuade him not to try to avenge his parents' deaths. "I am calm," she reflected, "as people are whose conscience is clear." Before the former queen left prison the next morning, October 16, 1793, the executioner cut off her hair and bound her hands behind her. A priest counseled courage. "Courage?" Marie Antoinette shot back. "The moment when my ills are going to end is not the moment when courage is going to fail me."
As an open tumbrel cart carrying the condemned woman rolled through the streets to what is now the Place de la Concorde, Marie Antoinette, two weeks shy of her 38th birthday, but appearing far older, maintained a stoic pose, captured in Jacques-Louis David's harsh sketch (below) from the rue Sainte-Honoré. When the guillotine sliced off her head at 12:15 p.m., thousands of spectators erupted in cheers. Her body was placed in a coffin and tossed into a common grave in a cemetery behind the Church of the Madeleine.
Still imprisoned in the Temple tower, Louis Charles remained isolated from his sister and his aunt, who was also executed, in May 1794, as an enemy of the people. In June 1795, the 10-year-old boy, a king—Louis XVII to Royalists—without a country, died in the Temple tower, most likely of the same tuberculosis that had felled his elder brother. Six months later, his 17-year-old sister was returned to Austria in a prisoner exchange. She ultimately married her first cousin, the Duke d'Angoulême, and died childless at age 72 in 1851 outside Vienna.
Fersen became a trusted adviser to the Swedish king. But he never forgave himself for not saving the woman he loved on the flight to Varennes. "Why, ah why did I not die for her on the 20th of June?" he wrote in his journal. Nineteen years later, on June 20, 1810, a Stockholm mob, wrongly believing that he had poisoned the heir to the Swedish throne, beat him to death with sticks and stones. He was 54.
In April 1814, following Napoleon's exile to Elba, Louis' brother the Comte de Provence, then 58, returned from his own exile in England to assume the French throne as Louis XVIII. The following January, he had the bodies of his older brother and the queen disinterred and reburied in the Saint-Denis Cathedral near Paris, where idealized stone statues of the royal couple now kneel in prayer above the underground vault.
Marie Antoinette would likely have been perfectly happy to have played only a ceremonial part as queen. But Louis' weakness forced her to take a more dominant role—for which the French people could not forgive her. Cartoons depicted her as a harpy trampling the constitution. She was blamed for bankrupting the country, when others in the high-spending, lavish court bore equal responsibility. Ultimately, she was condemned simply for being Louis' wife and a symbol of tyranny. Thomas Jefferson, minister to France under Louis XVI, famously asserted that if Marie Antoinette had been cloistered in a convent, the French Revolution would never have taken place. Perhaps Jefferson goes too far. Certainly she became a scapegoat for nearly everything that was wrong with France's absolutist, dynastic system. But it's also clear that in their refusal to compromise, Louis and Marie Antoinette lost everything.
Based in France, Richard Covington writes on culture, history, science and the arts from his home near Versailles.
Richard Covington | READ MORE
Richard Covington is a Paris-based author who covers a wide range of cultural and historical subjects and has contributed to Smithsonian, The New York Times and the International Herald Tribune, among other publications.
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Celebrity #MadMax: Prequel Focusing On Charlize Theron's Furiosa Starts Pre-Production
#MadMax: Prequel Focusing On Charlize Theron's Furiosa Starts Pre-Production
After scoring a hit at the box office last year while successfully sweeping 6 wins at the Academy Awards, it was inevitable that we'd get a sequel or prequel to "Mad Max: Fury Road".
Now, word on the street has it that a new instalment in the "Mad Max" franchise is already in pre-production in Broken Hill, Australia. The prequel will allegedly focus on the backstory of Charlize Theron's character, Imperator Furiosa.
Here's the quote from Australia's The Herald Sun:
"The prequel to 'Mad Max: Fury Road' starring Tom Hardy will be filmed in and around Broken Hill. Pre-production is gearing up on the multi-million-dollar action-packed Warner Bros franchise, with NSW's Broken Hill Studios Miller's first choice for shooting, which could start as soon as later this year. Mad Max 4 was plagued by delays when extended rain turned the desert green and the uber director had to move location to Namibia. The script is said to focus on the backstory of Furiosa, played by Oscar winner Charlize Theron."
Director George Miller has previously stated that 2 sequels were already in development. He also indicated that there's a possibility that Theron's Furiosa may not make a return. So this latest news comes as a surprise as Miller himself has express his reluctance to return to the world of "fire and blood" anytime soon. Did the director had a sudden change of mind?
Source: Nerdist
As Eric Diaz points out, if "Mad Max: The Wasteland" were to be a prequel focusing on Furiosa, then why would Tom Hardy's Mad Max character even be involved? They didn't even meet until the events of "Fury Road". Having said that, it is possible that the storyline might have a split-narrative of equal time given to both characters.
Then again, this is all just pure speculation. While we wait for Warner Bros. to confirm or deny it, fans should probably take this news with a grain of salt. Until then, you can always watch "Mad Max: Fury Road" via streaming or on Blu-ray for the hundredth time.
Seeing as how Furiosa was an extremely popular character, we wouldn't be surprise to see the franchise shining the spotlight on her, since very little is known about her backstory.
However, if we don't get a "Mad Max" prequel or any sort of instalment for the next few years, at least we'll get to watch Theron getting fast and furious in "Fast 8" next year.
Sources: Nerdist, /Film, Independent UK.
Charlize Theron as Imperator Furiosa
Fun Facts About Mad Max
George Miiller
George Miller Mad Max
Mad Max Furiosa
Mad Max Fury Road Sequels
Mad Max Prequel
Mad Max Sequel Details
Mad Max Sequel Rumors
Mad Max Sequels
Things You Might Know About Mad Max
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#Fast8: Director Felix Gary Gray Teases Fans With Behind-The-Scenes Sneak Peeks

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Humans and fire: a primal feeling
Home Inspiration Humans and fire: a primal feeling
Fire and humans go far back. Hundreds of thousands of years ago people made fire for heat, light and to protect against predators. Even though we now – fortunately – have other solutions for that: we are still very attached to our fire. In fact, scientific research has even shown that people who have a wood-burning stove in the house are happier than people without a fireplace. But where does that primordial feeling come from?
No person without fire
When humans have started making fire precisely, the archaeologists do not yet agree. Whether the making of fire was discovered more than 1 million years ago by the Homo erectus or only later by the Homo sapiens or Neanderthals: making fire is certainly an essential part of human development. From the first agricultural societies to the industrial revolution. Without the discovery of making fire, our lives would be very different now.
People with fireplaces are happier
The campfire, and later the fireplace, was the central point for our ancestors. Here you were safe, you could prepare food and you stayed warm. A German study into the influence of wood-burning stoves on happiness shows that people with a wood-burning stove still feel better and happier than people who do not own a fireplace. When asked if everything is ok at the moment, 98% of the surveyed fireplace owners say 'yes'. This is only 87.1% of people without a fireplace. Owners of a wood stove also feel healthier. No less than 93% feel healthy, compared to 61.6% of people who do not have a fireplace at home.
Love is not extinguished
The fireplace is seen as a source of coziness, safety and relaxation. The meditative effect of fire relieves people in the year 2019 of the issues of the day. Fire is our oldest energy source. It took us thousands of years to master the art of making fire to perfection. It is therefore not surprising that our love for the fire is still not extinguished.
The 3 most popular fireplaces in the winter of 2018/2019
The environment-friendly alternative for heating: the Barbas wood fireplace
Close to the fire: 6 home trends
Where and how are the Barbas Bellfires fireplaces and stoves produced?


I missed my mom today too. Its often the small things- like the full moon I would have liked for her to gaze at with me. So sorry for your loss.
Awe…my mom loved the moon too. I'm sorry for your loss too. It's hard. I'm glad we have each other to support and relate to. Thanks for your comment.
Oh, can I relate. It's been almost 3 years since I lost my mom. I definitely have those days too and they come around the birthdays and holidays the most. I swear sometimes i feeling like a little kid stomping rounds and yelling, i want my mommy! Yep, and the tears. They are so good sometimes, they just let it all out. It was very freeing to give myself permission to cry, since I wasnt alowed to cry when i was a kid. Hang in. I am glad you have lots of good memories to hang onto, thats a gift!
I'm so sorry for your loss. I too feel like an angry kid sometimes, stomping my feet and yelling. I know it won't bring her back, but it sure feels good! Thanks for your comment.
Those deep cries are the best and the worst! I'm so sorry you lost your mom. Your words are a lovely way to honor her.
Thanks, Karen. I appreciate your support.
Thank you. I'm sorry for your loss too. They were taken from us way too soon.
Thanks, Paul. A good cry is sometimes all we need. Appreciate your support.
I lost my Dad, not my Mom, and I realize it is not the same at all. I do call my Mom every day, but in your honor I will be extra-appreciative when I speak with her today!
Thanks, Josie. I'm sorry for the loss of your dad. It's never easy losing a parent. Makes those special moments and phone calls with your mom all the more special.
Wow- beautiful post. I'm in tears reading it. SO, so sorry for your loss. Although I can't relate at all, I never had that mom. I don't and never have had or will have a relationship with my mom. I CAN relate to the longing of wanting that so incredibly bad but knowing you'll never have it. THAT I feel your pain on. And I am so very, very sorry. My heart aches for you. I can only imagine. Your mom sounds AMAZING! What a very blessed daughter you are to have had her! And I know you know that already 🙂 And she is beautiful! Wow. Like mother like daughter!
Thanks Desta! She was pretty amazing. She had her problems too (don't we all!), but she lived a passionate and love-filled life. She taught me so much in her short time here. I can only wish I have that same influence on my children. Thanks again for your comments! Btw, so excited you got to meet/see/hear Glennon yesterday! Awesome!


07/23/2014 Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Senate Subcommittee on National Parks. Hearings held. With printed Hearing: S.Hrg. 113-493.
04/08/2014 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.


The El Capitan Theater Is Selling The Coolest Mary Poppins Popcorn Buckets!
Our favorite nanny, Mary Poppins is returning to theaters real soon and she'll be flying with her handy dandy umbrella.
In honor of Mary Poppins Returns, The El Capitan Theater located in Hollywood is selling Mary Poppins popcorn buckets!
Whenever you go see a movie at the El Capitan Theater it's always an experience for example for Mary Poppins there will be costumes on display and Cherry Tree Lane photo ops.
However, the real treat in all of this are the Mary Poppins umbrella popcorn bucket.
You can buy a VIP package for $26.00 and you'll get a reserved seat for the movie, popcorn in the umbrella tub, and a 20 oz. bottled drink.
Are you going to get this popcorn bucket?


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Fortan – miejscowość i gmina we Francji, w Regionie Centralnym, w departamencie Loir-et-Cher.

Według danych na rok 1990 gminę zamieszkiwało 155 osób, a gęstość zaludnienia wynosiła 26 osób/km² (wśród 1842 gmin Centre, Fortan plasuje się na 982. miejscu pod względem liczby ludności, natomiast pod względem powierzchni na miejscu 1328.).

Bibliografia

Miejscowości w departamencie Loir-et-Cher

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A cyber attack hobbled the electronic system used by a major pipeline network to communicate with its customers, though the company said there was no effect on the flow of natural gas.
The electronic data interchange provided by third-party Energy Services Group LLC for Energy Transfer Partners LP's pipeline system was attacked Monday and will be shut down until "further notice," Energy Transfer said in a notice to shippers. The EDI system, which conducts business through a computer-to-computer exchange of documents, is designed to help pipeline companies cut costs and boost speed.
The attack didn't impact operations in any other way, according to Vicki Granado, an Energy Transfer spokeswoman. "We are handling all scheduling in house during this time," Granado said in an email.
The shutdown could affect electronic data for a wide network of pipelines owned by Energy Transfer subsidiaries, including Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Company, Transwestern Pipeline Company LLC and Rover Pipeline LLC.
Though it's not clear who was responsible for the attack, it comes after U.S. officials warned in March that Russian hackers are conducting a broad assault on the nation's electric grid and other targets. Last month, Atlanta's municipal government was hobbled for several days by a ransomware attack.
Energy Transfer, run by billionaire Kelcy Warren, isn't the only pipeline company using EDI. Other operators with similar systems include Kinder Morgan Inc. and Tallgrass Energy Partners LP, according to their websites. Kinder Morgan wasn't affected, spokeswoman Melissa Ruiz said in an email. Tallgrass didn't immediately respond to requests for comment.
The Panhandle natural gas pipeline network includes four large-diameter pipelines stretching from the Anadarko Basin of Texas and Oklahoma into several other midwestern states. The Trunkline system, which extends from the Gulf Coast into the Southeast and Midwest, and the Sea Robin system in the Gulf of Mexico are also part of the Panhandle network.
Shares of Energy Transfer fell 1.5 percent to $15.97 at 2:53 p.m. in New York. The Department of Homeland Security didn't immediately respond to requests for comment.
The Transwestern pipeline system connects gas supplies in the Rockies and the Permian Basin of West Texas and New Mexico to customers in California, Arizona and Nevada. The Rover pipeline, also controlled by Energy Transfer, is designed to transport gas from West Virginia and Ohio to markets in the Midwest and Canada.


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Home - Games
Hearthstone – Patch 20.0.02
Recently released the most recent patch to Hearthstone very strongly focused on balancing.
Since the beginning of the Year of the Gryphon and the release of the Forged in the Barrens card set, there have been a fair number of new features and innovations on cards that have dramatically changed the meta-strategy of the game. Most of the changes in the most recent patch to Hearthstone are centered upon Blizzard's notorious obsession with perfect balancing.
Thus, a couple of recently added cards are receiving significant nerfing, and very welcome nerfing at that. Deck of Lunacy and Sword of the Fallen are both getting the balancing they desperately needed.
A legendary Mage card, Deck of Lunacy, when played, transforms all the spells in the player's deck to random spells that cost (3) more, but the spells keep their original cost. This means that a Mage with this card could load up their deck with as many low mana cost spells as they can and then play this card to immediately transform them into spells that are much more powerful and still cost the same! Being a two-mana cost card, that card alone could almost guarantee the player a win every single time. While the developers indicated in the patch notes that they intended to provide players the ability to do really wild and random things during play, they also recognized that the card was just too powerful. So they have increased the mana cost of the card up to 4.
The second legendary card getting nerfed is the Paladin's Sword of the Fallen. This ridiculously overpowered card is still too strong. At two mana, this weapon card allowed a Paladin to cast a secret from the deck upon attacking with their hero. At three durability, this meant that you could essentially draw an extra card for the next three turns and then cast that card for free. In the meantime, having the added utility of a weapon with synergizing cards could increase its damage and/or durability. The developers reduced its durability from 3 to 2, but honestly, this is still a very strong card.
Two other recently added overpowered cards are also getting nerfed. Both the Far Watch Post and the Mor'shan Watch Post are having their health reduced by one. According to the developers, these cads were originally added to add a little utility to deal with certain other strategies. Still, they both ended up being far too useful for every class and lead to a situation in which too many players were using and relying upon them, and that those that did use these cards were consistently winning more frequently than those that didn't. This obviously is not good. Again, reducing the health by 1 does very little to make these cards any less OP. Both of these cards synergize very well with taunt minions to potentially remain on the board for a long time. In particular, The Far Watch Post is very strong because if it is not removed by the other player quickly, it can make 2, 3, or even 4 of the next cards they draw cost 1 more mana. That alone, if played early, can be game-changing and guarantee a win.
The Pen Flinger is getting slightly nerfed only to be able to damage minions instead of both minions and the hero. This minion, upon spell burst (activated by the first time the player casts a spell while this minion is on the board), is returned to its owner's hand. Theoretically, this could mean that a player could repetitively play this minion and then a spell, then play the minion again and do that repeatedly throughout a match. It's still a decent card and a great addition to spell-heavy decks.
Aside from that, there has been a fair amount of rebalancing of hero abilities in the Battlegrounds and Duels gameplay modes and rebalancing to the appearance rate of certain cards in the Arena, which should slightly decrease the win rate for Demon Hunters and Priest, and slightly increase the win rate for Druids, Hunters, Rogues, and Shamans. There have also been so many bugs fixed it's not realistic to list them all.
Based on the pattern of release for new cardsets (usually three times each year in the Spring, Summer, and Fall), it's safe to say that the next set of cards will be released around the last week of July or the first week of August. We're looking forward to it, and we will be sure to keep you updated as soon as we find out more.
Games News Android Blizzard Entertainment Free-to-Play HearthStone iOS Multiplayer PC Android iOS PC Hearthstone Multiplayer Blizzard Entertainment
Team Fight Tactics – Patch 11.24
The latest patch for Team Fight Tactics is absolutely massive it's a challenge just to process how much has been changed, read here for a quick summary of the most important information!
Fall Guys – Season 6 "Pipe Dream"
Season 6 of Fall Guys is live! This new season of Fall Guys is looking to be very exciting, with new stages, obstacles, and costumes! Read here to find out more about all the new and fun content to explore!
Hearthstone – 'Fractured in Alterac Valley' Expansion
Pull up a chair by the hearth! The third and final expansion for the Year of the Gryphon (2021), 'Fractured in Alterac Valley' has a lot of wintery fun to offer both new players and longtime fans of Hearthstone. Read here for more information!
League of Legends – Patch 11.24
The latest patch for League of Legends was released! Read here to find more information about which champions were nerfed or buffed!


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Hi I have an important question that will make a big difference for my organization of the chart of accounts. So I am looking at your chart of accounts and there is only one "Bank" type account. I currently have "bank accounts" for the checking, savings, security deposits account, and operational expenses. As I am making changes and definitely want to be able to print accurate reports I am thinking it is going to be necessary for example to change the '2300 - Security Deposits' account from a 'bank' type to 'Other Current Liability' type. What are your thoughts about this? It is no longer able to be reconciled if I make this change. Is it necessary?


Regardless of whether you are a young specialist, a student, or a planet traveler roaming the globe in search of great adventure, you undoubtedly do not want to overpay when booking bus and train transportation in between two cities. If you are looking for bus stations along the East Coast, Peter Pan Bus could be your selection while Jefferson Lines requires you on trips in the central US and BoltBus serves West Coast cities. Anda pun juga bisa memilih kelas bus yang akan Anda gunakan, apakah ekonomi, eksekutif atau VIP. You can get a selection of tickets on your Arriva bus, from single tickets, to weekly saver. When boarding the bus let the driver know the kind of ticket you require and then location the appropriate change into the red fares box.
Though you can use your debit or credit card to purchase your cheap bus tickets, there are other safer methods to obtain products on the internet. Plus you are going to have loads of exciting and meet all the other folks on board the bus as well. 1st, they are wonderful for sight seeing and exploring whether or not it is a city or town. You don't have to invest your precious time in standing queue of bus ticket reservation.
All York Family members – Valid for up to 5 individuals (including up to two adults) on any bus in the York location on the day of situation. Any unused 2015 or earlier tickets might be exchanged at the HSR Client Service Centre (Hunter Street GO Centre) with an further $.15 per ticket. The bus network in Seville is made up from circular C-1, C-two, C-three, C-4 buses and north, south, east and west routes.
Consumers are in a position to use direct debit as a form of payment to buy bus tickets, monthly passes, day passes, Taxi Scrip, DARTS and senior's annual passes. SINGLEtickets for Lothian Buses and Single Tickets for Edinburgh Trams ( city or airport fare zones ). Airport return tickets are also available for Edinburgh Trams. It runs every 30 minutes from the Prado San Sebastia bus station, which is the most central place.
Particular person in between the ages of 5 and 19 who attends an elementary or secondary college in the City of Hamilton. Weekly Passes: All weekly rail passes valued at $18 or far more are valid for one particular-zone bus trips and may be utilised on any light rail line. All you have to do is purchase discounted all zones annual MetroSaver tickets for your staff, then recover the expenses over the year from their salary. All passengers at age of 62 years old or more, are eligible to get a five% discount in all available Greyhound bus trips. Whilst some bus businesses only operate regionally, other individuals cover the entire nation with their bus lines.


After 8 months, Alfresco has started giving an error when navigating to the user dashboard. For users not logged in, they are unable to do so at the login page. I'm constantly logged in, so I don't get the login screen, but the dashboard page.
Every evening we have a script that stops Alfresco and performs a cold backup before restarting Alfresco. This script has been working perfectly for months, with Alfresco becoming available again after the backup script has run.
When we get the error, a restart of Alfresco has been resolving the issue. It would appear that sometimes Alfresco is able to start correctly and other times it's not.
Nothing has been changed on the server. No updates, no configuration changes; nothing.
From the logs you've included, it appears as though Share is having trouble determining the status of the IMAP subsystem but the reason behind it is not clear. The error is coming as a result of the inclusion of the my-sites dashlet on a user's dashboard, so users who don't use this dashlet or who have removed it from their personal dashboard won't be affected by the problem.
This share dashlet makes a remote call to alfresco to the url http://<alfresco-server>/alfresco/service/imap/servstatus to determine whether or not to certain elements of the UI should be rendered. Once it gets the value of the imap server status, it will store it and won't make any further calls. Generally this means that it should only make the call once after each server restart, but in your case the call seems to be failing and in that case, every subsequent rendering of the my-sites dashlet will continue to try and call the server (and potentially keep failing). The share code doesn't deal gracefully with the fact that the imap server status isn't reachable and it causes the whole dashboard load to fail.
In order to get to the bottom of this, you need to identify what's going wrong with the call to alfresco/service/imap/servstatus. For some reason this request is sending a 404 response back, indicating that the webscript itself can't be found. Check in your alfresco.log for any issues during server startup as well as in the tomcat/logs/localhost_access_log<date>.txt and look to identify when calls to this url fail (404 response) and when they succeed (200 response).
If you can isolate a time when users are encountering the problem, try calling http://<alfresco-server>/alfresco/service/imap/servstatus manually through a browser and verify that the script is viewed by the system as deployed using http://<alfresco-server>/alfresco/service/script/org/alfresco/repository/imap/imap-enabled.get to see the status of the webscript itself.
It's worth noting that you could see this problem whether or not IMAP is enabled, as the check will be done by share regardless - so just disabling IMAP if you don't want it is probably not an option.
Are you running many custom/3rd party extensions?
Thanks for your comprehensive response. To be honest, Alfresco was deployed to meet an urgent need for document mangement and sharing. I'm sure that we're not getting the most out of it as we just don't have enough knowledge of its capability and how to implement it. As such we've not installed any extensions or done any configuration beyond Nginx for SSL and reverse proxy, and of course our backup script.
It just seems strange that this problem has suddenly appeared after all these months, and that it's intermittent. I'll try what you've suggested and post again if I can get to the bottom of it.


Want to be part of something bigger than yourself? Something that changes lives? Want a chance to serve? To grow? To give thanks? To make a difference?
At UUCFM, we're not perfect--far from it. But we've got a dream that the world could be different. That every life could be honored. And that, as we reach out in love, love would change us, as well.
We are a community based on a shared open and honest curiosity about the world, seen and unseen. Our lives are enhanced by looking beyond the horizon, and finding inspiration in many places. We know what we do matters, and that we need to care, serve others, and live with integrity.
"Inspired by love, we transform ourselves and serve others." Our Mission doesn't tell you everything about UUCFM but it starts the conversation. And because spiritual exploration and seeking integrity are a life journey, and traveling is richer when you do it together, we covenant together in community.


I am terribly torn as to when I should write about this record, and have been putting it off for well over a week now. I have been wrestling with buying a copy, but just cannot bring myself to pay for the shipping. I'm feeling quite poor at the moment, and just can't do it. I wish I knew of a place in the US that might be carrying this! I will sure update my post if I find one, that is for sure. All I am left with is hope; Hope that I might get a copy for Christmas – and that Santa grabs one before it inevitably sells out – BECAUSE IT WILL. Simply said… if Say Sue Me's back catalogue is any indication of how good Christmas, It's Not a Biggie might be – it is going to be stellar. EDIT: I ordered a copy! Bless you Jim!
For the uninitiated, Say Sue Me are an indiepop band from South Korea, and have released a string of fantastic EPs and full-lengths starting in 2014 on a South Korean label, Vitamin Entertainment, and more recently on Damnably out of London. Their most recent (and absolutely excellent) LP, Where We Were Together, is already on its fourth pressing… this band has some heat… and this Christmas EP is limited to 500. IT WILL NOT LAST LONG. Our only glimpse into what the record will sound like is with the title track, "Christmas, It's Not a Biggie," having appeared back in 2015 on the South Korean comp, 허수아비들의 성탄절 Heosuabi Christmas. That is one of those releases that I've had as a draft post for way too long… so long I forgot I had it as a draft post! Entire comps can bog me down when I normally have just 30 min here and there to try to knock out a post, and I have the thoroughly-encyclopedic Stubby as a role model, which gets me thinking I need to provide much more thoughtful, and complete information on every band. (I am full of tangents today.) Back to the song: The indie/surf pop is jangly and refreshing – a sorbet between courses of sorts – yet the lyrics are melancholy and detached. I totally dig it… but the thing is… I suspect that it is not going to be the best track on the record. Again – just based on how great their last record was, I think this EP is going to be a total highlight of the season.
Bottom Line: BLARG! I want to hear this thing. Perhaps I will do a proper (well, as proper as I do) review when I do.
I did not wake up this morning hoping to hear autotune in a cover of this classic José Feliciano song, but dammit, I should have. London's Shame have managed to inject this sometimes dusty old song with new spirit, bringing some of the background melodies into the fore and inexplicably incorporating autotune with excellent results. This is Dead Oceans' second holiday release this season (and it is only OCTOBER!), following Khruangbin's "Christmas Time is Here," announced earlier this week. Simply said, keep it coming Dead Oceans!
Bottom Line: Shame shine up an old song to sound all sparkly and new.
For a few years, when my older family members were still around and living near Philly, I used to spend Christmas day visiting them, then my family would drop me off at my apartment and I'd go out in the city. It was always quiet and relaxing and felt like you got away from reality for one night. I've spent a bunch of nights like this with one of my friends after getting off the road – and catching up at home. The verses are all about moments from touring, and at the chorus I'm back home, living a normal life. A bar in Philly was nice enough to charge us by the lot rather than per drink after a particularly indulgent night and we ended up saving some money that way.
I like the approach, I dig the music, and I think you might to.
Bottom Line: Super-solid indie rock from one of the country's best incubators of fantastic rock bands, Philadelphia.
This is certainly one to be checked out! Available for preorder now and will be released on Dec. 7, which is unfortunately a bit late for my mix. However, if you live in the Glasgow area, you can order from Monorail Music and grab a ticket to their special Christmas release party on Dec. 6!
Should you break down the content of this entire blog, you would probably find that I've written 50% of my posts about indie pop. Well, make it 51%, as this new track from Japan's figure is a beautiful, early Wild Nothing-esque indie pop groove that deserves your attention. Figure is the indie pop project of Yoshinobu Hasebe, and "Christmas Eve of 1992" is off his first release in four years, Parakalein. The song starts off with that wistful, indie pop lofi production (which I love), but what really hooked me is when the song swells with emotion as drums and bass kick in. The production does bury the lyrics enough to honestly have no real clue what Yoshinobu is singing about (presumably Christmas Eve of 1992) here… but the vibe itself is enough for me to love this song.
Bottom Line: Japan has always been fertile ground for indie pop fandom, so it shouldn't be a surprise to hear fantastic Japanese indie pop bands releasing underground Christmas indie pop gems. I suspect figure is only the tip of the iceberg for 2018.


Absolute Highlight Zeitlos watches !!!!
The Year of the Models! Finally it is time, after the gigantic success of the current Excellent collection, Zeitlos now is going on with the "Beast Edition series". Unique design in BRosen Black and eye-catching engravings and applications, which are showing up to the steelband in IP rose/ black Racestyle. For the first time this model is also presented with bestial engraving, matching to its model name presented in black watch housing. For all fans: this watch is an absolutely "must have".
Europe-wide patented design! Reference ZL-EB-11 BR, original automatic GMT move, iP Rose, with open balance, calendar up to 31 days, each watch is numbered with 24 months of guarantee.
* Carbon - stainless steel band iP Rose, black Bicolor Band.


Happy Wednesday! Today is my day to post on the Creative Charms blog. I hope you have been checking out all of the great projects by the new design team members. I always enjoy seeing what other people do with all of the Creative Charms goodies!
I think this pink chenille flower from the Fuzzy Daisy Kit has a warm cozy feel - it makes me think of a stuffed animal! For this baby card, I took out the red polka dot center and added the large brad from the pink Blooming Garden collection.
A strip of pink Fancy Polka Dot Ribbon finishes the top of the card. The 1/8 inch Scor-Tape is perfect for adhering the ribbon to the card.
This is an A2 card. The card base is plain white with a layer of dark pink DCWV cardstock cut at 5 1/4 x 4 inches and a layer of paper printed as a full sheet from the Imagine More Cards Cricut Imagine cartridge and trimmed to 5 x 3 3/4 inches.
I originally thought I'd make a vertical card, but I changed to the horizontal format. With the horizontal layout I was able to tuck the sentiment close to the flower.
The sentiment was cut with the Cuttlebug Welcome Baby Combo Set from the same cardstock used for the first layer on the card front.
I used a large 3D glue dot to adhere the flower to the card.
You could also use the large brad from the "It's a Girl - Felt Stickers and Brads" to replace the center of the flower.
This card began with the blue lacy flower medallion that I designed a couple of years ago using the Calligraphy Collection Cricut cartridge.
The original post is HERE with complete information on how to make the lace flower and photos of many variations on the theme.
The card is five and a half inches square with the fold along the top. There is a blue layer (in the same cardstock that I used for the lattice flower) cut at 5 1/4 x 5 1/4 inches and the top layer is from a K & Company stack. I fussy cut the top layer to be sure that the large flower was centered on the card.
I always seem to have some extra gems and pearls - the gradient gem stickers have 76 pieces in each package and they go a long way.
This is a blue Multi-layered Organza Flower - these flowers are so lovely and shimmery. I thought the center pearl was a bit small for my card design, so I snipped the thread that holds it and added a larger white pearl Gradient Gem Sticker.
Here is the card with the gems added before I placed the flower in the center. I added medium pearl gem stickers and clear gem stickers to the outer points and some small gem stickers to some of the intersecting lines in the center section of the blue flower.
A foam square lifts the flower a bit from the center of the card.
The colors are calming and the flower and gem stickers make this an elegant card for a special occasion..
I am still amazed at the thin lines that the Cricut was able to cut - this cut was originally made nearly two years ago on my old Expression.
If you check out the Creative Charms website you will see lots of other beautiful and unusual flowers that will make great focal points for your cards and projects.
Those are just DARLING!!!!!! I absolutely love the furry flower!
Love the flowers. Have you tried to cut the Organza Flower with organza material on the cricut?
how adorable, the baby card is very cute! Great job! TFS Have a lovely day!
Wow I really really love that blue card! So eye catching! I haven't gotten any of those flowers, yet :)!
Love the fuzzy flower. It reminds me of a warm bathrobe I used to have! The blue card is so beautiful.


In this special restorative and sound healing fusion class, participants will relax in gentle yet full and deep stretching postures. The sound vibration of the crystal singing bowls will take you on a trip through the chakras, releasing tension and easing the mind.
This is a therapeutic and meditative practice that will help you connect with a sense of profound peace. This is also a healing and recuperative experience that can balance chakra energy, improve circulation, sleep quality and productivity.
All levels of yoga experience and physical fitness levels welcome.
The knower of the mystery of sound knows the mystery of the whole universe.
It was my first time hearing the bowls and I loved it! The restorative was just that… a special time to relax, breathe and reset…. and with so many others!!! The unity of energy and calm was fulfilling.
The room was ready when we arrived, Lydia explained about the poses and demonstrated how to do them, she made sure everyone was comfortable . Nancy did an amazing job on the bowls making sure we all had a wonderful experience. Thank you, I'm looking forward to the next singing bowls class.


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Tag: Katt Monroe
STAR FOX ZERO Review
April 29, 2016 May 14, 2016 1 Comment
It's always great to see a franchise return after a rather long hiatus. Mario and Zelda are fortunate enough to get titles frequently, but it could take awhile for others. (Metroid for example.) In the case of Star Fox, it had been 10 years since the last main game. Yes, in 2011 there was the 3DS remake of 64, but the last new game in the series, Command, came out back in 2006. One could then imagine the immense hype when ZERO was announced. This would be the first home console game for the title character since Gamecube's Assault back in 2005. This would also look to be a much needed addition to the Wii U, which lacks a large array of great titles. Zero brings the franchise back to its roots and attempts to be much like what Super Mario Galaxy was to 64. It contains many of the classic elements while being something new. Sadly, there are quite a few aspects holding it back from being called a "great" game.
One of the more interesting aspects is the game's story mode. For awhile it was quite vague whether this would be some kind of reboot or not. Well, it definitely is. Whether or not that's a good thing is up for debate. On one hand, it had been a long time since the previous game so it makes sense Nintendo would want to revamp the story for a new audience. On the other hand, starting over and erasing a rich history could be a bit alienating. On the onset Nintendo does a pretty good job setting up the story through a solid intro. It sets the tone and introduces the characters well. After that however is when the writing takes a turn for the dull side.
Despite being a reboot, the game assumes you know these characters. Because of this, there isn't much in the way of character development. Most of the time, you can interchange any character for any line and it wouldn't make a difference. Instead of great banter between the characters, we get generic dialogue such as "Way to go Fox!" and "Are you OK?" Even worst, Star Wolf appears for basically a non-role. Again, the game assumes you know these characters and the relationships between them. This kind of thinking doesn't work for a reboot. Who is Star Wolf? Why does he look similar to Fox? Are they old enemies? Instead of answering these questions, the game speedily has the player do the missions with very few cutscenes or explanations. This leads me to the game's biggest drawback: the length.
I personally would say any mainstream game (as in one that will cost you $60) should aim to be at least 8 hours. You can beat Zero in under half that. You can pick it up at 10 am and have it done before 2. That is unacceptable and makes it feel like we got half a game. It's a shame because it has the making and look of an all-star title. The story is rich in concept, but the game doesn't utilize it effectively. According to the intro Pigma pretended to be with the team, but was found to be a traitor working for Andross. The game could have spent some time on that aspect of the plot, because in theory that should be pretty deep. Instead, we have Pigma saying uninspired lines such as "Stop treating me like a pig roast!"
Adding more missions would have been a solid way to prolong the main mode, but that in itself wouldn't have been enough to save the story. The game has excellent animation, some of the best graphics on the Wii U. It's a shame it's wasted on recycled radio scenes. Also adding more missions could have made the gameplay repetitive, so I think they should have brought back the on-foot patrol from the criminally underrated Assault. This way we could have had another gameplay element stopping the Arwing and Walker parts from becoming tedious. Of course, this would have only mattered if the game were longer. Sadly, you're paying for half a game.
One more aspect of the writing worth discussing is Katt Monroe. As longtime fans know, Fox had a love interest named Krystal starting from back in Adventures. Sadly, Nintendo dropped the ball and ruined her in Command. I suppose the thought process here was to erase that and have someone else. The problem is that Katt appears out of nowhere. What's even more strange is that she appears and Fox for some reason doesn't say a word. It's incredibly bizarre. Then, she reappears and hints at apparently knowing Falco at some point. Here Fox acknowledges her, but she disappears again for the rest of the game. Who was she? How does she know Falco? Was Fox simply awed by the pink color that he couldn't speak? These are questions the mediocre writing leaves.
Perhaps the most controversial aspect of the game is the gameplay. Nintendo opted to use motion control with the Gamepad. Motion control isn't inherently a bad thing, but often can take away from the core gameplay, making things unnecessarily complicated or worse: making what would be good gameplay broken. Here the game gives us two options: have motion control always on, or only when targeting. I'm really glad they added that second option, because to leave it on all the time is too "loose." You're bound to miss more with motion control always on, so there's virtually no reason to keep it. With that said, the gameplay besides this is solid. It plays like how a Star Fox game should be. There are some instances where it feels like the controls are working against you (such as in the first battle against Pigma) but for the most part Nintendo has the player make excellent use of the cockpit in Gamepad view (plus fantastic use of both joysticks) and big screen TV view.
A good chunk of the missions are very well done and forces the player to strategize. Later you have the ability to shift from Arwing mode to Walker, which mixes up the way the player does things. Despite surprisingly appearing very little, the Landmaster is also put to fantastic use. There's a sense of urgency and danger to most of the missions, starting right from the entrance to Corneria. This leads to perhaps the game's biggest positive: a genuine difficulty. Even the most seasoned of players will have some trouble with a few of the boss fights. The Landmaster vs. Subterranean Weapon Scrapworm was very well done for example. The final boss was also challenging and I doubt many will be able to beat it on a first try. As a whole, the game harkens back to Nintendo's glory days of providing legitimate challenges, which makes most of their modern entries, such as Yoshi's Woolly World, look even worse.
Another strong positive is the game's soundtrack. Nintendo is typically known for its great music, and this game is no different. Starting from the game's intro it brings back many of the classic Star Fox themes for a new age. While Wolf was sadly underwritten and underused, at the very least his remixed theme song was a blast to hear. There's also some excellent choir at the right times throughout the story. How about other modes? The game offers cooperative play, which is nice, but there should have been a separate "vs." also. Assault had one of the greatest multiplayer modes from a Nintendo title, so it's a shame we didn't get something like that here. There's also Arcade mode, but it's essentially playing the entire game again. If there was a reward worth acquiring, it might be worth it, but the only other unlockable mode is Sound Test, which is incredibly disappointing.
Overall, Zero has a lot of good features but too many drawbacks hindering what could have been a stellar product. $60 is a lot of money, so I expect something that'll last a bit, not a game where one is able to complete in under 3 hours. The gameplay needs a little polishing, but I think the usage of a cockpit view working alongside a general view is brilliant, and to be fair it does work most of the time. (With motion controls turned off anyway.) The aerial and ground fights provide a solid challenge for old and new fans alike. The story sadly is incredibly lackluster. With more of an emphasis on writing, it could have at least made the short game more engaging on that front. Still, to call Zero a bad game would do it injustice, because it's not. At its best, it provides a definitive Star Fox experience. It however lacks enough substance to be called anything other than "pretty okay."


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Give the public sector a break
It will be interesting to see how well the domestic tourism industry has done this summer. The weather has been variable but with the post-Brexit Pound at virtual parity with the Euro, foreign destinations are less affordable. The reality is however, many families find it hard to manage week by week let alone afford a holiday. With pressure on household income the spotlight has fallen on wages particularly in the public sector.
Unison's excellent Pay Up Now campaign is highlighting the effect of the public sector pay cap. A public sector worker on median wage in 2010 was first subject to a two year pay freeze then a 1% pay cap ever since which has meant wages have dropped by £3.875. That's the equivalent of an average family's annual food bill. Keep the cap in place through the next Parliament and pay will drop a further £2,202. What that means for police officers, nurses, teachers and prison officers is that between 2010 and 2015 wages have fallen by over 10%.
Pay restraint in the aftermath of the banking crash was necessary, continuing the squeeze is not. With private sector pay rises three times higher and top boss pay up by almost 32% there's a question of fairness. But there is now also a serious problem with recruitment and retention across the public sector. So it's time give public sector workers a break – we'd all benefit from that.


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Indian navy submarine INS Arihant. Photo by Chanakyathegreat, Wikimedia Commons.
1 Analysis World News
The Trouble With India's Slow Naval Buildup – Analysis
October 7, 2019 October 7, 2019 Observer Research Foundation 0 Comments
By Observer Research Foundation
Much of the Indian budget is focused on the army, with the air force being a distant second and the navy a poor third.
By Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan
India has been trying hard to enhance its naval capabilities over the past few years, both in recognition of its own needs as well as an understanding of evolving trends in the strategic environment. But despite New Delhi's best efforts, doing so continues to be slow work.
A case in point is India's submarine programme, which was in the spotlight again recently when the second of the Indian Navy's six Scorpene submarines, INS Khanderi, was inducted into service on 28 September. The first Scorpene submarine, called INS Kalvari, was commissioned in 2017. The third submarine, INS Karanj, launched in January 2018, is undertaking sea trials now. INS Khanderi was manufactured by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited at a cost of ₹187.98 billion (about $2.6 billion) under an India-France bilateral agreement in 2005 to build six Scorpene class submarines in India. Not including the Scorpenes, India currently has two other older types of diesel-electric submarine types, the Sindhughosh (Kilo) class and the Shishumar (HDW 209/1500) class diesel-electric submarines, and the nuclear-powered Arihant class (as well as the leased Chakra class nuclear submarine).
But the induction of the new submarine belies the fact that the size of India's submarine inventory has been declining for years. The Scorpene acquisition has undergone significant delays — more than six years — even though it remains an important addition to the Indian naval capability. Even though there have been triumphant comments from many senior Indian officials on the significance of this induction, it is far from sufficient given the growing naval and maritime challenges in the Indo-Pacific.
Commissioning the submarine into service, the Indian Defense Minister Rajnath Singh talked of the importance of the submarine and Indo-French defence cooperation, though he framed the acquisition primarily as a message to Pakistan. But the Scorpene submarines still do not have a modern torpedo, making do with the older SUT torpedoes. India cancelled a deal for the heavy-weight Black Shark torpedoes, built by the Finmecannica subsidiary WASS, as a result of an unrelated corruption scandal that involved another subsidiary of Finmecannica, Augusta-Westland. In a makeshift arrangement, the Indian government approached the German defence company, Atlas Elektronik to upgrade 64 torpedoes, which were procured in the 1980s and 1990s for the Indian Navy's four Shishumar-class submarines. The already-insufficient number of torpedoes in the Indian Navy's arsenal is to be now also shared with the Scorpene submarines.
An additional issue comes from the slow development of the air independent propulsion (AIP) system. AIP allows submarines to stay under water for longer periods of time without being detected. However, the development of the indigenous AIP system by Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) has been delayed, which should not come as much of a surprise given the history of DRDO's tendency to over-promise and under-deliver. The last two of the Scorpene submarines were to be equipped with the indigenously developed AIP systems but because of the delay by the DRDO, the plan is now to have them in the next six submarines that will be developed under Project 75I.
But Project 75I has also been very slow. Under Project 75I, India plans to build six additional advanced conventional submarines in collaboration with a foreign manufacturer. But this has also run into difficulties. The Swedish defence firm SAAB, which was seen as one of the top foreign contenders, pulled out its bid because of onerous conditions the India has imposed regarding indigenous partnerships and instead South Korea's Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering has entered the fray.
The South Korean decision possibly flows out of the visit of the Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh to South Korea in September where defence industry cooperation was a major highlight. South Korea joins four other contenders: Naval Group (France), Navantia (Spain), Rosoboronexport (Russia) and TKMS (Germany) who are all bidding for the ₹450 billion (about $6.32 billion) contract. During the recent visit of Prime Minister Modi to Russia, the Russian President Vladimir Putin agreed to undertake a "joint design and development of conventional submarines through an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA)." But it has been more than a decade since Project 75I started, and it will be years more before these submarines enter Indian Navy service.
The long, hard work of building up India's naval capabilities is not just limited to its submarine programme. On the same day as the INS Khanderi induction, there were two other developments that are critical to the Indian Navy: the launching of the first of the P17A frigates, 'Nilgiri' and inauguration of a dry dock, located within the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai. According to Rakesh Anand, head of Mazagon Dock Limited, the new frigates come with "new design concepts for improved survivability, sea keeping, stealth and ship manoeuvrability." The new dry dock will be the Indian Navy's biggest one, capable of holding India's aircraft carrier, INS Vikramaditya. It is state of the art, made of 1.5 meter-thick reinforced concrete and almost 300 meters into the sea. But it has taken more than a decade to complete the dock.
The slow nature of India's naval buildup is the product of broader trends that are well-known. Much of the Indian budget is focused on the Army, with the air force being a distant second and the navy a poor third. And with naval capability building proving time-consuming and capital-intensive, that leaves New Delhi stuck with a continued slow pace of development of its naval capabilities relative to other actors, even as competitors such as China forge ahead more quickly.
The solutions are also well-known. Some of them involve process: for instance, India needs to change its decision-making processes and its complicated acquisitions process to halt the slide in its relative capabilities. Others relate to outlook, with India needing to focus on the right threats to its national security rather than leaving itself looking broad but being overextended as a result. Whether or not these solutions will be adopted or not remains to be seen. Until then, developing India's naval capabilities will likely continue to prove to be slow work irrespective of the incremental gains that are seen in the headlines.
This article originally appeared in The Diplomat.
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Observer Research Foundation
ORF was established on 5 September 1990 as a private, not for profit, 'think tank' to influence public policy formulation. The Foundation brought together, for the first time, leading Indian economists and policymakers to present An Agenda for Economic Reforms in India. The idea was to help develop a consensus in favour of economic reforms.