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Laxative effects of agarwood on low-fiber diet-induced constipation in rats
Mamoru Kakino1,
Shigemi Tazawa2,
Hiroe Maruyama2,
Kazuhiro Tsuruma1,
Yoko Araki2,
Masamitsu Shimazawa1 and
Hideaki Hara1Email author
BMC Complementary and Alternative MedicineThe official journal of the International Society for Complementary Medicine Research (ISCMR)201010:68
© Kakino et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
Agarwood (Aquilaria sinensis), well known as incense in Southeast Asia, has been used as a digestive in traditional medicine. We investigated the laxative effects of an ethanol extract of agarwood leaves (EEA) in a rat model of low-fiber diet-induced constipation.
A set of rats was bred on a normal diet while another set was placed on a low-fiber diet to induce constipation. The laxative effect of agarwood was then investigated on both sets of rats.
Pretreatment of normal rats with single dose of EEA (600 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased frequency and weight of stools. Also, treatments with EEA (300 and 600 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days caused a significant increase in stool frequency and weight. Feeding of the animals with a low-fiber diet resulted in a decrease in stool weight, frequency, and water content and also delayed carmine egestion. A single treatment with EEA (600 mg/kg) or senna (150 and 300 mg/kg) significantly increased stool frequency, weight, and water content and also accelerated carmine egestion in the model rats. Once daily administrations of EEA (150 mg/kg), for 14 days, caused a significant increase in water content of stools. The higher doses of EEA (300 and 600 mg/kg) significantly increased frequency, weight, and water content of the stools while accelerating carmine egestion in the constipated rats. Senna (150 and 300 mg/kg) produced similar effect as the higher doses of EEA but, in addition, induced severe diarrhea.
These findings indicate that EEA has a laxative effect, without causing diarrhea, in a rat model of low-fiber diet-induced constipation. These findings suggest that EEA may be highly effective on constipation as a complementary medicine in humans suffering from life style-induced constipation.
Single Administration
Loperamide
Stool Frequency
Multiple Administration
Constipation is a common public health problem with a well-recognized propensity to cause discomfort and to affect quality of life. Constipation increases during aging and can be a chronic condition requiring the use of laxatives over the long term. Constipation is not only discomforting but can also cause abdominal distension, vomiting, restlessness, gut obstruction, and perforation, and may be associated with aspiration or fatal pulmonary embolism [1]. At present, 20 to 30% of people over the age of 60 use a laxative more than once a week [2]. Drugs containing magnesium oxide or sennoside, the main constituent of senna, are typically administered for treatment of constipation due to their powerful purgative/laxative activities, but these drugs also induce severe diarrhea as a side effect. In addition, repeated use of senna or other anthraquinoide-containing drugs can induce melanosis coli (colic melanosis), a risk factor for colorectal neoplasm [3]. Agarwood, also well known as incense in Southeast Asia, has been used as a sedative, analgesic, and digestive in traditional medicine. Agarwood leaves are consumed as a healthy tea in Thailand and Taiwan. However, the botanical name "Agarwood" in English applies to more than fifteen different species (Aquilaria apiculina, found in the Philippines; Aquilaria baillonil, found in Cambodia; Aquilaria baccarain, found in Indonesia; Aquilaria brachyantha, found in Malaysia; Aquilaria crasna, found in Thailand, Malaysia and Cambodia; Aquilaria sinensis, found in Taiwan, etc.). In our previous study, we demonstrated that Aquilaria sinensis and Aquilaria crasna have laxative effects on a mouse model of loperamide-induced constipation, without inducing diarrhea. Agarwood (Aquilaria sinensis) also accelerates gastrointestinal transit in loperamide-induced constipation mouse model and increases the spontaneous contractions of isolated guinea pig jejunum and ileum. The increased contractions and laxative effect of agarwood can be blocked by atropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist [4].
Constipation arises from a variety of causes (e.g., chemical compounds such as morphine, dietary habits, and psychological stress, etc.). The mouse model of loperamide-induced constipation corresponds to morphine-induced constipation in human patients since both loperamide and morphine are opioid-receptor agonists. In the present study, we used a rat model of low-fiber diet-induced constipation, which has the same similarities as human patients suffering from constipation as a result of poor dietary habits. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the laxative effects of EEA using a rat model of low-fiber diet-induced constipation.
Agarwood (Aquilaria sinensis, gathered in Daisoukou, Taipei, Taiwan) and senna (Senna alexandrina) leaves were supplied by API Co., Ltd. (Gifu, Japan). The species of these botanical materials were authenticated by Professor Munekazu Iinuma Ph.D. (Pharmacognosy, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University). The voucher specimen of EEA (JLE-50P-080924) was deposited at Nagara Research Center, API Co., Ltd. (692-3 Nagarayamasaki, Gifu 502-0071, Japan). Carmine was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan).
Extraction and isolation procedures
Agarwood and senna leaves (each 50 g) were chopped into smll pieces and extracted with 60% ethanol (1000 ml) at room temperature (25.0°C) for 24 h. We got 8.0-9.0 g of solid powder from each leaves every time.
Male SD rats (6 weeks old) were purchased from Japan SLC (Hamamatsu, Japan). The animals were housed at a controlled room temperature (24.5-25.0°C) with a 12/12 h light/dark cycle. Food pellets (CE-2, CREA Japan, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and tap water were provided ad libitum. All animal experiments were carried out according to the "Principles of Laboratory Animal Care" (NIH publication number 85-23, revised 1985) and "Guidelines of the Animal Investigation Committee of Gifu Pharmaceutical University".
All experiments were approved by the Animal investigation Committee of Gifu Pharmacological University.
Stool parameters
The frequency and weight of stools were measured as the frequency and total wet weight per rat over 16 h (Figure 1C). EEA (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg) and senna (150 and 300 mg/kg) were orally administered once daily for 14 days (Figure 1A). Gum arabic (5% w/w) was orally administrated as a vehicle. Carmine (10 mg/body) was administered via the same route immediately after sample administration. The frequency, weight, and water content of stools from each rat were measured at 2 h intervals for 16 hours (e.g. 0-2 h, 2-4 h, 4-6 h, etc.). Carmine egestion by each rat was measured at 2 h intervals for 24 h. Rats were then placed individually in stainless steel cage (24 × 38 × 20 cm) and fasted for 8 h but provided with water ad libitum.
The schedule of examination performed in this study.
Induction and evaluation of constipation
Rats were maintained on a low-fiber diet for 5 weeks to induce constipation prior to the experiments (Figure 1B). The low-fiber diet (Crea Japan, Inc.) contained 41.5% cornstarch, 24.5% milk casein, 10.0% sucrose, 10.0% dextrin, 7.0% mineral mixture, 6.0% corn oil, and 1.0% vitamin mixture (Table 1). Induction of constipation were evaluated by stool parameters (frequency, weight, water contents, and carmine egestion).
Composition of the normal diet and low-fiber diet.
contents (%)
normal diet
low-fiber diet
Crude fiber
Crude ash
NFE: Nitrogen Free Extract
Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. Statistical comparisons were made with the Student's t-test, Tukey's multiple comparison test, or x2 test (JSTAT for Windows; Vector, Tokyo, Japan).
Laxative effects of EEA and senna in normal rats
To examine the laxative effects of EEA on frequency and wet weight of stools in normal male rats, EEA (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg) and gum arabic (as a control) were orally administered once daily for 14 days (Figure 1A). The frequency and the wet weight of stools were measured on the first day and again on the 14th day (Figure 1C). The frequency and the wet weight of stools following a single administration of gum arabic were 22.2 ± 4.97 and 5.74 ± 1.70 g, respectively (Figure 2A and 2C). A single administration of EEA at 600 mg/kg significantly increased the frequency and wet weight of stools to 31.5 ± 4.25 and 8.29 ± 1.21 g, respectively (Figure 2A and 2C). A single administration of EEA at 150 and 300 mg/kg showed tendency to increase the frequency and wet weight of stools, but the increment was not statistically significant (Figure 2A and 2C).
Laxative effects of single (A and C) and 14-day (B and D) administration of EEA on normal rats. Data are shown as the mean ± S.E.M., n = 12, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. control (one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test).
The frequency and the wet weight of stools following multiple oral administrations of gum arabic for 14 days were 16.3 ± 3.98 and 4.79 ± 1.14 g, respectively (Figure 2B and 2D). Multiple oral administrations of EEA for 14 days significantly increased the frequency and wet weight of stools to 20.8 ± 2.98 and 6.00 ± 1.10 g, respectively, at 300 mg/kg or to 25.5 ± 5.42 and 8.09 ± 1.91 g, respectively, at 600 mg/kg (Figure 2B and 2D). A single administration of EEA at 150 mg/kg showed a tendency to increase the frequency and wet weight of stools, but the increment was not statistically significant (Figure 2B and 2D).
The effect of low-fiber diet on stool parameters
Before assessing the laxative effects of EEA and senna on low-fiber diet-induced constipation in rats, the effects of a 5 week treatment with a low-fiber diet were determined on the frequency, weight, and water content of stools. Rats were purchased at 6 weeks old and maintained on a normal diet (as a control) or on a low-fiber diet for 5 weeks. After 5 weeks of feeding, carmine (10 mg/body) was orally administered, then stool frequency, weight, and water content were measured (Figure 3A, B, and 3C) and carmine egestion was investigated in each rat during consecutive 2-h periods for 16 h (Table 2). Stool frequency, weight, and water content of rats maintained on the normal diet were 22.3 ± 1.15, 5.31 ± 0.25 g, and 50.8 ± 1.00%, respectively (Figure 3A, B, and 3C). Treatment for 5 weeks with a low-fiber diet significantly reduced the stool frequency, weight, and water content to 8.83 ± 1.19, 0.97 ± 0.16 g, and 39.7 ± 1.92%, respectively, (Figure 3A, B, and 3C). The 5-week low-fiber diet also significantly delayed carmine egestion (Table 2).
Effects of normal diet (white bars) and low-fiber diet (black bars) on frequency (A) weight (B) and water content (C) of stools over a 16 h period in rats. Data are shown as the mean ± S.E.M., n = 12, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. vehicle (one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test).
Effects of low-fiber diet on the rate of carmine egestion in rats.
Number of rats egesting carmine-containing stools
over 16 h
Rats were maintained on a normal-diet or a low-fiber diet for 5 weeks. Carmine (10 mg/body) was orally administered to the rats, then the weights of carmine-containing-stools were measured during consecutive 2-h periods over 16 h. n = 12, **p < 0.01 vs. normal-diet (Chi-square test).
Effects of EEA and senna on stool parameters in the rat model of low-fiber diet-induced constipation
To examine the effects of EEA and senna on stool frequency, weight, and water content and on carmine egestion in the low-fiber fed rats, constipation was induced in the rats by maintaining them on the low-fiber diet for 5 weeks. Then, EEA (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg), senna (150 and 300 mg/kg), and gum arabic (as a control) were orally administered once daily for 14 days according to the schedule shown (Figure 1B). Stool frequency, wet weight, and water content following a single administration of gum arabic were 5.70 ± 2.74, 0.70 ± 0.40 g, and 38.6 ± 11.7%, respectively (Figure 4A, C, and 4E). A single administration of EEA at 600 mg/kg significantly increased stool frequency, wet weight, and water content to 11.8 ± 4.04, 1.90 ± 0.86 g, and 50.9 ± 8.9%, respectively (Figure 4A, C, and 4E). A single administration of EEA at either 150 or 300 mg/kg did not affect stool frequency, wet weight, or water content (Figure 4A, C, and 4E).
Effect of single (A, C and E) and 14-day (B, D and F) administrations of EEA and senna on stool frequency, weight and watercontent on rats with low fiber diet-induced constipation. Data are shown as the mean ± S.E.M., n = 12, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 vs. vehicle (paired Tukey's multiple comparison test).
A single administration of senna significantly increased stool frequency, wet weight, and water content to 19.8 ± 3.76, 4.6 ± 1.28 g, and 76.6 ± 6.1% respectively, at 150 mg/kg and to 22.5 ± 5.05, 6.10 ± 1.47 g, and 81.8 ± 4.70%, respectively, at 300 mg/kg (Figure 4A, C, and 4E). A single administration of EEA at 600 mg/kg and of senna at 150 and 300 mg/kg significantly accelerated carmine egestion (Table 3A). A single administration of senna at 150 or 300 mg/kg induced diarrhea in all the animals used (Table 4).
Effects of EEA and senna on carmine egestion in a rat model of low-fiber diet-induced constipation.
A) Single administration
Number of rats egesting carmine-containing stools over 1g
B) Multiple administrations for 14 days
Low-fiber diet-induced constipation was induced in rats by feeding a low fiber diet for 5 weeks. EEA (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg) and senna (150 and 300 mg/kg) were orally administered daily for 14 days, and carmine (10 mg/body) was orally administered to rats just after the administration of the EEA or senna. Effects of single administration of EEA on carmine egestion (A). Effects of multiple oral administrations of EEA on carmine egestion (B). n = 12, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 vs. control (Chi-square test).
Effects of EEA and senna on diarrhea frequency.
Frequency of diarrhea (%)
(mg/kg)
EEA (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg) and senna (150 and 300 mg/kg) were orally administered daily to constipated rats that had been maintained on a low-fiber diet for 5 weeks. EAA or senna were orally administered to the rats, then the frequency of diarrhea was measured over the next 16 h. n = 12.
Stool frequency, wet weight, and water content following multiple oral administrations of gum arabic for 14 days were 3.75 ± 2.53, 0.57 ± 0.42 g, and 40.2 ± 7.7%, respectively (Figure 4B, D, and 4F). Multiple oral administrations of EEA for 14 days significantly increased stool frequency, wet weight, and water content to 9.7 ± 4.3, 1.73 ± 0.79 g, and 51.0 ± 4.0%, respectively, at 300 mg/kg and to 10.3 ± 3.4, 1.98 ± 0.73 g, and 54.7 ± 7.0%, respectively, at 600 mg/kg (Figure 4B, D, and 4F). Multiple oral administrations of EEA at 150 mg/kg significantly increased stool water content to 50.5 ± 4.2 (Figure 4F), but did not affect either the stool frequency or stool weight (Figure 4B and 4D).
Multiple oral administrations of senna significantly increased the frequency, wet weight, and water content of stools to 13.3 ± 5.5, 3.59 ± 1.77 g, and 76.9 ± 7.6%, respectively, at 150 mg/kg and to 19.0 ± 3.7, 7.16 ± 1.14 g, and 86.5 ± 3.2%, respectively, at 300 mg/kg (Figure 4B, D, and 4F). Multiple oral administrations of EEA at 300 and 600 mg/kg and of senna at 150 and 300 mg/kg also significantly accelerated carmine egestion (Table 3B). Multiple oral administrations of senna at 150 and 300 mg/kg also induced diarrhea at the rates of 91.7 and 100%, respectively (Table 4).
In the rats fed normal diets, a single administration of EEA at 600 mg/kg significantly increased stool frequency and weight. EEA at 150 and 300 mg/kg showed a tendency to increase the frequency and weight of stools, but this difference was not statistically significant. Multiple oral administrations of EEA at 300 and 600 mg/kg once daily for 14 days significantly increased stool frequency and weight. EEA at 300 mg/kg showed significant efficacy in normal mice at multiple administrations for 14 days, but was not effective as a single administration. These findings indicate that laxative effect of EEA on constipation is increased by dosage when supplied as a single administration and that multiple administrations of EEA do not induce tolerance.
Herbal medicines are now used by up to 50% of the Western population and they are used at least in part for the treatment or prevention of digestive disorders. Although most indications for the use of herbal medicines are anecdotally or traditionally derived, some of their efficacies have been scientifically demonstrated. Any herbal medicine may contain many bioactive compounds with potentially deleterious as well as beneficial effects [5]. Senna, a common herbal medicine, is frequently used as both an ethical pharmaceutical and as a proprietary drug. The deleterious effects of senna are severe diarrhea and abdominal cramping [5]. Therefore, senna is unsuitable for daily use.
Agarwood (Aquilaria sinensis etc.) is consumed as a traditional medicine (in the form of a tea) in regions of Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Taiwan, and Cambodia. Our previous report showed that an acetone extract of agarwood had a laxative effect on normal mice and that the main pharmacologically active constituents of this extract is genkwanin-5-O-beta-primeveroside. When purified, genkwanin-5-O-beta-primeveroside increased the intestinal contractions of the ileum isolated from guinea pigs via action on acetylcholine receptors [6].
The actual botanical species called "agarwood" varies depending on region and is represented by more than fifteen different species [7]. In the previous study, we focused on two species (Aquilaria sinensis; from Taiwan, and Aquilaria crasna; from Thailand) and demonstrated that ethanol extracts of from either "agarwood" species had a laxative effect equal to that of the acetone extract of Aquilaria sinensis in a mouse model of loperamide-induced constipation [4]. We also demonstrated that an ethanol extract of Aquilaria sinensis increases both the intestinal tension of the small intestine and the rate of gastrointestinal transit.
In the present study, we demonstrated the laxative effects of EEA (Aquilaria sinensis) in a rat model of low-fiber diet-induced constipation. Maintaining a low-fiber diet for 5 weeks significantly decreased stool frequency, weight, and water content and significantly delayed carmine egestion. A single administration of EEA at 600 mg/kg significantly increased stool frequency, weight, and water content and significantly accelerated carmine egestion. Multiple administrations of EEA at 300 and 600 mg/kg also significantly increased the frequency and weight of stools, and at 150-600 mg/kg, multiple administrations significantly increased stool water content and the rate of carmine egestion. A single treatment of EEA at 150 and 300 mg/kg did not show efficacy, but repeated treatment of EEA at 300 mg/kg showed a significant increase in stool weight and stool frequency. These results indicate that EEA ameliorated low-fiber diet-induced constipation in rats; therefore, EEA may be suitable for human patients suffering from constipation due to their diet style.
Low-fiber diet-induced constipation relates to fecal consistency, because fecal consistency depends on the ratio of the water-holding capacity of the insoluble solids, such as dietary fibers. When there are sufficient water-holding solids and/or little non-bound (free) water, stools remain thick or formed. On the other hand, if there are too few of these water-holding solids to bind all of the water present, stool consistency becomes loose, eventually to the point of being like water [8]. Repeated treatment of EEA at 150 mg/kg significantly improved the water contents, though failed to improve stool weight and stool frequency. This result indicates that compensation of water contents is not sufficient to show laxative activity in low-fiber diet-induced constipation.
Intestines of low-fiber diet-induced constipation animal are not inhibited by chemical constituents such as loperamide or clonidine. As our previous report showed, genkwanin-5-O-beta-primeveroside could play a key role in laxative activity via acetylcholine receptors in the presented low-fiber diet-induced model.
Laxative effect can also be exhibited by an increase in secretions in the GI tract, for e.g., like castor oil. This type of laxatives induce diarrhea, because secreted material liquefy stool consistency. EEA may have such effect, but its effect is not main mechanism of the laxative effect, because EEA does not induce the diarrhea.
EEA and senna both accelerated carmine egestion and these results indicate that EEA and senna shortened the preservation time of food in the digestive tract. On the other hand, in contrast to senna, orally administered EEA did not induce diarrhea, nor did it affect body weight (data not shown). Our previous report demonstrated that EEA increases contractions of the jejunum and ileum isolated from guinea pigs [7]. Collectively, these findings indicate that EEA may increase contractions of the intestine to accelerate food in the digestive tract without inhibiting nutrient absorption.
In conclusion, EEA, administered either in a single dose or multiple doses, showed a laxative effect on rats with low-fiber diet-induced constipation without causing the diarrhea typical of senna administration. These findings suggest that EEA may be useful as a therapeutic laxative agent in humans.
List of abbreviation used
EEA:
Ethanol extract of agarwood leaves
The authors thank the late Kazumasa Yamaguchi in Nihon Bioresearch Inc. for technical assistance.
This work was financially supported by the Risk-taking Fund for Technology Development from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (Science Plaza, Tokyo).
The agarwood leaves were supplied by API Co., Ltd. (Gifu, Japan). There is no other competing interest.
MK mainly performed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper; ST supported the study, prepared the samples, and participated in the design of the study; HM, KT, YA, and MS participated in the design of the study and acquisition of the samples; HH conceived and organized the study, participated in the design of the study, and acquisition of the samples. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
Nagara Research Center, API Co., Ltd., 692-3 Nagarayamasaki, Gifu 502-0071, Japan
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The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/10/68/prepub


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FILE - The Vancouver Canucks play the Calgary Flames as the first period beings in an empty arena in NHL hockey action in Calgary, Monday, Jan. 18, 2021. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Jeff McIntosh
Calgary mayor says Flames intend to pull plug on Event Centre arena project
Calgary and the Flames originally agreed to terms in 2019 on deal to replace Scotiabank Saddledome
Dec. 22, 2021 7:30 a.m.
Mayor Jyoti Gondek says it appears the Calgary Flames intend to pull out of the multi-million dollar Event Centre arena complex project.
The mayor said in a series of tweets that Murray Edwards, chairman of Calgary Sports and Entertainment Corporation, informed her Tuesday that the Flames intended to "pull the plug on the deal."
"We have come to the conclusion where the Event Centre deal is not moving forward," Gondek said at a news conference.
"There was additional funding that had to be taken on by Calgary Sports and Entertainment Corporation. It appears that they are unable to make that financial commitment, following the approval of their development permit, so it would appear that they are ending the deal."
Tuesday's news comes after several stop-and-start years around the project. The city and the Calgary Flames originally agreed to terms in 2019 on the Event Centre that would replace the Scotiabank Saddledome, the Flames' home since 1983.
The original estimate of $550 million to build the 19,000-seat arena was to be split between the city and the corporation, which owns the Flames, the Western Hockey League's Hitmen, Canadian Football League's Stampeders and National Lacrosse League's Roughnecks.
But Gondek said some costs, including "climate mitigation" of $4 million and "road/sidewalk right of way issues" of $12 million were still being negotiated.
"The City came to the table to assist with $6.4m in roadways leaving $9.7m for the Flames," Gondek posted. "Based on this gap of $9.7m, I am told CSEC is walking away from our deal."
Gondek said she is disappointed that "on a project worth over $650m, to have one party walk away for 1.5 per cent of the value of the deal is staggering."
"I wanted Calgarians to be the first to know. I am as disappointed as all of you that this is the way things are ending."
The Flames did not immediately respond to a request for comment from The Canadian Press.
A city website says the Event Centre will be a year-round, gathering place for Calgarians.
"It will be home to the Calgary Flames, Hitmen and Roughnecks and all who cheer them on. The venue will attract major sport events as well as some of the world's leading performing artists, creating a hub for connecting community, entertainment and sport."
— The Canadian Press
It's official: NHL confirms it will not be going to the Beijing Olympics
Group getting into gear in push to develop replacement Vancouver Island racetrack

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The LaRue County Hawks are starting to get on a roll.
With the temperatures in the 30s and the wind chill making it feel more like in the 20s, not to mention snowflakes swirling from the third inning on, the young Hawks pounded out 11 hits and junior right-hander John Selman tossed a two-hitter for a 14-2 rout of the visiting Warren Central Dragons on Friday night.
The Lady Hawks used hot bats, strong defense and solid teamwork to open their season March 18 with a sound defeat (13-2) of visiting Adair County.
LaRue put away the Lady Indians in five innings.
Coach Rocky Cundiff said he couldn't ask for the opener to go any better.
LaRue County senior pitcher Emillee Cundiff had a lot in common with the John Hardin Lady Bulldogs on Monday. Most notably, they both had trouble getting on base.
Fortunately for Cundiff, her Lady Hawks teammates had no such issues.
Junior second baseman Delany Eastridge was a home run short of the cycle and was 1-of-3 LaRue County players with at least three RBIs as the Lady Hawks pounded out 14 hits in a 12-0 rout of the host Lady Bulldogs in five innings.
The Central Hardin Bruins started fast Monday evening, while the LaRue County Hawks never got going.
The Bruins scored five runs the first three innings, which was more than enough for the Central Hardin trio of senior Seth Givan, sophomore Blake Wheeler and freshman Brendan Grider, who shut down the Hawks for a 5-0 victory at Central Park.
Central Hardin is off to a 3-0 start after finishing last season with back-to-back losses in the 17th District Tournament final and 5th Region Tournament quarterfinal.
Members of the LaRue County High School baseball team are front from left, Robert Thompson, Dalton Skaggs, Caleb Heady, Matheo Lynn, Tristan Waddle, Ty Morris, Bryson Cobb, Brandon Cecil, Travis Wallace; back, Coach Adam Lindsey, Statistician Keeahna Bowen, Turner Cottrell, Koy Lindsey, Dylan Milby, Dalton Metcalf, Chandler Lynn, Colby Skaggs, John Selman, Jaxon Boley, Cameron Dawson, Dane Milby, Robert Absher, Head Coach Eric Allen, and Statistician Abby French.
The LaRue County High School Cheerleaders were honored March 16 by the LaRue County Board of Education. The cheerleaders, coached by Renee Wright and Megan Willard, have had an outstanding season on the regional, state and national level. Front from left, Taylor Caylao, Autumn Roten, Montana Metcalf, Darienne Grimes, Allyson Hutchins, Mallory Skaggs, Gabriela Garcia, Morgan Jaggers; back, Coach Megan Willard, Whitney Bauer, Ashlen Grubbs, Emily Miller, Kaylee Hornback, Emma Bowling and Coach Renee Wright.
Ten LaRue County Mat Hawks represented their school March 10-11 at the Kentucky High School Athletic Association's State Wrestling Tournament.
The team was tied in 25th place at the end of the first day's wrestling, and fell to 33rd by tournament's end.


ULV is a rectangular fresh air valve for installation in external walls behind radiators. The valve is equipped with a damper that is opened and closed by means of a handle on the top. In order to achieve a good seal against the wall, the back of the valve is equipped with a sealing strip made of synthetic foam rubber. Three telescopic wall sleeve are available as accessories to the valves, including the sound-attenuated version. The valve can also be supplied with an extended damper arm. ULV is used for the intake of fresh air in connection with a mechanical exhaust system, whereby good utilisation of air jet and convection heat is achieved. ULV is typically used in homes and premises where there are requirements for a solution that is simple and economical to install. Valve type ULV2 should be selected where maximum heating is required.


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Q: Как реализовать трение у Rigidbody2D с видом сверху Насколько я понял, в Rigidbody2D доступно трение при соприкосновении объектов, что нужно в основном для платформеров и т.п. с видом с боку. Если же игра с видом сверху, то трение должно замедлять все движущиеся объекты (так как концептуально они все движутся по какой-либо поверхности, которой технически нет в игре).
Идея 1: прикладывать силу F = -(единичный вектор скорости) * коэффициент.
Vector3 velocity_vector = rigidbody_object.velocity.normalized;
rigidbody_object.AddForce(-velocity_vector * Time.deltaTime * 100.0f);
// Кстати, надо умножать на deltatime или deltatime^2?
// По сути ускорение - м/c^2. Значит квадрат должен быть?

Однако в силу дискретности, вместо остановки объект начинает совершать "микроколебания". Это особенно заметно при больших значения коэффициента. Можно исправить костыльными способами, но мне это не нравиться.
Так вот, есть ли всё-таки такое трение в виде стандартной функции/другое в Rigidbody2D? Или как реализовать это самому? +мне ещё нужно трение вращения.

A: У rigidbody2D есть параметр Linear Drag, который определяет скорость замедления, а для вращения этот параметр называется Angular Drag, они не имеют какого-то физ. смысла, значения подбираются наугад)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Home / Headaches: causes, differential diagnosis, therapy, prevention / Why does it hurt scalp and what to do about it?
Why does it hurt scalp and what to do about it?
A lot of people suffer from what hurts the scalp. It can happen to men and women. If you inspect the head, it is possible to identify some external causes of this pain will fail. No cracks, no blemishes.The pain appears periodically, and they begin from the hair roots.
The First thing you need to figure out why it hurts scalp that provokes this condition. Doctors believe that causes for this condition are many.
The Pain on the scalp may be triggered primarily by the fact that your hair is very thick and heavy. This situation is exacerbated by the fact that women are often used to create hairstyles Bobby pins or studs. For convenience, gather hair in a ponytail. Due to the fact the skin on the head is taut and starts to hurt. When the hair is spread, and the pain pass.
You need to Carefully consider the choice of means for hair care. Some shampoos or conditioners cause allergies to some components. An allergic reaction manifests itself in different ways, for example, peeling and cracking of the skin on the head.
Sudden changes in temperature, hypothermia of the head.
the Presence of nervous tension, stress and strong physical exertion.
If you are missing all the reasons listed, the scalp is probably sore because of nervous exhaustion. It leads to irritation and fatigue. If this period is will last a very long time, it may lead to the climax, which will weaken the body. In this case it is necessary to consult specialists, for example, a therapist. It will help to find out the cause of what is happening, and will tell you how to deal with the situation. A side effect of nervous exhaustion is numbness of limbs and fingers.
If the scalp when touching it hurts, you need to carefully inspect the hair to determine the presence of dermatological diseases. If its time to heal, the pain will disappear.
Pain when you comb your hair.
Constant pain in hair roots, which is not very serious.
If you constantly want to scratch your head, you feel severe itching, then most likely this is due to hygienic issues. This suggests that you do not adhere to basic rules of personal hygiene or care products hair is absolutely not suited for you. Itching also occurs in the case of colouring or perming hair. These procedures can cause allergic reactions or even burn the skin on the head. Therefore, it should be remembered that often painting or doing a Perm is not recommended. Even drying hair can cause damage to the skin, can cause burns.
scalp sometimes hurts with the inflammatory processes. There are symptoms: blisters, ulcers, wounds. This suggests that you have some illness, such as dermatitis, fungus or infection.
If the skin sore at the roots of the hair, and the outward signs are absent, this can be caused by a hormonal imbalance due to pregnancy.
Hair fall out or grow very quickly. If there is a dull aching pain that accompanies the process of combing need to consult a neurologist.
are Allergic to certain food.
are Allergic to some medicine.
The Choice of medication depends on what your diagnosis doctor. Most often apply ointment or mash. But in some cases, prescribe pills and injections.
If the pain is acute, you may use painkillers to reduce pain. But they can't get involved due to damage caused to the body. If these symptoms bother a pregnant woman, it is possible to use tablets is not recommended. The first step is to consult a dermatologist and trichologist, who will diagnose and prescribe therapy.
If the cause of pain is hormonal imbalance, the doctor will prescribe a drug that will restore normal functioning of the body and adjusthormones.
You will Need to take vitamins and minerals.
If the cause of pain on the scalp is a problems with the cardiovascular system, the treatment aims to restore normal operation of vessels. The main task will be the deliverance from vascular spasms. Appropriate treatment can only a doctor after all the tests.
Sometimes, a pain exacerbation of skin on the scalp occurs at some certain period, for example, in the winter. To avoid this, you should always keep your head warm and don't ignore hats.
Salt mask. You should thoroughly wash your hair. Then a good RUB with salt. To keep the mask 15 minutes. After this time the salt to wash off. Any recommendations about how often to do it, does not exist. It all depends on you.
the Mask of mustard. Is applied the same way as salt. Keep it to about one hour.
Relaxation. This kind of relaxation helps the body to relax after hard work and nervous tension. You need to get comfortable in the room should be dim. You need to close your eyes and ignore what is happening around. Relaxation protects the nervous system from stress.
Massage. It can be done independently. You should sit on a comfortable chair or armchair. Fingertips massage the head, temples, neck. The massage enhances the effect of painkillers.
Aromatherapy. You need to choose the most pleasant smell. The oil should be rubbed into the region of the temples. In 20 minutes you will feel that the pain goes away.
masks and hair products needs to be done independently.
The skin on the head can hurt for different reasons, but you should always pay attention to it. The choice of method of treatment depends on the diagnosis. In any case, to prevent this unpleasant phenomenon, it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, not to use hygiene products with the content of chemical elements. Check the condition of your body, and you will not be bothered by pain on the skin, hair loss.


Cape Breton University includes athletics facilities that can be booked and rented for use during the year. This includes the Sullivan Field House, Canada Games Complex and the Cape Breton Health & Recreation Complex.
Sullivan Field House - Includes three courts that accommodates basketball, volleyball, badminton and many other indoor activities. For Sullivan Field House bookings contact Varsity Athletics and Recreation Coordinator Shaun Ranni at shaun_ranni@cbu.ca.


Expanding its data center presence worldwide, Cloudant has announced a global data layer as a service, which is intended to provide high performance, scalability, and availability to developers of big data applications that have highly distributed and/or fast growing customer bases.
By moving their databases to the cloud, developers of big data and web/mobile applications can take advantage of this global solution for storing, distributing, serving, and analyzing data in centers across Europe, Asia, and North America.
"What we provide to application developers is an alternative to creating their own databases to store information about users and what they're doing with the application data," explains Andy Ellicott, Cloudant's vice president of marketing. Instead of going through the time and cost of growing a database, he says, customers have "the experts at Cloudant monitoring, managing, and growing the database for them without having to employ specialists on staff."
Cloudant has experienced rapid growth as a company, and currently maintains more than 7,000 users of the Cloudant data layer worldwide. Their newest data center is located in Amsterdam, providing greater scalability and access to data. "The Cloudant data layer is now spanning data centers in almost all continents so that we can distribute our users' data to all those locations so that applications with global user bases get better performance," Ellicott tells 5 Minute Briefing. In addition, Cloudant has added experienced leaders to its executive team and moved its headquarters to Boston from Somerville, Mass.
Visit www.cloudant.com to learn more.


Integrated care incorporates behavioral and physical health services into primary care and specialty medical environments. Integrated care models are patient-centered; delivered by teams of medical professionals, utilize care coordination, and a population-based approach. This book is practical, office-based, and comfortably accessible to students, residents, faculty, and all mental health professionals, primary care and medical specialists.
We assume the use of integrated team staffing including a primary care or specialist provider(s), front desk staff, medical assistant(s), nurse(s), nurse practitioners, behavioral health specialist(s), health coaches, consulting psychiatrist, and care coordinator(s)/manager(s).
Robert E. Feinstein, M.D., is Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and a Psychoanalyst. He is Vice Chairman of Clinical Affairs and Education formerly serving as Senior Associate Dean in the medical school In his academic career, Dr. Feinstein has had diverse and sustained focus on Integrated/Primary Care, Violence and Suicide prevention, health and wellness, personality disorders, and the psychotherapies.
Joseph V. Connelly MD is chairman of the Department of Family Medicine at Stamford Hospital. He is also on the faculty at the Stamford Hospital/Columbia University Family Medicine Residency Program where he served as Program Director for the past 27 years. He has special interests in behavioral medicine and palliative medicine.
Marilyn S. Feinstein, ACC, LCSW, USPTA received her MSW in clinical social work from NYU with a specialty in Stress Management and has a private psychotherapy practice. An accredited coach with The International Coach Federation, she coaches clients in Personal and Professional development (e.g., health and wellness, career coaching, peak performance), and presents interactive seminars and workshops.


Tests can be very stressful – for anyone. Today, in the United States, students take more tests than ever before. No matter the grade or the school, there is always a test. Do you ever become anxious or nervous before or during a test? You're not alone! In fact, even students who do great schoolwork can have difficult taking tests. Fortunately, test taking can be a lot easier (and less stressful) if you pick up some useful habits and skills.
1. Show up on time. Get the test off to the best possible start by getting there on time. Arriving late might make you feel rushed and nervous, and arriving too early could give you time to sit there and worry about things.
2. Stay focused and relaxed. Focused AND relaxed? Doesn't that sound impossible? Well, what we mean is this: keep your mind on the test but don't tighten up. Try to stay loose and cool so you can move through the questions one by one. If you feel yourself clenching or you feel so amped up that you're afraid you might actually snap your pencil in your hand, try some deep breathing techniques for a few minutes. Then get right back to the test questions.
3. Sit comfortably. Don't hunch over the test or stiffen up. Sit in a relaxed way and keep your posture loose so you don't add aches and pains to your list of possible worries.
5. Read the directions. Take a minute to read the test instructions, if there are any, before you get started. This will keep you from making simple mistakes and guarantee that you won't waste time goign back and re-doing any work because you didn't understand the directions.
6. Pace yourself. Your test will probably be timed. Know ahead of time how many questions there are and how quickly you will have to move through each one. Don't focus on the clock as time ticks away, but glance up every once in a while to make sure you're not falling behind the pace.
7. Don't rush. Try to keep a good pace but never rush through a question. Make sure you understand what is being asked, then make sure you think clearly about your answer. If the question is multiple-choice, read every single possible answer before you decide which one is the best. Choice A might seem good at first glance, but sometimes the best choice is another one. You can only know which choice is best if you red them all before you answer.
8. Don't get distracted. Keep your eyes on your paper, unless it's to occasionally glance at the clock. Don't look at the students around you. Because if they're nervous, it could make you nervous, and if they're confident, it could make you wonder why it's so easy for them (like, what do they know that you dont). And if the kid sitting next to you is picking his nose or doing something else that's funny, it could take your mind off the test. Another good reason to stay focused on your own test is that if you start looking around the room, the teacher might think you're cheating.
9. Focus on the stuff you know. What happens if you come across a question that absoutely stumps you or seems impossible to answer? Well, since most tests are timed, you should probably skip a question like this and move onto the next one. After all, you don't want to spend 10 minutes on a super-hard question, only to have time run out so you have to leave easier questions blank. In other words: if you get stuck, don't stay stuck. Pass on the questions and come back if you have time. You might comne up with the answer to the hard question while you're answering an easier one.
10. Use all your time. If you happen to finish the test before time is up, don't sit there staring into space. Go back over the questions, especially the ones that seemed hard, and check your work. Fixing obvious mistakes can help boost your grade, it's better than just waiting for the clock to run out.
And finally, one more thing….once the test is over, try not to think about it for a little while. Instead of worrying and fretting about what grade you might get, reward yourself for making it through the test. Go hang with your friends or spend an afternoon doing something that makes you happy. You can't do anything to change your grade now, and more tests will come along soon. Just enjoy the fact that you're fnished with this one.


text:
Beskid Mały (PLH240023) – projektowany specjalny obszar ochrony siedlisk, aktualnie obszar mający znaczenie dla Wspólnoty, położony w Beskidzie Małym, w paśmie Magurki Wilkowickiej i Łamanej Skały, o powierzchni 7186,16 ha. Ponad 80% terytorium obszaru leży w granicach województwa śląskiego (powiat bielski, powiat żywiecki, miasto Bielsko-Biała), pozostała część leży w województwie małopolskim (powiat wadowicki, powiat suski).

Typy siedlisk przyrodniczych
Występują tu następujące typy siedlisk z załącznika I dyrektywy siedliskowej:

 murawy bliźniczkowe
 ziołorośla
 łąki świeże
 torfowiska wysokie
 torfowiska przejściowe
 torfowiska zasadowe
 zbiorowiska szczelin skalnych ze związku Androsacion vandellii
 jaskinie nieudostępnione do zwiedzania
 kwaśna buczyna górska (Luzulo luzuloidis-Fagetum) – ok. 32% obszaru
 żyzna buczyna karpacka (Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum) – ok. 33% obszaru
 grąd
 jaworzyna z miesięcznicą trwałą (Lunario-Aceretum)
 bory bagienne
 łęgi
 górskie bory świerkowe Plagiothecio-Piceetum

Fauna i flora
Występują tu następujące gatunki z załącznika II:

 podkowiec mały (Rhinolophus hiposideros)
 nocek orzęsiony (Myotis emarginatus)
 nocek Bechsteina (Myotis bechsteinii)
 nocek duży (Myotis myotis)
 wilk (Canis lupus)
 ryś (Lynx lynx)
 niedźwiedź brunatny (Ursus arctos)
 wydra (Lutra lutra)
 kumak górski (Bombina variegata)
 traszka karpacka (Lissotriton montandoni)
 widłoząb zielony (Dicranum viride)
 bezlist okrywowy (Buxbaumia viridis)

Inne formy ochrony przyrody
Aż 94,88% powierzchni obszaru "Beskid Mały" leży w granicach Parku Krajobrazowego Beskidu Małego.

Na terenie obszaru znajdują się 3 rezerwaty przyrody: Madohora, Szeroka w Beskidzie Małym i Zasolnica.

Bibliografia
 Beskid Mały. pp. 33-35. W: Perzanowska J., Grzegorczyk M. (red.). Obszary Natura 2000 w Małopolsce. Instytut Ochrony Przyrody PAN, Kraków 2009.
 Beskid Mały – Standardowy Formularz Danych

Linki zewnętrzne

Obszary Natura 2000 w województwie małopolskim
Obszary Natura 2000 w województwie śląskim
Ochrona przyrody Beskidu Małego

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Each month there comes pay day right? And that means money to spend on your current wish lists! To start this month, I thought I would browse some websites and treat myself to these items when I can! I thought I would share with you also, as it is nice to see what other people are loving and lusting over!
What products do you have an eye on this month?
The luminizer by the balm is beautiful, I had it a few months ago but tragically smashed it, was so gutted!


pure fuel 5 hair skin camel cologne.
doggie design harness river ultra choke free dog mesh harnesses for dogs wrap and snap.
stephen dweck jewellery earrings in jewelry watches vintage antique fine designer necklaces.
old navy anorak parka womens next.
white plunge neckline dress lace midi dresses with plunging maxi.
oakland raiders ornaments quick view party decorations.
stoppered flask flasks iodine with stopper shape conical why is used in the synthesis.
judith ripka necklace truffle gold diamond pearl and.
hunter cable knit boot socks dual welly military red.
seattle seahawks iphone 6 case plus by.


MaitakeGold 404 is extracted exclusivley from organic complaint mushrooms grown by the Yukiguni Maitake Company of Japan.
MaitakeGold is a potent Maitake extract developed by Dr. Hiroaki Nanba, PhD., the inventor of Maitake Fractions. MaitakeGold represents such a significant improvement in Maitake formulation that it was recently granted a U.S. Patent (U.S. Patent # 5,854,404). The only Maitake fraction that carries Dr Nanba's personal endorsement, MaitakeGold 404 is extracted exclusively from certified organic compliant mushrooms grown by the world's leading grower of Maitake mushrooms, the Yukiguni Maitake Company of Japan.
Tonic Immune Support, Serious Immune Challenges, Ideal formulation for those people experiencing difficulty swallowing capsules.
1. Mayell, M., Maitake Extracts and Their Therapeutic Potential. Altern Med Rev 2001; 6:48-60.
2. Nanba, H., Maitake D-Fraction Healing and Preventing Potentials for Cancer. Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients 1996 Feb/March; 84-5.
3. Nanba, H., Keiko, K., U.S. Patent #5,854,404. 1997.


text:
support@fixmilitaryrecords.com
FIX MILITARY RECORDS
Discharge Upgrades & Military Records Correction
Discharge Upgrades
Correct Military Records
Search Board Decisions
AR20140000518
Army DRB 2014, Denied
May 3, 2018 March 3, 2019 Advocate
IN THE CASE OF: Mr.
BOARD DATE: 5 November 2014
CASE NUMBER: AR20140000518
Board Determination and Directed Action
After carefully examining the applicant's available record of service during the period of enlistment under review and considering the Discussion and Recommendation which follows, the Board determined the discharge to be both proper and equitable and voted to deny relief.
Presiding Officer
I certify that herein is recorded the true and complete record of the proceedings of the Department of the Army Discharge Review Board in this case.
THE APPLICANTS REQUEST AND STATEMENT:
1. The applicant requests an upgrade of his uncharacterized discharge to honorable and a change to the narrative reason for separation.
2. The applicant states, in effect, while enlisted, he dislocated his right knee cap, tore his ACL and tore his Meniscus, according to the Army physicians. A career ending injury for the best of athletes let alone an infantryman. All this all occurred while in basic and advanced individual training. He took the advice of his senior enlisted staff and did not request a medical review for his discharge and was urged to take the ELS (entry level separation). It was explained that he would have to remain on base in a rehab facility until the injury was healed if he chose to take a medical discharge, so he opted for the ELS since the recovery time for this injury was over a year. He feels as though he was mislead and provided incorrect info to have him moved out of the Army ASAP.
DISCHARGE UNDER REVIEW INFORMATION:
a. Application Receipt Date:	24 December 2013
b. Discharge received:	Uncharacterized
c. Date of Discharge:	16 October 2003
d. Reason/Authority/SPD/RE:	Entry Level Performance and Conduct, Chapter 11, AR 635-200, JGA, RE-3
e. Unit of assignment:	1st Battalion, 50th Infantry Brigade, Delta Company,
2nd Platoon, Fort Benning, G
f. Current Enlistment Date/Term: 13 May 2003/Term-NIF
g. Current Enlistment Service: 5 months, 4 days
h. Total Service:	5 months, 4 days
i. Time Lost:	None
j. Previous Discharges:	None
k. Highest Grade Achieved:	E-3
l. Military Occupational Specialty:	None
m. GT Score:	117
n. Education:	HS Graduate
o. Overseas Service:	None
p. Combat Service:	None
q. Decorations/Awards:	None
r. Administrative Separation Board: NA
s. Performance Ratings:	NIF
t. Counseling Statements:	NIF
u. Prior Board Review:	No
SUMMARY OF SERVICE:
The applicant enlisted in the Regular Army on 13 May 2003 and was subsequently separated on 16 October 2003, by reason of entry level performance and conduct with an uncharacterized separation of service. He was 22 years old at the time and a high school graduate. He was attending basic training at Fort Benning, GA, when his separation proceedings were initiated.
SEPARATION FACTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES
1. The applicants record is void of the specific facts and circumstances (i.e., as requested on his online application for the period of service ending 16 October 2003) concerning the events which led to the discharge from the Army. However, the record contains a properly constituted DD Form 214 (Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty), which was not authenticated by the applicants signature.
2. The DD Form 214 indicates on 16 October 2003, the applicant was discharged under the provisions of Chapter 11, AR 635-200, with the reason specified as entry level performance and conduct and the characterization of service described as uncharacterized. The DD Form 214 shows a Separation Program Designator (SPD) code of JGA and a reentry (RE) code of 3.
3. The applicant was placed on excess leave for 10 days from (030307-030512).
4. On 16 October 2003, DAHQ, US Infantry Center, Fort Benning, GA, issued Orders Number 289-2239, discharged the applicant from the Regular Army with an effective date of: 16 October 2003.
5. The applicants available record does not show any record of actions under the UCMJ or unauthorized absences or time lost.
6. The applicant was separated from the Regular Army on 16 October 2003, with an uncharacterized discharge.
EVIDENCE OBTAINED FROM THE APPLICANT'S RECORD
DD Form 214 for the period of service ending 16 October 2003 and separation Orders 289-2239 dated 16 October 2003.
EVIDENCE SUBMITTED BY THE APPLICANT
The applicant provided a copy of his medical report from the Martin Army Community Hospital dated 7 August 2003 and an online application dated 20 December 2013.
POST-SERVICE ACTIVITY:
The applicant did not provide any with the application.
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
1. Army Regulation 635-200 sets forth the basic authority for the separation of enlisted personnel. Paragraph 3-9 contains guidance on entry level separations. It states a separation will be described as entry-level with service uncharacterized if, at the time separation action is initiated, the Soldier has less than 180days of continuous active duty service.
2. Chapter11 of Army Regulation 635-200 provides for the separation of personnel due to unsatisfactory performance, conduct, or both, while in an entry level status (ELS). An uncharacterized service description is normally granted to Soldiers separating under this chapter.
3. A general discharge (GD) under honorable conditions discharge is not authorized under ELS conditions and an honorable discharge (HD) is rarely ever granted. An HD may be given only in cases which are clearly warranted by unusual circumstances involving outstanding personal conduct and/or performance of duty.
4. Army Regulation 635-5-1 (Separation Program Designator (SPD) Codes) provides the specific authorities (regulatory or directive), reasons for separating Soldiers from active duty, and the SPD codes to be entered on the DD Form 214. It identifies the SPD code of "JGA" as the appropriate code to assign enlisted Soldiers who are discharged under the provisions of Army Regulation 635-200, Chapter 11, for entry level performance and conduct.
5. The SPD Code/RE Code Cross Reference Table shows that a Soldier assigned an SPD Code of "JGA" will be assigned an RE Code of 3.
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION:
1. The applicants request for an upgrade of the characterization of his discharge and a change to the narrative reason was carefully considered. However, after examining the applicants available military records for the period of service under review (16 October 2003) and the issue submitted with the application, there are insufficient mitigating factors to merit an upgrade of the applicant's discharge or a change to the narrative reason for the separation.
2. The applicants record is void of the specific facts and circumstances for the period of service under review (i.e., as requested on his online application; the period of service ending 16 October 2003) concerning the events which led to his discharge from the Army. However, the record contains a properly constituted DD Form 214 (Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty), which was authenticated by the applicant's signature. This document identifies the reason and characterization of the discharge and government regularity is presumed in the discharge process.
3. The DD Form 214 indicates the applicant was discharged under the provisions of Chapter 11, AR 635-200, by reason of entry level performance and conduct, with a characterization of service described as uncharacterized. Barring evidence to the contrary, it appears that all requirements of law and regulation were met and the rights of the applicant were fully protected throughout the separation process.
4. The applicant was discharged by reason of entry-level status, with the description of service as uncharacterized. Army Regulation 635-200 provides in pertinent part, that a Soldier is in entry-level status for the first 180 days of continuous active duty. The purpose of the entry-level status is to provide the Soldier a probationary period. Soldiers who are found to lack the necessary motivation, adaptability, self-discipline, ability, or attitude to become productive Soldiers may be expeditiously separated while in entry-level status. The Regulation also provides, except in cases of serious misconduct, that a Soldiers service will be uncharacterized when the separation is initiated while the Soldier is in entry level status.
5. The applicant contends that he would like an upgrade of his discharge to honorable and he feels as though he was mislead and provided incorrect info to have him moved out of the Army ASAP. The uncharacterized description of service accurately reflects the applicants overall record of service. An uncharacterized discharge is neither positive nor negative and it is not meant to be a negative reflection of a Soldiers military service. It merely means the Soldier has not been in the Army long enough for the character of service to be rated as honorable or otherwise. An honorable discharge may be granted only in cases which are clearly warranted by unusual circumstances involving outstanding personal conduct or performance of duty. The applicants service record indicates no such unusual circumstances were present and did not warrant an honorable characterization.
6. The applicant requests a change to the narrative reason for his separation from the service. Army Regulation 635-5-1 (Separation Program Designator (SPD) Codes) provides the specific authorities (regulatory or directive), reasons for separating Soldiers from active duty, and the SPD codes to be entered on the DD Form 214. It identifies the SPD code of "JGA" as the appropriate code to assign enlisted Soldiers who are discharged under the provisions of Army Regulation 635-200, Chapter 11, for entry level performance and conduct. The regulation further stipulates that no deviation is authorized.
7. Further, the SPD Code/RE Code Cross Reference Table shows that a Soldier assigned an SPD Code of "JGA" will be assigned an RE Code of 3.
8. The availabel record does not contain any indication or evidence of arbitrary or capricious actions by the command and all requirements of law and regulation were met and the rights of the applicant were fully protected throughout the separation process. The character of the applicants discharge is commensurate with his overall service record.
9. If the applicant desires a personal appearance hearing, it will be his responsibility to meet the burden of proof and provide the appropriate documents (i.e., the discharge packet for the period of service dated 16 October 2003, which he annotated on his online application) or other evidence sufficient to explain the facts, circumstances, and reasons underlying the separation action, for the Boards consideration because they are not available in the official record.
10. Therefore, based on the available evidence, the reason for discharge and the characterization of service appear to be proper and equitable, thus recommend the Board deny relief.
SUMMARY OF ARMY DISCHARGE REVIEW BOARD HEARING:
Type of Hearing: Records Review Date: 5 November 2014 Location: Washington, DC
Did the Applicant Testify, NA
Counsel: None
Witnesses/Observers: NA
Board Vote:
Character Change: 0	No Change: 5
Reason Change:	0	No Change: 5
(Board member names available upon request)
Board Action Directed:
Issue a new DD Form 214:	No
Change Characterization to:	No Change
Change Reason to:	No Change
Change Authority for Separation:	NA
Change RE Code to:	NA
Grade Restoration to:	NA
Other:	NA
AMHRR – Army Military Human Resource Record	FG – Field Grade	IADT Initial Active Duty Training	RE – Reentry
AWOL – Absent Without Leave	GD – General Discharge	NA – Not applicable	SCM- Summary Court Martial
BCD – Bad Conduct Discharge	HS – High School	NIF – Not in File	SPCM – Special Court Martial
CG – Company Grade Article 15	HD – Honorable Discharge	OAD – Ordered to Active Duty	UNC – Uncharacterized Discharge
CID – Criminal investigation Department	MP Military Police	OMPF – Official Military Personnel File	UOTH – Under Other Than Honorable
ADRB Case Report and Directive (cont)	AR 20140000518
ARMY DISCHARGE REVIEW BOARD (ADRB)
CASE REPORT AND DIRECTIVE
Understanding Discharges of Army Enlisted Personnel
ALARACT
Army BCMR 2014
Army DBR 2015
Army DRB 2014
Full Relief
MILPER Message
Partial Relief
Lawyer Zone by Acme Themes
Which of the following do you need assistance with? * Choose an OptionGeneral QuestionDischarge UpgradeCorrect Military Records
Who is this request for? * Who is this request for? (required)I am an Army Veteran, this request is for myself.I am asking on behalf of an Army Veteran.Just a question.
How can I help? *


There are SO many benefits you get by taking title to property in a Land Trust. Let's look at a few of the benefits associated with these entities and WHY it's vitally important for you to be familiar with them, shall we?
Whenever you buy a house – whether it's for an investment or to live in, you'll want to buy it in a LAND TRUST. Why? Because of all the benefits listed above (in addition to all the other benefits I don't have room to list here)!
Honestly, there's not a single reason I can think of on why you wouldn't want to buy in a trust. Well, actually, there is – when you're getting an institutional loan (from a bank) to buy or refinance a property, they'll usually want you to close on it in your own name, because you have to personally sign for the note (that's one of the big ways the banks 'get' you).
But since you're not going to be going to the bank to get a loan, you don't have to worry about that, right?
You'll also need to pick a NAME for your Trust. This could be anything you want it to be. One popular naming strategy is to name the trust after the address of the property, and that's fine. What you DON'T want to do is name it anything with your name in it, because one of your goals of owning a property in trust is anonymity!
An Affidavit of Trust. This is a powerful piece of work, because it lets you show people that a trust exists, what the Trustee's powers are, and the basic/main information that the outside world needs to know – WITHOUT revealing any of the 'juicy details' of WHO owns the trust, etc!! I like to think of this like a receipt for something. This CAN be recorded with the deed.
Putting real estate into a trust converts it to Personal Property? Therefore, if you want to SELL (or Assign) your beneficial rights in a trust, you can do so without anyone in the outside world knowing about it?! All you'd need to do is create and execute a simple 'Assignment of Beneficial Interest' form and have it Notarized! Let that sink in.
Naturally, there's a bit more to it than that. And there's still a lot to learn about all the wonderful details of how to properly form and use a land trust in your real estate investing business.
We've only scratched the surface here, so I encourage you to continue learning all you can about Land Trusts and how to leverage them for your maximum benefit.
I hope you've found this report/article to be informative.


Breaking News – Clive Palmer has today fired another 550 employees from Queensland Nickel who will lose their jobs effective tomorrow, close of business, the 11th of March.
Refer to the two links below for more information.
For any of the affected employees or family members, please don't hesitate to contact Strategic Lawyers for legal advice on 07 4795 1114.


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Poptop to begin global roll-out after raising further £440k
Poptop – the Newcastle-based events booking platform – has raised a further £440,000 to pursue its global expansion plans. The funding comes from existing investors DSW Ventures and NorthStar Ventures, which was investing from the North East Innovation Fund supported by the European Regional Development Fund.
Poptop's platform was the first private events marketplace of its type and has revolutionised the way consumers plan and book events from birthdays to grand weddings. With live events suspended during the pandemic, the company has expanded its range to offer virtual events and food deliveries. It has also launched a new and improved platform offering live pricing, availability and real-time booking across a wide range of services from musicians, comedians and entertainers to vegan catering.
Poptop now represents over 14,000 suppliers to the private-events industry and its platform is on course to deliver over £10m in bookings in 2021. The company is planning a Series A funding round later in the year.
Poptop was founded by Eugene Shestopal and Ignat Thorovsky. DSW Ventures and NorthStar backed them two years ago to allow them to develop their platform and they have since been joined by the former Co-op Bank CEO Rod Bulmer as chair and experienced finance director Anita Clementson.
Eugene Shestopal commented: "We are confident that in 2021 the market for private events will bounce back strongly and Poptop will play an important role in the redevelopment of the industry. The technology we've built allows us to significantly improve the customer's experience of planning an event and increase conversions and bookings for our suppliers.
"The new funding will allow us to further enhance the platform and start to expand internationally and into new sectors. 2020 was a tough year for the events industry but our platform is going to be a massive help for entertainers, caterers, and for the whole industry to get back to business."
David Smith, co-founder of DSW Ventures, said: "The Poptop team have performed wonders. Their business exists to deliver fun and stress-free social gatherings. Despite their core market being on ice for nearly a year, they have evolved their product, found new revenue streams, and delivered a world-first real-time booking platform for the private-events marketplace. 2021 will be a transformative year for Poptop."
DSW Ventures invests up to £1 million as part of scale-up funding rounds of up to £2 million.
DSW Ventures leads £675k investment round into SME-focused search engine optimisation tool Hike SEO
DSW Ventures sells its stake in ACAI Outdoorwear, yielding a 4.2x cash return
DSW Ventures leads £650k investment round into customer rewards platform Propello
Investor insights: University spinouts – part three
Investor insights: University spinouts – part two
© 2021 DSW Ventures | HTML Sitemap | Sitemap


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Swiping your card for purchases.
Moving money among accounts — with Synchrony or otherwise.


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News > Heartwire from Medscape > Conference News > American College of Cardiology (ACC) 2013 Scientific Sessions
MASS COMM: Elective PCI Safely Performed Without Surgical Backup
Michael O'Riordan
SAN FRANCISCO, California — Nonemergent PCI can be safely performed in community hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery, with Massachusetts investigators reporting that there was no difference in major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 30 days and 12 months when these patients were compared with those treated at hospitals with surgical capability [1].
The results of the study, known as MASS COMM, were presented today during the late-breaking clinical-trials session at the American College of Cardiology 2013 Scientific Sessions and published concurrently in the New England Journal of Medicine.
Dr Alice Jacobs
"We know that emergency coronary bypass surgery following PCI has become a rare event," said lead investigator Dr Alice Jacobs (Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA). "So it raises the question of whether cardiac surgery on site is still necessary for the safe and effective performance of PCI. Moreover, the need for timely access to primary PCI has justified the expansion of PCI to hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery, but controversy exists as to whether there should be a further expansion for nonemergent PCI to these hospitals where the risk/benefit ratio might be different and the need for timely access is less important to cardiovascular outcomes."
Volume Standards for Hospitals and Operators
In MASS COMM, the participating community hospitals and operators met strict requirements, participating in the Massachusetts Department of Public Health special project for primary PCI. The centers had to perform a minimum of 300 diagnostic procedures in each of the previous two years, including 36 primary PCI procedures annually. The hospitals were also required to have access to a hospital with 24/7 surgical backup (patient arrival within 60 minutes). Physicians were mandated to have performed a minimum of 75 PCI procedures annually to be included in the trial.
In total, 2774 patients undergoing coronary angiography at a hospital without on-site cardiac surgery underwent PCI, and 917 were transferred for PCI to a hospital with surgical backup. The average patient age was 64 years old, approximately one-third had diabetes, and 30% of patients had undergone prior PCI. While the baseline characteristics were not significantly different, 24.1% individuals revascularized at the center without surgical backup had a prior MI compared with 20.2% of individuals treated at a center with on-site surgery (p=0.015).
Overall, the study met the primary safety and effectiveness end points at 30 days and 12 months, respectively. In terms of the individual components of the safety and efficacy end points (death, MI, repeat revascularization, or stroke), there was no difference among those treated with and without surgery on site. Jacobs said these data are in line with the results of the Cardiovascular Patient Outcomes Research Team Elective (C-PORT E) study, a trial previously reported by heartwire.
MASS COMM: Clinical End Points
End point No on-site surgery, n=2774 (%) On-site surgery, n=917 (%) p (for noninferiority)
MACE (death, MI, repeat revascularization, stroke) at 30 d 9.5 9.4 <0.001
MACE at 1 y 17.3 17.8 <0.001
"PCI performed at hospitals without cardiac surgery on site was noninferior to PCI performed with cardiac surgery on site with respect to the 30-day safety and 12-month effectiveness end points," said Jacobs. "These data suggest that PCI can be safely performed at hospitals without surgery on site, albeit with formal programs and volume requirements, and that this could be an acceptable option for patients presenting to such hospitals."
Some Tempered Enthusiasm
Dr Neal Kleiman
Speaking during a morning press conference, Dr Neal Kleiman (Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX) said the study shows that in well-trained community hospitals, PCI without surgical backup can be safely performed. However, he said the major take-home message is that the decision to perform elective PCI without surgical backup can't be undertaken by community hospitals lightly.
"This was not a haphazard decision to order some guiding catheters, to see how cheap you can get some stents and guidewires, and say hey, let's do it," said Kleiman. "This was a very rigorous program with a long training period for operators and a long training period for hospitals with very clearly defined pathways to manage the patients. Getting set up before this was done took a lot of work and a lot of organization on the part of participating hospitals. So the take-home message should be, yes, you can do this, and you can do it safely if you have learned to select patients, trained your operators, and established a safe and reliable system for doing all these things, such as managing the patients and preparing for some of the potential disasters that can occur."
A complication, he added, can quickly change the mood and tenor of any enthusiastic program without on-site surgical backup. To heartwire , he said there are concerns that high-volume clinical centers, those hospitals that have on-site surgical backup, might suddenly turn into low-volume centers by displacing patients to community hospitals. The concern is that doing so might not be in the best interests of patient care.
"If you suddenly take high-volume experienced centers and convert them to low-volume inexperienced centers, are you improving the aggregate outcome for patients undergoing stenting? I think the answer is no," said Kleiman. "I think the real question is not what's best for the hospitals or best for the practitioners, but what's best for the patients. If you're making outcomes worse for the sake of parking convenience or the fact that a hospital has a cafeteria, that's the wrong approach. Also, economically, what does this mean for the US? I think it means there will be more procedures done. Is that the right thing? I think it's an unanswered question."
Kleiman added that on-site surgery often serves as a surrogate for having other hospital services, including specialized care. "Truthfully, it's also a surrogate for having more mid-level practitioners seeing patients," he said. "It's more eyes on the patient and more discussion. These are programmatic issues that will have an impact on the national aspects of healthcare more than at the individual level."
Heartwire from Medscape © 2013 Medscape, LLC
Cite this: MASS COMM: Elective PCI Safely Performed Without Surgical Backup - Medscape - Mar 12, 2013.
Michael O'Riordan is a journalist for Medscape. Before becoming a journalist for theheart.org, now part of the WebMD Professional Network, he worked for WebMD Canada. Michael studied at Queen's University in Kingston and the University of Toronto and has a master's degree in journalism from the University of British Columbia, where he specialized in medical reporting. He can be contacted at MORiordan@webmd.net.
Disclosure: Michael O'Riordan has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Journal Article A Comprehensive Update on Aspirin Management During Noncardiac Surgery
20022039370-overview
Procedures Transradial Cardiac Catheterization
Diseases & Conditions Large-Bowel Obstruction
Procedures Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
Transradial Cardiac Catheterization
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation
Large-Bowel Obstruction
According to CARDIOLOGISTS
Chili Pepper Consumption Linked to Better Midlife Survival
SAMSON Pins Most Muscle Pain Experienced With Statins on the Nocebo Effect
Fish Oils and CV Prevention -- Now What?
Proinflammatory Dietary Pattern Linked to Higher CV Risk
COVID-19 Anticoagulation Trials 'Paused' for Futility, Safety
b:curatedcuratedHasData : false


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Gregori Aleksandrovitch Margulis (en ), né le  à Moscou, est un mathématicien russe connu pour son travail de grande envergure sur les sous-groupes discrets des groupes de Lie, et l'introduction de méthodes venant de la théorie ergodique en approximation diophantienne. Il a reçu la médaille Fields en 1978 et le prix Abel en 2020.

Biographie et travaux
Il est né dans une famille juive de Moscou, alors en Union soviétique. Après avoir étudié à l'Université d'État de Moscou, il commença ses recherches en théorie ergodique. Ses premiers travaux avec David Kazhdan donnèrent lieu au théorème de Kazhdan-Margulis, un résultat sur les groupes discrets. Son théorème de  formulé en 1975 a clarifié de nombreuses conjectures classiques au sujet de la caractérisation des  parmi les réseaux des groupes de Lie.

Margulis a donné la première construction de familles de graphes expanseurs. Cette construction a plus tard été généralisée dans la théorie des graphes de Ramanujan.

En 1986, Margulis démontra complètement la conjecture d'Oppenheim sur les formes quadratiques et l'approximation diophantienne. Cette conjecture était restée ouverte près d'un demi-siècle, pendant lequel des progrès considérables avait été faits, notamment grâce à la méthode du cercle de Hardy-Littlewood, mais l'utilisation des méthodes issues de la théorie des groupes a été décisive. Il a ensuite formulé un nouveau programme de recherche suivant la même direction, incluant la conjecture de Littlewood, qui a eu une influence certaine.

Il a reçu la médaille Fields en 1978, mais il n'avait alors pas pu se rendre à Helsinki recevoir son prix en personne, les autorités soviétiques lui ayant interdit d'y aller. Il a également reçu le prix Wolf de mathématiques en 2005. Il est lauréat conjointement avec Hillel Furstenberg  du Prix Abel 2020.

Il occupe depuis 1991 la chaire de mathématiques Erastus L. DeForest à l'université Yale.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe

Liens externes

 Page du prix Wolf pour Gregori Margulis, donnant des détails sur ses recherches.

Mathématicien russe
Mathématicien soviétique
Participant aux Olympiades internationales de mathématiques
Étudiant de l'université d'État de Moscou
Professeur à l'université Yale
Docteur honoris causa de l'université Claude-Bernard-Lyon-I
Docteur honoris causa de l'université de Bielefeld
Lauréat de la médaille Fields
Lauréat du prix Wolf de mathématiques
Lauréat du prix Abel
Membre de l'Académie nationale des sciences
Membre de l'Académie américaine des arts et des sciences
Membre de l'American Mathematical Society
Naissance en février 1946
Naissance à Moscou
Naissance en RSFS de Russie


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Home > Art Movements > Post-War
Pop Art is a very distinctive type of art that literally "popped" across Britain the USA after the Second World War. Primarily characterised by an interest in imaginative interpretations of commercial products and popular culture, the Pop Art (and for that matter Op Art) movement ushered in a new wave of art which was much more approachable than art which had gone before it. Ranging from critical to quirky, the work produced by Pop artists during the 1950s and '60s is particularly notable for its take on life and events of the time.
As well as being unique in itself, the artists' treatment of the subject matter has defined the genre through the decades. Well known for its bold imagery, bright colours, and repetitive, mass produced style, the movement is celebrated for its striking, highly recognisable spirit.
Pop Art started life as a revolt against the dominant approach to art that had gone before. It also served to challenge the opinions widely held at the time as to what art actually is. Younger artists felt that what they saw in art galleries and learnt at school did not have anything to do with their life experiences or the things that were around them every day. Gradually, influences from advertising, Hollywood movies, pop music, product packaging and comic books started to creep in, resulting in a notable split between British and American pop art.
Early British Pop Art was heavily influenced by American popular culture, but witnessed from a distance. American art was more inspired by what the American artists saw and experienced through living within that culture.
In America, the Pop Art style itself meant a return to representational art in that it depicted the visual world in a very recognisable way. This was achieved in the use of distinct forms and hard edges – the opposite of abstract expressionism. By using mundane, very impersonal imagery, pop artists also aimed to move away from emphasising personal feelings, symbolism and emotion that characterised abstract expressionism at the time.
Conversely, the British Pop Art movement approached the genre in a more academic way. Whilst incorporating parody and irony typical of British culture, it also focused more on what American popular imagery represented, and its ability to manipulate people's lifestyles. Infamous artists include Andy Warhol, Mimmo Rotella, Peter Blake, Jim Dine and William Kent.
British Pop Art
Rest of World Pop Art
Adami Valerio
Britto Romero
D'Arcangelo Allan
Grooms Red
Indiana Robert
Jones Allen
Kent William
Kitaj R.B.
Kogelnik Kiki
Laing Gerald
Lindner Richard
Oldenburg Claes
Phillips Peter
Phillips Tom
Ramos Mel
Rivers Larry
Saul Peter
Segal George
Self Colin
Wesselmann Tom
Pop Art recently listed
And Then…(blue)
Michael Lisi/Contemporary Art
Myths: The Star
Hamilton-Selway Fine Art
$ (1) 278
Peter Blake – Dazzle
Dantzig Gallery
Peter Blake – Marilyn Blue Door
Flowers V (red)
Flowers Iv (orange)
Flowers Iii (yellow)
Flowers Ii (pink)
Flowers I (blue)


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Study shows politically connected firms enjoy preferential treatment from EPA
Why do corporations make political donations? One obvious answer is to gain influence with politicians whose actions can benefit the firm, but the ways and extent to which campaign contributions impact firm value are still being studied.
In a forthcoming paper, Amanda Heitz, assistant professor of finance, investigates the relationship between campaign contributions and firm value from a new angle. Heitz and her co-authors analyzed nearly 40 years of regulatory activity by the Environmental Protection Agency and found that politically connected firms experience fewer enforcement actions and receive smaller regulatory fines than similar unconnected firms.
"To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that provides systematic evidence that firms making campaign contributions to politicians obtain favorable enforcement by the EPA," Heitz says.
The study focuses on EPA regulation of the Clean Air Act, the 1963 law that limits gas emissions from vehicles and industrial plants. Due to the agency's limited resources and the sheer number of firms subject to regulation, the EPA has substantial discretion in determining the firms it investigates and takes enforcement actions against as well as the amount of fines levied for regulatory violations.
While politically connected and non-politically connected firms were equally likely to be investigated by the EPA, Heitz says politically connected firms — defined by the authors as those that made campaign donations to candidates involved in close elections — were subject to fewer enforcement actions and received 4.4% less in fines than non-politically connected firms despite no difference in criteria gas emissions.
The effect was even more pronounced in cases where firms donated to politicians with greater ability to influence EPA actions. Heitz cites party seniority and leadership and seats on committees that interact with the EPA or impact its funding — such as Oversight, Agriculture, Environment, Energy and Appropriations — as factors that increase the influence of certain politicians.
"What we find is that firms that are connected to these more powerful politicians — the ones that are interacting with the regulators — fare even better," Heitz says. "The decreases in enforcement actions and fines are magnified when firms are connected to powerful politicians."
The results are similarly magnified for firms that are more likely to be valuable to politicians, such as firms in critical industries in the politician's home state, firms that are large employers in the politician's home state, and, not surprisingly, firms that are major donors to the politician.
"I think this study really confirms a lot of the media anecdotes," Heitz says. "Most people would probably assume that campaign contributions lead to preferential regulatory treatment. We just tell that story using data."
While the study might sound more like investigative journalism than finance research, Heitz says it extends the theory of political capital, which posits that firms cultivate political connections to generate value.
"We're still figuring out all the ways that campaign contributions and political connections bring firms value," she says. "Selective environmental regulation is a new channel. We didn't know that firms connected to politicians realize favorable environmental regulatory enforcement. Now, with growing concerns about global warming, environmental regulation is likely going to be a much more important component of firm decision making."
While one takeaway from the study might be that firms should continue to buy access to powerful politicians to reduce their regulatory enforcement risk, Heitz says a less cynical response would be to focus instead on the EPA.
"The EPA has finite resources, and the size of those resources can vary dramatically with the administration in charge," she says. "Perhaps we can do things like set up more long-term funding for the EPA to give it the resources to implement policies that could result in more uniform regulatory enforcement or change laws to be more explicit in terms of which types of violations lead to enforcement. In the end, policymakers, regulators and firms must all balance the negative externalities associated with pollution with their potential to create jobs and economic growth. Since society at large benefits from clean air, this is a question of paramount importance."
Heitz's paper, "Corporate Political Connections and Favorable Environmental Regulatory Enforcement," co-authored with Youan Wang and Zigan Wang, is forthcoming in Management Science.
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text:
Атомна електростанція Роберта Еммета Джинна, більш відома як Джинна ( ) — атомна електростанція, розташована на південному березі озера Онтаріо, у місті Онтаріо, округ Вейн, штат Нью-Йорк., США, приблизно 32 кілометри на схід від Рочестера, Нью-Йорк. Це одноблокова станція з 2-контурним водно-водяним ядерним реактором Westinghouse, подібний до реакторів у Пойнт-Біч, Кевоні та на острові Прейрі. Ввійшовши в комерційну експлуатацію в 1970 році,  Джинна став другим найстарішим ядерним енергетичним реактором після блоку 1 Nine Mile, який все ще працював у Сполучених Штатах, коли 17 вересня 2018 року електростанція Oyster Creek була закрита назавжди.

Історія
Завод був названий на честь Роберта Еммета Джинни, колишнього виконавчого директора Rochester Gas & Electric, який був одним із перших прихильників використання ядерної енергії для виробництва електроенергії.

Ginna належить і управляється Constellation Energy після відділення від Exelon у 2022 році. Constellation перед злиттям з Exelon придбала його у Rochester Gas and Electric у 2004 році.

Завод Джинна став місцем ядерної аварії, коли 25 січня 1982 року невелика кількість радіоактивної пари викинулася в повітря після розриву труби парогенератора. Витік, який тривав 93 хвилини, призвів до оголошення надзвичайної ситуації. Причиною розриву став невеликий предмет у формі пирога, який залишився в парогенераторі під час відключення. Це був не перший випадок, коли в американському реакторі стався розрив труби, але аварія на острові Три-Майл-Айленд сталася так близько, що призвело до того, що значну увагу було зосереджено на інциденті на станції Джинна. Загалом у навколишнє середовище було викинуто 485,3 кюрі благородного газу та 1,15 мілікюрі йоду-131 та 6400 л., забрудненої води було втрачено з реактора.

У 1996 році оригінальні парогенератори, поставлені Westinghouse (включаючи той, який був пошкоджений у 1982 році та відремонтований), були замінені двома абсолютно новими парогенераторами Babcock & Wilcox. Цей проект дозволив підвищити продуктивність Ginna через кілька років і став головним фактором у затвердженні продовження ліцензії на експлуатацію заводу на 20 років після початкової ліцензії (спочатку діяла до 2009 року).

Навколишнє населення
Комісія з ядерного регулювання визначає дві зони планування на випадок надзвичайних ситуацій навколо атомних електростанцій: зону впливу шлейфу радіусом 16 км, пов'язаних насамперед з впливом та вдиханням радіоактивного забруднення, що передається повітрям, і зоною шляхів ковтання близько 80 км, пов'язаних насамперед із прийомом їжі та рідини, забрудненої радіоактивністю.

Населення США в радіусі 16 км згідно з аналізом даних перепису населення США. У 2010 році населення США в радіусі 80 км склало 1 269 589, збільшившись на 2,1 відсотка з 2000 року. Міста в межах 50 миль включають Рочестер (17 миль до центру міста). Населення Канади не включено до цих цифр.

Сейсмічний ризик
Відповідно до дослідження NRC, опублікованого в серпні 2010 року, оцінка Комісії з ядерного регулювання щорічного ризику землетрусу, достатнього для того, щоб спричинити пошкодження активної зони реактора в Джинні, становила 1 з 76 923.

Інформація про енергоблоки

Примітки

Посилання

 R.E.Ginna Homepage
Атомні електростанції США
Електростанції за алфавітом


text:
<?php

class Credential
{
	private  $dateTimeFormat = 'Y-m-d\TH:i:s\Z';
	private	 $refreshDate;
	private  $expiredDate;
	private  $accessKeyId;
	private  $accessSecret;
	private  $securityToken;

	function  __construct($accessKeyId, $accessSecret)
	{
	    $this->accessKeyId = $accessKeyId;
	    $this->accessSecret = $accessSecret;
	    $this->refreshDate = date($this->dateTimeFormat);
	}

	public function isExpired()
	{
		if($this->expiredDate == null)
		{
			return false;
		}
		if(strtotime($this->expiredDate)>date($this->dateTimeFormat))
		{
			return false;
		}
		return true;
	}

	public function getRefreshDate()
	{
		return $this->refreshDate;
	}

	public function getExpiredDate()
	{
		return $this->expiredDate;
	}

	public function setExpiredDate($expiredHours)
	{
		if($expiredHours>0)
		{
			return $this->expiredDate = date($this->dateTimeFormat, strtotime("+".$expiredHours." hour"));
		}
	}

	public function getAccessKeyId()
	{
		return $this->accessKeyId;
	}

	public function setAccessKeyId($accessKeyId)
	{
		$this->accessKeyId = $accessKeyId;
	}

	public function getAccessSecret()
	{
		return $this->accessSecret;
	}

	public function setAccessSecret($accessSecret)
	{
		$this->accessSecret = $accessSecret;
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Lot 12 Forest View Road is a $175,000 property on a 1.00 acre lot located in Monument, CO.
One of nine spacious lots available in Forest View Acres, incredible views of the Front Range and a treed lot. Come build your dream home on one of these desirable lots. Buyer pays for water and gas tap fees. Electric needs to be brought to the site.There is a service fee of $60.00 per qtr. for water.
I am interested in Lot 12 Forest View Road, Monument, CO 80132.