text:
Search Results for united
Journal Article (2594)
Critical Ethnic Studies (7)
Environmental Studies (25)
LGBTQ Studies (43)
Latin American History (2508)
Latin American Studies (2508)
Sound Studies (21)
Postcolonial and Colonial Studies (155)
Science and Technology Studies (46)
Migration Studies (47)
Hispanic American Historical Review (2594)
In-brief (4)
Correction (3)
1-20 of 2594 Search Results for
Between Two Worlds: Mexican Immigrants in the United States
Zaragosa Vargas
Hispanic American Historical Review (1 February 2000) 80 (1): 162–163.
...Zaragosa Vargas Between Two Worlds: Mexican Immigrants in the United States. Edited by david g. gutiérrez. Jaguar Books on Latin America. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1996. Tables. Notes. xvii, 271 pp. Cloth, $40.00. Paper, $16.95. 2000 by Duke University Press 2000 HAHR...
Hispanic American Historical Review (1 August 2000) 80 (3): 573–574.
...William F. Manger From Aztec to High Tech: Architecture and Landscape across the Mexico-United States Border. By lawrence a. herzog. Creating the North American Landscape. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. Photographs. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. xiv, 241 pp. Cloth, $39.95...
Birds of Empire, Birds of Nation: A History of Science, Economy, and Conservation in United States-Colombia Relations
Helen Cowie
...Helen Cowie Birds of Empire, Birds of Nation: A History of Science, Economy, and Conservation in United States-Colombia Relations . By Toro Camilo Quintero . Bogotá : Universidad de los Andes , 2012 . Photographs. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. xii, 187 pp. Paper . © 2014 by...
Braceros: Migrant Citizens and Transnational Subjects in the Postwar United States and Mexico
Susan Marie Green
...Susan Marie Green Braceros: Migrant Citizens and Transnational Subjects in the Postwar United States and Mexico . By Cohen Deborah . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press / William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies, Southern Methodist University , 2011 . Photographs...
Indian Wars of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, 1812-1900
Richard W. Slatta
...Richard W. Slatta Indian Wars of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, 1812-1900 . By bruce vandervort. Warfare and History. London: Routledge, 2006. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. xvii, 337 pp. Paper, $34.00. Duke University Press 2007 General Book Reviews...
On the Border: Society and Culture between the United States and Mexico
Brian D. Behnken
...Brian D. Behnken On the Border: Society and Culture between the United States and Mexico . Edited by andrew grant wood. Latin American Silhouettes: Studies in History and Culture. Lanham, MD: SR Books, 2004. Photographs. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Index. xi, 303 pp. Cloth, $70.00. Paper...
A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and Its War with the United States
Sam W. Haynes
Hispanic American Historical Review (1 May 2009) 89 (2): 386–387.
... U.S. students to be in direct contact with Latin American production. oscar chamosa, University of Georgia doi 10.1215/00182168-2008-091 334 HAHR / May Historical Dictionary of United States – Latin American Relations. By joseph smith...
Ecuador and the United States: Useful Strangers
David Scott Palmer
...David Scott Palmer By ronn pineo. The United States and the Americas. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007. Maps. Notes. Biliographic essay. Index. xiii, 260 pp. Paper, $22.95. Copyright 2009 by Duke University Press 2009 Book Reviews General and Sources Maya Calendar Origins...
Looking South: The Evolution of Latin Americanist Scholarship in the United States, 1850–1975
Lester D. Langley
... dictatorship (1930 – 61), increased tourism and travel to the United States fostered the emergence of a new racial consciousness among Dominicans, who came to identify with other Caribbean immigrants and peoples of color in the United States. Courses on the Caribbean often leave out the Dominican...
Forging the Tortilla Curtain: Cultural Drift and Change along the United States–Mexico Border from the Spanish Era to the Present
Norman Caulfield
...Norman Caulfield Forging the Tortilla Curtain: Cultural Drift and Change along the United States–Mexico Border from the Spanish Era to the Present. By thomas torrans. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 2000. Photographs. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. xi, 424 pp...
A People Who Would Not Kneel: Panama, the United States, and the San Blas Kuna
Thomas L. Pearcy
...Thomas L. Pearcy A People Who Would Not Kneel: Panama, the United States, and the San Blas Kuna. By james howe. Smithsonian Series in Ethnographic Inquiry. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998. Photographs. Maps. Bibliography. Index. x, 390. Paper, $19.95. 2005 by Duke...
Muralism without Walls: Rivera, Orozco, and Siqueiros in the United States, 1927 – 1940
Rick A. López
...Rick A. López Muralism without Walls: Rivera, Orozco, and Siqueiros in the United States, 1927 – 1940 . By Indych-López Anna . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press , 2009 . Photographs. Notes. Index . xi, 250 pp. Cloth, $45.00 . Copyright 2011 by Duke University Press...
Land of Necessity: Consumer Culture in the United States – Mexico Borderlands
Andrae Marak
...Andrae Marak Land of Necessity: Consumer Culture in the United States – Mexico Borderlands . Edited by McCrossen Alexis . Durham, NC : Duke University Press , 2009 . Photographs. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index . xix, 414 pp. Paper, $26.95. Cloth, $99.95...
Historical Dictionary of United States–latin American Relations
Ken Lehman
Wars within War: Mexican Guerrillas, Domestic Elites, and the United States of America, 1846–1848
Pedro Santoni
...Pedro Santoni Wars within War: Mexican Guerrillas, Domestic Elites, and the United States of America, 1846–1848 . By IRVING W. LEVINSON. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 2005. Photograph. Illustrations. Maps. Tables. Appendix. Notes. Bibliographies. Index. xviii, 173 pp. Cloth...
The Business of Empire: United Fruit, Race, and U.s. Expansion in Central America
Cindy Forster
...Cindy Forster The Business of Empire: United Fruit, Race, and U.S. Expansion in Central America . By Colby Jason M. . The United States in the World . Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press , 2011 . Photographs. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. xi, 274 pp. Cloth , $45.00...
Banana Cultures: Agriculture, Consumption, and Environmental Change in Honduras and the United States
Dario A. Euraque
Hispanic American Historical Review (1 November 2006) 86 (4): 848–849.
...Dario A. Euraque Banana Cultures: Agriculture, Consumption, and Environmental Change in Honduras and the United States. By john soluri. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005. Photographs. Illustrations. Maps. Tables. Notes. Bibliography. Index. xiii, 321 pp. Cloth, $60.00. Paper, $21.95...
Waves of Decolonization: Discourses of Race and Hemispheric Citizenship in Cuba, Mexico, and the United States
Kenya C. Dworkin y Méndez
... belief in the need for republican virtue; his admiration for the "republican monarchy" of Britain; his impatience with complex constitutional systems created by lawyers; his sense of the need to unite the uneducated populace under strong leadership, providing a substitute for kingship; and his urge...
That Infernal Little Cuban Republic: The United States and the Cuban Revolution
... since the conquest. The section contains two surprises, a study of John Mackay as a Christian Socialist, and another that explores the connections between the United States and the Peruanidad project by linking together the careers of two essential archaeologists, Julio Tello and Luis...
America's Colony: The Political and Cultural Conflict between the United Stated and Puerto Rico
Ricardo R. Camuñas Madera
...Ricardo R. Camuñas Madera America's Colony: The Political and Cultural Conflict between the United Stated and Puerto Rico. By pedro a. malavet. Critical America. New York: New York University Press, 2004. Notes. Index. xiii, 241 pp. Cloth, $40.00. Duke University Press 2006 Book...


Norcan Estate Agents & Home Services. Our professionalism will ensure your total satisfaction whether buying, selling or renting a property.
Large property selection for sale & for rent.
A family run estate agency and property management business on Gran Canaria since 1972.


Heartland Owners Forum > THE GIRLS' ROOM > Cooking / Recipes etc.
View Full Version : Cooking / Recipes etc.
Appetizer for New Years eve for about 20 people? Any suggestions? Ideas?
Canning while on the road?
Camp Chef Pro 90 stove quick review.
Is this why RVers are so happy - especially at rallies?


text:
https://sputniknews.com/20200327/bankers--corporate-capitalists-receive-lions-share-of-massive-bailout-1078736356.html
Bankers & Corporate Capitalists Receive Lion's Share of Massive Bailout
On today's episode of Loud & Clear, Brian Becker and John Kiriakou are joined by Sputnik News analysts and producers Walter Smolarek and Nicole Roussell. 27.03.2020, Sputnik International
https://cdnn1.img.sputniknews.com/img/107835/99/1078359925_0:608:1400:1400_1920x0_80_0_0_93ed87d2d344cf82f95df818addd3e1b.png
Brian Becker
https://cdnn1.img.sputniknews.com/img/107835/98/1078359870_0:0:0:0_1920x0_80_0_0_97677a57df6e98d711335dd2590f0015.png
loud & clear, shows, radio, sars coronavirus, us congress
John Kiriakou
On today's episode of Loud & Clear, Brian Becker and John Kiriakou are joined by Sputnik News analysts and producers Walter Smolarek and Nicole Roussell.
Friday is Loud & Clear's weekly hour-long segment The Week in Review, about the week in politics, policy, and international affairs. Today they focus on the rapid spread of the Coronavirus pandemic, Washington's efforts to bail out Wall Street, the state of the presidential election, and more.
The United States yesterday overtook both China and Italy in the number of confirmed coronavirus cases. But Italy far exceeds the rest of the world per capita in the number of deaths from the coronavirus to the point where bodies can't be buried quickly enough and health care providers are becoming infected and are dying at an alarming rate. Guido Salza, a leading member of the Italian political organization Fronte Popolare, joins the show.
The United States greatly stepped up pressure on Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro yesterday when the Justice Department charged him in federal court in New York City with narco-terrorism and conspiracy to commit international cocaine trafficking, with prosecutors maintaining that he led a violent drug cartel even as he rose to the leadership of his country. At the same time, the State Department offered a $15 million reward for information leading to Maduro's capture. The Venezuelan denounced the move as "miserable, vulgar and baseless accusations." Brian and John speak with Leo Flores, a member of the peace group Code Pink, where he is the Latin America campaign coordinator.
World Water Day was commemorated earlier this week as a way to focus attention on the importance of fresh water and advocating for the sustainable management of freshwater resources. The day took on renewed significance amid calls for a moratorium on utility shut-offs as the country and the world is gripped by the Coronavirus pandemic. Mary Grant, the director of the Public Water for All Campaign at Food & Water Watch and a policy analyst on US water utility privatization, joins the show.
It's Friday! So it's time for the week's worst and most misleading headlines. Brian and John speak with Steve Patt, an independent journalist whose critiques of the mainstream media have been a feature of his site Left I on the News and on twitter @leftiblog, and Sputnik producer Nicole Roussell.
We'd love to get your feedback at radio@sputniknews.com
Loud & Clear

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
'use strict';

/*
 * Module Pattern:
 * - encapsulates "privacy", state and organization using closures
 * - provides for wrapping mix of public and private methods and variables
 * - namespacing protects against "leaking" into global scope and colliding with other code
 * - only a public API is returned / exposed
 *
 * Similar to an immediately-invoked functional expression, but returns an object rather than a function.
 * Inside the module, we return an object. This gets automatically assigned to the module so we can interact with it.
 *
 * IOW: The scoping function in the module is wrapped around all of our functions, which we then call
 * and immediately store the return value of.
 *
 */

// ! Module Pattern - simple template
var myNamespace = (function () {

	var myPrivateVar,
		myPrivateMethod;

	// A private counter variable
	myPrivateVar = 0;

	// A private function which logs any arguments
	myPrivateMethod = function myPrivateMethod(foo) {
		console.log(foo);
	};

	return {

		// A public variable
		myPublicVar: 'foo',

		// A public function utilizing privates
		myPublicFunction: function myPublicFunction(bar) {

			// Increment our private counter
			myPrivateVar++;

			// Call our proviate method using bar
			myPrivateMethod(barr);
		}
	};

})();

// ! Module Pattern - shopping basket example

var basketModule = (function () {

	// privates
	var basket = [];

	function doSomethingPrivate() {
		//...
	}

	function doSomethingElsePrivate() {
		//...
	}

	// Return an object exposed to the public
	return {

		// Add items to our basket
		addItem: function addItem(values) {
			basket.push(values);
		},

		// Get the count of items in the basket
		getItemCount: function getItemCount() {
			return basket.length;
		},

		// Public alias to a private function
		doSomething: doSomethingPrivate,

		// Get the total value of items in the basket
		getTotal: function getTotal() {
			var q = this.getItemCount(),
				p = 0;

			while (q--) {
				p += basket[q].price;
			}

			return p;
		}

	};
})();

// basketModule returns an object with a public API we can use
basketModule.addItem({
item: "bread",
price: 0.5
});

basketModule.addItem({
item: "butter",
price: 0.3
});

// Outputs: 2
console.log( basketModule.getItemCount() );

// Outputs: 0.8
console.log( basketModule.getTotal() );

// However, the following will not work:
// Outputs: undefined
// This is because the basket itself is not exposed as a part of our
// the public API
console.log( basketModule.basket );

// This also won't work as it only exists within the scope of our
// basketModule closure, but not the returned public object
console.log( basket );

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Michael W. Cutler is a retired Senior Special Agent with the INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service). He appears regularly on numerous radio and television programs, including Fox News, CNN, and MSNBC. He hosts his own Internet radio program, "The Michael Cutler Hour." Mr. Cutler has testified as an expert witness at more than a dozen Congressional hearings as well as to the 9/11 Commission, and provides expert witness testimony at trials where immigration is at issue. Visit his website at: www.michaelcutler.net.
Entries by Michael Cutler
Former DOD Contract Translator Arrested for Alleged Ties to ISIS
November 7, 2022 /in Culture War, Cyberwarfare, Hot Topics, Immigration, National Security, News, Policy, Politics/by Michael Cutler
The ongoing threat of Jihad. A former Department of Defense (DOD) contract interpreter, Mohammad Rafi Mohammadi has been arrested for allegedly having lied about his connection to ISIS in his application for a security clearance in conjunction with his employment by the DOD. The arrest of this defendant is of great significance however, while information […]
Crisis On The Southern Border: Only The Tip of Biden's Immigration Iceberg
October 14, 2022 /in Courts & Law, Culture War, Elections, Hot Topics, Immigration, National Security, News, Policy, Politics, Social Issues, Waste, Fraud and Abuse/by Michael Cutler
It is commonsense that after a major flood disaster recovery begins with cleaning up the mess. Because of the policies of the Biden administration America has been flooded with unprecedented numbers of illegal aliens–yet no attention is being given to the need or the means to clean up the mess created by this human tsunami […]
NYC's Mayor Adams' Immigration Theater of the Absurd
August 17, 2022 /in Courts & Law, Culture War, Elections, Immigration, National Security, News, Policy, Politics, Social Issues, Waste, Fraud and Abuse/by Michael Cutler
It is time for NYC to end deadly "Sanctuary Policies." Out of obvious frustration with the current immigration crisis along the U.S./Mexican border Texas Governor Greg Abbott has resorted to sending busloads of illegal aliens caught entering the United States illegally in his state along the Mexican border, to New York City, Washington, DC and […]
Biden's TSA Becomes the Transportation False Security Administration
July 26, 2022 /in Courts & Law, Culture War, Elections, Hot Topics, Immigration, National Security, News, Policy, Politics, Social Issues, Waste, Fraud and Abuse/by Michael Cutler
Illegal aliens are welcomed aboard airliners – using arrest warrants for ID. The Biden Administration continues to implement policies that are not in the best interests of America or Americans. Nowhere is this more apparent than the multifaceted immigration system. Immigration is not a single issue, but a singular issue because it profoundly impacts nearly every challenge […]
Providing Former Taliban Associates with Visas and Asylum
June 21, 2022 /in Courts & Law, Culture War, National Security, News, Policy, Politics, Religion, Social Issues, Waste, Fraud and Abuse/by Michael Cutler
The Biden administration continues its assault on U.S. national security. Biden's botched withdrawal from Afghanistan has created unprecedented threats to U.S. national security as I noted in an earlier article, Biden's Catastrophic Policies: Immigration and Afghanistan and those threats are about to be exacerbated by a policy change of the Biden administration. On June 14, 2022 The […]
Sanctuary Cities Now Provide Sanctuary For Deadly Illegal Drugs
June 8, 2022 /in Culture War, Healthcare, National Security, News, Policy, Politics, Science, Social Issues, Waste, Fraud and Abuse/by Michael Cutler
The New York City Health Department shows how to use them "safely." On May 11, 2022 the New York Times reported: Overdose Deaths Continue Rising, With Fentanyl and Meth Key Culprits. The subtitle of that reports is stunning: New data shows a surge in overdose deaths involving fentanyl and methamphetamine. Overall, the nation saw a 15 percent […]
Biden Seeks End to Title 42 While Closing Federal Training Center Because of COVID
June 6, 2022 /in Courts & Law, Culture War, Elections, Immigration, National Security, News, Policy, Politics, Social Issues, Waste, Fraud and Abuse/by Michael Cutler
UPDATE: What type of leadership is Kamala Harris trying to show here?: Rep. Salazar President Abraham Lincoln's historic Gettysburg Address concluded with this powerful and aspirational excerpt, "…that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the […]
Title 42 and Chaos on the Border
May 19, 2022 /in Courts & Law, Culture War, Elections, Featured, Immigration, News, Policy, Politics, Social Issues, Waste, Fraud and Abuse/by Michael Cutler
Mayorkas is not America's guardian — he's its innkeeper. On May 15, 2022 Fox News reported, The end of Title 42 will create 'chaos all across the border,' former ICE director warns. That report began with the following: Former Acting ICE Director Tom Homan warned on Sunday that the Biden administration's move to end the use of the Title […]
Biden Administration Providing the Best Government Money Can Buy
May 9, 2022 /in Commentary, Culture War, Elections, Policy, Politics, Social Issues, Waste, Fraud and Abuse/by Michael Cutler
When conducting investigations into possible wrongdoing, the issue of motivation is of great importance. Financial gains can provide huge incentives, so "following the money" is a good starting point. The Biden administration's plan to terminate Title 42 has raised the eyebrows and ire of many Americans and politicians from both parties. Nevertheless, the Biden administration appears […]
Mayorkas Lives Up to Expectations as Zealous Opponent of Immigration Law Enforcement
May 4, 2022 /in Courts & Law, Elections, Immigration, National Security, News, Policy, Politics, Social Issues, Waste, Fraud and Abuse/by Michael Cutler
Department of Homeland Security Secretary (DHS) Alejandro Mayorkas testified last week before Congress about the immigration crisis and the administration's plans to terminate Title 42, which would likely amp up the entry of illegal aliens even when such numbers are already at unprecedented levels. As we shall see, no one should be surprised at the […]
Former Honduran President Charged With Smuggling Huge Quantities of Narcotics Into US: Meanwhile, Biden's border policies facilitate smuggling operations.
May 2, 2022 /in Courts & Law, Culture War, National Security, News, Policy, Politics, Science, Social Issues, Waste, Fraud and Abuse/by Michael Cutler
On April 21, 2022 the Department of Justice issued a press release that announced, Juan Orlando Hernández, Former President of Honduras, Indicted on Drug-Trafficking and Firearms Charges, Extradited to the United States from Honduras. The subtitle of that DOJ news release provided a bit more specificity, Hernández Allegedly Partnered with Some of the Largest Cocaine Traffickers in […]
U.S. Extradites Former Honduran President for Drug Smuggling While Borders Are Wide Open
April 26, 2022 /in Courts & Law, Culture War, Immigration, National Security, Policy, Politics, Social Issues/by Michael Cutler
As the Biden administration prepares to end Title 42, a measure implemented by the Trump administration to help gain control over the U.S.-Mexico border, the former president of Honduras was extradited to the U.S. on drug trafficking charges. Here is an excerpt from an NBC News report on the matter: Juan Orlando Hernández, who was […]
Yale Law School Recruits and Trains Social Justice Warriors
April 9, 2022 /in Culture War, Education, Elections, Must Read, National Security, News, Policy, Politics, Social Issues, Waste, Fraud and Abuse/by Michael Cutler
Mission: Wage lawfare to effect change across every sector of society. If practitioners of any profession would be expected to understand and honor the notion of Free Speech it would be lawyers. In years past this would be a reasonable conclusion. However, in so many ways traditional American values have been turned upside down and […]
DHS a No-Show on Afghan Visa Fraud
March 18, 2022 /in Courts & Law, Culture War, Immigration, National Security, News, Policy, Politics, Regulation, Social Issues/by Michael Cutler
My commentary today is predicated upon a Department of Justice (DOJ) press release titled, "U.S. Navy Reserves Officer Appeared on Charges of Alleged Bribery and Visa Fraud." The statement raises many more questions than it answers — both about the specific case and more broadly about how the Biden DOJ pursues, or refuses to pursue, […]
Putin Threatens Retribution if America Intervenes in Ukraine Invasion
March 4, 2022 /in National Security, News, Policy, Politics, Social Issues, Waste, Fraud and Abuse/by Michael Cutler
The world has changed, literally overnight. Vladimir Putin has ordered a massive invasion of Ukraine, the likes of which the world has not seen since World War II. There are a number of possible reasons for the attack, and it is likely the way the United States exited Afghanistan emboldened our enemies, including, of course, […]


text:
January 27, 2021 By Phoebe Chongchua
If you're vegan, gluten-free and searching for some of the best plant-based food in San Diego, I have the restaurant for you.
It's called Grains. More about it in just a few but first a little background about why this restaurant is such a good find and so unique.
When I was growing up in San Diego, very few people knew what Thai food was. In fact, many people were confused when I told them I was from Thailand. They'd ask me, "Are you Taiwanese?"
Today, of course, it's a different world. There are lots of Thai restaurants nationwide and Thailand is a top place to visit for many people around the world; see my post and photos from my visit. What surprised and pleased me, though, is the opening of gluten-free and vegan Thai restaurants.
Plant-Based Food Uniquely Prepared
Grains restaurant on Adam Street in San Diego, California opened originally as a gluten-free, vegan Thai food restaurant. Since, I lasted visited it's evolved and there's so many options on the menu. I'm happy to still see a strong Thai influence and even a favorite of mine, yellow curry on the menu. But, should you want something other than Thai food, you'll find plenty of options.
Another thing that you didn't hear much about was gluten. I started writing about gluten nearly 15 years ago. At that time, people had no idea what gluten was and most thought it was a joke.
How could anyone be allergic or food sensitive to bread?
Grains serving vegan, gluten-free plant-based food
Of course, today we know it's very possible and gluten isn't just in bread. It's in lots of unsuspected food items from salad dressings to desserts and even in everyday household items like some kinds of toothpaste.
Avoiding gluten is tough to do. But fortunately, a lot has changed in more than a decade. Today, gluten-free is a common term, so much so that there are plenty of spoofs done on "eating gluten-free." But for those who must avoid the protein, it's no joke.
Grains serves beer, wine, hard cider, kombucha, and Thai Iced Tea
I went gluten-free in the mid-2000s and then stopped because I thought I could handle eating it again. However, it gradually compromised my health and I believe it contributed to my developing subacute thyroiditis; read more here.
I've since turned my diet around and now eat very limited gluten or casein (a protein found in dairy). My health is improving as a result and I'm feeling better than I've felt in years.
However, for a while, I was eating vegan-only at home because, even though there are more gluten-free options than ever before, I still had trouble locating restaurants that offered some of my favorite plant-based foods.
Grains plant-based food restaurant
When I discovered Grains I was pleasantly surprised. Interestingly, despite its name, it is a gluten-free Thai restaurant. Now, this I had to try and I'm so glad did.
I started with a favorite soup, Tom Kah, from Thailand. This soup is creamy from the coconut milk; yet it's completely vegan–no dairy, meat products, and no gluten. What I love about this soup and the other dishes that I'm going to share with you is that they're also not loaded with sugar or salt.
In Thailand and in traditional Thai cooking, while some dishes may have a sweetness, they're not heavy on the sugar. But here in the U.S. where sugar is in just about everything –Americans consume, on average, 152 pounds of sugar per year–the Thai recipes are modified to match our voracious desire for sweetness. I personally prefer savory over sweet. This soup has a bit of both, which is what makes it an irresistible soup. Try it and I'm certain you'll fall in love with it.
Tom Kah Soup from Grains
Next up–an appetizer that is remarkably close to calamari, yet it's completely vegan and gluten-free. There are a few items on the menu that aren't gluten-free, so if you're following a gluten-free diet or you have an allergy, be sure to ask before you order.
Grilled Calamari Mushroom from Grains
As I got to talking with the owners, a sister-brother team, I learned they knew my dad, Serm Chongchua. My dad was one of the first Thai people to come to the U.S. and remain here after he left his position at the Thai Embassy. Knowing very little English, he worked hard and eventually landed a drafting job and worked his way up to certification as a design engineer.
He became a U.S.citizen, but all along he kept his Thai roots and I grew up in a home that was always filled with Thai people, Thai cooking, Thai music, Thai dancing, and lots of shoes at the front door!
It's interesting to think about how my dad would've reacted to all the Thai restaurants that have opened up–and, now, Grains–a gluten-free, plant-based food option. Surely he'd be amazed.
Today, I carry on the tradition of making one of my dad's most coveted Thai dishes, yellow curry. This was ever-popular, especially at the New Year's parties my dad hosted at our home.
He typically made two pots of the yellow curry–one very spicy for Thai people and the other toned down for the American guests. 🙂 Personally, I prefer a little less spice. You can try making it yourself. Here's my yellow curry recipe.
By far one of my other favorite Thai dishes is called Larb Tofu. It's traditionally made with duck or chicken; however, at Grains, it's a vegan dish made from tofu and you're not missing a thing. The garlic, lime, chili, mint flavor is so intoxicating! It's served with a wedge of cabbage leaves much like how PF Chang's serves its lettuce wraps. But I think this is so much tastier. Mixed in are red onions and chopped mint leaves. Again, it's savory instead of super sweet. I LOVE this dish. Go and order it. You'll thank me later.
Larb Tofu from Grains in San Diego
For dessert, one of my all-time faves, mango with coconut sticky rice. It's a delicious treat that doesn't leave you filling bloated and heavy the way so many other desserts do. Sorry, the picture was snapped but not fast enough, my mom and I already got busy eating it! Another nice treat if you want something light to finish off your meal is the Thai Iced Tea or Thai Iced Coffee made with non-dairy milk. Delicious!
Thai dessert: Mango with sticky rice from Grains
Restaurant Details
Grains Cafe
Rustic-chic, farm-style cafe and hip setting for inventive vegan & vegetarian dishes along with beer & wine.
Address: 2201 Adams Ave, San Diego, CA 92116
Website: Grains Cafe
Like Grains Cafe on Facebook
Follow them on Instagram
If you go, let me know what you think in the comments below!
blogGluten-FreeGrains Cafephoebe's picksplant basedplant-based foodrestaurantsveganvegan restaurant
Year-Round Christmas Lima Bean Soup Recipe
The Beginner's Guide To Composting
Mary Thorne Kelley 5 years ago Reply
I love this restaurant for its rustic, comfortable ambience as well as its excellent cooking. So many restaurants nowadays dump too much sugar & salt in their foods–despite the fact that customers can always add their own but cannot take out the excesses. This one is moderate & reasonable–& the degree of spicy-ness can be selected too when ordering. I look forward to coming back many times.
Phoebe Chongchua 5 years ago Reply
Thanks, Mary, I agree with you. It's a charming place to dine and has the perfect mix of sweet and savory. 🙂


text:
Drones to keep tabs on light pollution
Astronomers at Nottingham Trent University have developed a light, low cost system, deployable on a drone, that could help everyone monitor and control light pollution. The team, led by undergraduate student Ashley Fuller, present their work at the National Astronomy Meeting at the University of Nottingham.
Excessive light is a pollutant in its own right, as is the energy, and carbon footprint, needed to generate it. The cultural and scientific impact is very visible, and recent studies confirm that light pollution prevents a third of the global population from seeing the Milky Way.
The map above shows the impact of light pollution in and around the Peak District National Park, in 2009. This map was generated using data obtained from a satellite orbiting the Earth, and has been adjusted to use artificial colour. Even though approximately 16 million people live within an hour of the National Park boundary (outlined in black), it is apparent that it is an area that is relatively unaffected by light pollution, a result of the protection of this natural landscape. Credit: Peak District National Park Authority. Click for a full size imageDark skies are preserved in some designated areas, with parks, islands and other reserves offering places in the UK and around the world where the night sky is still relatively pristine. All these places though need continuous monitoring.
The Nottingham Trent team will present a new mount and operational platform carrying a Sky Quality Monitoring device (SQM), which operates autonomously, and can be used to map the sky without any specialist training. Fuller worked on its development for a final year project, with Dr Daniel Brown and Dr Rob Morris, both also at Nottingham Trent.
The new monitoring system is based on a microcontroller and standard servo motors, and the data it gathers is stored on an SD card. Fuller and the team see it being used by for example national park rangers carrying out their work on site. Crucially, it is light enough to be mounted on a drone, which will take the device to inaccessible areas, making it a lot easier to create a comprehensive map.
Fuller comments: "The night sky is a vital part of our heritage, and one we should strive to protect. With a drone-mounted autonomous system, we can quickly gather the evidence we need to show where the problem is worse, and on a more positive note, find out where people can see the best views of the stars."
The team would like to see the new light pollution monitoring system, with its straightforward and low cost design, being taken up by schools and colleges. As an astronomy project, it could inspire young people to develop the skills in IT, electronics and physics that are needed for sustainability and that are so much in demand in the wider economy.
Dr Robert Massey
Royal Astronomical Society
Mob: +44 (0)7802 877 699
Ms Anita Heward
Dr Morgan Hollis
Dr Sam Lindsay
NAM 2016 press office
An ISDN line and a Globelynx fixed camera are available for radio and TV interviews. To request these, please contact Robert or Anita.
Science contacts
Ashley Fuller
Dr Daniel Brown
Dr Rob Morris
Images and captions
https://nam2016.org/images/nam2016/Media/Fuller/Figure1SQMdevice.jpg
The core components of the new Sky Quality Monitoring (SQM) device. The mount was made out of 5mm Acrylic and laser cut then stuck together. Credit: Daniel Brown (Nottingham Trent University)
https://nam2016.org/images/nam2016/Media/Fuller/Figure2lightpollutionMap.jpg
A sky map taken using the data collected from a calibration light source. The visualisation shows the distribution of light in one hemisphere and represents essentially a fish eye view of all of the sky. Credit: Ashley Fuller (Nottingham Trent University)
https://nam2016.org/images/nam2016/Media/Fuller/Figure3LightPollutionMap.jpeg
The map above shows the impact of light pollution in and around the Peak District National Park, in 2009. This map was generated using data obtained from a satellite orbiting the Earth, and has been adjusted to use artificial colour. Even though approximately 16 million people live within an hour of the National Park boundary (outlined in black), it is apparent that it is an area that is relatively unaffected by light pollution, a result of the protection of this natural landscape. Credit: Peak District National Park Authority
The RAS National Astronomy Meeting 2016 (NAM 2016) takes place this year at the University of Nottingham from 27 June to 1 July. NAM 2016 brings together more than 500 space scientists and astronomers to discuss the latest research in their respective fields. The conference is principally sponsored by the Royal Astronomical Society, the Science and Technology Facilities Council and the University of Nottingham. Follow the conference on Twitter via @rasnam2016
The University of Nottingham has 43,000 students and is 'the nearest Britain has to a truly global university, with a "distinct" approach to internationalisation, which rests on those full-scale campuses in China and Malaysia, as well as a large presence in its home city.' (Times Good University Guide 2016). It is also one of the most popular universities in the UK among graduate employers and the winner of 'Outstanding Support for Early Career Researchers' at the Times Higher Education Awards 2015. It is ranked in the world's top 75 by the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, and 8th in the UK by research power according to the Research Excellence Framework 2014. It has been voted the world's greenest campus for four years running, according to Greenmetrics Ranking of World Universities.
Impact: The Nottingham Campaign, its biggest-ever fundraising campaign, is delivering the University's vision to change lives, tackle global issues and shape the future.
The Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) is keeping the UK at the forefront of international science and has a broad science portfolio and works with the academic and industrial communities to share its expertise in materials science, space and ground-based astronomy technologies, laser science, microelectronics, wafer scale manufacturing, particle and nuclear physics, alternative energy production, radio communications and radar. STFC's Astronomy and Space Science programme provides support for a wide range of facilities, research groups and individuals in order to investigate some of the highest priority questions in astrophysics, cosmology and solar system science. STFC's astronomy and space science programme is delivered through grant funding for research activities, and also through support of technical activities at STFC's UK Astronomy Technology Centre and RAL Space at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. STFC also supports UK astronomy through the international European Southern Observatory. Follow STFC on Twitter
The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS), founded in 1820, encourages and promotes the study of astronomy, solar-system science, geophysics and closely related branches of science. The RAS organizes scientific meetings, publishes international research and review journals, recognizes outstanding achievements by the award of medals and prizes, maintains an extensive library, supports education through grants and outreach activities and represents UK astronomy nationally and internationally. Its more than 4000 members (Fellows), a third based overseas, include scientific researchers in universities, observatories and laboratories as well as historians of astronomy and others.
The RAS accepts papers for its journals based on the principle of peer review, in which fellow experts on the editorial boards accept the paper as worth considering. The Society issues press releases based on a similar principle, but the organisations and scientists concerned have overall responsibility for their content.
Follow the RAS on Twitter


Home >> Mount Holyoke College Archives & Special Collections >> Downer papers, 1918-1988.
Downer, Sara Boddie, 1896-1987; Physicist, college teacher, and missionary. Mount Holyoke College graduate, 1918. Mount Holyoke College faculty member, 1919-1920, 1934-1935, and 1945-1946. Papers contain correspondence, writings, scrapbooks, biographical material, and photographs. Primarily documenting her work as a missionary in China during World War II and her correspondence with Mount Holyoke College President, Mary Emma Woolley.


Charlesbank Apartments | Bargmann Hendrie + Archetype, Inc.
The project is a 4-story 48 unit multi-family residential development with 12 units on each floor with a mix of 4 two-bedroom and 8 one-bedroom plus den units. The development provides a landscaped area with a section of the open space designed as a rain garden retention area to facilitate with rain water run-off.


text:
The women's 200 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2019 Pan American Games will take place between the 8 and 9 of August at the 2019 Pan American Games Athletics Stadium. The defending Pan American Games champion is Kaylin Whitney from United States.

Summary
Sporting bright green hair, the diminutive 2013 world champion Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce stood out from the crowd.  When the gun fired, she stood out again, taking the lead she would not relinquish.  Vitória Cristina Rosa ran a personal best to get silver almost 2 steps behind.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:

Schedule

Results
All times shown are in seconds.

Semifinal
Qualification: First 2 in each heat (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the final.
Wind:Heat 1: -1.0 m/s, Heat 2: 0.0 m/s, Heat 3: +0.4 m/s

Final
The results were as follows

Wind: -0.1 m/s

References

Athletics at the 2019 Pan American Games
2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Attorney General of Sri Lanka and the Project Director of the Legal and Judicial Reforms Project were signatories to a landmark tender awarded to a high profile consortium of IT companies. The tender was for automating the Attorney General's Department. The consortium was led by leading Sri Lankan systems integrator E-wis who teamed up with Affno renowned for their document management and workflow product and hSenid famous for their HR Management software.
The IT solution is tipped to speed-up and bring-in unprecedented efficiencies to this unique Government department that employs over 200 Attorneys and interacts between the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. The functions of the Attorney General's Department are manifold and include acting as Legal Advisor to the Government and all its Departments and Institutions as well as representing them in criminal prosecutions and civil matters. The many other functions include examining draft legislations for constitutionality and assisting in matters pertaining to negotiation of international treaties, bilateral treaties and trade agreements.
The efficient management of documents is central to the smooth functioning of the AG's department. Once implemented, all documents including case files will be digitized. This will not only make storage and retrieval of documents more efficient, it will also enable large teams to work on shared documents concurrently whilst maintaining a comprehensive audit trail about who accessed and did what on documents. Given that the software would be completely web based, authorized personnel would also be able to access documents from outside their offices via the Internet in a completely secure manner even when traveling overseas. In addition to facilitating day-to-day work, the system will also place a variety of useful statistics and information at the fingertips of top management. Thus the status of cases and projects could be tracked with ease, and in turn enable greater efficiency in allocation and utilisation of professional resources.
The Attorney General's Department will soon become one of the first Government Departments to digitize its documents and adopt computerized operations and procedures. The initiative for this project comes from the Legal and Judicial Reforms Project funded by the World Bank.


text:
<?php
namespace CodyPChristian\Browscap;

use Crossjoin\Browscap\Browscap;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;

class BrowscapServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{

    /**
     * Indicates if loading of the provider is deferred.
     *
     * @var bool
     */

    protected $defer = false;

    /**
     * Bootstrap the application events.
     *
     * @return void
     */

    public function boot() {

        $this->package('codypchristian/browscap-laravel');
    }

    /**
     * Register the service provider.
     *
     * @return void
     */

    public function register() {

        /**
         * Register the browscap instance
         */

        $this->app['browscap'] = $this->app->share(function ($app) {

            return new Browscap();
        });
    }

    /**
     * Get the services provided by the provider.
     *
     * @return array
     */

    public function provides() {

        return array('browscap');
    }
}


text:
#229. Two Thousand Maniacs! (1964)
DVD Synopsis: The TWO THOUSAND MANIACS of a small town celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Civil War by forcing a handful of Northerners to serve as "guests" for a variety of macabre, blood-crazed fun and games. The festivities include a screaming man placed in a rolling barrel lined with nails, a hit-the-bull's-eye carnival game with a pretty gal and a boulder, and a blonde sexpot whose arm is hacked off and barbecued! But before they can slaughter the only smart Yank (Thomas Wood), he and the lovely Terry Adams (Connie Mason, "Playboy's Favorite Playmate") try to escape...
Two Thousand Maniacs is the second entry in what's become known as director Herschell Gordon Lewis' "Blood Trilogy". Released one year after the groundbreaking Blood Feast, Two Thousand Maniacs looks to continue the gory tradition of it's predecessor, only this time, instead of a lone homicidal maniac, we're treated to an entire town of bloodthirsty killers.
The citizens of Pleasant Valley, a quaint southern community, are getting ready to celebrate their Centennial anniversary, but before they can officially kick off the festivities, they need a handful of northerners to join them. By setting up fake detour signs on the main highway, they're able to lure six "Yankees" into town, all of whom are told they're to be the honored guests of the celebration. What these six don't realize, however, is that Pleasant Valley is a town with a tragic past: exactly one hundred years earlier, during the American Civil War, Northern soldiers slaughtered every man, woman and child in Pleasant Valley, and now the townsfolk are looking for a little payback at the expense of their new northern visitors. Two of the "guests", Terry (Connie Mason) and Tom (William Kerwin), begin to suspect something's very wrong with this entire celebration, but have they realized it in time to save themselves?
Unlike Blood Feast, which was short on story and long on gore, Two Thousand Maniacs takes some time to set up it's tale of bloody revenge. Once the six guests arrive in town, they're treated like royalty. The mayor of Pleasant Valley (played with plenty of bravado by Jeffrey Allen) goes out of his way to make them feel welcome. He sets all six up in the local hotel, and even has some of the townsfolk serve as their guides during their stay. By dedicating it's opening scenes to establishing the story, Two Thousand Maniacs does take a little time to kick it into gear (in Blood Feast, a grisly murder is committed before the opening titles), but your patience early on will be well rewarded by way of some very imaginative kill scenes. In fact, they're so imaginative that I don't dare go into them here, out of fear I may spoil one for you.
As a filmmaker, Herschell Gordon Lewis definitely had his weak points, many of which are on display in Two Thousand Maniacs. The performances, save a few, are weak, and a handful of technical glitches occasionally rear their ugly head (early on, one of the female guests, played by Shelby Livingston, is introducing herself to Tom, and even though she's standing in the middle of a street surrounded by people, her voice sounds as if it was recorded in a tunnel, an obvious re-dub in which no energy was spent to match the new audio with the existing scene). One thing Lewis could do, however, was stage a kill, and in Two Thousand Maniacs, he definitely let his imagination run wild.
Though not as shocking as Blood Feast, I would still recommend you check out Two Thousand Maniacs. The ingenious kills alone make it worth your time.
Klaus said...
Great poster and parental warning for the trailer. I'm just wondering what kind of movie you would be bringing your children to see, if this was one of the trailers that was playing. Awesome stuff!
@Klaus: Excellent point! I'm guessing this trailer didn't play before Disney features :)
Screamqueenarmy said...
i STILL haven't seen this movie. the only H.G.Lewis Movie i've seen is The Wizard Of Gore
@Screamqueenarmy: I'd probably recommend you check out BLOOD FEAST first, though TWO THOUSAND MANIACS is pretty entertaining as well.
#207. The Birds (1963)
#208. Zombie (1979)
#209. Herod the Great (1959)
#210. Flight of the Living Dead: Outbreak on a Pla...
#211. Dead Snow (2009)
#212. Children Shouldn't Play With Dead Things (1...
#213. Garden State (2003)
#214. Carriers (2009)
#215. The Shortcut (2009)
#216. Batman: The Movie (1966)
#217. Prom Night (1980)
#218. To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)
#219. House on Haunted Hill (1959)
#220. The Zombie Diaries (2006)
#221. The Mummy (1932)
#222. Cemetery Man (1994)
#223. Masters of Horror: The Black Cat (2007)
#224. The Beyond (1981)
#225. Raw Meat (1973)
#226. Twice-Told Tales (1963)
#227. Broken (2006)
#228. Going To Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Sl...
#230. Bad Dreams (1988)
#231. The Legend of Hell House (1973)
#232. Sisters (1973)
#233. Cat People (1942)
#234. Strange Brew (1983)
#235. Elephant (2003)
#236. Rosemary's Baby (1968)
#237. The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928)


text:
Identification of the Risk Factors of Bone Metastatic among Breast Cancer Women in Al-Bashir Hospital
Shaimaa Shamoun1, Ahmed A. Al Ibraheemi2
1Clinical Oncology and Radiation Therapy Department, Al-Bashir Hospital, Amman, Jordan
2Maysan Radiation Therapy Center, Maysan, Iraq
Received: January 31, 2018; Accepted: April 14, 2018; Published: April 17, 2018
Background: Bone metastasis with advance cancer stage forms approximately 85% of all cases. Breast cancer patients frequently suffer from bone pain, functional impairment due to bone metastasis which impacts negatively on their quality of life. Subjects and Methods: A retrospective study of breast cancer patients who have bone metastasis at diagnosis or developing bone metastasis during 5 years from breast cancer diagnosis (2011-2016) and who received zometa 4 mg monthly in radiotherapy department was included and conducted in 2017. We reviewed 107 female with breast cancer diagnosed by bone scan and/or PET scan as cases of bone metastasis enrolled. Questionnaire was designed to document all variables besides, demographic data which contain (age, histopathology reading invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma or others, ER status, PR status, Her2neu status and lymph node status & stage, Onset of metastasis, Menopausal Status & finally No. of metastasis site). Results: We noticed that the highest percentage of patients diagnosed as bone metastasis were 45 years and more, and 86% of them were invasive ductal carcinoma; regarding hormonal status we noticed that ER, PR status was positive in 90.7% and 82.2% of cases respectively, Her2neu receptors were amplified in 26.2% of them, positive lymph nodes were seen positive in 80.4% of cases and 31.8% of them were shown (N3) stage; we noticed that the only risk factor of bone metastasis is PR+ significantly associated with lesions multiplicity (0.049). There is no significant association between ER, PR, Her2neu, lymph nodes and menopausal status and onset of bone metastasis, also age, ER, Her2neu, lymph nodes and menopausal status are not associated significantly with No. of metastatic lesions. Conclusion: PR+ is significantly associated with lesions multiplicity (0.049), which is considered as a risk factor of bone metastasis in our study.
Risk Factors, Bone Lesion, Breast Cancer, Metastatic, Zometa
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Recently, although breast cancer has excellent prognosis due to advances in management and treatment, a significant number of patients suffer from complication of bone metastasis. It is estimated 70% of women with advanced breast cancer [1] .
The most prevalent solid tumors having metastasis to the bone are in breast, prostate and lung. Patients with bone metastasis complain skeletal-related events (SREs) like pain, pathological fracture, spinal cord compression which need emergency treatment and adversely affect their quality of life [2] .
Skeleton is the most common metastatic organ for breast cancer, which has better prognosis than visceral metastases. Patients with bone-only metastasis are also in need of effective treatment to prolong survival. Endocrine therapy is the most important treatment for bone metastatic patients. Endocrine therapy is proper for ER-positive patients. The patients with initial osteoblastic metastasis should not be treated with salvage chemotherapy or anti-HER2 treatment, only if osteolytic metastasis or visceral metastasis is observed. Bisphosphonates are just auxiliary drugs in bone metastasis, which should not be abused [3] .
Another treatment of bone metastasis from solid tumor is zometa (bisphosphonates); 4 mg is infused around 15 to 30 minutes every 3 to 4 weeks for patients having metastatic bone lesions with creatinine clearance (CrCl) greater than 60 mL/min which is recommended in conjunction with standard cancer therapy [4] . In 2016, the result of a retrospective survey conducted in China for bone metastatic management showed that patients on continuous bisphosphonates treatment more than 6 months were associated significantly with a reduced risk of SREs (p < 0.05) [5] .
In addition, in another study that discussed bone metastases treatment in 228 Japanese women, zometa 4 mg monthly over a year can significantly reduce the risk of SREs and delay the onset of the first SRE compared to placebo: p = 0.027, p = 0.003 respectively [6] .
In 2015, a meta-analysis presented randomized adjuvant bisphosphonate trials among breast cancer conducted in last 20 years which showed for all patients that, there were significant borderline reductions with the addition of bisphosphonates at 10 years for distant recurrence, bone recurrence, breast cancer mortality and all-cause mortality but specific highly significant reductions in postmenopausal women (p = 0.002) [7] .
According to the risk factors for bone metastasis among breast cancer patients who were treated with bone-modifying agents (BMAs), the skeletal-related events (SREs) like extraskeletal metastases, elevated serum calcium levels, were considered as risk factors which need vigorous observation to detect [5] .
This study is the first study in oncology radiology department of Al Bashir Hospital that tries to identify the most important factors that may affect the incidence of bone metastasis among Jordanian women suffering from breast cancer. Beside, this study is illustrated as a profile of the breast cancer cases associated with bone metastasis in this department during last 5 years.
The purposes of this study are:
1) To identify the profile of the breast cancer cases associated with bone metastasis in radiation oncology department during last 5 years.
2) To find the most important factors that may affect the incidence of bone metastasis among breast cancer patients.
3) To identify factors which affect the multiplicity of bone lesions in bone metastasis cases.
2. Subjects and Methods
This is a retrospective study conducted in 2017. All adult breast cancer patients with bone metastasis at diagnosis or developing bone metastatic during 5 years from breast cancer diagnosis (2011-2016) and who received zometa 4 mg monthly for bone metastasis in radiotherapy department in Al Bashir hospital were included: bone metastasis diagnosed by bone isotope scan, CT scan, MRI or by PET.
Data was collected from patient's files after taking their consent form them, data was collected during 6 months by the author herself. 107 breast cancer patients who diagnosed as bone metastasis by methods mentioned above were enrolled in the study. All independent variables were assessed through reading patient's file. Questionnaire was designed to document all variables besides, demographic data which contains (age, histopathology results, ER, PR and Her2neu status, stage of the tumor by (TNM) staging system, Onset of metastasis, Menopausal Status & finally No. of metastasis site). All questioners were filled without missing data, using SPSS version 16.0 for data analysis. The associations between variables tested by (X2) Chi-square statically; P value less than 0.05 represented a significant difference throughout the data analysis. We used the average to substitute the indeterminate data.
107 breast cancer patients who diagnosed by bone scan and/or PET scan as cases of bone metastasis were selected in the study. Patients' age ranged from (26 - 76) years old with mean of (49.9 ± 9.901), patients characteristics in details were appeared in Table 1. In which, the authors noted that the highest percentage of patients who diagnosed as a bone metastasis cases were 45 years and more, 86% of them were invasive ductal carcinoma, regarding hormonal status we noticed that ER, PR status was positive in 90.7% and 82.2% of cases respectively, Her2neu receptors were amplified in 26.2% of them, Luminal A forms the highest molecular
Table 1. General characteristics of breast cancer patients.
subtype in our sample, positive lymph nodes seen positive in 80.4% of cases and 31.8% of them shown (N3) stage, while we can see that 57% of bone metastasis case were in premenopausal period.
Factors affect onset of the metastasis:
In Table 1 we notice that about 59% of breast cancer cases diagnosed as bone metastasis cases after treatment (surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy) and 41% of cases diagnosed as bone metastasis at first presentation.
In Figure 1 we find that 69.8% of the metastatic cases suffered from signs of metastasis in 1 - 5 years after diagnosis and in Figure 2 we noticed that 18.2% of them shown signs of bone metastasis in less than one year after diagnosis.
In Table 2 we noticed that, the highest percentage of metastasis appears in age groups (less than 45 and 45 and more) in (After Treatment) category, there is no significant association between age and onset of metastasis.
Also, there is no significant association between ER, PR, Her2neu, luminal subtype, lymph nodes and menopausal status and onset of bone metastasis as shown in Table 2.
The highest percentage of bone lesions that appears in after treatment categories were single lesions (87.8%), the No. of lesions associated significantly with the onset of metastasis appearance (p = 0.005). we did not include histopathological subdivision in association with onset of metastasis because we mentioned it in table for description purposes.
Factors affect bone lesions multiplicity:
In Table 2 we noticed that 66.4% of metastasis cases diagnosed primary as a case of bone metastasis with multiple lesions in same bone or multiple bones.
Table 3 showed that Age, ER, Her2neu, luminal subtype, lymph nodes and menopausal status not associated significantly with no. of metastatic lesions. In same table we can noticed that PR status significantly associated with lesions multiplicity (0.049), in which we can notify that the highest percentage of positive PR receptors associated with multiple bone metastasis lesions (70.5%).
The current study includes breast cancer patients who have bone metastasis and treated by BMAs like zometa and radiation therapy in our department during the time of data collection. In our study, we notice that about 59% of breast cancer cases diagnosed as bone metastasis cases after treatment (surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy) and 41% of cases diagnosed as bone metastasis at first presentation.
Figure 1. Distribution of cases by time of metastasis occurrence after treatment.
Figure 2. Distribution of cases by onset of metastasis during first 5 years.
Table 2. Variables affect onset of the metastasis.
Table 3. Factors affect bone lesions multiplicity.
In Ontario, Canada (2016); the probability of bone metastasis was 6.5%, 10.3%, and 11.3% for the first recurrence among 2097 breast cancer women after 5, 10 and 15 years from diagnosis respectively, and 8.4%, 12.5%, and 13.6% for any bone recurrence [8] , the results of our study were the inverse of the Canadian, the incidence of bone metastases at 5, 10, and more than 10 years after breast cancer diagnosis decreased with time proceeding after diagnosis and it were 69.8%, 22.3% and 7.9% respectively, the difference in the results may be related to the difference in the sample size or variability of nature of the disease between the countries.
Regarding to ER, PR, Her2neu, lymph nodes and menopausal status, we found that there is no significant association between receptors status and bone metastasis which is not consist with Irawan and his colleagues study in 2016 that shown the ER+ was the determinant that was associated with increasing bone metastasis incidence [9] .
The study of Chiu and his colleague's research in 2017, showed that association between ER positive with bone metastasis [10] .
Regarding to Multiplicity of bone lesions, the results of our study were compatible with Koizumi and his colleagues who conducted a research about breast cancer patients undergoing treatment developed bone metastasis in 2003, at the Cancer Institute Hospital, in Tokyo, the result showed; the percentage of single metastatic bone lesions was (41%) that was (33.6%) in our study and the percentage of multiple metastatic bone lesions was (59%) that was (66.4%) in our study [11] .
According to the factors that may affect bone lesions multiplicity; we noticed that 87.8% the patients in (After Treatment) category of metastasis onset shown single metastatic lesion, while we can see that slightly more than half of patients that diagnosed as bone metastatic case (At diagnosis) shown multiple bone lesions. The No. of metastatic lesions was significantly associated with the onset of metastasis appearance (p = 0.005).
In our study, variables like age, ER, Her2neu, lymph nodes and menopausal status not associated significantly with no. of metastatic lesions. But PR status significantly associated with lesions multiplicity (p = 0.049), in which we can notify that the highest percentage of positive PR receptors associated with multiple bone metastasis lesions (70.5%).
Regarding to Su Jin Lee and his colleagues study (2011), 122 patients with breast cancer, bone metastasis were most common among patients who have positive hormonal receptors types than in the other subtypes like HER2+ and triple negative, and patients with HR+ have favourable clinical outcome rather than other groups [12] .
Regarding to median survival rate in Daniel et al. study that include 87 patients, cervical segment of the spine shown the shorter rate while estrogen positive receptors patients shown the highest. Also, the multiplicity of bone metastasis doesn't significantly affect survival comparing to single bone lesion [13] .
However, in interpretation of our results, the previous studies providing additional data regarding risk factors of bone metastatic like positive hormonal receptors which is associated with increase the incidence of bone metastatic that are remarkable to predict whose patients are most vulnerable to bone metastasis and identify them to be more cautious when treat them and follow up more carefully to detect bone metastatic in early stage to achieve more benefits from treatment.
The limitation of this study that the small number of patients included make our findings need more advance study that may describe some questionable points in our study. Besides, in spite of the retrospective nature of this study, it provides additional data regarding risk factors of bone metastasis. Thus, additional studies are needed to detect the risk factors of bone metastases among breast cancer.
107 breast cancer patients having bone metastasis were included in this study, the highest percentage of patients diagnosed as a bone metastasis cases were 45 years and more, and 86% of them were invasive ductal carcinoma; regarding hormonal status we noticed that ER, PR status was positive in 90.7% and 82.2% of cases respectively, Her2neu receptors were amplified in 26.2% of them, positive lymph nodes were seen positive in 80.4% of cases and 31.8% of them were shown (N3) stage, while we can see that 57% of bone metastasis case were in premenopausal period. About 59% of breast cancer cases were diagnosed as bone metastasis cases after treatment and 41% as bone metastasis at first presentation. 57.2% of the metastatic cases suffered from signs of metastasis in 1 - 5 years after diagnosis and 18.2% of them showed signs of bone metastasis in less than one year after diagnosis.
The highest percentage of bone lesions that appeared after treatment categories was single lesions (87.8%), and the No. of lesions was significantly associated with the onset of metastasis appearance (p = 0.005).
In our study we noticed that the only risk factor of bone metastasis is PR+ significantly associated with lesions multiplicity (p = 0.049).
So we need more researches with large sample size to generalise these results and to confirm the finding. So when identifying the risk factors of bone metastasis among breast cancer patients, we predict a plan for treatment and do proactive measurement to decrease the complication of it that affects negatively on quality of life.
There is not any conflict of interest like financial interest may benefit, directly or indirectly to publish the research results.
Shamoun, Sh. and Al Ibraheemi, A.A. (2018) Identification of the Risk Factors of Bone Metastatic among Breast Cancer Women in Al-Bashir Hospital. Advances in Breast Cancer Research, 7, 120-129. https://doi.org/10.4236/abcr.2018.72008
1. Walkington, L. and Coleman, R.E. (2011) Advances in Management of Bone Disease in Breast Cancer. Bone, 48, 80-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.05.037
2. Grávalos, C., Rodríguez, C., Sabino, A., et al. (2016) SEOM Clinical Guideline for Bone Metastases from Solid Tumours. Clinical and Translational Oncology, 18, 1243-1253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-016-1590-1
3. Arch, V. (2017) Breast Carcinoma Subtypes Show Different Patterns of Metastatic Behavior. Virchows Archiv, 470, 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-017-2065-7
4. Cerner Multum, Inc. (2017) Version: 15.02. https://www.drugs.com/pro/zometa.html
5. Tanaka, R., Yonemori, K., Hirakawa, A., et al. (2016) Risk Factors for Developing Skeletal-Related Events in Breast Cancer Patients with Bone Metastases Undergoing Treatment with Bone-Modifying Agents. Oncologist, 21, 508-513. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0377
6. Kohno, N., Aogi, K., Minami, H., et al. (2005) Zoledronic Acid Significantly Reduces Skeletal Complications Compared with Placebo in Japanese Women with Bone Metastases from Breast Cancer: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 23, 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.05.116
7. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group, Coleman, R., Powles, T., Paterson, A., et al. (2015) Adjuvant Bisphosphonate Treatment in Early Breast Cancer: Meta-Analyses of Individual Patient Data from Randomised Trials. Lancet, 386, 1353-1361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60908-4
8. Liede, A., Jerzak, K.J., Hernandez, R.K., et al. (2016) The Incidence of Bone Metastasis after Early-Stage Breast Cancer in Canada. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 156, 587-595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3782-3
9. Irawan, C., Atmakusumah, D., Siregar, N.C., et al. (2016) Expression of Biomarkers CXCR4, IL11-RA, TFF1, MLF1P in Advanced Breast Cancer Patients with Bone Metastatic: a Diagnostic Study. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 48, 261-268.
10. Chiu, J.H., Wen, C.S., Wang, J.Y., et al. (2017) Role of Estrogen Receptors and Src Signaling in Mechanisms of Bone Metastasis by Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancers. Journal of Translational Medicine, 15, 97. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-017-1192-x
11. Koizumi, M., Yoshimoto, M., Kasumi, F., et al. (2003) Comparison between Solitary and Multiple Skeletal Metastatic Lesions of Breast Cancer Patients. Annals of Oncology, 14, 1234-1240. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdg348
12. Lee, S.J., Park, S., Ahn, H.K., et al. (2011) Implications of Bone-Only Metastases in Breast Cancer: Favorable Preference with Excellent Outcomes of Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer. Cancer Research and Treatment, 43, 89-95. https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.2.89
13. Sciubba, D.M., Gokaslan, Z.L., Suk, I., et al. (2007) Positive and Negative Prognostic Variables for Patients Undergoing Spine Surgery for Metastatic Breast Disease. European Spine Journal, 16, 1659-1667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-007-0380-4